Split (1)

test · 500 rows

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test422	when do we use facework to manage the impression others have of us	[ "doc15731" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc15695", "doc15686", "doc15698", "doc15685", "doc15687", "doc15725", "doc15696", "doc15694", "doc1554162", "doc15688", "doc1487871", "doc15716", "doc15701", "doc15730", "doc1487876", "doc15711", "doc15690", "doc15700", "doc15702", "doc15710", "doc15737", "doc1487873", "doc15699", "doc15709", "doc1634124", "doc15691", "doc15712", "doc15708", "doc15693", "doc1838942", "doc1449914", "doc15732", "doc15733", "doc15722", "doc1634126", "doc1838946", "doc1634125", "doc15689", "doc15719", "doc15731", "doc1757967", "doc15723", "doc1183670", "doc15692", "doc1634162", "doc1487878", "doc15714", "doc15713", "doc15734", "doc1634128", "doc2124195", "doc2254003", "doc1487879", "doc15718", "doc15715", "doc1634123", "doc15697", "doc1582375", "doc153182", "doc1582376", "doc1487869", "doc98237", "doc15721", "doc15717", "doc1639967", "doc661601", "doc1487875", "doc1634141", "doc15724", "doc1634127", "doc1634164", "doc1634131", "doc1962521", "doc15705", "doc1487872", "doc2403696", "doc358400", "doc15735", "doc1582383", "doc2629435", "doc1634146", "doc1582380", "doc1634132", "doc2403695", "doc1838943", "doc1634144", "doc1998669", "doc661644", "doc1634138", "doc816634", "doc1838947", "doc1295184", "doc1634165", "doc1634137", "doc1440172", "doc1634149", "doc15728", "doc1838941", "doc1288534", "doc153135" ]	[ "Impression management Goffman argued in his 1967 book, Interaction ritual, that people participate in social interactions by performing a \"line\", or \"pattern of verbal and nonverbal acts\", which is created and maintained by both the performer and the audience.[16] By enacting a line effectively, the person gains positive social value, which is also called \"face\". The success of a social interaction will depend on whether the performer has the ability to maintain face.[3] As a result, a person is required to display a kind of character by becoming \"someone who can be relied upon to maintain himself as an interactant, poised for communication, and to act so that others do not endanger themselves by presenting themselves as interactants to him\".[16]", "Impression management Impression management is usually used synonymously with self-presentation, in which a person tries to influence the perception of their image. The notion of impression management was first applied to face-to-face communication, but then was expanded to apply to computer-mediated communication. The concept of impression management is applicable to academic fields of study such as psychology and sociology as well as practical fields such as corporate communication and media.", "Impression management Goffman presented impression management dramaturgically, explaining the motivations behind complex human performances within a social setting based on a play metaphor.[17] Goffman's work incorporates aspects of a symbolic interactionist perspective,[18] emphasizing a qualitative analysis of the interactive nature of the communication process. Impression management requires the physical presence of others. Performers who seek certain ends in their interest, must \"work to adapt their behavior in such a way as to give off the correct impression to a particular audience\" and \"implicitly ask that the audience take their performance seriously\".[3]", "Impression management Impression management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event. They do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.[1] It was first conceptualized by Erving Goffman in 1959, and then was expanded upon in 1967. An example of impression management theory in play is in sports such as soccer. At an important game, a player would want to showcase themselves in the best light possible, because there are college recruiters watching. This person would have the flashiest pair of cleats and try and perform their best to show off their skills. Their main goal may be to impress the college recruiters in a way that maximizes their chances of being chosen for a college team rather than winning the game.[2]", "Impression management The foundation and the defining principles of impression management were created by Erving Goffman in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Impression management theory states that one tries to alter one's perception according to one's goals. In other words, the theory is about how individuals wish to present themselves, but in a way that satisfies their needs and goals. Goffman \"proposed to focus on how people in daily work situations present themselves and, in so doing, what they are doing to others\", and he was \"particularly interested in how a person guides and control how others form an impression of them and what a person may or may not do while performing before them\".[3]", "Impression management According to O'Sullivan's (2000) impression management model of communication channels, individuals will prefer to use mediated channels rather than face-to-face conversation in face-threatening situations. Within his model, this trend is due to the channel features that allow for control over exchanged social information. The present paper extends O'Sullivan's model by explicating information control as a media affordance, arising from channel features and social skills, that enables an individual to regulate and restrict the flow of social information in an interaction, and present a scale to measure it. One dimension of the information control scale, expressive information control, positively predicted channel preference for recalled face-threatening situations. This effect remained after controlling for social anxiousness and power relations in relationships. O'Sullivan's model argues that some communication channels may help individuals manage this struggle and therefore be more preferred as those situations arise. It was based on an assumption that channels with features that allow fewer social cues, such as reduced nonverbal information or slower exchange of messages, invariably afford an individual with an ability to better manage the flow of a complex, ambiguous, or potentially difficult conversations.[36] Individuals manage what information about them is known, or isn't known, to control other's impression of them. Anyone who has given the bathroom a quick cleaning when they anticipate the arrival of their mother-in-law (or date) has managed their impression. For an example from information and communication technology use, inviting someone to view a person's Webpage before a face-to-face meeting may predispose them to view the person a certain way when they actually meet.[3]", "Impression management When Goffman turned to focus on people physically presented in a social interaction, the \"social dimension of impression management certainly extends beyond the specific place and time of engagement in the organization\". Impression management is \"a social activity that has individual and community implications\".[3] We call it \"pride\" when a person displays a good showing from duty to himself, while we call it \"honor\" when he \"does so because of duty to wider social units, and receives support from these duties in doing so\".[16]", "Impression management These strategies play important roles in one's maintenance of self-esteem.[14] One's self-esteem is affected by their evaluation of their own performance and their perception of how others react to their performance. As a result, people actively portray impressions that will elicit self-esteem enhancing reactions from others.[15]", "Social networking service This creates further problems, as it is even more crucial to 'save face' after one's relationship has been broken when one is connected to new media technologies. Erving Goffman argues that all social life boils down to face-to-face interactions. These interpersonal interactions are mediated by what Goffman terms as \"face-work\", which are the actions undertaken to maintain consistency with one's face, and to uphold the expressive order of social situations. Individuals attempt to keep a positive image of the self when interacting with others, and in order to do so, they may have to alter their appearance or manner in some way.[181] Such face-work can also be seen in new technologies, especially social media websites such as Facebook. If someone breaks up with you, you can actively choose what \"face\" you want to present to your friends, including your ex. You can choose to either post sad updates, which is the most natural thing you would want to do, or you can \"save face\" by posting happy updates and pictures of you going out with your friends. Even though you may be absolutely heartbroken within, Facebook allows you to hide your true feelings from the online world, and from your ex, by manipulating your profile. New media is being utilized as a tool for helping users present a desirable image of themselves, enabling them to save face in difficult situations. Nearly 35% of respondents in a study admitted to using their Facebook status to make someone think that they had plans, even if they did not.[180]", "Impression management A range of factors that govern impression management can be identified. It can be stated that impression management becomes necessary whenever there exists a kind of social situation, whether real or imaginary. Logically, the awareness of being a potential subject of monitoring is also crucial. Furthermore, the characteristics of a given social situation are important. Specifically, the surrounding cultural norms determine the appropriateness of particular nonverbal behaviours.[4] The actions have to be appropriate to the targets, and within that culture, so that the kind of audience as well as the relation to the audience influences the way impression management is realized. A person's goals are another factor governing the ways and strategies of impression management. This refers to the content of an assertion, which also leads to distinct ways of presentation of aspects of the self. The degree of self-efficacy describes whether a person is convinced that it is possible to convey the intended impression.[5]", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life was the first book to treat face-to-face interaction as a subject of sociological study. Goffman treated it as a kind of report in which he frames out the theatrical performance that applies to face-to-face interactions.[4] He believed that when an individual comes in contact with other people, that individual will attempt to control or guide the impression that others might make of him by changing or fixing his or her setting, appearance and manner. At the same time, the person the individual is interacting with is trying to form and obtain information about the individual.[5]", "Impression management Impression management theory can also be used in health communication. It can be used to explore how professionals 'present' themselves when interacting on hospital wards and also how they employ front stage and backstage settings in their collaborative work.[34]", "Impression management Goffman proposes that performers \"can use dramaturgical discipline as a defense to ensure that the 'show' goes on without interruption.\"[3] Goffman contends that dramaturgical discipline includes:[3]", "Impression management The medium of communication influences the actions taken in impression management. Self-efficacy can differ according to the fact whether the trial to convince somebody is made through face-to-face-interaction or by means of an e-mail.[21] Communication via devices like telephone, e-mail or chat is governed by technical restrictions, so that the way people express personal features etc. can be changed. This often shows how far people will go.", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life A major theme that Goffman treats throughout the work is the fundamental importance of having an agreed upon definition of the situation in a given interaction, which serves to give the interaction coherency. In interactions or performances the involved parties may be audience members and performers simultaneously; the actors usually foster impressions that reflect well upon themselves and encourage the others, by various means, to accept their preferred definition. Goffman acknowledges that when the accepted definition of the situation has been discredited some or all of the actors may pretend that nothing has changed, provided that they find this strategy profitable to themselves or wish to keep the peace. For example, when a person attending a formal dinner – and who is certainly striving to present himself or herself positively – trips, nearby party-goers may pretend not to have seen the fumble; they assist the person in maintaining face. Goffman avers that this type of artificial, willed, credulity happens on every level of social organization, from top to bottom.", "Impression management Social interaction is the process by which we act and react to those around us. In a nutshell, social interaction includes those acts people perform toward each other and the responses they give in return.[30] The most basic function of self-presentation is to define the nature of a social situation (Goffman, 1959). Most social interactions are very role governed. Each person has a role to play, and the interaction proceeds smoothly when these roles are enacted effectively. People also strive to create impressions of themselves in the minds of others in order to gain material and social rewards (or avoid material and social punishments).[31]", "Impression management There are many methods behind self-presentation, including self disclosure (identifying what makes you \"you\" to another person), managing appearances (trying to fit in), ingratiation, aligning actions (making one's actions seem appealing or understandable), and alter-casting (imposing identities on other people). These self-presentation methods can also be used on the corporate level as impression management.[7]", "Impression management The audience can be real or imaginary. IM style norms, part of the mental programming received through socialization, are so fundamental that we usually do not notice our expectations of them. While an actor (speaker) tries to project a desired image, an audience (listener) might attribute a resonant or discordant image. An example is provided by situations in which embarrassment occurs and threatens the image of a participant.[22]", "Impression management In business, \"managing impressions\" normally \"involves someone trying to control the image that a significant stakeholder has of them\". The ethics of impression management has been hotly debated on whether we should see it as an effective self-revelation or as cynical manipulation.[3] Some people insist that impression management can reveal a truer version of the self by adopting the strategy of being transparent, which is a kind of openness. Because transparency \"can be provided so easily and because it produces information of value to the audience, it changes the nature of impression management from being cynically manipulative to being a kind of useful adaptation\".", "Impression management Social identity refers to how people are defined and regarded in social interactions .[28] Individuals use impression management strategies to influence the social identity they project to others.[27] The identity that people establish influences their behaviour in front of others, others' treatment of them and the outcomes they receive. Therefore, in their attempts to influence the impressions others form of themselves, a person plays an important role in affecting his social outcomes.[29]", "Impression management More recent research investigating the effects of impression management on social behaviour showed that social behaviours (e.g. eating) can serve to convey a desired impression to others and enhance one's self-image. Research on eating has shown that people tend to eat less when they believe that they are being observed by others.[46]", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life In social interaction, as in theatrical performance, there is a front region where the performers (individuals) are on stage in front of the audiences. This is where the positive aspect of the idea of self and desired impressions are highlighted. There is also a back region, where individuals can prepare for or set aside their role.[6] The \"front\" or performance that an actor plays out includes \"manner,\" or how the role is carried out, and \"appearance\" including the dress and look of the performer. Often, performers work together in \"teams\" and form bonds of collegiality based on their common commitment to the performance they are mutually engaged in.", "Impression management The actor, shaped by the environment and target audience, sees interaction as a performance. The objective of the performance is to provide the audience with an impression consistent with the desired goals of the actor.[19] Thus, impression management is also highly dependent on the situation.[20] In addition to these goals, individuals differ in responses from the interactive environment, some may be non-responsive to an audience's reactions while others actively respond to audience reactions in order to elicit positive results. These differences in response towards the environment and target audience are called self-monitoring.[21] Another factor in impression management is self-verification, the act of conforming the audience to the person's self-concept.", "Impression management The concept of self is important to the theory of impression management as the images people have of themselves shape and are shaped by social interactions[26] Our self-concept develops from social experience early in life.[27] Schlenker (1980) further suggests that children anticipate the effect that their behaviours will have on others and how others will evaluate them. They control the impressions they might form on others, and in doing so they control the outcomes they obtain from social interactions.", "Politeness theory Face is the public self-image that every person tries to protect. Brown and Levinson defined positive face two ways: as \"the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others executors\" (p. 62), or alternatively, \"the positive consistent self-image or 'personality' (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants\" (p. 61).[8] Negative face was defined as \"the want of every 'competent adult member' that his actions be unimpeded by others\", or \"the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction—i.e. the freedom of action and freedom from imposition\".[8] Whereas positive face involves a desire for connection with others, negative face needs include autonomy and independence.[7]", "Impression management Self-presentation is conveying information about oneself – or an image of oneself – to others. There are two types and motivations of self-presentation:", "Impression management Understanding how one's impression management behavior might be interpreted by others can also serve as the basis for smoother interactions and as a means for solving some of the most insidious communication problems among individuals of different racial/ethnic and gender backgrounds.[32]", "Impression management The social psychologist, Edward E. Jones, brought the study of impression management to the field of psychology during the 1960s and extended it to include people's attempts to control others' impression of their personal characteristics.[25] His work sparked an increased attention towards impression management as a fundamental interpersonal process.", "Impression management Self-presentation can be either defensive or assertive strategies. Whereas defensive strategies include behaviours like avoidance of threatening situations or means of self-handicapping, assertive strategies refer to more active behaviour like the verbal idealisation of the self, the use of status symbols or similar practices.[13]", "Interpersonal communication People establish their identities (or faces), and their partners, through a process referred to as \"facework\".[56] Everyone has a desired identity which theyâ€™re constantly working towards establishing. This desired identity can be both threatened and supported by attempting to negotiate a relational identity (the identity one shares with their partner). So, our desired identity is directly influenced by our relationships, and our relational identity by our desired individual identity.", "Belongingness To be accepted within a group, individuals may convey or conceal certain parts of their personalities. This is known as self-presentation.[5][9] Self-presentation, or impression management, attempts to control images of the self in front of audiences. It is a conscious and unconscious goal-directed action done to influence audiences to perceive the actor as someone who belongs.[10] Certain aspects of oneâ€™s personality may not be seen as desirable or essential to the group, so people try to convey what they interpret as valuable to the group.[1] For example, in a business setting, people may not show their humorous side but do try to show their professional side to impress others.", "Impression management According to Marwick, social profiles create implications such as \"context collapse\" for presenting oneself to the audience. The concept of ‘‘context collapse,’’ suggests that social technologies make it difficult to vary self-presentation based on environment or audience. \"Large sites such as Facebook and Twitter group friends, family members, coworkers, and acquaintances together under the umbrella term ‘‘friends’ \"[41]", "Impression management One arena where impression management is essential is in politics. \"Political impression management\" was coined in 1972 by sociologist Peter M. Hall, who defined the term as the art of making a candidate look electable and capable (Hall 1972). This is due in part to the importance of \"presidential\" candidatesâ€”appearance, image, and narrative are a key part of a campaign and thus impression management has always been a huge part of winning an election (Katz 2016). As social media becomes more and more a part of the political process, political impression management is becoming more challenging as the online image of the candidate often now lies in the hands of the voters themselves.", "Impression management Offstage is the social activities between and among professional groups/individuals outside of the hospital context.[34]", "Politeness theory According to Brown and Levinson, positive and negative face exist universally in human culture; it has been argued that the notion of face is the actual universal component to their proposed politeness theory.[4] A face threatening act is an act that inherently damages the face of the addressee or the speaker by acting in opposition to the wants and desires of the other. Face threatening acts can be verbal (using words/language), paraverbal (conveyed in the characteristics of speech such as tone, inflection, etc.), or non-verbal (facial expression, etc.). Based on the terms of conversation in social interactions, face-threatening acts are at times inevitable. At minimum, there must be at least one of the face threatening acts associated with an utterance. It is also possible to have multiple acts working within a single utterance.[8]", "Interpersonal communication Self-other faceground, giving in, alternating in their support of each identity, and also by avoiding the issue completely.", "Politeness theory Ten years later, Brown characterized positive face by desires to be liked, admired, ratified, and related to positively, noting that one would threaten positive face by ignoring someone. At the same time, she characterized negative face by the desire not to be imposed upon, noting that negative face could be impinged upon by imposing on someone.[9] Positive face refers to one's self-esteem, while negative face refers to one's freedom to act.[1][10] These two aspects of face are the basic wants in any social interaction; during any social interaction, cooperation is needed amongst the participants to maintain each other's face.[1] Participants can do this by using positive politeness and negative politeness, which pay attention to people's positive and negative face needs respectively.[7]", "Impression management A new study finds that, all other things being equal, people are more likely to pay attention to faces that have been associated with negative gossip than those with neutral or positive associations.\nThe study contributes to a body of work showing that far from being objective, human perceptions are shaped by unconscious brain processes that determine what they \"choose\" to see or ignore—even before they become aware of it. The findings also add to the idea that the brain evolved to be particularly sensitive to \"bad guys\" or cheaters—fellow humans who undermine social life by deception, theft or other non-cooperative behavior.[6]", "Impression management Ad hoc front stage is the unstructured or unplanned interprofessional interactions that took place in front of patients/carers or directly involved patients/carers.", "Impression management Social networking users will employ protective self-presentations for image management. Users will use subtractive and repudiate strategies to maintain a desired image.[39] Subtractive strategy is used to untag an undesirable photo on Social Networking Sites. In addition to un-tagging their name, some users will request the photo to be removed entirely. Repudiate strategy is used when a friend posts an undesirable comment about the user. In response to an undesired post, users may add another wall post as an innocence defense. Michael Stefanone states that \"self-esteem maintenance is an important motivation for strategic self-presentation online.\"[39] Outside evaluations of their physical appearance, competence, and approval from others determines how social media users respond to pictures and wall posts. Unsuccessful self-presentation online can lead to rejection and criticism from social groups. Social networking sites like MySpace, Facebook, and StudiVZ are popular means of communicating personality. Recent theoretical and empirical considerations of homepages and Web 2.0 platforms show that impression management is a major motive for actively participating in social networking sites.[40]", "Industrial and organizational psychology Other research suggests that some employees perform OCBs to influence how they are viewed within the organization. While these behaviors are not formally part of the job description, performing them can influence performance appraisals.[51] Researchers have advanced the view that employees engage in OCBs as a form of \"impression management,\" a term coined by Erving Goffman.[114] Goffman defined impression management as \"the way in which the individual ... presents himself and his activity to others, the ways in which he guides and controls the impression they form of him, and the kinds of things he may and may not do while sustaining his performance before them. Some researchers have hypothesized that OCBs are not performed out of good will, positive affect, etc., but instead as a way of being noticed by others, including supervisors.[115]", "Impression management Results show that interprofessional interactions in this setting are often based less on planned front stage activities than on ad hoc backstage activities. While the former may, at times, help create and maintain an appearance of collaborative interprofessional 'teamwork', conveying a sense of professional togetherness in front of patients and their families, they often serve little functional practice. These findings have implications for designing ways to improve interprofessional practice on acute hospital wards where there is no clearly defined interprofessional team, but rather a loose configuration of professionals working together in a collaborative manner around a particular patient. In such settings, interventions that aim to improve both ad hoc as well as planned forms of communication may be more successful than those intended to only improve planned communication.[34]", "Norm (social) As social beings, individuals learn when and where it is appropriate to say certain things, to use certain words, to discuss certain topics or wear certain clothes, and when it is not. Thus, knowledge about cultural norms is important for impressions,[17] which is an individual's regulation of their nonverbal behavior. One also comes to know through experience what types of people he/she can and cannot discuss certain topics with or wear certain types of dress around. Typically, this knowledge is derived through experience (i.e. social norms are learned through social interaction).[17] Wearing a suit to a job interview in order to give a great first impression represents a common example of a social norm in the white collar work force.", "Impression management Self-presentation is expressive. Individuals construct an image of themselves to claim personal identity, and present themselves in a manner that is consistent with that image.[9] If they feel like it is restricted, they often exhibit reactance or become defiant â€“ try to assert their freedom against those who would seek to curtail self-presentation expressiveness. An example of this dynamic is the \"preacher's daughter\", whose suppressed personal identity and emotions cause an eventual backlash at her family and community.", "Politeness theory In his 1967 work, Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior, Goffman posits numerous times that with every remark people make, they risk maintaining their face and the face of others.[3] Politeness theory is generally applied when assessing speech acts or remarks. However, a study conducted by Jurgita SribaitÄ— looked at politeness theory as it applied to written art reviews.[24] The study focused on art reviews in Lithuania in the early and mid-1970s and analyzed the different strategies used by the art reviewers as they attempted to critique pieces of art while maintaining their face as well as the face of the artists.[24] The study was able to identify face-saving acts and all four politeness strategies at work. The author states, \"Reviewers usually appear to have in mind the addressee's positive face (the desire to be liked and be approved of) as well as his negative face (the desire to be left free to act as he chooses).\"[24] The examples given show that even the reviewers, who hold the obvious advantage over the addressees, cared to save both their face and the face of the artists.", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Philosopher Helmut R. Wagner called The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life \"by far\" Goffman's best book and \"a still unsurpassed study of the management of impressions in face-to-face encounters, a form of not uncommon manipulation.\"[8] In 1998, the International Sociological Association listed The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life as the tenth most important sociological book of the twentieth century, behind Talcott Parsons' The Structure of Social Action (1937).[3]", "Impression management Another illustration of how people attempt to control how others perceive them is portrayed through the clothing they wear. A person who is in a leadership position strives to be respected and in order to control and maintain the impression. This illustration can also be adapted for a cultural scenario. The clothing people choose to wear says a great deal about the person and the culture they represent. For example, most Americans are not overly concerned with conservative clothing. Most Americans are content with tee shirts, shorts, and showing skin. The exact opposite is true on the other side of the world. \"Indonesians are both modest and conservative in their attire\" (Cole, 1997, p.Â 77).[33]", "Impression management \"People are sensitive to how they are seen by others and use many forms of impression management to compel others to react to them in the ways they wish\" (Giddens, 2005, p.Â 142). An example of this concept is easily illustrated through cultural differences. Different cultures have diverse thoughts and opinions on what is considered beautiful or attractive. For example, Americans tend to find tan skin attractive, but in Indonesian culture, pale skin is more desirable.[33]", "Impression management Impression management can distort the results of empirical research that relies on interviews and surveys, a phenomenon commonly referred to as \"social desirability bias\". Impression management theory nevertheless constitutes a field of research on its own.[42]\nWhen it comes to practical questions concerning public relations and the way organizations should handle their public image, the assumptions provided by impression management theory can also provide a framework.[43]", "Politeness theory Positive face is threatened when the speaker or hearer does not care about their interactor's feelings, wants, or does not want what the other wants.[8] Positive face threatening acts can also cause damage to the speaker or the hearer. When an individual is forced to be separated from others so that their well being is treated less importantly, positive face is threatened.", "Interactionism The social interaction is a face-to-face process consisting of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. It also includes animal interaction such as mating. The interaction includes all language (including body language) and mannerisms. The goal of the social interaction is to communicate with others. If the interaction is in danger of ending before one intends to it, it can be conserved by conforming to the others' expectations, by ignoring certain incidents or by solving apparent problems. Erving Goffman underlines the importance of control in the interaction. One must attempt to control the others' behaviour during the interaction, in order to attain the information one is seeking and in order to control the perception of one's own image. Important concepts in the field of interactionism include the \"social role\" and Goffman's \"presentation of self.\"", "Face By extension, anything which is the forward or world-facing part of a system which has internal structure is considered its \"face\", like the façade of a building. For example, a public relations or press officer might be called the \"face\" of the organization he or she represents. \"Face\" is also used metaphorically in a sociological context to refer to reputation or standing in society, particularly Chinese society,[15] and is spoken of as a resource which can be won or lost. Because of the association with individuality, the anonymous person is sometimes referred to as \"faceless\".", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman's book proposed a theory of self which has become known as self-presentation theory and is still used by researchers in social media today, from Kaplan and Haenlein's Users of the World Unite (2010) to Belk's Extended Self in a Digital World (2013). The theory suggests people have the desire to control the impressions that other people form about them.", "Impression management Planned front stage is the structured collaborative activities such as ward rounds and care conferences which took place in the presence of patients and/or carers.", "Impression management Companies use cross-cultural training (CCT) to facilitate effective cross-cultural interaction. CCT can be defined as any procedure used to increase an individual's ability to cope with and work in a foreign environment. Training employees in culturally consistent and specific impression management (IM) techniques provide the avenue for the employee to consciously switch from an automatic, home culture IM mode to an IM mode that is culturally appropriate and acceptable. Second, training in IM reduces the uncertainty of interaction with FNs and increases employee's ability to cope by reducing unexpected events.[32]", "Politeness theory Politeness theory accounts for the redressing of affronts to a person's 'face' by face-threatening acts.[1] The concept of face was derived from Chinese into English in the 19th century.[2] Erving Goffman would then go on to introduce the concept into academia through his theories of 'face' and 'facework'.[2][3] Although politeness has been studied in a variety of cultures for many years, Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson's politeness theory has become very influential.[4] In 1987, Brown and Levinson proposed that politeness was a universal concept,[5] which has created controversy within academia.[6][7] Politeness is the expression of the speakers' intention to mitigate face threats carried by certain face threatening acts toward the listener.[6] Another definition is \"a battery of social skills whose goal is to ensure everyone feels affirmed in a social interaction\".[1] Therefore, being polite can be an attempt for the speaker to save their own face or the face of who he or she is talking to.", "Impression management Another approach to moral standards that Goffman pursues is the notion of \"rules of conduct\", which \"can be partially understood as obligations or moral constraints\". These rules may be substantive (involving laws, morality, and ethics) or ceremonial (involving etiquette).[3] Rules of conduct play an important role when a relationship \"is asymmetrical and the expectations of one person toward another are hierarchical.\"[3]", "Face-to-face interaction Face-to-face interaction (less often, face-to-face communication or face-to-face discourse) is a concept in sociology, linguistics, media and communication studies describing social interaction carried out without any mediating technology.[1] Face-to-face interaction is defined as the mutual influence of individualsâ€™ direct physical presence with his/her body language.[2] Face-to-face interaction is one of the basic elements of the social system, forming a significant part of individual socialization and experience gaining throughout one's lifetime.[3] Similarly it is also central to the development of various groups and organizations composed of those individuals.[3]", "Job interview Interviewers should be aware that applicants can fake their responses during the job interview. Such applicant faking can influence interview outcomes when present. One concept related to faking is impression management (IM; when you intend or do not intend to influence how favorably you are seen during interactions[106]). Impression management can be either honest or deceptive.[107] Honest IM tactics are used to frankly describe favorable experiences, achievements and job-related abilities. Deceptive IM tactics are used to embellish or create an ideal image for the job in question.[108] Honest IM tactics such as self-promotion (positively highlighting past achievements and experiences) may be considered necessary by interviewers in the interview context. Consequently, candidates who do not use these tactics may be viewed as disinterested in the job. This can lead to less favorable ratings.[109] Faking can then be defined as \"deceptive impression management or the intentional distortion of answers in the interview in order to get better interview ratings and/or otherwise create favorable perceptions\".[107] Thus, faking in the employment interview is intentional, deceptive, and aimed at improving perceptions of performance.", "Face-to-face interaction Study of face-to-face interaction is defined as the process of recording and analyzing the reactive pattern of individuals when they are involved in a face-to-face interaction.[4] It is concerned with issues such as its organization, rules, and strategy.\nThe concept of face-to-face interaction has been of interest to scholars since at least the early 20th century.[5] One of the earliest social science scholars to analyze this type of interaction was sociologist Georg Simmel, who in his 1908 book observed that sensory organs play an important role in interaction, discussing examples of human behavior such as an eye contact.[5] His insights were soon developed by others, including Charles Cooley and George Herbert Mead.[6] Their theories became known as symbolic interactionism.[7] By the mid-20th century, there was already a sizable scholarly literature on various aspects of face-to-face interaction.[6] Works on this topic have been published by scholars such as Erving Goffman[8] and Eliot Chapple.[6]", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life is a 1956 sociology book by Erving Goffman, in which Goffman uses the imagery of the theatre in order to portray the importance of human social interaction. Originally published in Scotland in 1956 and in the United States in 1959,[1] it is Goffman’s first and most famous book, for which he received the American Sociological Association’s MacIver award in 1961[2].", "Chronemics The use of time as a communicative channel can be a powerful, yet subtle, force in face-to-face interactions. Some of the more recognizable types of interaction that use time are:", "Impression management Ad hoc backstage is the use of corridors and other ward spaces for quick conversations between professionals in the absence of patients/carers.", "Impression management In the hospital wards, Goffman's front stage and backstage performances are divided into 'planned' and 'ad hoc' rather than 'official' and 'unofficial' interactions.[34]", "Sociological theory Dramaturgy or Dramaturgical Perspective is a specialized symbolic interactionism paradigm developed by Erving Goffman, seeing life as a performance. As \"actors,\" we have a status, which is the part that we play, where we are given various roles.[31] These roles serve as a script, supplying dialogue and action for the characters (the people in reality).[32] They also involve props and certain settings. For instance, a doctor (the role), uses instruments like a heart monitor (the prop), all the while using medical terms (the script), while in his doctor's office (the setting).[28] In addition, our performance is the \"presentation of self,\" which is how people perceive us, based on the ways in which we portray ourselves.[33] This process, sometimes called impression management, begins with the idea of personal performance.[34]", "Nonverbal communication It takes just one-tenth of a second for someone to judge and make their first impression.[11] A first impression is a lasting non-verbal communicator. The way a person portrays themselves on the first encounter is non-verbal statement to the observer. \"First impressions are lasting impressions.\" There can be positive and negative impressions.[12] Positive impressions can be made through the way people present themselves.[according to whom?] Presentation can include clothing and other visible attributes. Negative impressions can also be based on presentation and also on personal prejudice. First impressions, although sometimes misleading, can in many situations be an accurate depiction of others.[11][verification needed]", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life According to Goffman, the social actor in many areas of life will take on an already established role, with pre-existing front and props as well as the costume he would wear in front of a specific audience. The actor's main goal is to keep coherent and adjust to the different settings offered him. This is done mainly through interaction with other actors. To a certain extent this imagery bridges structure and agency enabling each while saying that structure and agency can limit each other.", "Politeness theory Negative politeness strategies are oriented towards the hearer's negative face and emphasize avoidance of imposition on the hearer. By attempting to avoid imposition from the speaker, the risk of face-threat to the hearer is reduced.[13] These strategies presume that the speaker will be imposing on the listener. Additionally, there is a higher potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous so the speaker is more apt to include an out for the listener through distancing styles like apologies or indirect speech.[1] The use of negative politeness strategies assume a direct relationship between indirectness and politeness.[14] Examples from Brown and Levinson include:[8]", "Impression management The hyperpersonal model of computer-mediated communication (CMC) posits that users exploit the technological aspects of CMC in order to enhance the messages they construct to manage impressions and facilitate desired relationships. The most interesting aspect of the advent of CMC is how it reveals basic elements of interpersonal communication, bringing into focus fundamental processes that occur as people meet and develop relationships relying on typed messages as the primary mechanism of expression. \"Physical features such as one's appearance and voice provide much of the information on which people base first impressions face-to-face, but such features are often unavailable in CMC. Various perspectives on CMC have suggested that the lack of nonverbal cues diminishes CMC's ability to foster impression formation and management, or argued impressions develop nevertheless, relying on language and content cues. One approach that describes the way that CMC's technical capacities work in concert with users' impression development intentions is the hyperpersonal model of CMC (Walther, 1996). As receivers, CMC users idealize partners based on the circumstances or message elements that suggest minimal similarity or desirability. As senders, CMC users selectively self-present, revealing attitudes and aspects of the self in a controlled and socially desirable fashion. The CMC channel facilitates editing, discretion, and convenience, and the ability to tune out environmental distractions and re-allocate cognitive resources in order to further enhance one's message composition. Finally, CMC may create dynamic feedback loops wherein the exaggerated expectancies are confirmed and reciprocated through mutual interaction via the bias-prone communication processes identified above.\"[35]", "Politeness theory Negative face is threatened when an individual does not avoid or intend to avoid the obstruction of their interlocutor's freedom of action.[8] It can cause damage to either the speaker or the hearer, and makes one of the interlocutors submit their will to the other. Freedom of choice and action are impeded when negative face is threatened.", "Politeness theory When delivering bad news the speaker has a lot to consider regarding his or her own face and the face of the hearer. In 2015, Miroslav Sirota and Marie Juanchich conducted a study on uncertainty communication with negative outcomes. The authors suggest \"First, speakers making a prediction may intend not only to inform about a probability level, but also to manage the hearer's faces or their own...Second, speakers perform face-managing intentions by altering (e.g. lessening or magnifying) the explicitly communicated probablility of a negative outcome...Thus, politeness theory posits that speakers use uncertainty quantifiers to pursue informative intentions and also to sugar-coat threatening news to manage the hearers' or their own faces.\"[29]", "Politeness theory When a person makes a request, their positive face is threatened mostly along the ability and unwillingness dimensions. People tend to make requests of \"intimates,\" people they are supposed to know well/have a good relationship with. Threat to the requester's positive face increases when the requester chooses a person who has low ability/inability to fulfill the request or is unwilling to comply (the person being asked has to refuse the request); choosing a person with low ability suggests the requester has poor relational knowledge.[10] On the other hand, choosing a person with high ability decreases threat to the requester's positive face because it shows the requester's competence; choosing a person with high willingness reinforces the requester's choice and decreases threats to positive face.[10]", "Emotional contagion In the organizational psychology literature, a growing body of research is dedicated to the aspects of emotional labor. In short, it deals with the need to manage emotions so that they are consistent with organizational or occupational display rules, regardless of whether they are discrepant with internal feelings. In regard to emotional contagion, in work settings that require a certain display of emotions, one finds himself obligated to display, and consequently feel, these emotions. In a process where surface acting develops into deep acting, emotional contagion is the byproduct of intentional affective impression management.[13]", "Impression management Machiavellianism is a term that some social and personality psychologists use to describe a person's tendency to be unemotional, and therefore able to detach him or herself from conventional morality and hence to deceive and manipulate others.[24] (See also Machiavellianism in the workplace.)", "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Goffman also believed that all participants in social interactions are engaged in practices to avoid being embarrassed or embarrassing others. This led to Goffman's dramaturgical analysis. Goffman saw a connection between the kinds of acts that people put on in their daily life and theatrical performances.", "Masking (personality) Contextual factors including relationships with one's conversation partner, status differences, location, and social setting are all reasons as to why an individual would express, suppress, or mask an emotion.[1] Masking is a facade to behave in certain ways that would help one hide their emotions and represses emotions that are not approved by those around them. Because a person wants to receive acceptance from the public, masking helps disguise characteristics like anger, jealousy or rage - emotions that would not be considered socially acceptable.[3][medical citation needed]", "Self-control We manipulate emotional conditions in order to induce certain ways of responding.[36] One example of this can be seen in theatre. Actors often elicit tears from painful memories if it is necessary for the character they are playing. This idea is similar to the notion if we read a letter, book, listen to music, watch a movie, in order to get us in the \"mood\" so we can be in the proper state of mind for a certain event or function.[27] Additionally, treating an activity as \"work\" or \"fun\" can have an effect on the difficulty of self-control.[37]", "Impression management An examination of different impression management strategies acted out by individuals who were facing criminal trials where the trial outcomes could range from a death sentence, life in prison or acquittal has been reported in the forensic literature.[44]\nThe Perri and Lichtenwald article examined female psychopathic killers, whom as a group were highly motivated to manage the impression that attorneys, judges, mental health professions and ultimately, a jury had of the murderers and the murder they committed. It provides legal case illustrations of the murderers combining and/or switching from one impression management strategy such as ingratiation or supplication to another as they worked towards their goal of diminishing or eliminating any accountability for the murders they committed.", "Face-to-face interaction What's more, van der Zwaard and Bannink (2014) examined the effect of video call compared with face-to-face communication on the negotiation of meaning between native speakers and non-native speakers of English.[20] Face-to-face communication can provide individuals who use English as the second language both intentional and unintentional actions which could enhance the comprehension of the chat in English.[20] Besides, individuals are more honest in understanding when they are in face-to-face interaction than in video call due to the potential loss of face issues for the non-native language speakers during the video call. So as a result, face-to-face interaction has a more positive influence on the negotiation of meaning than virtual communications such as the video call.[20]", "Feeling rules A large portion of workers have jobs or careers that requires them to use their feelings, or \"emotional labor\" as Hochschild calls it, in the workplace. Their reactions and actions are based on the way they see how other people react or express their feelings. Companies and corporations see this and use it to exploit workers in order to maximize profits.[5]", "Politeness theory Paul Grice argues that all conversationalists are rational beings who are primarily interested in the efficient conveying of messages.[16] Brown and Levinson use this argument in their politeness theory by saying that rational agents will choose the same politeness strategy as any other would under the same circumstances to try to mitigate face. They show the available range of verbal politeness strategies to redress loss of face. Face-threatening acts have the ability to mutually threaten face, therefore rational agents seek to avoid face-threatening acts or will try to use certain strategies to minimize the threat. It should be noted that in certain situations, an over application of any particular strategy may actually achieve the opposite of the intended effect, as \"certain speakers consistently evaluate polite behavior as unnecessary and offensive.\"[4]", "Face-to-face interaction Despite the advent of many new information and communication technologies, face-to-face interaction is still widespread and popular and has a better performance in many different areas. Nardi and Whittaker (2002) pointed that face-to-face communication is still the golden standard among the mediated technologies based on many theorists,[10] particularly in the context of the media richness theory where face-to-face communication is described as the most efficient and informational one.[12][13] This is explained because face-to-face communication engages more human senses than mediated communication.[14] Face-to-face interaction is also a useful way for people when they want to win over others based on verbal communication,[15] or when they try to settle disagreements.[16] Besides, it does help a lot for teachers as one effective teaching method.[17] It is also easier to keep a stronger and more active political connection with others by face-to-face interaction.[18]", "Politeness theory Choosing to refuse or not refuse a request can threaten the requester's positive and negative faces in different ways. When a person refuses to comply with a request from an intimate, they are violating relational expectations and increasing threat to their positive face; however, focusing attention away from the requester can decrease threat to the requester's positive face even if they are unwilling to help.[10] In contrast, focusing attention on the requester can increase threat to positive face since it highlights the requester's unwillingness. Accepting a request is the least threatening act.", "Masking (personality) The term masking was first used to describe the act of concealing disgust by \nEkman (1972) and Friesen (1969).[1] It was also thought of as a learned behavior. Developmental studies have shown that this ability has begun as early as preschool and improves with age.[2] In recent developmental studies, masking has evolved and is now defined as concealing one's emotion by portraying another emotion. It is mostly used to conceal a negative emotion (usually sadness, frustration, and anger) with a positive emotion.[1]", "Interpersonal communication Identity-management pays significant attention to intercultural relationships and how they affect the relational and individual identities of those involved. How partners of different cultures negotiate with each other, in an effort to satisfy desires for adequate autonomous identities and relational identities, is important to identity-management theory. People take different approaches to coping with this problem of cultural influence.", "Politeness theory All of this is done in attempt to avoid imposition on the hearer. Negative politeness is concerned with proceeding towards a goal in the smoothest way and with sensitivity to one's interlocutors. In English, deference ('Excuse me, sir, could you please close the window') is associated with the avoidance or downplaying of an imposition; the more we feel we might be imposing, the more deferential we might be.[1] It is clearly a strategy for negative politeness and the redressing of a threat to negative face, through actions such as favor-seeking.", "Framing (social sciences) Word-selection or diction has been a component of rhetoric since time immemorial. But most commentators attribute the concept of framing to the work of Erving Goffman on frame analysis and point especially to his 1974 book, Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Goffman used the idea of frames to label \"schemata of interpretation\" that allow individuals or groups \"to locate, perceive, identify, and label\" events and occurrences, thus rendering meaning, organizing experiences, and guiding actions.[35] Goffman's framing concept evolved out of his 1959 work, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, a commentary on the management of impressions. These works arguably depend on Kenneth Boulding's concept of image.[36]", "Nonverbal communication Argyle (1970)[58] put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language is normally used for communicating information about events external to the speakers, non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally rather than verbally, for instance in order to avoid embarrassing situations.[59]", "Politeness theory Positive politeness strategies seek to minimize the threat to the hearer's positive face. These strategies are used to make the hearer feel good about themselves, their interests or possessions, and are most usually used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well.[1] In addition to hedging and attempts to avoid conflict, some strategies of positive politeness include statements of friendship, solidarity, compliments, and the following examples from Brown and Levinson:[8]", "Body language Social/polite which expresses ritual interaction", "Interpersonal communication Identity management is an ongoing process which Imahori and Cupach define as having three relational stages.[55] Typically, each stage is dealt with differently by couples.", "Social perception Nonverbal communication helps people express their emotions, attitudes, and personalities. The most dominant form of nonverbal communication is the use of facial expressions to channel different emotions. Greatly influenced by Charles Darwin's research on facial expressions and book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), it is believed that all humans, regardless of culture or race, encode and decode the six \"primary\" emotions, (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust), universally in the same way. To encode means to communicate nonverbal behavior, while to decode means to interpret the meaning or intention of the nonverbal behavior. Decoding sometimes is inaccurate due to affect blend, (a facial expression with two differently registered emotions), and/or display rules, (culturally dictated rules about which nonverbal behaviors are acceptable to display).[1] Other nonverbal cues such as: body language, eye contact, and vocal intonations can affect social perception by allowing for thin-slicing. Thin-slicing describes the ability to make quick judgements from finding consistencies in events based only on narrow frames of experience.", "Politeness theory The study conducted required people to communicate bad news to a friend regarding two scenarios. In the first scenario the subjects had to communicate a 50% probability that their friend's new car was going to break-down, and in the second scenario the subjects communicated a 50% chance that their friend's stock were going to lose their value.[29] The subjects of the study reported that \"speakers intended to manage hearer's faces from threatening news or to manage their own facees from being wrong...speakers communicated an altered (in the case of our scenarios, lower) outcome probability when they intended to be tactful or cautious than when they intended to be informative.\"[29]", "Politeness theory Bald on-record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer's face, although there are ways that bald on-record politeness can be used in trying to minimize face-threatening acts implicitly, such as giving advice in a non-manipulative way.[11] Often using such a strategy will shock or embarrass the addressee, and so this strategy is most often utilized in situations where the speaker has a close relationship with the listener, such as family or close friends. Brown and Levinson outline various cases in which one might use the bald on-record strategy, including:[8]", "Media richness theory Social presence refers to the degree to which a medium permits communicators to experience others as being psychologically present or the degree to which a medium is perceived to convey the actual presence of the communicating participants. Tasks that involve interpersonal skills, such as resolving disagreements or negotiation, demand high social presence, whereas tasks such as exchanging routine information require less social presence. Therefore, face-to-face media like group meetings are more appropriate for performing tasks that require high social presence; media such as email and written letters are more appropriate for tasks that require low social presence.[9]", "Politeness theory The greater potential for loss of face requires greater redressive action. If the potential for loss of face is too great, the speaker may make the decision to abandon the face-threatening acts completely and say nothing.", "Impression management Impression management theory is a relevant perspective to explore the use of corporate stories in building the corporate brand. The corporate branding literature notes that interactions with brand communications enable stakeholders to form an impression of the organization (Abratt and Keyn, 2012), and this indicates that IM theory could also therefore bring insight into the use of corporate stories as a form of communication to build the corporate brand. Exploring the IM strategies/behaviors evident in corporate stories can indicate the potential for corporate stories to influence the impressions that audiences form of the corporate brand.[37]", "Interpersonal communication Falling under the socio-cultural tradition and developed by Tadasu Todd Imahori and William R. Cupach, identity-management theory explains the establishment, development, and maintenance of identities within relationships, as well as changes which occur to identities due to relationships.[55]", "Social inhibition Expression can also be inhibited or suppressed because of anxiety to social situations or simple display rules. Yarczower and Daruns' study about social inhibition of expression defined inhibition of expression as a suppression of one's facial behavior in the presences of someone or a perceived anxious situation. They addressed the display rules we all learn as children; we are told what expressions are suitable for what situations. Then as age increases we are socialized into not expressing strong facial emotions. However, leaving the face with a reduced expression hinders communication. In turn this makes the face a less reliable social cue during social interactions.[7] Friedmen and Miller-Herringer bring these nonverbal expressions to the next level by studying individuals that have a greater level of emotional suppression. They state that without proper emotional expression social interactions can be much more difficult because others may not understand another individual's emotional state.[8]", "Job interview As interviews are typically conducted face-to-face, over the phone, or through video conferencing[43] (e.g. Skype), they are a social interaction between at least two individuals. Thus, the behavior of the interviewer during the interview likely \"leaks\" information to the interviewee. That is, you can sometimes tell during the interview whether the interviewer thinks positively or negatively about you.[38] Knowing this information can actually affect how the applicant behaves, resulting in a self-fulfilling prophecy effect.[42][44] For example, interviewees who feel the interviewer does not think they are qualified may be more anxious and feel they need to prove they are qualified. Such anxiety may hamper how well they actually perform and present themselves during the interview, fulfilling the original thoughts of the interviewer. Alternatively, interviewees who perceive an interviewer believes they are qualified for the job may feel more at ease and comfortable during the exchange, and consequently actually perform better in the interview. It should be noted again, that because of the dynamic nature of the interview, the interaction between the behaviors and thoughts of both parties is a continuous process whereby information is processed and informs subsequent behavior, thoughts, and evaluations." ]	[ "Impression management Social networking users will employ protective self-presentations for image management. Users will use subtractive and repudiate strategies to maintain a desired image.[39] Subtractive strategy is used to untag an undesirable photo on Social Networking Sites. In addition to un-tagging their name, some users will request the photo to be removed entirely. Repudiate strategy is used when a friend posts an undesirable comment about the user. In response to an undesired post, users may add another wall post as an innocence defense. Michael Stefanone states that \"self-esteem maintenance is an important motivation for strategic self-presentation online.\"[39] Outside evaluations of their physical appearance, competence, and approval from others determines how social media users respond to pictures and wall posts. Unsuccessful self-presentation online can lead to rejection and criticism from social groups. Social networking sites like MySpace, Facebook, and StudiVZ are popular means of communicating personality. Recent theoretical and empirical considerations of homepages and Web 2.0 platforms show that impression management is a major motive for actively participating in social networking sites.[40]" ]
test1908	where is the hero golf challenge being played	[ "doc66930" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc66926", "doc66930", "doc66920", "doc66924", "doc66922", "doc66925", "doc66921", "doc66929", "doc66923", "doc977143", "doc66931", "doc66927", "doc1511975", "doc444785", "doc2114420", "doc1694617", "doc2259845", "doc1697083", "doc1290778", "doc2306069", "doc1768760", "doc2307151", "doc1697085", "doc66928", "doc2306068", "doc941667", "doc590535", "doc1511990", "doc1915339", "doc505219", "doc263801", "doc1768759", "doc2090876", "doc1772318", "doc934768", "doc2671235", "doc2307152", "doc2050182", "doc750287", "doc1554647", "doc1223424", "doc1223417", "doc1574816", "doc957405", "doc477639", "doc1459149", "doc2307159", "doc1336887", "doc750288", "doc1694616", "doc2536990", "doc2655662", "doc477638", "doc1694618", "doc830779", "doc736492", "doc447215", "doc2198701", "doc1694620", "doc1627463", "doc1322123", "doc992092", "doc1459146", "doc396104", "doc1754132", "doc1223416", "doc2165703", "doc1837278", "doc691964", "doc2551499", "doc1772348", "doc32495", "doc1088212", "doc1784320", "doc24953", "doc2198705", "doc2025623", "doc1574814", "doc2279494", "doc2050181", "doc1422388", "doc2315788", "doc2233124", "doc2589039", "doc1627467", "doc423988", "doc1511980", "doc1784323", "doc1694615", "doc1650981", "doc1627462", "doc1754133", "doc998441", "doc831942", "doc2059170", "doc1067949", "doc396032", "doc1627471", "doc447221", "doc1786342" ]	[ "Hero World Challenge In 2000 the tournament was staged twice Tom Lehman won the first event in January. The tournament then moved to December of that year Davis Love III won that event. It has been played in December ever since. The January 2000 event was played at Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona. From December 2000 to 2013, the event took place at Sherwood Country Club, a course designed by Jack Nicklaus, in Thousand Oaks, California.", "Hero World Challenge Beginning in 2015, the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas, for at least three years.[8]", "Hero World Challenge The Hero World Challenge is a golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods, which takes place each December. It features a small number (currently 18) of top-ranked golf pros. The tournament is a benefit for the Tiger Woods Foundation.", "Hero World Challenge Hero World Challenge tournament is preceded by a pro-am competition, in which professional golfers play with amateurs. Hero World Challenge pro-am is usually organized two days before the first round of professional play. \"Am-Am outing\" takes place on the first day, \"Official Pro-Am\" on the second day. The access to the pro-am competition is limited only to the tournament partners. The pro-am tournament is closed to public.", "Hero World Challenge Prize money won by the players is not included in money rankings on any of the world's professional golf tours, but the tournament is recognized as an unofficial money event by the PGA Tour. Since 2009, the event offers Official World Golf Ranking points.[2]", "Hero World Challenge The amateur participants of the 2016 pro-am included, for instance, Derek Jeter and Tino Martinez.[4]", "Hero World Challenge Initially, the tournament had a 16-man field composed of the defending champion, the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking, and four sponsors exemptions chosen by the Tiger Woods Foundation. In 2008, the field was increased to 18 players, consisting of the most recent winners of the four major PGA tournaments, the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking, the defending champion, and two special exemption players selected by the foundation.[1]", "Hero World Challenge It was called the Chevron World Challenge from 2008 through 2011. It previously went by the names Williams World Challenge and Target World Challenge. In 2012, new sponsor Northwestern Mutual was the presenting sponsor instead of a title sponsor.[5] They became the title sponsor in 2013.[6] In 2014, Hero MotoCorp became the title sponsor.[7]", "Hero World Challenge In 2007 the total prize fund was $5.75 million, similar to many official PGA Tour events, which usually have fields of about 150 players.[citation needed] In 2014, the first prize was $1 million, and the total purse was $3.5 million.[3] Woods usually donates his prize money to his foundation.[citation needed]", "The Honda Classic From 1992 to 1995, the event was held at the Weston Hills Golf & Country Club in Weston. It then returned to Coral Springs, first at the TPC at Eagle Trace in 1996 and then at the TPC at Heron Bay from 1997 to 2002. In 2003, the event moved to Palm Beach Gardens, first at the Country Club at Mirasol through 2006, then began its current run at PGA National Golf Club's Champion Course in 2007.", "Hero World Challenge The first World Challenge was televised by the USA Network and NBC Sports. It was then covered by USA and ABC Sports from 2000â€“2006. It has been televised by Golf Channel and a returning NBC since 2007.", "Hero World Challenge In 2008, Woods did not compete due to knee surgery following his 2008 U.S. Open victory, even though he was the two-time defending champion. He did not play in 2009 due to time spent away from golf related to personal matters. Woods returned to the event in 2010.", "Canadian Open (golf) In the mid-1990s, the RCGA decided to move the championship around the country, and continues to alternate between Glen Abbey and other clubs. The owner since 2005, Clublink Corp filed an application in October 2015[3] to redevelop the property into a residential community, with offices and retail stores. There was no provision for a golf course in the plan.[4] The Town of Oakville Council responded in August 2017 by declaring the golf course a heritage site under the Ontario Heritage Act. This would make it more difficult for ClubLink to develop the area as it had planned.[5][6] Golf Canada was also concerned since it could not predict whether it could get the necessary permit to hold the Canadian Open at Glen Abbey in 2018 as it had planned.[7] The dispute between the Town of Oakville and ClubLink remains before the provincial appeal tribunal. Due to this situation, the Open will be held at Hamilton Golf and Country Club in 2019.[8]", "Golf course In 2014, the PGA Tour held a Champions Tour event on a nine-hole par-3 course, the Big Cedar Lodge Legends of Golf in Ridgedale, Missouri, with four (regular division) or three (over-65 division) rounds played over the par-3 course, and one round played on a nearby regulation 18-hole course with par of 71.", "2017 Presidents Cup Liberty National Golf Club[4]", "Tournament of Champions (golf) Previous venues have been the Desert Inn Country Club in Las Vegas, Nevada, from the event's inception until 1966, and the Stardust Country Club, also in Las Vegas, in 1967 and 1968. For the following thirty years, it was played at La Costa Resort and Spa in Carlsbad, California; it moved from May in 1985 to January in 1986, and relocated to Maui in 1999.", "Official World Golf Ranking ^ Previously the South African Open\n* Previously the Thailand Golf Championship[7]", "Rory McIlroy PGA Tour Rory McIlroy PGA Tour includes eight real-world courses on-disc; Bay Hill, Chambers Bay, the Old Course at St. Andrews, Royal Troon, TPC Boston, TPC Sawgrass, Whistling Straits, and Wolf Creek. TPC Scottsdale was a pre-order exclusive. Additional courses will be added through downloadable content.[2][5][9] Four fantasy courses are also offered, including one based on the Battlefield map Paracel Storm, the Grand Canyon, and a nightclub-themed course for the game's new challenge mode.[2][3][4][5]", "Jordan Spieth A week later, he completed consecutive victories, winning the Hero World Challenge in Florida. He won the tournament wire-to-wire and in doing so set a new tournament scoring record of 26-under-par.[37]", "WGC Match Play In 2007, the championship moved to Marana, Arizona, a suburb northwest of Tucson. It was played at The Gallery Golf Club for two years, then moved to The Golf Club at Dove Mountain in 2009, a course designed by Jack Nicklaus. The event returned to California in 2015, to TPC Harding Park in San Francisco, which had hosted the 2005 WGC-American Express Championship. In March 2015, it was announced that the 2016â€“19 tournaments will be played the last week of March in Austin, Texas, with Dell as the title sponsor.", "RBC Heritage Originally played in late November,[3] it moved to mid-September in 1973, March in 1974, and April in 1983. The inaugural champion in 1969 was forty-year-old Arnold Palmer, his first win in over a year.[2][3] Course co-designer Nicklaus won in 1975,[4] two weeks before his fifth Masters win. Davis Love III leads with five victories in the event, Hale Irwin has three, and eight others have won twice.", "TPC at Sawgrass Built on 415 acres (1.68Â km2) in the northeastern Florida swampland, it is about a mile west of the Atlantic Ocean. The course contains many challenging features: narrow fairways lined with hazards like marshes and \"waste bunkers\" (long strips of sand that groundskeepers never maintain); dozens of deep \"pot bunkers,\" strategically placed to catch even a slightly misplaced shot; thick rough that features craters and mounds; tall, shot-obstructing palm trees; and rock-hard, lightning-fast greens.[7]", "Rory McIlroy PGA Tour Free updates have been released to add additional features to the game. TPC Scottsdale, East Lake Golf Club, the fantasy course Treasure Island, and Quail Hollow Club were added in August, September, October, and November 2015, respectively.[11] The Quail Hollow update re-introduced alternate shot, best ball, four ball, and skins play.[11] Henrik Stenson and Dustin Johnson were also added as playable characters in October and November 2015 respectively.[11] PGA West Stadium Course was added in January 2016.[12]", "Hero World Challenge In 2011, Woods won the tournament with a score of âˆ’10, defeating Zach Johnson by one shot. Woods made birdie on the final two holes to win; it was his first win in over two years, since the 2009 Australian Masters.", "WGC Match Play From its inauguration in 1999 until 2006, the event was hosted every year by La Costa Resort and Spa in Carlsbad, California, except in 2001, when it was played in Australia at the Metropolitan Golf Club in Victoria. La Costa had previously hosted the Tournament of Champions for thirty years, from 1969 through 1998.", "The Legend of Bagger Vance Portions of the exhibition match were set at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, United States, considered one of the toughest in the country. The scene in which Greaves has a heart attack was shot on No. 11 of the resort's Cougar Point golf course. The final hole in the film was temporary, so the filming did not interfere with the club activities, and cost US $200,000 to build. However, most of the golf scenes were filmed at Colleton River Plantation,[7] just off Hilton Head Island.[8] Certain segments of this film were also filmed in Savannah and Jekyll Island, Georgia.[9]", "North Carolina Golf is a popular summertime leisure activity, and North Carolina has hosted several important professional golf tournaments. Pinehurst Resort in Pinehurst has hosted a PGA Championship, Ryder Cup, two U.S. Opens, and one U.S. Women's Open. The Wells Fargo Championship is a regular stop on the PGA Tour and is held at Quail Hollow Club in Charlotte, while the Wyndham Championship is played annually in Greensboro at Sedgefield Country Club.", "Canadian Open (golf) Glen Abbey Golf Club of Oakville, Ontario has hosted 30 Open Championships (1977–79, 1981–96, 1998–2000, 2004, 2008–09, 2013, 2015-2018), and has crowned 24 different champions. The 11th hole at Glen Abbey is widely considered its signature hole, and begins the world-famous valley sequence of five holes from 11 to 15. The picturesque 11th is a 459-yard straightaway par-4, where players tee off 100 feet above the fairway, which ends at Sixteen Mile Creek, just short of the green. John Daly left his mark, and a plaque is permanently displayed on the back tee deck, recounting Daly's attempt to reach the green with his tee shot. His ball landed in the creek.", "Tour Championship From 1987 to 1996, several courses hosted the event. Beginning in 1997, the event alternated between Champions Golf Club in Houston and East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta; since 2004, East Lake has been the event's permanent home.", "Atlantis Paradise Island The Ocean Club Golf is a private 18-hole, par 72 championship golf course that stretches for over 7,100 yards at the Atlantis, Paradise Island.[8] The course features a restaurant and bar located at the clubhouse.[9] Many professional golf events are hosted at the Ocean Club Golf including the LPGA Pure Silk Bahamas Classic.", "Florida Florida is a major golf hub. The PGA of America is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, the PGA Tour is headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach, and the LPGA is headquartered in Daytona Beach. The Players Championship, WGC-Cadillac Championship, Arnold Palmer Invitational, Honda Classic and Valspar Championship are PGA Tour rounds.", "RBC Heritage The venue for its entire existence has been the Harbour Town Golf Links at the Sea Pines Resort on Hilton Head Island. The Harbour Town course, which frequently appears on several \"Best Courses\" lists, was designed by famed golf course architect Pete Dye, with assistance from Jack Nicklaus. In 1972, the first two rounds were played on both the Harbour Town Golf Links and the Ocean course at Sea Pines, with the final two rounds at Harbour Town.", "The First Tee The PURE Insurance Championship, Impacting the First Tee is a unique event played annually in September at the iconic Pebble Beach Golf Links and Poppy Hills Golf Club. It is the only event of its kind that pairs juniors from The First Tee to play alongside amateurs and legends from the game of golf. This PGA TOUR Champions event is televised nationally on the Golf Channel.", "PGA Tour Originally established by the Professional Golfers' Association of America, it was spun off in December 1968 into a separate organization for tour players, as opposed to club professionals, the focal members of today's PGA of America. Originally the \"Tournament Players Division,\" it adopted the name \"PGA Tour\" in 1975 and runs most of the week-to-week professional golf events on the tournament known as the PGA Tour, including The Players Championship, hosted at TPC Sawgrass, the FedEx Cup, with its finale at The Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club, and the biennial Presidents Cup. The remaining events on the PGA Tour are run by different organizations, as are the U.S.-based LPGA Tour for women and the other men's and women's professional tours around the world.", "San Antonio The Valero Texas Open is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour held at San Antonio since 1922. It has been played at TPC San Antonio since 2010. Previous venues include the Brackenridge Park Golf Course, La Cantera Golf Club and Pecan Valley Golf Club; the latter also hosted the 1968 PGA Championship. The Alamo Ladies Classic was an LPGA Tour event held from 1960 to 1973.", "Bubba Watson Watson won the Travelers Championship to move him to third in the Official World Golf Ranking. He garnered his second victory in 2015 by winning the unofficial Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas, besting fellow American Patrick Reed by three strokes.", "TPC at Sawgrass The Tournament Players Championship had been played at adjacent Sawgrass Country Club from 1977 through 1981, one more year than originally planned,[8][9] as heavy rains during construction pushed its debut back a year.[7] When it moved west to the Stadium Course in 1982, the story was not eventual winner Jerry Pate,[10][11][12] but the complaints the players had about the new course, which had supposedly been built in their honor.[13] \"It's Star Wars golf, designed by Darth Vader,\" Ben Crenshaw pronounced. When asked if the TPC suited his playing style, Jack Nicklaus replied, \"No, I've never been very good at stopping a 5-iron on the hood of a car.\" J. C. Snead called the course \"90 percent horse manure and 10 percent luck.\"", "Wells Fargo Championship In 2017, the tournament was held on the coast in Wilmington at Eagle Point Golf Club, as Quail Hollow hosted the PGA Championship in mid-August.[4] Wilmington hosted the Azalea Open on tour in the 1950s and 1960s at the Donald Ross-designed Cape Fear Country Club; it was a tune-up event for The Masters through 1965,[5] part of the city's Azalea Festival. Quail Hollow will host again in 2018 after a one year absence.", "AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Founded 81Â years ago in 1937, entertainer Bing Crosby hosted the first National Pro-Am Golf Championship in southern California at Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club in San Diego County, the event's location prior to World War II.[3] Sam Snead won the first tournament, then just 18 holes, with a winner's share of $500.[6] A second round was added in 1938 and was played through 1942.[6][7][8]", "Erin Hills Erin Hills is a golf course in the north central United States, located in Erin, Wisconsin, in Washington County, 35 miles (55Â km) northwest of Milwaukee. Construction began in 2004 and the course officially opened in 2006. It hosted the 117th U.S. Open in 2017.[3] The announcement was made in 2010. It was the first USGA regular men's event ever awarded to a course owned by an individual. The 2011 U.S. Amateur, won by Kelly Kraft, was also held at Erin Hills.[1]", "Topgolf On June 23, 2016, it was announced that Village Roadshow Theme Parks would open a venue next door to its popular theme park, Warner Bros. Movie World, in Oxenford, Queensland in Australia. This will be the first Topgolf venue outside the US and the UK. [3]", "Topgolf Topgolf operates 41 venues in the United States and the United Kingdom, employs 15,000 Associates and serves 13 million guests annually. The Topgolf games can be played by all ages and skill levels, and the microchipped golf balls score themselves, providing players with instant feedback on each shot's accuracy and distance. Players aim for 11 giant dartboard-like targets on a 215-yard outfield. The farther the shot goes and the closer to the pin, the more points the player receives. Each Topgolf venue features climate-controlled hitting bays for year-round play, food, beverage, music and HDTVs on which various sports games are shown, such as football, basketball and golf. Topgolf also offers golf lessons, leagues, tournaments, concerts, and corporate and social events.", "Glen Abbey Golf Course ClubLink Corp, the owners of Glen Abbey, filed an application in October 2015[5] to redevelop the property into a residential community, with offices and retail stores. There is no provision for a golf course in the plan.[6] The Town of Oakville Council responded in August 2017 by declaring the golf course a heritage site under the Ontario Heritage Act. This would make it more difficult for ClubLink to develop the area as it had planned, with 3,222 housing units and 122,000 square feet of retail and commercial space.[7][8] Golf Canada was also concerned since it could not predict whether it could get the necessary permit to hold the Canadian Open at Glen Abbey in 2018.[9]", "Wisconsin Sheboygan is home to Whistling Straits golf club which has hosted PGA Championships in 2004, 2010 and 2015 and will be home to the Ryder Cup golf competition between USA and Europe in 2020.[146] The Greater Milwaukee Open, later named the U.S. Bank Championship in Milwaukee, was a PGA Tour tournament from 1968 to 2009 held annually in Brown Deer.", "The Players Championship Beginning in 1977, the event moved up the coast and was played at Ponte Vedra Beach in mid-March,[8] initially at Sawgrass Country Club's Oceanside Course (a combination of the \"East\" and \"West\" 9-hole courses). Since 1982,[9][10] it has been played across the road to the west, at the Stadium Course at TPC at Sawgrass.[5] The word \"Tournament\" was dropped from the title following the 1987 event.", "Los Angeles Open Prior to World War II, the event led a nomadic existence in southern California, moving from course to course. The inaugural event 92 years ago in 1926 was played at Los Angeles Country Club in Los Angeles;[4] in 1927 the event moved to El Caballero Country Club in Tarzana for the only time.[5] In 1928, the event moved again to Wilshire Country Club, also in Los Angeles, and 1929 and 1930 saw the event's first foray to the Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades before returning again to Los Angeles for the next decade. From 1931–33, the event alternated between Wilshire CC and Hillcrest Country Club, before returning to Los Angeles CC from 1934–36. From 1937–39, the event was played at Griffith Park before returning to Los Angeles CC in 1940. Babe Zaharias played in the 1938 event, being the first woman to play in a professional golf tournament for men.", "TPC at Sawgrass During the week of Super Bowl XXXIX, played at nearby Jacksonville in February 2005, Fox Sports organized a \"closest to pin\" contest with MLB, NFL, and NASCAR players (all sports properties of the network) on the 17th green. Dale Jarrett defeated Trent Green and John Smoltz in the final by being the only player to make it on the green.", "Invictus Games Unlike prior games which were hosted at a single site, multiple venues around the Greater Toronto Area will host the 12 sporting events and opening and closing ceremonies[35][36]. The venues are Air Canada Centre to host the opening and closing ceremony. Fort York National Historic Site to host archery. Nathan Phillips Square to host wheelchair tennis; Ryerson University's Mattamy Athletic Centre to host indoor rowing, powerlifting, sitting volleyball, wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby; St. George's Golf and Country Club to host golf; The Distillery District to host the Jaguar Land Rover driving challenge; High Park, Toronto to host cycling; Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre to host swimming, sitting volleyball and wheelchair basketball; and York Lions Stadium to host athletics.", "AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am After the war, it resumed in 1947 as a 54-hole event, up the coast on golf courses near Monterey,[9][10] where it has been played ever since. Beginning that year, it was played at Pebble Beach Golf Links, Cypress Point Club, and Monterey Peninsula Country Club until 1966. The tournament became a 72-hole event in 1958.[11][12]", "Tournament of Champions (golf) The Sentry Tournament of Champions is held during the first week of January and, since 1999, has been played over the Plantation Course at the Kapalua Resort near Lahaina on the island of Maui in Hawaii. Unlike most PGA Tour events, it is a par 73 course.", "British Masters The event returned in 2015, being played at Woburn and hosted by golfer Ian Poulter. The 2016 edition was played at The Grove and hosted by Luke Donald.[2] The 2017 tournament was played at Close House Golf Club and hosted by Lee Westwood. The 2018 tournament was played at Walton Heath Golf Club and hosted by Justin Rose.[3]", "Golf Channel Golf Channel is an American pay television network owned by the NBC Sports Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal division of Comcast. The channel focuses on coverage of the sport of golf, including live coverage of tournaments, as well as factual and instructional programming. Founded in Birmingham, Alabama,[2] the channel's headquarters and studios are currently located in Orlando, Florida. Golf Channel is available in the United States, Canada, Latin America and Southeast Asia through subscription television providers", "The Players Championship The Players Championship was conceived by the PGA Tour commissioner Deane Beman; the inaugural event in 1974 was played at Atlanta Country Club in Marietta, Georgia, concluding on Labor Day weekend in early September.[2] It moved to Texas for 1975, at the Colonial Country Club in Fort Worth in August, and then to south Florida for 1976 at Inverrary Country Club in Lauderhill, at its East Course in late February.[7]", "Tournament of Champions (golf) The tournament has had several title sponsors, the first being Mutual of New York (MONY) between 1975 and 1990. After three years of sponsorship by Infiniti, German car maker Mercedes-Benz began a sixteen-year association with the event and the Tournament of Champions name was dropped. In 2010 the tournament entered a new ten-year agreement with Korean broadcasting company Seoul Broadcasting System, with the tournament being renamed as the SBS Championship.[3] Hyundai took over title sponsorship in 2011 with SBS remaining a sponsor.[4] In 2017, SBS became title sponsor again after Hyundai took over title sponsorship of the PGA Tour event at Riviera Country Club.[5] Sentry Insurance signed on as the event's title sponsor with a five-year agreement starting in 2018.[6]", "Iowa The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971. The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001. The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and has scheduled the 2017 Solheim Cup.", "Southern United States Golf is a popular recreational sport in most areas of the South, with the region's warm climate allowing it to host many professional tournaments and numerous destination golf resorts, particularly in the state of Florida. The region is home to The Masters, an elite invitational competition played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, which has become one of the professional game's most important tournaments.", "Patrick Reed Patrick Nathaniel Reed (born August 5, 1990) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the European Tour. He is notable for his victories in the 2018 Masters Tournament and the 2014 WGC-Cadillac Championship. He has represented the United States in Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup competitions. Because of his success in representing the United States in these team events, he has earned the nickname Captain America.[2]", "Indian Open (golf) The Indian Open, known as the Hero Indian Open due to sponsorship, is a golf tournament on the Asian Tour that is currently held at the Delhi Golf Club. It became a European Tour co-sanctioned event in 2015.", "Tournament of Champions (golf) While being played at LaCosta, the weekend rounds were traditionally televised by ABC Sports. However, after moving to Hawai'i in 1999, the time difference was not conducive to network television. The event moved to ABC's cable partner ESPN for four-round coverage. In 2007, the event moved to four-round coverage on the Golf Channel. In 2012, NBC Sports began showing weekend play, while also producing the new Monday final round for sister network Golf Channel. In 2018, coverage went entirely to Golf Channel.", "Jack Nicklaus His first solo design, Glen Abbey Golf Course in Oakville, Ontario, opened for play in 1976.[60] This course served as the host site for the Canadian Open for many years, the first being in 1977.[61] The oldest golf club in the U.S, Saint Andrew's Golf Club in New York, was redesigned by Nicklaus in 1983.[62] In 2000, the King & Bear opened in St. Augustine, Florida, as a joint collaboration between Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer. In 2006, the Concession Golf Club opened in Sarasota, Florida, as a joint collaboration between Nicklaus and Tony Jacklin, to commemorate their historic Ryder Cup singles match in 1969.", "AT&T Byron Nelson In 2018, the tournament will move from the Four Seasons course in Irving to the new Trinity Forest Golf Course in Dallas.[9]", "Tin Cup An annual golf tournament located in Charlotte, NC that benefits the American Cancer Society is named the \"Tin Cup Tournament.\" It is the American Cancer Society's largest single-day golf event in the Carolinas. Play is always on the second Monday of August. 2004 REMAX World Long Drive Champion, David Mobley, is an annual celebrity guest. Most recently, the location is at Ballantyne Resort Golf Course.", "Los Angeles Open The Genesis Open is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour in southern California, first played 92 years ago in 1926.[1] Its previous names include Los Angeles Open, Northern Trust Open and Nissan Open. Played annually in February at the Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades, it is often the concluding event of the tour's \"West Coast Swing\" early in the calendar year, before the tour moves east to Florida.", "Golf The fields for these events include the top several dozen golfers from all over the world. The Masters has been played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, since its inception in 1934. It is the only major championship that is played at the same course each year.[50] The U.S. Open and PGA Championship are played at courses around the United States, while the Open Championship is played at courses around the United Kingdom.[51]", "Liberty National Golf Club Liberty National is a country club in Jersey City, New Jersey with the club house, guest villas, teaching super center and halfway house referred to as \"Cafe 12\" designed by Lindsay Newman Architecture and Design and with a 7,353-yard (6,724Â m) course designed by Robert E. Cupp and Tom Kite.[4]", "Topgolf Topgolf is a global sports entertainment community headquartered in Dallas, Texas with locations throughout the United States and the UK.", "Thousand Oaks, California In professional sports, the city is home to the Sherwood Country Club, a golf course designed by Jack Nicklaus. The annual Chevron World Challenge golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods took place at the course from 2000 to 2013.[180]", "Sun City, North West Sun City also has two international-standard 18-hole golf courses, the Gary Player Country Club and the Lost City Golf Course, both designed by Gary Player. The Gary Player Country Club is home to the Nedbank Golf Challenge (formerly the Nedbank Million Dollar Golf Challenge) that is held annually.", "Trump National Golf Club (Bedminster, New Jersey) The golf club hosted the U.S. Women's Open from July 13â€“16, 2017.[14] The Professional Golfers' Association of America awarded the course the 2022 Men's PGA Championship.[15]", "Nick Faldo In 1991, Faldo launched his golf course design practice Faldo Design, which has designed or remodelled dozens of courses spread across several continents. Designs include Elea Estate (Paphos, Cyprus), Laguna Lang Co (Hue, Vietnam), Chart Hills Golf Club (Kent, England), Sporting Club Berlin, Cottonwood Hills near Hutchinson, Kansas,[46] and the Wadi course (now named The Faldo) at Emirates Golf Club, Dubai. Faldo will be designing a championship golf course and a golf academy at Lavasa, India.", "PGA Tour 2007 saw the introduction of a tournament in Mexico, an alternate event staged the same week as the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship.[38] A tournament in Puerto Rico was introduced in 2008 as an alternate event staged opposite the WGC-CA Championship.", "Bermuda In 2007, Bermuda hosted the 25th PGA Grand Slam of Golf. This 36-hole event was held on 16â€“17 October 2007, at the Mid Ocean Club in Tucker's Town. This season-ending tournament is limited to four golfers: the winners of the Masters, U.S. Open, British Open and PGA Championship. The event returned to Bermuda in 2008 and 2009. Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the World one-armed golf champion.", "Pennsylvania Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most notable pro golfers, comes from Latrobe, while Jim Furyk, a current PGA member, grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic, played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort, in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic, played at Glenmaura National Golf Club, in Moosic.", "Memorial Tournament The Memorial Tournament is a PGA Tour golf tournament, founded 42Â years ago in 1976 by Jack Nicklaus. It is played on a Nicklaus-designed course at Muirfield Village Golf Club in Dublin, Ohio, a suburb north of Columbus. The golf course passes through a large neighborhood called Muirfield Village, which includes a bronze sculpture of Nicklaus mentoring a young golfer; unveiled in 1999, it is located in the wide median of Muirfield Drive.[2][3]", "Phoenix Open Since 1973,[7] the Phoenix Open has been played on the weekend of the Super Bowl. In 1996, it was played Wednesday through Saturday, as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium in nearby Tempe.[8] In 2009, the tournament overlapped with Super Bowl XLIII in Tampa, Florida, when Kenny Perry and Charley Hoffman went to a playoff. That denied the spectators a chance to watch the beginning of the game on NBC, which featured the local Arizona Cardinals.", "Indian Open (golf) There have been a number of sponsors over the years, with Hero Honda Motors Ltd taking over sponsorship in 2005. The prize fund for 2017 was US$1.75 million.", "Texas A&M Aggies Golf: Traditions Club Championship Golf Course[73]", "Glen Abbey Golf Course The 18th hole is notable due to its connection to Tiger Woods, who, in the final round of the 2000 Canadian Open, hit a six-iron shot 218 yards from a bunker on the right side of the fairway to about 18 feet from the hole. The shot was all carry over a large pond that guards the green. In doing so, Woods proceeded to defeat his playing partner Grant Waite and won the tournament. The shot is regarded as one of the most spectacular both of Woods' career and in recent PGA Tour history.[3]", "2017 PGA Championship Under the direction of Tom Fazio, Quail Hollow underwent an aggressive 90-day renovation in 2016 that modified four holes and added Bermuda grass. It commenced during the final round of the Wells Fargo Championship on Sunday, May 8.[8][9] Thousands of trees were removed, as the former first two holes were combined into a new first hole, and the old fifth hole was divided between the new fourth and fifth holes.[9][10]", "Wells Fargo Championship From 2004–06 and 2011–13, the tournament ended in a playoff. Additionally, the event is known to have one of the tougher finishes on tour with 16, 17, and 18, commonly known as the \"Green Mile,\" often ranked among the PGA Tour's toughest holes. The majority of the charitable proceeds from the tournament benefit Teach for America. The tournament is organized by Champions for Education, Inc.[3]", "Dell Technologies Championship Replacing the Air Canada Championship in British Columbia on the tour schedule, the tournament made its debut in 2003 as the Deutsche Bank Championship. It is held at the Tournament Players Club of Boston in Norton, Massachusetts, south-southwest of Boston. Unlike most PGA Tour events which are played Thursday through Sunday, this tournament is played Friday through Monday, with the final round on Labor Day.", "Zurich Classic of New Orleans TPC Louisiana in Avondale became the host in 2005, but damage to the course by Hurricane Katrina that August forced the event back to English Turn for a year in 2006. It returned to the TPC in 2007, its current home.", "Melbourne Melbourne has twice hosted the Presidents Cup golf tournament, in 1998 becoming the first country to hold the tournament outside of the USA. The event was first held in Melbourne in 1998 and then again in 2011, both times at the Royal Melbourne Golf Club. The biannual event is again scheduled for 2019 at the same venue.", "2018 PGA Tour The schedule contains 48 events, including two new ones: The CJ Cup in South Korea and the Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship, a former event on the Web.com Tour based out of the Dominican Republic. The Barbasol Championship will be played in Kentucky, the first non-major PGA Tour event in the state since 1959. The Puerto Rico Open became an unofficial charity event in the wake of Hurricane Maria.", "Jack Nicklaus Nicklaus continues to manage the Memorial Tournament, which he founded in his home state of Ohio. The event is played at Muirfield Village, a course that he co-designed with Desmond Muirhead and opened in 1974. The course was officially dedicated on Memorial Day, May 27, 1974, with an exhibition match between Nicklaus and Tom Weiskopf. Nicklaus scored a six-under-par 66, which stood as the course record until 1979. The forerunner to this tournament, the Columbus Pro-Am, had its final year in 1975, and the inaugural Memorial Tournament was held the following year. The tournament is one of the more prestigious events on the PGA Tour.[28]", "Tournament Players Club In 2007, the PGA Tour reached an agreement with Heritage Golf Group for the sale of four TPC courses; TPC Eagle Trace, TPC Michigan, TPC Piper Glen, and TPC Prestancia. Although they would be owned and operated by Heritage Golf Group, all would retain their TPC branding.[1] In February 2008, TPC Tampa Bay became the fifth course to be bought by Heritage Golf Group. The Tampa Bay course also retained its TPC branding under a licensing agreement.[2]", "Canadian Open (golf) The Royal Montreal Golf Club, founded in 1873, is the oldest continuously running official golf club in North America. The club was the host of the first Canadian Open championship in 1904, and has been host to eight other Canadian Opens, at two locations, with the club moving to its current site on an island west of Montreal in 1959. The 1912 Canadian Open at the Rosedale Golf Club was famed American golfer Walter Hagen's first professional competition.[10] In 1914, Karl Keffer won the event, being the last Canadian-born champion.", "Memorial Tournament The greater Columbus area is where Nicklaus was born, raised, learned the game of golf, went to college, and started his own family. It was his vision to create a golf club that embodied his personal and professional life and to create a golf tournament that would long represent his passion for tournament golf, and would give back to a community that has embraced him and the game. This was fulfilled in May 1976 with the first Memorial Tournament, two years to the day after the course opened at Muirfield Village. The par-72 course was set at 7,072 yards (6,467Â m),[5] a considerable length for the mid-1970s.", "Tournament of Champions (golf) The Sentry Tournament of Champions is the calendar-year opening tournament of golf's PGA Tour season, played in Hawaii on the island of Maui.[2] Founded in 1953, the field is restricted to golfers who won a tournament on the tour during the previous calendar year.[3] From 1986 through 2013, it was the opening event of each tour season; the PGA Tour switched to its wrap-around Octoberâ€“September season in the fall of 2013.", "Pebble Beach, California The AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (formerly known as the Crosby Clambake) is held on three of the courses here annually in February. The tournament began in 1937 at Rancho Santa Fe near San Diego, where it was last played in 1942. After World War II, it moved to Pebble Beach in 1947, and has continued annually since.[20]", "Jack Nicklaus Nicklaus devotes much of his time to golf course design and operates one of the largest golf design practices in the world. In the mid-1960s, Pete Dye initially requested Nicklaus' opinion in the architecture process of The Golf Club in suburban Columbus, Ohio, and the input increased from that point forward. Nicklaus considered golf course design another facet of the game that kept him involved and offered a challenge. His first design, Harbour Town Golf Links, co-credited with Dye, was opened for play in 1969.[59] A subsequent early, yet more prominent design was Muirfield Village Golf Club in Dublin, OH which opened in 1974 and has hosted the Memorial Tournament since its inception in 1976. This course has also hosted the 1987 Ryder Cup and the 1998 Solheim Cup matches. For the first few years, all of his projects were co-designs with either Pete Dye or Desmond Muirhead, who were two of the leading golf course architects of that era.", "Liberty National Golf Club The club cost over $250 million to build, making it one of the most expensive golf courses in history.[5] Club designers added amenities such as an on-site helistop, yacht services, a spa and a restaurant.[5] Nine hundred adjacent homes, slated to be built in the coming years, are said to cost from $1.5 million to $5 million.[5] Liberty National is noted as a unique course because of its proximity to both the Statue of Liberty and Manhattan, as well as the fact it was built on a former landfill.[4]", "Playa del Carmen The OHL Classic at Mayakoba is a PGA Tour golf tournament held at El CamaleÃ³n Golf Club since 2007.", "Palm Springs, California In the 1970s the area had over 40 courses and in 2001 the 100th course was opened.[23]:121 The area is also home to the PGA Tour's Humana Challenge in partnership with the Clinton Foundation (formerly the Bob Hope Chrysler Classic), the LPGA's ANA Inspiration and the Canadian Tour's Desert Dunes Classic.[176]", "Links (golf) Links courses remain most common in Ireland and Great Britain, especially in Scotland. The Open Championship is always played on links courses, and this is one of the main features which differentiates it from the three major championships held in the United States. The first exception to this was the 2004 PGA Championship, which was played on a true links course, Whistling Straits, located near Kohler, Wisconsin.[4] The 2015 U.S. Open was played at Chambers Bay, a British links-style course in University Place, Washington. Royal Adelaide Golf Club is a world-famous links course in Adelaide, South Australia and was partly designed by Alister MacKenzie where he stated, “One finds a most delightful combination of sand dunes and fir trees. I have never seen a seaside course possess such magnificent sand craters, as those at Royal Adelaide.”[5]", "Wyndham Championship Charlie Sifford competed in 1961, and became the first African American permitted to play in a PGA-sponsored event in the South.[2][3] He led after the first round,[3] and tied for fourth.[4]", "Golf The modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland. The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764. Golf's first major, and the world's oldest tournament in existence, is The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, which was first played in 1860 in Ayrshire, Scotland. This is one of the four major championships in men's professional golf, the other three being played in the United States: The Masters, the U.S. Open, and the PGA Championship.", "Jack Nicklaus Nicklaus and retired General John Shalikashvili, who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1993 to 1997, are serving as honorary chairs for the American Lake Veterans Golf Course capital campaign in Tacoma, WA. The $4.5Â million campaign in 2009 was established to complete the nation's only golf course designed for the rehabilitation of wounded and disabled veterans. The existing nine-hole course is operated, maintained, and managed by 160 volunteers. Funds are needed to add nine new holes and make other improvements to better accommodate demand from the growing influx of wounded veterans. A two-day event was held at Bighorn Golf Club at Palm Desert, CA featuring Nicklaus, who is donating his design services for the \"Nicklaus Nine\". In announcing his donation of services (valued at $500,000), Nicklaus said, \"I was moved to see the amazing efforts at American Lake Veterans Golf Course where our wounded warriors learn to play golf with the help of an incredible army of volunteers.\" Monies raised during the campaign will be used to construct the new holes, complete the construction of the Rehabilitation and Learning Center, make improvements to the original holes to enhance accessibility, upgrade the maintenance facilities and restrooms, and help underwrite operational costs.", "Patrick Reed At the 2014 Humana Challenge, Reed set the PGA Tour record for most strokes under par after 54 holes. His rounds of 63-63-63, were 27-under-par. The tournament's first three rounds are played on three different courses. The previous record was 25-under-par, set by Gay Brewer at the 1967 Pensacola Open and tied by Ernie Els at the 2003 Mercedes Championships, Pat Perez at the 2009 Bob Hope Classic (the previous name of the Humana event) and Steve Stricker at the 2010 John Deere Classic.[18] All four other players won those tournaments. It was also the first time in PGA Tour history that a player opened a tournament with three rounds of 63 or better.[19] Reed won the tournament by two strokes over Ryan Palmer.[20]", "Phil Mickelson In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would've got him to 8-under par instead posting âˆ’7 (71-72-67-71) to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour." ]	[ "Hero World Challenge Beginning in 2015, the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas, for at least three years.[8]" ]
test3244	who was the first english child born in north america	[ "doc110879" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc110879", "doc299269", "doc110882", "doc2215869", "doc299271", "doc39694", "doc299267", "doc590476", "doc1005648", "doc110893", "doc352136", "doc1850350", "doc110883", "doc137245", "doc2061987", "doc20851", "doc31960", "doc2215874", "doc110894", "doc971304", "doc2215870", "doc2658041", "doc110887", "doc2215891", "doc356979", "doc352124", "doc2061994", "doc1586852", "doc356965", "doc32364", "doc2215885", "doc369368", "doc204930", "doc110884", "doc1365453", "doc1277424", "doc299268", "doc71450", "doc352140", "doc2215881", "doc1455155", "doc469349", "doc782063", "doc204927", "doc612953", "doc110888", "doc1501556", "doc329260", "doc2530366", "doc110880", "doc299272", "doc20852", "doc251796", "doc71436", "doc337701", "doc2215872", "doc352129", "doc700477", "doc71457", "doc1455167", "doc872783", "doc31966", "doc352144", "doc1214240", "doc71446", "doc75094", "doc31963", "doc2215875", "doc2215878", "doc1876229", "doc44425", "doc71454", "doc31968", "doc1854160", "doc1854157", "doc1214238", "doc1586859", "doc660563", "doc71409", "doc71410", "doc71408", "doc807622", "doc299270", "doc86956", "doc423633", "doc2215897", "doc352125", "doc363910", "doc1214242", "doc1284250", "doc352135", "doc82190", "doc251800", "doc612954", "doc71421", "doc352165", "doc137235", "doc110892", "doc1173506", "doc2215880" ]	[ "Virginia Dare Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first English child born in a New World English overseas possession, and was named after the territory of Virginia, her birthplace.[2] Her parents were Ananias Dare and Eleanor White (also spelled Ellinor or Elyonor)[1].", "First white child Virginia Dare, born in 1587 at the Roanoke Colony, was the first child born in North America to English parents, and her memory was celebrated in the British colonies. Peregrine White, born aboard the Mayflower at Provincetown Harbor in 1620, was the first Pilgrim birth.[3] Sarah Rapelje, born on June 6, 1625, was the first white child born in New Netherland in what is now New York state.[4][5] Born in 1659, Kristian GaapstÃ¶rm was the first white child born in New Sweden.", "Virginia Dare Virginia Dare was born in the Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina in August 1587, the first child of English parents born in the New World. \"Elenora, daughter to the governor of the city and wife to Ananias Dare, one of the assistants, was delivered of a daughter in Roanoke\".[2]", "Peregrine White Peregrine White (c. November 20, 1620 – July 20, 1704) was the first baby boy born on the Mayflower in the harbor of Massachusetts, the second baby born on the Mayflower's historic voyage, and the first known English child born to the Pilgrims in America.[1] His parents, William White and his pregnant wife Susanna, with their son Resolved White and two servants, came on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower in 1620. Peregrine White was born while the Mayflower lay at anchor in the harbor at Cape Cod. In later life he became a person of note in Plymouth Colony, active in both military and government affairs.[2][3][4]", "First white child Jonathan Guy, the son of Newfoundland settler Nicholas Guy, was the first child born to Anglophone parents in Canada, and one of the first born in any part of North America within a permanent settlement. He was born on 27 March 1613 in Cuper's Cove, a settlement that has been continuously occupied since 1610 and where his family remained long after his birth[7]", "Colonial history of the United States The most notable English failures were the \"Lost Colony of Roanoke\" (1587–90) in North Carolina and Popham Colony in Maine (1607–08). It was at the Roanoke Colony that Virginia Dare became the first English child born in the Americas; her fate is unknown.", "First white child Snorri Thorfinnsson (probably born between 1005 and 1013) was the son of Thorfinnur Karlsefni and Gudrídur Þorbjarnardottir. Generally known to his contemporaries as Snorri Gudrídsson, as his mother outlived his father, was born in Vinland, making him the first European documented to be born in North America.", "North Carolina In 1584, Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land in present-day North Carolina (then part of the territory of Virginia).[20] It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize. Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s, but both failed. The fate of the \"Lost Colony\" of Roanoke Island remains one of the most widely debated mysteries of American history. Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on August 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.", "History of North Carolina In 1587 a third ship arrived carrying 110 men, 17 women, and 9 children, some of whom had been part of the first group of colonists that had earlier abandoned Roanoke. This group was led by John White. Among them was a pregnant woman; she gave birth to the first English subject born in North America, Virginia Dare. The colonists found the remains of the garrison left behind, likely killed by the Croatan who had been so antagonized by Lane's aggressiveness.[35] White had intended to pick up the remains of the garrison, abandon Roanoke Island, and settle in the Chesapeake Bay. White's Portuguese pilot, Simon Fernandez, refused to carry on further; rather than risk mutiny, White agreed to resettle the former colony.[36]", "Virginia Dare In 1937, the United States Mint issued a half-dollar commemorative coin that depicted Virginia Dare as the first English child born in the New World. This was also the first time that a child was depicted on United States currency.[15][16]", "Colony of Virginia In 1587, Raleigh sent another group to again attempt to establish a permanent settlement. The expedition leader, John White, returned to England for supplies that same year but was unable to return to the colony due to war between England and Spain. When he finally did return in 1590, he found the colony abandoned. The houses were intact, but the colonists had completely disappeared. Although there are a number of theories about the fate of the colony, it remains a mystery and has come to be known as the \"Lost Colony\". Two English children were born in this colony; the first was named Virginia Dare â€“ Dare County, North Carolina, was named in honor of the baby, who was among those whose fate is unknown. The word Croatoan was found carved into a tree, the name of a tribe on a nearby island.[11]", "Americans The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565.[70] Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States.[71] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents.", "Virginia Dare Little is known of the lives of either of her parents. Her mother Eleanor was born in London around 1563, and was the daughter of John White, the governor of the ill-fated Roanoke Colony. Eleanor married Ananias Dare (born c. 1560), a London tiler and bricklayer,[3] at St Bride's Church[4] on Fleet Street in the City of London.[5] He, too, was part of the Roanoke expedition. Virginia Dare was one of two infants born to the colonists in 1587 and the only female child born to the settlers.", "Roanoke Colony The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony's desperate situation and ask for help.[14]:120–23 Left behind were about 115 colonists – the remaining men and women who had made the Atlantic crossing plus White's newly born granddaughter Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the Americas.[12]:19", "History of women in the United States The first English people to arrive in America were the members of the Roanoke Colony who came to North Carolina in July 1587, with 17 women, 91 men, and 9 boys as the founding colonists. On August 18, 1587, Virginia Dare was born; she was the first English child born in the territory of the United States. Her mother was Eleanor Dare, the daughter of John White, governor of the Roanoke colony.[3] It is not known what happened to the members of the Roanoke colony; however, it is likely that they were attacked by Native Americans, and those not killed were assimilated into the local tribes.[4]", "Mayflower Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. Two wives on board were pregnant; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea, and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor. He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony.", "Jamestown, Virginia The Jamestown[1] settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso writes that Jamestown \"is where the British Empire began\".[2] It was established by the Virginia Company of London as \"James Fort\" on May 4, 1607 (O.S.; May 14, 1607 N.S.),[3] and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. Jamestown served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699.", "Peregrine White At some point along the journey, the first baby was born on the Mayflower, Oceanus Hopkins, to the passengers Stephen and Elizabeth Hopkins.", "Virginia Dare Virginia Dare quickly entered into folklore as the first white child born in British America. The fate of Virginia Dare and the Lost Colony has been the subject of many literary, film, and television adaptations, all of which have added to her myth:", "History of the Southern United States Just before they defeated the Spanish Armada, the English began exploring the New World. In 1585 an expedition organized by Walter Raleigh established the first English settlement in the New World, on Roanoke Island, North Carolina. The colony failed to prosper, however, and the colonists were retrieved the following year by English supply ships. In 1587, Raleigh again sent out a group of colonists to Roanoke. From this colony, the first recorded European birth in North America, a child named Virginia Dare, was reported. That group of colonists disappeared and is known as the \"Lost Colony\". Many people theorize that they were either killed or taken in by local tribes.[4]", "Peregrine White Peregrine White[5] was the second son of Mayflower pilgrim William White and his wife Susanna Winslow White. His mother Susanna was pregnant during the Mayflower voyage and gave birth to Peregrine in late November 1620 while the ship was anchored at Cape Cod, now Provincetown Harbor.[2][4][6]", "Mayflower Compact signatories William White - Apparently a prosperous London merchant who came to the Mayflower with a family and two servants, one of whom was Edward Thompson who was one of the earliest to die on December 4, 1620, and William Holbeck who died in early 1621. His wife gave birth to a son named Peregrine sometime in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor, historically known as the first English child born in New England. White died in February 1621 about the same day as William Mullins. His widow Susanna married Edward Winslow in May 1621 as the first marriage in the colony. Their son Josiah Winslow (or Josias Winslow) was a historic long-term colony governor with an English wife descended from royalty.[33][34]", "Virginia Dare William Strachey, a secretary of the Jamestown Colony, wrote in The History of Travel into Virginia Britannia in 1612 that there were reportedly two-story houses with stone walls at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen. The Indians supposedly learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers.[8] There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period.[9] Strachey also wrote that four English men, two boys, and one maid had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc, under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco. The captives were forced to beat copper. The captives, he reported, had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river, the present-day Chowan River in Bertie County, North Carolina.[8][10][11]", "Peregrine White On May 22, 1696 Capt. Peregrine White “the first born Child of New England born November 1620” was admitted into the Marshfield Church in his 78th year. At age 78, Peregrine officially joined the Marshfield church.[21]", "Roanoke Island In 1587, the English now led by John White tried to settle in Roanoke Island again. At this time the Secotan Tribe and their Roanoke dependents were totally hostile to the English but the Croatoan remained allies. Manteo remained aligned with the English and attempted to bring the English and his Croatoan tribe together, even after the newcomers mistakenly killed his own mother- who was also the Croatoan chief. After the incident Manteo was baptized into the Anglican Church. Manteo was then assigned by the English to be representative of all of the native nations in the region, this title was mainly symbolic as only the Croatoan nation followed Manteo.[12] John White, father of the colonist Eleanor Dare and grandfather to Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World, left the colony to return to England for supplies. He expected to return to Roanoke Island within three months.", "Colony of Virginia The Colony of Virginia, chartered in 1606 and settled in 1607, was the first enduring English colony in North America, following failed proprietary attempts at settlement on Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert[2] in 1583, and the subsequent further south Roanoke Island (modern eastern North Carolina) by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 1580s.", "History of women in the United States Jamestown, the first English settlement in America, was established in 1607 in what is now Virginia.[15] The first women to arrive in Jamestown, (known in the ship's manifest as) Mistress Forrest, wife of Thomas Forrest, Esq and her fourteen-year-old maid, Anne Burras, arrived in late 1608.[16] In December 1608 Anne Burras married a carpenter and laborer named John Laydon in the first wedding ceremony held in Jamestown, and in 1609 they had a child named Virginia Laydon (not to be confused with Virginia Dare), who was the first child born in Jamestown.[17][17][18][18] The first American slaves since those in Lucas Vasquez de Allyon's unsuccessful colony in 1526â€“1527 were brought to Jamestown in 1619.[19] These slaves were from the Caribbean, and there were twenty of them, including three women.[19][20]", "History of the Thirteen Colonies North America was inhabited prior to 1492, but European exploration began after Christopher Columbus's 1492 expedition across the Atlantic Ocean. English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke Colony in 1585, and the settlement of Jamestown on the Chesapeake Bay was established in 1607â€”the first successful, permanent English colony in North America, which became known as the Colony of Virginia. In 1620, a group of Puritans established the permanent colony of Plymouth, and the success of these colonies inspired further English colonization. The Province of Maryland was established to the north of Virginia and the Province of Carolina was established to Virginia's south. The Puritans founded several more colonies that became part of New England, including Connecticut Colony and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.", "Roanoke Island Roanoke Island was the site of the Roanoke Colony, an English settlement initially established in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. A group of about 120 men, women and children arrived in 1587. Shortly after arriving in this New World, colonist Eleanor Dare, daughter of Governor John White, gave birth to Virginia Dare. She was the first English child born in North America. Governor White returned to England later that year for supplies. Due to impending war with Spain, White was unable to return to Roanoke Island until 1590. When he arrived, the colony had vanished. The fate of those first colonists remains a mystery to this day and is one of America's most intriguing unsolved mysteries.[3] Archaeologists, historians, and other researchers continue to work to resolve the mystery. Visitors to the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site can watch The Lost Colony, the second-longest-running outdoor theatre production in the United States, which presents a conjecture of the fate of Roanoke Colony.", "Bermuda In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.[5]", "Peregrine White In 1655 he was granted land as the “first of the English that was borne in these ptes.”[19]", "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) One crew member and one passenger died before they reached land. A child was born at sea and named Oceanus.[34][35]", "Plymouth Colony The group remained on board the ship through the next day, a Sunday, for prayer and worship. The immigrants finally set foot on land at what became Provincetown on November 13. The first task was to rebuild a shallop, a shallow draft boat that had been built in England and disassembled for transport aboard the Mayflower. It would remain with the Pilgrims while the Mayflower returned to England. On November 15, Captain Myles Standish led a party of sixteen men on an exploratory mission, during which they disturbed a Native American grave and located a buried cache of Indian corn. The following week, Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine White on the Mayflower. He was the first English child born to the Pilgrims in the New World. The shallop was finished on November 27, and a second expedition was undertaken using it, under the direction of Mayflower master Christopher Jones. Thirty-four men went, but the expedition was beset by bad weather; the only positive result was that they found a Native burial ground and corn that had been intended for the dead, taking the corn for future planting. A third expedition along Cape Cod left on December 6; it resulted in a skirmish with local Native Americans known as the \"First Encounter\" near modern-day Eastham, Massachusetts. The colonists decided to look elsewhere, having failed to secure a proper site for their settlement, and fearing that they had angered the local Native Americans by robbing their corn stores and firing upon them. The Mayflower left Provincetown Harbor and set sail for Plymouth Harbor.[28]", "Virginia Dare Nothing else is known of Virginia Dare's life, as the Roanoke Colony did not endure. Virginia's grandfather John White sailed for England for fresh supplies at the end of 1587, having established his colony. He was unable to return to Roanoke until August 18, 1590 due to England's war with Spain and the pressing need for ships to defend against the Spanish Armadaâ€”by which time he found that the settlement had been long deserted. The buildings had collapsed and \"the houses [were] taken down\".[6] Worse, White was unable to find any trace of his daughter or granddaughter, or indeed any of the 80 men, 17 women, and 11 children who made up the \"Lost Colony\".[6]", "Edward Winslow On February 21, 1621, William White died leaving a widow, Susanna, and two sons, Resolved and Peregrine, the first child born in the colony. Edward Winslow lost his wife Elizabeth on March 24, 1621. And just a month and half later, on May 12, 1621, Edward Winslow and Susanna became the first couple to marry in Plymouth Colony. They were married in a civil ceremony by Governor William Bradford. The couple had three sons, one daughter and one unknown child who died young.[19]", "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador There has been some controversy regarding which European settlement is the oldest in North America. As mentioned above, while English fishermen had set up seasonal camps in St. John's in the 16th century, they were expressly forbidden by the English government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English-controlled coast. As a result, the town of St. John's was not established as a 'permanent' community until after the 1630s.[26] With respect to the oldest surviving permanent English settlements in North America, it was preceded by Jamestown, Virginia (1607),[29] the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids (1610), St. George's, Bermuda (1612)[30] and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace (1618).[31]", "First white child Martín de Argüelles, Jr., born in the Spanish colony of St. Augustine, Florida, was the first white child known to be born in what is now the continental United States.[2] Born in 1566, his father was a hidalgo and one of the expeditioners who went to New Spain with Captain General Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565. St. Augustine, Florida, is also the oldest continuously occupied European-founded city anywhere in the United States excluding Puerto Rico.[3]", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) In 1616, Governor Dale joined John Rolfe and Pocahontas and their young son Thomas as they left their Varina Farms plantation for a public relations mission to England, where Pocahontas was received and treated as a form of visiting royalty by Queen Anne. This stimulated more interest in investments in the Virginia Company, the desired effect. However, as the couple prepared to return to Virginia, Pocahontas died of an illness at Gravesend on March 17, 1617, where she was buried. John Rolfe returned to Virginia alone once again, leaving their son Thomas Rolfe, then a small child, in England to obtain an education. Once back in Virginia, Rolfe married Jane Pierce and continued to improve the quality of his tobacco with the result that by the time of his death in 1622, the Colony was thriving as a producer of tobacco. Orphaned by the age of 8, young Thomas later returned to Virginia, and settled across the James River not far from his parentsâ€™ farm at Varina, where he married Jane Poythress and they had one daughter, Jane Rolfe, who was born in 1650. Many of the First Families of Virginia trace their lineage through Thomas Rolfe to both Pocahontas and John Rolfe, joining English and Virginia Indian heritage.", "Colony of Virginia The London Company hired Captain Christopher Newport to lead its expedition. On December 20, 1606, he set sail from England with his flagship, the Susan Constant, and two smaller ships, the Godspeed, and the Discovery, with 105 men and boys, plus 39 sailors.[14] After an unusually long voyage of 144 days, they arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and came ashore at the point where the southern side of the bay meets the Atlantic Ocean, an event that has come to be called the \"First Landing\". They erected a cross and named the point of land Cape Henry, in honor of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James.[citation needed]", "Peregrine White At the court on March 6, 1648/9, Peregrine White and Sarah his wife, both of Marshfield, were presented (fined) for fornication before marriage. Since records show their first child, Daniel, was born in 1649, they seemingly married after becoming pregnant.[17][18]", "London Company In December 1606, the Virginia Company's three ships, containing 144 man and boys (with only one man who died during the voyage[citation needed]), set sail from Blackwall, London. After an unusually long voyage of 144 days, they made landfall on 26 April 1607 at the southern edge of the mouth of what they named the James River on the Chesapeake Bay. They named this shore as Cape Henry. They were attacked by Native Americans, and the settlers moved north. On 14 May 1607, these first settlers selected the site of Jamestown Island, further upriver and on the northern shore, as the place to build their fort.", "Virginia Company On 14 May 1607, the London Company established the Jamestown Settlement about 40 miles inland along the James River, a major tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in present-day Virginia. In 1620, George Calvert asked King James I for a charter for English Catholics to add the territory of the Plymouth Company. Also in 1609, a much larger Third Supply mission was organized. A new purpose-built ship named the Sea Venture was rushed into service without the customary sea trials. She became flagship of a fleet of nine ships, with most of the leaders, food, and supplies aboard. Notable persons aboard the Sea Venture included fleet Admiral George Somers, Vice-Admiral Christopher Newport, the new governor for the Virginia Colony Sir Thomas Gates, future author William Strachey, and businessman John Rolfe with his pregnant wife.", "Richmond, Virginia After the first permanent English-speaking settlement was established in April 1607, at Jamestown, Virginia, Captain Christopher Newport led explorers northwest up the James River, to an area that was inhabited by Powhatan Native Americans.[8]", "Plymouth Colony Captain John Smith of Jamestown fame had explored the area in 1614 and is credited with naming the region of New England. He named many locations using approximations of Native American words. The future site of the Pilgrim's first settlement was originally named \"Accomack\" by Smith. In consultation with Prince Charles, son of King James, Smith changed \"Accomack\" to New Plymouth. A map published in his 1616 work A Description of New England clearly shows the site of the future Pilgrim settlement named \"New Plymouth.\"[24]", "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles Originally, two English joint-stock companies had been created to settle North America, then known as the Colony of Virginia. In June 1606, the London Company was granted a charter for a section of the continent south of that given to the Plymouth Company.[1] Both companies established settlements in 1607 - the London Company in Jamestown,[1] and the Plymouth Company in Plymouth. Soon, the term Virginia came to refer only to that part of North America covered by the London Company's original charters. The third charter, of 1612, extended its territory far enough across the Atlantic to include the Somers Isles (Bermuda), which the Virginia Company had been in unofficial possession of since the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture.", "Virginia Dare Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American myth and folklore in the more than four hundred years since her birth, representing different things to different people. A 2000 article in the Piedmont (North Carolina) Triad News and Record noted that she symbolizes innocence and purity for many Americans (particularly Southerners), \"new beginnings, promise, and hope\" as well as \"adventure and bravery\" in a new land. She also symbolizes mystery because of her mysterious fate.[12]", "Anne Bradstreet Anne was born in Northampton, England, 1612, the daughter of Thomas Dudley, a steward of the Earl of Lincoln, and Dorothy Yorke.[4] Due to her family's position, she grew up in cultured circumstances and was a well-educated woman for her time, being tutored in history, several languages, and literature. At the age of sixteen she married Simon Bradstreet. Both Anne's father and husband were later to serve as governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Anne and Simon, along with Anne's parents, emigrated to America aboard the Arbella as part of the Winthrop Fleet of Puritan emigrants in 1630.[5] She first touched American soil on June 14, 1630 at what is now Pioneer Village (Salem, Massachusetts) with Simon, her parents, and other voyagers as part of the Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640). Due to the illness and starvation of Gov. John Endecott and other residents of the village, their stay was very brief. Most moved immediately south along the coast to Charlestown, Massachusetts for another short stay before moving south along the Charles River to found \"the City on the Hill,\" Boston, Massachusetts.", "Squanto English plans to colonize New England began to take concrete form in the early to mid 1590s when Edward Hayes wrote a treatise to Lord Burghley setting forth the rationale and procedure for settlement.[aa] The first expedition to set out from England to southern New England was fully in accord with Hayes's principles. On May 14, 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold together with a 32-man crew aboard the Concord made landfall off the southern coast of Maine. They had set off almost two months before from Falmouth[102] with the purpose of setting up a small fishing outpost of 20 of the crew who would stay the winter.[103] They were there hailed by a \"Biscay shallop\" containing eight men, who the English discovered were not \"Christians\" as they had supposed but \"savages\" of \"swart\" color who had many European accoutrements and acted boldly among the English.[ab] They proceeded westward until they came upon a cape, which they called Cape Cod for the abundant fish, The captain explored the land and found a young Native boy, wearing copper ear decorations and an apparent willingness to help the Englishman.[105] Continuing down the Atlantic coast of Cape Cod, pivoting on Gilbert's Point,[106] they coasted westward observing numerous Natives on shore, many running after them to gaze.", "Folklore of the United States In May 1607, the Susan Constant, the Discovery, and the Godspeed sailed through Chesapeake Bay and thirty miles up the James River settlers built Jamestown, Virginia, England's first permanent colony. Too late in the season to plant crops, many were not accustomed to manual labor. Within a few months, some settlers died of famine and disease. Only thirty-eight made it through their first year in the New World. Captain John Smith, a pirate turned gentleman turned the settlers into foragers and successful traders with the Native Americans, who taught the English how to plant corn and other crops. Smith led expeditions to explore the regions surrounding Jamestown, and it was during one of these that the chief of the Powhatan Native Americans captured Smith. According to an account Smith published in 1624, he was going to be put to death until the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, saved him. From this the legend of Pocahontas sprang forth, becoming part of American folklore, children's books, and movies.[3]", "Virginia Dare What became of Virginia and the other colonists remains a mystery. The fact of her birth is known because John White, Virginia's grandfather and the governor of the colony, returned to England in 1587 to seek fresh supplies. When White eventually returned three years later, the colonists were gone.", "First white child At Port Royal, Acadia in 1636, Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau, who had arrived on the passenger ship Saint Jehan along with 78 other migrants, were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia. The first-born child was Mathieu Martin. In part because of this distinction, Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneur of Cobequid (1699).[8]", "Mayflower According to the Mayflower passenger list, just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals. Others were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia. Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants. The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618.[35] Until relatively recently, the children were thought to be orphans, foundlings, or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council.[36][37] For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate.[38] Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World, but Richard lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.[39]", "History of Virginia The Roanoke Colony was the first English colony in the New World. It was founded at Roanoke Island in what was then Virginia, now part of Dare County, North Carolina. Between 1584 and 1587, there were two major groups of settlers sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh who attempted to establish a permanent settlement at Roanoke Island, and each failed. The final group disappeared completely after supplies from England were delayed three years by a war with Spain. Because they disappeared, they were called \"The Lost Colony.\"", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) Sea Venture was the new flagship of the Virginia Company. Leaving England in 1609, and leading this Third Supply to Jamestown as \"Vice Admiral\" and commanding Sea Venture, Christopher Newport was in charge of a nine-vessel fleet. Aboard the flagship Sea Venture was the Admiral of the Company, Sir George Somers, Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Gates, William Strachey and other notable personages in the early history of English colonization in North America.", "New England Colonies Colony leader Captain George Popham died, and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brotherâ€”at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc. The 30-ton Virginia was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America.[5]", "Peregrine White The White family, as recalled by William Bradford in 1651: “Mr. William White, and Susana, his wife, and one son, called Resolved, and one borne a ship-bord, called Peregrine; and 2 servants, named William Holbeck and Edward Thomson.”[8]", "Colony of Virginia The name \"Virginia\" is the oldest designation for English claims in North America. In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore what is now the North Carolina coast, and they returned with word of a regional king (weroance) named Wingina, who ruled a land supposedly called Wingandacoa.", "Virginia Several European expeditions, including a group of Spanish Jesuits, explored the Chesapeake Bay during the 16th century.[60] In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Walter Raleigh a charter to plant a colony north of Spanish Florida.[61] In 1584, Raleigh sent an expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America.[62] The name \"Virginia\" may have been suggested then by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the \"Virgin Queen,\" and may also be related to a native phrase, \"Wingandacoa,\" or name, \"Wingina.\"[63] Initially the name applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina to Maine, plus the island of Bermuda.[64] Later, subsequent royal charters modified the Colony's boundaries. The London Company was incorporated as a joint stock company by the proprietary Charter of 1606, which granted land rights to this area. The company financed the first permanent English settlement in the \"New World\", Jamestown. Named for King James I, it was founded in May 1607 by Christopher Newport.[65] In 1619, colonists took greater control with an elected legislature called the House of Burgesses. With the bankruptcy of the London Company in 1624, the settlement was taken into royal authority as an English crown colony.[66]", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) Many of the women were not \"maids\" but widows. Some others were children, for example Priscilla, the eight-year-old daughter of Joanne Palmer, who travelled with her mother and her new stepfather, Thomas Palmer, on The Tyger. Some were women who were traveling with family or relatives: Ursula Clawson, \"kinswoman\" of ancient planter Richard Pace, traveled with Pace and his wife on the Marmaduke. Ann Jackson also came on the Marmaduke, in the company of her brother John Jackson, both of them bound for Martin's Hundred. Ann Jackson was one of the women taken captive by the Powhatans during the Indian Massacre of 1622. She was not returned until 1630. The Council ordered that she should be sent back to England on the first available ship, perhaps because she was suffering from the consequences of her long captivity.[45]", "London Company In 1609, the company issued instructions to settlers to kidnap Native American children so as to educate them with English values and religion. These instructions also sanctioned attacking the Iniocasoockes, the cultural leaders of the local Powhatans. Only after Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr arrived in 1610, was the Company able to commence a war against the Powhatan with the First Anglo-Powhatan War. De La Warr was replaced by Sir Thomas Dale, who continued the war. It was during this period that Pocahontas married John Rolfe.", "British Overseas Territories English colonisation of North America began officially in 1607 with the settlement of Jamestown, the first successful permanent colony in Virginia (a term that was then applied generally to North America). Its offshoot, Bermuda, was settled inadvertently after the wrecking of the Virginia company's flagship there in 1609, with the Virginia Company's charter extended to officially include the archipelago in 1612. St. George's town, founded in Bermuda in that year, remains the oldest continuously inhabited British settlement in the New World (with some historians stating that – its formation predating the 1619 conversion of \"James Fort\" into \"Jamestown\" – St. George's was actually the first successful town the English established in the New World). Bermuda and Bermudians have played important, sometimes pivotal, but generally underestimated or unacknowledged roles in the shaping of the English and British trans-Atlantic Empires. These include maritime commerce, settlement of the continent and of the West Indies, and the projection of naval power via the colony's privateers, among other areas.[35][36]", "Jamestown, Virginia Late in 1606, English colonizers set sail with a charter from the London Company to establish a colony in the New World. The fleet consisted of the ships Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed, all under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport. They made a particularly long voyage of four months, including a stop in Canary Islands[15][16] and subsequently Puerto Rico, and finally departed for the American mainland on April 10, 1607. The expedition made landfall on April 26, 1607 at a place which they named Cape Henry. Under orders to select a more secure location, they set about exploring what is now Hampton Roads and an outlet to the Chesapeake Bay which they named the James River in honor of King James I of England.[17] Captain Edward Maria Wingfield was elected president of the governing council on April 25, 1607. On May 14, he selected a piece of land on a large peninsula some 40 miles (64 km) inland from the Atlantic Ocean as a prime location for a fortified settlement. The river channel was a defensible strategic point due to a curve in the river, and it was close to the land, making it navigable and offering enough land for piers or wharves to be built in the future.[18] Perhaps the most favorable fact about the location was that it was not inhabited by nearby Virginia Indian[19] tribes, who regarded the site as too poor and remote for agriculture.[20] The island was swampy and isolated, and it offered limited space, was plagued by mosquitoes, and afforded only brackish tidal river water unsuitable for drinking.", "Colony of Virginia On May 31, 1607, about 100 men and boys left England for what is now Maine. Approximately three months later, the group landed on a wooded peninsula where the Kennebec River meets the Atlantic Ocean and began building Fort St. George. By the end of the year, due to limited resources, half of the colonists returned to England. Late the next year, the remaining 45 sailed home, and the Plymouth company fell dormant.[15]", "Starving Time John Rolfe became prominent and wealthy, and soon held an interest in several plantations, including a large farm on Mulberry Island, just ashore from where Lord Delaware had met the group departing Jamestown only a few years earlier. John Rolfe is said to have founded Varina Farms near Sir Thomas Dale's progressive new city of Henricus and in 1614, he married Chief Powhatan's daughter, the Native American princess Pocahontas, who had converted to Christianity and taken the name Rebecca. The couple had one son named Thomas Rolfe, who was born in 1615.", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) Although most people \"wouldn't touch\" the crop, Rolfe was able to make his fortune farming it, successfully exporting beginning in 1612. Soon almost all other colonists followed suit, as windfall profits in tobacco briefly lent Jamestown something like a gold rush atmosphere. Among others, Rolfe quickly became both a wealthy and prominent man. He married the young Virginia Indian woman Pocahontas on April 24, 1614. They lived first across the river from Jamestown, and later at his Varina Farms plantation near Henricus. Their son, Thomas Rolfe, was born in 1615.", "United Kingdom–United States relations After several failed attempts, the first permanent English settlement in mainland North America was established in 1607 at Jamestown in the Colony and Dominion of Virginia. By 1624, the Colony and Dominion of Virginia ceased to be a charter colony administered by the Virginia Company of London and became a crown colony. The Pilgrims were a small Protestant sect based in England and Amsterdam; they sent a group of settlers on the Mayflower. After drawing up the Mayflower Compact by which they gave themselves broad powers of self-governance, they established the small Plymouth Colony in 1620. In 1630 the Puritans established the much larger Massachusetts Bay Colony; they sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new and \"more pure\" church in the New World.", "Jamestown, Virginia The London Company's second settlement in Bermuda claims to be the site of the oldest town in the English New World, as St. George's, Bermuda was officially established in 1612 as New London, whereas James Fort in Virginia was not converted into James Towne until 1619, and further did not survive to the present day.[13] In 1676, Jamestown was deliberately burned during Bacon's Rebellion, though it was quickly rebuilt. In 1699, the capital was relocated from Jamestown to what is today Williamsburg, Virginia, after which Jamestown ceased to exist as a settlement, existing today only as an archaeological site.", "Peregrine White On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[9][10][11]", "Peregrine White In 1636, the family, now numbering 6 - Edward and Susanna, Resolved and Peregrine White, and the two children born to Edward and Susanna, Josias and Elizabeth Winslow - moved to the new settlement of Marshfield, north of Plymouth.[15]", "Indian massacre of 1622 Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the site of the first successful English settlement in North America, and was then the capital of the Colony of Virginia. Its tobacco economy led to constant expansion and seizure of Powhatan lands, which ultimately provoked a violent reaction.[2]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia In 1607, after a voyage of 144 days, three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport, and carrying 105 men and boys, made their first landfall in the New World on the mainland, where the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean. They named it Cape Henry, after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I of England. These English colonists of the Virginia Company of London moved on from this area, as they were under orders to seek a site further inland, which would be more sheltered from ships of competing European countries. They created their first permanent settlement on the north side of the James River at Jamestown.[9]", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) Records from 1623 and 1624 listed the African inhabitants of the colony as servants, not slaves. In the case of William Tucker, the first Black person born in the colonies, freedom was his bright right.[42] He was son of \"Antony and Isabell\", a married couple from Angola who worked as indentured servants for Captain William Tucker whom he was named after. Yet, court records show that at least one African had been declared a slave by 1640; John Punch. He was an indentured servant who ran away along with two White indentured servants and he was sentenced by the governing council to lifelong servitude. This action is what officially marked the institution of slavery in Jamestown and the future United States.", "Jamestown, Virginia The settlers also arrived too late in the year to get crops planted.[22] Many in the group were either gentlemen unused to work or their manservants, both equally unaccustomed to the hard labor demanded by the harsh task of carving out a viable colony.[22] One of these was Robert Hunt, a former vicar of Reculver, England who celebrated the first known Eucharist in the territory of the future United States on JuneÂ 21, 1607.[23]", "English overseas possessions Bermuda, today the oldest-remaining British Overseas Territory, was settled and claimed by England as a result of the shipwreck there in 1609 of the Virginia Company's flagship Sea Venture. The town of St George's, founded in Bermuda in 1612, remains the oldest continuously-inhabited English settlement in the New World. Some historians state that with its formation predating the conversion of \"James Fort\" into \"Jamestown\" in 1619, St George's was actually the first successful town the English established in the New World. Bermuda and Bermudians have played important, sometimes pivotal, roles in the shaping of the English and British trans-Atlantic empires. These include roles in maritime commerce, settlement of the continent and of the West Indies, and the projection of naval power via the colony's privateers, among others.[21][22]", "English overseas possessions On 25 March 1584, Queen Elizabeth I (the \"Virgin Queen\") granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter for the colonization of an area of North America which was to be called, in her honour, Virginia. This charter specified that Raleigh had seven years in which to establish a settlement, or else lose his right to do so. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain. Raleigh himself never visited North America, although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to the Orinoco River basin in South America in search of the golden city of El Dorado. Instead, he sent others to found the Roanoke Colony, later known as the \"Lost Colony\".[19]", "Starving Time Among the survivors of the Sea Venture who arrived at Jamestown in May 1610, and were turned back by Lord Delaware, was a young Englishman named John Rolfe. His wife and young daughter had perished during the journey and delay at Bermuda. While it can be said that Lord Delaware literally turned the colonists around, it could be equally said that John Rolfe (among the group sent back to Jamestown on June 9) was the individual most responsible for turning the failing economy of the young colony around. His fortunes and those of the Colony were both about to change.", "History of the Thirteen Colonies In the late sixteenth century, Protestant England became embroiled in a religious war with Catholic Spain. English privateers such as Francis Drake and Humphrey Gilbert sought to weaken Spain's economic and military power by harassing Spanish shipping.[7] Gilbert proposed the colonization of North America on the Spanish model, with the goal of creating a profitable English empire that could also serve as a base for the privateers. After Gilbert's death, Walter Raleigh took up the cause of North American colonization. He named the proposed English colony \"Virginia\" after his patron Queen Elizabeth I of England. Raleigh dispatched an expedition of 500 men to Roanoke Island, establishing the first permanent English colony in North America in 1584.[8] The colonists were poorly prepared for life in the New World, and the Roanoke Colony quickly alienated nearby Indians. By 1590, its colonists had disappeared.[9] Despite the failure of the colony, the English remained interested in the colonization of North America for economic and military reasons.[10]", "History of North America The first successful English settlements were at Jamestown (1607) (along with its satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth (1620), in what are today Virginia and Massachusetts respectively. The first French settlements were Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec. The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the indigenous North American lifestyle.", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) By April 6, 1607, Godspeed, Susan Constant and Discovery arrived at the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico, where they stopped for provisions before continuing their journey. In April 1607, the expedition reached the southern edge of the mouth of what is now known as the Chesapeake Bay. After an unusually long journey of more than four months, the 104 men and boys (one passenger of the original 105 died during the journey) arrived at their chosen settlement spot in Virginia.[3] There were no women on the first ships.[4]", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) Arriving at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay in late April, they named the Virginia capes after the sons of their king, the southern Cape Henry, for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the northern Cape Charles, for his younger brother, Charles, Duke of York. On April 26, 1607, upon landing at Cape Henry, Chaplain Robert Hunt offered a prayer, and they set up a cross near the site of the current Cape Henry Memorial. This site came to be known as the \"first landing.\" A party of the men explored the area and had a minor conflict with some Virginia Indians.[5]", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) The London Company sent an expedition to establish a settlement in the Virginia Colony in December 1606. The expedition consisted of three ships, Susan Constant (sometimes known as Sarah Constant), Godspeed, and Discovery. The Discovery was the smallest ship; the largest ship, the Susan Constant, was captained by Christopher Newport. The ships left Blackwall, now part of London, with 105 men and boys and 39 crew-members.[1][2]", "Walter Raleigh Raleigh was born to a Protestant family in Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Little is known of his early life, though he spent some time in Ireland, in Killua Castle, Clonmellon, County Westmeath, taking part in the suppression of rebellions and participating in the Siege of Smerwick. Later, he became a landlord of property confiscated from the native Irish. He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. Raleigh was instrumental in the English colonisation of North America and was granted a royal patent to explore Virginia, paving the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London. After his release, they retired to his estate at Sherborne, Dorset.", "First white child Hélène Desportes is often cited as the first white child born in New France, in what would later be Canada. She was born probably 1620, to Pierre Desportes and Françoise Langlois, although there is some disagreement about whether she was born in Quebec or before her family arrived on the continent in 1614. Hélène's maternal aunt was the mother of Eustache Martin, born in October 1621 in Quebec to Abraham Martin and Marguerite Langlois.[6]", "British Empire England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company.[44] The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia.[45] The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful.[46] In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for Puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims.[47] Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname.[48] In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates.[49]", "Thanksgiving (United States) Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607,[12] with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, Virginia holding a thanksgiving in 1610.[9] In 1619, 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The group's London Company charter specifically required \"that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned... in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God.\"[13][14] Three years later, after the Indian massacre of 1622, the Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned and colonists moved their celebration to Jamestown and other more secure spots.", "Peregrine White Marshfield vital records note the death of “Capt. Peregrine White” on “July ye 20:1704” and the ‘Boston Newsletter’ of Monday July 31, 1704 gives the following obituary: \"Marshfield, July, 22 Capt. Peregrine White of this town, Aged Eighty three years, and Eight Months; died the 20th Instant. He was vigorous and of a comly Aspect to the last; Was the Son of Mr. William White and Susanna his Wife;’ born on board the Mayflower, Capt. Jones Commander, in Cape Cod Harbour. Altho’ he was in the former part of his Life extravagant; yet was much Reform’d in his last years; and died hopefully.”[36]", "Colony of Virginia The founder of the new colony was the Virginia Company,[3] with the first two settlements in Jamestown on the north bank of the James River and Popham Colony on the Kennebec River in modern-day Maine, both in 1607. The Popham colony quickly failed due to a famine, disease, and conflict with local Native American tribes in the first two years. Jamestown occupied land belonging to the Powhatan Confederacy, and was also at the brink of failure before the arrival of a new group of settlers and supplies by ship in 1610. Tobacco became Virginia's first profitable export, the production of which had a significant impact on the society and settlement patterns.", "Thirteen Colonies The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established May 14, 1607 near Chesapeake Bay. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Indians, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop.[4][5]", "Starving Time Through the descendants of Thomas Rolfe, many of the First Families of Virginia almost 400 years later trace their lineage to both the Native Americans of the Powhatan Confederacy and the English-born settlers of Jamestown. With tobacco as a successful export crop, the financial future and permanency of the Virginia Colony was assured.", "Vinland Vinland, Vineland[1][2] or Winland[3] (Old Norse: VÃnland) is the area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings, where Leif Erikson first landed in c. 1000, approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot. Vinland was the name given to North America as far as it was explored by the Vikings, presumably including both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick (where the eponymous grapevines are found).", "Colony of Virginia In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh sent his first colonisation mission to the island of Roanoke (in present-day North Carolina), with over 100 male setters. However, when Sir Francis Drake arrived at the colony in summer 1586, the colonists opted to return to England, due to lack of supply ships, abandoning the colony. Supply ships arrived at the now-abandoned colony later in 1586; 15 soldiers were left behind to hold the island, however no trace of these men was later found.[11]", "European colonization of the Americas Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large Native American populations in the 16th century, the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land. The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold.[2]", "History of Virginia In December 1606, the London Company dispatched a group of 104 colonists in three ships: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery, under the command of Captain Christopher Newport. After a long, rough voyage of 144 days, the colonists finally arrived in Virginia on April 26, 1607 at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay. At Cape Henry, they went ashore, erected a cross, and did a small amount of exploring, an event which came to be called the \"First Landing.\"", "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles John Smith fell out of favour with the directors of the Virginia Company mostly due to his insistence of increasing food supply and reducing colonist numbers. Despite this, he wrote a series of publications after returning to England in October 1609[2] about the colonial effort in North America, where he marginalised the Company's involvement. The Generall Historie was based in large part on information he was given by others, as he had not personally witnessed what had happened in the years between his leaving Virginia and publishing the book. Some episodes may have been fabricated, condensed, or truncated, the most famous perhaps being whether or not he was actually \"saved\" from death by Pocahontas in 1607 (a fact Smith did not write about until this publication).[3]", "History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99) On October 1, 1608, 70 new settlers arrived aboard the English \"Mary and Margaret\" with the Second Supply, following a journey of approximately three months. Included in the Second Supply were Thomas Graves, Thomas Forrest, Esq and \"Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras her maide.\" Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras were the first two women known to have come to the Jamestown Colony. Remains unearthed at Jamestown in 1997 may be those of Mistress Forrest.[10]", "Colony of Virginia In 1620, a successor to the Plymouth Company sent colonists to the New World aboard the Mayflower. Known as Pilgrims, they successfully established a settlement in what became Massachusetts. The portion of what had been Virginia north of the 40th parallel became known as New England, according to books written by Captain John Smith, who had made a voyage there.", "Roanoke Colony On April 27, 1584, Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America. They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4[2]:32 and soon established relations with the local natives, the Secotans and Croatans. Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese, who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh.[2]:44â€“45 Based on the information given, Raleigh organized a second expedition, to be led by Sir Richard Grenville.", "Virginia Dare Virginia's death and the fate of the other colonists were purportedly described in a series of inscribed stones written by Eleanor Dare and others. These were later revealed to be forgeries.[14]", "History of New England These were privately funded proprietary ventures, and the purpose of each was to claim land for England, trade, and return a profit. The Virginia Company of London successfully established the Jamestown Colony in Virginia in 1607. The region was named \"New England\" by Captain John Smith, who explored its shores in 1614, in his account of two voyages there, published as A Description of New England.", "Peregrine White On October 23, 1643 Peregrine White at Marshfield sold to Mannasses Kempton of Plymouth, land at Eel River given to him the previous year by his stepfather Edward Winslow.[17]" ]	[ "Virginia Dare Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first English child born in a New World English overseas possession, and was named after the territory of Virginia, her birthplace.[2] Her parents were Ananias Dare and Eleanor White (also spelled Ellinor or Elyonor)[1]." ]
test1288	what is the speed of the nascar pace car	[ "doc45748" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc45748", "doc45740", "doc1981682", "doc1981681", "doc1981647", "doc1981680", "doc45742", "doc45721", "doc1981683", "doc1981688", "doc1981684", "doc1981685", "doc1981686", "doc1981687", "doc45749", "doc2176326", "doc1981674", "doc1981649", "doc1981670", "doc45750", "doc1825888", "doc1981652", "doc45722", "doc1981677", "doc1981676", "doc1981673", "doc1981679", "doc1981648", "doc1981671", "doc1981657", "doc1825900", "doc1968996", "doc1981668", "doc374516", "doc2418350", "doc1981655", "doc45745", "doc45746", "doc1302460", "doc1981675", "doc1981669", "doc1302459", "doc45760", "doc1981659", "doc1825905", "doc1981672", "doc1072716", "doc45753", "doc45743", "doc2418280", "doc1981661", "doc1366271", "doc1981653", "doc1302461", "doc1302458", "doc1715072", "doc1981678", "doc1981650", "doc1531482", "doc1902317", "doc2418323", "doc45747", "doc45738", "doc508290", "doc1352333", "doc1825863", "doc1946176", "doc1135418", "doc2418330", "doc1302457", "doc1830775", "doc45744", "doc234118", "doc2176381", "doc1825857", "doc234124", "doc1135414", "doc1825862", "doc635901", "doc1830776", "doc1830774", "doc1981656", "doc2418322", "doc1981665", "doc2035151", "doc2547624", "doc45741", "doc2547631", "doc652960", "doc2316990", "doc635904", "doc45729", "doc1345730", "doc1981666", "doc522356", "doc300394", "doc1946193", "doc1825859", "doc2418327", "doc1946179" ]	[ "Safety car Since NASCAR does not allow speedometers or electronic speed limiting devices, the pace car circles the track at pit road speed during the warm-up laps. This allows each driver to note the RPM at which pit road speed is maintained. Drivers exceeding that speed on pit road will be penalized, typically a \"drive-through\" or \"stop and go\" penalty, costing them valuable track position.", "Safety car The first use of a pace car in automobile racing was at the inaugural Indy 500 in 1911.[1] The officials at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway have been selecting a pace car and its driver for the Indy 500 each year since that first race. The first pace car was a Stoddard-Dayton driven by Carl G. Fisher. In recent years Chevrolet models have been chosen as the official pace car, owing to the ability for them to be used at both major automobile races at the Speedway (typically Corvette at the 500 and Impala at the 400). The pace car is selected two months before the race runs, allowing the manufacturer of the selected pace car to produce replicas of that year's car, which sell at a marked premium to collectors and race fans. Pace car replicas are often seen on the streets of Indianapolis weeks before the race is actually held, and a celebrity driver is usually used for the start of the race only.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1913 pace car", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1912 pace car", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars The Indianapolis 500 auto race has used a pace car every year since 1911. The pace car is utilized for two primary purposes. At the start of the race, the pace car leads the assembled starting grid around the track for a predetermined number of unscored warm-up laps. Then if the officials deem appropriate, it releases the field at a purposeful speed to start the race. In addition, during yellow flag caution periods, the pace car enters the track and picks up the leader, bunching the field up at a reduced speed.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1911 pace car", "Safety car In the last 50 years, the Pontiac Trans Am, Chevrolet Camaro, Chevrolet Corvette, Oldsmobile Cutlass, and Ford Mustang are the only models that have been selected as pace cars three or more times.", "Safety car In motorsport, a safety car or pace car is a car which limits the speed of competing cars on a racetrack in the case of a caution period such as an obstruction on the track or bad weather. The aim of the safety car is to enable the clearance of any obstruction under safer conditions, especially for marshals and/or await more favourable track conditions weather-wise.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1914 pace car", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1923 pace car", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1915 pace car", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1916 pace car", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1920 pace car", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1922 pace car", "Safety car Since mid-2004, NASCAR official Brett Bodine has driven the vehicle during official race functions during Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races. Other famous NASCAR pace car drivers include Robert \"Buster\" Auton and Elmo Langley.", "Stock car racing Top level stock cars reach speeds in excess of 200 mph (322 km/h)[2][3][4] at speedway tracks and on superspeedway tracks such as Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway.[5][6][6] Contemporary NASCAR-spec top level cars produce maximum power outputs of 860-900 hp[7][8] from their naturally aspirated V8 engines. In October 2007 American race car driver Russ Wicks set a speed record for stock cars in a 2007-season Dodge Charger built to NASCAR specifications by achieving a maximum speed of 244.9 mph (394.1 km/h) at the Bonneville Salt Flats.[9][10] For the 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season, power output of the competing cars ranged from 750 to 800 hp (560 to 600 kW).[11][12]", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Since 2002, Chevrolet has had an exclusive contract with the Speedway to provide the pace car and other official vehicles for the Indianapolis 500. Prior to that, series engine provider Oldsmobile (1997-2001) had a similar arrangement, and provided the pace car three times over a five-year period. Chevrolet has had a contract to provide the pace car for the Brickyard 400 since 1994.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars In almost every year since 1936, it has been a tradition that the winner of the Indianapolis 500 be presented with one of that year's pace cars (or a replica). In most years since 1911, the driver of the pace car at the start of the race has been an invited celebrity, a former racing driver, or notable figure in the automotive industry. Historically, the honor of supplying the pace car was, and continues to be, a coveted honor by the respective automobile manufactures and a marketing showcase for the particular make/model.[1]", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars In addition, the track typically is provided with dozens of lower-end (\"base model\") pace car production replicas (or different makes by the same manufacturer) for use as festival cars throughout the month.[2] Examples of this practice date back to the mid-1920s. The company who provides the pace car also often provides safety trucks for use at the track. For instance, in 1994, the Ford Mustang Cobra was chosen as the primary pace car. Ford Motor Company provided numerous Mustang GTs (a \"stripped-down\" model) for festival use. In 1996, the Dodge Viper GTS was chosen as the pace car. Rather than providing a fleet of Vipers, Chrysler provided numerous Stratus, Intrepids, and Special Edition Rams for festival use.", "Safety car At many races, NASCAR has an honorary pace car driver that actually drives a car during the parade laps . Depending on the drivers skill, some drivers are allowed to pace the field right up to the dropping of the green flag. Some famous drivers have been Jay Leno, Richard Hammond, Luke Wilson, Rob Gronkowski, Guy Fieri and many others.", "NASCAR rules and regulations There is an established pit road speed limit for each race. Since NASCAR cars do not have speedometers, the first pace lap of each race is run at pit road speed so drivers can get a tachometer reading for pit speed. There are a variety of other safety rules (see penalties above) that must be followed.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Dating back to the very early years, the pace cars were often painted with special liveries complete with logos, lettering, pinstriping, and other decorative markings. In addition, sometimes flagpoles, lights, and other motoring paraphernalia were installed to further identify the pace car. Most manufacturers used the opportunity to showcase their higher end or luxury models. Since in the early years, the pace car was only used for one lap at the start (and not during caution periods), the need for a high performance machine (i.e., sports car) was not necessarily the top priority. In many years, the pace car was a convertible, which along with increasing the luxury status of the vehicle, it aided in the officials' ability to marshal the start.", "Safety car During a caution period the safety car (which generally consists of an aptly modified high-performance production car) enters the track ahead of the leader. Depending on the regulations in effect, competitors are not normally allowed to pass the safety car or other competitors during a caution period, and the safety car leads the field at a pre-determined safe speed, which may vary by series and circuit. At the end of the caution period, the safety car leaves the track and the competitors resume normal racing. The first reliance on this safety measure occurred with the deployment of a pace car during the inaugural Indianapolis 500 in 1911.[1]", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars The process of varying the selection across different models, which existed from 1911 through 2001, has been abandoned since 2002, with all pace cars exclusively provided by the Chevrolet marque since that year.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Starting in 2010, a modified Dallara IR03, converted to a two-seater, has also led the field during the parade and pace lap. Billed as the \"Fastest Seat in Sports,\" it is driven by a former Indy driver, and carries a special passenger. This is used at all IndyCar races.[7]", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars In 2001 and 2003, trucks were used instead of pace cars. In 2005, a specially restored 1955 Bel Air pace car was commissioned by the Indianapolis Race Committee to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Chevrolet V-8 engine. Only one car was built and it was displayed and used on the speedway. It differed from the first 1955 track cars in that it was black. The original 1955 Chevrolet pace cars were red and cream two-tone. This car is currently on display at the Auburn Cord Duesenberg Museum in Auburn, Indiana.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars The process of varying the selection across different manufacturers, which existed from 1911 through 1996, has been abandoned since 1997, with all pace cars exclusively provided by General Motors since that year.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Prior to the first \"500\" in 1911, in the interest of safety, Indianapolis Motor Speedway founder Carl G. Fisher is commonly credited with the concept of a \"rolling start\" led by a pace car. Nearly all races at the time, as well as all Formula One races even to the present, utilize a standing start.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars The replica pace cars and the festival cars are usually worth significantly less than the actual car used to perform the pace car duties. Few festival cars may actually have been driven on the track. Actual pace cars are rare and most are kept and owned by the Speedway museum and the manufacturers.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars In 1977, the format was changed to three warm up laps - two \"parade laps\" and one \"pace lap\". During the parade lap(s), often several replica festival pace cars join the field, usually carrying celebrities and/or special guest drivers. The 1978 race was the first to feature multiple pace cars on the track during the parade lap. Since 2010, the IndyCar \"two-seater\" (a retired Indy race car modified with a special passenger seat) has also been at the front of the field, carrying a celebrity or special guest. The non-participating vehicles pull off the track after one or two circuits, and the lone official pace car leads the field on the pace lap. In 2012, it was further expanded to four warm up laps (three \"parade\" laps and one \"pace\" lap), coinciding with the introduction of a new engine and chassis formula.", "NASCAR rules and regulations At the designated start time, a pre-race invocation is given, followed by the singing of the national anthem. Once the anthem is complete, drivers have exactly five minutes to get in their cars with all the safety equipment fastened and ready to go. At the end of those five minutes, the grand marshal for the race will deliver the command \"Drivers, start your engines!\", at which point each car must start its engine. With the engines running, the cars sit on pit road for approximately three minutes before heading on the track for some warm-up laps before the pace car. The average number of pace laps is three, but there can be more or less depending on a wide variety of circumstances and conditions, including but not limited to track length, track drying efforts after rain, or if a car has a problem and stops on the track during those pace laps. At the end of the pace laps, the field will partake in a rolling start.", "Daytona 500 history The table below summarizes the pace cars,[1] Grand Marshals,[2] Honorary Starters,[3] and performers of the national anthem[4] at the Daytona 500. Since 2006, the pace car has been driven by a celebrity guest at the start of the race (mirroring the tradition used the Indy 500). During the race, however, a NASCAR official drives the pace car during caution periods. Since 2004, Brett Bodine has served as the official pace car driver. Previously, Robert \"Buster\" Auton and Elmo Langley were pace car drivers.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Through 1978, the pace car was only used at the start of the race, and was not used during caution periods. Since 1979, the pace car has also been used to pack up the field during caution flag periods. The ceremonial driver drove only at the start of the race. During caution periods, when the pace car is utilized to pace the field, a trained official has been the driver. In some cases, the officials utilize two separate pace cars (exactly the same models) one each for the start of the race, and the caution periods. Currently, the pace car driver for the caution periods is the same driver who drives the pace car for the Indy Racing League during all other events.", "Chevrolet Camaro The Camaro was the Indianapolis 500 Pace Car in 1967, 1969, 1982, 1993, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014. The Camaro also paced races at Daytona, Watkins Glen, Mosport in Canada, and Charlotte Motor Speedway.", "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Race speeds vary widely depending on the track. The fastest track is Talladega Superspeedway, where the record average speed is 188.354 mph (303.126 km/h) and the record qualifying lap is 212.809 mph (342.483 km/h), set by Bill Elliott in 1987. The record stands unlikely to be broken, as restrictor plates were made mandatory at superspeedways in 1988 to reduce speeds.[47] The slowest tracks are Sonoma Raceway, a road course with a record average speed of only 83.6 mph (134.5 km/h) and a record qualifying lap of 99.3 mph (159.8 km/h), and Martinsville Speedway, a short, nearly flat \"paper clip\" oval, with a record average speed of 82.2 mph (132.3 km/h) and a record qualifying lap of 99.9 mph (160.8 km/h). The average speed of a race is determined by dividing the winner's race time (from the waving of the green flag to the waving of the checkered flag, including laps spent under caution) by the distance of the race. Time elapsed during red flag periods is not included in the calculation of the average speed.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars By the late 1960s, not only would a special driver be behind the wheel of the pace car, but numerous celebrities would be invited to ride along as passengers. Automotive executives, NASA astronauts, reporters from ABC Sports and the IMS Radio Network, and other celebrities were among those invited to ride in the pace car.", "Safety car In all NASCAR series, if the caution is out for debris, accident, or inclement weather, the flagman will display the yellow caution flag and the pace car [15] will pull out of the pits and turn on the yellow strobes on top and/or behind the car. When race officials are ready to open pit lane, a green light will come on in the rear window of the safety car. One lap before a green flag, the pace car will shut off its lights to signal drivers to line up double file.", "Safety car Unlike most series in motorsport, owing to NASCAR's short-track roots, each track usually offers their own safety car, typically from the manufacturer, but in recent years, it has been a local dealer or association of regional dealerships-provided Safety car. Tracks that use Toyota safety cars will use a Toyota Camry Hybrid, while Ford tracks will use a Ford Mustang, while Chevrolet tracks use a Chevrolet Camaro and most Dodge tracks use a Dodge Challenger. If a manufacturer is promoting a new vehicle, they will often use the new car instead of the standard-specification safety car.", "Chevrolet Monte Carlo 2002 Pace Car: Production limited to 1,150 cars. Sports two-tone leather Black and Yellow. Exterior: Competition Yellow with Galaxy Silver ground effects.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Since 1936, the winner of the race has traditionally been awarded a pace car. In some years, and in most cases for the past several decades, the winner is actually presented with one of the official street-legal pace car replicas.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Starting in the mid-1950s, the auto manufacturer who provided the official pace car started selling replica pace cars to the general public. In many cases, the official on-track pace car was modified from its street-legal counterpart. Strobe lights, rolls bars, multi-point harnesses, television camera mounts, two-way communication (for officials), and removing the air conditioning, are among some of the more routine modifications made for the actual pace car. Some official pace cars, however, have undergone extensive performance modifications, including suspension, transmission, or even engine modifications from their production counterpart (the 1990 Chevrolet Beretta is an example of this). Race-duty pace cars may also have the factory fuel tank replaced with a fuel cell, and usually have an on-board fire extinguisher installed. The special edition production replicas available to the public usually come with full paint and \"Indy 500\" decals, and may be part of a performance package upgrade.", "Chevrolet Monte Carlo 2001 Pace Car: Production limited to 1,300 cars. Sports two-tone leather Black and Silver. Exterior: Black with Galaxy Silver ground effects.", "Safety car The pace car of the 1971 Indianapolis 500, an orange Dodge Challenger driven by local auto dealer Eldon Palmer, crashed at the start of the race. As Palmer drove the car off into the pit lane to let the race cars begin the race, he lost control of the car and crashed into a photographer stand.[22] There were no fatalities, and the number of people reported injured has ranged from 18 to 29.[23]", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars In later years, the Speedway began experimenting with using pop culture celebrities driving the pace cars, a change that has met with mixed responses from fans. Racers have taken the position in more recent years. A. J. Foyt drove in 2011, Dario Franchitti drove in 2014, and Jeff Gordon, a five-time Brickyard 400 winner, drove in 2015.", "NASCAR rules and regulations After a series of flips and dangerous crashes in the 1980s, NASCAR began requiring all cars to run a restrictor plate at Daytona and Talladega. The restrictor plate limits air into the engine, reducing horsepower and speed at these tracks from 230-240 mph to 195-200 mph. At these races, in addition to the restrictor plate, there are a variety of other technical rules and regulations to keep the cars stable and on the track. In addition to these technical rules, restrictor plate races are the only races where drivers are prohibited from using the apron of the track to execute a pass. A double yellow line separates the track from the racing surface, leading many to call the rule the \"Yellow Line Rule.\" Driving under the line to advance one's position is subject to a drive-through penalty, or if the foul occurs on the last lap that car will be relegated to the last car on the lead lap in official race results.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars Traditionally, the make of the pace car has always been a domestic American brand. In 1991, the Dodge Stealth was originally named the pace car. However, the UAW, along with traditionalists, protested since the Stealth was a captive import built by Mitsubishi in Japan. Shortly before the race, the Stealth was downgraded to be the festival car. The pre-production Dodge Viper RT/10 was substituted on race day.", "Shelby Mustang Two GT350s were used to pace the 2010 NASCAR race in Las Vegas. They featured the prototype front fascia and are now displayed at the Shelby Heritage Museum, being a mainstay for promotional materials and posters.", "Safety car Before the start of the final segment of the Sprint Cup Series' Sprint Unlimited exhibition race at Daytona, the Chevrolet SS pace car caught fire and stopped off the track, delaying the restart. The fire was believed to have started in a trunk-mounted battery pack powering the lights.[16]", "Safety car During the IndyCar Series season, however, Johnny Rutherford is the normal driver of the IRL pace car for all events. The pace car is deployed for debris, collision, or weather reasons. Since 1993, upon the waving of the yellow flag, pit road is closed until the pace car picks up the leader and passes the pit entrance the first time, unless track blockage forces the field to drive through pit lane. Another duty of the pace car is to lead the field around the course on parade laps prior to the start of the race. These increase in speed, allowing for a flying start of the race.", "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Cup Series cars are unique in automobile racing. The engines are powerful enough to reach speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h), but their weight coupled with a relatively simple aerodynamic package make for poor handling. The bodies and chassis of the cars are strictly regulated to ensure parity, and electronics are traditionally spartan in nature.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1967: The race was red-flagged for rain after 18 laps. The conclusion of the race was moved to the following day. At the time, the pace car was not used for caution periods. However, officials decided to utilize the pace car for the resumption on lap 19. The original pace car driver Mauri Rose drove the car for the restart as well. Two unscored laps (one parade lap and one pace lap) preceded the resumption at lap 19.", "Chevrolet Corvette A Corvette has been selected as the pace car at the Indianapolis 500, 14 times.[118] The 2008 edition of the Indy 500 represented a record fifth-consecutive year to lead the field until 2009 when the Chevrolet Camaro SS was selected. The Corvette's pace car years and details include:", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars In most years through the early 1950s, the pace car led the field around the track for one warm up lap, and then the race began. The pace lap concept was popular with fans, as many drivers commonly waved at the fans and the rolling grid made for spectacular photographs. By 1957, the procedure was changed so the pace car led the field for two warm up laps. This allowed extra time to warm up the engines, oil temperatures, and tires, and allowed the drivers the chance to survey the conditions of the entire track at least once before receiving the green flag. This also allowed the fans on the main stretch (where the largest grandstands are located) to see the entire field parade by one time before the start. Previously only fans on other parts of the track got to actually see the grid go by for photographs and waving.", "Chevrolet Monte Carlo 2003 Pace Car: Production limited to 1,401 cars. Sports leather Ebony Black seats with Ebony and Gray leather-wrapped steering wheel. Exterior: Superior Blue Metallic with Galaxy Silver ground effects.", "Chevrolet Monte Carlo 2000 Pace Car: Production limited to 2,222 cars. Sports two-tone leather Black and Red. Exterior: Torch Red with Galaxy Silver ground effects.", "Talladega Superspeedway Speeds in excess of 200 mph (320 km/h) are commonplace at Talladega. Talladega has the record for the fastest recorded time by a NASCAR vehicle on a closed oval course, with the record of 216.309 mph (348.116 km/h) set by Rusty Wallace on June 9, 2004.[12] Wallace circled the 2.66-mile (4.28-km) trioval in 44.270 seconds, which surpassed the previous record held by Bill Elliott (212.809 mph (342.483 km/h)) set in 1987, but did not replace the record because it was a radio test and not a NASCAR sanctioned event. Buddy Baker was the first driver to run at a speed over 200 mph (320 km/h), with a 200.447 mph (322.588 km/h) lap during \"testing\" on March 24, 1970. Bill France himself invited Chrysler to come on down to run a 200 lap for publicity for the April race. The car was fully NASCAR inspected and certified. NASCAR sanctioned the event and Bill Gazaway was there with the official timing equipment. Baker's 200 mph lap was set while driving the No. 88 Chrysler Engineering Charger Daytona. It is currently undergoing restoration in Detroit, after being found in the late 1990s in Iowa. Benny Parsons was the first driver to qualify at over 200 mph (320 km/h), doing so in 1982 with a speed of 200.176 mph (322.152 km/h).", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars A list of manufacturers and the frequency in which they either provided official pace cars, or one of their vehicles were selected to pace the Indianapolis 500. This list counts all subsidiary marques, current and defunct, from each manufacturer along with vehicles made by a company that later merged with another on the list.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars The pace car was used to take the starting field on one unscored lap. The field would use the lap to warm up their engines, tires, and then at the conclusion of the lap, at a prescribed speed, the pace car would pull off the track and allow for a rolling or \"flying\" start. Fisher himself drove the pace car in several early years, but it eventually became an honorary position, with invitations extended to former winners, notable figures in auto racing or the automobile industry. The invited driver was given the honor of \"pacemaker,\" and manufacturers used the honor of providing the car as marketing exposure.", "Daytona International Speedway On October 9, 2013, Colin Braun drove a Daytona Prototype car prepared by Michael Shank Racing to set a single-lap record on the tri-oval configuration of 222.971 miles per hour (358.837Â km/h).[11]During NASCAR Events, it takes less than a minute for the cars to complete a lap around the 2.5 mile tri-oval course.", "Restrictor plate Rusty Wallace tested a car at Talladega Superspeedway without a restrictor plate in 2004, reaching a top speed of 228 mph (367 km/h) in the backstretch and a one-lap average of 221 mph (356 km/h).[5] While admitting excitement at the achievement, Wallace also conceded, \"There's no way we could be out there racing at those speeds... it would be insane to think we could have a pack of cars out there doing that.\"[5]", "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series The front suspension is a double wishbone design, while the rear suspension is a two-link live axle design utilizing trailing arms. Brake rotors must be made of magnetic cast iron or steel and may not exceed 12.72 inches (32.3 centimeters) in diameter.[32] The only aerodynamic components on the vehicles are the front splitter, spoiler, NACA ducts in the windows only, and side skirts. The use of rear diffusers, vortex generators, canards, wheel well vents, hood vents, and undertrays is strictly prohibited. While the cars may reach speeds of about 200 mph (321.8 km/h) on certain tracks, Russ Wicks drove a stock car built to NASCAR's specifications 244.9 mph (394.1 km/h) during a speed record attempt at the Bonneville Salt Flats in October 2007.[33]", "Safety car For the Camping World Truck Series, often the safety car is a pickup truck, as the series races pickup trucks. Tracks affiliated with a local or regional Chevrolet dealership will use a Chevrolet Silverado, while Chrysler dealership affiliated tracks will use a Ram 1500. Ford-affiliated tracks will often use the F-Series, but Toyota-affiliated tracks are less likely to use the Toyota Tundra, but prefer marketing the Camry Hybrid. However, Ford and Toyota manufacturer sponsored tracks will prefer the Mustang and Camry, respectively, instead of a truck, and occasionally, pickup trucks have been used as pace vehicles for Sprint Cup and Xfinity races.", "Safety car The Panel recommended the implementation of a \"Virtual Safety Car\", based on the \"slow zone\" system used in Le Mans racing. On top of not being allowed to overtake under yellow flag conditions in the affected sector, a \"VSC\" icon would appear trackside and on the driver's steering display, obliging drivers to not exceed the posted speed limit thus resulting in a 35% speed reduction. The system was similar to the Electro-PACER lights used in the Indianapolis 500 races from 1972 until 1978, except that ECUs were involved and could enforce speed limits under the current system.", "John Cena He was the pace car driver for the 58th annual Daytona 500.[344]", "IndyCar Series The current IndyCar Series top speed is approximately 235–240 mph (378–386 km/h) on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway oval layout. On intermediate and long ovals the top speed is approximately 220 mph (354 km/h), and on road/ street courses and short ovals, it is approximately 205–210 mph (330–338 km/h).[31][32][33]", "NASCAR rules and regulations Once the pace car has pulled into the pits, there is a restart \"zone\" consisting of lines painted on the outside wall of the track. The leader of the race is to begin accelerating inside this zone to resume the race. If they do not, the flagman controls the restart. The second place car may not be ahead of the leader at the moment of green flag, however either car on the front row may cross the start/finish line first.[25] Passing is not permitted until the leader of the race crosses the start-finish line. Lane changes are also not permitted until after a car clears the finish line.", "Car and Driver 10Best Fastest car tested: Chevrolet Corvette, 150Â mph", "Dodge Charger (LX) (220km/h)", "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series 1987 marked an incredible, but then unfortunate milestone for NASCAR Cup Series cars. The incredible happened during Winston 500 qualifying when Bill Elliott established a world stock-car record when he posted a speed of 212.809 mph (342 km/h). Then the unfortunate happened; during the 22nd lap of the race, driver Bobby Allison suffered a flat tire in the middle of Talladega Superspeedway's tri-oval. Allison's car hit the catch fence and tore a hole in the fence approximately 100 feet (30 m) long. Several spectators were injured in the accident, including one woman who lost an eye.[35] In the aftermath of the crash, NASCAR mandated the use of a restrictor plate at Talladega Superspeedway and Daytona International Speedway to reduce speeds.", "Chevrolet Monte Carlo General Motors released several Monte Carlos branded as \"Pace Car\" replicas. Each year featured a different color and all cars were limited to production numbers, however; all cars did have some things in common. All pace cars received: Galaxy Silver ground effects, Checkered Flagging on fenders & doors, TAZ decals on quarter panels and trunk lid behind the Monte Carlo script. It also has a \"Race Inspired\" rear spoiler that resembles the look of the NASCAR spoiler, Limited Edition Plaque on trunk lid, Monte Carlo script on the dash is replaced with \"PACE CAR\", Gauge cluster displays \"LIMITED EDITION\" below the speedometer where it would say \"Apply Brake To Shift From Park,\" 16-inch Diamond-Cut Cast-Aluminum Wheels, Door Opening Kick Plates Featuring the Monte Carlo Nameplate, and Stainless-Steel Dual Exhaust Tips. Interiors had two tone leather in 2000 through 2002 to match exterior with 2003 being solid black and Chevy \"Bow Tie\" embroidered headrests. All cars also came with GMs L36 3800 V6 engine.", "2018 Daytona 500 William Byron was the fastest in the second practice session with a time of 44.625 seconds and a speed of 201.681 mph (324.574 km/h).[19]", "Safety car Furthermore, two other rule changes have been implemented. Since 2000, with one lap to go before going back to green, the pace car pulls off the track in turn one rather than in turn four. The current leader of the race is then assigned the task of pacing the field back to the green flag. After much consideration, this rule was added to prevent a situation much like the one that happened in the 1995 Indianapolis 500, when Scott Goodyear passed the pace car going back to green. In 2002, another rule was added. With one lap to go before the green, the pace car waves by all cars (if there are any) between the pace car and the actual leader of the race. This allows for the leader to control the restart without lapped cars being in front of him. It also creates a strategy for cars to gain laps back, loosely resembling the \"Lucky dog\" rule. However, the cars who get waved around are not allowed to pit until the green flag restarts the race (so they do not get the advantage of getting their lap back AND a free pit stop).", "Racing flags In both NASCAR and IndyCar, a single yellow flag waved from the starter's stand places the race under caution. At this time, a pace car will enter the course and lead the field at a safe, predetermined, reduced speed. On oval tracks, yellow lights universally supplement the primary flag at the start/finish line. These lights usually operate in a flashing manner, in order to quickly gain the attention of the drivers. The field is locked into place at the onset of caution periods and no one is allowed to pass another car without mutual consent (excluding crashed and immobile cars). In some races, though, cars may pass one another on pit road during a caution period. When the starter shows a furled yellow flag, it indicates one lap to green.[3][4]", "Stock car racing Stock car races take place predominantly on oval tracks of 3 or 4 turns, with all turns to the left. Oval tracks are classified as short track (less than 1 mile), intermediate or speedway (1 to 2 miles) or superspeedway (over 2 miles). Road courses are any tracks having both left and right turns. Depending on the track, typical race speeds can vary from 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) at Martinsville to over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) at Talladega. In 1987 Bill Elliott's 212.809 mph (342.483 km/h) qualifying time at Talladega brought about a change at superspeedways (Daytona and Talladega). Such high speeds and Bobby Allison's car going airborne into the catch-fence and injuring fans forced NASCAR to implement power-reducing measures, one of which was the mandated implement of below carburetor restrictor plates. This later became known as restrictor plate racing.", "NASCAR rules and regulations When the yellow flag is displayed and the yellow caution lights around the track come on, the field is frozen immediately at the moment of caution. All scoring ends immediately and cars are to slow to pace vehicle (safety car) speed. Cars will line up behind the pace vehicle in the order in which they passed the last scoring loop on track (there are as many as 18 loops around the track, although the one at the start/finish line is the only one that counts for official race statistics). The exception to this rule is if the yellow flag waves after the white flag is thrown (or, in the case of an overtime attempt, if the yellow flag waves after the race leader has crossed the overtime line) or if the race will not be restarted (typically for rain; but sometimes for darkness if a track does not have night lights), in which case NASCAR will use video evidence to determine the finishing order.", "Racing flags In some series (Indy Racing League, Champ Car, beginning in 2007, Formula One, and beginning in mid-2009, NASCAR) lapped cars between the pace car and the leader are allowed to move to the rear of the next lap when the signal is given two laps before a restart.", "Dodge Charger (LX) (200km/h)", "NASCAR rules and regulations At the one to go signal, the pace car will turn its lights off. At this point, any car that is ahead of the leader of the race will be waved around to the rear of the field. These cars are not permitted to pit until after the green flag comes back out and the race has resumed. The field will then line up double file for the restart. The leader of the race gets lane choice, but the third place car (and odd positions on back) will always start in the inside line, while the fourth place car (and even positions on back) will always start in the outside lane. The restart order is always this: Lead Lap Cars > Cars 1 or more laps down > Free Pass Car > Wave Arounds > Cars who have received a penalty.", "Production car speed record The Dauer 962 Le Mans, introduced in 1993, reached independently measured 404.6 km/h (251.4 mph) in 1998 and was considered as the fastest production car by several publications. But since only 13 cars were built while the rules on this site require a minimum of 25 it doesn't qualify for this list.[2]", "2018 Daytona 500 Alex Bowman scored the pole for the race with a time of 46.002 and a speed of 195.644 mph (314.858 km/h).[20]", "2018 Daytona 500 Kyle Busch was the fastest in the first practice session with a time of 45.058 seconds and a speed of 199.743 mph (321.455 km/h).[18]", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars In 1971, local Indianapolis Dodge dealer Eldon Palmer was involved in a crash driving the pace car. He crashed into a photographer's stand at the south end of the pit area, injuring several persons. In the years immediately following, the pace car driver utilized would only be an experienced race driver. Former Indy winner Jim Rathmann served six times (and once for caution periods only). Celebrities James Garner and Marty Robbins were chosen in part due to their experience in racing.", "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series The cars are powered by EFI V8 engines with compacted graphite iron blocks and pushrod valvetrains actuating two-valves per cylinder, and are limited to 358 cubic inches' (about 5.8 liters) displacement. However, modern technology has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower (670 kW) in unrestricted form while retaining the conventional basic engine design. In fact, before NASCAR instituted the gear rule, Cup engines were capable of operating more than 10,000 rpm.[31] A NASCAR Cup Series engine with the maximum bore of 4.185 inches (106.3 millimeters) and stroke of 3.25 inches (82.55 millimeters) at 9,000 rpm has a mean piston speed of 80.44 fps (24.75 m/s). Contemporary Cup engines run 9,800 rpm, 87.59 fps (26.95 m/s), at the road course events on Pocono Pennsylvania's long front stretch and at the .526-mile short-track Martinsville Speedway. At the backbone 1.5- to 2.0-mile tri-oval tracks of NASCAR, the engines produce over 850 hp running 92–9400 rpm for 500 miles, 600 mi for the Coca-Cola 600 Charlotte race.", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1992: Additional pace laps were run (unscored) after Roberto Guerrero crashed during a parade lap. Instead of halting the proceedings, officials decided to simply extend the number of warm up laps. The race itself ended up having 85 laps of yellow flag conditions, therefore the fuel allotment did not become a factor.", "Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor The 2006–2011 Police Interceptors are equipped standard with an open 3.27:1 rear axle (Axle code Z5), with a trac loc 3.27:1 rear axle (Axle Code X5) optional, and are electronically limited to 140 mph (225 km/h) due to critical driveline speed limitations (The weight of the vehicle with law-enforcement equipment on-board makes it highly unlikely the vehicle could ever reach this figure). An optional 3.55:1 trac loc rear axle ratio with 120 mph speed limiter was also available (Axle code C6). Pre-2006 Police Interceptors equipped with the 3.27:1 rear axle ratio were generally limited to approximately 128 mph (206 km/h). This compares to the standard non-P71 2.73 rear axle ratio with a speed limitation of 110 mph (177 km/h) for all \"civilian\" Crown Victorias.[7]", "SEAT Ibiza 157 km/h (97 mp/h)", "Safety car Automakers compete for the prestige of having one of their models selected as the year's pace car for the publicity. In 1971, the move backfired as no automakers stepped up to provide a pace car. Instead, local Indianapolis-area Dodge dealers fulfilled the duty. Eldon Palmer, a local dealer, lost control of the Dodge Challenger pace car and crashed into a photography stand, injuring several people. The blame for the crash was never fully determined, as officials realized that an orange cone (or perhaps an orange flag), which was to identify Palmer's braking point, was accidentally removed.", "SEAT Ibiza 175 km/h (108 mp/h)", "Audi S and RS models 174 mph (280 km/h)", "Texas Motor Speedway Based on qualifying speeds in 2004, 2005, and 2006 (with Brian Vickers shattering the qualifying record at Texas with a speed of 196.235 mph (315.810 km/h) in the 2006 Dickies 500 qualifying), the Texas Motor Speedway was once considered the fastest non-restrictor plate track on the NASCAR circuit, with qualifying speeds in excess of 192 mph (309 km/h) and corner entry speeds over 200 mph (320 km/h). However, as the tracks' respective racing surfaces continue to wear, qualifying speeds at Atlanta have become consistently faster than at Texas (2005 and 2006). Brian Vickers holds the qualifying record at TMS. In 2006, he posted a 196.235 mph (315.810 km/h) speed. Elliott Sadler beat the record before Brian, qualifying in the 49/50th spot. Being the last person out on the track, Brian nipped Elliott Sadler's qualifying time.[2] The NASCAR records still fall short of the all-time TMS qualifying record though. Driving a Lola Ford Champ Car, Kenny Brack took pole for the aborted Firestone Firehawk 600, with an average speed of 233.447 mph in 2001.", "Production car speed record In 2014, a Hennessey Venom GT was recorded at 435.31 km/h (270.49 mph), but as the run was in one direction only and only 12 cars (+1 prototype) were ever made, it does not qualify under the Guinness Book of Records or this list's criteria as the world's fastest production car.[6] Guinness accepted it as a production car, however.[7][8]", "Safety car The safety car is piloted by professional drivers (since 2000, by Bernd Mayländer) on-board high-powered modified vehicles supplied by Mercedes-Benz,[4] and must maintain a reasonable speed so as to ensure that the competitors' tyres are as close as possible to operating temperature and their engines do not overheat. The driver of the safety car is accompanied by a co-driver to assist with operations and communications.", "Auto Club Speedway After Juan Pablo Montoya had missed Gugelmin's unofficial record in practice,[25] Gil de Ferran set a new official one-lap record at 237.977 mph (382.987 km/h) during CART qualifying on October 28, 2000.[26] There is a discrepancy in average speed recognised because CART did use a slightly larger track length. Under CART measurements, the speed was listed as 241.428 miles per hour (388.541 km/h). As of March 2012, this is the fastest lap speed ever recorded at an official race meeting and the fastest ever lap on a closed racing circuit.[27] The 2003 Indycar race was the fastest circuit race ever in motorsport history, with an average speed of 207.151 mph (333.377 km/h) over 400 miles (640 km), topping the previous record average of 195.165 mph (314.088 km/h) over 500 miles (800 km), which was set by the final CART race held in Fontana the preceding year (again, the time was adjusted to reflect the discrepancy between the CART's measured distance and the recognised distance).[28]", "Indianapolis 500 pace cars 1997: Additional laps were run (unscored) due to a three-car crash on the original pace lap.", "Rochester, New York In 2016, the City of Rochester launched the Pace Car Program. \"Pace Car drivers sign a pledge to drive within the speed limit, drive courteously, yield to pedestrians and be mindful of bicyclists and others on the street.\"[121]", "List of Daytona 500 pole position winners Bill Elliott set the pole position qualifying record on February 9, 1987 when he navigated around the circuit with a 42.782-second lap, which is an average speed of 210.364 miles per hour (338.548 km/h).[3] Since 1988, NASCAR has required teams to install a restrictor plate between the throttle body and the engine. This rule was enacted as an effort to slow the cars speed in response to an accident in which fans suffered minor injuries when Bobby Allison's car blew a tire and crashed at over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) during a race at Talladega Superspeedway in 1987.[4] Depending upon the sponsor, era, or a specific year, the qualifying races have been referred to as the \"Duels\" or the \"Twins\".[5]", "Car and Driver 10Best Fastest car tested: Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1, 175Â mph", "NASCAR rules and regulations During a \"quickie yellow\" all cars may enter pit road the first time by when it is opened. After the pit stops, the first car one lap down at the moment of caution (known as the free pass car) is permitted to go around the pace car and start the race at the rear of the field, but back on the lead lap.", "Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series NASCAR once enforced a homologation rule that at various times stated that at least 500 cars had to be produced, or as many as one car for every make's dealership in the nation had to be sold to the general public to allow it to be raced. Eventually, cars were made expressly for NASCAR competition, including the Ford Torino Talladega, which had a rounded nose, and the Dodge Charger Daytona and Plymouth Superbird which had a rear wing raised above roof level and a shark shaped nose-cap which enabled race speeds of exactly 200 mph. The Ford-based Mercury Spoiler powered by a Ford Boss 429 engine was timed at 199.6 mph. Beginning in 1971, NASCAR rewrote the rules to effectively force the Ford and Chrysler specialty cars out of competition by limiting them to 305ci (5.0L). The cars affected by this rule include the Ford Talladega, Mercury Spoiler II, Dodge Charger 500, Dodge Charger Daytona and the Plymouth Superbird. This rule was so effective in limiting performance that only one car that season ever attempted to run in this configuration.", "Car and Driver 10Best Fastest car tested: Porsche 944 Turbo, 157Â mph" ]	[ "Safety car Since NASCAR does not allow speedometers or electronic speed limiting devices, the pace car circles the track at pit road speed during the warm-up laps. This allows each driver to note the RPM at which pit road speed is maintained. Drivers exceeding that speed on pit road will be penalized, typically a \"drive-through\" or \"stop and go\" penalty, costing them valuable track position." ]
test1867	when was the last time beijing hosted the winter olympics	[ "doc65636" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc227773", "doc34817", "doc84260", "doc227772", "doc1712248", "doc34814", "doc1712303", "doc34723", "doc227777", "doc970952", "doc84225", "doc227780", "doc1760095", "doc1712244", "doc34816", "doc227776", "doc1082191", "doc1082186", "doc227784", "doc227790", "doc426961", "doc21798", "doc1082177", "doc65636", "doc714985", "doc1167466", "doc1284874", "doc2282640", "doc227795", "doc1471807", "doc1712245", "doc611714", "doc1262046", "doc1712252", "doc1760092", "doc401861", "doc227781", "doc84256", "doc1155578", "doc227778", "doc227786", "doc1858796", "doc970949", "doc1712246", "doc1100615", "doc227783", "doc84272", "doc84222", "doc1712264", "doc1712249", "doc65635", "doc21800", "doc227782", "doc227779", "doc1082195", "doc726846", "doc970956", "doc2542089", "doc84223", "doc21796", "doc84252", "doc672457", "doc1230923", "doc1167435", "doc1082190", "doc34744", "doc1262047", "doc2282627", "doc84234", "doc84263", "doc34748", "doc21804", "doc21805", "doc2509681", "doc1167454", "doc890848", "doc1851951", "doc1167449", "doc227794", "doc84253", "doc34721", "doc1167467", "doc227774", "doc1167453", "doc890845", "doc1082187", "doc1082033", "doc971023", "doc21815", "doc401781", "doc1506450", "doc34722", "doc227793", "doc401791", "doc2058469", "doc401787", "doc970992", "doc611713", "doc1851957", "doc1506445" ]	[ "2022 Winter Olympics Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China, and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics, having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies.", "Beijing In November 2013, Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.[156] On 31 July 2015, the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city.[157]", "Winter Olympic Games The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics, is Beijing in northern China, elected on 31 July 2015, at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur. Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022.", "2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIVème Jeux olympiques d'hiver;[1] Chinese: 第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshísì Jiè Dōngjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022, in Beijing and towns in the neighboring Hebei province, People's Republic of China.[2]", "2008 Summer Olympics Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Olympics; it will be the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Games.", "Beijing Beijing has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable was the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. Other multi-sport international events held in Beijing include the 2001 Universiade and the 1990 Asian Games. Single-sport international competitions include the Beijing Marathon (annually since 1981), China Open of Tennis (1993â€“97, annually since 2004), ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Cup of China (2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010), WPBSA China Open for Snooker (annually since 2005), Union Cycliste Internationale Tour of Beijing (since 2011), 1961 World Table Tennis Championships, 1987 IBF Badminton World Championships, the 2004 AFC Asian Cup (football), and 2009 Barclays Asia Trophy (football). Beijing hosted the 2015 IAAF World Championships in Athletics.", "2008 Summer Olympics Seven years after the 2008 Games, Beijing was awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics. It will thus be the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Games.", "Beijing The city's history dates back three millennia. As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for much of the past eight centuries.[14] With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides, in addition to the old inner and outer city walls, Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D.[15] The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates.[16] Its art treasures and universities have made it center of culture and art in China.[16] Encyclopædia Britannica notes that \"few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China.\"[17] Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites – the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian, as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal, all popular locations for tourism.[18] Siheyuans, the city's traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing. The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, making it the first city to ever host both Winter and Summer Olympics.[19]", "2022 Winter Olympics In Beijing, five ice events will be held at the Olympic Sports Centre, the Capital Indoor Stadium and the Beijing Wukesong Sports Center, which were some of the main venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics. Competitions for luge, bobsleigh and alpine skiing will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area in Yanqing, northwest of Beijing, 90 kilometres (56 miles) away from the city center, using artificial snow because of the rarity of natural snow in this region.[8][9] All other skiing events will be held in Taizicheng Area in Chongli, Zhangjiakou, 220 km (140 mi) from downtown Beijing and 130 km (81 mi) away from Xiaohaituo Mountain Area.[10]", "China at the Olympics The People's Republic of China has hosted the Games on one occasion, with a second Games scheduled for 2022. Beijing will be the first city to host both Summer and Winter Olympics.", "Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China, to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019. As of 2018[update], no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold-weather-dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer.", "2022 Winter Olympics The town of Chongli in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, will stage most of the skiing events during the 2022 Winter Olympics. The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan (US$237.77 million) in tourism during the 2015â€“16 snow season for a 31.6% growth over the previous season. In 2016, it was announced that Chongli received 2.185 million tourists, an increase of 30% from the previous season, during the first snow season after the winning the Olympic bid. The snow season lasted for five months from November, during which Chongli has hosted 36 competitions and activities, such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival. A total of 23 skiing camps have also been set up, attracting the participation of 3,800 youths. All venue construction started in November 2016 and will be finished by the end of 2020 to enable the city to hold test events.[14]", "China China has participated in the Olympic Games since 1932, although it has only participated as the PRC since 1952. China hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where its athletes received 51 gold medals â€“ the highest number of gold medals of any participating nation that year.[542] China also won the most medals of any nation at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, with 231 overall, including 95 gold medals.[543][544] In 2011, Shenzhen in Guangdong, China hosted the 2011 Summer Universiade. China hosted the 2013 East Asian Games in Tianjin and the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing. Beijing and its nearby city Zhangjiakou of Hebei province will also collaboratively host the 2022 Olympic Winter Games, which will make Beijing the first city in the world to hold both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.[545]", "2008 Summer Olympics The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (Chinese: 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì) and commonly known as Beijing 2008, was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing, China.[a] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 28 sports and 302 events (one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Games). This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics, but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia, following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, and the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.", "Beijing The city hosted the second Chinese National Games in 1914 and the first four National Games of China in 1959, 1965, 1975, 1979, respectively, and co-hosted the 1993 National Games with Sichuan and Qingdao. Beijing also hosted the inaugural National Peasants' Games in 1988 and the sixth National Minority Games in 1999.", "2022 Winter Olympics Beijing was selected as host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics after beating Almaty by four votes on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.", "History of Beijing The 2008 Summer Olympics opened on August 8, 2008 at 8:08 p.m. with a grand ceremony at the Beijing National Stadium (\"Bird's Nest\"). Along with 10,942 athletes from 204 countries and regions who competed in 28 sports and 302 events, leaders from 80 countries also gathered in Beijing, for the largest international event in the city's history.[263] China, became the 22nd country to host the Olympics, and won the most gold medals for the first time. A record 86 countries medaled, with the United States topping the overall medal count. Some 1.7 million city residents volunteered during the games, setting an Olympic record.[264] In keeping with its promise to IOC authorities that the right of public assembly would be respected during the Games, Beijing authorities designated three city parks as areas for demonstrations, but no permits for public demonstration were issued—the applications were either withdrawn or denied—and none took place.", "History of Beijing On July 13, 2001, at the 112th meeting of the International Olympic Committee in Moscow, Beijing was awarded the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympics Games. Under the motto \"New Beijing, Great Olympics\", the city pledged that holding the Games in China for the first time would promote not only the city's economy but also education, health and human rights of its residents. Beijing prevailed over Paris, Toronto, Istanbul and Osaka with an absolute majority of votes in the second round of balloting.", "2022 Winter Olympics The estimated budget for the games is US$3.9 billion, less than one-tenth of the $43 billion spent on the 2008 Summer Olympics.[15]", "2022 Winter Olympics The official emblem \"Winter Dream\" (冬梦) was unveiled on December 15, 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center. The emblem is a stylized rendition of the character \"冬\" (Winter) inspired by winter snow, with a ribbon motif. The top is meant to resemble a skater and the bottom is meant to resemble a skier. The emblem also features the Olympic colors (except black) and the Chinese flag colors. The emblem was designed by Lin Cunzhen who also created the Nanjing 2014 logo.[21]", "2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013.[3] These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China.", "2018 Winter Olympics These will be South Korea's second Olympic Games and its first Winter Games; Seoul hosted the Summer Games in 1988. Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998).[2]", "History of Beijing From September 22 to October 7, 1990, Beijing hosted the 11th Asian Games, which were held in China for the first time and attended by 6,122 athletes from 37 countries competing in 29 sports. The city was awarded the games in 1984 over Osaka. The Asian Games Village was built north of the city center beyond the Third Ring Road. The Worker Stadium served as the Games' main venue. The city's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games ended in September 1993 with a narrow loss by a vote of 43â€“45 in the final round to Sydney.", "List of Olympic Games host cities In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics). In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games.", "Olympic medal For three events in a row, hosts of the Winter Games included different materials in the medals: glass (1992), sparagmite (1994), and lacquer (1998). It was not until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China that a Summer Olympic host chose to use something different, in this case jade. While every Summer Olympic medal except for the 1900 Games has been circular, the shapes of the Winter Games have been considerably more varied. The Winter Games medals are also generally larger, thicker, and heavier than those for the Summer Games.", "Beijing National Stadium The stadium is scheduled to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of 2022 Winter Olympics. It would be the only stadium to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics opening ceremonies.[6]", "Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur hosted the 128th IOC Session in 2015 where the IOC elected Beijing as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics[159] and Lausanne as the host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics.[160]", "Beijing National Aquatics Center The Water Cube will be used for curling during the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.[17]", "2022 Winter Olympics The environmental impact of hosting the games near Beijing has been questioned. Some of the proposed venues will be adjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system, and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction, and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow, is uncertain.[46][47] The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31% of its original size.[48]", "Summer Olympic Games Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, in Tokyo, Japan (1964), Seoul, South Korea (1988), and Beijing, China (2008); Asia will host the Games for a fourth time in 2020 when Tokyo again becomes host city. Historically, the Summer Olympics has been held predominantly in English-speaking countries and European nations.[4] Tokyo will be the first city outside these regions to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice; it will also be the largest city ever to have hosted the Games, having grown considerably since 1964.", "2008 Summer Olympics Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001, having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after two rounds of voting.[2] The Government of the People's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transportation systems. A total of 37 venues were used to host the events, including twelve constructed specifically for use at the Games. The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong, making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs.[b] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao, while the football events took place in several different cities.", "2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance See you in Beijing in 2022 directed by Chinese film director Zhang Yimou, who also presented the 2008 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies. The presentation featured two pandas skating and people forming red lines that became a dragon, as pandas and dragons are national icons for China. The skaters also trail lines to form the emblem of the games. China's Paramount leader Xi Jinping made a cameo appearance by video expressing the welcome message on behalf of the Chinese people.", "2002 Winter Olympics The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002, were a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Approximately 2,400 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines, held throughout 165 sporting sessions. The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC).[4] Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games and the 2002 Winter Olympics were the last Olympics to be held in the United States until the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[5] These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge.", "2008 Summer Olympics The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics at USD 6.8 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 2% in real terms.[11] This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The Beijing Olympics' cost of USD 6.8 billion compares with costs of USD 4.6 billion for Rio 2016 and USD 15 billion for London 2012. Average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD 5.2 billion.", "China China has become a prime sports destination worldwide. The country gained the hosting rights for several major global sports tournaments including the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, the upcoming 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the upcoming 2022 Winter Olympics.", "Olympic Games In addition to the United States, nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, Canada and Italy have hosted twice. Among host cities, Lake Placid, Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once, each holding that honour twice. The most recent Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang in 2018, South Korea's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall (including the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul).", "2022 Winter Olympics The new Beijing-Zhangjiakou intercity railway will be built, starting from Beijing North Railway Station, and ending at Zhangjiakou South Railway Station. It will be built for speeds of up to 350 km/h (217 mph), and travel time from Beijing to Zhangjiakou is estimated to be around 50 minutes.[citation needed]", "Winter Olympic Games On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich, Germany, and Annecy, France.[98] This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018. More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang's neighboring city of Gangneung.", "2000 Summer Olympics Sydney won the right to host the Games on 24 September 1993, after being selected over Beijing, Berlin, Istanbul and Manchester in four rounds of voting, at the 101st IOC Session in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier.[5] Beijing lost its bid to host the games to Sydney in 1993, but was later awarded the 2008 Summer Olympics in July 2001, and it would eventually be awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics twenty-two years later in 2015.", "2022 Winter Olympics The Big Air snowboarding events will be held in a new area of urban development in Shijingshan District.[11]", "2022 Winter Olympics In October 2016, the International Ski Federation (FIS) announced plans to begin sanctioning women's competitions in Nordic combined, with a goal for the discipline to be contested at the Olympic level for the first time in Beijing.[16] In November 2017, a further three events were put forward by the FIS for possible Olympic inclusion: a ski jumping mixed team competition and men's and women's big air in freestyle skiing.[17]", "1988 Winter Olympics The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held, but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada's elite winter sports program. The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions, and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 games, the next Winter Olympics hosted on Canadian soil in Vancouver. Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics; however, the census metropolitan area of Greater Vancouver could also be considered the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics. Nonetheless, this title will soon to be turned over to Beijing in 2022.", "China at the Olympics Originally having participated in Olympics as the delegation of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1932 to 1948, China competed at the Olympic Games under the name of the People's Republic of China (PRC) for the first time in 1952, at the Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland, although they only arrived in time to participate in one event.[1] That year, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) allowed both the PRC and the Republic of China (which recently relocated to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War) to compete, although the latter withdrew in protest.[1] Due to the dispute over the political status of China, the PRC did not participate in the Olympics again until the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, United States.[1] Their first appearance at the Summer Olympic Games after 1952 was the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.[2][3]", "2008 Summer Olympics The official logo for the 2008 Games, titled \"Dancing Beijing\", featured a stylized calligraphic character jīng (京, meaning capital) in reference to the host city. Some entities criticized the choice of China as Olympic host because of the country's human rights record,[3][4] and political protests (particularly focused on Tibet) marred the international portion of the Olympic torch relay. Despite this, the Beijing Olympics were also the most watched Olympics in history, attracting 4.7 billion viewers worldwide and gaining an entry in the Guinness World Records as the \"Largest TV audience for an Olympic Games\".[5][6]", "2000s (decade) The Sydney Games, held in 2000, followed the hundredth anniversary of the Olympic Games in Atlanta in 1996. The Athens Games, in 2004, were also a strong symbol, for modern Olympic Games were inspired by the competitions organized in Ancient Greece. Finally, the Beijing Games saw the emergence of China as a major sports power, with the highest number of titles for the first time. The 2002 Salt Lake City and the 2006 Turin Winter Olympic Games were also major events, though less popular.", "2022 Winter Olympics A new airport for Beijing and the region, provisionally named the Beijing Daxing International Airport, is due to open by 2019. The airport will replace the Beijing Nanyuan Airport and operate together with the Beijing Capital International Airport.[citation needed]", "Winter Olympic Games ^ Note 1. Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics.\n^ Note 2. A men's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics.\n^ Note 3. The IOC's website now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon.[nb 2]", "Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques d'hiver)[nb 1] is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority.", "2008 Summer Olympics The 2008 Games were the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high definition by the host broadcaster.[38] In comparison, American broadcaster NBC broadcast only half of the 2006 Turin Winter Games in HD.[39][40] In their bid for the Olympic Games in 2001, Beijing stated to the Olympic Evaluation Commission that there would be, \"[N]o restrictions on media reporting and movement of journalists up to and including the Olympic Games.\"[41] However, some media outlets claimed that organizers ultimately failed to live up to this commitment.[c]", "2008 Summer Olympics Beijing was elected as the host city for the 2008 Summer Olympics on 13 July 2001, during the 112th IOC Session in Moscow, defeating bids from Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. Prior to the session, five other cities (Bangkok, Cairo, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, and Seville) had submitted bids to the IOC, but failed to make the short list chosen by the IOC Executive Committee in 2000. After the first round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the other four candidates. Osaka received only six votes and was eliminated. In the second round, Beijing was supported by a majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds.[7] Toronto's bid was their 5th failure since 1960 (failed bid for 1960, 1964, 1976 and 1996 games losing to Rome, Tokyo, Montreal and Atlanta).[8]", "List of Olympic Games host cities This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics.", "2018 Winter Olympics Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched a bid, but failed to secure public support from local citizens. Their bid received seven votes.", "2022 Winter Olympics The Beijing Subway is expected to continue expanding and is projected to have at least 24 lines by 2022. There are also planned upgrades to expressway and highway networks.[citation needed]", "2022 Winter Olympics Olympic Green venues", "History of Beijing The 22nd annual meeting of leaders from countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum was held in Beijing on November 10–12, 2014. An international convention center was built by Yanqi Lake in Huairou District for the occasion.[269] On September 3, 2015, a massive military parade was held to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the victory in World War II with leaders from over two dozen countries attending and honor guards from 17 countries joining the People's Liberation Army in the procession. After a fire on 18 November 2017 that killed 19 people in an industrial neighbourhood in south Beijing, the municipal government launched a 40-day campaign to demolish “illegal structures”, which for years have housed the millions of migrant workers, who the government deems as Beijing’s “low-end population”. The campaign have been decried by critics the evictions as part of a broader campaign to drive out these “low-end population” in a bid to give the capital a facelift.[270][271]", "Olympics on television These games were the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high definition television.[24] In their bid for the Olympic games in 2001, Beijing confirmed to the Olympic evaluation commission \"that there would be no restrictions on media reporting and movement of journalists up to and including the Olympic Games.\"[25]", "China at the Olympics In the 1970s, China normalized her relations with the United States through Ping Pong Diplomacy, and established diplomatic relations with the United States on January 1, 1979. The normalization finally led to the Chinese Olympic Committee's return to the IOC on October 25, 1979.[6] Just three months later, China participated in the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, USA, its first appearance in 28 years since the 1952 Summer Olympics. China boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics at Moscow, USSR. Since the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, China has participated in all subsequent Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics.", "Geography of Beijing The city's climate is a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwa), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone.[8] Yet during the winter, winds from the northwest must cross the mountains that shield the city, keeping the city warmer than other locations of similar latitude in China. Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn, like spring, sees little rain but is crisp and short. January averages −3.7 °C (25.3 °F), while July averages 26.2 °C (79.2 °F). Annual precipitation is around 570 millimetres (22.4 in), falling mostly in the summer months. Extremes have ranged from −27.4 to 42.6 °C (−17 to 109 °F).[9] In 2005, the total precipitation was 410.77 millimetres (16.17 in), a majority of which occurred in the summer.[10]", "Winter Olympic Games The original five Winter Olympics sports (broken into nine disciplines) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing (consisting of the disciplines military patrol,[nb 2] cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping), and skating (consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating).[nb 3] The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II, and resumed in 1948. Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994.", "2018 Winter Olympics The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIIIèmes Jeux olympiques d'hiver; Hangul: 제23회 동계 올림픽; RR: Je-isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018[1] ([pʰjʌŋ.tɕʰaŋ]), is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, South Korea.", "Winter Olympic Games In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver, thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics. With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games.[82] Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events.[83] The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds.[84] Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women's programme. She finished the Olympics with three golds, a silver and a bronze.[85] The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes. From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 Games, a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal-winning nations, but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals. President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games.[86] Russia's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi.[87] The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under-performing Russian team, with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries. In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals, three of which were gold. In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty-one, with eleven of them being gold. The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea, Japan and China.[88][89]", "2008 Summer Olympics medal table The 2008 Summer Olympics medal table is a list of National Olympic Committees (NOCs) ranked by the number of gold medals won by their athletes during the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, from 8 August to 24 August 2008. Approximately 11,028 athletes from 204 NOCs participated in 302 events in 28 sports.[1]", "Paris Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games.", "Beijing National Stadium Beijing National Stadium, officially the National Stadium[3] (Chinese: 国家体育场; pinyin: Guójiā Tǐyùchǎng; literally: \"State Stadium\"), also known as the Bird's Nest (鸟巢; Niǎocháo), is a stadium in Beijing. The stadium (BNS) was jointly designed by architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach, artist Ai Weiwei, and CADG which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang.[4] The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics and will be used again in the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics. The Bird's Nest sometimes has some extra temporary large screens installed at the stands of the stadium.", "History of Beijing The rapid growth of population, motor vehicles and factories has created high pollution levels. Days with gray, acrid skies, with an eye-reddening pollution score over 400, are common, as health officials advise wearing masks and staying indoors. Heavy trucks are allowed in only at night but their diesel fuels create much of the problem. By 2008 for the city's 12 million residents, pollution was not only an inescapable health and quality-of-life issue, but a political issue tied in with the Summer Olympics scheduled for August 2008. The city's bid for the 2000 Olympics in 1993 failed partly because of high pollution levels; in response the city began a massive cleanup campaign. That campaign has been successful in terms of 2000 standards, but the city's economy is 2.5 times larger now, with millions more people. Over 3 million cars and trucks clog the streets, and 400,000 more are added annually as the wealth shoots up rapidly. Old dirty, coal-burning furnaces have been replaced, lowering the city's sulfur dioxide emissions. Factories and power plants were changed to burn cleaner, low-sulfur coal; sulfur dioxide emissions fell by 25% 2001–2007, even though much more coal is burned, reaching 30 million tons in 2006. Furthermore, fine-particle pollution has been exacerbated by a staggering citywide construction program which saw more than 160 million square meters (1.7 billion square feet) of new construction begun 2002–2007. Athletes may have some breathing problems, but in the long-run air quality is expected to remain a critical issue as the city grows beyond 20 million inhabitants.[262] The city also imposed road space rationing, which remained in force after the Olympics.", "Beijing Since the early 1980s, the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Ring Roads.[59][60] According to one 2005 newspaper report, the size of newly developed Beijing was one-and-a-half times larger than before.[61] Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts,[62] while Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China.[63] In recent years, the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization, such as heavy traffic, poor air quality, the loss of historic neighborhoods, and a significant influx of migrant workers from less-developed rural areas of the country.[64] Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history, principally the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[65] The city has also hosted major international events, including the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics.[66]", "2002 Winter Olympics The opening ceremony was held on February 8, 2002, and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24, 2002.[4] Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters.[6] Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics, although the two subsequent host cities' populations were larger.[7] Following a trend, the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games, with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.[8]", "Beijing National Aquatics Center After the 2008 Olympics the building underwent a 200Â -million yuan revamp to turn half of its interior into a water park.[4] The building officially reopened on August 8, 2010.[5] It will host the curling at the 2022 Winter Olympics.", "Winter Olympic Games World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics. The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo, Japan, but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China. The Games were then to be held at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939.[21] Due to the ongoing war, the 1944 Games, originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo, Italy, were cancelled.[22]", "Winter Olympic Games The Winter games has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location; the men's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course. As this is a focal event that is central to the Games, the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city.[111] The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena. Due to cost issues, the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries, and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs. Both the 2006 and 2010 Games, which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions, had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed.", "Beijing Beijing has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwa), characterized by higher humidity in the summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and colder, windier, drier winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone.[67] Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert across the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn, like Spring, is a season of transition and minimal precipitation. The monthly daily average temperature in January is −3.7 °C (25.3 °F), while in July it is 26.2 °C (79.2 °F). Precipitation averages around 570 mm (22 in) annually, with close to three-fourths of that total falling from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47% in July to 65% in January and February, the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) on 24 July 1999 (unofficial record of 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) was set on 15 June 1942).[68][69]", "2018 Winter Olympics On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.[5][6] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues.[7] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.[8][9] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.[10]", "2018 Winter Olympics The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012.[11] Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.[12]", "List of 2008 Summer Olympics medal winners The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, People's Republic of China, from 8 August to 24 August 2008.[Note 1] Approximately 11,028 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOC) participated.[1] Overall, 302 events in 28 sports were held; 165 events were opened to men, 127 were opened to women and 10 were mixed events. In total there was one more event than in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.[2]", "Beijing National Stadium On 1 November 2010, the IAAF announced that the 2015 World Championships in Athletics would place at the Beijing National Stadium.[37]", "Pyeongchang County On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang was announced to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics. The other candidates were Annecy, France and Munich, Germany. It is the third Winter Games in Asia after the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan and the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, in which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively.[39]", "2014 Winter Olympics Sochi was elected on 4 July 2007 during the 119th International Olympic Committee (IOC) session held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, defeating bids from Salzburg, Austria; and Pyeongchang, South Korea.[9] This is the first time that the Russian Federation has hosted the Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union was the host of the 1980 Summer Olympics held in and around Moscow.", "Beijing National Stadium Arsenal and Manchester City played each other in the inaugural ‘China Cup’, a one-off match in Beijing’s played on 27 July 2012. Manchester City won the match with a score of 2–0.[33]", "2022 Winter Olympics Critics questioned the Beijing bid, citing that the proposed outdoor venue sites do not have reliable snowfall in winter for snow sports. Concerns have been raised that snow may need to be transported to the venues at great cost and with uncertain environmental consequences.[44][45]", "Winter Olympic Games Sochi, Russia, was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics.[90] The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014.[91] A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 miles) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana.[90] The Games were the most expensive so far, with a cost of Â£30 billion (USD 51 billion).", "Beijing Beijing, (/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/)[8] formerly romanized as Peking,[9] is the capital of the People's Republic of China and the world's second most populous city proper and most populous capital city. The city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts.[10] Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China.[11]", "Beijing National Stadium The Beijing National Stadium at night during the Summer Olympics", "2022 Winter Olympics The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline set for 14 November 2013. The IOC Executive Board reviewed the bids from all applicant cities on 7 July 2014, and selected three cities, Oslo (Norway), Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Beijing (China) as the final candidate cities.", "Beijing National Stadium The stadium hosted the 2009 Race of Champions motor racing carnival.[36] Since 2014, the FIA Formula E Championship motor racing series hosts a round at the Beijing Olympic Park.", "Pyeongchang County Pyeongchang hosted the 1999 Asian Winter Games and 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games. The 2018 Winter Olympic Games were held in Pyeongchang. The 2009 IBU Biathlon World Championships were also held there.", "History of Beijing Over the next seven years, the city spent nearly ¥300 billion (about US$36 billion in 2005 exchange rate) in preparation.[258] The city built 12 permanent athletic venues and 8 temporary venues, expanded 11 existing venues, and renovated 45 practice facilities.[258][259] The bulk of the new venues was concentrated in the Olympic Green directly north of Tiananmen and the Forbidden City. Venues accounted for less than 5% of overall Olympic spending, the lion's share of which went to building infrastructure, including 578 km of express highways, six subway lines, Terminal 3 of the Capital Airport and the Beijing South Railway Station, and a high-speed high-speed railway to Tianjin.[258] To improve environmental quality, the city added nine sewage treatment plants, dredged 290 km of waterways and built waste incineration and wind power generation facilities.[258] From 2001 to 2007, the city's economy doubled in size and per capita income rose from $3,262 to $7,654.[258]", "History of Beijing The city of Beijing has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,000 years.[10][11] Prior to the unification of China by the First Emperor in 221 BC, Beijing had been for centuries the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan. During the first millennia of imperial rule, Beijing was a provincial city in northern China. Its stature grew in the 10th to the 13th centuries when the nomadic Khitan and forest-dwelling Jurchen peoples from beyond the Great Wall expanded southward and made the city a capital of their dynasties, the Liao and Jin. When Kublai Khan made Dadu the capital of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), all of China was ruled from Beijing for the first time. From 1279 onward, with the exception of two interludes from 1368 to 1420 and 1928 to 1949, Beijing would remain as China's capital, serving as the seat of power for the Ming dynasty (1421–1644), the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the early Republic of China (1912–1928) and now the People's Republic of China (1949–present).", "China at the Olympics Ye Qiaobo won China's first Winter Olympics medal in speed skating.", "2018 Winter Olympics The name of the host city has been intentionally formatted in all official materials as \"PyeongChang\", rather than \"Pyeongchang\". This is to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighbouring North Korea.[1]", "Olympic Games The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games. Figure skating (in 1908 and 1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics. The IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter activities. At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne, it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games. A winter sports week (it was actually 11Â days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France, in connection with the Paris Games held three months later; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games.[46] Although it was intended that the same country host both the Winter and Summer Games in a given year, this idea was quickly abandoned. The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart.[47] This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville, France; after that, beginning with the 1994 Games, the Winter Olympics were held every four years, two years after each Summer Olympics.[48]", "International Olympic Committee As planned, the alpine ski run and luge racing area of 2022 Beijing Olympic Winter Games will be built in the core area of Beijing Songshan National Reserves. A great number of valuable species such as Lonicera oblata and Cypripedium shanxiense S. C. Chen are found here and many of them can not be conserved through ex situ conservation. Many Chinese professionals of biology and environmentalists deemed that if the Olympic venues are developed in such area, the rare species and integrated ecological environment will be catastrophically collapsed. Chinese government intended to remove such area out from the range of the natural reserves and chose some other area with few rare species as the reserves. Besides, the comments regarding the strict compliance with laws and protection of Songshan National Reserves are widely deleted or restricted in China. All these actions have been criticized by some media and the professionals of biology in China.[62]", "Beijing As a city combining both modern and traditional architecture, Beijing is an ever-changing megacity rich in history but also truly modern, exemplified in its global influence in politics, business & economy, education, history, culture, language, music, sporting, architecture, civilization, fashion, art, entertainment, innovation, and technology. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation's political, cultural, and educational center.[12] It is home to the headquarters of most of China's largest state-owned companies and is a major hub for the national highway, expressway, railway, and high-speed rail networks. The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010,[13] and, as of 2016[update], the city's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world, after Shanghai's subway system.", "2022 Winter Olympics In the United States, the Games will be broadcast once again by NBCUniversal properties as part of its multi-year agreement with the IOC. Super Bowl LVI (the championship game of the National Football League's 2021 season) is provisionally scheduled for 6 February 2022, meaning that the Super Bowl would occur during an ongoing Olympics for the first time in its history. Super Bowl games have frequently been among the most-watched television broadcasts in the United States annually. Under the NFL's television contracts, rights to the Super Bowl rotate between the three networks CBS, Fox and NBC; Super Bowl LVI is scheduled to be broadcast by CBS. Competition between these two major sporting events is expected to have an impact on viewership numbers.[41] The last Super Bowl that was held during a Winter Olympic year, Super Bowl LII in 2018, took place on the Sunday before the Games.[42][43]", "Olympic Games The Games have also had significant negative effects on host communities; for example, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups.[75] The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi were the most expensive Olympic Games in history, costing in excess of US$50 billion. According to a report by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development that was released at the time of the games, this cost will not boost Russia's national economy, but may attract business to Sochi and the southern Krasnodar region of Russia in the future as a result of improved services.[76] But by December 2014, The Guardian stated that Sochi \"now feels like a ghost town\", citing the spread-out nature of the stadiums and arenas, the still-unfinished construction, and the overall effects of Russia's political and economic turmoil.[77] Furthermore, at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics, citing the high costs or the lack of local support,[78] resulting in only a two-city race between Almaty, Kazakhstan and Beijing, China. Thus in July 2016, The Guardian stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them.[79] Bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics also became a two-city race between Paris and Los Angeles, so the IOC took the unusual step of simultaneously awarding both the 2024 Games to Paris and the 2028 Games to Los Angeles.[80]", "Thomas Bach The first bidding process over which Thomas Bach presided over as President was the bidding process for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Bids were due in November 2013 and the host city, Beijing, was elected at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in July 2015. Lausanne was elected to host the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics during that same session.", "Olympic Games The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 found that sports-related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 are on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion. This does not include wider infrastructure costs like roads, urban rail, and airports, which often cost as much or more than the sports-related costs. The most expensive Summer Games are Beijing at USD 40-44[67] billion and the most expensive Winter Games are Sochi 2014 at USD 51 billion.[68][69] As of 2016, costs per athlete are on average USD 599,000 for the Summer Games and USD 1.3 million for the Winter Games. For London 2012, cost per athlete was USD 1.4 million; for Sochi 2014, USD 7.9 million.[69]", "China at the Olympics As host country, China won 48 golds, 22 silvers and 30 bronze, total 100 medals, ranked 1st at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.", "2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem.[1] The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020.", "2014 Winter Olympics With an average February temperature of 8.3 °C (42.8 °F) and a humid subtropical climate, Sochi is the warmest city to host a Winter Olympic Games.[17] Sochi 2014 is the 12th straight Olympics to outlaw smoking; all Sochi venues, Olympic Park bars and restaurants and public areas were smoke-free during the Games.[18] It is also the first time that an Olympic Park has been built for hosting winter games.[citation needed]", "International Olympic Committee International groups attempted to pressure the IOC to reject Beijing's bid in protest of the state of human rights in the People's Republic of China. One Chinese dissident who expressed similar sentiments was arrested and sentenced to two years in prison for calling on the IOC to do just that at the same time that IOC inspectors were touring the city.[54] Amnesty International expressed concern in 2006 regarding the Olympic Games to be held in China in 2008, likewise expressing concerns over the human rights situation. The second principle in the Fundamental Principles of Olympism, Olympic Charter states that The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of man, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity.[55] Amnesty International considers the policies and practices of the People's Republic as failing to meet that principle, and urged the IOC to press China to immediately enact human rights reform.[56]" ]	[ "List of Olympic Games host cities In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics). In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games." ]
test1337	who sang raindrops keep fallin on my head	[ "doc47337" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc47337", "doc47344", "doc47338", "doc47346", "doc47339", "doc47347", "doc47345", "doc47340", "doc47349", "doc47342", "doc47341", "doc47343", "doc47350", "doc2201893", "doc47348", "doc632411", "doc557953", "doc2595236", "doc780914", "doc2654195", "doc1030919", "doc200709", "doc1846442", "doc497622", "doc780911", "doc2602776", "doc70591", "doc2630338", "doc26094", "doc1172308", "doc497619", "doc2595240", "doc2602769", "doc2585551", "doc501153", "doc1816127", "doc2202595", "doc1433114", "doc719406", "doc497623", "doc653928", "doc166267", "doc1007404", "doc26095", "doc501154", "doc780915", "doc2585572", "doc1758152", "doc149301", "doc643116", "doc587817", "doc1172309", "doc1964530", "doc1499381", "doc2161307", "doc1228764", "doc171832", "doc644677", "doc2630334", "doc716656", "doc2025776", "doc527161", "doc166264", "doc2161318", "doc2173349", "doc1751887", "doc719404", "doc136", "doc166266", "doc2630340", "doc450741", "doc913135", "doc2194031", "doc2161322", "doc2536998", "doc944413", "doc1772924", "doc449568", "doc2044465", "doc1332830", "doc720176", "doc2033267", "doc1283003", "doc18961", "doc825250", "doc653925", "doc2525270", "doc1775624", "doc1323891", "doc1846450", "doc1405252", "doc1969527", "doc2628999", "doc497621", "doc272303", "doc450742", "doc457540", "doc1219268", "doc1223690", "doc70600" ]	[ "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.[2] It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[2] David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental break in double time while Paul Newman performed bicycle stunts.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head B. J. Thomas version", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head The single by B. J. Thomas reached number 1 on charts in the United States, Canada, Norway and reached number 38 in the UK Singles Chart.[2] It topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in January 1970 and was also the first American number-one hit of the 1970s. The song also spent seven weeks atop the Billboard adult contemporary chart.[3] Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song of 1970.[4] According to Billboard magazine, Thomas' single had sold over 2 million copies by March 14, 1970, with eight-track and cassette versions also climbing the charts.[5]", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head The song has been covered numerous times. In 1969, Craig Douglas released a version produced by Tony Hatch. From January 24 to March 13, 1970, it was a number-one hit (for seven weeks) in Australia on the Go-Set National Top 40 for local pop singer, Johnny Farnham.[15][19] In 1970, it was also covered by Dionne Warwick on her album I'll Never Fall in Love Again, by Engelbert Humperdinck on his album We Made It Happen, Johnny Mathis on his album Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head, Perry Como on his album It's Impossible, The Four Tops on their album Changing Times, Andy Williams on his album, Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head, and The Free Design on their album Stars/Time/Bubbles/Love. Portuguese-born television and radio presenter Pedro Biker released a Danish version re-entitled \"Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår\" in 1970.[20] A Swedish version was also made in 1970, \"Regnet det bara öser ner\" sung by Siw Malmkvist. Genesis referenced the song title in their lyrics of In the Cage\" in 1974.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head Ray Stevens was first offered the opportunity to record it for the film, but turned it down. He chose instead to record the song \"Sunday Morning Coming Down\", written by Kris Kristofferson. Bob Dylan is supposed to have been approached for the song, but he, too, reportedly declined.[6] The trumpet solos in the song are performed by Chuck Findley.[7]", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head It has been covered in French by French singer Sacha Distel, whose version Toute La Pluie Tombe Sur Moi was a number 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart,[2] and number 13 in Ireland, as well as number 10 in France. Distel also recorded a version with the original English lyrics, and another in Italian, Gocce Di Pioggia Su Di Me. Bobbie Gentry's version reached number 40 in the UK chart.[2] Paul Mauriat recorded it with his Grand Orchestra it 1973. It was the only known cover in the USSR.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head Johnny Farnham version", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head In 2004, it finished at number 23 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. In 2008, the single was ranked 85th on Billboard's Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs[8] and placed 95th in the 55th Anniversary edition of the All-Time Hot 100 list in 2013.[9] Billboard Magazine also ranked the song 15th on its Top 50 Movie Songs of All Time list in 2014.[10]", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head The Barry Sisters covered the song in a Yiddish version (\"Trop'ns Fin Regen Oif Mein Kop\") on their 1973 album Our Way.[25][26]", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head On December 3, 2013, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences announced that the single would be inducted into the 2014 Grammy Hall Of Fame.[12]", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head The song, initially when it came out, I believe it was October of 69, the movie didn't come out until December, it did get some bad reviews. It was a very unique and different sounding song, Bacharach and David never had any qualms about trying to do anything different, or push the envelope so to speak. So nowadays, it sounds pretty tame, but back then, radio resisted it to some degree. But, when the movie came out it hit hugely and sold about 200,000 to 300,000 records a day [and continued selling] for about three years.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" was used in the film Spy Hard, which parodied the scene in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Police Constable Pan-Am sings the opening lines at the end of his appearance in Series 2, Episode 4 of Monty Python's Flying Circus. It is on the soundtracks to Forrest Gump and Spider-Man 2, in the latter accentuating Peter Parker's blissful mood after abandoning his Spider-Man identity and its responsibilities. It was used in the Kevin Smith film Clerks II. The first episode of the second season of the popular medical drama Grey's Anatomy is named after the song. It is also used in The Simpsons, episode 16 of the fourth season, called \"Duffless\", at the end of the episode, while credits are presented. It was also used in a season 1 episode of Arrested Development entitled \"Altar Egos\". It was also used in the 2003 film The In-Laws starring Michael Douglas and Albert Brooks, which was a remake of the 1979 Peter Falk / Alan Arkin film.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head Lisa Miskovsky covered the song in the extended version of her self-titled (2004) album.[27]", "Suspicious Minds B. J. Thomas recorded the song for his 1969 album Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head.", "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head The Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers cover version is credited with adding greater nuance to the song, the Financial Times citing their recording as transforming the song from carefree optimism to \"an exhortation to keep going in the face of tragedy\" and noting that Bradfield's voice \"added grit to the facile lyric\".[21] The group often spent their downtime on the tour bus watching the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and incorporated the song into live sets. After the disappearance of lyricist Richey Edwards, the band decided to continue rather than split up. Having booked studio time in France to record their fourth album, Everything Must Go, they were invited to record for the War Child album The Help Album. The project required all songs to be recorded in one day.[22] While band biographer Simon Price has described the recording and release of the record as a \"coded message\" that the band still existed,[23] Bradfield recalls the events differently: \"...us putting it out wasn't planned as us saying 'We're OK, guys!', but the deadline was the next day after we'd arrived in this place, for some kind of new beginning.\"[22] The band's recorded version of the song contains the first recorded instance of drummer Sean Moore performing on trumpet,[23] and also appears on their 2003 B-sides and rarities compilation album Lipstick Traces (A Secret History of Manic Street Preachers). The Manics further reference the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid with the B-side \"Sepia\".[24]", "Hooked on a Feeling “Hooked on a Feeling” is a 1968 pop song written by Mark James and originally performed by B. J. Thomas. Thomas's version featured the sound of the electric sitar, and reached number five in 1969 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] It has been recorded by many other artists, including Blue Swede, whose version reached number one in the United States in 1974.[2] The Blue Swede version made singer Björn Skifs' \"Ooga-Chaka-Ooga-Ooga\" intro well known (and famous in Sweden at the time), although it had been used originally by British musician Jonathan King in his 1971 version of the song.[3]", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid The film won four Academy Awards: Best Cinematography; Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical); Best Music, Song (Burt Bacharach and Hal David for \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\"); and Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Material Not Previously Published or Produced. It was also nominated for Best Director, Best Picture, and Best Sound (William Edmondson and David Dockendorf).[19]", "Paul Williams (songwriter) Paul Hamilton Williams, Jr.[2] (born September 19, 1940)[3][4][5] is an American composer, singer, songwriter and actor. He is perhaps best known for writing popular songs performed by a number of acts in the 1970s, including Three Dog Night's \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" and \"Out in the Country\", Helen Reddy's \"You and Me Against the World\", David Bowie's \"Fill Your Heart\", and the Carpenters' \"We've Only Just Begun\" and \"Rainy Days and Mondays\", as well as for his contributions to films, such as writing the lyrics to the #1 chart-topping \"Evergreen\", the love theme from A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand, for which he won a Grammy for Song of the Year and an Academy Award for Best Original Song; and \"Rainbow Connection\" from The Muppet Movie. He also wrote the lyrics to the opening theme for The Love Boat, with music previously composed by Charles Fox, which was originally sung by Jack Jones and, later, by Dionne Warwick.", "Don't Rain on My Parade American singer Bobby Darin[1][better source needed] performed a version of \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" on the 1965 album In a Broadway Bag[2][better source needed].", "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (film) Allen adapted her play into a film, which was directed by Ronald Neame. Maggie Smith won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role. There was also a notable performance from Pamela Franklin as Sandy, for which she won the National Board of Review award for Best Supporting Actress. It was entered in the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.[3] Rod McKuen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song for \"Jean\", but lost to Burt Bacharach and Hal David's \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" from another 20th Century Fox film, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. \"Jean\" also became a huge hit for the singer Oliver in the autumn of 1969.", "Manic Street Preachers The band's first musical appearance since Edwards' departure was recording a cover of \"Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head\" for The Help Album, a charity effort in 1995 in support of aid efforts in war-torn Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2]", "Layne Staley When Staley was 2 years old, his favorite song was \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" by B. J. Thomas, he would sing it even though he did not know the words.[15] He joined a rhythm band in Bellevue when he was 2 or 3 years old, and was the youngest in the group.[15] At 9 years old, Staley wrote in his Dr. Seuss book, \"All About Me\", that he wanted to be a singer.[15]", "Sunny (Bobby Hebb song) \"Sunny\" is a song written by Bobby Hebb, from 1966. It is one of the most performed and recorded popular songs, with hundreds of versions released. BMI rates \"Sunny\" number 25 in its \"Top 100 songs of the century\".[1] The song is also known by its first line: \"Sunny, yesterday my life was filled with rain\".[2]", "Singin' in the Rain (song) A 1978 disco version of Singin' in the Rain by the French pop singer Sheila B. Devotion made No. 3 in the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles[10] and the Netherlands Top 100,[11] No. 4 on the Nationale Hitparade,[12] No. 11 on the German[13] and UK Singles Chart,[14] No. 2 on the Swedish Singles Chart,[15] No. 3 on the Italian Singles Chart[16] and No. 30 on the Hot Dance Club Songs.[17]", "Don't Rain on My Parade \"Don't Rain on My Parade\" is a popular song from the 1964 musical Funny Girl. It was also featured in the 1968 movie version of the musical. The song was written by Bob Merrill and Jule Styne. Both the movie and stage versions feature Barbra Streisand performing the song. In 2004 it finished No. 46 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.", "Crying in the Rain \"Crying in the Rain\" was covered by many other artists. In 1972, Penny DeHaven in duet with Del Reeves released a Country version on a single only (Billboard country chart #54).[23] Country singer Tammy Wynette covered the song in 1981, bringing it to the top 20 of the US country singles charts and #11 in the Canadian RPM Country 50 Singles.[24] In 1989 it was covered by Blessings in Disguise, a band composed of Dave Hill and Noddy Holder of British hard rock band, Slade. The song was released as a single, backed with the Dave Hill written track, \"Wild Nites\". The song was also covered by Crystal Gayle on her 1981 album Hollywood, Tennessee and by the British duo Peter and Gordon. Singer Art Garfunkel, of Simon and Garfunkel fame, covered the song in his album Up 'til Now (1993) in a duet with James Taylor. Released in 2010 on Micky Dolenz King For a Day album. \nThe song was also covered by the Eurovision Song Contest winner Johnny Logan. German band Gregorian covered the song on their album Masters of Chant Chapter VI. Urban Symphony, an Estonian group, sing this song for a gala. Also covered by Jan and Dean on 1968's Save for a Rainy Day album.\nThe song was covered my Marty Kristian of the New Seekers in 1973 \"Crying In The Rain\"/\"A Woman Grows\" (Polydor 2058 394)", "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\" is a popular music ballad written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell. Originally recorded by Kelly Gordon in 1969, the song became a worldwide hit for The Hollies later that year and again for Neil Diamond in 1970. It has been covered by many artists in subsequent years. The Hollies' and Rufus Wainwright's versions of the song were featured in the film Zoolander.", "Bobby Hebb \"Sunny\" was recorded in New York City after demos were made with the record producer Jerry Ross. Released as a single in 1966, \"Sunny\" reached No. 3 on the R&B charts, No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 12 in the United Kingdom.[2][3][4] When Hebb toured with The Beatles in 1966 his \"Sunny\" was, at the time of the tour, ranked higher than any Beatles song then on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[citation needed] BMI rated \"Sunny\" number 25 in its \"Top 100 songs of the century\".", "Rainy Days and Mondays \"Rainy Days and Mondays\" is a 1971 song by The Carpenters, with instrumental backing by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew,[1] that went to number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and it was the duo's fourth number 1 song on the Adult Contemporary singles chart.[2] However, the song failed to chart in the United Kingdom until it went to number 63 in a reissue there in 1993. \"Rainy Days and Mondays\" was certified Gold by the RIAA.", "Rhythm of the Rain \"Rhythm of the Rain\" is a song performed by The Cascades, released in November 1962. It was written by Cascades band member John Claude Gummoe. It rose to number three on the US pop chart on March 9, 1963, and spent two weeks at number one on the US Easy Listening chart.[1] Billboard ranked the record as the No. 4 song of 1963.[2]", "Singin' in the Rain (song) \"Singin' in the Rain\" was first performed by Doris Eaton Travis in the 1931 revue The Hollywood Music Box Revue.[1] The song became a hit and was recorded by a number of artists, notably Cliff Edwards, who also performed the number with the Brox Sisters in the early MGM musical The Hollywood Revue of 1929. B.A. Rolfe and his Lucky Strike Orchestra recorded the song possibly as early as 1928 but perhaps 1929.[2] The song was performed by Annette Hanshaw in her album Volume 6, on film by Jimmy Durante in Speak Easily (1932), by Judy Garland in Little Nellie Kelly (1940), and as background music at the beginning of MGM's The Divorcee (1930) starring Norma Shearer.", "Paul Williams (songwriter) Williams began his professional songwriting career with Biff Rose in Los Angeles. The two men first met while working together on a television comedy show. Together, they wrote the song \"Fill Your Heart\" which was recorded by Rose on his first album, The Thorn in Mrs. Roses Side. Soon thereafter Tiny Tim covered it as the B-side of his hit \"Tiptoe Through the Tulips\" (1968). David Bowie also recorded a faithful version of the song on his album Hunky Dory (1971). Rose and Williams also wrote \"I'll Walk Away\" (recorded by Rose on his third, eponymous album). Rose was instrumental in getting Williams his break with A&M Records which resulted in Williams working with songwriter Roger Nichols. Williams and Nichols were responsible for a number of successful pop hits from the 1970s, including several hits for Three Dog Night (the aforementioned \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\", as well as \"The Family of Man\" and \"Out in the Country\"), Helen Reddy (\"You and Me Against the World\"), and the Carpenters, most notably \"Rainy Days and Mondays\", \"I Won't Last a Day Without You\", and \"We've Only Just Begun\", originally a song for a Crocker National Bank television commercial featuring newlyweds, and which has since become a cover-band standard and de rigueur for weddings throughout North America. An early collaboration with Roger Nichols, \"Someday Man\", was covered by The Monkees (a group for which he auditioned but was not chosen)[8] on a 1969 single, and was the first Monkees' release not published by Screen Gems. He also auditioned for, but was not selected to be, a Mouseketeer. Bobby Sherman also sang \"Cried Like a Baby\". Anne Murray sang \"Talk It Over in the Morning\". He also wrote the cantata Wings with music by Michel Colombier.", "Crying in the Rain \"Crying in the Rain\" is a song written by Howard Greenfield and Carole King and originally recorded by The Everly Brothers. The single peaked at #6 on the U.S. pop charts in 1962.[1]", "Rain (Beatles song) \"Rain\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles first released in May 1966 as the B-side of the \"Paperback Writer\" single. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for the album Revolver although neither appears on that album.", "Here's That Rainy Day Sinatra also performed the song during three concerts in 1974, at Caesar's Palace, in Philadelphia and Saratoga, New York.[4] Former late-night talk show host Johnny Carson said that \"Here's That Rainy Day\" by Frank Sinatra was his favorite ballad. Carson and Bette Midler famously sang the song on the next-to-last show of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on May 21, 1992. Singer/songwriter Paul Williams also once sang the song on the show in full ape make up as part of promotion for his latest film Battle For the Planet of the Apes. After Carson's death in 2005, Doc Severinsen, Tommy Newsom, and Ed Shaughnessy performed the song along with Paul Shaffer and the CBS Orchestra on Late Show with David Letterman.[5]", "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain In October 1975, the song became Nelson's first No. 1 hit as a singer, and at year's end was the third-biggest song of 1975 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.[3] In addition, the song gained modest airplay on Top 40 radio, reaching number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4]", "I Can Sing a Rainbow A recording by the Dells of the song in a medley with \"Love is Blue\" reached number 22 in the US pop charts in 1969.[2]", "The Man Who Fell to Earth Performed by John Phillips:", "I'll Never Fall in Love Again The first recording of \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" to reach any of the charts in Billboard was by Johnny Mathis, whose cover debuted on the magazine's Easy Listening chart in the issue dated May 17, 1969, and reached number 35 over the course of three weeks there.[8] Bacharach's own version, which was sung by a female chorus, overtook the Mathis release after a May 31 debut on that same chart and got as high as number 18 during its nine-week stay.[9] It also peaked at number 93 on the Hot 100 during the two weeks it spent there in July.[10] Bobbie Gentry entered the UK singles chart with the song the following month, on August 30, and enjoyed one of her 19 weeks there at number one.[3] She also peaked at number one in Ireland,[11] number three in South Africa,[12] and number five in Norway.[13]", "Singin' in the Rain (song) In 2010, Dutch pop singer Taco released a version of it as his second single from After Eight, which peaked at No. 49 in Germany, No. 46 in Canada and No. 98 in the UK.[18][19][20]", "I Wish It Would Rain \"I Wish It Would Rain\" has been covered by a number of artists, including Percy Sledge (1994 on his Blue Night album), Gladys Knight & the Pips (peaking in the US at number 41 pop and 15 R&B).[5] Marvin Gaye, Aretha Franklin from Get It Right (1983), Little Caesar, have also recorded versions of the song. Overseas, The Faces, recorded a 1973 cover and was a hit in the United Kingdom. Gaye's version, produced under a funk sound and featuring just him in vocals, was the B-side to his number-one hit \"Let's Get It On\".", "Rainy Night in Georgia David Ruffin recorded a cover version of the song the same year as Benton, but Motown did not release the album until the 2000s. B.J. Thomas also recorded the song the same year as Benton for his album Most of All.[4]", "I Think It's Going to Rain Today Despite the many covers, it charted only twice, once in Canada in 1970 for Tom Northcott and in the UK in 1980 for UB40.[citation needed] The UB40 single was a double A-side with \"My Way of Thinking\", which was the first-named track and received most of the radio airplay. However, the German single (which appeared later) had \"I Think It's Going to Rain Today\" as the A-side.", "Rainy Days and Mondays The song was composed in 1971 by the then fairly unknown composers Roger Nichols and Paul Williams. It was released as the first track on the album Carpenters, popularly known as the Tan Album, and the B-side on the single is \"Saturday\", written and sung by Richard Carpenter.", "Here's That Rainy Day The song has been recorded by many singers from different genres, including Tony Bennett, Dee Dee Bridgewater,Glen Campbell (on a Dionne Warwick Television special \"Dionne Warwick Souled Out,\" The Stan Kenton Orchestra, June Christy, Rosemary Clooney, Perry Como, Vic Damone, Billy Eckstine, Ella Fitzgerald, Lou Rawls, Astrud Gilberto (with Stan Getz), Lena Horne, Phyllis Hyman, Jack Jones, Gerard Kenny, Steve Lawrence, Peggy Lee, Kenny Rankin, Della Reese, Frank Sinatra, Kiri Te Kanawa, Mel Torme, Sarah Vaughan, Andy Williams and Nancy Wilson. It is also a favorite of jazz instrumentalists, with renditions by Joe Pass, Gene Ammons, Chet Baker, Ray Brown, Dave Brubeck, Paul Desmond, Bill Evans, Art Farmer, Freddie Hubbard, Wes Montgomery, Art Pepper, Oscar Peterson, Kenny Rogers, Toots Thielemans, Urbie Green, Alvin \"Red\" Tyler, L.A. Jazz Quintet and McCoy Tyner, among many others.*Stan Getz and João Gilberto – Getz/Gilberto Vol. 2 (1964)[6]", "Don't Rain on My Parade The song was covered by many artists, among the notable ones are Nancy Wilson in 1964, Bobby Darin in 1966, Shirley Bassey in 1965 and by Only Men Aloud! in 2008. The Bobby Darin version was used in the film American Beauty and the trailer for Catch Me If You Can.", "Rain (Beatles song) In 2016 Aloe Blacc sings it as Boris the Frog in the eponymous Beat Bugs episode 3b.", "I Just Can't Help Believing The song was most successful after it was recorded by B.J. Thomas and released as a single in 1970. It went to number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and spent one week at number one on the Easy Listening (adult contemporary) chart.[1]", "Baby the Rain Must Fall The title song, with music composed by Elmer Bernstein and lyrics written by Ernie Sheldon, was performed by Glenn Yarbrough during the opening credits. Yarborough's recording reached #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Easy Listening [7] chart. An instrumental version of the title song is used on some versions of film.", "The Rain, the Park & Other Things \"The Rain, the Park & Other Things\" is a psychedelic pop song with music and lyrics co-written by Artie Kornfeld and Steve Duboff. The song was recorded by the pop band The Cowsills, and included on their 1967 album The Cowsills (MGM E/SE-4498). Released as a single, the song reached #2 on the Billboard charts.[1] The single cemented the group's international popularity and sold some three million copies over the years. It ties with 1969's \"Hair\" as the group's biggest hit, as both reached No. 2 in the U.S. It reached No. 1 in Canada's RPM Magazine charts.", "It Might as Well Rain Until September The song was written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin and intended for Bobby Vee, for whom they had already written the song \"Take Good Care of My Baby\", a number one hit in the United States in 1961 and which remains Vee's biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100. King recorded the demo version of the song[1] and this version was released as a double A-side single with \"Nobody's Perfect\". Although she had recorded earlier for ABC-Paramount and Alpine Records, '.....September' was Carole King's first commercial success as a singer, having already had a number of hits as a songwriter. The recording was only ever intended as a demo, and as such there is no master tape, only an acetate. This is the reason why all digital releases of this recording are of inferior quality compared to other songs of this era. However, Don Kirshner liked Carole King's version of \"September\" so much that even after hearing Bobby Vee's version, he decided to release King's version as a single on the Dimension label.[2] Carole King had two small children and did not have any interest in traveling the country to promote the record. Despite this, Carole King was ultimately persuaded by Don Kirshner and Gerry Goffin to appear on Dick Clark's American Bandstand, where King lip-synched to the record (as was almost always done on the show) and, unlike many other performers who were given good ratings, was given a terrible rating of a 42 out of 100 by the Bandstand kids.[1] While King was devastated by the terribly-rated performance, the song still became popular.", "Rhythm of the Rain The song was also a top 5 hit in the United Kingdom and a number-one single in Ireland. In Canada, the song was on the CHUM Chart for a total of 12 weeks and reached number 1 in March 1963.[3] In 1999 BMI listed the song as the ninth most performed song on radio/TV in the 20th century.[4]", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (soundtrack) Barry also composed the love song \"We Have All the Time in the World\" sung by Louis Armstrong. With lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, it is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. \"We Have All the Time in the World\" is often mistakenly referred to as the opening credits theme. It was Armstrong's last recorded song (he died of a heart attack two years later). At the time, the song barely made an impact on the charts. A second song, \"Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown?\" also features in the film, performed by Danish singer Nina, being included to underscore several scenes.", "Carole Bayer Sager Sager was born in Manhattan to Anita Nathan Bayer and Eli Bayer.[1] Her family was Jewish.[2] She graduated from New York University, where she majored in English, dramatic arts and speech. She had already written her first pop hit, \"A Groovy Kind of Love\", with Toni Wine, while still a student at New York City's High School of Music and Art.[3] It was recorded by the British invasion band the Mindbenders, whose version was a worldwide hit, reaching #2 on the Billboard Hot 100. This song was later recorded by Sonny & Cher, Petula Clark, and Phil Collins, whose rendition for the film Buster reached number one in 1988. She also had a career as a singer, including her 1977 Australian number one single \"You're Moving Out Today\", which also reached Number 6 in the UK singles chart in June 1977.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song) \"Alfie\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David to promote the 1966 film Alfie. The song was a major hit for Cilla Black (UK) and Dionne Warwick (US).", "Please Help Me, I'm Falling On August 1, 1967, Charley Pride covered the song. His version was not released as a single, and remained unreleased until it was included on his 1997 album The Essential Charley Pride.[10]", "With a Little Help from My Friends \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt. Pepper, with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\".", "The Look of Love (1967 song) \"The Look of Love\" is a popular song composed by Burt Bacharach and Hal David and sung by English pop singer Dusty Springfield, which appeared in the 1967 spoof James Bond film Casino Royale. In 2008, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[1] It also received a Best Song nomination in the 1968 Academy Awards.", "Bobby Hebb Robert Von \"Bobby\" Hebb (July 26, 1938 â€’ August 3, 2010)[1] was an American R&B/soul singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer known for his 1966 hit entitled \"Sunny\".", "I Love a Rainy Night \"I Love a Rainy Night\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eddie Rabbitt. It was released in November 1980 as the second single from his album Horizon. It reached number one on the Hot Country Singles,[1] Billboard Hot 100, and Adult Contemporary Singles [2] charts in 1981. The song succeeded Dolly Parton's song \"9 to 5\" at the number 1 position on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart - the last time, to date, that the pop chart featured back-to-back country singles in the number one position. It was written by Rabbitt, Even Stevens and David Malloy.", "Walkin' in the Rain with the One I Love The song is notable for White's vocal appearance as a voice on the telephone. The lush sound and romantic atmosphere led to this becoming Love Unlimited's first hit record, eventually rising to #14 both in the UK and on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, as well as reaching #6 on the Soul Singles chart in the spring of 1972.[1]", "(They Long to Be) Close to You The song was first recorded by Richard Chamberlain and released as a single in 1963 as \"They Long to Be Close to You\", without parentheses. However, only that single's flip side, \"Blue Guitar\", became a hit. The tune was also recorded as a demo by Dionne Warwick in 1963 and re-recorded with a Burt Bacharach arrangement for her 1964 album Make Way for Dionne Warwick, and was released as the B-side of her 1965 single \"Here I Am\". Bacharach released his own version in 1971. But the version recorded by Carpenters with instrumental backing by L.A. studio musicians from the Wrecking Crew,[1] which became a hit in 1970, is the best known.", "Rainy Night in Georgia Included on his \"come-back\" album Brook Benton Today, the melancholy song became an instant hit. In the spring of 1970, the song had topped the Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles chart. It also reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100,[1] and number two on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, the song made #2 on the RPM Magazine Hot Singles chart, #2 on the AC Chart, and #58 in the 1970 Year End Chart.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song) Rather than utilize Black's version, United Artists commissioned a new version of the song \"Alfie\" by the American singer/actress Cher who was on the roster of Imperial Records. Recorded at Gold Star Studios, Cher's version of \"Alfie\" was released at the end of June 1966 almost two months prior to the film's US premiere (August 25, 1966); Sonny Bono's production showcased the song Ã la Phil Spector. Despite being the follow-up to the #2 hit \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\" Cher's version of \"Alfie\" rose no higher than #32.[10] Cher's version was also a top 40 hit in Canada, reaching #36.[11]", "Let It Shine (Linda Hargrove song) Two years later, \"Let It Shine\" was the second single released from Olivia Newton-John's 1975 album Clearly Love, produced by John Farrar. In January 1976, the single went to number one on the US Easy Listening (adult contemporary) chart and number thirty on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] \"Let It Shine\" peaked at number five on the US Country chart.[3] The B-side of \"Let It Shine\" was a cover of Bobby Scott-Bob Russell classic \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\".", "An Old Fashioned Love Song According to the Karen Carpenter biography Little Girl Blue by Randy L. Schmidt, Williams originally intended the song for The Carpenters, who were in the middle of a string of hits with their own brand of \"old fashioned love songs,\" including two of Williams' own compositions, \"We've Only Just Begun\" and \"Rainy Days and Mondays.\" Although this was the first song Williams had written specifically for the Carpenters, Richard Carpenter rejected it, and so Williams offered the song to Three Dog Night. The Carpenters never recorded the song, but did perform it live on television with Carol Burnett a few months later.[3]", "I'll Never Fall in Love Again \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" is a popular song by composer Burt Bacharach and lyricist Hal David that was written for the 1968 musical Promises, Promises. Several recordings of the song were released in 1969, the most popular of which was by Dionne Warwick, who took it to number six on Billboard magazine's Hot 100[1] and spent three weeks with it at number one on the magazine's list of the 40 most popular Easy Listening songs in the US.[2] Another best-selling version was by Bobbie Gentry, who topped the UK chart.[3]", "Can't Help Falling in Love \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Presley's publishing company. It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss.[2] The melody is based on \"Plaisir d'amour\",[4] a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1784). The song was featured in Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii. During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts.", "Rainy Night in Georgia The song has been covered by a number of musicians, including Ray Charles, Otis Rush, Gil Parris, Little Milton, Dolla, Hearts Of Stone, Randy Crawford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Al Hirt, Johnny Rivers, Amos Garrett, Hank Williams, Jr.(#21 Can.), Nat Stuckey, a Conway Twitty/Sam Moore duet (#33 Can.), Arthur Prysock, Aaron Neville, Chris Young, Ana Popovic and Shelby Lynne.[2] Randy Crawford's version from the album Secret Combination reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart in 1981.[3]", "Bobby Hebb Hebb also had lesser hits with his \"A Satisfied Mind\" in 1966 (No. 39 on the Billboard chart and No. 40 on the R&B chart) and \"Love Me\" in 1967 (No. 84),[3] and wrote many other songs, including Lou Rawls' 1971 hit \"A Natural Man\" (co-written with comedian Sandy Baron). Six years prior to \"Sunny\", Hebb reached the New York City Top 50 with a remake of Roy Acuff's \"Night Train to Memphis\". In 1972, his single \"Love Love Love\" reached No. 32 on the UK charts.[4]", "Little Green Apples \"Little Green Apples\" is a song written by Bobby Russell. Originally written for and released by American recording artist Roger Miller in 1968, it was also released as a single by American recording artists Patti Page and O. C. Smith in separate occasions that same year. Miller's version became a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and on the UK Singles Chart, while Page's version became her last Hot 100 entry and Smith's version became a No. 2 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song earned Russell two Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Country Song. In 2013, \"Little Green Apples\" was covered by English recording artist Robbie Williams featuring American recording artist Kelly Clarkson, which became a top 40 hit in Mexico.", "Snowbird (song) \"Snowbird\" is a song by the Canadian songwriter Gene MacLellan. Though it has been recorded by many performers (including Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley), it is best known through Anne Murray's 1969 recording, which—after appearing as an album track in mid-1969—was eventually released as a single in the summer of 1970. It was a No. 2 hit on Canada's pop chart and went to No. 1 on both the Canadian adult contemporary and country charts. The song reached No. 8 on the U.S. pop singles chart, spent six weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart, and became a surprise Top 10 U.S. country hit as well. It was certified as a gold single by the RIAA, the first American Gold record ever awarded to a Canadian solo female artist.[1] The song peaked at No. 23 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2003 it was an inaugural song inductee of the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.[2]", "Gary and Dave The pair continued to record with Hambleton in 1974,[1] and toured in western Canada with Jay Telfer.[2] They had further hits with \"I Fell In Love With You Sometime\" and a cover of Carole King's \"It Might As Well Rain Until September.\" They had six further singles through 1976, the last one on Polydor,[3] and made two albums for Axe plus a Greatest Hits compilation.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song) \"Alfie\" would not become a Top 15 hit in the US until the spring and summer of 1967 when Dionne Warwick, the most prolific interpreter of Bacharach/David compositions and the composers' original choice to record the song. Warwick's version peaked to #15 on the Billboard Hot 100, #5 on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart and #10 on the Canadian Singles Chart. Introduced on the December 1966 album release Here Where There Is Love, Warwick's version of \"Alfie\" had been an impromptu addition to a recording session at A&R Studio in New York City whose scheduled tracks had been completed early; Scepter Records A&R man Steve Tyrell suggested to Burt Bacharach that the booked time remaining be put to use by having Warwick record a version of \"Alfie\". Warwick, though feeling it pointless to increase the song's massive cover version count (there were by then some forty-two recorded versions of the song), was persuaded to record the song, cutting her vocal in a single take.", "Hier encore The song has been performed and recorded by many international stars, such as Bing Crosby, Shirley Bassey, Dusty Springfield, Roy Clark, Mel Torme, Lena Horne, Andy Williams, Jimmy Durante,[3] Bobby Bare, Al Martino, The Peanuts, Glen Campbell, Julio Iglesias, Eddy Mitchell, Dean Reed,[4] Johnny Mathis, Marc Almond, Patricia Kaas, Nora Aunor, etc., and an uptempo version by Blossom Dearie. According to Billboard, more than 90 versions of the song were recorded before 1972.[5]", "Before the Next Teardrop Falls (song) \"Before the Next Teardrop Falls\" was one of six songs released in 1975 that topped both the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard Hot Country Singles charts. The others were \"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\" by B.J. Thomas; \"Rhinestone Cowboy\" by Glen Campbell; \"Thank God I'm a Country Boy\" and the two-sided hit \"I'm Sorry\"/\"Calypso\" by John Denver; and \"Convoy\" by C.W. McCall.", "It Looks Like Rain in Cherry Blossom Lane It was first recorded by Arthur Tracy, \"The Street Singer\".[1] In July 1937, the recording of the song by Guy Lombardo, with vocals by his brother, Lebert Lombardo, reached number 1 on the Billboard Best Seller chart, and another version, by Shep Fields, reached number 6.[2][3] The song was also recorded by Lennie Hayton (1937), Gracie Fields (1937), Joe Loss (1937), The Lennon Sisters (1957), and Debbie Reynolds (1960), among others.", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film) Barry also composed the love song \"We Have All the Time in the World\", with lyrics by Burt Bacharach's regular lyricist Hal David, sung by Louis Armstrong.[42] It is heard during the Bond–Tracy courtship montage, bridging Draco's birthday party in Portugal and Bond's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern, Switzerland. [47] Barry recalled Armstrong was very ill, but recorded the song in one take.[48] The song was re-released in 1994, achieving the number three position during a 13-week spell in the UK charts.[49] A Hal David song entitled \"Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown?\" performed by Danish singer Nina also featured in the film in several scenes.[50]", "Wishin' and Hopin' \"Wishin' and Hopin'\" is a song, written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach, which was a Top 10 hit for Dusty Springfield in 1964.", "Stephen Bishop (singer) Earl Stephen Bishop[1] (born November 14, 1951) is an American singer-songwriter, actor, and guitarist. His biggest hits include \"On and On\", \"It Might Be You\" and \"Save It for a Rainy Day\". He has appeared in and contributed musically to many motion pictures including National Lampoon's Animal House.", "It Never Rains in Southern California \"It Never Rains in Southern California\", written by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood, is a song first released by Hammond, a British born singer-songwriter, in 1972. Instrumental backing was provided by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew.[2] The song is from his album, It Never Rains in Southern California. Hammond's version peaked at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 that year.", "Until It's Time for You to Go The lyrics concern an ordinary man and woman who love each other, but cannot stay together because they come from different worlds. The singer asks her (or his) lover: \"Don't ask why/Don't ask how/Don't ask forever/Love me now.\" According to Sainte-Marie, the song \"popped into my head while I was falling in love with someone I knew couldn't stay with me.\"[2] Besides The Four Pennies, Diamond and Presley, it has been covered by Paul Anka, Eddy Arnold, Chet Atkins, Emilie-Claire Barlow, Shirley Bassey, The Boston Pops Orchestra, Glen Campbell, Vikki Carr, Anita Carter, Cher, Jim Croce, Bobby Darin, Bette Davis, Ken Dodd, Roberta Flack, Robert Goulet, Françoise Hardy, Cleo Laine, Pierre Lalonde (in French), Claudine Longet, Joe Longthorne, Vera Lynn, Johnny Mathis, Willie Nelson, Michael Nesmith, New Birth, Helen Reddy, Nancy Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Grover Washington, Jr., Evie Sands, Dottie West, and Andy Williams.", "Robin Ward (singer) Along with her TV, movie and advertising singing, Ward is heard on hundreds of pop recordings, including backing Barbra Streisand on \"Stoney End\". and other major recording artists including Nat King Cole, Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Gordon Lightfoot, the Carpenters, Cass Elliot, and Joan Baez. Ward did broadcast recordings of musicals Hair, Grease, Annie, and Hello Dolly. Ward sang a duet with Allan Sherman on his song Here's To the Crabgrass from his 1963 comedy album My Son The Nut. In 1967, she sang on Gábor Szabó's album for Impulse!, Wind, Sky And Diamonds, as a member of The California Dreamers.", "Blue Mink from \"Melting Pot\", Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway.[2]", "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do) \"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)\" is a song performed and co-written by American singer-songwriter Christopher Cross, which was the main theme for the 1981 film Arthur starring Dudley Moore and Liza Minnelli. The song won the Oscar for Best Original Song in 1982.[1] In the US, it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and on the Hot Adult Contemporary charts during October 1981, remaining at the top on the Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks. Overseas, it also went to number one on the VG-lista chart in Norway, and was a top ten hit in several other countries. The song became the second and last American number one hit by Christopher Cross.[2] It was included as a bonus track only on the CD & Cassette versions of his second album Another Page, released in 1983.", "I Wish It Would Rain The song is one of the most melancholy in the Temptations repertoire, with lead singer David Ruffin delivering, in a pained voice, the story of a heartbroken man who wants to hide his sorrow. His woman has just left him, and he wishes that it would start raining, to hide the tears falling down his face because \"a man ain't supposed to cry\". Accompanying Ruffin's mourning vocal are the vocals of his bandmates (Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, and Otis Williams) alongside the subdued instrumentation of The Funk Brothers studio band, and, courtesy of Whitfield, sound effects depicting the \"sunshine and blue skies\", with the sound of chirping seagulls, and the sound of thunder and rain described in the song. Producer Norman Whitfield devised much of the musical structure of the song, with former Motown artist Barrett Strong composing the song's signature piano intro on a piano with only ten working keys.[1] Motown staff writer Roger Penzabene provided the song's lyrics.", "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born) \"Evergreen\" (also called \"Love Theme from A Star Is Born\") is the theme song from the 1976 film A Star Is Born. It was composed and performed by Barbra Streisand with lyrics by Paul Williams,[1] and arranged by Ian Freebairn-Smith.[2] The song was released on the soundtrack album to A Star Is Born.", "Crooner Due to the country songs popularized by Bing Crosby, the crooning style of singing became an enduring part of country music.[7] Bing Crosby achieved a million seller with his 1940 rendition of the song \" San Antonio Rose\", originally recorded by Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys. In 1942 Perry Como had a smash hit with \"Deep in the Heart of Texas\"; Bing Crosby, who had an enormous influence on Perry Como, covered this song and took it to the #3 position in the US chart that same year. Eddy Arnold, Jim Reeves and Ray Price are especially well known for their country crooner standards.[8][9][10] Dean Martin is rather famous for the country music he recorded in the period when he was working for Reprise Records. Fellow Italian-American crooner Perry Como recorded several albums with country producer Chet Atkins in Nashville. Regular, non-country crooners scored hits with pop versions of country-songs: Tony Bennett had a Billboard #1 hit in 1951 with his rendition of Hank Williams' \"Cold, Cold Heart\", which was also performed by Louis Armstrong; Perry Como had a Billboard #1 hit in 1953 with his version of \"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\", a #1 country hit for its author Slim Willet and a #4 country hit for Ray Price; Guy Mitchell scored a Billboard #1 in 1959 with \"Heartaches by the Number\", a country-hit for Ray Price; Engelbert Humperdinck achieved a 1967 UK #1 hit with \"Release Me\", another song already made famous by Ray Price in 1954. In 1970 Ray Price had a #1 U.S. country hit and a #11 Billboard Hot 100 hit with the song \"For the Good Times\" written by Kris Kristofferson; subsequently Perry Como's rendition reached #7 in 1973 on the U.K. singles chart.", "In the Summertime \"In the Summertime\" is the debut single by British rock band Mungo Jerry. Written and composed by its lead singer, Ray Dorset, it celebrates the carefree days of summer. In 1970, it reached number one in charts around the world, including seven weeks on the UK Singles Chart, two weeks on one of the Canadian charts, and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the US. It became one of the best-selling singles of all-time, eventually selling more than 10 million copies.[3]", "Sunny (Bobby Hebb song) \"Sunny\" was recorded at Bell Sound Studios in New York City and released as a single in 1966. It met an immediate success, which resulted in Hebb touring in 1966 with The Beatles. The song peaked at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in late August 1966.", "Boulder to Birmingham Danoff recorded the song with his group, the Starland Vocal Band, on their self-titled debut album. A version of the song was a hit in New Zealand for The Hollies, reaching number ten there, and later appeared on their album A Crazy Steal. A version was recorded in 1975 by Scott Walker and The Walker Brothers on their No Regrets album. In 2012, American alternative rock band, The Fray, released a cover of the song featuring Harris as a bonus track on their record, Scars & Stories.", "The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp It was a hit for O. C. Smith, who recorded it at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals in 1968.[2] His single spent 15 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between June and August 1968, including three weeks at No 2.[3] In the US the single spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart peaking at No 40.[4]", "Born Free (Matt Monro song) Roger Williams, Andy Williams, and Frank Sinatra all recorded cover versions. Roger Williams' version was noted for its use of a male chorus, which is heard in the second half of the song, which followed the instrumental portion. The song reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Adult contemporary chart for six non-consecutive weeks in September/October 1966,[2] while Andy Williams' version was not released as a single. Ed Ames recorded a version of the song in a 1968 album. \"Born Free\" also appeared on the Vic Reeves album I Will Cure You. Released as a single, this version peaked at #6 in the UK Singles Chart in 1991.[1]", "Singin' in the Rain (song) Three years later in 2008, due to the exposure of the song via the performance of then-unknown dancer George Sampson on the reality TV series Britain's Got Talent, the track went to No. 1 on the iTunes Top 100 in the UK in 2008. It re-entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 28 on 1 June 2008 and climbed to No. 1 the next week, selling 45,987 copies, knocking Rihanna's \"Take a Bow\" down to the Number 2 spot.", "Mr. Bojangles (song) Since then Walker's song has been recorded by many popular artists: Kristofer Åström, Chet Atkins, Hugues Aufray (French version, 1984), Harry Belafonte, Bermuda Triangle Band, David Bromberg, Garth Brooks, Dennis Brown, George Burns, JJ Cale, David Campbell, Bobby Cole, Edwyn Collins, Jim Croce, Jamie Cullum, King Curtis, Sammy Davis Jr., John Denver, Neil Diamond, Cornell Dupree, Bob Dylan, Arlo Guthrie, Tom T. Hall, John Holt, Whitney Houston, Queen Ifrica, Billy Joel, Dave Jarvis, Elton John, Frankie Laine, Lulu, Rod McKuen, Don McLean, MC Neat, Bebe Neuwirth, Harry Nilsson, Dolly Parton, Johnny Paycheck, Esther Phillips, Ray Quinn, Mike Schank, Helge Schneider, Nina Simone, Corben Simpson, Todd Snider, Cat Stevens, Jim Stafford, Jud Strunk,[5] Radka Toneff, Bradley Walsh, Robbie Williams, and Paul Winter.", "Little Green Apples According to Buzz Cason, who partnered Bobby Russell in the Nashville-based Rising Sons music publishing firm, Russell wrote both the songs \"Honey\" and \"Little Green Apples\" as \"an experiment in composing\", anticipating a potential market for true-to-life story songs...with more 'meat' in the lyrics [than was] standard\" for current hits.[2] Russell wrote \"Little Green Apples\" for Roger Miller to record and Miller made the first recording of the song on January 24, 1968 in a session at Columbia Recording Studio Nashville produced by Jerry Kennedy.[3] Released as the lead single from the album A Tender Look at Love, \"Little Green Apples\" afforded Miller his final Top Ten C&W hit at #6 and also his final Top 40 crossover reaching #39 on the Hot 100 in Billboard. In the UK Miller's \"Little Green Apples\" reached #19 in the spring of 1968 – when it also reached #46 in Australia – and in the spring of 1969 the track returned to the UK chart reaching #39.[4]", "A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square Early charts hits of the song in the USA were by Glenn Miller, Ray Noble, Guy Lombardo and Sammy Kaye.[6] The Glenn Miller recording (Bluebird 10931) with a Ray Eberle vocal was made in New York City on 11 October 1940. The fluttering clarinet that opens the track and no doubt is meant to suggest the sound of the nightingale began, it seems, with the Miller recording. The opening, using either a clarinet or flute, has been picked up by others including, on this page, the Frank Sinatra recording. The record was first charted on 21 December, 1940 peaking at #2.\nThe song has since become a standard, being recorded by Bing Crosby (recorded December 20, 1940),[7] Frank Sinatra in London in June 1962,[8] Rod Stewart on the 2004 album Stardust: the Great American Songbook 3,.[9] Anita O'Day performed it on her 1956 album \"Anita\" (re-released in 1962 (V/V6-8483) as \"This is Anita\"); it became part of the jazz singer's repertoire. Nat King Cole on the 1961 album The Touch of Your Lips,[10] Carmen McRae,[11] Perry Como on his 1977 The Best of British album, Stephane Grappelli, Bobby Darin on the 1962 album Oh! Look at Me Now,[12] British comedian Richard Digance in 1979 on both single and LP, Harry Connick Jr. on the 1990 album We Are in Love, The Brian Setzer Orchestra on their eponymous 1994 album, and Sonny Rollins on the 2000 album This Is What I Do.[13] A famous version by The Manhattan Transfer won a Grammy in 1981 for its arranger, Gene Puerling. A version was featured in an early Tom Hanks movie titled Everytime We Say Goodbye released in 1986. The British group the New Vaudeville Band wrote a highly distinctive version in 1966. The veteran British musician Ian Hunter, former vocalist for Mott the Hoople, regularly performs it in his concerts; and it has appeared on two at least of his live recordings.[14] A performance of the song by British actor Robert Lindsay was used as the theme to the British situation comedy series Nightingales.[15] Faryl Smith released a cover of the song on her debut album Faryl in 2009.[16] The song was also sung in the episode \"Captain Jack Harkness\" on Torchwood. Lyrics from the song were also paraphrased in the novel Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett. The lyrics are spoken and sung by the actor John Le Mesurier on the album What is Going To Become of Us All?.[17]", "Everybody's Talkin' Nilsson was searching for a potentially successful song when Rick Jarrard played the track for him, and he decided to release it on his 1968 album Aerial Ballet.[7] When released as a single in July 1968, it only managed to reach No. 113 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart. After the song was featured as the theme song in the film Midnight Cowboy in 1969, the song was re-released as a single and became a hit, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart.", "One Tin Soldier Singer Jinx Dawson of the band Coven performed the song at a 1971 session with the film's orchestra as part of the soundtrack for the Warner Bros. film Billy Jack. Dawson asked that her band, Coven, be listed on the recording and film, not her name as a solo artist. This Warner release, titled as \"One Tin Soldier (The Legend of Billy Jack)\", reached #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the fall of 1971.[1][2]", "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother Olivia Newton-John covered the song on her 1975 album \"Clearly Love\", and it was released as the B-side of the single \"Let It Shine\"/\"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\" in January 1976; the single went to number one on the US Easy Listening (adult contemporary) chart and number thirty on the Billboard Hot 100." ]	[ "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.[2] It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[2] David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental break in double time while Paul Newman performed bicycle stunts." ]
test104	when does panic at the disco album come out	[ "doc3821" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc387669", "doc3793", "doc3818", "doc1723669", "doc1195371", "doc3820", "doc3821", "doc1195372", "doc1723685", "doc3817", "doc3789", "doc387670", "doc3819", "doc1020270", "doc256729", "doc3805", "doc3814", "doc3816", "doc3790", "doc859299", "doc3799", "doc1903880", "doc2671253", "doc3792", "doc3806", "doc256716", "doc3798", "doc1903892", "doc3791", "doc3797", "doc1723688", "doc256730", "doc3796", "doc1195369", "doc186804", "doc3804", "doc1709848", "doc1723684", "doc3800", "doc3822", "doc1020269", "doc3810", "doc1723691", "doc132180", "doc1290333", "doc3807", "doc3811", "doc1466870", "doc602820", "doc1709846", "doc1562859", "doc556589", "doc3802", "doc1562858", "doc256719", "doc142627", "doc3809", "doc1391545", "doc1207732", "doc1903881", "doc3794", "doc1287241", "doc1825239", "doc187724", "doc187725", "doc132183", "doc3803", "doc2621830", "doc2403484", "doc1757102", "doc1207731", "doc2037688", "doc509754", "doc1563570", "doc256718", "doc723947", "doc1757080", "doc1290337", "doc132177", "doc304281", "doc1102407", "doc1903903", "doc1020271", "doc2403487", "doc186806", "doc1903895", "doc1195370", "doc132179", "doc1539729", "doc859312", "doc859313", "doc2037692", "doc1631927", "doc3823", "doc1723673", "doc1903885", "doc1283954", "doc3812", "doc829128", "doc1466866" ]	[ "Pray for the Wicked Pray for the Wicked is the upcoming sixth studio album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco, set to be released on June 22, 2018[2] on Fueled by Ramen and DCD2. It is the follow-up to the band's fifth studio album, Death of a Bachelor (2016).", "Panic! at the Disco In 2015, Smith officially left the band after not performing live with the band since his departure in 2013. Shortly thereafter, Weekes reverted to being a touring member once again, leaving Urie as the only member of the official lineup. In April 2015, \"Hallelujah\" was released as the first single from Panic! at the Disco's fifth studio album, Death of a Bachelor (2016). In December 2017, Weekes officially announced his departure from the band.", "Panic! at the Disco On April 20, 2015, Urie released \"Hallelujah\" as a single without any previous formal announcements.[64][65] It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 40, the band's second highest ever after \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\". The band performed at the KROQ Weenie Roast on May 16, 2015.[66] On September 1, 2015, another song from the fifth studio album, \"Death of a Bachelor\", premiered on an Apple Music broadcast hosted by Pete Wentz.[67] The second single, \"Victorious\" was released at the end of the month.[68] On October 22, 2015, through the band's official Facebook page, Urie announced the new album as Death of a Bachelor with a scheduled release date of January 15, 2016.[69] It is the first album written and composed by Urie with a team of writers, as the status of Weekes changed from an official member to that of a touring member once again. Weekes' status was rumored during the promotion of Death of a Bachelor that he was no longer an official member,[70][71] until it was confirmed by Weekes himself on October 24, 2015, via Twitter that he was \"not contributing creatively anymore\".[72] The third single \"Emperor's New Clothes\" was released on the same day, along with the official music video. \"LA Devotee\" was released November 26 as a promotional single.[73] On December 31, 2015, the band released \"Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time\".[74]", "Death of a Bachelor Death of a Bachelor is the fifth studio album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco, released January 15, 2016 on Fueled by Ramen and DCD2. It is the follow-up to the band's fourth studio album, Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! (2013), with the entire album written and recorded by vocalist/multi-instrumentalist Brendon Urie, among external writers. It is the band's first album to not feature drummer Spencer Smith and also follows bassist Dallon Weekes' departure from the official line-up, subsequently becoming a touring member once again.[10][11]", "Brendon Urie On January 15, 2016, Panic! at the Disco released their fifth studio album, Death of a Bachelor, eventually earning the band its best sales week and first number one album.[19]", "Panic! at the Disco On September 22, 2016, the band released the music video for \"LA Devotee\". With the release came the announcement of the Death of a Bachelor Tour in 2017. MisterWives and Saint Motel were announced as the opening acts.[78] In a December 2016 interview, Urie says that he hopes to make a music video for every song on the album Death of a Bachelor.[79][80]", "Panic! at the Disco On December 15, 2017, the band released their fourth live album All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Live. The was released as a limited-edition double-vinyl and digital download.[81][82][83] Five days later, the band released a non-album Christmas song titled \"Feels Like Christmas\".[84] On December 27, bassist Dallon Weekes officially announced his departure from Panic! at the Disco after over eight years of performing in the band.[85]", "Brendon Urie On March 21, 2018, the band released two new songs Say Amen (Saturday Night) and (Fuck A) Silver Lining.[20] At the same time, the band also announced a tour, and a new album called Pray For The Wicked.[21][22]", "Death of a Bachelor The official music video for \"Death of a Bachelor\" was released on YouTube on December 24, 2015.[27] On December 31, 2015, the band made \"Don't Threaten Me with a Good Time\" available for streaming.[28] On January 15, 2016, the band premiered the rest of its tracks on its YouTube channel at the same time the album was released. The band went on the Weezer & Panic! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Weezer to promote both of their new albums. On September 22, 2016, the official music video for LA Devotee was released on the band's YouTube channel to coincide with the announcement of the Death of a Bachelor Tour.", "Panic! at the Disco On April 2, 2015, Smith announced that he had officially left the band.[62] That same month, Urie revealed in an interview with Kerrang! that he was working on new material for the band's fifth studio album.[63]", "Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 and featuring the current lineup of vocalist Brendon Urie, accompanied on tour by guitarist Kenneth Harris and drummer Dan Pawlovich. Founded by childhood friends Ryan Ross, Spencer Smith, Brent Wilson and Urie, Panic! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school. Shortly after, the band recorded and released its debut studio album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005). Popularized by the second single, \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\", the album was certified double platinum in the US. In 2006, founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker.", "Pray for the Wicked The album was announced on March 21, 2018, alongside the release of two songs from the album, \"(Fuck A) Silver Lining\" and \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\".[3] The song \"High Hopes\" was released on May 23, 2018.[4][5][6]", "Panic! at the Disco The band co-headlined the Weezer & Panic! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Weezer from June to August 2016.[75] The band released a cover of Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in August 2016, on the Suicide Squad soundtrack album.[76][77]", "Say Amen (Saturday Night) \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\" was released for digital download and streaming on March 21, 2018 and was produced by Jake Sinclair and Imad Royal.[1] On the same day, the promotional single \"(Fuck A) Silver Lining\" was released.[1][5][6] The song became Panic! at the Disco's first number one single on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in June 2018.[7]", "The Peace and the Panic On 25 April 2017, in a Facebook post, the band said their next phase would begin \"real soon\". In addition, they posted a tweet for what was presumed to be a video shoot.[21] In mid-May, the band supported All Time Low on their tour of Australia.[21] On 19 May, the band posted a teaser video with the caption \"THEPANIC\".[22] Two days later, The Peace and the Panic was announced for release in August. The album's track listing and artwork was revealed, and music videos for \"Where Do We Go When We Go\" and \"Happy Judgement Day\" were released.[16] \"Where Do We Go When We Go\" was directed by Anthem Films,[23] while \"Happy Judgement Day\" was directed by Dan Fusselman.[24] Ashley Laderer of Alternative Press said the \"Happy Judgement Day\" video featured \"Uniformed students cut loose, dance and throw papers as the band turns the class snooze-fest into a banger.\"[25] The following week, the band performed at Slam Dunk Festival.[26] Between mid-June and early August, the band performed on the Journey's Right Foot Stage at Warped Tour.[27] On 12 July, a music video was released for \"Motion Sickness\".[28] The video, which was directed by Elliott Ingham,[29] was filmed while the album was being recorded and features footage from Slam Dunk Festival. The band said that while the song was \"so upbeat and energetic\", they did not want the video to be \"too serious, so we just hung out on our days off from the studio and stitched all the footage together.\"[14] On 13 August, a music video was released for \"In Bloom\",[30] directed by Lewis Cater.[31]", "Panic! at the Disco In January 2008, the band unveiled a new logo and dropped the exclamation point from the group's name, becoming Panic at the Disco.[1] Released on March 21, 2008, Pretty. Odd. was described by the band as \"more organic and mellower\" than A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, as well as unintentionally and coincidentally similar to music of the Beatles, in both songwriting and scope.[29] The record debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-day sales of 54,000, and first-week sales of 139,000 copies in the United States.[30] Those figures marked the band's biggest sales week to that date, beating a previous record held by A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (which sold 45,000 during the winter of 2006). The record also debuted at \"Current Alternative Albums\" chart and No. 2 on the \"Digital Albums\" chart, the latter of which accounted for 26 percent of the disc's overall sales.[31] The album charted high in various other countries and was eventually certified gold in the United Kingdom, however, Pretty. Odd. received relatively disappointing sales in the face of its predecessor.[32] Pretty. Odd. was, however, critically acclaimed in contrast to Fever: Barry Walters of Spin called Panic's debut album \"embarrassing\" while regarding the new record as \"[daring] to be optimistically beautiful at a time when sadness and ugliness might have won them easier credibility.\"[33]", "Panic! at the Disco After the Vices & Virtues tour cycle, Urie, Smith, and Weekes began writing and preparing for a fourth album. During the recording of the album, touring guitarist Ian Crawford, who joined the band in 2009 after the departure of Ryan Ross and Jon Walker, left the band citing his desire to make \"real, genuine\" music.[55] On July 15, 2013, the album was announced as Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!, with a scheduled release date of October 8, 2013. The first single, \"Miss Jackson\", was released on July 15, 2013, along with its music video to promote the album. Panic! at the Disco opened for Fall Out Boy on the Save Rock And Roll Arena Tour with Kenneth Harris replacing Crawford.[56][57]", "Panic! at the Disco In an interview with Pure Fresh on September 23, 2014, Urie stated that he had already thought about ideas on the fifth studio album; however, he was not sure if it would be a Panic! at the Disco album, or a solo album.[60] Urie has also stated there are no current plans for Smith to return to the band.[61]", "Panic! at the Disco Influenced by 1960s rock bands the Beatles, the Zombies and the Beach Boys, and preceded by the single \"Nine in the Afternoon\", the band's second studio album, Pretty. Odd. (2008) marked a significant departure from the sound of the band's debut. Ross and Walker, who favored the band's new direction, departed because Urie and Smith wanted to make further changes to the band's style. The duo subsequently formed a new band, The Young Veins, leaving Urie and Smith as the sole remaining members of Panic! at the Disco.", "Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! is the fourth studio album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco. The album was released on October 8, 2013 on Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen. Recorded as a three-piece, the album was produced by Butch Walker, and is the first and only album to feature bassist Dallon Weekes as an official member and the last to feature drummer Spencer Smith.", "Panic! at the Disco The album is split into two halves: the first half is mostly electronic dance punk, while the second half features Vaudevillian piano, strings, and accordion.[7] The band grew tired of writing only with drum machines and keyboards and, inspired by film scores (specifically the works of Danny Elfman and Jon Brion) decided to write a completely different half.[6] \"By the end of that, we were completely exhausted,\" said Ross of the studio sessions. After its completion, \"we had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band,\" Ross said.[3] The group played its first live show during the summer of 2005 at local Las Vegas music venue The Alley on West Charleston.[3] Afterwards, the band toured nationally on the Nintendo Fusion Tour with mentors Fall Out Boy, as well as Motion City Soundtrack, The Starting Line, and Boys Night Out for the rest of 2005.[13]", "Pretty. Odd. Pretty. Odd. (stylized as Pretty Odd) is the second studio album by American rock band Panic at the Disco. Recorded at the Studio at the Palms in Paradise, Nevada with additional production at Abbey Road Studios in London with producer Rob Mathes, the album was released March 25, 2008 on Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen. Inspired by baroque pop and the works of The Beatles and The Beach Boys, the psychedelic-styled rock album differs greatly from the techno-influenced pop punk of A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005).", "High Hopes (Panic! at the Disco song) \"High Hopes\" is a song by Panic! at the Disco released on May 23, 2018 as the second single from their sixth studio album, Pray for the Wicked, through Fueled by Ramen and DCD2 Records.[1]", "Panic! at the Disco As a three-piece, Urie, Smith, and Weekes recorded and released the band's fourth studio album, Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!, in 2013. Prior to the release of the album, Smith unofficially left the band due to health and drug-related issues, leaving Urie and Weekes as the remaining members.", "Panic! at the Disco The band announced plans to headline the 2008 Honda Civic Tour in January 2008, which took up the majority of early touring for the album.[34] Motion City Soundtrack, the Hush Sound and Phantom Planet opened for the tour, which performed across North America from April 10 to July 14, 2008 .[35] Throughout October and November 2008, the band toured with Dashboard Confessional and the Cab on the Rock Band Live Tour promoting the video game Rock Band 2.[36][37]", "The Peace and the Panic The album's theme is showing how the band has grown in the period following the release of Life's Not out to Get You. The album's songs were written by a combination of the band, Mike Green and Ben Barlow's brother Sebastian. Sam Carter of Architects, Laura Whiteside, and Ella, Evie, Finlay and Darcy Jones provide vocals to different tracks. Barlow said the main part of the album's artwork is about \"being on a tightrope between 'The Peace' and 'The Panic' â€“ trying to find the balance between the good and the bad\".[3] After two teasers, as well as a support slot for All Time Low, The Peace and the Panic was formally announced, and music videos were released for \"Where Do We Go When We Go\" and \"Happy Judgement Day\". Following performances at Slam Dunk Festival in the UK and Warped Tour in the US, music videos were released for \"Motion Sickness\" and \"In Bloom\". The Peace and the Panic was then released on 18 August through independent label Hopeless Records.", "Panic! at the Disco The band relocated to College Park, Maryland, to record its debut album from June to September 2005. Although they only had shells of songs when they arrived, the rest of the album shaped up fast through the marathon session. \"We didn't have a day off in the five-and-a-half weeks we were there, 12 or 14 hours a day,\" Ross said in a 2005 interview.[3] \"We were making things up in our heads that weren't there, and on top of the stress of trying to finish the record, we were living in a one-bedroom apartment with four people on bunk beds,\" recalled Ross. \"Everyone got on everybody's nerves. Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they didn't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning.\"[12]", "Pretty. Odd. \"Nine in the Afternoon\" was revealed as the first single from Pretty. Odd. through the puzzle aforementioned on December 14, 2007.[30] The original message was revealed to be a disclaimer in the record's first track, \"We're So Starving\", which debuted in a rough mix on the band's MySpace on January 2, 2008. The demo gained 45,000 listens by the end of the day, before it was removed.[14] The album's title, Pretty. Odd., was hinted at during the music video shoot for \"Nine in the Afternoon\" on December 22, where each band member wore a sash bearing the title.[12] The title was revealed by a spokesperson for Atlantic Records on January 9, 2008.[31] On the same date, the band unveiled a new logo and dropped the exclamation point from their name, effectively becoming Panic at the Disco, which soon caused outrage among the band's fanbase.[32] In April 2008, the band released a short film to promote the album, titled Panic at the Disco in: American Valley.[33]", "Panic! at the Disco Continuing as a duo, Urie and Smith released a new single, \"New Perspective\", and recruited Dallon Weekes as the group's bassist and Ian Crawford as the band's lead guitarist to accompany the band during live performances. Weekes was later inducted into the band's lineup as a full-time member in 2010, nearing the end of the recording of the band's third studio album, Vices & Virtues (2011). The album was recorded solely by Urie and Smith, with producers John Feldmann and Butch Walker.", "Panic! at the Disco Meanwhile, Wentz began to hype the band wherever possible: from wearing \"Pete! at the Disco\" T-shirts onstage to mentioning the group in interviews. Wentz gave a quick shout-out to the band during a press junket on the day before the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards: \"I've got a couple of bands coming out soon on Decaydance, one being this band called Panic! at the Disco,\" Wentz said. \"Their record is going to be your next favorite record. It's called A Fever You Can't Sweat Out â€“ get it before your little brother does.\"[11] At the time of the band's signing, all of the band members were still in high school (with the exception of Ross, who was forced to quit UNLV). Urie graduated in May 2005, and Wilson and Smith finished school online as the band left for College Park, Maryland, to record their debut record.[3]", "Death of a Bachelor The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with 190,000 album-equivalent units. It also earned Panic! at the Disco its best sales week yet for an album, as it sold 169,000 in pure album sales.[41] In its second week, the album fell to number 5 on the Billboard 200 while selling 39,000 equivalent album units (down 79 percent).[42] It was the twelfth best-selling album of 2016 with 506,000 copies sold,[43] which also made it the second best selling rock album of 2016. Including streams and tracks sales, the album has totaled 845,000 units in the United States in 2016.[44] The album was also certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over a million units in the United States.", "The Peace and the Panic The Peace and the Panic was released on 18 August through independent label Hopeless Records.[32] The HMV edition of the album features \"Beautiful Madness\" and \"Worth It\" as bonus tracks.[15] To promote the album's release, the band did a series of in-store acoustic performances and signing events in the US and the UK.[33] Following its release, the band appeared at the Reading and Leeds Festivals.[20] Following this, the band will go on a headlining tour of the UK with support from As It Is, Real Friends and Woes in October. The European leg of the tour was supported by As It Is, Real Friends and Blood Youth.[34] In January and February 2018, the band will go on a tour of North America.[35]", "Panic! at the Disco Ross and Urie soon began to commit to their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos (\"Time to Dance,\" \"Nails for Breakfast, Tacks for Snacks\" and \"Camisado\") on PureVolume.[3] On a whim, they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account. Wentz, who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on the band's major-label debut, From Under the Cork Tree, drove to Las Vegas to meet with the young, unsigned band.[8] Upon hearing \"two to three\" songs during band practice, Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records, which made the band the first on the new label. Around December 2004, the group signed to the label.[6] As news broke that Wentz had signed Panic! (who had yet to perform a single live show), fans on the internet began to bash the group. \"Almost right away we knew what was going to happen,\" Ross explained in a 2006 interview. \"We had two songs online and people were already making assumptions on what kind of band we were and what we were going to sound like.\"[11]", "Brendon Urie Since then, Panic! at the Disco has released six studio albums with Urie as lead vocalist. A Fever You Can't Sweat Out was released in 2005 with the hit lead single \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\" propelling it to 1.8 million sales. For their second album, Pretty. Odd. (2008), Urie also took lyrical responsibility and wrote two of the tracks on the record by himself; those tracks being \"I Have Friends in Holy Spaces\" and festival favorite \"Folkin' Around.\" He also wrote \"New Perspective\" for the soundtrack to the motion picture Jennifer's Body.[18]", "Pray for the Wicked Tour The Pray for the Wicked Tour[1] is a concert tour by Panic! at the Disco, in support of the group's sixth studio album Pray for the Wicked (2018). The tour began in Minneapolis on July 11, 2018, and is set to conclude in Manchester on March 30, 2019.", "Panic! at the Disco After a short period of development regarding the ideas of the album, on March 6, 2007 the band arrived at a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston, Nevada and began the writing process for the new album.[26] After recording the new tracks and performing them live over the summer, the band returned to its native Las Vegas as well as the group's old rehearsal studio, where the band members wrote their debut record.[27] The band grew uninterested in the songs previously written and by August scrapped the entire new album (which Ross later revealed was \"three-quarters\" done)[28] and started over. \"We wanted to approach these songs in the most basic form,\" Ross said. \"We wrote them all on one acoustic guitar and with someone singing. I think that we kind of skipped that part of songwriting on the first record, and this time we're sort of paying attention to that. [â€¦] We've written a bunch of songs since we've been home [Las Vegas]. I think it's the most fun and the happiest we've been since we started.\" With simplicity the new focus and the old album shelved, the group settled in and began recording what would become Pretty. Odd.[27] In October, the band entered the Studio at the Palms at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas to begin recording the album.[28]", "Trench (album) On July 11, 2018, the band released the first two singles, \"Jumpsuit\" and \"Nico and the Niners\", as well as a music video for \"Jumpsuit\".[4][5] The band also announced the release date of their fifth studio album, Trench, scheduled to be released on October 5, 2018, and a new world tour, called \"The Bandito Tour\", starting October 16. On July 25, 2018, a music video for \"Nico and the Niners\" was released, as a second addition to a three part music video series, regarding Tyler Joseph's fictional city, \"Dema\". Both videos feature references to \"Heavydirtysoul\", a single off of the band's previous album, such as the repeated imagery of a burning car. The lyrics of \"Nico and the Niners\" refer to \"bishops,\" which is also a recurring theme in the band's music.[6][7][8][9][10]", "Death of a Bachelor \"Hallelujah\" was released as the lead single on April 20, 2015 and serviced to alternative radio. A lyric video was uploaded on the same day and the official music video premiered on July 7, 2015.[23] \"Death of a Bachelor\" was premiered on Beats 1 on Apple Music by Pete Wentz on September 1, 2015.[24] \"Victorious\", co-written and produced by CJ Baran, was released for digital download on September 29, 2015 as the second single from the album[25] \"Emperor's New Clothes\" and its music video was released for digital download on October 21, 2015 as the third official single to coincide with the album's announcement.[26]", "Panic! at the Disco The band's debut album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, was released September 27, 2005. Sales began relatively slow. It debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 album chart, No. 6 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart, and No. 1 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, with nearly 10,000 albums sold in the first week of release. Within a span of four months, Panic! would see the video for its first single, \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\", rocket up the Billboard Hot 100 as sales of Fever passed the 500,000 mark.[11] At the end of March 2006, the band announced a headlining tour. By August, the group's debut record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and the music video for \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\" won Video of the Year at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards.[14] \"Some aspects of the fame are annoying, but at the end of the day it's something we're most grateful for. It's certainly opened the door to a whole new batch of opportunities,\" Ross said of the band's newfound fame and instant success.[11]", "Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco have been know to change their sound each album. Musically, they have mainly been described as pop rock,[86][87][88] pop,[89] pop punk,[89][90][91] baroque pop,[92][93] electropop,[94] synth-pop,[92] dance-punk,[95] power pop,[96] emo pop,[86][89][97] alternative rock[92][96] vaudeville,[98] and emo.[89][92][98]", "Say Amen (Saturday Night) \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\" is a song by American pop rock band Panic! at the Disco from their sixth studio album, Pray for the Wicked (2018). It was released as the lead single for the album on March 21, 2018. The song became Panic! at the Disco's first number one single on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in June 2018.", "Panic! at the Disco The news asserted that both tour plans with blink-182 in August 2009 and new album production \"will continue as previously announced.\"[44] The following day, Alternative Press broke the news that \"New Perspective\", the first song recorded without Ross and Walker, would debut the following month on radio and as a part of the soundtrack to the film Jennifer's Body.[46] On July 10, 2009, Alternative Press also reported that the band had regained the exclamation point, becoming, once again, Panic! at the Disco. \"New Perspective\" was released on July 28, 2009.[47] Former guitarist of pop rock band The Cab, Ian Crawford and Dallon Weekes, frontman of indie rock band The Brobecks, filled in for Ross and Walker on tour during the blink-182 Summer Tour in August 2009.[48]", "Death of a Bachelor Panic! at the Disco", "Mania (Fall Out Boy album) Mania was originally scheduled for a release on September 15, 2017, worldwide. However, on August 3, 2017, Patrick Stump announced that the record would be pushed back until January 19, 2018. \"The album just really isn't ready, and it felt very rushed,\" Stump said on Twitter. \"I'm never going to put a record out I genuinely don't believe is at least as strong or valid as the one that came before it and in order to do that we need a little bit more time to properly and carefully record solid performances.\"[10]", "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is the debut studio album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco. Produced by Matt Squire, the album was released on September 27, 2005, on Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen. The group formed in Las Vegas in 2004 and began posting demos online, which caught the attention of Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz. Wentz signed the group to his own imprint label, Decaydance, without them having ever performed live.", "Panic! at the Disco As expected and predicted by several music publications, the band adopted a very different style for the touring in support of Pretty. Odd., in contrast to the dark, circus-themed elements of the band's previous stage shows.[38] Each show contained \"woodsy set pieces, projections of flora and fauna, and mic stands wrapped in lights and flowers,\" and each band member dressed in a vest.[39] While reflecting on the theatrical nature of A Fever You Can't Sweat Out touring, Urie commented \"We did it and it was a lot of fun when we did it, but this time around I think we wanted to get back to a more intimate, personal setting, and scale it down a little bit.\" Ryan Ross explained that \"It's more about connecting with the audience and seeing what's gonna happen every night. It's not as scripted out and pre-planned. It makes it more exciting for us, and less monotonous every night.\"[39] A live album, ...Live in Chicago, based on live recordings from Chicago during the Honda Civic Tour, was released December 2, 2008.[40] An accompanying DVD contains photos from the tour, each music video from the album as well as behind-the-scenes footage of the videos and the tour, the short film Panic! at the Disco In: American Valley, and the documentary feature based on the tour, All In A Day's.[41]", "Panic! at the Disco The band re-entered the studio during early 2010 and spent much of the year recording the group's third studio album.[43] During this time, touring bassist Dallon Weekes joined the band's official lineup along with Urie and Smith, making the band a three-piece. Although Weekes did not perform on the upcoming album, he was responsible for the conceptualization of the cover art of the album and was also featured on the album cover, masked and standing in the background behind Smith and Urie.[49] On January 18, 2011, the band revealed that an album titled Vices & Virtues would officially be released on March 22, 2011. The album was produced by Butch Walker and John Feldmann.[50] The record's first single, \"The Ballad of Mona Lisa\", was released digitally on February 1, 2011, with the music video being released February 8, 2011. Vices & Virtues was officially released March 22, 2011, to relatively positive critical reviews.[51]", "American Beauty/American Psycho Since the release of \"Centuries\", the band stated that the album could be released as early as \"early 2015\".[10] Regarding its sound, bassist Pete Wentz described the new material as \"David versus Goliath\", as Wentz stated: \"[Brian Hiatt] tweeted[,] “[The] problem with modern rock is it [isn't modern,]” something [I] and we had been feeling in general. [Rock] should not be relegated to a quaint little corner of Guitar Center for dads to find. [In] reaching out to SebastiAn we wanted to make something that was a throwback instead futuristic.\"[11] According to Patrick Stump, \"All I can say is, some people will love it. Some people will hate it. The four of us like it a lot, so we're happy\".[12]", "All My Friends We're Glorious All My Friends We're Glorious (or All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Tour Live) is the fourth live album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco. It was released on December 15, 2017, in digital versions and as a limited edition double vinyl LP,[1] and documents the band's 2017 Death of a Bachelor Tour concert tour following the release of their fifth album, Death of a Bachelor.[2]", "Trench (album) Twenty One Pilots released their fourth studio album, Blurryface, on May 17, 2015. The album topped the Billboard 200 and produced two top five singles, \"Stressed Out\" and \"Ride\", peaking at number two and number five, respectively, on the Billboard Hot 100. The songs, along with the single \"Heathens\" from the Suicide Squad soundtrack, launched the band into mainstream success in 2016. The duo embarked on two world tours in support of the album from 2015 to 2017. Following the five final dates of the band's tour, dubbed \"Tour de Columbus\", the band entered a year long hiatus beginning on July 6, 2017. It is unclear when production of Trench began, however, the album's \"drop dead due date to get ahead of production and distribution\" was August 15, 2018, less than two months before the release of the album.[1]", "List of Panic! at the Disco band members The band's first lineup changes started with the departure of bassist Brent Wilson, who was kicked out of the band shortly after the release of the band's debut album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out.[4][5][6][7] Wilson was replaced by Jon Walker, who also played guitar and keyboards in addition to bass for the band. This was followed in 2009 with the band's first major lineup change, when founding member and guitarist/vocalist Ryan Ross and bassist Jon Walker announced their departure from the band in mid-2009.[8][9] Bassist/vocalist Dallon Weekes, who joined in 2009 as one of the replacements for Ross and Walker, was asked to join the band as an official member in 2010, nearing the end of the recording of the band's third studio album Vices & Virtues.[10] Later in 2013 after the release of the band's fourth album, Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!, drummer Spencer Smith unofficially left the band due to addiction and substance abuse, leaving Urie and Weekes as the remaining members.[11][12] In 2015, Spencer Smith officially left the band and Dallon Weekes reverted to being a touring member once again,[13][14] leaving Brendon Urie as the only member of the official lineup. In December 2017, Weekes officially announced his departure from the band", "Hallelujah (Panic! at the Disco song) \"Hallelujah\" is a song by American rock band Panic! at the Disco. It was released as a single on April 19, 2015 through Fueled By Ramen[7][8][9] as the first single from the band's fifth studio album Death of a Bachelor.[6] \"Hallelujah\" debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 selling over 71,000 copies, becoming the band's second top-40 hit single and the first in nine years since \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\" was released in 2006.[10][11][12]", "Panic! at the Disco In 2006, the band supported The Academy Is... on the band's worldwide tour \"Ambitious Ones and Smoking Guns\" from January to May.[18] Beginning in June, the group headlined its first unnamed national tour, that would last until August.[19] During the group's performance at the 2006 Reading Festival in August, the band was greeted by excessive bottling, one of which hit Urie in the face that knocked him unconscious. Despite this, the band continued with its set after Urie recovered.[20] The band's second headlining tour, dubbed the Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour, began in November. In roughly one year, Panic! at the Disco went from being the opening act on a five-band bill to the headliners on a massive arena tour.[21]", "List of Panic! at the Disco band members Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 and featuring the current lineup of lead vocalist Brendon Urie, accompanied on tour by lead guitarist Kenneth Harris, drummer Dan Pawlovich and bassist Nicole Row. The group was originally formed by former members Spencer Smith, Jonathan Walker, and Ryan Ross. The band has gone through multiple line-up changes in their career spanning five albums. There have been six official members of Panic! at the Disco, ten touring members and twenty-six session members.[1][2][3]", "The Peace and the Panic After supporting A Day to Remember in the UK and Europe in January and February 2017,[13] the band entered the recording studio to track their next album.[12] Recording took place in Los Angeles, California[14] with producer Mike Green. Green was assisted by engineers Will McCoy and Colin Schwanke.[15] Thorpe-Evans called Green \"a proper musical genius\", saying he was \"super focused – like a laser – and it made us feel really professional\".[8] Green helped push the band on structuring their songs. Barlow mentioned that they had \"a tendency to ramble in our songwriting; he stripped that back and he really made us think about every part of our songs.\"[16]", "Death Cab for Cutie On November 17, 2017, the band announced via Instagram that it had begun work on a new studio album due in 2018.[50] On May 1, 2018 the band published teaser video indicating an August 2018 release date.[51] On June 12, 2018, the band announced the title of the new album, Thank You for Today, and shared the lead single from the album, \"Gold Rush.\". Following this, on July 19, 2018, \"I Dreamt We Spoke Again\" was released and then \"Autumn Love\" was the last single to be released on August 1, 2018.", "Panic! at the Disco In spring 2009, the band began recording material for its third studio album.[43] However, on July 6, 2009, Ryan Ross and Jon Walker announced via the band's official website that the two were leaving the band.[44] In an interview following the split, Ross explained that he first brought the idea to Smith in late June 2009 over lunch: \"Spencer and I had lunch and caught up for a while, and then the big question came up, like, 'Well, what do you want to do?' and I said, 'Well, I think it might be best if we kind of do our own thing for a while,' and he said, 'I'm glad you said that, because I was going to say the same thing,'\" Ross recalled. \"And there was really no argument, which is really the best way that could've worked out.\" Ross said the split was largely due to creative differences between him and Urie. Urie wanted the band to explore a more polished pop sound, while Ross – and, by extension, Walker – was interested in making retro-inspired rock.[45]", "Miss Jackson \"Miss Jackson\" is a song by American rock band Panic! at the Disco, released on July 15, 2013, as the first single for the band's fourth studio album, Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! (2013).[2][3] The song features vocals from Lolo. A music video directed by Jordan Bahat accompanied the song's announcement as well as the album's title and release date, and headlining tour dates. It was the band's first release since 2011. The Butch Walker-produced track has been described as \"darkly anthemic\".[2] It reached the top 10 on iTunes on its release and sold 56,000 digital downloads in its first week to debut at No. 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 27 on Digital Songs.[4] In January 2015, it was certified Gold by the RIAA.[5]", "Death of a Bachelor Tour On September 22, 2016, the band released the latest music video for \"LA Devotee\". With the release came the announcement of an arena tour in 2017. MisterWives and Saint Motel were announced as the opening acts.[1]", "Pretty. Odd. To begin work on the record, Panic at the Disco retreated to a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston, in the group's native state of Nevada. Upon growing dissatisfied with their final product, the band scrapped the entire album and spent time writing and recording Pretty. Odd. throughout the following winter. Production came together quickly and each song made the cut. Additional recording, such as strings and horns were produced at Abbey Road Studios. It is the first album to feature bassist Jon Walker, and last to feature vocalist and lead guitarist Ryan Ross; both left the band in 2009, a year later after the album's release.", "Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco was formed in 2004 in the suburban area of Summerlin, Las Vegas, by childhood friends Ryan Ross, who sang and played guitar, and Spencer Smith, who played drums. They both attended Bishop Gorman High School, and they began playing music together in ninth grade. They invited friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass, and Wilson invited classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar.[3] The quartet soon began rehearsing in Smith's grandmother's living room.[4] Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on missed some rehearsals to go to church.[5] Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group, but after hearing Urie sing back-up during rehearsals, the group decided to make him the lead.[6] Initially, Panic! at the Disco was a Blink-182 cover band.[7]", "Paramore On April 19, 2017, Paramore released \"Hard Times\" as the lead single from their album After Laughter, which they announced would be released on May 12, 2017.[102][103] On May 3, a second single was released, titled \"Told You So\".[104][105] A music video for the song \"Fake Happy\" was released on November 17, 2017.[106] On February 5, 2018, a music video for \"Rose-Colored Boy\" was released,[107][108] which is also the album's fourth single.[109]", "Weezer On October 26, 2015, the band released a new single, \"Thank God for Girls\", through Apple Music and to radio the same day. The following week, the band released a second single, \"Do You Wanna Get High?\". Cuomo claimed in an interview with Zane Lowe, that the band was not working on a new album.[69] Later, on January 14, 2016, Weezer released a third single, \"King of the World\", and announced that the band's fourth self-titled album, also known as the White Album, which continued the critical success of the band's previous release.[70] In support of the album, the band performed on the Weezer & Panic! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Panic! at the Disco in 2016.[71] The band later signed to Atlantic Records as part of a joint venture between Warner Music Group and Crush Management.[72]", "Fall Out Boy On April 27, 2017, Fall Out Boy announced that their new album was set to be released on September 15, titled Mania, stylized as M A N I A. The first single, \"Young and Menace\", was released the same day.[96] The second single, \"Champion\", was released in the U.S. on June 22[97] and worldwide on June 23. Music videos have been posted to Vevo and YouTube for both songs. The band plans to begin the Mania Tour in North America in October 2017 with hip hop artist blackbear[98] and actor-rapper Jaden Smith,[99] and will perform in Australia in 2018 with indie band WAAX.[100] On August 3, 2017, Patrick Stump tweeted that the album's release would be pushed back to January 19, 2018, because the band were not satisfied with the results of their work at the time.[101][102]", "Fall Out Boy \"The Last of the Real Ones\", released on September 14, 2017 in North America and worldwide the following day, was the third single from Mania to be released, and was played on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on September 18, 2017, after being debuted at House of Blues in Chicago on September 16.[103][104] The band announced the album's completion on November 6, 2017, along with the final track list.[105] \"Hold Me Tight or Don't\" was then released as the fourth single on November 15, with the music video being released alongside.[106] Mania was officially released January 19, 2018 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making it the band's third consecutive and fourth chart-topping debut overall.[107]", "Mania (Fall Out Boy album) The lead single, \"Young and Menace\", was released on April 27, 2017 alongside its music video. The song has a notable influence from the EDM genre, hinting at another progression of the band's sound with the album.[17] The second single, \"Champion\",[18] was released on June 22 in the U.S. and on June 23 worldwide with the “visualizer” music video. On July 27, the official music video was released for the song.[19] The third single, \"The Last of the Real Ones\", was released on September 14, 2017.[20][21][22] The fourth single, \"Hold Me Tight or Don't\", was released on November 15 with its music video, which takes a notable influence from the Mexican holiday Day Of The Dead.[23] \"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)\" was released as the fifth single, accompanied with its music video premiere on January 11, 2018.[24]. A music video for \"Church\" was released along with the album on January 19, 2018", "Panic! at the Disco The Nothing Rhymes with Circus Tour feature the band's first highly theatrical live shows, which featured every song with dance numbers, skits, and tricks performed by a six-member troupe, as the band donned intricate costumes, loosely re-enacting moments from the songs.[22] Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times noted the sudden success and circus-inspired tour of the young band in a concert review: \"Thereâ€™s something charming about watching a band trying to navigate sudden success, aided by a contortionist, a ribbon dancer and all the rest of it.\"[23] MTV News favorably likened its theme and wardrobe to \"Janet Jackson's audience-dividing, hypersexual The Velvet Rope Tour.\"[24] The group, fresh off the major success of A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, took a break after non-stop touring, and the group members began formulating ideas for their next album together during the winter of 2006.[25]", "A Perfect Circle The band's fourth studio album, Eat the Elephant, was released on April 20, 2018.[113] Four singles were released in advance of the album; \"The Doomed\" in October 2017, \"Disillusioned\" in January 2018, \"TalkTalk\" in February 2018 and \"So Long, And Thanks For All The Fish\" in April 2018.[114] The album marks the first time the band opted to work with an outside music producer: Dave Sardy.[115] Sardy helped Keenan and Howerdel find common ground in musical ideas in the recording process, helping them find a path to move forward in finishing the album.[113] The band will tour extensively in 2018 in support of the album, including performances at Rock on the Range[116] and Coachella.[117] Iha was unavailable to perform in the April through July performances due to his commitment to the Smashing Pumpkin's 2018 reunion, and will be temporarily replaced for the live performances by Greg Edwards of Failure, though Iha still remains a member of the band.[118] Howerdel noted that he would like to see the band keep active beyond the Eat the Elephant album cycle, but that future activity, as it had historically been, is dependent on Keenan's limited availability and commitments to his other projects.[119]", "Mayday Parade On January 10, 2013, the Band announced they would be heading back into the studio to release their fourth studio album, Monsters in the Closet, via Fearless records. It will be available in Autumn 2013. Mayday Parade has recorded 15 tracks with the intention of putting 12 on the album; the remaining 3 may be used as b-sides.[22] On June 26, 2013, Jake Bundrick tweeted that the band had finished recording the album.[23] On July 29, 2013, Mayday Parade announced they will be headlining the Glamor Kills Tour 2013 and that their upcoming fourth album is entitled Monsters In The Closet and will be released October 8, 2013.[24]", "Vices & Virtues In support of the record, Panic! at the Disco announced multiple tours. Dubbed thus far as \"An Intimate Evening with Panic! at the Disco\", the short North American tour ran from January 23 to April 4, 2011. A full-fledged European tour took place May 2â€“17, 2011.[67] Panic! had another tour of North America from May 20 to June 30, 2011.[68] Continuing the album's theme of getting back to their roots, the tour took them back to the small stages they first played during their A Fever You Can't Sweat Out era. Joining them for the jaunt were to be their labelmates fun., with Foxy Shazam and Funeral Party splitting duties as the third act on the bill.[69]", "Death of a Bachelor Tour The Death of a Bachelor Tour was a concert tour by Panic! at the Disco, in support of the group's fifth studio album Death of a Bachelor (2016). The tour began in Uncasville at the Mohegan Sun Arena on February 24, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2017, in Sunrise at the BB&T Center.", "Last Young Renegade Following the release of Future Hearts in April 2015, All Time Low began working on their next album shortly afterwards.[2] The band spent several weeks staying at ranches in Big Bear and Palm Springs, California. Here, the band had a lot of time for \"reflecting and soul-searching\", according to vocalist/guitarist Alex Gaskarth.[3]", "Five Finger Death Punch In December 2017, it was announced that the band was working on their seventh studio album.[104] \nThe album title, And Justice for None, and was released May 18, 2018.[105][106][107] On December 21, 2017, the band released a video for their cover of \"Gone Away\" by The Offspring. The cover song was featured on Five Finger Death Punch's greatest hits album, A Decade of Destruction.[108][109] On April 5, 2018, the band released \"Fake\" as the lead single from And Justice for None.[110][111] On April 20, 2018, a second single was released, titled \"Sham Pain.\"[112][113] A third single \"When the Seasons Change\" was released on May 4, 2018.[114][115]", "Victorious (Panic! at the Disco song) \"Victorious\" is a song by American rock band Panic! at the Disco released as the second single from the band's fifth studio album, Death of a Bachelor, on September 29, 2015 by Fueled by Ramen and DCD2.[7] The song was written by Brendon Urie, Christopher J Baran, Mike Viola, White Sea, Jake Sinclair, Alex DeLeon, and Rivers Cuomo and was produced by Urie and Sinclair. A music video for the song was released on YouTube on November 13, 2015.[8] Notably, \"Victorious\" is the band's third-highest charting single on the Billboard Pop Songs chart, behind \"High Hopes\" and \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\".", "The Peace and the Panic At the end of the year, the band planned to work on material for their next album. However, tour commitments kept them from doing so.[6] In June 2016, the band posted a picture of what was presumed to be vocalist Ben Barlow and guitarist Matt West working on new music.[9] It was later revealed that this was a writing retreat at Monnow Valley Studio in Wales. The retreat lasted for two weeks[6] with Barlow's brother Sebastian in attendance.[10] Barlow said the first week was very productive, while saying the second week \"wasnâ€™t productive at all\", only managing to come up with two songs from that week.[11] Eventually, the band made rough drafts of close to 40 songs.[6] In an interview in December 2016, Barlow said the band had been \"working on [their third album] for a long time already, but the real work is not too far away\".[12] In addition, he revealed that the band had around 30 demos and two finished songs.[12]", "Year of the Snitch The band posted a black and white image of text reading \"Year of the Snitch - new album coming soon...\" on their official webpage on March 22, 2018. Death Grips shared the album artwork for Year of the Snitch on April 6, 2018.[8][9] The band's imprint label Third Worlds' website was also updated with this information.[10][11][12]", "Vices & Virtues Vices & Virtues is the third studio album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco, released on March 18, 2011 on Fueled by Ramen. Produced by John Feldmann and Butch Walker, the album was recorded as a duo by vocalist and multi-instrumentalist Brendon Urie and drummer Spencer Smith, following the departure of lead guitarist, backing vocalist and primary lyricist Ryan Ross and bassist/backing vocalist Jon Walker in July 2009. The album's artwork was conceptualized by touring bassist Dallon Weekes who was inducted as a full-time member of the band near the end of recording.[2]", "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out The monotonous nature of local Las Vegas bands influenced them to be different and creative, and they soon began recording experimental demos. Ross and Urie soon began to record on their laptops the demos they had been developing and posted three early demos (\"Time to Dance\", \"Nails for Breakfast, Tacks for Snacks\" and \"Camisado\") on PureVolume.[12] On a whim, they sent a link to Fall Out Boy bass guitarist Pete Wentz via a LiveJournal account. Wentz, who was in Los Angeles at the time with the rest of Fall Out Boy working on their first major-label album, From Under the Cork Tree, drove to Las Vegas to meet the band.[17] On hearing \"two to three\" songs during band practice, Wentz was impressed and immediately wanted the band to sign to his Fueled by Ramen imprint label Decaydance Records, which made them the first on the new label, which the group did around December 2004.[15] As news broke that Wentz had signed Panic! (who had yet to perform a single live show), fans on the Internet began to criticize the group.[18]", "Mania (Fall Out Boy album) Mania (stylized as M A N I A and formally titled Mania: A Fall Out Boy LP) is the seventh studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released on January 19, 2018, by Island Records and DCD2 as the follow-up to their 2015 album, American Beauty/American Psycho.", "Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino The band's fifth studio album AM was released on 9 September 2013 to critical acclaim, bringing the group new levels of commercial success globally. On 1 April 2016, Alex Turner's psychedelic pop side project the Last Shadow Puppets released their second studio album Everything You've Come to Expect. In April 2017, Turner co-produced Alexandra Savior's debut album Belladonna of Sadness with James Ford. This was Turner's first foray into record production, with the two proceeding to produce Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino. Meanwhile, drummer Matt Helders joined Iggy Pop's band for Post Pop Depression, as well as contributing to \"Diamond Heart\" from Lady Gaga's Joanne, and marrying actress Breana McDow.[1]", "Circa Survive On July 10th, 2017 the band announced their next LP The Amulet. Alongside the announcement they released a single titled \"Lustration\" with accompanying music video.[15]The album was released on September 22nd, 2017 through Hopeless Records. On August 10th, 2017, the band released its second music video single \"Rites of Investiture\". On August 30th, 2017, they released their third and title track single \"The Amulet\". Shortly before the LP's release on September 14th, 2017, the band released its final music video single \"Premonition of the Hex\".", "Pretty. Odd. As expected and predicted by several music publications, Panic at the Disco adopted a very different style for the touring in support of Pretty. Odd., in contrast to the dark, circus-themed elements of their previous stage shows.[70] Each show contained \"woodsy set pieces, projections of flora and fauna, and mic stands wrapped in lights and flowers,\" and each band member dressed in a vest.[71] While reflecting on the theatrical nature of A Fever You Can't Sweat Out touring, Urie commented \"We did it and it was a lot of fun when we did it, but this time around I think we wanted to get back to a more intimate, personal setting, and scale it down a little bit.\" Ryan Ross explained that \"It's more about connecting with the audience and seeing what's gonna happen every night. It's not as scripted out and pre-planned. It makes it more exciting for us, and less monotonous every night.\"[71] A live album, ...Live in Chicago, based on live recordings from Chicago during the Honda Civic Tour, was released December 2, 2008.[72] An accompanying DVD contains photos from the tour, each music video from the album as well as behind-the-scenes footage of the videos and the tour, the short film Panic at the Disco In: American Valley, and the documentary feature based on the tour, All In A Day's.[73]", "Say Amen (Saturday Night) Directed by Daniel \"Cloud\" Campos, the music video for \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\" premiered on March 21, 2018.[8] Panic! at the Disco frontman Brendon Urie confirmed that the music video serves as a prequel to the band's 2013 music video, \"This Is Gospel\", from the band's fourth studio album Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! and the 2015 music video for \"Emperor's New Clothes,\" from the band's fifth studio album Death of a Bachelor.[2] The actress featured is Chloe Holmes.", "Mayday Parade On July 24, 2014, the band announced they will be making a fifth studio album to be released in 2015. A tour during late 2014 also happened, entitled The Honeymoon Tour, with supporting acts Tonight Alive, PVRIS and Major League.[28] According to an issue of Alternative Press, the band is currently recording with Mike Sapone (Brand New, Taking Back Sunday, Sainthood Reps) and was scheduled to be released sometime in the fall of 2015. The band also tweeted \"MAYDAY PARADE 5 IS DONE\" in late February of that year, indicating that they had finished their 5th studio album. On July 17, 2015, Mayday Parade announced that their new album Black Lines would be released on October 9 through Fearless.[29] At the second annual Alternative Press Music Awards on July 22, it was announced the Alternative Press Tour would be revived, with Mayday Parade headlining and supporting acts Real Friends, This Wild Life, and As It Is.[9]", "Pray for the Wicked Tour On March 21, 2018, the band released the latest music video for \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\" and a new single \"(Fuck A) Silver Lining\". With the release came the announcement of a summer tour. A R I Z O N A and Hayley Kiyoko were announced as the opening acts.[2]", "Pretty. Odd. Pretty. Odd. was released on March 25, 2008 in the United States and Canada, as well as various other dates for other countries. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-day sales of 54,000, and first-week sales of 139,000 copies in the United States.[39] Those figures marked the band's biggest sales week to that date, beating a previous record held by A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (which sold 45,000 during the winter of 2006). The record also debuted at \"Current Alternative Albums\" chart and #2 on the \"Digital Albums\" chart, the latter of which accounted for 26 percent of the disc's overall sales.[40] Online sales were very important to the early success of Pretty. Odd.; when the iTunes Store allowed customers to pre-order the album two months ahead of its release, it had already sold 8,000 copies the day before it was released. By May, the album had sold 235,280 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan.[28] By June, it had sold over 500,000 copies through online music services.[41] The number one position on the Billboard 200 chart was the self-titled debut from Day26, enjoying its second week at the top of the chart.[42]", "Brendon Urie On March 22, 2011, the band released their third album Vices & Virtues following the departure of Ross and Walker. On October 8, 2013, the fourth album, Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! was released. It debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200. On July 21, 2014, Urie won \"Best Vocalist\" at the Alternative Press Music Awards. In 2015, founding drummer Spencer Smith left the band and bassist Dallon Weekes departed from the official lineup, being downgraded to a touring member, leaving Urie as the only member of the official lineup.[15]", "Mania (Fall Out Boy album) After the release of the album's first two singles, \"Young and Menace\" and \"Champion\", Patrick Stump issued a statement on Twitter confirming that the band was postponing the release date for Mania until January 19, 2018 due to the album \"feeling rushed.\"[9]", "And Justice for None And Justice for None is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch. It was released on May 18, 2018,[6] and was preceded by two singles released in December 2017 on their first greatest hits record.", "Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! is Panic! at the Disco's second No. 2 album on the US Billboard 200, selling 84,000 copies in its first week.[26] As of January 2016, the album has sold 407,000 copies in the United States.[27]", "Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! Panic! at the Disco", "Last Young Renegade On February 13, 2017, the band posted a teaser video.[11] On February 17, the band announced they had signed to Fueled by Ramen since the start of 2016.[12] Gaskarth explained that following their previous album Future Hearts, the band were unsigned and were looking for a new label. He said signing with Fueled by Ramen was the \"perfect opportunity ... They really let us be who we want to be. There was no one there trying to shape us or guide us or direct us where to go from here.\"[3][nb 1] On the same day, a music video was released for \"Dirty Laundry\", directed by Pat Tracy. Gaskarth said the video was influenced by \"a dream about the ups and downs that make us who we are, sometimes worn and tired, but better for it... alive and inspired.\"[16] A day later, the song was released as a single.[17] On February 23, Last Young Renegade was announced for release, as well its artwork and track listing was revealed.[18] In March, the band went on a tour of the UK[19] with support from SWMRS and Waterparks.[20]", "Theory of a Deadman On November 9, 2013, it was confirmed via Theory's Twitter page that pre-production on their fifth album had started. In January 2014, they stated that they were \"finishing up record number 5 next week\" with release dates and news soon to come. In April 2014, Theory of a Deadman announced that a new single titled \"Drown\", would be released in April, with their new album Savages released in July.[13] The song \"Panic Room\" from the album would serve as the theme song for WWE's October pay-per-view Hell in a Cell.[14]", "Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco went on record many times saying that the group's second album would be completely different from A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, as Rolling Stone wrote in an article: \"The group cemented its next direction with their first single, called \"Nine in the Afternoon\". \"It's influenced by the music our parents listened to: the Beach Boys, the Kinks, the Beatles,\" says Ross. \"Our new songs are more like classic rock than modern rock. We got older and started listening to different music – and this seems like the natural thing to do right now.\"[99] Pretty. Odd. has been described as being like \"[Panic] dropping the entire Beatles catalog into a blender, adding some modern alternative ice and the horn section from Sonia Dada, then churning out a new-millennium Liverpool smoothie.\"[100] In his review of the band's live album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted, \"...Pretty. Odd. suggests that they're becoming that rare thing in 2008: a pop-oriented rock band. They might not be doing this knowingly, but the results are entertaining all the same.\"[101] Urie has cited bands/artists such as Frank Sinatra, Queen, David Bowie, Weezer, Green Day and My Chemical Romance as his biggest influences.[102][103]", "Death of a Bachelor On October 22, 2015 Brendon Urie released a statement through the band's Facebook page on the background of the album:", "Pretty. Odd. The band continued writing for their follow-up in September 2007. In one month, the band had completed writing \"six or seven songs\" that contained a much more positive outlook to them, according to Ross.[9] In October, the band entered the Studio at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas to begin recording the album. Ross became the primary spokesman for the band, remarking to MTV the band was \"working backwards\" for the release, stripping down its sound and going for a more classic rock approach.[10] With Pretty. Odd. the band was not concerned with succumbing to the pressures of living up to the success of their debut, instead writing and recording songs that made them happy.[11]", "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory In May 2016, the band started posting videos from the recording of the album in El Paso, Texas which they said expected to have released by the end of the year or early 2017.[6]", "Panic! at the Disco The band began touring in support of the album, christened the Vices & Virtues Tour, in earnest beginning in February 2011.[52] The tour has sported the same electric, over-the-top theatricality the band was known for during the Fever era. \"I really miss wearing costumes and makeup,\" Urie told Spin. \"I love throwing a big production. I've recently been reading about Tesla coils and I'm trying to figure out how I can get one that sits on the stage and shoots sparks without hurting anybody.\"[53] The group was scheduled to play the Australian Soundwave Revolution festival in September/October but the festival was canceled and in its place is the Counter-Revolution mini-festival the band will play.", "Heaven Upside Down Heaven Upside Down is the tenth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was released on October 6, 2017, by Loma Vista Recordings and Caroline International.[4] \"We Know Where You Fucking Live\" was issued as the album's lead single on September 11, with \"Kill4Me\" following on September 20.[5] The album is being supported by the Heaven Upside Down Tour.", "American Beauty/American Psycho American Beauty/American Psycho (sometimes abbreviated as AB/AP)[5] is the sixth studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released on January 16, 2015 through Island Records as the follow-up to the band's comeback album Save Rock and Roll (2013). The band wrote music while on tour with Paramore mid-2014 and it developed into a new album." ]	[ "Panic! at the Disco On December 15, 2017, the band released their fourth live album All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Live. The was released as a limited-edition double-vinyl and digital download.[81][82][83] Five days later, the band released a non-album Christmas song titled \"Feels Like Christmas\".[84] On December 27, bassist Dallon Weekes officially announced his departure from Panic! at the Disco after over eight years of performing in the band.[85]" ]
test1577	when does the little couples new season start	[ "doc56262" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc56262", "doc56258", "doc56256", "doc56261", "doc1811202", "doc929195", "doc56259", "doc1619255", "doc980622", "doc656743", "doc1751985", "doc756122", "doc56257", "doc1811203", "doc1811201", "doc118338", "doc1361947", "doc4751", "doc462583", "doc656739", "doc558764", "doc4766", "doc1619253", "doc2625785", "doc621714", "doc744915", "doc1525514", "doc2664449", "doc558775", "doc1751984", "doc1811204", "doc628640", "doc2329562", "doc462588", "doc1645190", "doc989927", "doc756152", "doc907704", "doc1482433", "doc929194", "doc4756", "doc621716", "doc4758", "doc462586", "doc121296", "doc4768", "doc164566", "doc1520870", "doc2393626", "doc2457096", "doc621715", "doc137408", "doc350170", "doc350208", "doc756128", "doc1645159", "doc558769", "doc1435219", "doc938612", "doc1071270", "doc656740", "doc1881472", "doc462587", "doc637709", "doc1622462", "doc752556", "doc773421", "doc1294634", "doc1377492", "doc1848110", "doc1107605", "doc113065", "doc1997601", "doc4754", "doc465199", "doc2217638", "doc909069", "doc462585", "doc756139", "doc2431588", "doc756133", "doc1541318", "doc2121790", "doc164568", "doc656738", "doc309847", "doc966361", "doc645949", "doc1986284", "doc121282", "doc1985278", "doc4752", "doc263564", "doc995444", "doc1881462", "doc597316", "doc752549", "doc501678", "doc1541899", "doc864498" ]	[ "The Little Couple The new season of The Little Couple premiered on September 19, 2017.", "The Little Couple They were originally introduced in a one-hour TLC special, Little People: Just Married. Season 1 of the show premiered on May 26, 2009. Season 2 premiered on October 27, 2009. On February 22, 2010, TLC renewed The Little Couple for a third season consisting of 20 episodes.[5] The mid-season finale aired after 9 episodes on July 27, 2010, and season 3 returned on October 12, 2010. It was announced on Facebook that the show would be returning for its 4th season on May 31, 2011.[6] Again, the season was split, with the second half of season 4 premiering on September 27, 2011.", "The Little Couple The Little Couple is an American reality television series on TLC that debuted May 26, 2009.[1] The series features Bill Klein, a businessman, and Dr. Jennifer Arnold, a neonatologist, who both have skeletal dysplasia. Arnold is 96.5 cm (3'2\") and Klein 122 cm (4 feet) tall. They moved from New York City, after Jen completed her pediatric residency and masters of medical education at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.", "The Little Couple Season 6 premiered on March 4, 2014.[19] It features Zoey's adoption, Arnold's cancer treatment, Will's fourth birthday, baptisms, the holiday season, and Arnold's 40th birthday.[19]", "Little Big Shots On March 14, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on March 5, 2017.[2][3]", "A Little Help with Carol Burnett On April 16, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on May 4, 2018. Additionally, it was confirmed that Russell Peters would act as co-host and that Julie Bowen, Candace Cameron Bure, Mark Cuban, Billy Eichner, Taraji P. Henson, Derek Hough, DJ Khaled, Lisa Kudrow, Brittany Snow, Wanda Sykes, and Finn Wolfhard would appear as guests.[1]", "The Little Couple In February 2012, Klein opened Rocky&Maggie in Rice Village Houston.[7][8][9][10] named after their pets Chihuahua Rocky and rescue mutt terrier Maggie. Arnold's mother Judy manages the store.[11] Season 5 began on March 20, 2012, and follows Klein and Arnold as they move into their custom-built dream home and launch a brand-new business.[12][13] In March 2013, they adopted their son, Will, from Hohhot, China. The adoption of their son, who also has dwarfism, is featured in Season 5.[14] On October 15, 2013, they adopted a daughter, Zoey, also a little person, from Delhi, India. The series went into an hiatus on June 4, 2013,[15] and returned on August 13, 2013.[16]", "Little Big Shots (Australian TV series) The program was set to premiere on 16 July 2017,[5] but was delayed due to the ratings success of Australian Ninja Warrior on rival channel Nine Network,[6] it subsequently premiered on 27 August 2017.[1]", "Eric & Jessie: Game On On June 28, 2017, Eric and Jesse announced in an Instagram video that the show will be returning for a third season, which is scheduled to premiere on September 6, 2017.[4]", "90 Day Fiancé The premise follows six couples - Paul and Karine, Darcey and Jesse, Larry and Jenny, Cortney and Antonio, Sean and Abby, and Patrick and Myriam - as they start a relationship before the K-1 Visa process begins. It premiered on August 6, 2017.[12]", "7 Little Johnstons Season 3 started airing on May 2, 2017.", "Married at First Sight (Australian TV series) The first season premiered on 18 May 2015 on the Nine Network.[3] A second season began on 4 April 2016[4] with the third season premiering later in the same year on 29 August 2016.[5] A fourth season premiered on Monday 30 January 2017.[6] The fifth season premiered on Monday 29 January 2018.[7]", "The Little Couple The show begins with the couple having just moved to Houston, Texas, where the series has documented the customized building of their home and attempts to have a child. Arnold is a neonatologist[2] who works at the Texas Children's Hospital, and Klein is a medical supplies and telemarketing businessman.[3][4]", "Little Big Shots The series premiered as a \"preview\" after The Voice with more than 12 million viewers, it then premiered in its regular Sunday at 8:00 PM timeslot on March 13, 2016 and it proved to be a hit for NBC with more than 15 million viewers.[26][5]", "Little Big Shots Little Big Shots is an American variety television series broadcast by NBC. Co-created and produced by Steve Harvey and Ellen DeGeneres, with Harvey serving as host, the series features children demonstrating talents and engaging in conversation with Harvey. The series was ordered in May 2015 for an eight-episode first season,[1] which premiered on March 8, 2016.", "Love It or List It In September 2017, HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program. The next season is to start airing in June 2018.[2]", "The People's Couch Bravo later picked up the series for a full 12-episode season,[3][4] and expanded the series into one-hour episodes beginning June 3, 2014.[5] Bravo renewed The People's Couch for a second season which premiered on October 7, 2014.[6] The third season premiered on October 6, 2015.[7] It was later renewed for a fourth season which premiered on January 15, 2016.", "Celebs Go Dating It was confirmed on 27 September 2017 that the show was renewed for a fourth series to air in 2018.[3] The fourth series is due to begin on 4 February 2018[4] The fourth series will be the first series to air during the week and weekend, but there would be no episode on Fridays or Saturdays.", "Little Women: Atlanta Little Women: Atlanta (often abbreviated to Little Women: ATL) is an American reality television series that debuted on January 27, 2016, on Lifetime. It is a spin-off series to Little Women: LA. The series chronicles the lives of a group of little women living in Atlanta, Georgia.", "90 Day Fiancé Returning couples included Season 1's Russ & Paola; Season 2's Danielle & Mohamed and Brett & Daya; and Season 3's Melanie & Devar, Loren & Alexei, and Kyle & Noon. TLC announced the spin-off series in August 2016. The series debuted on September 11, 2016, following the premiere of season 4 of 90 Day FiancÃ©. The first season ended in November 2016 with a two-part \"Tell All\" special.", "Big Little Lies (TV series) Despite originally being billed as a miniseries, HBO renewed the series for a second season.[1] Production on the second season will begin in March 2018 and is set to premiere in 2019. The entire main cast will return with the addition of Meryl Streep. All seven episodes will be written by David E. Kelley and directed by Andrea Arnold.[2]", "Celebs Go Dating In September 2017 it was confirmed that the series would return for a fourth series in 2018.[17] The fourth series does also feature same-sex relationships. It started on 4 February 2018.", "Little Big Shots (Australian TV series) Little Big Shots is an Australian reality television show which premiered on the Seven Network on 27 August 2017.[1] The program, based on the American format of the same name, is hosted by Shane Jacobson and features performances by children aged 3 to 13 years old.[2]", "Congqian Youzuo Lingjianshan A second season aired from January 7, 2017[2] to March 26, 2017.", "Love & Hip Hop On February 21, 2017, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta would be returning for a sixth season on March 6, 2017.[29] On April 19, 2017, VH1 announced Joseline's Special Delivery, a special documenting the birth of Joseline's child, which aired between the season's eighth and ninth episodes on May 1, 2017.[30][31] Additionally, Dirty Little Secrets 2, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes, aired on May 10, 2017.[32]", "Alone Together (TV series) The series was renewed for a second season by Freeform in October 2017, before the first season had even aired.[2] Season 2 premiered on August 1, 2018. All ten episodes were released for immediate streaming on Hulu. Season 2 guest stars included Carmen Electra, Nikki Glaser, Seth Morris, and Fran Drescher.[8]", "My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life is an American reality television series, chronicling the life of Whitney Way Thore, that premiered on January 13, 2015.[2] Season 2 was ordered in February 2015 and premiered on September 9, 2015. Season 3 premiered on June 8, 2016. The series was renewed for a fourth season with a premiere date of January 24, 2017.[3] Season 5 premiered on January 3, 2018.", "Married to Jonas In November 2012, E! announced that the series has been renewed for a second season, which premiered April 21, 2013.[2] The second season follows the couple as the Jonas Brothers finish their would-be fifth studio album and head back on their final United States tour after three years in hiatus, before the unexpected breakup of the band. Dani also jump-starts her own business endeavors by opening her own business in New Jersey and the Jonas and Deleasa families become closer.[3][4][5] The show has been cancelled after the end of second season.", "Big Little Lies (TV series) Internationally, the series premiered on February 20, 2017, in Australia on Showcase,[34] and on March 13, 2017, in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky Atlantic.[35]", "7 Little Johnstons 7 Little Johnstons is an American reality television series that premiered on the TLC cable network on March 31, 2015. The series revolves around the Johnstons: a family of seven that lives with dwarfism.", "Little Big Shots In September 2016, NBC ordered a spinoff from the series which focused on senior citizens with Harvey as host titles Little Big Shots: Forever Young, which premiered on June 21, 2017.[32]", "MasterChef Junior On March 5, 2014, MasterChef Junior was renewed for a third season before production on season two began.[2] The second season premiered on November 4, 2014.[3] The third season premiered on January 6, 2015.[4] The fourth season premiered on November 6, 2015.[5] The fifth season premiered on February 9, 2017.[6] The sixth season was announced by Fox on September 19, 2017, and began airing on March 2, 2018. It will feature the return of former MasterChef and MasterChef Junior judge Joe Bastianich.[7]", "Counting On Season 8 of the series will return on July 30th, 2018.[2]", "Little Women: Atlanta The fifth season premiers in the fall of 2018 and saw the departure of Sam and Tanya and the return of Bri and Emily to ATL. The main cast is the same as the season two cast, with Bri and Emily returning to the show after being gone for two seasons.", "Not Going Out On 24 August 2016, it was confirmed that there would be an eighth series in 2017. It is set seven years after the events of the 2015 Christmas special and shows how Lee and Lucy cope being parents to three young children.[4] The series began airing on 13 January 2017,[18] and ended on 3 March 2017.", "Big Little Lies (miniseries) Internationally, the series premiered on February 20, 2017, in Australia on Showcase,[20] and on March 13, 2017, in the UK and Ireland on Sky Atlantic.[21]", "Married at First Sight (Australian TV series) In February 2017, the season was renewed for a fifth season which aired on January 29, 2018.[34] On 11 October 2017, the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine’s upfronts and again will include 11 couples like the previous season. During the fifth season, 11 female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, the first two couples (Tracey & Dean, Sarah & Telv) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne.[35] In the second episode, another two couples (Jo & Sean, Alycia & Mat) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne.[36] In the third episode, two more couples (Davina & Ryan, Charlene & Patrick) met and wed in Warrawong and Melbourne.[37] In the fifth episode, two more couples (Ashley & Troy, Melissa & John) met and wed in Gold Coast and Melbourne.[38] In the sixth episode, another two couples (Gabrielle & Nasser, Carly & Justin) met and wed in Sydney.[39] In the seventh episode, the final couple (Blair & Sean) met and wed in Sydney.[40]", "Donnie Loves Jenny A&E has renewed the show for a fourth season, slated to premiere in 2017.[4]", "Better Late Than Never (TV series) On September 22, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on January 1, 2018. A special preview aired on December 11, 2017.[8][9]", "A Little Help with Carol Burnett On July 31, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had given the production series order for a first season consisting of twelve episodes. Alongside the announcement, it was reported that the series would be produced by Dick Clark Productions.[2]", "Celebs Go Dating The third series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016[10] along with the announcement of the second series, and began airing on 4 September 2017.[11] It concluded after nineteen episodes on 29 September 2017. An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. It was later reported that the episode was cancelled as one of the daters featured had been abusive in a previous relationship and accused of a serious crime.[12] Bobby-Cole Norris also became the first gay cast member to take part in the series.[13]", "Love & Hip Hop On October 2, 2017, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would return for an eighth season on October 30, 2017. A behind-the-scenes special, Dirty Little Secrets, will air on October 17, 2017.", "Celebs Go Dating The fourth series of the show was confirmed on 28 September 2017,[15] and will begin airing on 4 February 2018. It is the first series to air at the weekends, however there will be no episode on Fridays or Saturdays. The following is a list of celebrities who will feature in the fourth series.[16]", "Little Women: Atlanta The third season saw the departure of Briana Barlup and Emily Fernandez. Both currently appear as main cast members on Little Women: Dallas. The third season premiered on January 4, 2017 with Tanya Scott promoted to a main cast member, Samantha Ortiz and Abira Greene in recurring capacity.", "Married at First Sight (U.S. TV series) The fifth season of Married at First Sight was renewed on October 25, 2016. The episodes aired in 2017 and featured couples in Chicago.[12] The couples were:", "Celebs Go Dating The third series was due to end on 29 September 2017, however an episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. The show's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening's episode hours before airing. An E4 spokesman cited \"editorial reasons\" and said the show will return on Monday 17 September.[18]", "Life in Pieces On March 23, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on November 2, 2017.[5][6]", "Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 8) On October 18, 2017, nearly two weeks before the season eight premiere, VH1 aired Dirty Little Secrets, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show's first seven seasons, along with interviews with the show's cast and producers.[4] On November 16, 2017, VH1 announced that Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday, a holiday special starring Remy Ma and Papoose, would air on December 18, 2017.[5] On February 12, VH1 will air Love & Hip Hop: The Love Edition, a Valentine's Day special featuring clips from the show and interviews with cast members from all franchises.[6][7]", "Please Marry My Boy The series was renewed for a second season which premiered on 29 July 2013 at 9:00pm.[3]", "Long Lost Family (U.S. TV series) Season one of Long Lost Family premiered on March 6, 2016.[11] On June 9, 2016, it was announced that TLC had renewed the series for a second season.[13][14] The final six episodes of the second season began airing on November 6, 2017.[15] On March 20, 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season set to premiere on April 8, 2018.[12][16]", "Love & Hip Hop On April 13, 2017, VH1 announced that season four of Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood would premiere on July 17, 2017.[33] On June 19, 2017, the season premiere date was moved to July 24, 2017. On July 3, 2017, three weeks before the season four premiere, VH1 aired Dirty Little Secrets, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show's first three seasons, along with interviews with the show's cast and producers.[34]", "Cook's Country The show's eleventh season is currently airing as of Late August 2018.[1]", "Love & Hip Hop: New York On October 2, 2017, VH1 announced the show's return for an eighth season, which premiered on October 30, 2017.[1]", "Love & Hip Hop: New York On October 18, 2017, nearly two weeks before the season eight premiere, VH1 aired Dirty Little Secrets, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show's first seven seasons, along with interviews with the show's cast and producers.[63]", "Married at First Sight (Australian TV series) After airing only one episode, the Nine Network on 19 May 2015, announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which aired on 4 April 2016.[16] During the second season, four female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Erin & Bryce, Christie & Mark) meet and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Clare & Jono, Simone & Xavier) do the same. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the fifth episode, all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.", "Not Going Out On 14 December 2016, it was announced that the show had been re-commissioned for a ninth and tenth series.[7] Series 9 began on 8 March 2018.[8]", "Big Little Lies (TV series) On November 28, 2016, it was announced that the series would premiere on February 19, 2017.[15]", "The Circus: Inside the Greatest Political Show on Earth The docu-series premiered on January 17, 2016. It was renewed for a second season, which premiered on March 19, 2017.[4] It returned on April 15, 2018 for a third season, with CBS News anchor Alex Wagner stepping in as co-host to replace Mark Halperin, who was axed from the show amid sexual harassment allegations.[5]", "800 Words On 19 October 2015, the Seven Network and South Pacific Pictures renewed the show for a second season.[6] It premiered on 23 August 2016 in Australia.[7] On January 24, 2017, the Seven Network announced that the series had been renewed for a third season.[8] It screened from 12 September 2017[9] with a mid-season finale after 8 episodes.[10]", "List of Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce episodes On April 13, 2016, Bravo renewed the show for three more seasons. Season three began on January 11, 2017. Season four began on August 17, 2017. The fifth and final season premiered on June 14, 2018.[3]", "90 Day Fiancé 90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After? was renewed for a second season in November 2016.[10] The second season debuted on June 25, 2017, and features 90 Day Fiancé Season 1's Russ & Paola, Season 2's Danielle & Mohamed, Season 3's Loren & Alexei, and Season 4's Jorge & Anfisa and Chantel & Pedro.", "We Got Married The show's second season is scheduled for a grand premiere in mid-April 2016. All of the episodes will be produced before the premiere", "Little Women: Atlanta The fourth season premiered on December 14, 2017 with the same cast, with Samantha Ortiz promoted to a main cast member. However, in 2018, Samantha and Tanya announced that they would no longer be a part of the show. According to Tanya, she felt as if the show was did not bring positive energy into her life. She felt as if two seasons was enough. It is unclear whether Samantha had been asked to return to the show despite rumors hinting to the failed retention as her termination.", "Million Dollar Matchmaker On April 5, 2017 it was announced that AMC Networks had ordered a second season of Million Dollar Matchmaker making its debut on WE TV on August 4, 2017.[5] In season two, Stanger returns with a set of fellow relationship experts joining her matchmaking teamÂ : Candace Smith and Maxwell Billieon. [6] The Million Dollar Matchmaking trio join forces for one mission: to help client of celebrity status and financial wealth find love.[7]", "The Great Canadian Baking Show Auditions for the second season were announced by CBC Television on February 7, 2018.[6] The season began airing on September 19, 2018.[14]", "The Block (Australian TV series) Applications for the fourteenth season of the series opened in August 2017 until 10 September 2017, looking for couples couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents.[84] Filming for the season was originally slated to occur between January 2018 and April 2018,[85] but will begin filming on 8 February 2018.[86] In October 2017, the fourteenth season and location of The Block were officially confirmed at Nineâ€™s upfronts.[87] In June 2018, Network Nine announced the teams for the fourteenth season of The Block.[88] In July 2018, Network Nine announced the premiere date of Season 14 as Sunday, August 5th at 7pm.[89]", "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta On April 19, 2017, VH1 announced that Joseline's Special Delivery, a special documenting the birth of Joseline's child, will air between the season's eighth and ninth episodes on May 1, 2017.[94][95] It premiered to 2.18 million viewers.[96] Additionally, Dirty Little Secrets 2, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show's second season up until season five, aired on May 10, 2017 to over 1 million viewers.[97][98]", "Comedy Circus A new season of the show is starting from 15 September 2018.[8]", "Nailed It! All six episodes of the first season were released on Netflix on March 9, 2018.[3] The second season features six regular episodes and one bonus episode, and was released on Netflix on June 29, 2018.[4] The season ends with a crossover special, featuring the \"Fab Five\" of Netflix's Queer Eye series, with the series' food and wine expert Antoni Porowski serving as guest judge.", "Plebs (TV series) Series Four began filming in September 2017.[5][6] The first two episodes aired on 9 April 2018 on ITV2.[7]", "Don't Tell the Bride The series first premiered on BBC Three on 8 November 2007. In February 2012, it was announced that the show had been nominated for a Rose d'Or award for best 'Factual Entertainment' show.[2] Due to the impending shutdown of BBC Three as a linear television service, the 9th series of the programme was moved to BBC One.[3] With the confirmed shutdown of BBC Three, as well as falling viewership in response to changes in the programme's format that occurred upon the move, the BBC dropped Don't Tell the Bride. The series was then picked up for its 2016 series by Sky 1.[4][5][6] In 2017, it moved to E4 where it would broadcast a new 18-episode series later that year.[7]", "Little House on the Prairie (TV series) The regular series was preceded by the two-hour pilot movie, which first aired on March 30, 1974. The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11, 1974, and last aired on May 10, 1982. During the 1982â€“83 television season, with the departure of Landon and Grassle, the series was broadcast with the new title Little House: A New Beginning.", "Sounds Like Friday Night On 8 December 2017, the BBC confirmed that the show will be returning for a second series in April 2018, where both Dotty and James would reprise their roles as hosts.[3]", "Celebs Go Dating The second series of the show was confirmed on 7 November 2016,[6] and began on 13 February 2017.[7] It concluded after twenty episodes on 10 March 2017. Along with the announcement of the cast for the series, it was confirmed that Joey Essex would be returning, having previously appeared in the first series. Stephen Bear was also removed from the series during the eighteenth episode for breaking the show rules by dating a celebrity outside of the agency.[8]", "Real Husbands of Hollywood The fourth season premiered on August 18, 2015.[9] On January 21, 2016, the show was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on October 11, 2016.[10]", "Nathan for You The series premiere garnered 354,000 viewers, improving in its second episode to 570,000.[8][9] A special Sneak Peek episode that aired on March 13, 2013 after an episode of Workaholics further increased viewership, ending up at 615,000.[10] The following episode, airing on March 14, had 428,000 viewers.[11] The next week on March 21, ratings further took a dip, landing at 394,000 viewers.[12] On April 26, 2013, Comedy Central renewed the series for a second season of 8 episodes.[13] On July 27, 2015 Fielder announced via Twitter that Season 3 would premiere on October 15, 2015.[14] On December 10, 2015, Variety announced that Comedy Central had picked up the show for a fourth season.[15] On July 25, 2017, Fielder announced via Twitter that the fourth season would premiere on September 28, 2017, with a one-hour special entitled \"Nathan For You: A Celebration\" to air the week before.[16][17]", "Marriage Boot Camp Marriage Boot Camp: Bridezillas premiered with double episodes in Australia on 9 May 2015 on Arena.[15] and Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars began on 27 June, 2015 on the same channel.[16] In the UK, Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars premiered in May 2016 on ITVBe, while the Marriage Boot Camp: Bridezillas (title changed to Bridezillas: The Boot Camp) will start airing on 18 June 2016 on the same channel.", "Little Women: Atlanta The second season premiered on July 13, 2016 with the same cast, with Shirlene Pearson promoted to a main cast member while Samantha Ortiz and Tanya Scott make guest appearances, and with Melissa Hancock and the Drummond twins in the recurring capacity. Bri and Emily announced at the reunion that they will no longer be part of the show and are moving to Little Women: Dallas.", "Married at First Sight (Australian TV series) It was announced on 12 September 2016 the season would return in 2017 with an extended series which saw 10 couples being wed.[29] During the fourth season, 10 female contestants were matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts.[30] In the first episode, two couples (Cheryl & Jonathan, Susan & Sean) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne. In the second episode, another two couples (Scarlett & Michael, Nadia & Anthony) met and wed in Sydney. In the third episode, two more couples (Alene & Simon, Vanessa & Andy) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne respectively. In the fourth episode, another two couples (Lauren & Andrew, Deborah & John) met and wed in Sydney. In the fifth episode, the final two couples at the same time (Michelle & Jesse, Sharon & Nick) met and wed in Perth.", "Same Bed, Different Dreams This season comes with a format change. Compared to season 1 where the purpose was to break down the barriers between generations and remediate the conflicts between parents and children this season focuses on the life of celebrity couples.", "Married at First Sight (Australian TV series) It was announced in February 2016 that show should would return with two seasons, season two & three, there will be a bold casting move this season. This season will be the first to include five couples & is set to include the series' first ever same-sex male couple.[5] During the third season, four female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner & for the first time a male contestant is matched with his 'perfect' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Keller & Nicole, Mark & Monica) met and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Jess & Dave, Bella & Michael) did the same. In the third episode, one more couple (Craig & Andy) were wed. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the sixth episode, all couples (bar one) meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.[24]", "The Kitchen (talk show) On February 20, 2014 (2014-02-20), it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season,[4] which began airing on April 19, 2014 (2014-04-19).[1] The series is currently in its fifteenth season, which began airing on October 14th, 2017. .[5]", "Lip Sync Battle Shorties On March 6, 2018, Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second season.[10]", "Life in Pieces The show debuted on September 21, 2015 on CBS.[10] The first five episodes aired on Mondays, before it was moved on November 5, 2015, to a new time slot of 8:30 p.m. ET/PT (7:30 p.m. CT) on Thursdays, directly after CBS finished its NFL broadcasts.[11] In the United States, the first season airs on Netflix, with the second season also being available in Canada.[12]", "90 Day Fiancé 90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After? is an American documentary series (Docu-Series) on TLC and a spin-off of 90 Day Fiancé. The series follows six couples from previous seasons and documents the ups and downs of their relationships post-marriage.", "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce Produced by Universal Cable Productions, it is the first original scripted series for Bravo.[2] A 13-episode first season was ordered by the network, which premiered on December 2, 2014.[3] The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers. Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive, with particular praise towards Edelstein's performance and the series' quality over the reality series on Bravo. The show was eventually renewed for a second season, which premiered on December 1, 2015.[4] On April 13, 2016, it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third, fourth and fifth season.[5] On August 5, 2016, it was announced that the fifth season would be the show's last.[6]", "Celebs Go Dating (series 3) An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air, seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time. The show's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening's episode hours before airing. An E4 spokesman cited \"editorial reasons\" and said the show would return on 18 September.[1] Scenes from the pulled episode were broadcast on 18 September. The series was also cut down from 20 episodes to 19 episodes.[2]", "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 6) On April 19, 2017, VH1 announced that Joseline's Special Delivery, a special documenting the birth of Joseline's child, will air between the season's eighth and ninth episodes on May 1, 2017.[5][6] It premiered to 2.18 million viewers.[7] Additionally, Dirty Little Secrets 2, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes, aired on May 10, 2017 to over 1 million viewers.[8][9]", "Second Wives Club The trailer was released in April 2017. The show premiered on May 4, 2017.", "Married at First Sight (U.S. TV series) Married at First Sight is an American reality television series based on a Danish series of the same name titled Gift Ved FÃ¸rste Blik.[1] The series first aired in the United States on FYI. Beginning with season two, it aired in simulcast on sister network A&E. The series features three couples, paired up by relationship experts, who agree to marry when they first meet. For the first three seasons, the experts were clinical psychologist Dr. Joseph Cilona, sexologist Dr. Logan Levkoff, sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz, and humanist chaplain Greg Epstein. Starting with the fourth season, the experts are Schwartz, pastor and marriage counselor Calvin Roberson, and communication and relationship expert Rachel DeAlto.[2] The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel before leaving for a honeymoon. Upon returning home, they live together as a married couple for eight weeks. Thereafter they choose to divorce or stay married. On October 25, 2016 FYI renewed the show for a fifth season.", "The Great Australian Bake Off Production on season 4 of the series began in May 2017.[14] It premiered on 18 January 2018, and moved from Lifestyle Food to the main LifeStyle channel.[15]", "Celebs Go Dating The first series of the show was confirmed in March 2016, and began airing on 29 August 2016. It concluded after fifteen episodes on 16 September 2016. Shortly after the series it was announced that E4 had commissioned a further two series to air in 2017.[5]", "Snapped: Killer Couples Snapped: Killer Couples is an American television series currently airing on the Oxygen Network. The program details couples who commit crimes together.[2] The program is a spin-off of the Oxygen series Snapped[3] and has a similar format to the Investigation Discovery program Wicked Attraction.[4] The show is currently in its ninth season, which had begun airing in January 2018.", "Gigolos Showtime ordered a second season of eight episodes and it debuted October 20, 2011.[1] Showtime renewed the series for a third season to begin filming June 2012, but announced it would be without Jimmy Clabots.[2] Season three premiered August 30, 2012. Season four began filming in Las Vegas January 16, 2013 and premiered April 18th, 2013. Season 5 premiered on January 23, 2014.", "We Got Married Season three officially begins on 9 April, with two additional couples upon the departure of Yonghwa & Seohyun, as well as a new format. Park Hwi-sun and K.Will are added for Season 3 to the cast as MCs.", "Baby Daddy In the United Kingdom, the series began airing on E4 on February 16, 2015. The second season started on March 2, 2015.[22] Series 3 aired in April 2015. Series 4 aired in September 2015. Series 5 will premiere 5th September 2016.[23]", "The Block (Australian TV series) On 8 November 2016, The Block was renewed for a thirteenth season at Nine's upfronts.[58][59] Applications for the thirteenth season of the series opened on 9 January 2017, with energetic couples aged between 18 and 65 years old being sought by casting agents.[60] Filming for the season is scheduled to occur between April 2017 and July 2017.[60] The casting call also specifies first round couples will be reduced to final participants in the first week of filming, which suggests Season 13 will feature an elimination round similar to that of Season 5.[60]", "John Bishop: In Conversation With... The second series of 10 episodes aired from 16 March 2017,[1] and the third series began on 14 September 2017.[citation needed] A fourth series was commissioned in November 2017 and began on 5 July 2018.[2]", "A Million Little Things The series features an ensemble cast including David Giuntoli, Romany Malco, Allison Miller, Christina Moses, Christina Ochoa, Grace Park, James Roday, Stéphanie Szostak, Tristan Byon and Lizzy Greene. The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC in August 2017; A Million Little Things was ordered to series in May 2018 and premiered on September 26, 2018. On October 26, 2018, the show was picked for a full season of 17 episodes.[1]", "The Letdown In June 2017, the show was picked up to series by ABC, with Netflix as a co-producer.[3] The series is due to premiere on 25 October, 2017 on ABC.[4] The series premiered internationally on Netflix on April 21st 2018." ]	[ "The Little Couple The new season of The Little Couple premiered on September 19, 2017." ]
test1354	who sang theme song for license to kill	[ "doc47851" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc47851", "doc1339786", "doc47850", "doc1059376", "doc1059380", "doc1648942", "doc1059377", "doc1059378", "doc47852", "doc1059379", "doc1411626", "doc163190", "doc1339787", "doc1059370", "doc163202", "doc47849", "doc877216", "doc1059375", "doc877207", "doc567303", "doc917964", "doc1648939", "doc2583912", "doc877211", "doc75282", "doc2587181", "doc1648925", "doc1339765", "doc1648940", "doc163193", "doc47848", "doc231931", "doc877204", "doc1411629", "doc877209", "doc1648941", "doc836687", "doc1082563", "doc1648947", "doc877228", "doc1504292", "doc917965", "doc836688", "doc1467281", "doc1411636", "doc683303", "doc163191", "doc1272209", "doc1059371", "doc1059372", "doc567301", "doc917955", "doc1272227", "doc231925", "doc1411628", "doc877206", "doc231932", "doc567292", "doc1084087", "doc877217", "doc1272210", "doc2583911", "doc163195", "doc1411638", "doc1082576", "doc615624", "doc836670", "doc1411633", "doc877213", "doc567310", "doc1339801", "doc1286769", "doc1339802", "doc1082610", "doc1339775", "doc1100269", "doc615625", "doc1411635", "doc1339799", "doc836689", "doc1411631", "doc1339780", "doc163192", "doc977241", "doc2566761", "doc1665028", "doc1874368", "doc567291", "doc1339798", "doc877218", "doc231930", "doc1411627", "doc1916200", "doc341202", "doc2402478", "doc1059374", "doc1648937", "doc1272144", "doc1272143", "doc1734369" ]	[ "Licence to Kill (soundtrack) The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen, later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom. The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff, based on the \"horn line\" from Goldfinger, which required royalty payments to the original writers.[2] At five-minutes twelve seconds it is the longest Bond theme. The music video of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, GoldenEye.", "Licence to Kill Initially Vic Flick, who had played lead guitar on Monty Norman's original 007 theme, and Eric Clapton were asked to write and perform the theme song to Licence to Kill and they produced a theme to match Dalton's gritty performance, but the producers turned it down[28] and instead Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen. The song (one of the longest to ever be used in a Bond film) was based on the \"horn line\" from Goldfinger, seen as an homage to the film of the same name,[28] which required royalty payments to the original writers.[29] The song gave Knight her first British top-ten hit since 1977.[30] The end credits feature the Top 10 R&B hit \"If You Asked Me To\", sung by Patti LaBelle.[31]", "Licence to Kill (soundtrack) Initially Eric Clapton and Vic Flick were asked to write and perform the theme song to Licence to Kill. The theme was said to have been a new version based on the James Bond Theme. The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Flick.[1]", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) Necros' Theme", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) Vienna Theme / If There Was a Man", "James Bond music Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. The Living Daylights featured The Pretenders performing \"If There Was a Man,\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. Licence to Kill has \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti Labelle. GoldenEye featured Éric Serra's \"The Experience of Love\". Tomorrow Never Dies included k.d. lang's \"Surrender\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \"Surrender\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the Thunderball soundtrack, where Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang was originally proposed as the opening credits music, only to be replaced by the eponymous title track as sung by Tom Jones.[10]", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) James Bond Theme", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) Kara's Theme", "Licence to Kill (soundtrack) All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts. The end credits of the film feature the song \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti LaBelle. Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle, in 1992, the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer CÃ©line Dion. The track \"Wedding Party\", used during the wedding of Felix Leiter to Della Churchill, makes reference to the track \"Jump Up\" from the first Bond film, Dr. No.", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) Koskov's Theme", "A View to a Kill (song) \"A View to a Kill\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave and synthpop band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's biggest hits. It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100; it also made it to number 2 for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart.[1][2]", "Live and Let Die (song) \"Live and Let Die\" is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die, written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Paul McCartney's band Wings. It was one of the group's most successful singles, and the most successful Bond theme to that point, charting at No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart.[2][3]", "Licence to Kill John Barry was not available at the time due to throat surgery, so the soundtrack's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, who was known for scoring many action films at the time, such as Lethal Weapon and Die Hard.[32] Glen said he picked Kamen, feeling he could give \"the closest thing to John Barry.\"[8]", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) The title song of the film, \"The Living Daylights\", was recorded by pop group A-ha. A-ha and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song.[2] Barry's film mix is heard on the soundtrack and all three of a-ha's best-of compilations. The a-ha preferred mix can be heard on their 1988 album Stay on These Roads. However, in 2006 a-ha's Paul Waaktaar-Savoy complimented Barry's contributions \"I loved the stuff he added to the track, I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement. That's when, for me, it started to sound like a Bond thing\".[2] The title song is one of very few 007 title songs that is not performed or written by a British or American performer in the history of the series.", "Live and Let Die (song) Guns N' Roses", "Licence to Kill (soundtrack) Because the usual James Bond composer John Barry (who had scored almost every film from From Russia with Love onwards) was not available at the time as he was undergoing throat surgery, the soundtrack's more upbeat and suspenseful score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen.", "The World Is Not Enough (song) â€“ Shirley Manson[10]", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) The Living Daylights Theme", "The World Is Not Enough (song) Arnold wanted a theme song marrying the \"classic Bond sound\" with the electronica that would influence most of his score. An orchestra would be required as audiences expect traditional elements in a Bond film, and without them The World Is Not Enough would be seen as a generic action movie.[3] Getting the balance right might be a \"poisoned chalice\", since the results could sound too much or too little like a Bond theme.[4] Arnold collaborated with lyricist Don Black on the song.[1] Black, with 30 years of experience writing Bond themes, wrote the lyrics to Tom Jones's \"Thunderball\", Shirley Bassey's \"Diamonds Are Forever\", Lulu's \"The Man with the Golden Gun\" and k.d. lang's closing credits theme, \"Surrender\", from Tomorrow Never Dies.[5] Arnold and Black met several times to discuss lyrics for \"The World Is Not Enough\", also collaborating by phone, fax and email.[1] According to Arnold, he \"strung some la-las together, and all of a sudden the [song] came to life\". By the end of 1998 he and Black finished the music and lyrics, except for the bridge (a contrasting section of about eight bars).[1]", "James Bond Theme In Licence to Kill, the Bond theme was arranged by Michael Kamen using rock drums to symbolize a harder and more violent Bond. This gunbarrel is the first one since Dr. No not starting with the Bond theme but orchestral hits though the surf guitar makes returns soon after.", "The Living Daylights The title song of the film, \"The Living Daylights\", was co-written with Paul Waaktaar-Savoy of the Norwegian pop-music group A-ha and recorded by the band. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song.[21] Barry's film mix is heard on the soundtrack (and on A-ha's later greatest hits album Headlines and Deadlines). The version preferred by the band can be heard on the 1988 A-ha album Stay on These Roads. However, in 2006 Paul Waaktaar-Savoy complimented Barry's contributions: \"I loved the stuff he added to the track, I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement. That's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing\".[21] The title song is one of the few 007 title songs that is not performed or written by a British or American performer.", "James Bond music Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes â€“ she recorded the themes to Goldfinger, Diamonds Are Forever, and Moonraker. Bassey also recorded her own versions of \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\" for Thunderball and it was rumoured that \"No Good About Goodbye\" was intended for Quantum of Solace, however David Arnold said 'No Good About Goodbye' was never intended as a Bond song.[6]", "If You Asked Me To \"If You Asked Me To\" was first featured on the soundtrack of the 1989 James Bond movie, Licence to Kill. The song's title refers to dialogue from the film. LaBelle's version peaked at number 79 on the US Billboard Hot 100, at number 10 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs,[1] and at number 11 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. The song appeared on the daytime soap opera General Hospital in 1989.", "The World Is Not Enough (song) That month Arnold offered the theme to Garbage lead singer Shirley Manson,[1] who was very enthusiastic; Arnold said he \"never heard someone screaming down the phone\".[3] A week later he sent the band the rough demo, which they approved.[8] Manson requested a small change in the lyrics, disliking the line \"I know when to kiss and I know when to kill\", so Arnold and Black changed \"I\" to \"we\" for the final version.[1]", "The Man with the Golden Gun (soundtrack) The theme tune was performed by Lulu, composed by John Barry, and the lyrics to the song were written by Don Black. Alice Cooper claims his song \"The Man With The Golden Gun\" was to be used by the film's producers until it was dropped for Lulu's song instead. Cooper's song appears on his album Muscle of Love.", "Tomorrow Never Dies At first, the theme song was to be written by Arnold himself, with the help of lyricist Don Black and singer-songwriter David McAlmont, who recorded the demo. However, MGM wanted a more popular artist, and invited various singers to write songs before one was picked through a competitive process.[32] There were around twelve submissions, including songs from Swan Lee, Pulp, Saint Etienne, Marc Almond, and Sheryl Crow.[33] Crow's song was chosen for the main titles. Arnold's composition, \"Surrender\", performed by k.d. lang, was still used for the end titles, and features the same prominent melodic motif as the film's score.[31] This was the fourth Bond film to have different opening and closing songs. Moby created a remake of The James Bond Theme to be used for the movie. Two different versions of the soundtrack album were released, the first featuring only music from the first half of the film, and the second rectifying this but cutting several tracks, including the songs, to make room for the missing score tracks. Pulp's effort was re-titled as \"Tomorrow Never Lies\" and appeared as a b-side on their single \"Help The Aged\".", "James Bond music The James Bond film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions, many of which are now considered classic pieces of film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous \"James Bond Theme\". Other instrumentals, such as the \"007 Theme\" or \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's \"Goldfinger\", Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\" or Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" and Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" have also become identified with the series.", "Licence to Kill Licence to Kill is a 1989 British spy film, the sixteenth in the James Bond film series produced by Eon Productions, and the last to star Timothy Dalton in the role of the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is the first one not to use the title of an Ian Fleming story. It is also the fifth and final consecutive Bond film to be directed by John Glen. The story has elements of two Ian Fleming short stories and a novel, interwoven with aspects from Japanese Rōnin tales. The film sees Bond being suspended from MI6 as he pursues drugs lord Franz Sanchez, who has ordered an attack against his CIA friend Felix Leiter and the murder of Felix's wife during their honeymoon. Originally titled Licence Revoked in line with the plot, the name was changed during post-production due to American test audiences associating the term with driving.", "James Bond music Paul McCartney's performance of \"Live and Let Die\" was the first Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song; it reached No. 2 as a U.S. single, and No. 9 on the U.K. charts.[3][4] George Martin's work in the song won the Grammy for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists.[7] Marvin Hamlisch's (music) and Carole Bayer Sager's (lyrics) \"Nobody Does It Better\" (performed by Carly Simon) received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's \"For Your Eyes Only\", which was performed by Sheena Easton. It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from Skyfall by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for The Spy Who Loved Me, while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.[8] Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" from Spectre would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song.", "Live and Let Die (song) Originally, producer Harry Saltzman was interested in having Shirley Bassey or Thelma Houston perform it instead of Wings.[1] Martin said McCartney would allow the song to be used in the movie only if Wings was able to perform the song in the opening credits. Saltzman, who had previously rejected the chance to produce A Hard Day's Night, decided not to make the same mistake twice and agreed. A second version of the song, performed by B. J. Arnau, also appears in the film. Arnau's performance originally was meant for the group Fifth Dimension.[6] The Arnau version of the song appears on the soundtrack album as a component in a medley that also contains two George Martin-composed instrumental pieces, \"Fillet of Soul – New Orleans\" and \"Fillet of Soul – Harlem\".", "Licence to Kill (soundtrack) The soundtrack to Licence to Kill, the 16th James Bond film of the same name, was released by MCA Records in 1989.", "You Know My Name (Chris Cornell song) Cornell stated that the biggest two influences on \"You Know My Name\" were Tom Jones, who performed the theme for Thunderball, and Paul McCartney, who composed and performed the theme for Live and Let Die. \"I decided that I was going to sing it like Tom Jones, in that crooning style. I wanted people to hear my voice,\" Cornell said. \"And 'Live and Let Die' is a fantastic song. Paul McCartney wouldn't have written it if not for that movie. I [also] wanted to write a song in its own universe. I knew I'd never have it again — a big orchestra — so I wanted to have fun with it.\" [13] Cornell did not put the film's title in the lyrics, because he \"couldn't imagine it fitting into a song lyric that would come out of my mouth\".[14] And he jokingly stated \"Casino Royale didn't make a good rock title, but I would write a song named Octopussy just for fun\".[15]", "The World Is Not Enough (song) \"The World Is Not Enough\" is the theme song from the eponymous 1999 James Bond film, performed by American-Scottish alternative rock band Garbage. The song was written by composer David Arnold (who also scored the film) and lyricist Don Black, previously responsible for four other Bond songs, and was produced by Garbage and Arnold. \"The World Is Not Enough\" was composed in the style of the series' title songs, in contrast with the post-modern production and genre-hopping of Garbage's first two albums. The group recorded most of \"The World Is Not Enough\" while touring Europe in support of their album Version 2.0, telephoning Arnold as he recorded the orchestral backing in London before travelling to England. Garbage later finished recording and mixing the song at Armoury Studios in Canada. The lyrics reflect the film's plot (told from the viewpoint of antagonist Elektra King), with themes of world domination and seduction.", "A View to a Kill (song) Duran Duran were chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone decent to do one of your theme songs?\"[3][4] This inauspicious beginning led to some serious talks, and the band was introduced to Bond composer John Barry, and also Jonathan Elias (whom Duran Duran members would later work with many times). An early writing meeting at Taylor's flat in Knightsbridge led to everyone getting drunk instead of composing.[5]", "The World Is Not Enough (song) â€“ David Arnold[4]", "James Bond music Duran Duran and John Barry's \"A View To A Kill\" topped the singles charts in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit No. 1 in the United States.[4] No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015.[9]", "A View to a Kill The soundtrack was composed by John Barry, and published by EMI/Capitol.[15] The theme song, \"A View to a Kill\", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. \"May Day Jumps\" is the only track that uses the \"James Bond Theme\". Barry's composition from On Her Majesty's Secret Service was modified for use in the songs \"Snow Job\", \"He's Dangerous\" and \"Golden Gate Fight\" of A View to a Kill.[16] \"A View to a Kill\" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series.[17] The 2015 track Writing's On The Wall later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one.[18]", "James Bond in film The Living Daylights was the twelfth and final Bond film to be scored by composer John Barry.[186] The title song of the film, \"The Living Daylights\", was co-written with Paul Waaktaar-Savoy of the Norwegian pop-music group A-ha and recorded by them. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song.[133]", "James Bond music \"Dream on James, You're Winning\"", "The World Is Not Enough (song) Radioactive followed the single with The World Is Not Enough's soundtrack album, featuring \"Ice Bandits\" and \"Only Myself to Blame\" (a second David Arnold-Don Black composition, sung by Scott Walker during the end credits).[50] The album was released in North America on November 9,[51] and then internationally.[17] \"The World Is Not Enough\" was included as a bonus track on the Japanese version of Garbage's third album, Beautiful Garbage,[52] and was remastered for Absolute Garbage.[24] It was also included in three editions of the James Bond music compilation The Best of Bond...James Bond: in 2002,[53] 2008[54] and 2012.[55]", "Live and Let Die (film) John Barry, who had worked on the previous five themes and orchestrated the \"James Bond Theme\", was unavailable during production. Broccoli and Saltzman instead asked Paul McCartney to write the theme song. Since McCartney's salary was high and another composer could not be hired with the remainder of the music budget, George Martin, who had been McCartney's producer while with The Beatles, was chosen to write the score for the film.[15] \"Live and Let Die\", written by McCartney along with his wife Linda and performed by their group Wings, was the first true rock and roll song used to open a Bond film, and became a major success in the UK (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to \"The Way We Were\". Producers hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself. Arnau's version was featured in the film itself, when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends.[16]", "The Living Daylights In a departure from previous Bond films, The Living Daylights was the first to use different songs over the opening and end credits. The song heard over the end credits, \"If There Was a Man\", was one of two songs performed for the film by Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders. The other song, \"Where Has Everybody Gone\", is heard from Necros's Walkman in the film. The Pretenders were originally considered to perform Daylights' title song. However, the producers had been pleased with the commercial success of Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\", and felt that A-ha would be more likely to make an impact on the charts.[22]", "A View to a Kill Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone decent to do one of your theme songs?\"[19][20]", "For Your Eyes Only (song) \"For Your Eyes Only\" is the theme tune to the 12th James Bond movie, For Your Eyes Only, written by Bill Conti and Mick Leeson, and performed by Scottish singer Sheena Easton. The song reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number eight on the UK Singles Chart.[1][2] It was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards in 1982.", "A View to a Kill (song) Finnish Melodic Death Metal band Diablo has covered the song, so has Finnish symphonic metal cover supergroup Northern Kings.[7]\nIn 2008, the song was covered with a bossa feeling by former Morcheeba singer Skye on the cover album Hollywood, Mon Amour.[13]", "You Only Live Twice (song) \"You Only Live Twice\", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. Music was composed and produced by veteran James Bond composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and lush harmonies from French horns. It is considered by some to be among the best James Bond theme songs,[1] and has become one of Nancy Sinatra's best known hits. Shortly after Barry's production, Sinatra's producer Lee Hazlewood released a more guitar-based single version.", "Live and Let Die (song) Commissioned specifically for the movie and credited to Paul and Linda McCartney, it reunited the former Beatle with the band's producer, George Martin, who both produced the song and arranged the orchestral break. It has been covered by several bands, with the Guns N' Roses version being the most popular cover. Both the McCartney and the Guns N' Roses versions were nominated for Grammys. In 2012, McCartney was awarded the Million-Air Award from Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), for more than 4 million performances of the song in the US.[4]", "John Barry (composer) As Barry matured, the Bond scores became more lushly melodic (along with other scores of his such as Out of Africa), as in Moonraker (1979) and Octopussy (1983). Barry's score for A View to a Kill was traditional, but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart. Both A View to a Kill and The Living Daylights theme by a-ha blended the pop music style of the bands with Barry's orchestration. In 2006, a-ha's Pal Waaktaar complimented Barry's contributions: \"I loved the stuff he added to the track, I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement. That's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing.\"[25]", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) Originally, British pop band Pet Shop Boys was asked to compose the soundtrack, but backed out when they learned that they should not provide a complete soundtrack but merely the opening theme song.[citation needed]", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) In a departure from conventions of previous Bond films, the film uses different songs over the opening and end credits. The song heard over the end credits, \"If There Was A Man\", was one of two songs performed for the film by Chrissie Hynde, of the Pretenders. The other song, \"Where Has Everybody Gone\", is heard as source music in the film (from Necros's Walkman). The Pretenders were originally considered to perform the film's title song. However, the producers had been pleased with the commercial success of Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\", and felt that a-ha would be more likely to make an impact in the charts. In the event, \"The Living Daylights\" was a hit in many countries.", "James Bond Theme When Roger Moore came to the role, the \"James Bond Theme\" became a string orchestra driven piece. Likewise, in Live and Let Die, the James Bond theme was featured in a Funk-inspired version of the tune reflecting the music of Blaxploitation films popular at the time. After that in 1974 John Barry composed the theme and song but sung by Lulu. The brief quote of the theme in the pre-credits music of The Spy Who Loved Me, titled \"Bond 77\", featured a disco sound, reflecting a style of music which was very popular at the time. The Spy Who Loved Me returned briefly to using the surf-rock guitar associated with the theme from the early days. One unusual instance occurred in Octopussy, when Bond's contact, who is disguised as a snake charmer played a few notes of the tune for Roger Moore's James Bond, presumably as a pre-arranged identification signal; this is an example of the tune being used as diegetic music. In the last Bond film of Roger Moore, A View to a Kill the melody of the theme was played on strings.", "The Living Daylights Originally, the KGB general set up by Koskov was to be General Gogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service. This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group A-ha (which performed the film's title song), was offered a small role as a villain's henchman in the film, but declined, because of lack of time and because he felt they wanted to cast him due to his popularity rather than his acting.", "John Barry (composer) (Excludes co-composed hits, e.g. Duran Duran's A View to a Kill)", "You Know My Name (Chris Cornell song) \"You Know My Name\", performed by Soundgarden singer Chris Cornell, is the theme song to the 2006 James Bond film, Casino Royale. Cornell wrote it jointly with David Arnold, the soundtrack's composer. The film producers chose Cornell because they wanted a strong male singer. Cornell and Arnold tried to make the song a replacement theme for the character instead of the \"James Bond theme\" reflecting the agent's inexperience in Casino Royale, as well as an introduction to Daniel Craig's grittier and more emotional portrayal of Bond. The single sold 148,000 copies in 2006 in the UK,[1] peaked at number 7 in the UK singles chart,[1] and has sold 323,000 digital copies and 3.5 million streams in the U.S. as of 2017.[2]", "A View to a Kill (song) The song was written by Duran Duran and John Barry, and recorded at Maison Rouge Studio and CTS Studio in London with a 60-piece orchestra.", "The World Is Not Enough (song) In September 1998 Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli, owners of Eon Productions and long-time producers of James Bond films, chose David Arnold to compose the score for the nineteenth Bond movie (scheduled for release in November of the following year).[1] Arnold composed the score for Tomorrow Never Dies, the previous film, and oversaw the recording of Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project (an album of cover versions recorded by contemporary artists including Pulp, Aimee Mann and David McAlmont). Arnold and the film's production team wanted an early rough draft of the song so elements of its melody could be incorporated into the main score. Director Michael Apted thought the use of \"Nobody Does It Better\" as a love theme throughout The Spy Who Loved Me very effective, and he wanted Arnold to use that as a reference point.[2]", "You Know My Name (Chris Cornell song) Before producers Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli announced on July 26, 2006, that Cornell was performing the theme for Casino Royale,[16] various names were reported in the media, some reports going so far as to have the performers apparently claim they were working on the song. This list includes Tina Turner, who previously sang \"GoldenEye\" for the 1995 Bond film of the same name,[17] and Tony Christie.[18]", "James Bond Theme Within the Bond films themselves, many different arrangements of the theme have been used, often reflecting the musical tastes of the specific times. The electric guitar version of the theme is most associated with the Sean Connery era although it was also used in some Roger Moore films, in Timothy Dalton's final film Licence to Kill and in the Bond films starring Pierce Brosnan with scores composed by David Arnold. For every Bond movie which John Barry scored, he orchestrated a slightly different version of the Bond theme, as can be heard during the gun barrel sequence. These specialised Bond themes often reflected the style and locations featured in the movie, and the actor playing Bond.", "The World Is Not Enough The title song, \"The World Is Not Enough\", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth Bond theme co-written by Black, preceded by \"Thunderball\",[21] \"Diamonds Are Forever\",[22] \"The Man with the Golden Gun\",[23] and \"Tomorrow Never Dies\".[24] IGN chose \"The World Is Not Enough\" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time.[25] In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time, behind only \"Goldfinger.\"[26] The song also appeared in two \"best of 1999\" polls: #87 in 89X's \"Top 89 Songs of 1999\"[27] and No. 100 in Q101's \"Top 101 of 1999\".[28]", "The World Is Not Enough (song) The final recording was made in August at Armoury Studios in Vancouver, Canada,[14] where Garbage built upon their first mix of the song, adding and subtracting parts, and completed final recording and mixing.[8] The band kept the arrangement tight to preserve the song's dynamic, sweeping melody. \"The orchestra took up so much space and really dictated where the song was going dynamically,\" keeping the recording simple, Vig recalled. \"Besides the drums and bass and some percussive loops, there's a little bit of guitar that Duke and Steve did. There's not a lot of miscellaneous tracks on there. There's a few little ear-candy things that we did, but it's all meant to work around Shirley's singing.\"[8] Although Garbage owned its own recording studio in Madison, Wisconsin, for legal reasons the song could not be recorded in a U.S. studio.[15] \"The World Is Not Enough\" was completed, mixed and mastered at the end of the month,[16] and the group returned to their recording studio in Madison to record their mix of the song.[15] Garbage's version (the \"chilled-out remix\") downplayed the classic Bond sound in favour of the band's style.[17] Vig later said about the original recording, \"We're pretty pleased with how it turned out. To Garbage fans, it sounds like a Garbage song. And to Bond fans, it's a Bond song.\"[13]", "John Barry (composer) Barry's last score for the Bond series was The Living Daylights (1987), Timothy Dalton's first film in the series with Barry making a cameo appearance as a conductor in the film.[26] Barry was intended to score Licence to Kill (1989) but was recovering from throat surgery at the time and it was considered unsafe to fly him to London to complete the score. The score was completed by Michael Kamen.[27]", "If You Asked Me To \"If You Asked Me To\" is a song written by American songwriter Diane Warren. It was originally recorded by American singer Patti LaBelle for her ninth studio album Be Yourself (1989), and also for the soundtrack to the James Bond film, Licence to Kill. The lyrics are from the point of view of a woman who pleads to her significant other: \"If you asked me to, I just might change my mind, and let you in my life forever.\" Three years later, Canadian singer Celine Dion covered \"If You Asked Me To\" for her 1992 self-titled second English-language studio album. Released as the album's second single, Dion's version topped the Canadian charts and peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100.", "Live and Let Die (song) The single reached No. 2 in the United States and No. 9 in the United Kingdom.[9][10] The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies.[11][12] Although McCartney's previous single, \"My Love\", had been credited to 'Paul McCartney & Wings', the label of the \"Live and Let Die\" single credited the performing artist simply as 'Wings'. On the soundtrack album, however, the song was credited to 'Paul McCartney & Wings' and was credited as such in the opening titles to the film. \"Live and Let Die\" was the last McCartney single on Apple Records that was credited only to 'Wings'.", "A View to a Kill (song) Jay Gonzalez of Drive-By Truckers covered the song in a bossa nova style on the 2017 multi-artist compilation album, Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007. [15]", "James Bond in film The soundtrack to GoldenEye was composed and performed by Éric Serra. Prolific Bond composer John Barry turned down an offer by Barbara Broccoli to score the film.[211] The theme song, \"GoldenEye\", was written by Bono and The Edge, and was performed by Tina Turner. As Serra did not collaborate with Bono or The Edge, orchestral versions of the song did not appear throughout GoldenEye, as had been the case in previous James Bond films.[212]", "GoldenEye The theme song, \"GoldenEye\", was written by Bono and the Edge, and was performed by Tina Turner.[63] As the producers did not collaborate with Bono or the Edge, the film score did not incorporate any of the theme song's melodies, as was the case in previous James Bond films.[64] Swedish group Ace of Base had also written a proposed theme song, but label Arista Records pulled the band out of the project fearing the negative impact in case the film flopped. The song was then re-written as their single \"The Juvenile\".[65]", "A View to a Kill Despite receiving mixed to negative reviews from critics, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song \"A View to a Kill\" performing well in the charts, becoming the only theme song to reach #1 on the Billboard charts and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song. Christopher Walken was also praised for portraying a \"classic Bond villain\".[2]", "A View to a Kill (song) Cover versions have been recorded by the Welsh alternative metal band Lostprophets,[7] Canadian punk rock band Gob,[7] Australian band Custard, appearing on the 1999 released album The Songs Of Duran Duran: UnDone[9][10] and the Chilean heavy metal band Los Mox on their album ...Con Cover, released in 2006.[11]", "The World Is Not Enough (song) At the beginning of August Garbage's involvement was confirmed in a press release from MGM and Radioactive Records, Shirley Manson's record label, which would release the soundtrack and the single.[6] Although Music Week reported that Jamiroquai, Robbie Williams, Sharleen Spiteri, Björk and Melanie C were rejected by the producers before Garbage was chosen,[11] Arnold denied that the other artists had auditioned; the single was suitable only for a film, and was not created with a particular artist in mind.[12]", "James Bond Theme American electronica musician Moby produced a remixed version of the theme entitled \"James Bond Theme (Moby's Re-Version)\" for the Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies. It first appeared as the second track on I Like to Score, a compilation of Moby's songs used in films, and later featured as the fifteenth and final track on the Tomorrow Never Dies soundtrack album. Moby has said \"It did feel a little strange remixing something that was perfect in its original state\",[attribution needed] further admitting that he \"still thinks the original is miles better than the version I did\".[attribution needed]", "Licence to Kill The Licence to Kill screenplay was novelised by the then-novelist of the Bond series John Gardner. It was the first Bond novelisation since Moonraker in 1979.[69]", "Miami Vice Theme \"Miami Vice Theme\" is a musical piece composed and performed by Jan Hammer as the theme to the television series Miami Vice. It was first presented as part of the television broadcast of the show in September 1984, was released as a single in 1985, and peaked at the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100. It was the last instrumental to top the Hot 100 until 2013, when \"Harlem Shake\" by Baauer reached number one.[1] It also peaked at number five in the UK and number four in Canada. In 1986, it won Grammy Awards for \"Best Instrumental Composition\" and \"Best Pop Instrumental Performance.\" This song, along with Glenn Frey's number two hit \"You Belong to the City\", put the Miami Vice soundtrack on the top of the US album chart for 11 weeks in 1985, making it the most successful TV soundtrack of all time until 2006, when Disney Channel's High School Musical beat its record.", "Licence to Kill Licence to Kill was also adapted as a forty-four page, colour graphic novel, by writer and artist Mike Grell (also author of original-story Bond comic books), published by Eclipse Comics and ACME Press in hardcover and trade editions in 1989.[70] The adaptation closely follows the film story, although the ending is briefer, and James Bond is not drawn to resemble Timothy Dalton after Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be licensed.[71] Domark also published a video game adaptation, 007: Licence to Kill, to various personal computers.[72]", "James Bond in film The music for Never Say Never Again was written by Michel Legrand.[337] Legrand also wrote the main theme \"Never Say Never Again\", which featured lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman—who had also worked with Legrand in the Academy Award winning song \"The Windmills of Your Mind\"[338]—and was performed by Lani Hall.[331]", "Licence to Kill The initial outline of what would become Licence to Kill was drawn up by Wilson and Maibaum.[5] Before the pair could develop the script, the Writers Guild of America (WGA) went on strike and Maibaum was unable to continue writing, leaving Wilson to work on the script on his own.[9] Although both the main plot and title of Licence to Kill owe nothing to any of the Fleming novels, there are elements from the books that are used in the storyline, including a number of aspects of the short story \"The Hildebrand Rarity\", such as the character Milton Krest.[4][10] The novel Live and Let Die provided the material surrounding Felix Leiter's mauling by a shark,[5] whilst the film version of the book provided the close similarity between the main villain, Mr. Big, and Licence to Kill's main villain Sanchez.[11] The screenplay was not ready by the time casting had begun, with Carey Lowell being auditioned with lines from A View to a Kill.[4]", "Jarvis Cocker Cocker sang a duet, \"Ciao!\", with Miki Berenyi on British shoegazing band Lush's 1996 album Lovelife. In 1997, he collaborated with David Arnold on a cover of \"All Time High\" by Rita Coolidge, the theme from Octopussy. Furthermore, he gained co-writing credits for several songs (\"Walk Like a Panther\", \"1st Man in Space\", \"Drive Safely Darlin'\", \"Stars on Sunday\", and \"Happy Birthday Nicola\") on The All Seeing I's album Pickled Eggs & Sherbet, released in 1999. He contributed lead vocals to \"Drive Safely Darlin'\". He also performed live with The All Seeing I on Top of the Pops, singing \"Walk Like a Panther\" in place of Tony Christie, who sang on the recorded version.[23]", "GoldenEye The soundtrack to GoldenEye was composed and performed by Éric Serra. Prolific Bond composer John Barry said that despite an offer by Barbara Broccoli, he turned it down.[66] Serra's score has been criticised: Richard von Busack, in Metro, wrote that it was \"more appropriate for a ride on an elevator than a ride on a roller coaster\",[67] and Filmtracks said Serra \"failed completely in his attempt to tie Goldeneye to the franchise's past.\"[68] The end credits song, Serra's \"The Experience of Love\", was based on a short cue Serra had originally written for Luc Besson's Léon one year earlier.", "A View to a Kill (song) Shirley Bassey covered the song for an album of Bond theme songs; however, she wasn't satisfied with the quality, so the album was withdrawn from sale.", "Licence to Kill Norman Wilner of MSN considered Licence to Kill the second worst Bond film, above only A View to a Kill, but defended Dalton, saying he \"got a raw deal. The actor who could have been the definitive 007Â ... had the bad luck to inherit the role just as the series was at its weakest, struggling to cope with its general creative decline and the end of the Cold War\".[64] In October 2008 Time Out re-issued a review of Licence to Kill and also thought that Dalton was unfortunate, saying \"one has to feel for Dalton, who was never given a fair shake by either of the films in which he appeared\".[65] On a more positive note, Chuck O'Leary of Fantastica Daily remarked that it was a rare entry in the Bond series where the danger seems real.[66]", "A View to a Kill During the opening sequence, a cover version of the 1965 Beach Boys song \"California Girls\", performed by Gidea Park with Adrian Baker (a tribute band), is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding.[21]", "A View to a Kill (song) Due to a clear separation of areas of responsibility, the cooperation between band and composer turned out to be harmonic to a large extent. The band was in charge of the actual songwriting and Barry created the final arrangement including the orchestra part.\nThe song was finally completed in April 1985, and released in May 1985. In the UK it entered the singles chart at No. 7 before peaking at No. 2 the following week, and remained at that position for three weeks. In the US, it entered the charts at No. 45, and on 13 July it reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It remains the only Bond theme with this chart performance.[7]", "Licence to Kill Davi later helped with the casting of Sanchez's mistress Lupe Lamora, by playing Bond in the audition.[6] Talisa Soto was picked from twelve candidates because Davi said he \"would kill for her\".[4] David Hedison returned to play Felix Leiter, sixteen years after playing the character in Live and Let Die. Hedison did not expect to return to the role, saying \"I was sure that [Live and Let Die] would be my first â€“ and last\"[19] and Glen was reluctant to cast the 61-year-old actor, since the role included a scene parachuting. Hedison was the only actor to play Leiter twice,[20] until Jeffrey Wright appeared in both Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace.[21]", "Live and Let Die (song) Even before Tom Mankiewicz had finished writing the screenplay to Live and Let Die, producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli invited Paul McCartney to write the theme song. McCartney asked to be sent a copy of Ian Fleming's novel. \"I read it and thought it was pretty good. That afternoon I wrote the song and went in the next week and did itÂ ... It was a job of work for me in a way because writing a song around a title like that's not the easiest thing going.\"[5]", "For Your Eyes Only (film) The title song, written by Conti and Michael Leeson, was sung by Sheena Easton, who holds the distinction of being the first title song artist to appear on screen in a Bond film,[22] as designer Maurice Binder liked Easton's appearance and decided to add her to the opening credits.[50] The producers of the film wanted Blondie to perform the title song: the band wrote a song titled \"For Your Eyes Only\", but decided to decline the offer when they discovered the producers wanted a recording of Conti's song instead. Blondie's song can be found on their 1982 album, The Hunter.[51]", "Octopussy The score was composed by John Barry, with the lyrics by Tim Rice.[12] The opening theme, \"All Time High\", is sung by Rita Coolidge and is one of seven musical themes in the James Bond series whose song titles do not refer to the film's title. \"All Time High\" spent four weeks at number one on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary singles chart and reached number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Diamonds Are Forever (film) \"Diamonds Are Forever\", the title song, was the second James Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey, after \"Goldfinger\" in 1964. In an interview for the television programme James Bond's Greatest Hits, composer John Barry revealed that he told Bassey to imagine she was singing about a penis. Bassey would later return for a third performance for 1979's Moonraker.", "The Spy Who Loved Me (soundtrack) The theme song \"Nobody Does It Better\" was composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager and was performed by Carly Simon. It was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"You Light Up My Life\". It was one of five Bond theme songs to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The other four were \"Live and Let Die\" in 1973, \"For Your Eyes Only\" in 1981, \"Skyfall\", and \"Writing on the Wall\". \"Skyfall\" went on to win the award in 2013 and \"Writing on the Wall\" won in 2016.", "James Bond Theme The \"James Bond Theme\" was recorded on 21 June 1962, using five saxophones, nine brass instruments, a solo guitar and a rhythm section.[1] The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Vic Flick on a 1939 English Clifford Essex Paragon Deluxe guitar plugged into a Fender Vibrolux amplifier. Flick was paid a one-off fee of £6 for recording the famous James Bond Theme riff.[2] John Scott played the saxophone. Barry, who was paid £250 for his work, was surprised that his theme appeared so often in Dr. No. He was told by Noel Rogers, the head of United Artists Music, that though the producers would not give him any more money or a writing credit they would get in touch with him if there was another Bond film made.[3]", "Licence to Kill Opinion on Licence to Kill has not changed with the passing of time and the reviews are still mixed, though film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes lists the film with a positive 77% \"fresh\" rating from 52 reviews.[59] Tom Hibbert of Empire gives the film only two of a possible five stars, observing that \"DaltonÂ ... is really quite hopeless\".[60] Hibbert concluded that \"he may look the part, but Timothy Dalton fails the boots, the scuba gear, or the automobiles left him by Moore and Connery.\"[60] In 2006, IGN ranked Licence to Kill fifteenth out of the then 21 Bond films, claiming it is \"too grim and had strayed too far from the Bond formula.\"[61] That same year, Benjamin Svetkey and Joshua Rich of Entertainment Weekly ranked the film as second worst in the series, questioning Wayne Newton's cameo, and considering that \"not even Benicio Del Toro in an early role as a henchman is enough to pep up the action.\"[62] The magazine also listed Pam Bouvier seventh on their list of worst Bond girls, saying Carey Lowell \"fumbled this attempt at giving 007 a modern, independent counterpart by turning her into a nagging pest.\"[63]", "The World Is Not Enough (song) Two songwriters, Frank P. Fogerty and Nathan Crow, sued Eon, MGM, Universal Music and Universal Studios for copyright infringement over \"The World Is Not Enough\", alleging that it derived from their song \"This Game We Play\", which was submitted to MGM executives in February 1999 for consideration for the soundtrack of The Thomas Crown Affair. Their claim centered on a four-note sequence in \"The World Is Not Enough\" which they alleged was identical to part of \"This Game We Play\". When the songwriters were gathering evidence, one posed as an employee of composer James Horner to contact Don Black and solicit his services for Ocean's Eleven. They recorded their conversation with Black, trying to get him to disclose when he and Arnold composed \"The World Is Not Enough\", and contacted Shirley Manson in a similar manner.[1]", "You Know My Name (Chris Cornell song) Speaking to film music fan site Maintitles, Arnold said he wanted \"You Know My Name\" to act as a substitute for the James Bond theme, to represent Bond's immaturity. The song's main notes are played throughout the film, and the classic theme only plays during the end credits to signal the end of his character arc.[9] Arnold felt the song should tie closer to the score, and have the \"DNA of the James Bond music\".[7] The musical arrangement tried to create \"the right blend of rock aggression and sophisticated instrumentation\",[10] with Cornell describing it as \"more uptempo and a little more aggressive than any other Bond theme has been, maybe since Paul McCartney ['s 'Live and Let Die']\".[11]", "A View to a Kill (song) In 1986, composer John Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for \"A View to a Kill\". The song was the last track recorded by the most famous five-member lineup of Duran Duran until their 2001 reunion. It was performed by the band at Live Aid in Philadelphia, their final performance together before their first split. Following Barry's death, the band paid tribute as their encore at the 2011 Coachella Festival, Simon Le Bon reappearing in a tuxedo for a pared-down version backed by an orchestra, before launching into the full, upbeat track. Bassist John Taylor told the crowd: \"We lost a dear friend of ours this year â€“ English composer John Barry. This is for him.\"", "The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song) \"The Heat Is On\" is a song written by Harold Faltermeyer and Keith Forsey, and recorded by Glenn Frey for the American film Beverly Hills Cop (1984). The song was published as a single and as the fourth track of the album Beverly Hills Cop: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack (1984).", "Nobody Does It Better \"Nobody Does It Better\" is a song composed by Marvin Hamlisch with lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager. It was recorded by Carly Simon as the theme song for the 1977 James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. It was the first Bond theme song to be titled differently from the name of the film since Dr. No, although the phrase \"the spy who loved me\" is included in the lyrics. The song was released as a single from the film's soundtrack album.", "Diamonds Are Forever (soundtrack) \"Diamonds Are Forever\", the title song with lyrics by Don Black, was the second Bond theme to be performed by Shirley Bassey, after \"Goldfinger\". The song was also recorded in Italian by Bassey as \"Una Cascata di Diamanti (Vivo Di Diamanti)\"; this version was only issued on 7-inch single in Italy, and was intended to be included in a (cancelled) 3-CD box set titled Shirley released in 2012.[2]", "The Living Daylights (soundtrack) Composer John Barry utilises eight leitmotifs on the soundtrack, that recurs in two or more of the tracks listed. Two of them are pinned to location, three are pinned to characters Necros, Kara and Koskov, one is pinned to the title song by a-ha, one is pinned to the Mujahedin and one is the Monty Norman James Bond Theme.", "James Bond music The opening credits of From Russia with Love were accompanied by an instrumental version of the main theme, arranged by John Barry and written by Lionel Bart. A single by The John Barry Orchestra reached No. 39 in the U.K. At the film's end, a vocal version by English singer Matt Monro is heard. This song spent 13 weeks in the U.K. charts, peaking at No. 20.[3]", "The Guns of Navarone (film) Music by Dimitri Tiomkin \nLyrics by Alfred Perry", "The Guns of Navarone (film) Music by Dimitri Tiomkin \nLyrics by Alfred Perry", "Cry Little Sister \"Cry Little Sister\" is a song written by Gerard McMahon (under the pseudonym Gerard McMann) and Michael Mainieri and performed by McMahon for the 1987 soundtrack to the film The Lost Boys. The album peaked at number 15 on the Billboard 200,[1] the single did not chart in the U.S." ]	[ "Licence to Kill (soundtrack) The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen, later becoming a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom. The song was composed by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff, based on the \"horn line\" from Goldfinger, which required royalty payments to the original writers.[2] At five-minutes twelve seconds it is the longest Bond theme. The music video of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, GoldenEye." ]
test1875	who was in dont worry be happy video	[ "doc65870" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc65870", "doc65865", "doc65869", "doc1468177", "doc65867", "doc65878", "doc65874", "doc65872", "doc65876", "doc65871", "doc65866", "doc65875", "doc65868", "doc65873", "doc87918", "doc2514423", "doc1353753", "doc153464", "doc95427", "doc1830076", "doc122340", "doc831791", "doc2263986", "doc2263982", "doc369519", "doc2646604", "doc2511067", "doc2431526", "doc1017220", "doc586792", "doc1353754", "doc1436260", "doc758025", "doc542555", "doc1031438", "doc16239", "doc1783426", "doc2237596", "doc2088865", "doc153463", "doc116691", "doc1454767", "doc1156941", "doc1093622", "doc1783425", "doc1270926", "doc2618719", "doc265771", "doc51868", "doc1964857", "doc1976481", "doc692753", "doc1018275", "doc372344", "doc2358824", "doc586791", "doc1155828", "doc1406454", "doc116690", "doc1436259", "doc153467", "doc1100137", "doc1229400", "doc729896", "doc1270911", "doc2149102", "doc786467", "doc2217304", "doc585237", "doc345601", "doc180543", "doc834845", "doc1708582", "doc1613528", "doc1953771", "doc1475788", "doc1069843", "doc1756116", "doc529953", "doc1985558", "doc790316", "doc2166937", "doc900779", "doc153442", "doc888542", "doc1346706", "doc2178207", "doc341245", "doc207951", "doc339394", "doc2661356", "doc885878", "doc1371492", "doc130639", "doc2527396", "doc95422", "doc961633", "doc776660", "doc2658021", "doc1436499" ]	[ "Don't Worry, Be Happy The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin,[7] and is somewhat shorter than the album version.", "Don't Worry, Be Happy \"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin. Released in September 1988, it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks.", "Don't Worry, Be Happy he \"instruments\" in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent.[6]", "Bill Irwin Irwin was featured in the 1988 music video of \"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" by Bobby McFerrin (along with McFerrin and Robin Williams). Irwin was also featured in HBO's 1997 production Subway Stories. He has also appeared on The Cosby Show, Saturday Night Live, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Law & Order and Lights Out.", "Don't Worry, Be Happy In the 1960s, the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era. In 1988, McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco.[citation needed] Inspired by the expression's charm and simplicity, McFerrin wrote the now famous song, which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail, and became a hit single the next year. In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said, \"Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba, it usually says 'Don't worry, be happy,' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words, I think.\"[4]", "Don't Worry, Be Happy Versions of \"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" have been recorded by several artists. The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics, and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled \"Don't Happy, Be Worry\", as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression. In addition, the lyrics of \"Fight the Power\" by hip-hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to \"Don't Worry, Be Happy\". A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass, a very popular animatronic singing toy. Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009. Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album (together with former Jah Roots lead singer, Josh Heinrichs). Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro. Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style, Ska.", "Don't Worry, Be Happy The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a \"formula for facing life's trials.\"[13]", "Don't Worry, Be Happy The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart[10] and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.[8] The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart, the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart (kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston's \"One Moment in Time\").[11]", "Don't Worry, Be Happy The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time.[21] At the 1989 Grammy Awards, \"Don't Worry, Be Happy\" won the awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.", "Don't Worry, Be Happy Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988, the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24, 1988[8] displacing \"Sweet Child o' Mine\" by Guns N' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot.[9]", "Don't Worry, Be Happy The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba (1894â€“1969) often used the expression \"Don't worry, be happy\" when cabling his followers in the West.[3]", "Don't Worry, Be Happy While the song reached No. 1 on the charts, its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released.[9]", "Don't Worry, Be Happy Linda Goldstein, the song's producer, said the song gave McFerrin \"the freedom to explore,\" adding, \"He is a man of infinite, unfathomable, boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain, from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera.\"[5]", "Don't Worry, Be Happy In Canada, the song reached No. 1 on its 8th week.[12]", "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology) In 1991, a music video of the song was released by Motown Records, featuring appearances by celebrities such as Smokey Robinson, Johnny Gill, Big Daddy Kane, Holly Robinson Peete, Ralph Tresvant, Bobby Brown, Rosie Perez, Bell Biv Devoe, Wesley Snipes, Tyler Collins (singer), Malcolm Jamal Warner, Diana Ross, Stevie Wonder, David Bowie, Stephanie Mills, Debbie Harry and Vanessa L. Williams.", "One Love/People Get Ready A posthumous music video was directed by Don Letts in 1984 to accompany the Bob Marley & The Wailers compilation album, Legend. It stars young British boy, Jesse Lawrence, in his home on the World's End Estate,[1] and on the King's Road dancing at the head of a large crowd of punks, locals and tourists as well as archival footage of Marley (from the \"Is This Love\" music video). It also features several cameo appearances including Paul McCartney, two members of Bananarama, Neville Staple of The Specials, members of the reggae groups Aswad and Musical Youth, Suggs and Chas Smash of Madness; some of the short clips in this video are also in Madness' video for their song \"The Return of the Los Palmas 7\". The song was also released alongside the video and gave Marley a posthumous UK hit when it reached number 5 in May 1984.[2]", "Ain't Worried About Nothin' A music video was filmed in late April and released on May 7, 2013 for the song. Rappers Rick Ross and Sean Combs make cameo appearances in the video.[1]", "Happy (Pharrell Williams song) Williams himself appears 24 times in the day-long video, once at the start of each hour. There are a number of celebrity cameos in the video, including Whit Hertford, Kelly Osbourne, Rob Zabrecky, Magic Johnson, Urijah Faber, Sérgio Mendes, Jimmy Kimmel, Odd Future, Steve Carell (who plays Gru in Despicable Me 2), Jamie Foxx, Ana Ortiz, Miranda Cosgrove (who plays Margo in Despicable Me 2), Kazuchika Okada, Gavin DeGraw and JoJo.[53] The minions from Despicable Me 2 make several appearances throughout the film, including one scene at 3:00 am, in which Pharrell Williams and the minions dance in a movie theatre that is playing the scene from Despicable Me 2 in which \"Happy\" appears. A lone, one-eyed minion also appears dancing to song in its entirety at 4:40 pm.", "Don't You Worry Child A music video for the song was released on 14 September 2012, filmed on location at the group's final British performance on 14 July 2012 at the National Bowl in Milton Keynes. As of October 2017[update], the music video has over 450 million views on YouTube.", "Ghostbusters The music video produced for the song became a number-one video on MTV. Featuring actress Cindy Harrell, directed by Ivan Reitman, produced by Jeffrey Abelson, and conceptualized by Keith Williams, the video integrated footage of the film with a humorous performance by Parker. It also featured cameo appearances by celebrities who joined in the call-and-response chorus, including Chevy Chase, Irene Cara, John Candy, Melissa Gilbert, Ollie E. Brown, Jeffrey Tambor, George Wendt, Al Franken, Danny DeVito, Carly Simon, Peter Falk, and Teri Garr. The video concludes with Parker and the stars of the film, in full Ghostbuster costume, dancing and singing behind Parker in Times Square.", "Got My Mind Set on You The first, directed by Gary Weis, starred Alexis Denisof vying for the heart of a girl in an amusement arcade. It featured Harrison and the band inside of a movie viewer, while the young man tries to win a toy ballerina for the girl.[3]", "Black or White The first few minutes of the video feature an extended version of the song's intro. During this interlude (sometimes compared to Marty Callner's 1984 \"We're Not Gonna Take It\" video for Twisted Sister[25]) an 11-year-old kid (Macaulay Culkin) is dancing to rock music in his bedroom at night, causing four baseball team bobbleheads (from left to right, the Giants, the Pirates, the Dodgers, and the Rangers) to bobble. This attracts the attention of his grouchy father (George Wendt), who furiously orders him to stop playing the music and go to bed. After his father storms out and slams the door behind him (causing a Michael Jackson poster on the door to fall off and its glass frame to smash), the boy retaliates by setting up large speaker cabinets (with levels of \"LOUD\", \"LOUDER\", and \"ARE YOU NUTS!?!\", respectively; with the dial turned up all the way to \"ARE YOU NUTS!?!\") behind his father's reclining chair, donning leather gloves and sunglasses, strapping on a Wolfgang guitar and playing a power chord, and telling the father to \"Eat this!\".[21] The sound then shatters and destroys the house windows and sends his father (seated in the chair) halfway around the world, where the actual song begins.[21] The kid's mother (Tess Harper), comments that his father will be very upset when he gets back. The album version of the song does not feature Culkin's nor Wendt's voice; they are replaced by voice actors performing a similar intro. The boy's father crashes in Africa, and Jackson sings \"Black or White\", surrounded by various cultures scene-by-scene.[23]", "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It) A black and white video was shot in January 1995 by Nick Egan,[15] featuring Duran Duran, Melle Mel, and the Furious Five performing the song accompanied by breakdancers and people in skeleton masks.", "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It) An unofficial music video was directed by then New York University film student Spike Lee and starred actor Laurence Fishburne.[7]", "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing \"Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing\" is a single by Stevie Wonder, taken from his 1973 album Innervisions. It reached number 16 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart, number 10 on the Cash Box chart,[1] and number 2 on the R&B chart. The song's lyrics convey a positive message, focusing on taking things in one's stride and accentuating the positive.", "I Want to Be in Love The video starred the actress Jennifer Aniston as the girl in the party who cross the way of several characters.[1] The director of the video clip is David Hogan.[2]", "List of music considered the worst \"Don't Worry, Be Happy\", Bobby McFerrin (1988)Â", "Be Happy (song) The official remix features Def Squad rapper Keith Murray, which samples 1980s hip hop artist Jimmy Spicer's \"Money (Dollar Bill Ya'll)\". This version also garnered heavy rotation as well.", "Don't (Ed Sheeran song) An accompanying music video was released on YouTube on 4 August 2014. The video was directed by Emil Nava and follows a dancer (Phillip Chbeeb from I.aM.mE) going from poverty to wealth.[26] Sheeran makes a brief drive-by cameo appearance. 4Music called it a \"compelling watch\".[27]", "Don't Worry Baby A cover version of \"Don't Worry Baby\" was done by B.J. Thomas in 1977. His producer Chris Christian, who had recently produced BJ's gold Contemporary Christian album \"Home Where I Belong\" had met the MCA Records executives while working the Olivia Newton-Johns album \"Don't Stop Believing\" in Nashville. Chris presented the idea to the MCA executives to sign BJ to MCA, and record a cover of \"Don't Worry Baby\". MCA agreed, and the \"Don't Worry Baby\" album was BJ's last top 10 hit. His version included new original lyrics. Thomas's rendition of the song was also his final Top 40 single, reaching number 17 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, outcharting the Beach Boys and was #2 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. The record also reached number 12 in Canada. The song was a major Adult Contemporary hit in both nations.[citation needed]", "Ain't Worried About Nothin' A video posted by Montana previewed the song and revealed that Miley Cyrus was to be featured on the remix. [2] Then the first official remix was released on October 4, 2013, featuring Rick Ross, Diddy and Snoop Dogg.[3][4] Then, on October 14, 2013, the remix featuring Miley Cyrus was released.[5]", "Don't Cha The opening sequence of the video features the Pussycat Dolls riding in jeeps and Busta Rhymes rapping his verse, simultaneously. The video continues to switch back and forth from Scherzinger singing her parts separately and the other Pussycat Dolls singing along. Scherzinger is seen throughout the video wearing the infamous \"don't cha\" hoodie that features the first line of the chorus (\"Don't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me\") on the top part of her sweater. Once the chorus kicks in, the group is seen performing a dance routine surrounded by walls with graffiti printed on each side. Then, the group is seen at an underground party where each member is jumping from a ground trampoline. The Pussycat Dolls are seen surrounded by party guests as they strut down a case of stairs. Once the girls are on the ground, another dance routine is performed. Busta Rhymes is featured in the next scene where he raps his final verse. The scene continues to switch between Scherzinger and Busta Rhymes together and Scherzinger with the group until chorus starts again and Scherzinger is in the center of the group and then lifts herself and kicks two chairs in front of her. The Pussycat Dolls continue to dance and sing until the video ends. Robin Antin and Cee-Lo Green make appearances in the video towards the end.", "Don't You (Forget About Me) The music video, directed by Daniel Kleinman, takes place on a dancing floor in a dark room with a chandelier, a rocking horse, a jukebox, and television sets displaying scenes from The Breakfast Club. The room gets increasingly cluttered with random objects as the video progresses, up until the last minute. The video on YouTube had been viewed over 94 million times as of January 29, 2018.[6]", "What Is Love An official music video was released directed by Soulvizion. It features the Dutch professional basketball player Don Rigters[75] who plays the role of David Rose, a basketball player who is severely injured trying to make a comeback to the game with encouragement from his girlfriend, (played by Melissa Kanza), his three teammates, (Alkenah Wansing, Jeroen Jansen and Lindy Chippendel) and by his basketball coach (played by J E Rigters).", "You Can Call Me Al Paul Simon did not like the original music video that was made, which was a performance of the song Simon gave during the monologue when he hosted Saturday Night Live in the perspective of a video monitor.[7] A replacement video was conceived partly by Lorne Michaels and directed by Gary Weis, wherein Chevy Chase lip-synced Simon's vocals, with gestures punctuating the lyrics.[8]", "Jimmy Kimmel Live! In addition to Affleck, the video featured Robin Williams, Don Cheadle, Harrison Ford, William Shatner, Hynden Walch, Cameron Diaz, Christina Applegate, Benji Madden and Joel Madden from Good Charlotte, Dicky Barrett, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Lance Bass, Dominic Monaghan, Meat Loaf, Pete Wentz, Joan Jett, Huey Lewis, Perry Farrell, Macy Gray, Rebecca Romijn, Josh Groban, Jessica DiCicco, and unnamed choir singers as recording booth singers, along with Brad Pitt as a delivery man. The video gained widespread media attention, with Kimmel jokingly telling the New York Times, \"Every once in a while, Hollywood rallies itself for a worthy cause.\"[17] On its end-of-the-decade \"best-of\" list, Entertainment Weekly put Damon as an action star at No. 60 and the Silverman video on No. 62, writing, \"A talk-show host's famous comedian girlfriend confesses in a catchy song that she's shtupping No. 60? Yeah, that'll go viral.\"[18]", "The Lazy Song An alternate video was directed by Nez, produced by Anne Johnson, and was released on May 27, 2011.[52] The video features Leonard Nimoy, who \"enjoys the lazy life\". During the music video Nimoy, who wears a robe and slippers all day, is seen \"wandering around the neighborhood and scaring the local Ginger kids, he's at home smoking weed and chilling out\". Besides this, one or two other famous Trek stars make a brief appearance, like William Shatner.[53][54] Mars and Lawrence make a cameo in the video, walking out of the grocery store as Nimoy walks in.[55]", "Don't Cry The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan and Mark Racco.[2] John Linson was the producer of the video.[3]", "Girls Like You The music video was directed by David Dobkin and released on May 30, 2018 on Vevo.[12][13] The concept for the video has Levine alone at a mic with the band in the background, then features a rotating assortment of females dancing and lip-syncing around him. The video features appearances from Maroon 5's band members and the song's featured artist Cardi B, as well as cameos by (in order of first appearance): Camila Cabello, Phoebe Robinson, Aly Raisman, Sarah Silverman, Gal Gadot, Lilly Singh, Amani Al-Khatahtbeh, Trace Lysette, Tiffany Haddish, Angy Rivera, Franchesca Ramsey, Millie Bobby Brown, Ellen DeGeneres, Jennifer Lopez, Chloe Kim, Alex Morgan, Mary J. Blige, Beanie Feldstein, Jackie Fielder, Danica Patrick, Ilhan Omar, Elizabeth Banks, Ashley Graham, Rita Ora and Levine's wife Behati Prinsloo and their daughter Dusty Rose.[13] The video is similar to the music videos for rappers, Drake's \"Nice for What\"[14] and Jay-Z's \"Family Feud\".[15] As of August 2018, the video has over 580 million views.", "Happy (Pharrell Williams song) To coincide with the single release, the website 24hoursofhappy.com was launched, featuring a visual presentation of \"Happy\", which was advertised as being \"the world's first 24-hour music video.\" The video was shot by steadicam operator Jon Beattie,[49] its creative director was Yoann Lemoine[50] and its director the French directing team We Are from LA.[51] It consists of the four-minute song repeated multiple times, with various people dancing around Los Angeles and miming along. The website allows users to navigate to various points in the 24-hour timeframe, including all 360 four-minute segments.[52]", "Can't Stop the Feeling! The song's official music video was released on May 16, 2016. Helmed by director Mark Romanek, the \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" video follows Timberlake on a tour to everyday places like a laundromat, diner, barbershop and a donut shop, with an individual dancing along to the single at every stop. All the revelers eventually end up congregating with Timberlake below a highway underpass where they dance together to the song.[87] As described by Time editor Cady Lang, Timberlake \"dances through what a typical day might be: breakfast at the diner and grocery shopping.\"[88] Talking to Entertainment Weekly, director Mark Romanek described the concept as \"just the overall feeling of unironic and sincere humanism. It’s not trying to be cool or slick or ironic. It’s just fun. Most of the time, people are excellent. It’s just a big sugar cookie. It makes people smile for four minutes.\" He stated the brief dance-off between Timberlake and an inflatable arm waving tube man was inspired by Gene Kelly dancing with Jerry the mouse in Anchors Aweigh.[89] Bustle writer Amy Mackelden highlighted the scene as the best moment of the video.[90] Esquire editor Jonathan Evans addressed Timberlake's monochromatic outfit, writing \"the singer nails it by playing with shades of the color [white], plus throwing some pattern and texture in the mix.\"[91]", "Uhn Tiss Uhn Tiss Uhn Tiss Directed by Cousin Mike and Kevin Powers of Mucky Pup, the music video consists of a party in a club called the Wiper Room, a toilet-themed parody of the real-life LA Viper Room. Among the strange things going on in the various \"stalls\" are a Dutch girl using a butter-churn, a woman spinning around on roller skates, the Japanese band Electric Eel Shock playing their hearts out (but with no sound), a sullen-looking gangster that holds up a chain of hearts, Clark Kent entering a stall to change clothes to Superman, what seems to be either Jim Jones (complete with Kool-aid drinking cultists) or a contemporary Jesus Christ, played by Jemaine Clement giving out wine, Telly \"Leatherface\" Blackwood and the Executioner \"Maurico Broadway\" Wrestlers from Viva La Bam were wrestling, a man in a leather jacket (mimicking George Michael from his 'Faith' video, with the word \"regret\" printed on the rear) dancing, a robot choking a scientist (played by David Lovering of The Pixies) who is frantically trying to control the robot, and a man made up as Tony Montana eating powdered sugar doughnuts (which previously make it appear that he is snorting cocaine). Youtuber \"Mr. Safety\" or \"smpfilms\" (Cory Williams) is seen dancing in many shots.", "Don't Turn Around Ace of Base filmed a music video for the song directed by Matt Broadley, showing scenes of a couple leaving each other intertwined with scenes of the band on the beach and in a beach house. Some parts of the video are in black-and-white, but the scenes with Ace of Base-members are in colours. Broadley had previously directed the music videos for \"All That She Wants\" and \"Happy Nation\".", "In My Feelings The song's music video was released on August 2, 2018, on Drake's YouTube channel.[27] \"KeKe\" is played by La La Anthony while her mother is played by Phylicia Rashad. The video takes place in New Orleans and shows people dancing to the song, including Yung Miami of the City Girls and bounce music legend Big Freedia. Comedian Shiggy, who has been credited with inventing the viral \"In My Feelings Challenge\", makes a cameo as a production assistant as well as a dancer in the video. At the end of the music video, a small montage of celebrities and internet influencers participating in the \"In My Feelings Challenge\" is displayed. A few of these people include Will Smith, DJ Khaled, Ciara, Steve Aoki, Odell Beckham Jr., Dua Lipa, Millie Bobby Brown, Liza Koshy, Noah Schnapp, Ryan Seacrest, Shay Mitchell, Bobby Berk, Tan France, Karamo Brown, Antoni Porowski, Jonathan Van Ness, and J-Hope (BTS).", "The Lazy Song The official video was directed by Mars and Cameron Duddy, produced by Nick Tabri and Dara Siegel, and features Poreotics wearing chimpanzee masks; it was released on April 15, 2011. The whole video is presented in as a lone continuous and uninterrupted shot, it begins with Mars singing and hanging out in a bedroom with five dancers, they all wear monkey masks and Mars dresses in black sunglasses and a flannel shirt. While Mars sings what he feels to do on a day off, he and the monkeys perform dance moves typical of a boy-band, fool around and mimicking the song's lyrics. Philip Lawrence, a member of the Smeezingtons, makes an appearance, lip syncing the line, \"Oh my God, this is great!\" before being driven off by the chimps; the monkeys drop their pants when Mars sings, \"I'll just strut in my birthday suit/and let everything hang loose!\" The music video ends with Mars pouring yellow confetti all over his boxer-clad pals, right before him, Poreotics and Philip Lawrence, who meanwhile reappeared, striking a pose for the camera.[51]", "Three Little Birds A music video for the song was shot in Jamaica in late March/early April 2008.[20] Talbot was quoted as saying that \"going to Jamaica was the best thing I've done this year\".[20] The video begins with images of Talbot skipping through a garden, which is then replaced with an image of her singing on a beach. She then joins a child whose parents had been arguing and plays with them and others in a field, then dances with them on the beach. The children are then lead to a stage, where Talbot performs as the others sing and play musical instruments. The video closes with Talbot in the garden, skipping away from the camera. After the success of the single in the U.S., the Daily Mail attributed much of Talbot's success to her YouTube videos, mentioning that the \"Three Little Birds\" music video had attracted more than 82 million views.[17]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) The music video produced for the song is considered one of the key productions in the early music video era, and was a No. 1 MTV video. Directed by Reitman, and produced by Jeffrey Abelson, the video organically integrated footage of the film in a specially designed haunted house, lined with neon in its entirety. The film footage was intercut with a humorous performance by Parker and featured cameo appearances by celebrities who joined in the call and response chorus, including Chevy Chase, Irene Cara, John Candy, Nickolas Ashford, Melissa Gilbert, Jeffrey Tambor, George Wendt, Al Franken, Danny DeVito, Carly Simon, Peter Falk, and Teri Garr. The video ends with footage of the four main Ghostbusters actors, in costume and character, dancing in Times Square behind Parker, joining in the singing.", "I Can Dream About You Two music videos accompanied the song. One does not feature Hartman and consists of scenes from Streets of Fire, intercut with footage of the Sorels miming the song as part of a live performance. The lead singer was played by Stoney Jackson, with Grand L. Bush, Mykelti Williamson, and Robert Townsend as backing singers. In the second video, filmed at the Hard Rock in London, Hartman appears as a bartender trying to charm a young woman (played by Joyce Hyser), singing to her as the Sorels' performance plays on a TV set hanging above the bar. In a 2010 interview with Hyser for the blog Old School: Back to the 80s, she was asked how she came to feature in the video. She replied, \"I knew Dan's manager and he asked me if I would do it. We shot at the Hard Rock in London. I honestly remember very little about it, but Dan was very nice and I absolutely love that song. I did another music video for ZZ Top's song \"Pin Cushion\" which I really like. It was directed by Julian Temple.\"[22]", "Where Is the Love? An accompanying music video, directed by Michael Jurkovac, also premiered worldwide on Apple Music that same day and shows appearances by the featured vocalists and many celebrities including Connie Britton, Lance Bass, Rosario Dawson, Shailene Woodley, Taye Diggs, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Quincy Jones, Olivia Munn, Jhené Aiko, Krewella, Wiz Khalifa, Charlie Carver, Ian Harding, Max Carver, Daniel Sharman, Vanessa Hudgens, Carla Gugino, DJ Khaled, Ben Barnes, Nikki Reed, Bridgit Mendler, Jessica Szohr, Snoop Dogg, LL Cool J, Kris Jenner and Kendall Jenner. .[65][67][68][69]", "Macarena (song) There are two different music videos. The most common one, based on the Bayside Boys Mix and directed by French director Vincent Calvet,[17] was created in 1996, featuring Los del Rio performing on a white backdrop. Ten women are also seen dancing with the band. Among them is Mia Frye, who choreographed the video. This version, where nine of the ten women lip sync the English lyrics, samples a line from The Graduate (\"I am not trying to seduce you!\") that had been earlier used by George Michael in \"Too Funky\", but was later removed due to possible copyright issues. The other, similar version of the music video was in black and white and was more instructional in that the women and men are clearly shown performing the specific dance moves.", "Jacky's Only Happy When She's Up on the Stage The video was directed by Robert Hales and features Morrissey and his band doing a dance routine.[6]", "Let's Go All the Way (song) A music video received heavy airplay on MTV and is credited with greatly adding to the \"infectious\" song's success.[1] The video juxtaposes three distinct modes. First straightforward and color negative studio performance of the duo dancing, emoting, and performing along with the song in a bright pop-art style. This is interspersed with shots of an interracial pair of young boys engaged in various activities, predominantly picking toy weapons of war out of a shopping cart and smashing them with hammers on an anvil, as news footage is projected on a white backdrop. In other shots they march and stagger about dressed in combat fatigues and cavorting in sunglasses and surfer jams. The third thread consists of depression-era black & white clips from slapstick comedies and footage of factory workers. An atomic bomb blast is seen in reverse. The video ends with the two children in normal garb walking up to a large globe, picking the world up and carrying it.[2]", "The Tams \"Hey Girl Don't Bother Me\" was also a modest US hit the same year. The Tams had only one further major US hit (in 1968) when \"Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy\", peaked at #26 on the US R&B chart, and subsequently made the UK Top 40 in 1970.[1]", "Dan Finnerty The video for \"Please Don't Bomb Nobody This Holiday\" featured many celebrity cameos, including Sheryl Crow, Christina Applegate, Nicole Scherzinger, Kyle Gass from Tenacious D, Neil Patrick Harris, Meg Ryan, Macy Gray, Christopher Guest, among others.", "Why Don't You Get a Job? Bob Eubanks, the host of the Newlywed Game, makes a cameo appearance. Towards the end of the video, Guy Cohen, who played the main character in the \"Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)\" video, makes a short appearance. Chris \"X-13\" Higgins appears in the video as a lazy boyfriend. Pussycat Dolls member Carmit Bachar plays his girlfriend.", "Don't Worry Baby The production of \"Don't Worry Baby\" formed the basis of the Byrds' recording of \"Mr. Tambourine Man\".[8] Garbage's 1998 single, \"Push It\", contains an interpolation of its chorus, and Wilson/Christian were given songwriting credits.[9]", "Woo Hah!! Got You All in Check The official music video for the song was directed by Hype Williams, it features cameos from some members of A Tribe Called Quest. [4] The video for the remix version of the song was directed by Michael Lucero and it features Ol' Dirty Bastard.[5]", "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) Kay also directed a video clip of the song featuring himself as Brian Potter, Lucas as Andy, David Walliams as Lou, The Proclaimers and an audience of celebrity guests, comprising Johnny Ball, David Beckham, David Bellamy, Dusty Bin, Tony Blackburn, Stan Boardman, Basil Brush, Bob the Builder, Bucks Fizz, Cannon and Ball, Bob Carolgees & Spit the Dog, Jasper Carrott, Keith Chegwin, Jimmy Cricket, Tess Daly, Bobby Davro (referred to in the lyrics), Carol Decker, Sally Dynevor, Lesley Garrett, Andy Gray, Clare Grogan, Paul Henry, Frazer Hines, Siobhan Redmond (credited as \"Her off Holby City\"), Elton John, The Krankies, Burt Kwouk, Bonnie Langford, Eddie Large, Michael Le Vell, Limahl, Kenny Lynch, Des Lynam, Timmy Mallett, Jennie McAlpine, Bill Oddie, Paul O'Grady, Postman Pat, Wendi Peters, Robert Powell, Rod, Jane and Freddy, Rupert the Bear, Showaddywaddy, Status Quo, Frank Sidebottom, Sonia, Dennis Taylor, David Tennant, Willie Thorne, Kate Thornton, Dave Lee Travis, Martin Tyler, Roy Walker, Louis Walsh, Pete Waterman, Elton Welsby, June Whitfield, Gary Wilmot and Bob Wilson. Osama bin Laden (then still a fugitive terrorist), Lord Lucan (missing since 1974) and Shergar (a kidnapped race horse) are also falsely credited as appearing in the video.", "Can't Stop the Feeling! The first video released, titled \"First Listen\", features cast members from the DreamWorks Animation's Trolls, among them Anna Kendrick, James Corden, Icona Pop, Gwen Stefani, Ron Funches and Kunal Nayyar.[23]", "Don't Cha An accompanying music video for \"Don't Cha\" was directed by Paul Hunter during the week of April 11, 2005.[46] Nicole Scherzinger told MTV News that the video was all about having fun. \"Busta Rhymes is pretty phat, man. He is so much fun. He's so humble and he just makes you feel good. When you're around him, you feel magical. The lyrics are, 'Don't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me.'... But if you see the video, it's all about being who you are, having fun and being confident â€” and feeling hot. It's not so much about looking hot ... although looking hot is important.\"[10]", "Happy (Pharrell Williams song) In April 2014, the Embassy of the United States, Yerevan, Armenia released a video titled \"Happy Yerevan\", directed by Artyom Abovyan featuring US ambassador John A. Heffern and several Armenian celebrities, such as singers André, Emmy and Aram Mp3.[58][59] The same month artsmedia Albania produced a music video for the track featuring inhabitants of Tirana. The video soon became viral in Albania and caused controversy over the usage of images of Albanian First Secretary Enver Hoxha.[60]", "Don't Come Around Here No More The music video is themed around Alice in Wonderland and was directed by Jeff Stein. Dave Stewart appears as the caterpillar at the beginning, sitting on a mushroom with a hookah water pipe while playing a sitar. Petty appears in the video dressed as The Mad Hatter, and actress Louise “Wish” Foley played Alice[4]. At the climax of the video, Alice is turned into a cake and is eaten by Petty and even friends of her own. The video ends with her being swallowed whole by Petty, after which he gives a small burp and pats his mouth dry.", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song) A video was filmed to promote Ullman's version of \"They Don't Know\" in which Paul McCartney, then filming Give My Regards to Broad Street in which Ullman had a cameo role, appeared as himself. Directed by Stiff Records president Dave Robinson, the video for \"They Don't Know\" had a storyline devised by Ullman herself showing the song's \"protagonist's bittersweet fidelity to a once idyllic love...sustained only by her fantasy life with Paul McCartney [concluding] with a pregnant Ullman grocery shopping and dance-dragging her pom-pom scuff slippers along with a resigned bravado.\"[12]", "The Safety Dance The music video for the song (which uses the shorter single version), directed by Tim Pope,[7] is notable for its English folk revival imagery, featuring Morris dancers, Mummers, Punch and Judy and a maypole. It was filmed in the village of West Kington, in Wiltshire, England.[8] Ivan Doroschuk is the only member of the band actually to perform in the video. Doroschuk, and others in the video, can be seen repeatedly forming an \"S\" sign by jerking both arms into a stiff pose, one arm in an upward curve and the other in a downward curve, apparently referring to the first letter in \"safety\". The Morris dancers seen in the video were the Chippenham Town Morris Men, performing a dance called Monkton Park. The dwarf actor is Mike Edmonds,[9] whose T-shirt in the video shows the Rhythm of Youth album cover. The identity of the young blonde woman dancing in the video remained unknown until 2013, when she was identified as Louise Court,[10] a journalist who served as editor-in-chief at Cosmopolitan and became a director at Hearst Magazines UK in 2015.[11]", "Three Little Birds \"Three Little Birds\" is a song by Bob Marley and the Wailers. It is the fourth track on side two of their 1977 album Exodus and was released as a single in 1980. The song reached the Top 20 in the UK, peaking at number 17. It is one of Bob Marley's most popular songs. The song has been covered by numerous other artists. The song is often thought to be named \"Don't Worry About a Thing\" or \"Every Little Thing is Gonna Be Alright\", because of the prominent and repeated use of these phrases in the chorus.", "Donny Osmond In the 1980s, Osmond re-invented himself and abandoned the earlier television show image crafted to appeal to young viewers. He made an unlikely appearance as one of several celebrities and unknowns auditioning to sing for guitarist Jeff Beck in the video for Beck's 1985 single \"Ambitious\" – which was produced by Paul Flattery and directed by Jim Yukich – followed in 1986 by an equally unlikely cameo in the animated Luis Cardenas music video \"Runaway\".[4] He spent several years as a performer, before hiring the services of music and entertainment guru Steven Machat, who got Osmond together with English singer-songwriter Peter Gabriel to see whether Machat and Gabriel could turn the TV Osmond's image into a contemporary young pop act. They succeeded, returning Osmond to the US charts in 1989 with the Billboard Hot 100 No. 2 song \"Soldier of Love\" and its top twenty follow-up \"Sacred Emotion\". The campaign to market \"Soldier Of Love\" received considerable airplay with the singer being presented as a \"mystery artist\" before his identity was later revealed.[5] Launching an extensive tour in support of the Eyes Don't Lie record, he enlisted Earth Wind & Fire and Kenny Loggins guitarist Dick Smith along with keyboardist Marc Jackson.", "Sha-La-La-La-La The music video is modeled after the single cover. It takes place in a fictional Alpine bar named \"Wurst & Women\". The video primarily focuses on lead vocalist Kim Sasabone performing the song. It features female dancers dressed in a skimped-up version of a dirndl and wearing blonde wigs in a double bun braid. Some men are dressed in lederhosen. After the second verse, the song pauses with a record scratch wherein the two male group members engage in a parody dance battle.[4] The music video was banned by BBC.[5]", "Honey, I'm Good. In December 2014, the official music video was released, featuring a montage of 100 real-life couples (who've been together from a few months to 70 years),[13] including Grammer and his wife Aijia Grammer.[14]", "Don't Bring Me Down A music video for the song was produced, which showed video of the band performing the song interspersed with various animations relating to the song's subject matter, including big-bottomed majorettes and a pulsating neon frankfurter. The band's three resident string players are depicted playing keyboards in the music video.", "We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off A popular promotional video, directed by David Fincher, was created for the single as well as numerous TV performances to promote the single, including stints on Soul Train and American Bandstand.", "Only Wanna Be with You The music video, similar to the song, had a sports theme, incorporating many elements from ESPN SportsCenter. The video featured appearances by (then-current) SportsCenter anchors Keith Olbermann, Dan Patrick, Mike Tirico, Charley Steiner and Chris Berman, reporting on the band playing in games with several professional athletes, including Dan Marino, Fred Couples, Alonzo Mourning, Muggsy Bogues, Alex English, Walt Williams, and Charles Smith.[5][6] Rucker said the video was his idea, adding, \"It was just a way to meet all our idols.\"[7]", "Don't Let Him Waste Your Time The music video, directed by Dougal Wilson, features Jarvis as a singing London taxicab driver.[5][6] More concerned with singing to the passenger than watching the road, the driver collides with many pedestrians and cyclists.", "Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy The Tams version was released as a single in 1968, in the US, and was a moderate success, peaking at #26 on the R&B singles chart and #61 on the Hot 100.[3] Sometime later, in March 1970, it peaked at #32 in the UK Singles Chart. It has since become one of the most popular beach music songs, especially in the American South, where the song and the group enjoy continued popularity and recognizability, as do all of the hits by the group. The song is also still popular in the United Kingdom amongst fans of Northern soul. [4] Noddy Holder, lead singer with 70s British Glam rock band Slade, claimed in a newspaper interview that his band was playing the song live long before its Northern Soul success.[5]", "California Love Two versions of the music video exist. The first video (directed by Hype Williams)[5] was inspired by the film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome and was Jada Pinkett Smith's idea. It takes place in a desert in the year 2095. The casting includes funk mastermind George Clinton as the evil tribal chief, actor Chris Tucker[6] (then known for his role in the 1995 film Friday), Tony Cox as the dwarf soldier and Roger Troutman (formerly with the band Zapp) carrying a talk box. The shooting took place in the Thunderdome set[6] known from the movie. It ends with a cliffhanger cut by a \"To Be Continued\" closing. An alternative version, featuring the remix song re-cut, removes the final caption and features 2Pac and Dr. Dre naming West Coast towns.", "Young Dumb & Broke The music video features cameo appearances from VanJess, Demetrius Harmon, Nathan Zed, Zolee Griggs, Salem Mitchell, Widney Bazile, Quiñ, Will Peltz, Buddy, Normani, Kel Mitchell, Wayne Brady, Rachael Leigh Cook and Dennis Haskins.[4] there is also a virtual reality 360° video available to download from the PlayStation store that is compatible with the PSVR", "I Really Like You The music video was directed by Peter Glanz. Jepsen filmed part of the song's music video on 16 February 2015, in front of the Mondrian Hotel in Manhattan alongside Tom Hanks, Justin Bieber and a troupe of dancers. Also making cameo appearances in the video are Rudy Mancuso and Andrew B. Bachelor (A.K.A. King Bach), well-known users of the short-form video sharing application Vine. The video was released on 6 March 2015.[15] CBC Music's Nicolle Weeks described it as \"a more affable version\" of the music video for The Verve's \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" (1997).[16] The music video has been rated as one of 10 Best Music Videos of 2015 (So Far) by the readers of Billboard.[17]", "Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title is a 1966 American comedy film directed by Harmon Jones and written by Morey Amsterdam, John Davis Hart, William Marks and George Schenck. The film stars Morey Amsterdam, Rose Marie, Richard Deacon, Joey Adams and Andy Albin. Besides the credited cast, there are uncredited cameo appearances by Steve Allen, Milton Berle, Carl Reiner, Irene Ryan, Danny Thomas, Forrest Tucker and others, as well as a rare non-Stooge appearance by Moe Howard. The film was released in May 1966, by United Artists.[1][2]", "Mr. Bean Mr. Bean appears in a music video made for the 1991 Comic Relief fund raising single by Hale and Pace called \"The Stonk\".[32] Mr. Bean also appeared in the music video for Boyzone's single \"Picture of You\" in 1997.[33] The song was featured on the soundtrack to the first Bean movie.", "If You Wanna Be Happy The song is featured in the films Clean and Sober (1988), Chances Are (1989), Mermaids (1990) Rocky and Bullwinkle (2014) and on the soundtrack of My Best Friend's Wedding (1997). The song, or possibly Roaring Lion's version, can also be heard in Tiger Bay (1959) sung by a group of street musicians at a wedding.", "Don't Give Up (Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush song) Two videos were created for the song. The first, by Godley & Creme, consisted of a single take of the singers, as they sing, in an embrace, while the sun behind them enters total eclipse and re-emerges. (Of the shoot, Gabriel remarked, \"There are worse ways of earning a living.\"[3]) The second video, by Jim Blashfield, featured Gabriel and Bush's faces superimposed over film of a town and its people in disrepair.", "Stayin' Alive On 15 June 2011, the song was featured in a Hands Only CPR PSA campaign video from the American Heart Association and featured actor and medical doctor Ken Jeong in the classic John Travolta outfit from Saturday Night Fever.[14] Vinnie Jones stars in a UK version of this CPR video in association with the British Heart Foundation shown on TV in January 2012.[15]", "Don't Think I Don't Think About It The music video was directed by Wayne Isham.[2]", "She Drives Me Crazy Two music videos were produced for the song, one by Philippe Decouflé[3][4] and one by Pedro Romhanyi.[5] Similar to Decouflé's only other music video, New Order's \"True Faith\", his version includes extensive choreography and performers in unusual costumes, one costume looking like a pillow, another costume looking like Beetlejuice, also included are 2 identical dancers wearing completely different coloured similar outfits with goggles used in tanning salons, as well as a karate fighter with a TV on his head. This version received several nominations at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards, including Best Video.", "Happy (Pharrell Williams song) \"Happy\" is a song written, produced, and performed by American singer Pharrell Williams, from the Despicable Me 2 soundtrack album. It also served as the lead single from Williams' second studio album, Girl (2014). It was first released on November 21, 2013, alongside a long-form music video. The song was reissued on December 16, 2013, by Back Lot Music under exclusive license to Columbia Records, a division of Sony Music.[1]", "Don't Know Much In the music video, both Neville and Ronstadt portray a middle-aged couple that are remembering their past and all the difficulties that they seem to have faced together. The song is considered to be a symbolic representation of growing old together and being so unsure and unaware of the future, only knowing that it has been the same love which made it so much clear between them.", "Don't Matter Now A music video was released alongside the single. It was directed by Marc Oller and shot in Barcelona.[3] Ezra can be seen going on a road trip with a dog,[6] it also revealed Ezra's life with anxiety. Ezra said: \"The dog had a bloody agent! The dog was getting more care than I was. And on the second day of filming, it bared its teeth at me! That put me on edge. I'm still learning when it comes to music videos. But I wanted this to express a feeling, which I think it does.\"[5]", "It's a Beautiful Day (Michael Bublé song) The video shows Bublé arriving at a home to find his on-screen girlfriend, played by Jaime Pressly, enjoying a kiss with Jesse Heiman. As he enters the house and sees them kissing, he asks: \"What's going on?\". His girlfriend quickly responds, \"have you met my yoga instructor?\", while Jesse, puts his hands together and says \"Namaste\". Looking bemused, Bublé shakes his head saying \"It's awesome, it's all good, it's all good\" before walking out the house. He walks out into the street where he passes a number of women doing various things, some of whom stop and look back at him. As the chorus kicks in he's joined by women in ring master costumes who do a routine with him, while confetti falls around them. The video also features an animated bird which lands on his hand, a rainbow and a unicorn shaped cloud. The video continues with Bublé sitting in kissing booth, with a long line of women waiting to share a kiss with him before he passes a woman who is paddling her feet in a large martini glass, as a paper Chinese Dragon weaves around him. Finally he finds himself back at his house where his girlfriend is leaning out the window. As he sings to her she falls out but an unconcerned Bublé just shrugs and walks on. As he hits the road once again, walking toward the viewer, the video ends rather dramatically with explosions and fire erupting behind him.[6]", "Don't You Want Me The video for the song was filmed near Slough, Berkshire, during November 1981 and has the theme of the filming and editing of a murder-mystery film, featuring the band members as characters and production staff. Due to it being a \"making of\" video, both crew and camera apparatus appear throughout. It was conceived and directed by filmmaker Steve Barron, and has at its core the interaction between a successful actress (also a 2nd negative cutter) played by Susan Ann Sulley walking out on \"film director\" Philip Oakey on a film set. It is loosely based on the film A Star Is Born. Near the end of the video, Wright, who also plays a film editor, has an expression on his face, while the camera pulls back to reveal that the negative room where Oakey, Wright, and Sulley were working in is yet another set (the camera can be seen in the mirror's reflection).", "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now A music video (released in 1987) was produced for the song. It shows Mickey Thomas pursuing a mannequin come to life, played by Grace Slick, wrapped around footage from the film. Meshach Taylor, who plays window dresser Hollywood Montrose in the film, makes a cameo. It has more than 25 million views on YouTube as of October 20, 2017.", "Don't Let Go (Love) As with Set It Off, the clip is set in New York City. It shows all four band members singing in front of an audience in black outfits while some clips of the movie are inserted. A second video was released using the same footage of En Vogue singing in front of an audience, but the scenes from Set It Off are replaced with images that followed a new storyline. In this version, Mekhi Phifer plays a man who has been secretly dating all four members of En Vogue. The four women find out about each other and confront Phifer's character through their performance at a party.[7]", "Oh, Pretty Woman In the music video, the band members dress as a samurai (bassist Michael Anthony), Tarzan (drummer Alex Van Halen), a cowboy (guitarist Eddie Van Halen), and Napoleon (frontman David Lee Roth). Per a hunchbacked onlooker's request, they rescue a captive girl (played by transgender entertainer International Chrysis). It was one of the first videos banned by MTV, due to its opening sequence, where the captive girl is tied up and fondled against her will by a pair of little people. The ban was eventually lifted, as MTV sister network VH1 Classic would later air the video.[29]", "Hey Ya! The video opens with the band's manager Antwan (Big Boi) talking to Ice Cold 3000 and Dookie Blasingame backstage. Meanwhile, the television presenter, portrayed by Ryan Phillippe (another version featured an energetic Phillippe), tries to calm a crowd of screaming girls on a show being broadcast live in black-and-white. The band performs while the girls in the audience scream loudly; one girl is carried off by security after rushing the stage, and another faints.", "Filmography of Donald Trump In 1989, Trump appeared in the music video for Bobby Brown's single \"On Our Own\", which was featured in the movie Ghostbusters II.[20] In 1991, Trump originally made an appearance in the music video for Precious Metal's cover of Janet Robin's song, \"Mr. Big Stuff\". However, Trump wanted a $250,000 payment instead of the agreed-upon $10,000 appearance fee. After the band refused to pay for his appearance, Trump was replaced in the final version of the music video.[21][22]", "Don't Dream It's Over The music video, directed by Alex Proyas, features some surreal special effects such as household objects – including shattering crockery – and film reels that float in the air, with lead singer Finn playing a guitar and walking through the same house during different time periods while his bandmates are either performing household chores or playing various backing instruments.[10] It was nominated for Best Group Video, and Best Direction at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, and earned the group a Best New Artist award.[11]", "Your Body's Callin' The music video is directed by Millicent Shelton.[2] The video is set to look like it was filmed in the summer though it was filmed in the winter.", "Don't You Worry Child \"Don't You Worry Child\" is the sixth and final single released by Swedish house music supergroup Swedish House Mafia. It is the last single from their second and final studio album Until Now, featuring vocals from Swedish singer John Martin. In the United States, it is the act's second number-one single on Billboard's Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, following \"Save the World\".[1] It received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording in the 2013 Grammy Awards, as did its predecessor, \"Save the World\", the previous year. The song is written in the key of B minor.[2]", "Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods The band was formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1965 by their leader, Robert Walter \"Bo\" Donaldson. They were first discovered while touring with The Osmonds in the early 1970s and signed with Family Productions, releasing their first single in 1972, \"Special Someone,\" but their big break came after moving to ABC Records and working with the record producer Steve Barri in 1973. Although their first single with ABC, \"Deeper and Deeper,\" failed to make a big impression on the charts,[1] beginning in 1974, the band began a string of hit songs. Their first two (and largest two) hits were cover versions of British hit songs whose original versions had not been hits in the U.S.: \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" (a cover of a #1 UK Paper Lace song that reached #1 for 2 weeks on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version) and \"Who Do You Think You Are\" (written by Clive Scott & Des Dyer of Jigsaw, which originally became a hit for Candlewick Green and reached #15 on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version). This was followed by their last top-40 hit, \"The Heartbreak Kid\" (# 39 Hot 100), and their ominously titled last Hot 100 hit, \"Our Last Song Together\" (#95 on the Hot 100, the last song written by the Sedaka-Greenfield tandem before its breakup). \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" sold over three and a half million copies, receiving a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June 1974.[1]", "Tim McInnerny In 1989, he co-starred with Kate Bush in the music video for her song \"This Woman's Work\".[7] He also appeared in the Westlife video for \"Uptown Girl\", along with Claudia Schiffer, Robert Bathurst, Crispin Bonham-Carter, Ioan Gruffudd and James Wilby.", "Don't Stop (Color on the Walls) In the video, Sidibe plays a driving student who unknowingly lets a con man (played by Foster) into her car, thinking he is the DMV examiner. The con man and the student fight for control of the wheel as the car (a Toyota Tercel) moves, and end up attracting the attention of two police officers (played by Foster the People members Mark Pontius and Cubbie Fink) driving a Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor. They end up on a car chase around Hollywood, which ends when the con man gives himself up to the police and the student drives away.[5]", "Thank You for Being a Friend Additionally, the song was featured as a dedication to the host on Casey Kasem's final American Top 20/10, broadcast on Fourth of July weekend in 2009;[4] at the end of two World Series games (Game 5 in 1988 and Game 4 in 1990); in the It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode \"Mac's Mom Burns Her House Down\"; at the end of Super Bowl XL; in the episode of The Simpsons titled \"Double, Double, Boy in Trouble\"; on episodes of the TV shows Dancing with the Stars, Family Guy, New Girl, Looking, and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt; and on a May 2010 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Betty White, in which past and present cast members sang the song followed by a death metal version of the song performed by White while wearing a ski mask. Elaine Paige and Dionne Warwick released a recording of the song on Paige's duet album Elaine Paige and Friends in 2010. Other notables who covered the song include ex-Beatle Ringo Starr whose unreleased recording of the composition was produced by longtime Andrew Gold confederate Peter Asher, and actress/chanteuse Bernadette Peters who used it to open her 1979 live video release Bernadette Peters In Concert.[5]" ]	[ "Don't Worry, Be Happy The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin,[7] and is somewhat shorter than the album version." ]
test1038	who played thelma lou in andy griffith show	[ "doc36403" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1411693", "doc36403", "doc1411694", "doc36410", "doc36412", "doc1411696", "doc1779274", "doc1411699", "doc1411695", "doc1411701", "doc1858920", "doc1858921", "doc1858919", "doc1858913", "doc1411700", "doc1411698", "doc252560", "doc1020041", "doc495917", "doc146035", "doc1788070", "doc2434987", "doc1000640", "doc2434995", "doc1715987", "doc1020042", "doc1715988", "doc796285", "doc1733683", "doc1788069", "doc217225", "doc252566", "doc252561", "doc2434994", "doc495921", "doc1858911", "doc146043", "doc2064729", "doc1616436", "doc36409", "doc2035557", "doc36416", "doc1858883", "doc1688263", "doc1020029", "doc1020031", "doc1706106", "doc1442614", "doc1411697", "doc36407", "doc1000637", "doc1990583", "doc1758195", "doc1579301", "doc1020047", "doc36408", "doc146040", "doc1788073", "doc1858892", "doc748933", "doc2084474", "doc748923", "doc1858918", "doc2035562", "doc146036", "doc495920", "doc1901277", "doc1858916", "doc748944", "doc460499", "doc1183103", "doc460498", "doc179065", "doc460505", "doc621571", "doc495922", "doc1990584", "doc1733677", "doc1715990", "doc1020034", "doc454087", "doc681893", "doc495918", "doc1126318", "doc1733680", "doc146038", "doc146041", "doc252568", "doc1788076", "doc1020030", "doc690333", "doc990859", "doc36413", "doc1020040", "doc1706109", "doc146039", "doc519023", "doc114229", "doc1747029", "doc880407" ]	[ "Thelma Lou Thelma Lou or Thel by boyfriend Barney Fife is a character on the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show (1960-1968). The character appeared in 26 episodes. Thelma Lou is Barney Fife's girlfriend and is portrayed by Betty Lynn.", "Betty Lynn Elizabeth Ann Theresa \"Betty\" Lynn[1] (born August 29, 1926) is a former American actress. She is best known for her role as Thelma Lou, Deputy Barney Fife's girlfriend, on The Andy Griffith Show. She is the last surviving multi-season regular adult cast member from that series.", "Thelma Lou Thelma Lou lives in the community of Mayberry, North Carolina. She is Mayberry Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife's girlfriend. Thelma Lou appeared as a semi-regular character in 26 episodes of The Andy Griffith Show from 1961 until 1966 when the character was dropped from the show following the departure of Don Knotts and his Barney Fife character. She appeared in the 1986 reunion made-for-television movie, Return to Mayberry.", "Betty Lynn After guest-starring on various television series, including Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, The Gale Storm Show, Sugarfoot, and Markham, Lynn won the role of Thelma Lou on The Andy Griffith Show. She portrayed the role regularly from 1961 until 1965, then made a final guest appearance in one episode during the sixth season (1965â€“1966). Following the end of The Andy Griffith Show, Lynn continued appearing in various television and film roles.[8] In 1986, she reprised the role of Thelma Lou in the reunion television movie Return to Mayberry in which Thelma Lou and Barney Fife were finally married. In 2006, Lynn retired from acting and relocated to Mount Airy, North Carolina, the hometown of Andy Griffith and the town on which Mayberry is believed to have been based despite Griffith's repeated denials.[7]", "Betty Lynn Giovanna Rayburn left and Randy Rayburn Right with Betty Lynn \"Thelma Lou\" Mount Airey NC", "Thelma Lou Little is known about Thelma Lou's telelife, despite her impressive role in the series. Barney met Thelma Lou at Wilton Blair's funeral in 1960. In another episode, it is mentioned that she attended Mayberry Union High, graduating in the same class with Barney and Andy Taylor. Aside from her romance with Barney Fife, she was given very little character development during the series' run. She was generally portrayed as a sweet-natured, somewhat touchy, caring person who genuinely had an understanding of Barney, despite his unbecoming antics and personality problems. She sang in the choir, lived in her own home, and was apparently employed at an office and self-sufficient. Like most Mayberry ladies, she is an accomplished cook, being especially celebrated for her \"cashew fudge\" (a favorite of Barney's). Thelma Lou's last name was never given on the show,though in her last appearance on the series (\"The Return of Barney Fife\") she is married to a man named Gerald Whitfield. Her occupation is never revealed, but she mentions once that she \"had to get back to the office.\" Prior to the arrival of Helen Crump in Mayberry, Lydia Crosswaithe is introduced as one of Thelma Lou's friends. Unfortunately, Lydia's extremely odd personality doomed an effort by Barney and \"Thel\" to arrange a date and possible romantic match with Andy.", "Mary Grace Canfield Canfield's first credited performance on television was in March 1954, when she portrayed Frances in the episode \"Native Dancer\" on Goodyear Playhouse. After making additional television appearances, she played a housekeeper, Amanda Allison, in the ABC sitcom The Hathaways during the 1961-62 season. As Thelma Lou's \"plain\" cousin in an episode of CBS's The Andy Griffith Show, she had an arranged blind date with Gomer Pyle, played by Jim Nabors. Her name on that episode was her actual name, Mary Grace.", "Thelma Lou Barney and Thelma Lou went their separate ways when Barney left Mayberry to join the Raleigh police force (coinciding with Don Knotts's departure from the series in 1965). In the sixth-season episode, \"The Return of Barney Fife\", Barney returns to Mayberry for a high school reunion. Intent on getting back with Thelma Lou, Barney discovers she has been married six weeks to a man named Gerald Whitfield. This episode is Thelma Lou's final appearance on the series.", "Thelma Lou Thelma Lou's debut occurs in the first-season episode, \"Cyrano Andy\". Barney and Thelma Lou are platonic friends but their relationship becomes\n(and remains) a romantic one with Andy's help.", "Thelma Lou The following is a list of Andy Griffith Show episodes featuring Thelma Lou.", "Don Knotts The Andy Griffith Show", "Don Knotts The Andy Griffith Show", "Don Knotts The Andy Griffith Show", "Don Knotts The Andy Griffith Show", "Thelma Lou Thelma Lou appeared in the 1986 television reunion movie Return to Mayberry. It was revealed her marriage in 1965 had lasted only a year before ending in divorce. Barney finally marries Thelma Lou.", "Thelma Lou The two call it Splitsville in one episode when Barney pays a bit too much attention to an attractive newcomer to Mayberry. Despite their ups and downs, Thelma Lou stated that Barney was the man she wanted to marry and be the father of her children, and Barney once told Thelma Lou, \"You're the only one I ever gave a hoot for.\" He also tells her \"You're the cat's\" (as in \"cat's meow\"). A running gag on the show involved Barney and Thelma Lou spending a \"quiet evening together\" and somebody (usually Andy) walking in on them to find Barney's hair mussed and lipstick prints all over his face.", "Maggie Peterson Maggie Peterson Mancuso (born January 10, 1941)[1] is an American television actress. She is best known for playing Charlene Darling on The Andy Griffith Show.[2] She also played the character of Doris in the episode \"A Girl for Goober\" (1968).", "The Andy Griffith Show Andy's friends and neighbors include barber Floyd Lawson (Howard McNear â€“ but played by Walter Baldwin in the 1960 episode \"Stranger in Town\"), service station attendants and cousins Gomer Pyle (Jim Nabors) and Goober Pyle (George Lindsey), and local drunkard Otis Campbell (Hal Smith). There were two mayors: Mayor Pike, who was more relaxed, and Mayor Stoner, who had a more assertive personality. On the distaff side, townswoman Clara Edwards (Hope Summers), Barney's sweetheart Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn) and Andy's schoolteacher sweetheart Helen Crump (Aneta Corsaut) become semi-regulars. Ellie Walker (Elinor Donahue) is Andy's girlfriend in the first season, while Peggy McMillan (Joanna Moore) is a nurse who becomes his girlfriend in season 3. Ernest T. Bass (Howard Morris) made his first appearance in Episode #94 (\"Mountain Wedding\"). In the color seasons, County Clerk Howard Sprague (Jack Dodson) and handyman Emmett Clark (Paul Hartman) appear regularly, while Barney's replacement deputy Warren Ferguson (Jack Burns) appears in season six. Unseen characters such as telephone operator Sarah, and Barney's love interest, local diner waitress Juanita Beasley, as mentioned in the first season, are often referenced. In the series' last few episodes, farmer Sam Jones (Ken Berry) debuts, and later becomes the lead of the show's sequel, Mayberry R.F.D..[5]", "Frances Bavier Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American stage and television actress. Originally from New York theatre, Bavier worked in film and television from the 1950s. She is best known for her role of Aunt Bee on The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. from 1960–70. Aunt Bee logged more Mayberry years (ten) than any other character. She won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Comedy Actress for the role in 1967.", "Donna Douglas Donna Douglas (born Doris Ione Smith; September 26, 1932 – January 1, 2015) was an American actress and singer, known for her role as Elly May Clampett in CBS's The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971). Following her acting career, Douglas became a real estate agent, gospel singer, inspirational speaker, and author of books for children and adults.", "Elinor \"Ellie\" Walker Elinor Donahue was an established television star and had just finished her tour of duty as Betty \"Princess\" Anderson in the popular 1950s sitcom, Father Knows Best when she joined The Andy Griffith Show. Producers believed her name would have \"drawing power\" and gave her top billing in the opening credits with stars Andy Griffith, Ron Howard and Don Knotts. The only other performer to receive top billing during the course of the series' run was Frances Bavier (Aunt Bee) who began to appear in the opening credits in the 1965-1966 season after Don Knotts left the series.", "Return to Mayberry Andy goes to the cemetery to visit Aunt Bee's grave, and finds Thelma Lou there visiting her uncle's gravesite. Thelma Lou laments about Barney's not calling, but she follows Andy to the school where Barney is cosplaying for a classroom of students. Though embarrassed by his appearance, Barney accepts an invitation to dine with Thelma Lou at her sister's house. Andy ducks out while the two are reacquainting and drives over to Opie and his wife Eunice's house just as she is about to go into labor. In a panic, Opie accidentally crashes his car into a tree, and Andy volunteers his car to take them to the hospital. On the way, Andy's engine begins to falter, and they only make it as far as Gomer and Goober's garage before Eunice gives birth to a boy. Shortly afterward, Barney pulls up, already irritated by the fact that no one told him about the birth, which happened all too fast, but his anger is exacerbated when Gomer (Jim Nabors) and Goober (George Lindsey) mistakenly call Andy \"Sheriff\". Later that night, he visits Andy to apologize for how he acted, saying he felt \"left out\" of being part of seeing Opie become a father.", "The Lucy Show for The Andy Griffith Show)", "Return to Mayberry Also in the movie, Gomer and his longtime sweetheart LuAnn Poovie (from Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.) had evidently gone their separate ways, as Gomer was shown as being unattached in this TV movie, and no explanation is given as to Gomer's discharge from the Marines. In a 1966 episode Barney returned home to rekindle his relationship with Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn) only to find out that she had married someone else. In the movie, it is briefly mentioned by Andy that Thelma Lou's first marriage had lasted only 18 months, although Barney quickly corrects him stating that they were only married 16 months. Regardless, their decades-long courtship finally culminated in matrimony. There is also no mention of Andy and Helen having any children, although Griffith and Corsaut's final guest appearance in Mayberry R.F.D. was in the episode \"Andy's New Baby\".", "Aneta Corsaut Aneta Louise Corsaut (November 3, 1933 – November 6, 1995) was an American actress and writer. She is best known for playing Helen Crump on The Andy Griffith Show (1963–1968).", "The Andy Griffith Show Don Knotts, Aneta Corsaut, Jack Dodson, and Betty Lynn also appeared on Andy Griffith's later show Matlock.", "Aneta Corsaut Born in Hutchinson, Kansas,[1] Corsaut was the daughter of Jesse Harrison and Opal J. (nÃ©e Swarens) Corsaut. She majored in drama at Northwestern University and studied acting with Lee Strasberg.[2] During her junior year, Corsaut dropped out to pursue a career in acting, although during the run of The Andy Griffith Show, Corsaut took courses at UCLA with plans to earn her degree.[3]", "Andy Taylor (The Andy Griffith Show) Andy had several love interests through the show's run, but his first romantic relationship on the series is Ellie Walker (Elinor Donahue), a newcomer to town who works in her uncle's drug store. Ellie made twelve appearances in the first season and then disappeared without explanation to the viewer. (Donahue once stated in an interview that she left because she felt she had no chemistry with series star Andy Griffith. Griffith later admitted that it was his fault because he had a hard time showing affection on screen, and as a result, the relationship did not appear to be real or believable.) 1 In Season Two, Andy dated a few ladies, including Karen Moore, a cousin of Thelma Lou (only in one episode), and County Nurse Mary Simpson (played by two different actresses Julie Adams and Sue Ane Langdon). In early Season Three, Andy dated Peggy McMillan (Joanna Moore), another county nurse, who chalked up four appearances on the show. In \"Class Reunion\", Andy was reunited with an old girlfriend, Sharon DeSpain. On a number of occasions, Barney meddled into Andy's romantic life and tried to arrange dates for him, which invariably turned out to be ill-suited or embarrassing matches. One of those attempted arranged dates was with the odd, socially inept Lydia Crosswaithe.", "Elinor Donahue She was featured in 12 episodes of CBS's The Andy Griffith Show as pharmacist Ellie Walker, even getting a mention in the opening credits. The character was intended to be a love interest for Sheriff Andy Taylor, but after one season (1960â€“1961), Donahue decided to ask for a release from her three-year contract.[6]", "Elinor \"Ellie\" Walker Elinor \"Ellie\" Walker is a fictional character in the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. She is notable for being Andy Taylor's first regular girlfriend seen on the show. Ellie makes 12 appearances in the first season. Despite the paucity of her appearances, she was intended as a series regular. Unlike girlfriends that would follow, her portrayer, Elinor Donahue, is given opening credit billing, alongside Andy Griffith.", "Barney Fife When he's not patrolling the streets of Mayberry, Barney spends his free time dating a local girl named Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn) (whom he eventually marries in Return to Mayberry, a 1986 NBC movie). Thelma Lou is Barney's main girlfriend until his 1965 departure. He had two other girlfriends; the first Miss Rosemary followed by Hilda May.[2] Barney also dates other women, in particular, an oft-mentioned but never seen Junction Cafe and Bluebird Diner waitress named Juanita. She is first mentioned in the episode \"Andy Forecloses\". Not content to focus solely on his own love life, Barney quite often gets involved in Andy's romantic interests. Lydia Crosswaithe was one of the young ladies whom he and Thelma Lou tried to match with Mayberry's sheriff. Unfortunately, Lydia's withdrawn, exceedingly odd personality doomed any hopes that Andy would actually date her.", "Maggie Peterson For The Andy Griffith Show, Peterson initially read for the role of love interest for Sheriff Andy Taylor, but the role went to Elinor Donahue (Ellie Walker). Soon after, she was selected to play the role of Charlene Darling. The only daughter of Briscoe Darling, she had a crush on Sheriff Taylor (\"Pa, can't I just look at the pretty man?\").", "Maggie Peterson The youngest of four children, Peterson was born to Arthur and Tressa Hill Peterson. Her father was a doctor and her mother a homemaker. Aside from The Andy Griffith Show, Peterson also appeared on other TV shows such as Love American Style, Green Acres, Gomer Pyle USMC, and The Odd Couple. She appeared in an episode of Mayberry R.F.D. as Edna, a cafe waitress; in the 1986 movie Return to Mayberry; as the innocent Rose Ellen in the 1969 film The Love God?, starring next to Don Knotts; and in the 1968 film Angel in My Pocket.", "Return to Mayberry Most of the surviving cast members of The Andy Griffith Show reprised their roles in the reunion movie. One notable exception was Frances Bavier, who played Aunt Bee for all eight seasons as well as two seasons of Mayberry R.F.D. Bavier had retired shortly after leaving R.F.D. in 1970. Her absence was explained by a scene in which Andy visits the cemetery where Aunt Bee is buried, confirming that Aunt Bee is deceased. (The official reason given for Bavier's absence was poor health. Bavier reportedly was also reclusive and ambivalent about coming out of retirement, but she did in fact die three years after the program was filmed.) Elinor Donahue (as Ellie Walker) and Jack Burns (as Warren Ferguson) were two other cast members not to be involved in the movie. Some of the main R.F.D. regulars, including Sam Jones, son Mike, and Millie Swanson—all of whom were first introduced on the last season of The Andy Griffith Show itself—were also absent. (Ken Berry, who had played Jones, was asked to appear but had to decline as he was busy playing Vinton Harper on Mama's Family.) Former series regulars Howard McNear (as Floyd Lawson), Hope Summers (as Clara Edwards), and Paul Hartman (as Emmett Clark) were all long deceased.", "Frances Bavier She was in an episode of Make Room for Daddy, which featured Andy Griffith as Andy Taylor and Ron Howard as Opie Taylor. She played a character named Henrietta Perkins. The episode led to The Andy Griffith Show, and Bavier was cast in the new role of Aunt Bee. Bavier had a love-hate relationship with her famous role during the run of the show. As a New York City actress, she felt her dramatic talents were being overlooked, yet after playing Bee for eight seasons, she was the only original cast member to remain with the series in the spin-off, Mayberry R.F.D., for two additional seasons.[4]", "Don Knotts Shared with: Andy Griffith, Jim Nabors, George Lindsey, Elinor Donahue, Betty Lynn, Howard Morris, Maggie Mancuso, Harvey Bullock (writer), Earle Hagen (composer), Aaron Ruben (producer)", "Donna Douglas With the 1973 death of Hillbillies co-star Irene Ryan, and Max Baer Jr.'s refusal to participate, Douglas joined Nancy Kulp and Buddy Ebsen in 1981 as the only original cast members to appear in the reunion movie, Return of the Beverly Hillbillies.[12] Douglas was a guest star on a number of other television programs and the subject of paper dolls, dolls, coloring books, and various toys during the height of the show's popularity. In a 2003 interview with \"Confessions of a Pop Culture Addict\", she summed up her views on the role: \"Elly May was like a slice out of my life. She is a wonderful little door opener for me because people love her, and they love the Hillbillies. Even to this day it's shown every day somewhere. But, as with any abilities, she may open a door for you, but you have to have substance or integrity to advance you through that door.\"[13]", "The Ghost and Mr. Chicken This film was produced by Universal Studios, which produced countless classic horror films. Knotts was best known at the time of the film's production for his Emmy Award-winning five seasons on the sitcom The Andy Griffith Show as small town deputy sheriff Barney Fife. Andy Griffith, Knotts' co-star on The Andy Griffith Show, suggested expanding on an episode from the television series involving a deserted house (the old Rimshaw house in the episode \"Haunted House\" aired October 1963) in which Barney, Gomer, and Andy retrieve a baseball of Opie and his friend from the house. Another Andy Griffith Show connection is a small role played by Hal Smith, who had a recurring role on the show. Knotts left the television series at the end of the 1964â€“65 season in order to pursue a film career. He had already starred in The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964). Knotts' popularity prompted a multiple-movie deal with Universal, starting with this movie, and followed by The Reluctant Astronaut (1967), The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968), The Love God? (1969), and How to Frame a Figg (1971). The Ghost and Mr. Chicken was directed by Alan Rafkin with a screenplay by Jim Fritzell and Everett Greenbaum; all three men had been associated with the success of The Andy Griffith Show. Several players from the television series also appear in the film including Lurene Tuttle, Burt Mustin, Hal Smith and Hope Summers. Viewers will also recognize several actors and actresses who had appeared or were then appearing on other sitcoms of the time. The movie boasts one of the largest collection of character actors/actresses assembled in a single movie.[citation needed]", "Doris Packer Packer played wealthy society matrons on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show and I Love Lucy and as Mrs. Wiley on The Andy Griffith Show. She had a recurring role as Clara Mason in the 1960-61 sitcom Happy. Packer played Mrs. McGillicuddy in the 1961 episode \"Gladys' Political Campaign\" on the CBS sitcom, Pete and Gladys.[citation needed]", "Betty Lynn Lynn replaced Patricia Kirkland in the role of Betty Blake in the CBS comedy, The Egg and I (1951-1952),[9] and she played Pearl in the ABC comedy Love That Jill (1958).[9]:631 She was Viola Slaughter in the ABC Western Texas John Slaughter (1958-1962).[9]:1064 In the 1953â€“1954 television season, Lynn was cast as June Wallace,[9]:1171 the sister-in-law of the Ray Bolger character in the ABC sitcom Where's Raymond? Allyn Joslyn played her husband, Jonathan Wallace. Lynn and Joslyn left the series in its second season when it was renamed The Ray Bolger Show.[10][8]", "Nancy Kulp Nancy Jane Kulp (August 28, 1921 â€“ February 3, 1991) was an American character actress best known as Miss Jane Hathaway on the CBS television series The Beverly Hillbillies.", "Betty Lynn 1951 Payment on Demand (1951) Martha Ramsey", "Don Knotts Jesse Donald Knotts (July 21, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American actor and comedian, best known as Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife on The Andy Griffith Show, a 1960s sitcom for which he earned five Emmy Awards. He also starred in two comedic films, playing Luther Heggs in The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966) and Henry Limpet in The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964). He also portrayed Ralph Furley on the TV sit-com Three's Company. In 1979 TV Guide ranked him #27 on its 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list.[1]", "Clara Edwards Clara Edwards (originally Bertha Edwards, Bertha Johnson and then Clara Johnson) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show (1960 â€“ 1968). Clara was portrayed by actress Hope Summers.", "The Andy Griffith Show The Andy Griffith Show is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from October 3, 1960, to September 6, 1971, with a total of 249 half-hour episodes spanning over 8 seasons, first in black and white and then in color, which partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show. It originally starred Andy Griffith in the role of Andy Taylor, the widowed sheriff of the fictional small community of Mayberry, North Carolina. Other major characters include Andy's inept but well-meaning deputy, who is also his cousin, Barney Fife (Don Knotts); Andy's spinster aunt and housekeeper, \"Aunt\" Bee Taylor (Frances Bavier), and Andy's precocious young son, Opie (Ron Howard). Eccentric townspeople and temperamental girlfriends complete the cast. Regarding the tone of the show, Griffith said that despite a contemporary setting, the show evoked nostalgia, stating in a Today Show interview: \"Well, though we never said it, and though it was shot in the '60s, it had a feeling of the '30s. It was, when we were doing it, of a time gone by.\"[1]", "The Andy Griffith Show Sheldon Leonard, producer of The Danny Thomas Show, and Danny Thomas hired veteran comedy writer Arthur Stander (who had written many of the \"Danny Thomas\" episodes) to create a pilot show for Andy Griffith, featuring him as justice of the peace and newspaper editor in a small town.[5] At the time, Broadway, film, and radio star Griffith was interested in attempting a television role, and the William Morris Agency told Leonard that Griffith's rural background and previous rustic characterizations were suited to the part.[5] After conferences between Leonard and Griffith in New York, Griffith flew to Los Angeles and filmed the episode.[5] On February 15, 1960, The Danny Thomas Show episode \"Danny Meets Andy Griffith\" aired.[5] In the episode Griffith played fictional Sheriff Andy Taylor of Mayberry, North Carolina, who arrests Danny Williams (Thomas's character) for running a stop sign. Future players in The Andy Griffith Show, Frances Bavier and Ron Howard, appeared in the episode as townspeople Henrietta Perkins and Opie Taylor (the sheriff's son).[5] General Foods, sponsor of The Danny Thomas Show, had first access to the spin-off and committed to it immediately.[5] On October 3, 1960, at 9:30Â pm, The Andy Griffith Show made its debut.[6]", "George Lindsey George Smith Lindsey (December 17, 1928 â€“ May 6, 2012) was an American character actor, best known for his role as Goober Pyle on The Andy Griffith Show, Mayberry R.F.D. and his subsequent tenure on Hee-Haw.", "Joanna Moore Moore's career hit its peak in the 1960s. During that time, she guest starred in several popular shows of the era including Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Perry Mason, Bewitched, and The Real McCoys. One of her more notable recurring roles was as Sheriff Andy Taylor's love interest, Peggy \"Peg\" McMillan in four episodes of The Andy Griffith Show from 1962 to 1963. Moore was a guest star in television westerns like The Rifleman, Wagon Train, Gunsmoke, The Rebel, and The Virginian. By the 1970s, her career began to wane because of drug and alcohol issues. She made her final onscreen appearance in 1986. Moore died of lung cancer in 1997.", "Thelma Lou The stability of Barney and Thelma Lou's relationship is questionable. Barney dates other women besides Thelma Lou (mainly, diner waitress Juanita, who is mentioned but never seen or heard).", "Betty Lynn Betty Lynn began her acting career in radio as a member of the cast on a daytime drama on a station in Kansas City.[5] On Broadway, she acted in Walk with Music (1940) and Oklahoma! (1943).[6] She was discovered in a Broadway production by Darryl F. Zanuck and signed to 20th Century Fox.[7] A clause in her contract allowed the studio to drop her at six-month intervals, leading to recurring concerns for Lynn. She said, \"I was a redhead with freckles and didn’t have a bosom. I prayed so hard they’d keep picking me up.\"[4]", "The Lucy Show Shirley Booth for Hazel)", "The New Andy Griffith Show Lee Meriwether was cast as Andy's wife, reprising a pairing of the two from the film Angel in My Pocket. Marty McCall and Lori Rutherford were seen as Griffith's children, T.J. and Lori, and Ann Morgan Guilbert was Lee's sister Nora, a live-in relative. Nora was constantly complaining, neurotic, meddling and superstitious. Rotund country comic Glen Ash was cast as town councilman Buff McKnight. Ruth McDevitt played Mrs. Gossage.[2]", "Irene Tedrow One of Tedrow's earliest roles as a regular cast member on a television program was that of Mrs. Ruggles on the first season of The Ruggles (1949-1950).[6] She had a recurring role as Mrs. Elkins on the Dennis the Menace television sitcom from 1959-63. As a character actor she appeared in many shows, including Lux Video Theatre,[7] Jefferson Drum, Rawhide, The Twilight Zone and The Andy Griffith Show.[8] In 1955, she appeared on The Jack Benny Program as a contestant with Jack Benny on a mock You Bet Your Life segment with Groucho Marx.[9]", "Opie Taylor Opie has several girlfriends including, in his boyhood, Karen Burgess (Ronda Jeter)[note 1] and, in his teens, Mary Alice Carter (Morgan Brittany, credited by her real name, Suzanne Cupito). He also develops crushes on Barney Fife's sweetheart Thelma Lou and on his father's sweetheart Helen Crump.", "The Andy Griffith Show In the last episodes of the eighth season, as Andy Griffith was preparing to leave, the character Sam Jones, played by Ken Berry, was introduced as the new star, and the series was reitled Mayberry R.F.D.. Most of the cast members continued their original roles, with Bavier becoming Sam's housekeeper. To create a smooth transition, Andy and Helen were married in the first episode with the new title and remained for a few additional episodes before leaving with a move to Raleigh, effectively ending their appearances. After RFD's cancellation in 1971, George Lindsey played Goober for many years on the popular country-variety show Hee Haw.", "Betty Lynn Lynn made her film debut in the 1948 film Sitting Pretty opposite Robert Young. That same year, she appeared in June Bride with Bette Davis followed by roles in Mother Is a Freshman (1949), Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), and Payment on Demand (1951).[8]", "Donna Douglas She made numerous television appearances in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including The Twilight Zone episode \"The Eye of the Beholder\" (1960).[9] She played Barbara Simmons in four 1961 episodes of the CBS detective series Checkmate. Her other credits included in U.S. Marshal, Tightrope, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Bachelor Father, Adam-12 and Route 66. Douglas also appeared in Thriller, season 1, episode 16, \"The Hungry Glass\".[10]", "Elinor \"Ellie\" Walker After a short and somewhat turbulent getting acquainted period, Ellie and Mayberry sheriff Andy Taylor date and become steadies. In the episode \"Cyrano Andy\", Ellie and Andy are instrumental in bringing Andy's deputy Barney Fife and Mayberry townswoman, Thelma Lou together as romantic partners. The two couples often double date.", "Don Knotts In 1960, Andy Griffith was offered the opportunity to headline his own sitcom, The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1968). Knotts took the role of Barney Fife, the deputy—and originally cousin—of Sheriff Andy Taylor (portrayed by Griffith). Knotts's portrayal of the deputy on the popular show earned him five Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy, three awards for the first five seasons that he played the character.[11]", "Bea Benaderet In the late 1940s, Benaderet befriended Paul Henning, a scriptwriter on the radio production of Burns & Allen.[57] She appeared on nineteen episodes of the show that he had written between 1947 and 1951,[58] and became one of his regular television players with the first two seasons of Burns & Allen, a two-episode guest appearance as Blanche Morton on The Bob Cummings Show in 1956-57, and then her involvement in three of the most successful sitcoms of the 1960s.[59][60] After reading the 1961 first script for The Beverly Hillbillies, Benaderet wanted to audition for the role of Granny. Despite considering her to be too buxom for his vision of the character as a small and wiry woman, Henning allowed her to test anyway.[61] Irene Ryan would win the part; according to Henning, \"Bea took one look at the way Irene did the part and said to me, 'There's your Granny!'\"[62] He additionally took Benaderet's suggestion of casting Harriet MacGibbon as Granny's rival Margaret Drysdale.[63] Henning created for Benaderet the supporting character of Cousin Pearl Bodine, the middle-aged widowed mother of Jethro Bodine (Max Baer Jr.) and cousin of main character Jed Clampett (Buddy Ebsen), whom she convinces to move from his humble home in the Ozarks after he strikes oil on his property and becomes a millionaire. Prior to shooting the pilot, Benaderet enlisted a dialect coach to help her learn a hillbilly accent.[64] Impressed with her performance while screening the pilot to potential sponsors,[14] Henning made Cousin Pearl a recurring character in the 1962-63 first season as she moved into the Clampetts' Beverly Hills mansion, feuded with Granny, and pursued oil tycoon Mr. Brewster (Frank Wilcox) as a love interest.[14] Bluegrass duo Flatt & Scruggs, who performed the show's opening theme, recorded a comedic serenade in 1963 titled \"Pearl Pearl Pearl\", and Benaderet was pictured with the duo on the single's cover.[65] Benaderet described Pearl's curly hair as \"just my mental image of the character. ... Pearl played the piano for the silent movies and she saw such high fashion and ridiculous hairdos. She could read and write, and the curled hair seemed to Pearl the height of smartness.\"[48][note 6] Her performance as Pearl was well received; author Stephen Cox wrote in his 1993 book The Beverly Hillbillies: From the Small Screen to the Big Screen: \"When The Beverly Hillbillies first aired, it started to become 'The Bea Benaderet Show.' Every scene that had Cousin Pearl in it was just about stolen by the actress.\"[66]", "Ellen Corby Corby appeared as the elderly Mrs. Lesh, the crooked car peddler, on CBS's The Andy Griffith Show. She guest-starred, as well, on Wagon Train, Cheyenne, Bewitched, Dragnet (several episodes), Rescue 8, The Restless Gun (two episodes), The Rifleman, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, Fury, The Donna Reed Show, Frontier Circus, Hazel, I Love Lucy, Dennis the Menace, Tightrope, Bonanza, Meet McGraw, The Virginian, Channing, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Batman, Get Smart, Gomer Pyle, The Addams Family, The Beverly Hillbillies, The Invaders, Lassie, and Night Gallery. From 1965 to 1967, she had a recurring role in the NBC television series Please Don't Eat the Daisies, based on an earlier Doris Day film.", "Bea Benaderet Benaderet was then a prominent figure on television in situation comedies, first with The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show from 1950 to 1958, for which she earned two Emmy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress. In the 1960s, she had regular roles in four series up until her death from lung cancer in 1968, including the commercial successes The Beverly Hillbillies, The Flintstones, and her best known role as Kate Bradley in Petticoat Junction. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame honoring her work in television.", "Don Knotts The Andy Griffith Show for episode \"The Return of Barney Fife\".", "Nancy Kulp Kulp in 1955 joined the cast of The Bob Cummings Show (Love That Bob) with Bob Cummings, portraying pith-helmeted neighborhood bird watcher Pamela Livingstone. In 1956, she appeared in the episode \"Johnny Bravo\" of the ABC/Warner Brothers series Cheyenne, with Clint Walker. Kulp played the role of Anastasia in three episodes of the NBC sitcom It's a Great Life in 1955 and 1956. In 1958, she appeared in Orson Welles' little-known pilot episode \"The Fountain of Youth\" in the television series Colgate Theatre. In 1960, she appeared as Emma St. John in the episode \"Kill with Kindness\" of the ABC/WB detective series Bourbon Street Beat, starring Andrew Duggan.", "Donna Douglas Douglas was born Doris Ione Smith[2] in the community of Pride, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, on September 26, 1932.[1][3][4][5] The younger of two children,[3] she was the only daughter of Emmett Ratcliff Smith, Sr.[Footnotes 1] and his wife, Elma (nÃ©e Robinson).[Footnotes 2] Her birth name is listed both as Dorothy Smith and Doris Smith in various articles.", "Frances Bavier Bavier had roles in more than a dozen films, as well as playing a range of supporting roles on television. Career highlights include her turn as Mrs. Barley in the classic 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still. In 1955, she played the rough and tough \"Aunt Maggie\" Sawtelle, a frontier Ma Barker-type character, in the Lone Ranger episode \"Sawtelle's Saga End\". In the episode, she fights with Tonto while the Lone Ranger battles with her nephew. At the conclusion, Tonto says that he would like to trade opponents next time. In 1957, she played Nora Martin, mother to Eve Arden's character on The Eve Arden Show, despite the fact that Arden was only 6 or 7 years younger than Bavier. That same year, Bavier guest-starred in the eighth episode of Perry Mason as Louise Marlow in \"The Case of the Crimson Kiss\".", "Jean Hagen In 1957 Hagen co-starred in an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents titled \"Enough Rope for Two\", portraying a woman who accompanies two thieves trying to retrieve stolen money from a desert mine shaft. She then appeared as Elizabeth in the 1960 episode \"Once Upon a Knight\" on CBS's anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson; and the following year she guest-starred on The Andy Griffith Show in the episode \"Andy and the Woman Speeder\".", "Don Knotts The Andy Griffith Show for episode \"Barney Comes to Mayberry\".", "Bea Benaderet Benaderet garnered praise for her mastery of dialects[90][101][102][103] and her work as a comedienne and character actress,[1][100][104] while she is recognized for her voice characterizations in animation.[105][106][107] MeTV considered her an \"icon\" of 1960s television.[108] Donna Douglas said, \"Watching her timing is like watching a ballerina. Sheâ€™s so effortless.\"[95] Benaderet credited George Burns with teaching her \"all I know about comedy,\"[109] but claimed that television scriptwriters focused more on her voice and delivery than her characters, which she believed stunted opportunities for her to play more dramatic roles.[67] For her contributions to television, Benaderet received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, on 1611 Vine Street,[2] and she was the recipient of a Genii Award in 1966.[110]", "Irene Ryan Ryan is most widely known for her portrayal of Granny, the mother-in-law of Buddy Ebsen's character, on the long-running TV series The Beverly Hillbillies (1962â€“1971), for which she was nominated for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1963 and 1964.", "The Beverly Hillbillies Elly May (Donna Douglas in all 274 episodes), the only child of Jed and Rose Ellen Clampett, is a mountain beauty with the body of a pinup girl and the soul of a tomboy. She can throw a fastball as well as \"rassle\" most men to a fall, and she can be as tender with her friends, animals, and family as she is tough with anyone she rassles. She says once that animals can be better companions than people, but as she grows older, she allows that, \"fellas kin be more fun than critters. \"In addition to the family dog, Duke (an old Bloodhound), a number of pets live on the Clampett estate thanks to animal-lover Elly. In the 1981 TV movie, Elly May is the head of a zoo.", "Irene Ryan Irene Ryan (born Jessie Irene Noblitt; October 17, 1902 â€“ April 26, 1973) was an American actress who found success in vaudeville, radio, film, television, and Broadway.", "List of The Andy Griffith Show characters Deputy Bernard Milton \"Barney\" Fife is Deputy Sheriff of Mayberry. Thin, wiry and high-strung, Barney fancies himself an expert lawman even though—in reality—he is actually a bumbling goof. In episodes 001 and 002, Andy refers to him as \"Cousin Barney\". In episode 025, his middle name is said to be \"Oliver\"; in episode 082, his middle name according to his high school yearbook is \"Milton\", in episode 157 (season 5) his middle initial is repeated as \"P\". He considers his position to be essential to keeping Mayberry safe. Even though the town has very little crime, he dubs the town: \"Mayberry, Gateway to Danger\". Andy keeps Barney's crime-fighting shenanigans to a reasonable level, but tries to never step on his ego. For safety reasons, he only allows Barney to carry one bullet, which he keeps in his shirt pocket until needed. Often, when the bullet is employed, Barney accidentally shoots the bullet into the floor, narrowly missing his own foot. Like Andy, he has a steady stream of girlfriends, but his longest lasting relationship is with Thelma Lou. In episode 028, Barney has just met Thelma Lou at the \"Junction Diner\". In season five, he takes a job as a detective in Raleigh, leaving Mayberry, but returns in seasons six through eight for guest appearances.", "Irene Ryan In 1944, she played a ditzy secretary named Polly in a B-movie titled Hot Rhythm with Dona Drake. In 1946, she married Harold E. Knox, who worked in film production. (They divorced in 1961; the couple had no children.) She continued to work in motion pictures of the late 1940s and early 1950s, generally playing fussy or nervous women. In 1946, she joined the cast of The Jack Carson Show on CBS radio. She played \"a neighborhood storekeeper who operates a combination candy shop and lending library.\"[8] In January 1955, Ryan made her first television sitcom appearance in an episode of the CBS series The Danny Thomas Show. She appeared with Walter Brennan in the 1959 episode \"Grandpa's New Job\" on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys. In the 1960-1961 CBS sitcom Bringing Up Buddy, starring Frank Aletter, she was cast in three episodes as Cynthia Boyle; and she appeared as Rusty Wallace in \"The Romance of Silver Pines\", a 1962 episode of My Three Sons, starring Fred MacMurray.[9]", "Hope Summers Sarah Hope Summers (June 7, 1902 â€“ July 22, 1979), better known as Hope Summers, was an American character actress known for her work on CBS's The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry RFD, portraying Clara Edwards.", "Frances Bavier In contrast to her character, Bavier was easily offended on the set, and the production staff took a very cautious approach when communicating with her. Series star Andy Griffith once admitted the two clashed sometimes during the series' long run. In an April 24, 1998, appearance on Larry King Live, Griffith said Bavier phoned him four months before she died and apologized for being \"difficult\" during the series' run.[citation needed]", "The New Andy Griffith Show The premiere episode was a major success for CBS, buoyed by guest appearances by The Andy Griffith Show regulars Don Knotts, George Lindsey and Paul Hartman. Lindsey and Hartman explicitly played \"Goober\" and \"Emmett\", their characters on both The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. (still on the air at the time); this is confirmed in both dialogue and in the closing credits. Knotts, meanwhile, played an unnamed character who was identical in mannerisms to Barney Fife of The Andy Griffith Show. All three characters were \"old friends\" of the character Andy Sawyer; they dropped by his new house, ostensibly to welcome him to town, but actually to seek political favors. These Mayberry characters treated Andy Sawyer exactly as if he were Andy Taylor, and the two characters had similar backstories: both Andys by this point were married and had two children (although Taylor's two sons, Opie and infant Andy Jr., were both boys as opposed to Sawyer's one boy and one girl), and prior to the start of The New Andy Griffith Show, both were living in larger cities.", "Elinor Donahue Mary Eleanor Donahue (born April 19, 1937), credited as Elinor Donahue, is an American actress, best remembered today for playing the role of Betty Anderson, the eldest child of Robert Young and Jane Wyatt, on the 1950s American sitcom Father Knows Best.", "Aneta Corsaut Corsaut first appeared on the long-running Griffith show in 1963 as schoolteacher Helen Crump, who later became the Mayberry sheriff's wife on the first episode of the spinoff Mayberry R.F.D.. Corsaut also had a continuing role as policeman Bumper Morgan's pawn-shop-owner friend on the series The Blue Knight and as Irma Howell in the short-lived series Mrs. G. Goes to College. [4] In the TV series Adam-12, Corsaut portrayed Officer Pete Malloy's girlfriend, Judy. She had a supporting role as Head Nurse Bradley in the 1980s sitcom House Calls, and also appeared in several episodes of Matlock with star Andy Griffith.[6] In addition, Corsaut played the role of nurse Jesse Brewer in 1977 on the long-running ABC soap opera General Hospital when long-time portrayer Emily McLaughlin was too ill to work.[7]", "The Andy Griffith Show Don Knotts, who knew Griffith professionally and had seen The Danny Thomas Show episode, called Griffith during the developmental stages of the show and suggested the Sheriff character needed a deputy. Griffith agreed. Knotts auditioned for the show's creator and executive producer, Sheldon Leonard, and was offered a five-year contract playing Barney Fife.[5]", "Briscoe Darling Jr. \"The Boys\" were played by the real life musical group The Dillards and Charlene was played by actress Maggie Peterson.", "Howard McNear Howard Terbell McNear (January 27, 1905 â€“ January 3, 1969)[1][2] was an American stage, screen, and radio character actor. McNear is best remembered as Floyd Lawson, the barber in The Andy Griffith Show (1960-1968).", "Frances Bavier Born in New York City in a brownstone on Gramercy Park[1] to Charles S., a stationary engineer, and Mary S. (nÃ©e Birmingham) Bavier, Frances originally planned to become a teacher after attending Columbia University. She first appeared in vaudeville, later moving to the Broadway stage.[2]", "Mama's Family Vicki Lawrence\nDorothy Lyman\nKen Berry\nRick Hawkins", "Elinor Donahue Donahue achieved stardom for her role as the elder daughter, Betty, on the television family series Father Knows Best. Her co-stars were Robert Young, Jane Wyatt, Billy Gray as her younger brother, James \"Bud\" Anderson, Jr., and Lauren Chapin as her younger sister, Kathy.", "Donna Douglas Douglas moved to New York City to pursue a career in show business and started as an illustration model for toothpaste advertisements.[7] She was featured as the \"Letters Girl\" on NBC's The Perry Como Show in 1957 and as the \"Billboard Girl\" on NBC's The Steve Allen Show in 1959. These and other television appearances led New York photographers and newspaper reporters to award her the \"Miss By-line\" crown, which she wore on CBS's The Ed Sullivan Show.[8]", "Donna Douglas Although Douglas was an active actress in the 1960s, she was still relatively unknown when selected from among 500 young actresses to work alongside veteran actor and dancer Buddy Ebsen on The Beverly Hillbillies. This series ran for nine consecutive seasons, beginning in 1962 and ending in 1971. Continually typecast as a result of her Hillbillies role, Douglas decided to focus on her career as a gospel singer.[11]", "Maggie Peterson In 1968, while she was singing as an opening act for Andy Griffith at a casino in Lake Tahoe, Peterson met jazz musician Gus Mancuso who was playing bass in a lounge act. The two married and have been together ever since. The couple spent a number of years in Los Angeles, where Peterson worked doing commercials, until they decided to settle in Las Vegas where Maggie now works as a location scout for film and television.[3]", "Elinor \"Ellie\" Walker After twelve appearances in the first season, Ellie disappeared with no explanation offered the audience. It has long been rumored, however, that Ellie abandoned her Uncle's pharmacy and Andy Taylor to run away with Jim Lindsey and become a groupie of Bobby Fleet and his Band with a Beat.[citation needed] The last appearance of Ellie Walker strangely coincided with the episode where Jim Lindsey returned to Mayberry after becoming a famous guitarist with Bobby Fleet's band. At the end of \"The Guitar Player Returns\" (15 May 1961), Jim Lindsey reunites with Bobby Fleet to tour with his band, and neither Ellie, nor Jim, is ever seen again. Of course, the good people of Mayberry would never speak about such a scandal, and thus no explanation could be offered for Ellie's sudden departure.[citation needed] Over the years Donahue offered multiple explanations for her departure from the show. In one she believed that she and Griffith lacked the chemistry to make their on-screen romantic relationship credible and she decided to leave. Griffith later admitted that it was his own fault because he had a hard time showing affection on-screen, and as a result, the relationship didn't appear real or believable. However, Griffith's character showed no such problems with the arrival of the Helen Crump character in the 1964 season. A more credible story that Donahue relayed was that she was undergoing personal problems during her year on the show and simply lacked confidence in the quality of her performance. She asked the producers to release her from her contract, which they did. Donahue also admitted that she was a little hurt that they agreed so readily.", "The Andy Griffith Show The series never placed lower than seventh in the Nielsen ratings and ended its final season at number one. On separate occasions, it has been ranked by TV Guide as the 9th-best and 13th-best show in American television history.[2][3] Though neither Griffith nor the show won awards during its 11-season run, co-stars Knotts and Bavier accumulated a combined total of six Emmy Awards. The series spawned its own spinoff, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. (1964) and a reunion telemovie, Return to Mayberry (1986). After the eighth season, when Andy Griffith became one of the original cast members to leave the show, it was retitled Mayberry, RFD with Ken Berry and Buddy Foster replacing Andy Griffith and Ron Howard in new roles. Reruns of the show are often aired to TV Land, MeTV, and SundanceTV, while the complete series is available on DVD. The show has also been made available on streaming video services such as Netflix. An annual festival celebrating the show, Mayberry Days, is held each year in Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina.[4]", "Alberta Nelson Alberta Nelson (August 14, 1937 â€“ April 29, 2006) was an American television and film actress. After several dramatic parts in television in the early 1960s, she made five guest appearances on The Andy Griffith Show.[citation needed]", "The Real McCoys Jon Lormer was cast seven times on The Real McCoys in 1959 and 1960, six as the character Sam Watkins. Joan Blondell appeared three times near the end of the series as Aunt Win. Marjorie Bennett was cast three times as Amanda Comstock. Pat Buttram and Howard McNear also appeared three times; they were subsequently cast as Eustace Haney on CBS's Green Acres and as Floyd the Barber on CBS's The Andy Griffith Show. Olin Howland and Willard Waterman appeared five times each as Charley Perkins and Mac Maginnis, respectively.[3]", "Betty Lynn Betty Lynn has never married, although she has said she was once engaged.[11] She makes monthly appearances at the Andy Griffith Museum in Mount Airy to sign autographs and meet with her fans.[12]", "The Andy Griffith Show The series plot revolves around Sheriff Andy Taylor (Andy Griffith) and his life in sleepy, slow-paced fictional Mayberry, North Carolina. Sheriff Taylor's level-headed approach to law enforcement makes him the scourge of local moonshiners and out-of-town criminals, while his abilities to settle community problems with common-sense advice, mediation, and conciliation make him popular with his fellow citizens. His professional life, however, is complicated by the repeated gaffes of his inept deputy, Barney Fife (Don Knotts). Barney is portrayed as Andy's cousin in the first, second, and sixth episodes, but is never again referred to as such. Andy socializes with male friends in the Main Street barber shop and dates various ladies until a schoolteacher becomes his steady interest in season three. At home, Andy enjoys fishing trips with his son, Opie (Ronny Howard), and quiet evenings on the front porch with his maiden aunt and housekeeper, Aunt Bee (Frances Bavier). Opie tests his father's parenting skills season after season, and Aunt Bee's ill-considered romances and adventures cause her nephew concern.", "George Lindsey In 1964, Lindsey was cast as the slow-witted but kindly \"Goober Beasley\" on The Andy Griffith Show. His character was later renamed \"Goober Pyle\" to tie him to his cousin Gomer Pyle, slow-witted country boy played by Jim Nabors, also from Alabama. Goober's antics frequently included his exaggerated \"Goober Dance\" and his comically bad Cary Grant impression.", "Donna Douglas Hal B. Wallis saw the Sullivan episode and cast her in the role of Marjorie Burke in the movie drama Career (1959), starring Anthony Franciosa, Dean Martin and Shirley MacLaine. This was followed by a bit part in the musical comedy Li'l Abner (1959) and the role of a secretary in the comedy/romance Lover Come Back (1961), starring Rock Hudson and Doris Day.[9]", "Georgia Engel Georgia Bright Engel (born July 28, 1948) is an American actress who is best known for her role as Georgette Franklin Baxter on The Mary Tyler Moore Show.[1][2]", "Sue Ane Langdon Langdon was more frequently seen on the small screen in guest spot roles such as Kitty Marsh during the NBC portion (1959â€“1961) of Bachelor Father. The next year, she appeared twice on Rod Cameron's syndicated crime drama COronado 9. In 1961 she made her first of three appearances on Perry Mason as Rowena Leach in \"The Case of the Crying Comedian\". In 1962, she appeared as nurse Mary Simpson in an episode of CBS's The Andy Griffith Show. (Another actress, Julie Adams, also played Nurse Mary on the Griffith Show.) In another popular situation comedy, Langdon played a scatter-brained defendant on trial in a Dick Van Dyke Show episode called \"One Angry Man.\"", "Enid Markey Her last appearance was in The Boston Strangler (1968). During the 1950s and 1960s she appeared in several television guest-starring roles, including The Andy Griffith Show as Barney Fife's landlady, Mrs. Mendlebright, and in an episode of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., as Grandma Pyle.", "Elvia Allman Her visibility on television increased in the 1960s with guest shots on The Dick Van Dyke Show, Hazel, The Addams Family, The Munsters, Mr Ed, Bewitched, The Lucy Show, The Doris Day Show, The Andy Griffith Show, and as witness Julia Slovak in the fifth season, 1961 Perry Mason episode, \"The Case of the Brazen Bequest\". Allman's greatest fame came with her semi-regular roles on Petticoat Junction, as local busybody Selma Plout (14 appearances, 1965â€“1970) and a near-duplicate character, Elverna Bradshaw on The Beverly Hillbillies (13 appearances, one in 1963, the rest 1968-1970). The 1960s proved to be her most prolific era with 58 appearances on various television series as well as five motion pictures including Breakfast at Tiffany's and The Nutty Professor." ]	[ "Betty Lynn Elizabeth Ann Theresa \"Betty\" Lynn[1] (born August 29, 1926) is a former American actress. She is best known for her role as Thelma Lou, Deputy Barney Fife's girlfriend, on The Andy Griffith Show. She is the last surviving multi-season regular adult cast member from that series." ]
test3155	how and why were serial novels a phenomenon in the nineteenth century	[ "doc107756" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc107756", "doc1189290", "doc107757", "doc107758", "doc107755", "doc1232892", "doc2013368", "doc107759", "doc1580249", "doc107754", "doc1882498", "doc107763", "doc107760", "doc107764", "doc107762", "doc107761", "doc1580248", "doc1232948", "doc2035846", "doc674839", "doc485443", "doc107765", "doc2042761", "doc1580256", "doc1580247", "doc107767", "doc1189283", "doc1073951", "doc1189291", "doc2549215", "doc1882495", "doc2285907", "doc427171", "doc2509868", "doc2183070", "doc1329569", "doc1232911", "doc2285908", "doc1831231", "doc1227916", "doc630152", "doc2640760", "doc2002919", "doc107768", "doc2509869", "doc2549187", "doc1667500", "doc1966671", "doc422724", "doc1882500", "doc1882468", "doc978551", "doc1580250", "doc1831227", "doc836704", "doc298356", "doc1882503", "doc1882454", "doc2063927", "doc1580252", "doc1073990", "doc2063943", "doc485976", "doc1882505", "doc1232962", "doc705054", "doc1227918", "doc1882462", "doc107766", "doc1306083", "doc1168943", "doc427169", "doc1189293", "doc1882453", "doc2215151", "doc1227925", "doc1719122", "doc1882479", "doc2016777", "doc228232", "doc978550", "doc2285910", "doc1232950", "doc1227917", "doc228202", "doc1882435", "doc1467355", "doc1967252", "doc1831232", "doc1882452", "doc1329574", "doc1227922", "doc1882486", "doc630144", "doc1189289", "doc1882514", "doc1882429", "doc1168953", "doc994158", "doc1189284" ]	[ "Serial (literature) Serialized fiction surged in popularity during Britain's Victorian era, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution.[3]:34 Most Victorian novels first appeared as installments in monthly or weekly periodicals.[3]:13 The wild success of Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, first published in 1836, is widely considered to have established the viability and appeal of the serialized format within periodical literature. During that era, the line between \"quality\" and \"commercial\" literature was not distinct.[3]:31 Other famous writers who wrote serial literature for popular magazines were Wilkie Collins, inventor of the detective novel withThe Moonstone and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the Sherlock Holmes stories originally for serialization in The Strand magazine.", "English novel It was in the Victorian era (1837â€“1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English. Another important fact is the number of women novelists who were successful in the 19th century, even though they often had to use a masculine pseudonym. At the beginning of the 19th century most novels were published in three volumes. However, monthly serialization was revived with the publication of Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers in twenty parts between April 1836 and November 1837. Demand was high for each episode to introduce some new element, whether it was a plot twist or a new character, so as to maintain the readers' interest. Both Dickens and Thackeray frequently published this way.[17]", "Serial (literature) While American periodicals first syndicated British writers, over time they drew from a growing base of domestic authors. The rise of the periodicals like Harper's and the Atlantic Monthly grew in symbiotic tandem with American literary talent. The magazines nurtured and provided an economic sustainability for writers, while the writers helped grow the periodicals' circulation base. During the late 19th century, those that were considered the best American writers first published their work in serial form and then only later in a completed volume format.[4]:51 As a piece in Scribner's Monthly explained in 1878, \"Now it is the second or third rate novelist who cannot get publication in a magazine, and is obliged to publish in a volume, and it is in the magazine that the best novelist always appears first.\"[4]:52 Among the American writers that wrote in serial form were Henry James and Herman Melville. A large part of the appeal for writers at the time was the broad audiences that serialization could reach, which would then grow their following for published works. One of the first significant American works to be released in serial format is Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which was published over a 40-week period by The National Era, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851 issue.", "Serial (literature) Serialization was so standard in American literature that authors from that era often built installment structure into their creative process. James, for example, often had his works divided into multi-part segments of similar length.[4]:30 The consumption of fiction during that time was different than in the 20th century. Instead of being read in a single volume, a novel would often be consumed by readers in installments over a period as long as a year, with the authors and periodicals often responding to audience reaction.[4]", "Serial (literature) The growth of moveable type in the 17th century prompted episodic and often disconnected narratives such as L'Astrée and Le Grand Cyrus. At that time, books remained a premium item, so to reduce the price and expand the market, publishers produced large works in lower-cost installments called fascicles.[2]", "Charles Dickens Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication.[4][5] Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense.[6] The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback.[5] For example, when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities, Dickens improved the character with positive features.[7] His plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives.[8] Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers.[9]", "British literature It was in the Victorian era (1832â€“1900) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.[96] Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers.[97] Monthly serialising of fiction encouraged this surge in popularity, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution.[98] Circulating libraries, that allowed books to be borrowed for an annual subscription, were a further factor in the rising popularity of the novel.", "Serial (literature) In France, Alexandre Dumas and Eugène Sue were masters of the serialized genre. The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo each appeared as a feuilleton. The Count of Monte Cristo was stretched out to 139 installments. Eugène Sue's serial novel Le Juif errant increased circulation of Le Constitutionnel from 3,600 to 25,000. Production in book form soon followed and serialization was one of the main reasons that nineteenth-century novels were so long. Authors and publishers kept the story going if it was successful since authors were paid by line and by episode. Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary was serialized in La Revue de Paris in 1856.", "Penny dreadful These changes created both a market for cheap popular literature, and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale. The first penny serials were published in the 1830s to meet this demand.[4] The serials were priced to be affordable to working-class readers, and were considerably cheaper than the serialised novels of authors such as Charles Dickens, which cost a shilling [twelve pennies] per part.", "Serial (literature) In literature, a serial, is a printing format by which a single larger work, often a work of narrative fiction, is published in smaller, sequential installments. The installments are also known as numbers, parts or fascicles, and may be released either as separate publications or within sequential issues of a periodical publication, such as a magazine or newspaper.[1]", "Novel In the 19th century the relationship between authors, publishers, and readers, changed. Most of the early 18th-century fiction had been published anonymously. Authors had offered their manuscripts and received all the payment to be expected for the manuscript. The new copyright laws introduced in the 18th and 19th centuries[69] promised royalties on all future editions. Another change in the 19th century was that novelists began to read their works in theaters, halls, and bookshops.[70]", "Serial (literature) With the rise of broadcast—both radio and television series—in the first half of the 20th century, printed periodical fiction began a slow decline as newspapers and magazines shifted their focus from entertainment to information and news. However, some serialization of novels in periodicals continued, with mixed success.", "Serial (literature) Some writers were prolific. Alexandre Dumas wrote at an incredible pace, oftentimes writing with his partner twelve to fourteen hours a day, working on several novels for serialized publication at once. However, not every writer could keep up with the serial writing pace. Wilkie Collins, for instance, was never more than a week before publication. The difference in writing pace and output in large part determined the author's success, as audience appetite created demand for further installments.[5]", "Serial (literature) The first several books in the Tales of the City series by Armistead Maupin appeared from 1978 as regular installments in San Francisco newspapers. Similar serial novels ran in other city newspapers, such as The Serial[11] (1976; Marin County), Tangled Lives (Boston), Bagtime (Chicago), and Federal Triangle (Washington, D.C.).[12] Starting in 1984, Tom Wolfe's The Bonfire of the Vanities, about contemporary New York City, ran in 27 parts in Rolling Stone, partially inspired by the model of Dickens. The magazine paid $200,000 for his work, but Wolfe heavily revised the work before publication as a standalone novel.[13] Alexander McCall Smith, author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series, experimented in 2004 with publishing his novel 44 Scotland Street in instalments every weekday in The Scotsman. Michael Chabon serialized Gentlemen of the Road in The New York Times Magazine in 2007.", "Serial (literature) In addition, works in late Qing dynasty China had been serialized. The Nine-tailed Turtle was serialized from 1906 to 1910.[7] Bizarre Happenings Eyewitnessed over Two Decades was serialized in Xin Xiaoshuo (T: 新小說, S: 新小说, P: Xīn Xiǎoshuō; W: Hsin Hsiao-shuo; \"New Fiction\"), a magazine by Liang Qichao.[8] The first half of Officialdom Unmasked appeared in installments of Shanghai Shijie Fanhua Bao,[9] serialized there from April 1903 to June 1905.[10]", "Serial (literature) In the German-speaking countries, the serialized novel was widely popularized by the weekly family magazine Die Gartenlaube, which reached a circulation of 382,000 by 1875.[6] In Russia, The Russian Messenger serialized Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina from 1873 to 1877 and Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov from 1879 to 1880. In Poland, Bolesław Prus wrote several serialized novels: The Outpost (1885–86), The Doll (1887–89), The New Woman (1890–93), and his sole historical novel, Pharaoh (the latter, exceptionally, written entire over a year's time in 1894–95 and serialized only after completion, in 1895–96).", "Penny dreadful Victorian Era Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased literacy rates. With the rise of capitalism and industrialisation, people began to spend more money on entertainment, contributing to the popularisation of the novel. Improvements in printing resulted in newspapers such as Joseph Addison's The Spectator and Richard Steele's The Tatler, and England's more fully recognizing the singular concept of reading as a form of leisure; it was, of itself, a new industry. Other significant changes included industrialisation and an increased capacity for travel via the invention of tracks, engines, and the corresponding railway distribution.", "Charles Dickens Most of Dickens's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly instalments in journals such as Master Humphrey's Clock and Household Words, later reprinted in book form. These instalments made the stories affordable and accessible, and the series of regular cliff-hangers made each new episode widely anticipated. When The Old Curiosity Shop was being serialised, American fans waited at the docks in New York harbor, shouting out to the crew of an incoming British ship, \"Is little Nell dead?\"[142] Dickens's talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end.", "English literature It was in the Victorian era (1837â€“1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.[104] Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers,[105] and monthly serialising of fiction also encouraged this surge in popularity, further apheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832\".[106] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political, and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity.[107] Significant early examples of this genre include Sybil, or The Two Nations (1845) by Benjamin Disraeli, and Charles Kingsley's Alton Locke (1849).", "The War of the Worlds In the late 1890s it was common for novels, prior to full volume publication, to be serialised in magazines or newspapers, with each part of the serialisation ending upon a cliff hanger to entice audiences to buy the next edition. This is a practice familiar from the first publication of Charles Dickens' novels in the nineteenth century. The War of the Worlds was first published in serial form in Pearson's Magazine in April – December 1897.[23] Wells was paid £200 and Pearsons demanded to know the ending of the piece before committing to publish.[24]", "Oliver Twist Serial publication dates:[9]", "Serial (literature) The emergence of the World Wide Web prompted some authors to revise a serial format. Stephen King experimented with The Plant (2000), and Michel Faber allowed The Guardian to serialise his novel The Crimson Petal and the White. In 2005, Orson Scott Card serialized his out-of-print novel Hot Sleep in the first issue of his online magazine, InterGalactic Medicine Show. In 2008 McCall Smith wrote a serialized online novel Corduroy Mansions, with the audio edition read by Andrew Sachs made available at the same pace as the daily publication. In 2011, pseudonymous author Wildbow published Worm, which remains one of the most popular web serials of all time.[14][15][16]", "Sensationalism In A History of News, author Mitchell Stephens (professor of journalism and mass communication at New York University)[2] notes sensationalism can be found in the Ancient Roman Acta Diurna (official notices and announcements which were presented daily on public message boards, the perceived content of which spread with enthusiasm in illiterate societies).[2] Sensationalism was used in books of the 16th and 17th century, to teach moral lessons. According to Stevens, sensationalism brought the news to a new audience when it became aimed at the lower class, who had less of a need to accurately understand politics and the economy, to occupy them in other matters. Through sensationalism, he claims, the audience was further educated and encouraged to take more interest in the news.[2] The more modern forms of sensationalism developed in the course of the nineteenth century in parallel with the expansion of print culture in industrialized nations. A genre of British literature, \"sensation novels,\" became in the 1860s the best example of how the publishing industry could capitalize on a rhetoric made of surprising turns in the narrative to market serialized fiction in the expanded market of the periodical press. The London magazine \"Belgravia\" edited by the popular author of sensation novels Mary Elizabeth Braddon between 1867 and 1876 offered one of the earliest theories of modernity and its “shock value” mediated by sensationalism. The attention-grasping rhetorical techniques found in sensation fiction were also employed in articles on science, modern technology, finance, and in historical accounts of contemporary events, as discussed by Alberto Gabriele in Reading Popular Culture in Victorian Print.[18] The collection of essays Sensationalism and the Genealogy of Modernity: a Global Nineteenth Century Perspective edited by Alberto Gabriele is also helpful to track the transhistorical presence of sensationalism in several national contexts in the course of the long nineteenth century. Scholars in the collection engage in an interdisciplinary discussion on popular culture, literature, performance, art history, theory, pre-cinema and early cinema.[19]", "Penny dreadful In reality, the serial novels were overdramatic and sensational, but generally harmless. If anything, the penny dreadfuls, although obviously not the most enlightening or inspiring of literary selections, resulted in increasingly literate youth in the Industrial period. The wide circulation of this sensationalist literature, however, contributed to an ever-greater fear of crime in mid-Victorian Britain.[7]", "Penny dreadful Penny dreadful is a pejorative term used to refer to cheap popular serial literature produced during the nineteenth century in the United Kingdom. The term is roughly interchangeable with penny horrible, penny awful,[1] and penny blood.[2] The term typically referred to a story published in weekly parts, each costing one penny. The subject matter of these stories was typically sensational, focusing on the exploits of detectives, criminals, or supernatural entities. While the term \"penny dreadful\" was originally used in reference to a specific type of literature circulating in mid-Victorian Britain, it came to encompass a variety of publications that featured cheap sensational fiction, such as story papers and booklet \"libraries\". The penny dreadfuls were printed on cheap wood pulp paper and were aimed at young working class males.[3]", "Serial (literature) Many aspiring authors also used the web to publish free-to-read works in serialized format independently as well as web-based communities such as LiveJournal, Fictionpress.com,[17] fictionhub,[18] and Wattpad.[19] Many of these books receive as many readers as successful novels; some have received the same number of readers as New York Times bestsellers.[20][21]", "English novel A noteworthy aspect of both the 18th- and 19th- century novel is the way the novelist directly addressed the reader. For example, the author might interrupt his or her narrative to pass judgment on a character, or pity or praise another, and inform or remind the reader of some other relevant issue.[citation needed]", "Victorian era In prose, the novel rose from a position of relative neglect during the 1830s to become the leading literary genre by the end of the era.[6][29] In the 1830s and 1840s, the social novel (also \"Condition-of-England novels\") responded to the social, political and economic upheaval associated with industrialisation. Though it remained influential throughout the period, there was a notable resurgence of Gothic fiction in the fin de siecle, such as in Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) and Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891).", "English novel The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of social novel, also known as social problem novel, that \"arose out of the social and political upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832\".[18] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity.[19] Stories of the working class poor were directed toward middle class to help create sympathy and promote change. An early example is Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist (1837â€“38).", "History of modern literature In the mid-19th century magazines publishing short stories and serials began to be popular. Some of them were more respectable, while others were referred to by the derogatory name of penny dreadfuls. In 1844 Alexandre Dumas, père published a novel The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires) and wrote The Count of Monte Cristo which was published in installments over the next two years. William Makepeace Thackeray published The Luck of Barry Lyndon. In Britain Charles Dickens published several of his books in installments in magazines: The Pickwick Papers, followed, in the next few years, by Oliver Twist (1837–1839), Nicholas Nickleby (1838–1839), The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–1841), Barnaby Rudge (1841), A Christmas Carol (1843) and Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844). In America a version of the penny dreadful became popularly known as a dime novel. In the dime novels the reputations of gunfighters and other wild west heroes or villains were created or exaggerated. The western genre came into existence. James Fenimore Cooper began a series of stories featuring the characters Hawkeye and Chingachgook. These stories were not only \"westerns\" but also historical novels, the earliest setting being approximately 100 years earlier than the year James Fenimore Cooper was writing it. The series was called the Leatherstocking Tales and comprised five volumes: The Deerslayer (1841), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Pathfinder (1840), The Pioneers (1823), The Prairie (1827).", "Novel The authors of this new type of fiction could be (and were) accused of exploiting all available topics to thrill, arouse, or horrify their audience. These new romantic novelists, at the same time, claimed to explore the entire realm of fictionality. New, psychological interpreters, in the early 19th century, read these works as encounters with the deeper hidden truth of the human imagination: this included sexuality, anxieties, and insatiable desires. Under such psychological readings, novels were described as exploring deeper human motives, and it was suggested that such artistic freedom would reveal what had not previously been openly visible.", "Sequel The substantial shift towards a rapidly growing print culture and the rise of the market system by the early 18th-century meant that an author's merit and livelihood became increasingly linked to the number of copies of a work he or she could sell. This shift from a text-based to an author-centered reading culture[18] led to the \"professionalization\" of the author â€” that is, the development of a \"sense of identity based on a marketable skill and on supplying to a defined public a specialized service it was demanding\".[19] In one sense, then, sequels became a means to profit further from previous work that had already obtained some measure of commercial success.[20] As the establishment of a readership became increasingly important to the economic viability of authorship, sequels offered a means to establish a recurring economic outlet.", "Bestseller By the time of Byron and Sir Walter Scott, effective copyright laws existed, at least in England, and many authors depended heavily on their income from their large royalties. America remained a zone of piracy until the mid-nineteenth century, a fact of which Charles Dickens and Mark Twain bitterly complained. By the middle of the 19th century, a situation akin to modern publication had emerged, where most bestsellers were written for a popular taste and are now almost entirely forgotten, with odd exceptions such as East Lynne (remembered only for the line \"Gone, gone, and never called me mother!\"), the wildly popular Uncle Tom's Cabin, and Sherlock Holmes.", "Biography Biographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century - in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar hagiographical method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of saints produced in Medieval times. A distinction between mass biography and literary biography began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and middle-class culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable paperback editions of popular biographies were published for the first time. Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.[4]", "Charles Edward Mudie Since the cost of novels in the Victorian era was such that most middle-class English people could not afford to purchase novels privately, popular lending libraries like \"Mudie's\" had a strong influence over the publicâ€”and thus over authors and publishers. Mudie's demands that fiction novels be suited to the middle-class family controlled the morality, subject and scope of the novel for fifty years.[7] His \"select\" books were carefully chosen with these considerations in mind; once the Mudie Library considered a book unfit for its customers, other libraries followed suit. The rise of the three-volume novel can be directly attributed to this influence, and Mudie's refusal to stock \"immoral\" books and \"novels of questionable character or inferior quality\",[8] such as George Moore's A Modern Lover (1883), A Mummers Wife (1885) and A Drama in Muslin (1886), also had an effect on the direction of Victorian literature.", "Gothic fiction By the Victorian era, Gothic had ceased to be the dominant genre, and was dismissed by most critics. (Indeed, the form's popularity as an established genre had already begun to erode with the success of the historical romance popularised by Sir Walter Scott.) However, in many ways, it was now entering its most creative phase. Recently readers and critics have begun to reconsider a number of previously overlooked Penny Blood or \"penny dreadful\" serial fictions by such authors as G.W.M. Reynolds who wrote a trilogy of Gothic horror novels: Faust (1846), Wagner the Wehr-wolf (1847) and The Necromancer (1857).[41] Reynolds was also responsible for The Mysteries of London which has been accorded an important place in the development of the urban as a particularly Victorian Gothic setting, an area within which interesting links can be made with established readings of the work of Dickens and others. Another famous penny dreadful of this era was the anonymously authored Varney the Vampire (1847). Varney is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis Varney, and introduced many of the tropes present in vampire fiction recognizable to modern audiences â€” it was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire.[42] The formal relationship between these fictions, serialised for predominantly working class audiences, and the roughly contemporaneous sensation fictions serialised in middle class periodicals is also an area worthy of inquiry.", "Charles Dickens His success as a novelist continued. The young Queen Victoria read both Oliver Twist and Pickwick, staying up until midnight to discuss them.[56] Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39), The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41) and, finally, his first historical novel, Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty, as part of the Master Humphrey's Clock series (1840–41), were all published in monthly instalments before being made into books.[57]", "Sequel In addition to serving economic profit, the sequel was also used as a method to strengthen an author's claim to his literary property. With weak copyright laws and unscrupulous booksellers willing to sell whatever they could, in some cases the only way to prove ownership of a text was to produce another like it. Sequels in this sense are rather limited in scope, as the authors are focused on producing \"more of the same\" to defend their \"literary paternity\".[21] As is true throughout history, sequels to novels provided an opportunity for authors to interact with a readership. This became especially important in the economy of the 18th century novel, in which authors often maintained readership by drawing readers back with the promise of more of what they liked from the original. With sequels, therefore, came the implicit division of readers by authors into the categories of \"desirable\" and \"undesirable\"â€”that is, those that interpret the text in a way unsanctioned by the author. Only after having achieved a significant reader base would an author feel free to alienate or ignore the \"undesirable\" readers.[21]", "Victorian literature In the USA, Henry David Thoreau's works and Susan Fenimore Cooper's Rural Hours (1850) were canonical influences on Victorian nature writing. In the UK, Philip Gosse and Sarah Bowdich Lee were two of the most popular nature writers in the early part of the Victorian era.[7] The Illustrated London News, founded in 1842, was the world's first illustrated weekly newspaper and often published articles and illustrations dealing with nature; in the second half of the 19th century, books, articles, and illustrations on nature became widespread and popular among an increasingly urbanized reading public.", "Nineteenth-century theatre Throughout the early part of the century, melodrama was the predominant theatrical style: it involved a plethora of scenic effects, an intensely emotional but codified acting style, and a developing stage technology that advanced the arts of theatre towards grandly spectacular staging. It was also a highly reactive form of theatre which was constantly changing and adapting to new social contexts, new audiences and new cultural influences. This, in part, helps to explains its popularity throughout the 19th century.[2]", "Literary realism Many of the novels in this period, including Balzac's, were published in newspapers in serial form, and the immensely popular realist \"roman feuilleton\" tended to specialize in portraying the hidden side of urban life (crime, police spies, criminal slang), as in the novels of Eugène Sue. Similar tendencies appeared in the theatrical melodramas of the period and, in an even more lurid and gruesome light, in the Grand Guignol at the end of the century.", "Regency era Driving these changes was not only money and rebellious pampered youth, but also significant technological advancements. In 1814 The Times adopted steam printing. By this method it could now print 1,100 sheets every hour, not 200 as beforeâ€”a fivefold increase in production capability and demand.[4] This development brought about the rise of the wildly popular fashionable novels in which publishers spread the stories, rumours, and flaunting of the rich and aristocratic, not so secretly hinting at the specific identity of these individuals. The gap in the hierarchy of society was so great that those of the upper classes could be viewed by those below as wondrous and fantastical fiction, something entirely out of reach yet tangibly there.", "Autobiography With the rise of education, cheap newspapers and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop, and the beneficiaries of this were not slow to cash in on this by producing autobiographies. It became the expectation—rather than the exception—that those in the public eye should write about themselves—not only writers such as Charles Dickens (who also incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, but also politicians (e.g. Henry Brooks Adams), philosophers (e.g. John Stuart Mill), churchmen such as Cardinal Newman, and entertainers such as P. T. Barnum. Increasingly, in accordance with romantic taste, these accounts also began to deal, amongst other topics, with aspects of childhood and upbringing—far removed from the principles of \"Cellinian\" autobiography.", "Serial (literature) In addition, the prevalence of mobile devices made the serial format even more popular with the likes of JukePop Serials[22] with iOS[23] and Android[24] apps that focuses entirely on curating and promoting serialized novels.", "Biography Autobiographies became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as Charles Dickens (who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, (his Autobiography appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in London[8]), philosophers, such as John Stuart Mill, churchmen – John Henry Newman – and entertainers – P. T. Barnum.", "History of modern literature The 19th century was perhaps the most literary of all centuries, because not only were the forms of novel, short story and magazine serial all in existence side-by-side with theatre and opera, but since film, radio and television did not yet exist, the popularity of the written word and its direct enactment were at their height.", "Paperback The early 19th century saw numerous improvements in the printing, publishing and book-distribution processes, with the introduction of steam-powered printing presses, pulp mills, automatic type setting, and a network of railways.[3] These innovations enabled the likes of Simms and McIntyre of Belfast,[4] Routledge & Sons (founded in 1836) and Ward & Lock (founded in 1854) to mass-produce cheap uniform yellowback or paperback editions of existing works, and distribute and sell them across the British Isles, principally via the ubiquitous W H Smith & Sons newsagent found at most urban British railway stations. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, and were of a smaller format, 110 mm × 178 mm (4.3 in × 7.0 in),[2] aimed at the railway traveller.[5] The Routledge's Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles.[6]", "Book series In 1841 the German Tauchnitz publishing firm launched the Collection of British and American Authors, a reprint series of inexpensive paperbound editions of both public domain and copyrighted fiction and nonfiction works.[2] This book series was unique for paying living authors of the works published even though copyright protection did not exist between nations in the 19th century.", "A Tale of Two Cities The 45-chapter novel was published in 31 weekly instalments in Dickens's new literary periodical titled All the Year Round. From April 1859 to November 1859, Dickens also republished the chapters as eight monthly sections in green covers. All but three of Dickens's previous novels had appeared only as monthly instalments. The first weekly instalment of A Tale of Two Cities ran in the first issue of All the Year Round on 30 April 1859. The last ran thirty weeks later, on 26 November.[1]", "Novel In this period the market for popular fiction grew, and competed with works of literature. New institutions like the circulating library create a new market with a mass reading public.[73]", "Novel Europe witnessed the generic shift in the titles of works in French published in Holland, which supplied the international market and English publishers exploited the novel/romance controversy in the 1670s and 1680s.[40] Contemporary critics listed the advantages of the new genre: brevity, a lack of ambition to produce epic poetry in prose; the style was fresh and plain; the focus was on modern life, and on heroes who were neither good nor bad.[41] The novel's potential to become the medium of urban gossip and scandal fuelled the rise of the novel/novella. Stories were offered as allegedly true recent histories, not for the sake of scandal but strictly for the moral lessons they gave. To prove this, fictionalized names were used with the true names in a separate key. The Mercure Gallant set the fashion in the 1670s.[42] Collections of letters and memoirs appeared, and were filled with the intriguing new subject matter and the epistolary novel grew from this and led to the first full blown example of scandalous fiction in Aphra Behn's Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister (1684/ 1685/ 1687). Before the rise of the literary novel, reading novels had only been a form of entertainment.[43]", "19th century in literature Honoré de Balzac is often credited with pioneering a systematic realism in French literature, through the inclusion of specific detail and recurring characters.[3][4][5] Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Gustave Flaubert, and Ivan Turgenev are regarded by many critics as representing the zenith of the realist style with their unadorned prose and attention to the details of everyday life.[citation needed] In German literature, 19th-century realism developed under the name of \"Poetic Realism\" or \"Bourgeois Realism,\" and major figures include Theodor Fontane, Gustav Freytag, Gottfried Keller, Wilhelm Raabe, Adalbert Stifter, and Theodor Storm.[6] Later \"realist\" writers included Benito Pérez Galdós, Guy de Maupassant, Anton Chekhov, José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, Machado de Assis, Bolesław Prus and, in a sense, Émile Zola, whose naturalism is often regarded as an offshoot of realism.", "Penny dreadful The stories themselves were reprints, or sometimes rewrites, of Gothic thrillers such as The Monk or The Castle of Otranto, as well as new stories about famous criminals. Some of the most famous of these penny part-stories were The String of Pearls: A Romance (introducing Sweeney Todd),[5] The Mysteries of London (inspired by the French serial The Mysteries of Paris), and Varney the Vampire. Highwaymen were popular heroes; Black Bess or the Knight of the Road, outlining the largely imaginary exploits of real-life English highwayman Dick Turpin, continued for 254 episodes. Other serials were thinly-disguised plagiarisms of popular contemporary literature. The publisher Edward Lloyd, for instance, published a number of penny serials derived from the works of Dickens entitled Oliver Twiss, Nickelas Nicklebery, and Martin Guzzlewit.[4]", "Victorian literature Rarely were these publications designed to capture a childâ€™s pleasure; however, with the increase in use of illustrations, children began to enjoy literature, and were able to learn morals in a more entertaining way.[4] With the newfound acceptance of reading for pleasure, fairy tales and folk tales became popular. Compiling folk tales by many authors with different topics made it possible for children to read literature by and about lots of different things that interested them. There were different types of books and magazines written for boys and girls. Girls' stories tended to be domestic and to focus on family life, whereas boys' stories were more about adventures.[5][6]", "The Bonfire of the Vanities The novel was originally conceived as a serial in the style of Charles Dickens' writings; it ran in 27 installments in Rolling Stone starting in 1984. Wolfe heavily revised it before it was published in book form. The novel was a bestseller and a phenomenal success, even in comparison with Wolfe's other books. It has often been called the quintessential novel of the 1980s.[1]", "Uncle Tom's Cabin Uncle Tom's Cabin first appeared as a 40-week serial in The National Era, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851, issue. It was originally intended as a shorter narrative that would run for only a few weeks. Stowe expanded the story significantly, however, and it was instantly popular, such that several protests were sent to the Era office when she missed an issue.[22] Because of the story's popularity, the publisher John P. Jewett contacted Stowe about turning the serial into a book. While Stowe questioned if anyone would read Uncle Tom's Cabin in book form, she eventually consented to the request.", "Novel Many 19th-century authors dealt with significant social matters.[79] Émile Zola's novels depicted the world of the working classes, which Marx and Engels's non-fiction explores. In the United States slavery and racism became topics of far broader public debate thanks to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which dramatizes topics that had previously been discussed mainly in the abstract. Charles Dickens' novels led his readers into contemporary workhouses, and provided first-hand accounts of child labor. The treatment of the subject of war changed with Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace (1868/69), where he questions the facts provided by historians. Similarly the treatment of crime is very different in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment (1866), where the point of view is that of a criminal. Women authors had dominated fiction from the 1640s into the early 18th century, but few before George Eliot so openly questioned the role, education, and status of women in society, as she did.", "Novel The term \"chapbook\" for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century. The corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue (blue book) and Volksbuch, respectively.[29][30][31] The principal historical subject matter of chapbooks was abridgements of ancient historians, popular medieval histories of knights, stories of comical heroes, religious legends, and collections of jests and fables.[32] The new printed books reached the households of urban citizens and country merchants who visited the cities as traders. Cheap printed histories were, in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially popular among apprentices and younger urban readers of both sexes.[33]", "Reception history of Jane Austen During her lifetime, Austen's novels brought her little personal fame. Like many women writers, she chose to publish anonymously, but her authorship was an open secret. At the time they were published, Austen's works were considered fashionable but received only a few reviews, albeit positive. By the mid-19th century, her novels were admired by members of the literary elite who viewed their appreciation of her works as a mark of cultivation, but they were also being recommended in the popular education movement and on school reading lists as early as 1838.[2] The first illustrated edition of her works appeared in 1833, in Richard Bentley's Standard Novels series, which put her titles before thousands of readers across the Victorian period.[3]", "Penny dreadful In 1866, Boys of England was introduced as a new type of publication, an eight-page magazine that featured serial stories as well as articles and shorts of interest. It was printed on the same cheap paper, though it sported a larger format than the penny parts.[citation needed]", "Victorian era There were four major factors that radically transformed newspapers in 19th century Britain. First, by the 1830s the government had ended very high taxes and lifted severe legal restraints. Second, new machines, especially the rotary press, allowed the printing of tens of thousands of copies a day at a low cost. Third, the newspapers reached out to new readers in multiple ways, including features, illustrations, and advertisements that enlarged the audience. Finally, the franchise was expanded from one or two percent of the men to a majority, and newspapers became the primary means of political education.[75]", "Reception history of Jane Austen Austen had many admiring readers during the 19th century, who, according to critic Ian Watt, appreciated her \"scrupulous ... fidelity to ordinary social experience\".[38] However, Austen's novels did not conform to certain strong Romantic and Victorian British preferences, which required that \"powerful emotion [be] authenticated by an egregious display of sound and colour in the writing\".[39] Victorian critics and audiences were drawn to the work of authors such as Charles Dickens and George Eliot; by comparison, Austen's novels seemed provincial and quiet.[40] Although Austen's works were republished beginning in late 1832 or early 1833 by Richard Bentley in the Standard Novels series, and remained in print continuously thereafter, they were not best-sellers.[41] Southam describes her \"reading public between 1821 and 1870\" as \"minute beside the known audience for Dickens and his contemporaries\".[42]", "Woman in the Nineteenth Century Fuller began writing her essay as she went on a trip to Chicago in 1843, perhaps inspired by a similar essay by Sophia Ripley.[1] \"The Great Lawsuit: Man versus Men, Woman versus Women\"[2] was originally published in serial form for The Dial, the transcendental journal for which Fuller served as editor.[3] Publisher Horace Greeley was impressed and encouraged Fuller to rewrite it as a full-length book.[1] After completing the expanded version, renamed Woman in the Nineteenth Century, she wrote to a friend: \"I had put a good deal of my true self in it, as if, I suppose I went away now, the measure of my footprint would be left on earth.\"[3] About one-third of the book-length version was new.[4] Greeley assisted in its publication and released it as part of his \"Cheerful Books for the People\" series in February 1845, selling for 50 cents a copy.[5]", "Novel Along with this new appreciation of history, the future also became a topic for fiction. This had been done earlier in works like Samuel Madden's Memoirs of the Twentieth Century (1733) and Mary Shelley's The Last Man (1826), a work whose plot culminated in the catastrophic last days of a mankind extinguished by the plague. Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward (1887) and H. G. Wells's The Time Machine (1895) were concerned with technological and biological developments. Industrialization, Darwin's theory of evolution and Marx's theory of class divisions shaped these works and turned historical processes into a subject of wide debate. Bellamy's Looking Backward became the second best-selling book of the 19th century after Harriet Beecher-Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.[80][81] Such works led to the development of a whole genre of popular science fiction as the 20th century approached.", "Charles Dickens Dickens published well over a dozen major novels and novellas, a large number of short stories, including a number of Christmas-themed stories, a handful of plays, and several non-fiction books. Dickens's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats.", "American literature It was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that the nation's first novels were published. These fictions were too lengthy to be printed as manuscript or public reading. Publishers took a chance on these works in hopes they would become steady sellers and need to be reprinted. This was a good bet as literacy rates soared in this period among both men and women. Among the first American novels are Thomas Attwood Digges' \"Adventures of Alonso\", published in London in 1775 and William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy published in 1791.[1] Brown's novel depicts a tragic love story between siblings who fell in love without knowing they were related. This epistolary novel belongs to the Sentimental novel tradition, as do the two following.", "Nineteenth-century theatre Its conventions were false, its language stilted and commonplace, its characters stereotypes, and its morality and theology gross simplifications. Yet its appeal was great and understandable. It took the lives of common people seriously and paid much respect to their superior purity and wisdom. [...] And its moral parable struggled to reconcile social fears and life's awesomeness with the period's confidence in absolute moral standards, man's upward progress, and a benevolent providence that insured the triumph of the pure.[4]", "Novel A market of literature in the modern sense of the word, that is a separate market for fiction and poetry, did not exist until the late seventeenth century. All books were sold under the rubric of \"History and politicks\" in the early 18th century, including pamphlets, memoirs, travel literature, political analysis, serious histories, romances, poetry, and novels.", "Serial (literature) The rise of fan fiction on the internet also follows a serial fiction style of publication, as seen on websites such as FanFiction.Net and Archive of Our Own (AO3).", "The Tower of London (novel) The architectural descriptions within the novel tend to break up some of the aspects of the plot, but they serve to show how the Tower has changed over time. This transcends the temporal bounds of the plot to connect the origins of the Tower to the 19th century when Ainsworth published the novel. According to literary critic George Worth, \"Ainsworth seems constantly to be trying to remind his readers, living in an age of urbanization and industrialization in which historic old landmarks were being swept away or defaced or 'restored' beyond recognition, that they had a heritage, one very large vested in physical structures of one kind or another, and that the heritageÂ [...] might soon be gone beyond recall.\"[7]", "19th century The 19th century was an era of rapidly accelerating scientific discovery and invention, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that laid the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century.[3] The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan.[4] The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty and gender roles.[5] Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, in the First Sino-Japanese War. Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million.[6] The introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fuelling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London became the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia, were explored during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe.[7]", "Bestseller The earliest highly popular books were nearly all religious, but the Bible, as a large book, remained expensive until the nineteenth century. This tended to keep the numbers printed and sold, low. Unlike today, it was important for a book to be short to be a bestseller, or it would be too expensive to reach a large audience. Very short works such as Ars moriendi, the Biblia pauperum, and versions of the Apocalypse were published as cheap block-books in large numbers of different editions in several languages in the fifteenth century. These were probably affordable items for most of the minority of literate members of the population. In 16th and 17th century England Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and abridged versions of Foxe's Book of Martyrs were the most broadly read books. Robinson Crusoe (1719) and The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) were early eighteenth century short novels with very large publication numbers, as well as gaining international success..[citation needed][6]", "English novel The Brontë sisters were other significant novelists in the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published but were subsequently accepted as classics. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The sisters returned to prose, producing a novel each the following year: Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey. Later, Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) and Charlotte's Villette (1853) were published. Elizabeth Gaskell was also a successful writer and first novel, Mary Barton, was published anonymously in 1848. Gaskell's North and South contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south. Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions, Gaskell usually frames her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes: her early works focused on factory work in the Midlands. She always emphasised the role of women, with complex narratives and dynamic female characters.[20]", "Novel A chapbook is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe. Produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper-covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8, 12, 16 and 24 pages. They were often illustrated with crude woodcuts, which sometimes bore no relation to the text. When illustrations were included in chapbooks, they were considered popular prints. The tradition arose in the 16th century, as soon as printed books became affordable, and rose to its height during the 17th and 18th centuries and Many different kinds of ephemera and popular or folk literature were published as chapbooks, such as almanacs, children's literature, folk tales, nursery rhymes, pamphlets, poetry, and political and religious tracts.[28]", "Science The nineteenth century is a particularly important period in the history of science since during this era many distinguishing characteristics of contemporary modern science began to take shape such as: transformation of the life and physical sciences, frequent use of precision instruments, emergence of terms like \"biologist\", \"physicist\", \"scientist\"; slowly moving away from antiquated labels like \"natural philosophy\" and \"natural history\", increased professionalization of those studying nature lead to reduction in amateur naturalists, scientists gained cultural authority over many dimensions of society, economic expansion and industrialization of numerous countries, thriving of popular science writings and emergence of science journals.[15]", "Nineteenth-century theatre In Britain, Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron were the most important literary dramatists of their time (although Shelley's plays were not performed until later in the century). Shakespeare was enormously popular, and began to be performed with texts closer to the original, as the drastic rewriting of 17th and 18th century performing versions for the theatre (as opposed to his plays in book form, which were also widely read) was gradually removed over the first half of the century. In the minor theatres, burletta and melodrama were the most popular. Kotzebue's plays were translated into English and Thomas Holcroft's A Tale of Mystery was the first of many English melodramas. Pierce Egan, Douglas William Jerrold, Edward Fitzball, James Roland MacLaren and John Baldwin Buckstone initiated a trend towards more contemporary and rural stories in preference to the usual historical or fantastical melodramas. James Sheridan Knowles and Edward Bulwer-Lytton established a \"gentlemanly\" drama that began to re-establish the former prestige of the theatre with the aristocracy.[9]", "North and South (Gaskell novel) North and South originally appeared in 20 weekly episodes from September 1854 to January 1855 in Household Words, edited by Charles Dickens. During this period Dickens dealt with the same theme in Hard Times (also a social novel), which was published in the same magazine from April to August 1854 (Chapman, 1999, p. 26; Ingham, 1995, p. xii–xiii).[2]", "Novel Throughout the 19th century, romances continued to be written in Britain by writers like Emily Brontë,[5] and in America by the dark romantic novelists Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville.[49]", "History of journalism newspapers in all major countries became much more important in the 19th century because of a series of technical, business, political, and cultural changes. High-speed presses and cheap wood-based newsprint made large circulations possible. The rapid expansion of elementary education meant a vast increase in the number of potential readers. Political parties sponsored newspapers at the local and national level. Toward the end of the century, advertising became well-established and became the main source of revenue for newspaper owners. This led to a race to obtain the largest possible circulation, often followed by downplaying partisanship so that members of all parties would buy a paper. The number of newspapers in Europe the 1860s and 1870s was steady at about 6,000; then it doubled to 12,000 in 1900. In the 1860s and 1870s, most newspapers were four pages of editorials, reprinted speeches, excerpts from novels and poetry and a few small local ads. They were expensive, and most readers went to a cafÃ© to look over the latest issue. There were major national papers in each capital city, such as the London Times, the London Post, the Paris Temps and so on. They were expensive and directed to the National political elite. Every decade the presses became faster, and the invention of automatic typesetting in the 1880s made feasible the overnight printing of a large morning newspaper. Cheap wood pulp replaced became the much expensive rag paper. A major cultural innovation, was the professionalization of news gathering, handled by specialist reporters. Liberalism led to freedom of the press, and ended newspaper taxes, along with a sharp reduction to government censorship. Entrepreneurs interested in profit increasingly replaced politicians interested in shaping party positions, so there was dramatic outreach to a larger subscription base. The price fell to a penny. In New York, \"Yellow Journalism\" used sensationalism, comics (they were colored yellow), a strong emphasis on team sports, reduced coverage of political details and speeches, a new emphasis on crime, and a vastly expanded advertising section featuring especially major department stores. Women had previously been ignored, but now they were given multiple advice columns on family and household and fashion issues, and the advertising was increasingly pitched to them. [8][9]", "Great Expectations Dickens and Wills co-owned All the Year Round, one 75%, the other 25%. Since Dickens was his own publisher, he did not require a contract for his own works.[56] Although intended for weekly publication, Great Expectations was divided into nine monthly sections, with new pagination for each.[49] Harper's Weekly published the novel from 24 November 1860 to 5 August 1861 in the US and All the Year Round published it from 1 December 1860 to 3 August 1861 in the UK. Harper's paid Â£1,000 for publication rights. Dickens welcomed a contract with Tauchnitz 4 January 1861 for publication in English for the European continent.", "19th century in literature William Dean Howells was the first American author to bring a realist aesthetic to the literature of the United States. His stories of 1850s Boston upper-crust life are highly regarded among scholars of American fiction. His most popular novel, The Rise of Silas Lapham, depicts a man who falls from materialistic fortune by his own mistakes. Stephen Crane has also been recognized as illustrating important aspects of realism to American fiction in the stories Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and The Open Boat.[1][2]", "Sequel In To Renew Their Former Acquaintance: Print, Gender, and Some Eighteenth Century Sequels, Betty Schellenberg theorizes that whereas for male writers in the 18th century sequels often served as \"models of paternity and property,\" for women writers these models were more likely to be seen as transgressive. Instead, the recurring readership created by sequels let female writers function within the model of \"familiar acquaintances reunited to enjoy the mutual pleasures of conversation,\" and made their writing an \"activity within a private, non-economic sphere.\" Ironically, through this created perception women writers were able to break into the economic sphere and \"enhance their professional status\" through authorship.[21]", "Charles Dickens Dickens's serialisation of his novels was not uncriticised by other authors. In Robert Louis Stevenson's novel The Wrecker, there is a comment by Captain Nares, investigating an abandoned ship: \"See! They were writing up the log,\" said Nares, pointing to the ink-bottle. \"Caught napping, as usual. I wonder if there ever was a captain yet that lost a ship with his log-book up to date? He generally has about a month to fill up on a clean break, like Charles Dickens and his serial novels.\"", "Nineteenth-century theatre Beginning in France after the theatre monopolies were abolished in 1791 during the French Revolution, melodrama became the most popular theatrical form of the century. Although monopolies and subsidies were reinstated under Napoleon, theatrical melodrama continued to be more popular and brought in larger audiences than the state-sponsored drama and operas. Although melodrama can be traced back to classical Greece, the term mélodrame did not appear until 1766 and only became popular after 1800. August von Kotzebue's Misanthropy and Repentance (1798) is often considered the first melodramatic play. The plays of Kotzebue and René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt established melodrama as the dominant dramatic form of the early 19th century.[3] David Grimsted, in his book Melodrama Unveiled (1968), argues that:", "Great Expectations Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel; a bildungsroman that depicts the personal growth and personal development of an orphan nicknamed Pip. It is Dickens's second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person.[N 1] The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens's weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861.[1] In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes.[2]", "Novel While prose rather than verse became the standard of the modern novel, the ancestors of the modern European novel include verse epics in the Romance language of southern France, especially those by Chrétien de Troyes (late 12th century), and in Middle English (Geoffrey Chaucer's (c. 1343 – 1400) The Canterbury Tales).[9] Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byron's Don Juan (1824), Alexander Pushkin's Yevgeniy Onegin (1833), and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh (1856), competed with prose novels. Vikram Seth's The Golden Gate (1986), composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel.[10]", "Classic Chinese Novels The rise of a money economy and urbanization beginning in the Song era led to a professionalization of entertainment which was further encouraged by the spread of printing, the rise of literacy, and education. In both China and Western Europe, the novel gradually became more autobiographical and serious in exploration of social, moral, and philosophical problems. Chinese fiction of the late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty was varied, self-conscious, and experimental. In China, however, there was no counterpart to the 19th-century European explosion of novels. The novels of the Ming and early Qing dynasties represented a pinnacle of classic Chinese fiction.[12]", "A Christmas Carol At the end of December 1842 Dickens began publishing his novel Martin Chuzzlewit as a monthly serial;[n 1] although the novel was his favourite work, sales had been disappointing and he faced financial difficulties.[2] By this time he was a well-established author, having written six major works,[n 2] as well as several short stories, novellas and other works.[3]", "Victorian literature The old Gothic tales that came out of the late 19th century are the first examples of the genre of fantastic fiction. These tales often centred on larger-than-life characters such as Sherlock Holmes, famous detective of the times, Sexton Blake, Phileas Fogg, and other fictional characters of the era, such as Dracula, Edward Hyde, The Invisible Man, and many other fictional characters who often had exotic enemies to foil. Spanning the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a particular type of story-writing known as gothic. Gothic literature combines romance and horror in attempt to thrill and terrify the reader. Possible features in a gothic novel are foreign monsters, ghosts, curses, hidden rooms and witchcraft. Gothic tales usually take place in locations such as castles, monasteries, and cemeteries, although the gothic monsters sometimes cross over into the real world, making appearances in cities such as London.", "Novel In the 16th and 17th centuries two factors led to the separation of history and fiction. The invention of printing immediately created a new market of comparatively cheap entertainment and knowledge in the form of chapbooks. The more elegant production of this genre by 17th- and 18th-century authors were belles lettres—that is, a market that would be neither low nor academic. The second major development was the first best-seller of modern fiction, the Spanish Amadis de Gaula, by García Montalvo. However, it was not accepted as an example of belles lettres. The Amadis eventually became the archetypical romance, in contrast with the modern novel which began to be developed in the 17th century.", "Gothic fiction The genre was also a heavy influence on more mainstream writers, such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, including Oliver Twist (1837–8), Bleak House (1854) (Mighall 2003) and Great Expectations (1860–61). These pointed to the juxtaposition of wealthy, ordered and affluent civilisation next to the disorder and barbarity of the poor within the same metropolis. Bleak House in particular is credited with seeing the introduction of urban fog to the novel, which would become a frequent characteristic of urban Gothic literature and film (Mighall 2007). His most explicitly Gothic work is his last novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, which he did not live to complete and which was published in unfinished state upon his death in 1870. The mood and themes of the Gothic novel held a particular fascination for the Victorians, with their morbid obsession with mourning rituals, mementos, and mortality in general.", "Nineteenth-century theatre In France, the \"well-made play\" of Eugene Scribe (1791 - 1861) became popular with playwrights and audiences. First developed by Scribe in 1825, the form has a strong Neoclassical flavour, involving a tight plot and a climax that takes place close to the end of the play. The story depends upon a key piece of information kept from some characters, but known to others (and to the audience). A recurrent device that the well-made play employs is the use of letters or papers falling into unintended hands, in order to bring about plot twists and climaxes. The suspense and pace builds towards a climactic scene, in which the hero triumphs in an unforeseen reversal of fortune.[7]", "Novel The situation changed again from 1660s into the 1690s when works by French authors were published in Holland out of the reach of French censors.[55] Dutch publishing houses pirated of fashionable books from France and created a new market of political and scandalous fiction. This led to a market of European rather than French fashions in the early 18th century.[56]", "Literary realism Ian Watt in The Rise of the Novel (1957) saw the novel as originating in the early 18th-century and he argued that the novel's 'novelty' was its 'formal realism': the idea 'that the novel is a full and authentic report of human experience'.[28] His examples are novelists Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding. Watt argued that the novel's concern with realistically described relations between ordinary individuals, ran parallel to the more general development of philosophical realism, middle-class economic individualism and Puritan individualism. He also claims that the form addressed the interests and capacities of the new middle-class reading public and the new book trade evolving in response to them. As tradesmen themselves, Defoe and Richardson had only to 'consult their own standards' to know that their work would appeal to a large audience.[29]", "English novel The other major novelist at the beginning of the early 19th century was Sir Walter Scott (1771â€“1832), who was not only a highly successful British novelist but \"the greatest single influence on fiction in the 19th century ... [and] a European figure\".[15] Scott established the genre of the historical novel with his series of Waverley Novels, including Waverley (1814), The Antiquary(1816), and The Heart of Midlothian (1818).[16] However, Austen is today widely read and the source for films and television series, while Scott is less often read.", "Novel Popular literature might be seen as the successor of the early modern chapbook. Both fields share a focus on readers who are in search of accessible reading satisfaction.[89] The 20th-century love romance is a successor of the novels Madeleine de Scudéry, Marie de La Fayette, Aphra Behn, and Eliza Haywood wrote from the 1640s into the 1740s. The modern adventure novel goes back to Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) and its immediate successors. Modern pornography has no precedent in the chapbook market but originates in libertine and hedonistic belles lettres, of works like John Cleland's Fanny Hill (1749) and similar eighteenth century novels. Ian Fleming's James Bond is a descendant of the anonymous yet extremely sophisticated and stylish narrator who mixed his love affairs with his political missions in La Guerre d'Espagne (1707). Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon is influenced by Tolkien, as well as Arthurian literature, including its 19th-century successors. Modern horror fiction also has no precedent on the market of chapbooks but goes back to the elitist market of early-19th-century Romantic literature. Modern popular science fiction has an even shorter history, from the 1860s.", "Novel The genre has been described as having \"a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years,\"[1] with its origins in classical Greece and Rome, in medieval and early modern romance, and in the tradition of the novella. The latter, an Italian word for a short story to distinguish it from a novel, has been used in English since the 18th century for a work that falls somewhere in between. Ian Watt, in The Rise of the Novel, suggested in 1957 that the novel first came into being in the early 18th century.", "19th century There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoyevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne, Alexandre Dumas and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included:", "History of advertising In the 19th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as modern people rejected traditional cures. However, false advertising and \"Quackery\" became common. British newspapers in the 1850s and 1860s appealed to the increasingly affluent middle-class that sought out a variety of new products. The advertisements announced new health remedies as well as fresh foods and beverages. The latest London fashions were featured in the regional press. The availability of repeated advertising permitted manufacturers to develop nationally known brand names that had a much stronger appeal than generic products.[5]", "English novel The phrase Romantic novel has several possible meanings. Here it refers to novels written during the Romantic era in literary history, which runs from the late 18th century until the beginning of the Victorian era in 1837. But to complicate matters there are novels written in the romance tradition by novelists like Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, George Meredith.[7] In addition the phrase today is mostly used to refer to the popular pulp-fiction genre that focusses on romantic love. The Romantic period is especially associated with the poets William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Byron, Percy Shelley and John Keats, though two major novelists, Jane Austen and Walter Scott, also published in the early 19th century." ]	[ "Serial (literature) Serialized fiction surged in popularity during Britain's Victorian era, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution.[3]:34 Most Victorian novels first appeared as installments in monthly or weekly periodicals.[3]:13 The wild success of Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, first published in 1836, is widely considered to have established the viability and appeal of the serialized format within periodical literature. During that era, the line between \"quality\" and \"commercial\" literature was not distinct.[3]:31 Other famous writers who wrote serial literature for popular magazines were Wilkie Collins, inventor of the detective novel withThe Moonstone and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the Sherlock Holmes stories originally for serialization in The Strand magazine." ]
test1073	who played the face in the a team	[ "doc37303" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1012104", "doc1885597", "doc1012095", "doc37307", "doc1012101", "doc1231348", "doc1885613", "doc1885604", "doc1885605", "doc1885598", "doc1012142", "doc1885606", "doc37303", "doc1885614", "doc1885600", "doc1012091", "doc1885609", "doc1012107", "doc1231362", "doc1012141", "doc1885610", "doc1885602", "doc1885601", "doc324149", "doc1231354", "doc1012120", "doc1012140", "doc1012097", "doc1885599", "doc1012119", "doc1012082", "doc1012079", "doc1231347", "doc324150", "doc1012134", "doc2662532", "doc1231356", "doc1012081", "doc1012114", "doc1012100", "doc324155", "doc1231366", "doc1231340", "doc1231357", "doc324151", "doc324159", "doc1012088", "doc1012080", "doc1134196", "doc1231345", "doc1012105", "doc1012126", "doc812932", "doc1012102", "doc939353", "doc1012124", "doc1134194", "doc1231352", "doc1231342", "doc1012099", "doc1929029", "doc1012094", "doc1012108", "doc2335052", "doc1012106", "doc2619396", "doc62616", "doc1012098", "doc2204592", "doc1134214", "doc1012113", "doc1231343", "doc510980", "doc1669633", "doc1231355", "doc1890353", "doc1231368", "doc1231346", "doc94300", "doc1607737", "doc1012092", "doc37305", "doc1012085", "doc1231344", "doc1231353", "doc1669634", "doc1606435", "doc1047480", "doc1890344", "doc172082", "doc593461", "doc1960915", "doc1890348", "doc1231367", "doc1012143", "doc324154", "doc2537706", "doc922585", "doc812959", "doc1573289" ]	[ "The A-Team Although the part of Face was written by Frank Lupo and Stephen J. Cannell with Dirk Benedict in mind, NBC insisted that the part should be played by another actor, instead. Therefore, in the pilot, Face was portrayed by Tim Dunigan, who was later replaced by Dirk Benedict, with the comment that Dunigan was \"too tall and too young\".[18] According to Dunigan: \"I look even younger on camera than I am. So it was difficult to accept me as a veteran of the Vietnam War, which ended when I was a sophomore in high school.\"[19]", "Templeton Peck Lieutenant Templeton Arthur Peck, played by Dirk Benedict, is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action-adventure television series The A-Team[5] A recognized war hero, he is often referred to as (The) Faceman (or simply Face - Phoenix in Spanish speaking countries). Although creators Stephen J. Cannell and Frank Lupo had Benedict in mind for the role, studio executives initially insisted that the role be handled differently; Tim Dunigan played the role in the pilot episode, but after it was completed, he was thought by the same executives to look too young to be a believable Vietnam veteran,[6] and he was, at 6'5\" (198 cm) much taller than the rest of the cast, particularly the show's 5'10\" (178 cm) muscleman Mr. T.[7] He was replaced by Benedict for the rest of the show's run. Bradley Cooper portrayed the character in the 2010 film, while Benedict appeared in a post-credits cameo.", "The A-Team The A-Team revolves around the four members of a former commando outfit, now mercenaries. Their leader is Lieutenant Colonel/Colonel John \"Hannibal\" Smith (George Peppard), whose plans tend to be unorthodox but effective. Lieutenant Templeton Peck (Dirk Benedict; Tim Dunigan appeared as Templeton Peck in the pilot), usually called \"Face\" or \"Faceman\", is a smooth-talking con man who serves as the team's appropriator of vehicles and other useful items, as well as the team's second-in-command. The team's pilot is Captain H.M. \"Howling Mad\" Murdock (Dwight Schultz), who has been declared insane and lives in a Veterans' Administration mental institution for the show's first four seasons. Finally, there is the team's strong man, mechanic and Sergeant First Class Bosco \"B.A.\", or \"Bad Attitude\", Baracus (Mr. T).", "Dirk Benedict In 1981, Benedict starred alongside Linda Blair in an action-comedy movie called Ruckus. In 1983, Dirk gained further popularity as con-man Lieutenant Templeton \"Face\" Peck in 1980s action television series The A-Team. He played \"Faceman\" from 1982 (1982) to 1986 (1986), although the series didn't air until January 1983, and the final episode wasn't shown until 1987 rebroadcasts. The second season episode \"Steel\" includes a scene at Universal Studios where Face is seen looking bemused as a Cylon walks by him as an in-joke to his previous role in Battlestar Galactica. The clip is incorporated into the series' opening credit sequence from season 3 onward.", "The A-Team Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck is a master of the persuasive arts. The team's scrounger, he can get virtually anything he sets his mind to, usually exploiting women with sympathy-appeal and flirtation. However, he is not without integrity, as stated by Murdock in the episode \"Family Reunion\": \"He would rip the shirt off his back for you, and then scam one for himself.\" Faceman is also the A-Team's accountant. He dresses suavely, often appearing in suits. Faceman carries a Colt Lawman Mk III revolver for protection, and drives a custom white 1984 Corvette with orange trim.", "The A-Team (film) In a post-credits scene, original series actors Dirk Benedict (Face) and Dwight Schultz (Murdock) have cameos with their film equivalents Bradley Cooper and Sharlto Copley. Benedict plays Face's fellow tanning bed client, credited as \"Pensacola Prisoner Milt\", and Schultz plays one of two neurologists observing Murdock during a shock-therapy session.", "Templeton Peck In the 2010 film, Peck is played by comic actor Bradley Cooper. Like B.A., Hannibal, and Murdock, he has an Army Ranger tattoo (on his right arm). As in the TV series, Face is depicted as a handsome, smooth-talking ladies' man, but is also shown having a relationship with Captain Charissa Sosa (Jessica Biel), who pursues the A-Team after they escape from prison.", "Templeton Peck Despite his preference for the finer things in life, Face often takes on the most dangerous roles in missions (something that he frequently complains about) as he often acts as the bait to lure out their target or takes huge risks with risky scams. This arguably makes him the most visible member of the team. In \"The White Ballot\" he publicly runs for Sheriff in order to invite an assassination attempt so that the A-Team can have the would-be assassins arrested for attempted murder. Similarly, in \"Till Death Do Us Part\" he marries an heiress that they rescue from a forced marriage so that her kidnappers will target him instead of her. Because Face sticks his neck out so much he is the most frequently captured member of the team while Murdock, who often accompanies Face on scams or acts as the bait when Face isn't able to, is captured the second most often. He is; however, pretty good at finding ways to escape but usually gets rescued by Hannibal and the rest of the team.", "Templeton Peck Aside from acting as bait, Face's role as scrounger and scam artist means that the risks he takes are usually higher than the other members of the team. In \"Curtain Call\" Face knocks out a guard, steals his uniform, and walks straight into a ranger station controlled by Col. Decker and his MPs to steal medical supplies that Murdock needs after being shot despite knowing there was a high probability of getting arrested. Also, When a member of the team needs to be captured in order to infiltrate an enemy prison it's usually Face who ends up with the job (although he'd rather not since it ruins his designer suit). In \"The Island\" Face lets himself be captured in order to find the prison where the doctor who once saved B.A.'s life in Vietnam is being held and in \"The Theory of Revolution\" he purposely gets caught in order to infiltrate a brutal dictator's prison. What's interesting is that he does this despite knowing that he will likely be beaten and interrogated as he doesn't seem to be surprised when he is hauled off for interrogation. Even Murdock tells him he was brave to have done it and gives him a merit badge (Murdock is a boy scout leader at this time). Despite his complaining, Face is actually a very brave guy who is willing to put the team before himself.", "Templeton Peck Originally serving as an infantry Soldier (thus earning a Combat Infantryman's Badge) \"Face\" commissioned as an Intelligence Officer assigned to support a Special Operations Force Team where he met his soon to be fugitive counterparts. Suave, smooth-talking, and hugely successful with women, Peck serves as the team's con man and scrounger, able to get his hands on just about anything they need, using various disguises - albeit less than Hannibal - and assuming a wide variety of personas and backstories as his scams require. Effectively second-in-command behind Hannibal (although Murdock outranks him), he is the one who arranges for supplies, equipment, and sensitive information using numerous scams and hustles; several episodes also suggest that he is also responsible for arranging the team's weaponry, especially when overseas, often via highly illegal means (see season three's \"Skins\" for one such reference). When Hannibal is elsewhere or captured during several episodes, Face is often seen to be at the helm of the team, planning their course of action (see season two's \"Bad Time on the Border\", season four's \"Wheel of Fortune\" and season five's \"Point of No Return\" for examples). He is also the team member who usually organizes the fees for their services, due to his aptitude with numbers, as demonstrated in a number of episodes, and at times is shown to have the ability to count large amounts of money or value expensive items within a matter of seconds.", "The A-Team A feature film based on The A-Team was released on June 11, 2010, and was produced by 20th Century Fox.[47] Both Dirk Benedict (Face) and Dwight Schultz (Murdock) made brief cameo appearances in the film (as a prisoner using a sunbed and a psychiatrist overseeing Murdock's shock therapy, respectively); because of timing issues, these scenes were moved to the end of the credits. They were later reinserted for the extended-cut of the film.", "Templeton Peck Face is the most gentle member of the main A-Team foursome, generally attempting to avoid conflict and reluctant to get into brawls - if nothing else to avoid damaging his clothes and seeing fights as a nuisance, a contrast to the more gung-ho attitudes of Hannibal, Murdock and B.A., who are more typically seen to enjoy piling into a fight.", "Dirk Benedict Dirk Benedict (born Dirk Niewoehner on March 1, 1945) is an American movie, television and stage actor and author. He is best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series. He is the author of Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy and And Then We Went Fishing.", "Templeton Peck Throughout the film, Face matures from a womanizing joker to a calculating professional - to the point that, in the film's climax, he, not Hannibal, plans the A-Team's legal redemption. Face plans the mission based on a classic confidence game including cranes and shipping crates, and involving Murdock being shot in the head. B. A. initially regrets the team's reliance on Face, but changes his mind after they learn Sosa has smuggled a key into Face's mouth with a kiss. Face also shows considerable maturity when he accepts his own punishment, rather than allowing Hannibal to take the full blame. Face ends the film by saying Hannibal's catchphrase, \"I love it when a plan comes together.\"", "Templeton Peck Face's relationship with the rest of the team is that of a surrogate family. His relationship with Hannibal is built on respect and, while Hannibal sometimes has to order him to do things (usually by saying \"Move it Lieutenant\" in a stern voice), Hannibal oftentimes treats Face like a son and calls him \"kid,\" usually when he is apologizing for something. He tends to treat B.A. as a brother and, although B.A. never actually hurts him, Face is sometimes scared that B.A. is going to hit him, especially after he has found out that he and Hannibal drugged him to get him on an airplane. After Face ruins a scam in \"Black Day at Bad Rock\" and B.A. ends up getting shot in the leg as a result, Face spends the entire day terrified that B.A. is going to retaliate (which he never does). Face tends to treat Murdock like a little brother and acts like a mentor to him and often takes Murdock with him on scams (which Murdock loves) and placating whatever delusion Murdock is currently having, although not nearly as badly as Hannibal does.", "The A-Team One of the team's primary antagonists, Col. Roderick Decker (Lance LeGault), had his past linked back to the Vietnam War, in which he and Hannibal had come to fisticuffs in \"the DOOM Club\" (Da Nang Open Officers' Mess).[15] At other times, members of the team would refer back to a certain tactic used during the War, which would be relevant to the team's present predicament. Often, Hannibal would refer to such a tactic, after which the other members of the team would complain about its failure during the War. This was also used to refer to some of Face's past accomplishments in scamming items for the team, such as in the first-season episode \"Holiday In The Hills\", in which Murdock fondly remembers Face being able to secure a '53 Cadillac while in the Vietnam jungle.", "Templeton Peck The character's full nickname varies in different media. Introduced in the Pilot and many other episodes, his nickname is clearly given as \"The Faceman\". Other examples drop \"The\". Many early episode scripts listed the character as \"Face Man\". In other literature, he is sometimes referred to as \"The Face\". In the 2010 movie, he is \"Faceman\", again dropping \"the\".", "The A-Team James Coburn, who co-starred in The Magnificent Seven, was considered for the role of Hannibal in The A-Team, while George Peppard (Hannibal) was the original consideration for the role of Vin (played by Steve McQueen instead) in The Magnificent Seven.[16] Robert Vaughn, of course, actually appeared in the film.", "The A-Team (film) The film was released on December 14, 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray.[42] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 27 in Australia and on November 29, 2010 in the UK. An extended cut was also released, pushing the running time to 133 minutes.[43] Two of the most noteworthy additions in the extended cut were the two cameo scenes of the original Face and Murdock, which were pushed back after the end credits in the original cut due to pacing.[44]", "The A-Team Collins eventually managed to bring together Benedict, Schultz, Heasley, Ging and Cannell, along with William Lucking, Lance LeGault, and George Peppard's son, Christian. Mr. T was unable to make the meeting, which took place in the Friar's Club in Beverly Hills, but he did manage to appear on the show for a brief talk with Collins.", "Templeton Peck The name \"Faceman\" originates from a popular slang term used by girls for attractive male students during Stephen J. Cannell's high school years - i.e. \"Look at that faceman\" as in \"Look at that good looking boy\"; a hunk.[8]", "Templeton Peck Face seems to have an affinity for heavier caliber revolvers as opposed to the rest of the teams .45 or 9mm automatic pistols. Face usually carried a Colt Trooper .357 Magnum with a nickel finish and rosewood grips although he sometimes used a blued Smith & Wesson Model 29. Face was usually seen to use a Ruger Mini-14 or an Uzi when he needed more firepower.", "Templeton Peck In the fifth-season episode \"Family Reunion\", it is revealed that Face is Richard Bancroft, the son of former presidential adviser and convicted criminal A.J. Bancroft. However, Face only learns this from Murdock after his father's death. Although Murdock found out earlier, Bancroft made him promise not to tell Face, who is furious that Murdock didn't tell him sooner about his father. Face is happy to find out about his sister, Ellen Bancroft, as it gives him at least one family member. (Note that for the original broadcast, two endings were shot, with viewers able to phone in and vote on the outcome on whether Bancroft really was Face's father or not. The alternative ending has never been aired or released in any form).", "John \"Hannibal\" Smith Colonel John \"Hannibal\" Smith, played by George Peppard, is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action-adventure television series The A-Team. The producers originally had James Coburn in mind to play the part of Hannibal, but it eventually went to Peppard.[3]", "The A-Team (film) On September 15, 2009, Variety confirmed the casting of Neeson, Cooper and Jackson. They additionally reported that Sharlto Copley and Jessica Biel were in final negotiations to join the cast. Copley would be playing the role of H.M. Murdock and Biel would be playing the ex-lover of Face who is a disillusioned and ruthless Army officer in charge of pursuing the team.[30] 20th Century Fox later confirmed that Copley and Biel were cast in the film.[11]", "The A-Team As Marla Heasley recounts in Bring Back... The A-Team (May 18, 2006), although sexism was not prevalent on the set per se, there was a sense that a female character was not necessary on the show. On her first day on set George Peppard took her aside and told her \"We don't want you on the show. None of the guys want you here. The only reason you're here is because the network and the producers want you. For some reason they think they need a girl.\" The interview continues with Heasley noting that on her last day of work Peppard took her aside again, saying: \"I'm sorry that this is your last day, but remember what I said the very first day, that we didn't want a girl, has nothing to do with you. You were very professional, but no reason to have a girl.\" In Bring Back... the A-Team, Dirk Benedict also remarked that: \"It was a guy's show. It was male driven. It was written by guys. It was directed by guys. It was acted by guys. It's about what guys do. We talked the way guys talked. We were the boss. We were the God. We smoked when we wanted. We shot guns when we wanted. We kissed the girls and made them cry... when we wanted. It was the last truly masculine show.\"", "The A-Team On May 18, 2006, Channel 4 in the UK attempted to reunite the surviving cast members of The A-Team for the show Bring Back... in an episode titled \"Bring Back...The A-Team\".[46] Justin Lee Collins presented the challenge, securing interviews and appearances from Dirk Benedict, Dwight Schultz, Marla Heasley, Jack Ging, series co-creator Stephen Cannell, and Mr. T.", "The A-Team For its first season and the first half of the second season, the team was assisted by reporter Amy Amanda Allen (Melinda Culea). In the second half of the second season, Allen was replaced by fellow reporter Tawnia Baker (Marla Heasley). The character of Tia (Tia Carrere), a Vietnam war orphan now living in the United States, was meant to join the Team in the fifth season,[17] but she was replaced by Frankie Santana (Eddie Velez), who served as the team's special effects expert. Velez was added to the opening credits of the fifth season after its second episode.", "Templeton Peck In the pilot episode, it is revealed in a discussion with an elderly priest, who it is suggested was his mentor during his youth, that Face spent his youth at a Los Angeles orphanage run by the Catholic Church, although whether Face himself is actually Catholic is never revealed. Several later episodes also reference this orphanage, later named as \"St. Mary's\". The elderly priest is not seen again after the pilot. He does, however, mention that Face wandered into the orphanage when he was five years old and was \"first orphaned by his family and then by his country.\" In \"Mind Games,\" it is revealed that he was born with the name Alvin Brenner, and after a series of name changes, ended with Templeton Peck.", "The A-Team During its tenure, the show was occasionally criticized for being sexist.[16] These critiques were based on the notion that most female roles on the show were either a lead-in to the episode's plot, the recipient of Face's affections, or both. The only two regular female members of the cast, Melinda Culea (season 1 and the first half of season 2) and Marla Heasley (the latter half of season 2) did not have long tenures with the show. Both Culea and Heasley had been brought in by the network and producers to stem these critiques, hoping that a female character would properly balance the otherwise all-male cast.[37] Culea was fired during the second season because of creative differences between her and the show's writers; she wanted more lines and more action scenes.[38] Culea's character of Amy Allen suddenly disappeared between two episodes, and was only briefly referred to once in the episode \"In Plane Sight\", and a couple of times in \"The Battle of Bel Air\" in which she was cited to have taken a correspondence job overseas (in Jakarta, Indonesia). The latter episode also introduced Heasley's character, Tawnia Baker. The new character was also an assisting reporter character, but with a more fragile and seductive quality to her. Ultimately, she was written out of the show at the start of the third season when the network determined that a female cast member was not necessary. Tawnia left the team on-screen, choosing to marry and move out of Los Angeles.", "The A-Team The show remains prominent in popular culture for its cartoonish, over-the-top violence (in which people were seldom seriously hurt), formulaic episodes, its characters' ability to form weaponry and vehicles out of old parts, and its distinctive theme tune. The show boosted the career of Mr. T, who portrayed the character of B. A. Baracus, around whom the show was initially conceived.[7][8] Some of the show's catchphrases, such as \"I love it when a plan comes together\",[9] \"Hannibal's on the jazz\", and \"I ain't gettin' on no plane!\" have also made their way onto T-shirts and other merchandise.[citation needed]", "The A-Team The A-Team is an American action-adventure television series that ran on NBC from 1983 to 1987 about former members of a fictitious United States Army Special Forces unit. The members, after being court-martialed \"for a crime they didn't commit\", escaped from military prison and, while still on the run, worked as soldiers of fortune. The series was created by Stephen J. Cannell and Frank Lupo. A feature film based on the series was released by 20th Century Fox in 2010.", "The A-Team (film) In a post-credits scene, Murdock and Face of The A-Team's original cast are seen.", "John \"Hannibal\" Smith The character—which was based loosely on former United States Army Special Forces officer Bo Gritz[4]—appeared on The A-Team from its beginning in 1983 until its end in 1987. The character was played by Liam Neeson in the 2010 film adaptation. His often spoken line \"I love it when a plan comes together\" was included in TV Land's \"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases\" in 2006.[5][6]", "The A-Team The show featured professional wrestlers such as Hulk Hogan, Professor Toru Tanaka, Ricky \"The Dragon\" Steamboat, The Dynamite Kid, Bobby \"The Brain\" Heenan, Davey Boy Smith (The British Bulldog), Big John Studd and Greg \"The Hammer\" Valentine, in most cases playing themselves. In the episode \"Body Slam\", which featured Hogan, wrestling interviewer and announcer \"Mean\" Gene Okerlund also appeared.", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Woodrow Parfrey appeared five times as a guest performer, although he never received an opening-title credit. Usually cast as a scientist, he played the primary villain in one episode, \"The Cherry Blossom Affair\". Another five-time guest star was Jill Ireland, who at the time was married to David McCallum. Ricardo Montalbán appeared in two episodes as the primary villain. \"The Five Daughters Affair\" featured a cameo appearance by Joan Crawford. Janet Leigh and Jack Palance appeared in \"The Concrete Overcoat Affair\" and Sonny and Cher made an appearance in the third season episode \"The Hot Number Affair\".[13] Other notable guest stars included: Richard Anderson, Eve Arden, Whitney Blake, Joan Blondell, Lloyd Bochner, Judy Carne, Roger C. Carmel, Ted Cassidy, Joan Collins, Walter Coy, Yvonne Craig, Broderick Crawford, Kim Darby, Albert Dekker, Ivan Dixon, Chad Everett, Anne Francis, Grayson Hall, Pat Harrington Jr., James Hong, Allen Jenkins, Patsy Kelly, Richard Kiel, Marta Kristen, Elsa Lanchester, Martin Landau, Angela Lansbury, Julie London, Jack Lord, Lynn Loring, Jan Murray, Leslie Nielsen, William Marshall, Eve McVeagh, Carroll O'Connor, David Opatoshu, Leslie Parrish, Eleanor Parker, Slim Pickens, Vincent Price, Dorothy Provine, Cesar Romero, Charles Ruggles, Kurt Russell, Telly Savalas, Nancy Sinatra, Guthrie Thomas, Terry-Thomas, Rip Torn, Fritz Weaver, and Elen Willard (in her last acting appearance).", "The A-Team (film) On October 30, 2009, Dwight Schultz confirmed that he had filmed a cameo scene for the movie.[32] This news was followed on the November 23, 2009, that Dirk Benedict would also make a cameo.[33] Schultz and Benedict played Howling Mad Murdock and Templeton Peck respectively in the original series. Mr. T, the original BA Baracus, did not appear in the film. In an interview with Wendy Williams, he said he did not like doing a cameo appearance in a film based on the original series he once did.", "The A-Team The A-Team was not generally expected to become a hit, although Stephen J. Cannell has said that George Peppard suggested it would be a huge hit \"before we ever turned on a camera\".[5] The show became very popular; the first regular episode, which aired after Super Bowl XVII on January 30, 1983, reached 26.4% of the television audience, placing fourth in the top 10 Nielsen-rated shows.[6] The A-Team was portrayed as acting on the side of good and helping the oppressed.", "The A-Team The A-Team has been broadcast all over the world; international response has been varied. In 1984, the main cast members of The A-Team, George Peppard, Mr. T, Dirk Benedict and Dwight Schultz were invited to the Netherlands. George Peppard was the first to receive the invitation and thus thought the invite pertained only to him. When the other cast members were also invited, Peppard declined, leaving only Mr. T, Benedict and Schultz to visit the Netherlands.[30] The immense turn-out for the stars was unpredicted, and they were forced to leave early as a security measure. A video was released with the present actors in which Dwight Schultz apologized and thanked everyone that had attended.[31]", "The A-Team John \"Hannibal\" Smith is a master of disguise. His most used disguise (onscreen only on the pilot episode) is Mr. Lee, the dry cleaner. This is one of the final parts of the client screening process, as he tells the client where to go in order to make full contact with the A-Team. He dresses most often in a white safari jacket and black leather gloves. He also is constantly seen smoking a cigar. Hannibal carries either a Browning Hi-Power, Colt M1911A1 or a Smith & Wesson Model 39 as a sidearm, most often \"Mexican carried\" although he uses a holster when on missions. His catchphrase is \"I love it when a plan comes together\". Often said, usually by B.A., to be \"on the jazz\" when in the fury of completing a mission.", "John \"Hannibal\" Smith Hannibal is also an aspiring actor, playing monsters in low-budget horror movies (being a fugitive, he can only choose roles in which his face cannot be seen). His many roles include \"Gatorella\", \"Killgator\"[7] and his most famous, \"The Aquamaniac\".[8] Naturally, Hannibal secures his roles playing his own agent; somehow always 'eluding' the Producer of his true identity.", "The A-Team (film) Dirk Benedict, who played Templeton Peck in the TV series, spoke of regretting his cameo, stating \"You'll miss me if you blink. I kind of regret doing it because it's a non-part. They wanted to be able to say, 'Oh yeah, the original cast are in it,' but we're not. It is three seconds. It's kind of insulting.\"[54]", "The A-Team (film) The A-Team is a 2010 American action comedy film based on the television series of the same name created by Frank Lupo and Stephen J. Cannell. Co-written (with Brian Bloom and Skip Woods) and directed by Joe Carnahan, the film stars Liam Neeson, Bradley Cooper, Quinton Jackson, Sharlto Copley, Jessica Biel, Patrick Wilson and Brian Bloom. The film tells the story of \"The A-Team\", a United States Army Ranger team imprisoned for a crime they did not commit, who escape and set out to clear their names. The film was produced by Stephen J. Cannell,[4] Ridley Scott and Tony Scott.[5][6] The film was theatrically released on June 11, 2010 by 20th Century Fox.", "The A-Team (film) In February 2010, it was announced a series of comics for the movie would be released beginning in March. Written by Carnahan and Chuck Dixon, the series, The A-Team: War Stories is a prequel to the film, featuring one-shots focusing each on Hannibal, Face, BA, and Murdock.[34] A second series, The A-Team: Shotgun Wedding, is a tie-in to the film by showing an all-new adventure set after the quartet escaped. Film director Joe Carnahan and Tom Waltz collaborated to pen the series.", "John \"Hannibal\" Smith The A-Team is a group of ex-United States Army Special Forces soldiers who, near the end of the Vietnam War, were arrested for a crime they did not commit and managed to escape from the Military Police. As fugitives, the A-Team works as soldiers of fortune, using their military training to fight oppression or injustice. Hannibal, along with B. A. Baracus, Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck, and H. M. \"Howlin' Mad\" Murdock make up the A-Team.", "John \"Hannibal\" Smith Except at an airport when the A-Team is flying from Norway to Los Angeles (in which Hannibal's disguise is Neeson's real-life appearance), the character does not don any disguises in the film, instead leaving that arm of business to Face. The cigar smoking was also kept intact; despite Neeson being an ex-smoker, he kept his personal preferences aside for the role.[9] Hannibal shows considerable leadership abilities, attempting to take the A-Team's full blame for their alleged crime, and breaking them out of prison when they reject it; however, he steps back and lets Face plan the final mission, a decision B. A. regrets.", "The A-Team During the Vietnam War, the A-Team were members of the 5th Special Forces Group (see episode \"West Coast Turnaround\"). In episode \"Bad Time on the Border\", Colonel John \"Hannibal\" Smith, portrayed by George Peppard, indicated that the A-Team were \"ex-Green Berets\". During the Vietnam War, the A-Team's commanding officer, Colonel Morrison, gave them orders to rob the Bank of Hanoi to help bring the war to an end. They succeeded in their mission, but on their return to base four days after the end of the war, they discovered that Morrison had been killed by the Viet Cong, and that his headquarters had been burned to the ground. This meant that the proof that the A-Team members were acting under orders had been destroyed. They were arrested, and imprisoned at Fort Bragg, from which they quickly escaped before standing trial.", "The A-Team The A-Team was created by writers and producers Stephen J. Cannell and Frank Lupo at the behest of Brandon Tartikoff, NBC's Entertainment president. Cannell was fired from ABC in the early 1980s, after failing to produce a hit show for the network, and was hired by NBC; his first project was The A-Team. Brandon Tartikoff pitched the series to Cannell as a combination of The Dirty Dozen, Mission Impossible, The Magnificent Seven, Mad Max and Hill Street Blues, with \"Mr. T driving the car\".[1][2][3][4]", "B. A. Baracus The A-Team is a group of ex-United States Army Special Forces soldiers who were wrongly convicted of a crime during the Vietnam War. Managing to escape from the Military Police, they fled to Los Angeles where, as fugitives, the A-Team works as soldiers of fortune, using their military training to fight oppression and injustice. B. A., along with Hannibal Smith, Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck, and H. M. Murdock make up the A-Team.", "The A-Team (film) Hannibal arranges to meet Sosa on board a container ship at the Los Angeles docks, saying he will hand over Morrison and the plates. Face then calls Sosa on a drop phone he planted on her at the train station, and conspires a different plan with her. It all unfolds according to plan until Pike, who is now working with Lynch, blows up the container ship and chases Face to near death. BA (having converted to Buddhism while in prison) finally gives up his pacifist ways and kills Pike, saving Face. Hannibal leads Lynch into a container with Murdock, who, wearing a covered bullet-proof helmet, is portraying Morrison. Lynch shoots at Murdockâ€™s head, believing that he is killing Morrison, and is later tricked into admitting that he stole the plates, and is subsequently arrested by Sosa.", "The A-Team Carrere was intended to join the principal cast of the show in its fifth season after appearing in the season four finale,[17] providing a tie to the team's inception during the war. Unfortunately for this plan, Carrere was under contract to General Hospital, which prevented her from joining The A-Team. Her character was abruptly dropped as a result.", "The A-Team The huge success of the series saw a vast array of merchandise, including toys and snacks released both in America and internationally. There were several sets trading cards and stickers, action figures of the characters were produced by Galoob as well as vehicles, including B.A.'s van and Face's Corvette (available in several different sizes), as well as items such as helicopters, trucks and jeeps to fit in with the line, from model car manufacturer Ertl. Some of the other array of items available included jigsaw puzzles, View-Master reels containing 21 3-D pictures (over three reels) of the second seasonA-Team story \"When You Comin' Back, Range Rider?\", was produced by View-Master International (available both as a pack of reels, and also as a \"gift set\" with 3-D viewer), an electric race car track with A-Team vehicle covers instead of normal cars, and a TYCO produced train set with various accessories and pieces themed for the A-Team look. The set includes a Baldwin shark nose engine painted up like the Van and a matching Caboose. Following the original cancellation of the series, further merchandise has appeared as the series has achieved cult status, including an A-Team van by \"Hot Wheels\". In 2016 Lego released a pack that includes a B.A. Baracus minifigure and constructible van; the pack will unlock additional A-Team themed content in the video game Lego Dimensions, including all four team members as playable characters.[41]", "Robert Conrad Robert Conrad Falk (born Conrad Robert Falk; March 1, 1935) is a retired American film and television actor, singer, and stuntman. He was best known for his role in the 1965â€“69 television series The Wild Wild West, playing the sophisticated Secret Service agent James T. West. He portrayed World War II ace Pappy Boyington in the television series Baa Baa Black Sheep (later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron). In addition to acting, he was a singer, and recorded several pop/rock songs in the late 1950s and early 1960s as Bob Conrad. He has hosted a weekly two-hour national radio show (The PM Show with Robert Conrad) on CRN Digital Talk Radio since 2008.[1]", "The A-Team Bosco \"B.A.\" (Bad Attitude) Baracus is the muscle for the A-Team, able to perform amazing feats of strength. He is also the team's mechanic. B.A. affects a dislike for Murdock, calling him a \"crazy fool\", but his true feelings of friendship are revealed when he prevents Murdock from drowning in his desire to live like a fish. B.A. also has a deep fear of flying, and the others usually have to trick and/or knock him out in order to get him on a plane. It is very rare that B.A. is awake while flying, and even rarer for him actually to consent to it. When he does, however, he then goes into a catatonic state. B.A. generally wears overalls and leopard or tiger print shirts in the early seasons, then later wears a green jumpsuit in the later seasons. He is almost always seen with about 50 pounds of gold necklaces and rings on every finger, and also wears a weightlifting belt. Baracus's hair is always styled in a mohawk-like cut. He drives a customized black GMC van, which is the team's usual mode of transport.", "Face Off (TV series) Face Off is an American reality television game show on the Syfy cable network in which a group of prosthetic makeup artists compete against each other to create prostheses such as those found in science fiction and horror films. Each episode features one or more challenges, with the work reviewed by a panel of judges and eliminating one or more artists each week until a final winner is chosen. Actress McKenzie Westmore, known for her role as Sheridan Crane on the former NBC/DirecTV soap opera Passions and a member of the Westmore family of makeup artists, serves as the show's host. For each assignment, the contestants' work is individually evaluated by a panel of professional special effects makeup artists who serve as judges. These judges have included Academy Award-winning makeup artist Ve Neill, and television and film makeup artist Glenn Hetrick, creature designer and director Patrick Tatopoulos (Season 1 - 3), and Neville Page (Season 3 - present).[3] Industry figures and artists including Brian Grazer, Kevin Smith, Paul W. S. Anderson, Greg Nicotero, Rick Baker, Doug Jones, Len Wiseman and Gale Anne Hurd have served as guest judges.[1]", "The A-Team The van was commonly said to be all-black,[citation needed] but the section above the red stripe was metallic gray. The angle of the rear spoiler can also be seen to vary on different examples of the van within the series. Additionally, some versions of the van have a sunroof, whereas others, typically those used for stunts (and including the one displayed in the aforementioned Cars of the Stars Motor Museum) do not. This led to continuity errors in some episodes, such as in the third season's \"The Bells of St. Mary's\", in a scene where Face (his double) jumps from a building onto the roof of the van with no sunroof. Moments later, in an interior studio shot, Face climbs in through the sunroof. Also, in many stunts where the van would surely be totaled, other makes have been used, such as a black Ford Econoline with red hubcaps painted to simulate the original red turbine mag wheels.", "B. A. Baracus Sergeant Bosco \"B. A.\" (Bad Attitude) Baracus /bəˈrækəs/, played by Mr. T, is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action-adventure television series The A-Team. B. A. Baracus appeared on The A-Team from the series beginning in 1983 until its cancellation in 1987. He is arguably the breakout character of the series and has become a cult icon worldwide.", "The A-Team (film) In June 2009, Variety revealed that Liam Neeson was in negotiations with 20th Century Fox to star as Hannibal Smith,[23] and Bradley Cooper announced to MTV News[24] that he would be playing the role of Templeton Peck after he first denied the rumors saying that he was not involved and insisted that he had not seen any script.[25]", "The A-Team (film) John \"Hannibal\" Smith is held captive in Mexico by two Federal Police officers working for renegade General Javier Tuco. Hannibal escapes and sets out to rescue Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck, who is held captive at Tuco's ranch. Hannibal saves Face after enlisting fellow Ranger B.A. Baracus, driving to the rescue in BA's modified GMC Vandura van.[9] Pursued by Tuco, they stop at a nearby Army Hospital to recruit the services of eccentric pilot Howling Mad Murdock. They flee in a medical helicopter, chased by Tuco, in a dogfight that leaves BA with a fear of flying. The battle ends when they lure Tuco's helicopter into American airspace, where it is shot down by a USAF F-22 Raptor for trespassing.", "The A-Team The fifth season introduced General Hunt Stockwell (Robert Vaughn) who, while serving as the team's primary antagonist, was also the team's boss and joined them on several missions. He was often assisted by Carla (Judith Ledford, sometimes credited as Judy Ledford).", "Bill Bixby Wilfred Bailey Everett \"Bill\" Bixby III (January 22, 1934 âˆ’ November 21, 1993)[1] was an American actor, director, producer, and frequent game-show panelist. His career spanned more than three decades, including appearances on stage, in films, and on television series. He is known for his roles as Tim O'Hara in the CBS sitcom My Favorite Martian, Tom Corbett in the ABC sitcom The Courtship of Eddie's Father, and stage illusionist Anthony Blake in the NBC crime drama series The Magician, but is perhaps best known for his role as scientist Dr. David Banner in the CBS science-fiction drama series The Incredible Hulk.[2][3]", "The A-Team The show ran for five seasons on the NBC television network, from January 23, 1983 to December 30, 1986 (with one additional, previously unbroadcast episode shown on March 8, 1987), for a total of 98 episodes.", "The A-Team According to Dirk Benedict, Robert Vaughn was actually added to the cast in season 5 because of his friendship with the notoriously prickly George Peppard. It was hoped that Vaughn would help ease worsening tensions between Peppard and Mr. T. In a later interview, Vaughn recounted how T's verbosity and loud personality would get on everyone's nerves, including his, even though he had been hired specifically because of his easy going and calming personality.", "Lee Majors Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American film, television and voice actor. Majors is best known for portraying the characters of Heath Barkley in the American television Western series The Big Valley (1965–1969), Colonel Steve Austin in the American television science fiction action series The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–1978), and Colt Seavers in American television action series The Fall Guy (1981–1986).", "The A-Team According to Mr. T's account in Bring Back... The A-Team in 2006, the role of B. A. Baracus was written specifically for him. This is corroborated by Stephen J. Cannell's own account of the initial concept proposed by Tartikoff.[1]", "Marsha, Queen of Diamonds Woody Strode\nEstelle Winwood\nJames O'Hara\nBen Gauge\nHugh Douglas\nCharles Stewart\nSpecial Guest Villainess: Carolyn Jones as Marsha, Queen of Diamonds", "David McCallum McCallum never quite repeated the popular success he had gained as Kuryakin until NCIS, though he did become a familiar face on British television in such shows as Colditz (1972–74), Kidnapped (1978), and ITV's science-fiction series Sapphire & Steel (1979–82) opposite Joanna Lumley. In 1975 he played the title character in a short-lived U.S. version of The Invisible Man.", "The A-Team During their adventures, the A-Team was constantly met by opposition from the Military Police. In the show's first season, the MPs were led by Colonel Francis Lynch (William Lucking), but he was replaced for the second, third, and earlier fourth season by Colonel Roderick Decker (Lance LeGault) and his aide Captain Crane (Carl Franklin). Lynch returned for one episode in the show's third season (\"Showdown!\") but was not seen after. Decker was also briefly replaced by a Colonel Briggs (Charles Napier) in the third season for one episode (\"Fire\") when LeGault was unavailable, but returned shortly after. For the latter portion of the show's fourth season, the team was hunted by General Harlan \"Bull\" Fulbright (Jack Ging), who would later hire the A-Team to find Tia in the season four finale, during which Fulbright was killed.", "Ross Martin In 1968, Martin broke his leg and then suffered a near-fatal heart attack, forcing The Wild Wild West to replace him with other actors, including Charles Aidman, William Schallert and Alan Hale, Jr for nine episodes. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, for the fourth and final season of The Wild Wild West. The series was cancelled in 1969 in the midst of a national controversy over violence on television.[2]", "B. A. Baracus In the 2010 remake of The A-Team, the 1983 GMC Vandura van returned. Filming in Canada made it difficult to source the original vehicle and instead a modified 1994 Chevrolet G20 cargo van was used, but the red stripe is not the same as in the original van.[3] B. A. tracks the van down in Mexico after leaving it for his career as an Army Ranger. Hannibal hijacks the vehicle and, when B. A. refuses to cooperate, shoots B. A. in the arm. This angers B. A., not because he was shot, but because the round went through him into the van. They rescue Face and pick up Murdock. When the team flees from General Tuco in a medical chopper, Murdock accidentally pilots it into an air-conditioning unit, tipping it off the roof and onto the van, destroying it. This infuriates B. A., prompting him to make death threats against Murdock.[4]", "The A-Team The series has achieved cult status through heavy syndication in the U.S. and internationally. It has also remained popular overseas, such as in the United Kingdom, where the show has been on-air almost continuously in some form since it was first shown in July 1983. It is airing on satellite and cable channel Esquire Network. The series was to begin airing over NBC-TV's OTA digital subchannel network, Cozi TV, in January 2016.[29] Forces TV started showing the series every weekday since October 17, 2016. The series has been airing in Spanish on Telemundo-TV's OTA digital subchannel network, TeleXitos since December 2014. The series is currently available through Starz.", "The A-Team (film) Eight years later in Iraq, Hannibal is contacted by CIA Special Activities Division operative Lynch, who assigns them a black ops mission to recover from Iraqi insurgents U.S. Treasury plates and over $1 billion in cash slated to move it out of Baghdad in an armored convoy. Hannibal's commanding officer, General Morrison, consents to the operation but Face's former girlfriend, Defense Criminal Investigative Service Capt. Charissa Sosa, tries to discourage the team against getting the plates. The mission is successful; when the team returns to base, however, the money and Morrison's vehicle are destroyed by Brock Pike and his men from the private security firm Black Forest. Without Morrison (the only proof that they were authorized to act), Hannibal, Face, Murdock, and BA are court-martialed, are sentenced to ten years in separate prisons, and dishonorably discharged. Sosa also ended up court-martialed and is demoted to lieutenant.", "Face Off (Breaking Bad) This episode marks the final appearance of Giancarlo Esposito as Gus Fring on this series. The plot wrapup was planned by the series' production team since the beginning of the season, partly because they were not certain at the time whether the series was going to renew for another season. Specifically, the visual effect of Gus Fring's massive facial wounds took months to prepare, with assistance from Greg Nicotero and the special effects team from fellow AMC drama The Walking Dead.[2] The effect was produced using elaborate makeup on Giancarlo Esposito's face, combined with CGI that took two separate shots and combined them seamlessly.", "F Troop Many established actors and comedians appeared as guest stars in the series including Bernard Fox (as the master of disguise, British Major Bently Royce),[34] Don Rickles (as the crazy renegade Indian Bald Eagle, son of Chief Wild Eagle),[35] Jack Elam as the outlaw gunfighter Sam Urp),[36] John Dehner (as conman Prof. Cornelius Clyde),[37] Lee Meriwether (as Lily O'Reilly who is out to take over the town saloon),[38] Jamie Farr (as Geronimo's friend[39] and standup comic Standup Bull[14]), George Gobel (as Wrangler Jane's cousin Henry Terkel, whose inventions parody the telephone, radio and steam automobile),[40] Pat Harrington Jr. (as secret agent \"B. Wise\" – an imitation of Don Adams's character on Get Smart),[41] Zsa Zsa Gabor (as the Gypsy Marika),[42] Willard Waterman (as former Capt. Bill \"Cannonball\" McCormick, F Troop's first commanding officer),[7] Paul Petersen (as Wild Eagle's nephew and Sitting Bull's sharpshooting son Johnny Eagle Eye),[24] Paul Lynde (as the phony singing Canadian Mountie Sgt. Ramsden),[20] Harvey Korman (as the wacky Prussian Col. Heindreich von Zeppel),[43] Milton Berle (as Wise Owl),[44] Julie Newmar (as the long lost Indian daughter Yellow Bird),[45] Jacques Aubuchon (as Gideon D. Jeffries her real father),[45] Jay Novello (as Emilio Barberini),[46] Sterling Holloway (as nearsighted Sheriff Pat Lawton),[47] Mako (as a Samurai warrior),[48] Phil Harris (as the 147-year old warmongering chief, Flaming Arrow),[19] Vincent Price (as the spooky Count Sfoza),[49] and Cliff Arquette (aka Charley Weaver – as Gen. Sam Courage).[4]", "The A-Team (film) On September 30, 2009, Liam Neeson and the rest of the cast were seen filming scenes in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, as shooting got under way.[31] The first official pictures of Neeson, Cooper, Copley and Jackson in character were soon released, including one which features the iconic van in the background.[16]", "Face/Off Face/Off was a spec script which writers Mike Werb and Michael Colleary tried to sell to a studio from as early as 1990. The first actors who were chosen to play Sean Archer and Castor Troy were Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger respectively but John Woo instead hired John Travolta and Nicolas Cage to play those characters. It took numerous studios, producers and rewrites before John Woo became attached several years later.[4] For the Archer character, Woo considered casting either Michael Douglas or Jean-Claude Van Damme with whom he had worked in Hard Target. When the film was eventually made, Douglas served as an executive producer. Werb and Colleary have cited White Heat (1949) and Seconds (1966) as influences on the plot.[4]", "The A-Team (film) Dwight Schultz, who played the TV series' \"Howling Mad\" Murdock, issued a statement to his official fansite that the film \"pays homage to the series while it eschews its essential working premise: a band of capable military brothers for hire determined to save underdog and usually poor civilians from scum. ... The team characters are sufficiently different and, with so many roles reversed from the original, one could say they are not really derivative, save for their names.\" He also noted that Sharlto Copley's Murdock \"is faithful to the original, but at the same time is big screen twisted and right at home with the new team.\"", "The A-Team (film) The CIA agents led by a separate \"Lynch\" comes and claims custody of the original one. Despite their success and proving themselves innocent, the military still arrests the team for escaping from prison, also a crime; they and Sosa are angered by this, since it is only being done so Sosa's boss does not have to fill out paperwork. Sosa is reinstated to captain, but she promises to do all she can to set the team free and kisses Face as everybody is led into a prison van. In the van, everyone starts saying that the system has burned us again, but Hannibal tells them that there is always a way out of any situation, and turns towards Face, who smiles and says \"I don't want to steal your line, boss, but... I love it when a plan comes together\" and opens his mouth and reveals a handcuff key, given to him by Sosa through the kiss. The final scene includes a narration (spoken by Corey Burton) similar to the show's opening narration.", "The Magnificent Seven The 1980s action-adventure series The A-Team was initially devised as a combination of The Dirty Dozen and The Magnificent Seven.[21] The show's pilot film plays much on the plot of The Magnificent Seven, and there are similar plot echoes in various other episodes. James Coburn was originally approached to play John \"Hannibal\" Smith, the team's leader, a role that ultimately went to George Peppard in the series; and Robert Vaughn was added to the cast in the final season as part of a revamp attempt to boost fading ratings.", "Tea for the Tillerman The song \"Miles From Nowhere\" is featured in The A-Team and is used during Face's (Dirk Benedict) walking away scenes in the episode \"Alive at Five\".", "The A-Team The team's ties to the Vietnam War were referred to again in the fourth-season finale, \"The Sound of Thunder\", in which the team is introduced to Tia (Tia Carrere), a war orphan and daughter of fourth season antagonist General Fulbright. Returning to Vietnam, Fulbright is shot in the back and gives his last words as he dies. The 2006 documentary Bring Back The A-Team joked that the scene lasted seven and a half minutes,[16] but his death actually took a little over a minute. His murderer, a Vietnamese colonel, is killed in retaliation. Tia then returns with the team to the United States (see also: casting). This episode is notable for having one of the show's few truly serious dramatic moments, with each team member privately reminiscing on their war experiences, intercut with news footage from the war with Barry McGuire's Eve of Destruction playing in the background.", "Dirk Benedict Benedict's film debut was in the 1972 film Georgia, Georgia. When the New York run for Butterflies Are Free ended, he received an offer to repeat his performance in Hawaii, opposite Barbara Rush. While there, he appeared as a guest lead on Hawaii Five-O. The producers of a horror film called Sssssss (1973) saw Benedict's performance in Hawaii Five-O and promptly cast him as the lead in that movie. He next played the psychotic wife-beating husband of Twiggy in her American film debut, W (1974). Benedict starred in the television series Chopper One, which aired for one season in 1974. He also made an appearance in Charlie's Angels.", "The A-Team - John Ashley's opening narration.", "The A-Team (film) Six months later, Lynch visits Hannibal in prison and tells him that Pike may be trying to sell the plates with the help of an Arab backer. Hannibal, who has been tracking Pike on his own, makes a deal with Lynch: full reinstatement and clean records for his team in return for the plates. Lynch agrees and Hannibal escapes, breaking out Face, BA, and Murdock in the process. Sosa is hot on the team's trail. The team hijacks a USAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft, which is later shot down by Reaper UCAVs, but not before the team parachutes away in a tank stashed aboard and make it to the ground safely. The team moves to reclaim the plates and kidnap Pike's backer. It is revealed that the backer is actually General Morrison, who plotted with Lynch and Pike to steal the plates but teamed up with Pike to double-cross Lynch and fake his death. Lynch orders an airstrike to kill the team and Morrison, but the team manages to escape.", "The A-Team (film) On August 26, 2009, MMAjunkie.com reported that mixed martial arts fighter Quinton Jackson would play the role of B.A. Baracus in the upcoming film,[26] but this was later denied by a representative for Jackson.[27] In September 2009, The Vancouver Sun suggested that Jackson has been attached to the role and was postponing his fight at UFC 107 with Rashad Evans due to filming for The A-Team. Filming started in Vancouver in late 2009, and Jackson's involvement was then confirmed.[28][29]", "F Troop Other notable and well known character actors who appeared in the series are (usually only once or twice): Henry Brandon (as a chief of the vicious, but fictitious, Shug Indian tribe),[5] Jay Sheffield (as Lt. Jefferson Hawkes),[5] Alan Hewitt (as Col. Malcolm),[5] Don \"Red\" Barry (as Col. Donnely),[18] Willis Bouchey (as Col. Herman Saunders),[34] Forrest Lewis (as Doc. Emmett),[23] Vic Tayback and Robert G. Anderson (as the notorious Colton Brothers),[23] Linda Marshall (as Parmenter's old girlfriend from Philadelphia),[29] Laurie Sibbald (as Flying Sparrow[29] and Silver Dove[50]), John Stephenson (as General Custer),[16] Nydia Westman (as Dobb's mother),[51] Patrice Wymore (as Laura Lee[51] and Peggy Gray[52]), Parley Baer (as Col. Watkins),[53] MaKee K. Blaisdell (as War Cloud),[50] Jackie Joseph (as Agarn's old girlfriend Betty Lou MacDonald),[39] Mike Mazurki (as a very big Geronimo),[39] Tony Martinez (as Felipe),[22] Del Moore (as Dapper Dan Fulbright),[40] Andrew Duggan (as the Indian-hating Major Chester Winster, inventor of the Chestwinster 76 rifle – a parody of the famous Winchester 73 rifle),[1] Abbe Lane (as the beautiful counterspy Lorelei Duval),[41] Jackie Loughery (as the Gypsy Tanya),[42] Marjorie Bennett (as Ella Vorhees),[15] Eve McVeagh (as Wilma McGee, O'Rourke's old girlfriend from Steubenville, Ohio and now a widow woman from Brooklyn, NY),[15] Ben Gage (as Mike O'Hanlon),[15] Richard Reeves (as Jim Sweeney, O'Rourke's old friend),[15] Victor Jory (as Apache Chief Mean Buffalo),[28] James Griffith (as sharpshooting Sgt. Crawford),[24] Cathy Lewis (as Whispering Breeze, mother of Johnny Eagle Eye, wife of Sitting Bull and sister to Wild Eagle),[24] Les Brown, Jr (as Lt. Mark Harrison),[54] George Barrows (as Pecos),[55] Paul Sorensen (as Tombstone),[55] Mary Young (as the Widow O'Brien),[55] Charles Lane (as Mr. S. A. MacGuire),[55] Don Beddoe (as the Hermit),[56] Lew Parker (as George C. Bragan),[57] Tol Avery (as Derby Dan McGurney),[57] Tommy Farrell (as Jenks),[58] Richard X. Slattery (as Col. William Bartlett),[58] Joby Baker (as Mario Maracucci),[46] Letícia Román (as Gina Barberini),[46] I. Stanford Jolley (as Col. Ferguson),[59] George Furth (as Capt. Jonathan W. Blair),[59] Pepper Curtis (as Lily),[60] Peter Leeds (as Mr Larson),[60] Victor French (as the deserter Cpl. Matt Delaney),[8] Fred Clark (as Major Hewitt),[8] Arch Johnson as Col. Adams),[61] Mary Wickes (as marriage broker Samantha Oglesby),[26] Joyce Jameson (as Sally Tyler),[52] and Charles Drake (as Major Terence McConnell).[52] Lowell George, later the leader of the rock group Little Feat, appeared with his earlier band The Factory on an episode as a group called the Bedbugs.[3][62] William Conrad was the uncredited voice announcer in the first episode \"Scourge of the West\".[5]", "John Saxon He appeared in the 1982 TV movie Rooster, and appeared in the last week of the game show Whew! His extensive television credits include two years as Tony Cumson on Falcon Crest (1982, 1986-1988) as well as the recurring role of Rashid Ahmed on Dynasty (1982-1984). He appeared twice, in different roles, in The A-Team in 1983 and 1985. He played the role of Captain Radl in the two-part Wonder Woman episode \"The Feminine Mystique\" in 1976.", "The Face of Evil The Face of Evil is the fourth serial of the 14th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, starring Tom Baker as the Doctor. First broadcast in four weekly parts from 1 January to 22 January 1977, this serial marked the debut of Louise Jameson as the Doctor's new companion, Leela. It was also the first story written for the series by Chris Boucher and the first directed by Pennant Roberts, who would both go on to work on the series again a number of times. The face of evil in the title refers to that of the Doctor, Baker playing a dual role in this story. The serial is generally well-received by reviewers, although fandom consider it to be overshadowed by other stories in Season 14.[1] It did however gain high ratings of over 11 million on first screening.", "Face/Off Face/Off is a 1997 American science fiction action film directed by John Woo, written by Mike Werb and Michael Colleary, and starring John Travolta and Nicolas Cage. Travolta plays an FBI agent and Cage plays a terrorist, sworn enemies who assume each other's physical appearance.[3]", "Richard Kiel Richard Dawson Kiel (September 13, 1939 – September 10, 2014) was an American actor, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his role as Jaws in the James Bond franchise, portraying the character in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979); he lampooned the role with a tongue-in-cheek cameo in Inspector Gadget (1999). His next-most recognized role is the tough, but eloquent Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore (1996). Other notable films include The Longest Yard (1974), Silver Streak (1976), Force 10 from Navarone (1978), Pale Rider (1985) and Tangled (2010).", "Mission: Impossible Cinnamon's \"replacement\" in season four was a series of guest stars, only one making more than one appearance: Lee Meriwether as Tracey. Season five saw the addition of Dana Lambert, played by stage and movie actress Lesley Ann Warren (billed as \"Lesley Warren\"). In seasons six and seven, the female member of the team was cosmetologist and mistress-of-disguise Lisa Casey (Lynda Day George), whose first name was only established in the 1988â€“1989 revival. She was replaced in a third of the total season seven episodes, during her maternity leave, by Mimi Davis, played by Barbara Anderson, who had just come from the show Ironside.[6]", "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries Famous actors who appeared in the series earlier in their career included Jamie Lee Curtis, Robert Englund and A Martinez (The Mystery of the Fallen Angels); Rosalind Chao (The Mystery of the Jade Kwan Yin); Mark Harmon and Martin Kove (The Mystery of the Solid Gold Kicker); Anne Lockhart (The Mystery of the African Safari and The Last Kiss of Summer); Rick Springfield (Will The Real Santa ...?); Nicholas Hammond and John Karlen (The Lady on Thursday at Ten); Melanie Griffith (The House on Possessed Hill); Kim Cattrall and Linda Dano (Voodoo Doll); Valerie Bertinelli, Stepfanie Kramer and Kim Lankford (Campus Terror); and Ana Alicia (Life on the Line).", "Face/Off Archer affirms the threat is real, but is unable to convince Pollux to reveal where the bomb is located. At the suggestion of his partner Tito Biondi (Robert Wisdom) and Special Ops specialist Dr. Hollis Miller (C. C. H. Pounder), Archer secretly undergoes a highly experimental face transplant procedure by Dr. Malcolm Walsh (Colm Feore) to take on Troy's face, voice, and appearance. Archer is taken to the same high-security prison where Pollux is being held, and slowly convinces Pollux that he is Troy, gaining information on the bomb's location. Meanwhile, Troy incredibly awakens from his coma and discovers his face missing. He calls his gang, and they force Dr. Walsh to transplant Archer's face onto him.", "The A-Team (film) Mr. T, the original B. A. Baracus, was offered a cameo, but turned it down.[55] In a 2010 interview with Script magazine director Joe Carnahan claimed that Mr. T, after viewing scenes from the film, thought the final product was \"the greatest thing in the world\".[56] After the premiere of the film Mr. T allegedly stated that he had become disillusioned and felt the story emphasized sex and violence, and that it was unfaithful to the original series.[57] An attorney for Mr. T later stated that the actor had not yet seen the film and could not comment on it.[58]", "The A-Team In September 2015, Fox announced that they were developing a reboot A-Team series with Chris Morgan as executive producer with Cannell's daughter, Tawnia McKiernan, and Albert Kim writing. The team is to be made up of both male and female characters.[48]", "John \"Hannibal\" Smith He styles himself a \"master of disguise\", though his skill lies not so much in how convincing his disguise is, but in his ability to assume any role and convince others that his role is genuine. Most episodes begin with the prospective clients coming to meet the A-Team, and instead, being introduced to one of Hannibal's comic aliases. Hannibal uses his various disguises to screen all the A-Team's potential clients to assure they were not fronts for the militaryâ€”sometimes playing more than one at a time. Clients often make reference to a \"Mr. Lee\", the owner of a Chinese laundromat who tells them where to meet the team.", "Maverick (TV series) Some performers, such as Kathleen Crowley, Tol Avery, Gage Clarke, and Chubby Johnson, appeared seven or eight times over the course of the series in various roles. Joel Grey played Billy the Kid in an unusual episode that featured a bravura pistol-twirling exhibition by Garner. A chubby, acne-scarred[citation needed] Robert Redford joined Kelly as a supporting player on a desperate cattle drive in \"The Iron Hand\". Stacy Keach, Sr. played a sheriff in \"Ghost Rider.\" Clint Eastwood, Slim Pickens, Lee Van Cleef, John Carradine, Buddy Ebsen, Hans Conried, Alan Hale, Jr., Jim Backus, George Kennedy, John Gavin, Mike Connors, Chad Everett, Patric Knowles, and Adam West appeared at least once during the run of the series. Actresses included subsequent Oscar-winners Ellen Burstyn and Louise Fletcher, as well as Mala Powers, Coleen Gray, Ruta Lee, Marie Windsor, Abby Dalton, Karen Steele, Dawn Wells, Connie Stevens, Merry Anders, Sherry Jackson, and Adele Mara.", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series) During the series' five-season run, many actors familiar to viewers, or who later became famous for their subsequent works, made appearances on the series. Some of the most notable are: Future Falcon Crest and Castle co-star Susan Sullivan was in the original pilot; Brett Cullen, also of Falcon Crest; Kim Catrall, of Sex and the City fame; Ray Walston, co-star of Bixby's first series, My Favorite Martian; Brandon Cruz, co-star of The Courtship of Eddie's Father; Lou Ferrigno, who along with starring as the Hulk, appeared in one episode (\"King of the Beach\") as a different character, Bixby's ex-wife Brenda Benet; and in an uncredited role, the bodybuilder and professional wrestler Ric Drasin played the half-transformed Hulk in \"Prometheus\" (parts 1 and 2).[28]", "Robert Conrad In the late 1970s, he served as the captain of the NBC team for six editions of Battle of the Network Stars. Around this time reprised the role of West in a pair of made-for-TV films which reunited him with his West co-star, Ross Martin, The Wild Wild West Revisited (1979) and More Wild Wild West (1980).", "Carl Weathers Carl Weathers (born January 14, 1948) is an American actor and former professional football player. He is best known for portraying Apollo Creed in the Rocky series of films, George Dillon in Predator, Chubbs Peterson in Happy Gilmore and Little Nicky, and a fictionalized version of himself on the comedy series Arrested Development. As a football player, Weathers played for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League and the B.C. Lions of the Canadian Football League." ]	[ "Dirk Benedict Dirk Benedict (born Dirk Niewoehner on March 1, 1945) is an American movie, television and stage actor and author. He is best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton \"Faceman\" Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series. He is the author of Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy and And Then We Went Fishing." ]
test246	where does the lincoln highway begin and end	[ "doc9074" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc9074", "doc1217753", "doc9088", "doc9122", "doc677520", "doc9075", "doc9078", "doc9125", "doc9076", "doc9089", "doc9123", "doc9091", "doc9169", "doc754701", "doc9087", "doc9100", "doc9079", "doc9090", "doc9114", "doc1470152", "doc9077", "doc9162", "doc9144", "doc9121", "doc9143", "doc9113", "doc9080", "doc9092", "doc9165", "doc9086", "doc173062", "doc9094", "doc9081", "doc451225", "doc9103", "doc1470153", "doc1470199", "doc451250", "doc1978213", "doc9142", "doc958041", "doc9135", "doc9107", "doc9120", "doc9106", "doc9128", "doc9112", "doc9133", "doc9126", "doc76915", "doc754699", "doc451274", "doc754731", "doc9168", "doc2461148", "doc1470202", "doc2335110", "doc9082", "doc9095", "doc9166", "doc9119", "doc1520476", "doc9124", "doc451231", "doc9127", "doc1470154", "doc9117", "doc9099", "doc9109", "doc76926", "doc9132", "doc9096", "doc9108", "doc9149", "doc9115", "doc9159", "doc9151", "doc1429887", "doc9137", "doc2335109", "doc9104", "doc9138", "doc958042", "doc1762190", "doc9171", "doc21153", "doc9160", "doc451236", "doc9146", "doc9141", "doc1520500", "doc9131", "doc9111", "doc1937643", "doc451262", "doc958048", "doc958049", "doc2335080", "doc9093", "doc1470198" ]	[ "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway was one of the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of America.[1] Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, and formally dedicated October 31, 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran coast-to-coast from Times Square in New York City west to Lincoln Park in San Francisco, originally through 13 states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. In 1915, the \"Colorado Loop\" was removed, and in 1928, a realignment relocated the Lincoln Highway through the northern tip of West Virginia. Thus, there are a total of 14 states, 128 counties, and more than 700 cities, towns and villages through which the highway passed at some time in its history.", "Times Square In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway (at the southeast corner of Times Square) to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles (5,454Â km) coast-to-coast through 13 states to its western terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco, California.[33][34]", "Lincoln Highway On July 1, 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association (LHA) was established \"to procure the establishment of a continuous improved highway from the Atlantic to the Pacific, open to lawful traffic of all description without toll charges\".[1] The first goal of the LHA was to build the rock highway from Times Square in New York City to Lincoln Park in San Francisco. The second goal was to promote the Lincoln Highway as an example to, in Fisher's words, \"stimulate as nothing else could the building of enduring highways everywhere that will not only be a credit to the American people but that will also mean much to American agriculture and American commerce\".[1] Henry Joy was named as the LHA president, so that although Carl Fisher remained a driving force in furthering the goals of the association, it would not appear as his one-man crusade.[8]", "Lincoln Highway In 2003, the Lincoln Highway Association sponsored the 90th Anniversary Tour of the entire road, from Times Square in New York City to Lincoln Park in San Francisco. The tour group, led by Bob Lichty and Rosemary Rubin of LHA and sponsored by Lincoln-Mercury division of the Ford Motor Company, set out from Times Square on August 17, 2003. Approximately 35 vintage and modern vehicles, including several new Lincoln Town Cars and Lincoln Navigators from Lincoln-Mercury, traveled about 225 miles (360Â km) per day and attempted to cover as many of the original Lincoln Highway alignments as possible. The group was met by LHA chapters, car clubs, local tourism groups and community leaders throughout the route. Several Boy Scout troops along the way held ceremonies to commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the nationwide LH route marker post erection of September 1, 1928. When the tour concluded at Lincoln Park, in front of the Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco, another ceremony was held to honor both the 90th Anniversary of the road and the 75th anniversary of the post erections.", "San Francisco The Western Terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, is in San Francisco's Lincoln Park.", "Lincoln Highway The first officially recorded length of the entire Lincoln Highway in 1913 was 3,389 miles (5,454 km).[a] Over the years, the road was improved and numerous realignments were made,[3] and by 1924 the highway had been shortened to 3,142 miles (5,057 km). Counting the original route and all of the subsequent realignments, there have been a grand total of 5,872 miles (9,450 km).[4]", "Lincoln Highway Most of U.S. Route 30 from Philadelphia to western Wyoming, portions of Interstate 80 in the western United States, most of U.S. Route 50 in Nevada and California, and most of old decommissioned U.S. Route 40 in California are alignments of the Lincoln Highway. The final (1928â€“1930) alignment of the Lincoln Highway corresponds roughly to the following roads:", "Lincoln Highway In 2015, the Lincoln Highway Association hosted a tour celebrating the 100th anniversary of the famed 1915 tour led by Henry B. Joy, president of the original Lincoln Highway Association, from Detroit to the 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.[20] Joy was president of the Packard Motor Car Company. Both the Packard Club (Packard Automobile Classics) and the Packards International Motor Car Club participated in the planning of the tour.[21][22] The 2015 tour, with 103 people in 55 cars, took 12 days and traveled 2,836 miles (4,564Â km) from the Packard Proving Grounds north of Detroit to the Lincoln Highway Western Terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco.", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway was gradually replaced with numbered designations after the establishment of the U.S. Numbered Highway System in 1926, with most of the route becoming part of U.S. Route 30 from Pennsylvania to Wyoming. After the Interstate Highway System was formed in the 1950s, the former alignments of the Lincoln Highway were largely superseded by Interstate 80 as the primary coast-to-coast route from the New York City area to San Francisco.", "Lincoln Highway The first section of the Lincoln Highway to be completed and dedicated was the Essex and Hudson Lincoln Highway, running along the former Newark Plank Road from Newark, New Jersey, to Jersey City, New Jersey. It was dedicated on December 13, 1913[9] at the request of the Associated Automobile Clubs of New Jersey and the Newark Motor Club, and was named after the two counties it passed through.[10][11]", "Lincoln Highway In 2013, the Lincoln Highway Association hosted a tour commemorating the highway's 100th anniversary.[18] Over 270 people traveling in 140 vehicles, from 28 states and from Australia, Canada, England, Germany, Norway and Russia, participated in the two tours which started simultaneously the last week of June 2013 in New York City and San Francisco, and took one week to reach the midpoint of the Lincoln Highway in Kearney, Nebraska. The tour cars, both historical and modern, spanned 100 years, from 1913 to 2013, and included two of Henry B. Joy's original Lincoln Highway Packards, as well as a 1948 Tucker (car #8). On June 30, 2013, the Centennial Parade in downtown Kearney featuring the tour cars plus another 250 vehicles was attended by 12,500 people. The next day, on July 1, 2013, the Centennial Celebration Gala was hosted at the Great Platte River Road Archway Museum, where a proclamation from the United States Senate was presented to the Lincoln Highway Association.", "Lincoln Highway The LHA needed to determine the best and most direct route from New York City to San Francisco. East of the Mississippi River, route selection was eased by the relatively dense road network. To scout a western route, the LHA's \"Trail-Blazer\" tour set out from Indianapolis in 17 cars and two trucks on July 1, 1913, the same day LHA headquarters were established in Detroit. After 34 days of Iowa mud pits, sand drifts in Nevada and Utah, overheated radiators, flooded roads, cracked axles, and enthusiastic greetings in every town that thought it had a chance of being on the new highway, the tour arrived for a parade down San Francisco's Market Street before thousands of cheering residents.", "Lincoln Highway In 2016 a documentary named 21 Days Under the Sky chronicled a journey of four friends on Harley-Davidson motorcycles, riding the Lincoln Highway from San Francisco to New York.[38]", "U.S. Route 20 The highway's eastern terminus is in Boston, Massachusetts, at Kenmore Square, where it meets Route 2. Its western terminus is in Newport, Oregon, at an intersection with USÂ 101, within a mile of the Pacific Ocean.[3]", "Lincoln Highway Fisher and his associates chose a name for the road, naming it after one of Fisher's heroes, Abraham Lincoln. At first they had to consider other names,[8] such as \"The Coast-to-Coast Rock Highway\" or \"The Ocean-to-Ocean Highway,\" because the Lincoln Highway name had been reserved earlier by a group of Easterners who were seeking support to build their Lincoln Highway from Washington to Gettysburg on federal funds. When Congress turned down their proposed appropriation, the project collapsed, and Fisher's preferred name became readily available.", "Lincoln Highway One of the greater contributions to highway development was a well-publicized and promoted U.S. Army Transcontinental Motor Convoy in 1919. The convoy left the White House in Washington, D.C., on July 7, 1919, and met the Lincoln Highway route at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. After two months of travel, the convoy reached San Francisco on September 6, 1919. Though bridges failed, vehicles broke and were sometimes stuck in mud, the convoy was greeted in communities across the country. The LHA used the convoy's difficulties to show the need for better main highways, building popular support for both local and federal funding. The convoy led to the passage of many county bond issues supporting highway construction.", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway was America's first national memorial to President Abraham Lincoln, predating the 1922 dedication of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., by nine years. As the first automobile road across America, the Lincoln Highway brought great prosperity to the hundreds of cities, towns and villages along the way. The Lincoln Highway became affectionately known as \"The Main Street Across America\".[citation needed]", "Lincoln Highway To bring attention to the highway, Fisher commissioned statues of Abraham Lincoln, titled The Great Emancipator, to be placed in key locations along the route of the highway. One of the statues was given to Joy in 1914.[12] Joy's statue was later presented to the Detroit Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America. That statue is currently on display at D-bar-A Scout Ranch in Metamora, Michigan.[13] There is another statue of Lincoln in the main entrance of Lincoln Park (Jersey City).", "Lincoln Highway The last major promotional activity of the LHA took place on September 1, 1928, when at 1:00Â p.m. groups of Boy Scouts placed approximately 2,400 concrete markers at sites along the route to officially mark and dedicate it to the memory of Abraham Lincoln. Less commonly known is that 4,000 metal signs for urban areas were also erected then.[b] The markers were placed on the outer edge of the right of way at major and minor crossroads, and at reassuring intervals along uninterrupted segments. Each concrete post carried the Lincoln Highway insignia and directional arrow, as well as a bronze medallion with Lincoln's bust stating, \"This Highway Dedicated to Abraham Lincoln\".[1]", "U.S. Route 40 U.S. Route 40 (US 40), also known as the Main Street of America,[3][4] is an east–west United States Highway. As with most routes whose numbers end in a zero, US 40 once traversed the entire United States. It is one of the first U.S. Highways created in 1926 and its original termini were in San Francisco, California and Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the western United States, US 40 was functionally replaced by Interstate 80 (I-80), resulting in the route being truncated multiple times. US 40 currently ends at a junction with I-80 in Silver Summit, Utah, just outside Park City.", "Lincoln Highway Note: A fully interactive online map of the entire Lincoln Highway and all of its re-alignments, markers, monuments and points of interest can be viewed at the Lincoln Highway Association Official Map website.[5] Google Maps prominently labels the 1928â€“30 route.", "Lincoln Highway Also in 2013, singer Cecelia Otto traveled the Lincoln Highway from New York to San Francisco for her project American Songline,[31] in which she performed vintage songs in period attire in venues along the highway. In 2015, she published a book recounting her journey and released an album of songs from her concert program; the album also featured several original songs about the highway, including \"It's a Long Way to California\" and \"Land of Lincoln\".", "Lincoln Highway Completed in 2009, Stackpole Books published Lincoln Highway Companion: A Guide to America's First Coast-to-Coast Road, authored by Brian Butko. This handy glove-compartment guide contains carefully charted maps, must-see attractions, and places to eat and sleep that are slices of pure Americana. The book covers the major thirteen states the Lincoln Highway passes through, from New York to San Francisco, as well as the little-known Colorado loop and the Washington DC feeder loop.", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway Association was re-formed in 1992 with the mission, \"...to identify, preserve, and improve access to the remaining portions of the Lincoln Highway and its associated historic sites\".[1] The new LHA publishes a quarterly magazine, The Lincoln Highway Forum, and holds conferences each year in cities along the route. Its 1000 members are located across the U.S. and eight other countries. There are active state chapters in 12 Lincoln Highway states and a national tourist center in Franklin Grove, Illinois, in a historic building built by Harry Isaac Lincoln, a cousin of Abraham Lincoln. The LHA holds yearly national conferences and is governed by a board of directors with representatives from each Lincoln Highway state.[17]", "Lincoln Highway In July 2007, the W.W. Norton Company published The Lincoln Highway, Coast-to-Coast from Times Square to the Golden Gate: The Great American Road Trip by Michael Wallis, best-selling author of Route 66, and voice in the movie Cars, and Michael Williamson, twice a Pulitzer-Prize winning photographer with The Washington Post.[30]", "Lincoln Highway The states approved the new national numbering system in November 1926 and began putting up new signs. The Lincoln Highway was not alone in being split among several numbers, but the entire routing between Philadelphia and Granger, Wyoming, was assigned US 30 per the agreement. East of Philadelphia the Lincoln Highway was part of US 1, and west of Salt Lake City the route became US 40 across Donner Pass. Only the segment between Granger and Salt Lake City was not part of the new numbering plan; US 30 was assigned to a more northerly route toward Pocatello, Idaho. When US 50 was extended to California it followed the Lincoln Highway's alternate route south of Lake Tahoe.", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway was inspired by the Good Roads Movement. In turn, the success of the Lincoln Highway and the resulting economic boost to the governments, businesses and citizens along its route inspired the creation of many other named long-distance roads (known as National Auto Trails), such as the Yellowstone Trail, National Old Trails Road, Dixie Highway, Jefferson Highway, Bankhead Highway, Jackson Highway, Meridian Highway and Victory Highway. Many of these named highways were supplanted by the United States Numbered Highways system of 1926. Most of the 1928 Lincoln Highway route became U.S. Route 30 (US 30), with portions becoming US 1 in the East and US 40, US 50 and US 93 in the West. Since 1928, many sections of US 30 have been re-aligned with new bypasses; therefore, today's US 30 aligns with less than 25% of the original 1913–28 Lincoln Highway routes.", "Lincoln Highway The Trail-Blazers returned to Indianapolis by train, and a few weeks later on September 14, 1913, the route was announced. LHA leaders, particularly Packard president Henry Joy, wanted as straight a route as possible and the 3,389-mile (5,454Â km) route announced did not necessarily follow the course of the Trail-Blazers. There were many disappointed town officials, particularly in Colorado and Kansas, who had greeted the Trail-Blazers and thought the tour's passage had meant their towns would be on the Highway.", "Lincoln Highway The pilot episode of Boardwalk Empire, shown on HBO in the United States, beginning in September 2010, contains a scene showing Al Capone en route from New Jersey to Chicago. He passes a sign that says he is travelling on the Lincoln Highway and that Chicago is 200 miles (320Â km) ahead (thus placing him in western Ohio). This episode is set in early 1920.", "Lincoln Highway Carl G. Fisher was an early automobile entrepreneur who was the manufacturer of Prest-O-Lite carbide-gas headlights used on most early cars, and was also one of the principal investors who built the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. He believed that the popularity of automobiles was dependent on good roads. In 1912 he began promoting his dream of a transcontinental highway, and at a September 10 dinner meeting with industry friends in Indianapolis, he called for a coast-to-coast rock highway to be completed by May 1, 1915, in time for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.[7] He estimated the cost at about $10 million and told the group, \"Let's build it before we're too old to enjoy it!\"[1] Within a month Fisher's friends had pledged $1 million. Henry Ford, the biggest automaker of his day, refused to contribute because he believed the government should build America's roads. However, contributors included former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas A. Edison, both friends of Fisher, as well as then-current President Woodrow Wilson, the first U.S. President to make frequent use of an automobile for relaxation.", "Ohio Many major east-west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as \"Main Market Route 3\", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Route 30.", "Lincoln Highway The LHA dedicated the route on October 31, 1913. Bonfires, fireworks, concerts, parades, and street dances were held in hundreds of cities in the 13 states along the route. During a dedication ceremony in Iowa, State Engineer Thomas H. MacDonald said he felt it was \"... the first outlet for the road building energies of this community\".[1] He went on to advocate the creation of a system of transcontinental highways with radial routes. In 1919, MacDonald became Commissioner of the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR), a post he held until 1953, when he oversaw the early stages of the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways.", "Lincoln Highway Most significantly, the Lincoln Highway inspired the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, also known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Public Law 84-627), which was championed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, influenced by his experiences as a young soldier crossing the country in the 1919 Army Convoy on the Lincoln Highway. Today, Interstate 80 (I-80) is the cross-country highway most closely aligned with the Lincoln Highway. In the West, particularly in Wyoming, Utah and California, sections of I-80 are paved directly over alignments of the Lincoln Highway.", "U.S. Route 66 U.S. Route 66 (US 66 or Route 66), also known as the Will Rogers Highway, the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, was one of the original highways within the U.S. Highway System. US 66 was established on November 11, 1926, with road signs erected the following year.[4] The highway, which became one of the most famous roads in the United States, originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona before ending at Santa Monica, California, covering a total of 2,448 miles (3,940 km).[5] It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" and the Route 66 television show in the 1960s.", "Lincoln Highway According to the Association's 1916 Official Road Guide a trip from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the Lincoln Highway was \"something of a sporting proposition\" and might take 20 to 30 days.[1] To make it in 30 days the motorist would need to average 18 miles (29Â km) an hour for 6 hours per day, and driving was only done during daylight hours. The trip was thought to cost no more than $5 a day per person, including food, gas, oil, and even \"five or six meals in hotels\". Car repairs would, of course, increase the cost.", "U.S. Route 40 Starting at its western terminus in Utah, US 40 crosses a total of 12 states, including Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey. Three former and four current state capitals lie along the route.[a] For much of its route, US 40 runs parallel to or concurrently with several major Interstate Highways: Interstate 70 from Colorado to Washington, Pennsylvania; and again from Hancock, Maryland to Baltimore, Maryland; Interstate 64 in parts of Missouri and Illinois; Interstate 68 along the Maryland Panhandle; and Interstate 95 from Baltimore to New Castle, Delaware.", "U.S. Route 40 The National Road was absorbed into the National Old Trails Ocean-to-Ocean highway, a route from New York, New York, to Los Angeles, California in the early 20th century. The National Road became US 40 in the original 1925 plan for U.S. Routes. To this day, many places still name US 40 \"National Road\", even where the alignment was moved from the original road. Besides US 40, much of the National Road is paralleled by segments of Interstates 68 and 70.[36]", "U.S. Route 66 In 1936, US 66 was extended from downtown Los Angeles to Santa Monica to end at US 101 Alt., today the intersection of Olympic and Lincoln Boulevards. Even though there is a plaque dedicating US 66 as the Will Rogers Highway placed at the intersection of Ocean Boulevard and Santa Monica Boulevard, the highway never terminated there.", "U.S. Route 60 US 60 had its beginnings in the Midland Trail, an auto trail organized in 1912 by residents of Grand Junction, Colorado.[6] The next year, this route was considered but rejected for the Lincoln Highway,[7] after which the Midland Trail Association laid out and marked its own transcontinental highway, eventually connecting Newport News, Virginia with Los Angeles, California. When the Joint Board on Interstate Highways published its preliminary plan for a system of interstate routes in 1925, the Midland Trail was split among many numbers, including 52, 62, 150, 50, and 40. East of Louisville, where it would become US 60, it was assigned parts of 52 and 62. Route 52 began at Newport News and followed the Midland Trail to Richmond, but took a more southerly route to Lexington, Virginia. The trail was used again through West Virginia to Huntington, where Route 52 split to the northwest. Route 62 began at Ashland, Kentucky (near Huntington) and followed the Midland Trail across northeastern Kentucky to Louisville, where the trail crossed the Ohio River and became Route 150. Route 62 continued southwest along the south bank of the Ohio River to Wickliffe in western Kentucky, and then crossed the Mississippi River at the Ohio's mouth. The final portion of Route 62 crossed southern Missouri to Springfield on an existing main highway that had been numbered 16 by the state.[8][9][10][11]", "Lincoln Highway In 2005, Greetings from the Lincoln Highway: America's First Coast-to-Coast Road, a comprehensive coffee table book by Brian Butko, became the first complete guide to the road, with maps, directions, photos, postcards, memorabilia, and histories of towns, people, and places. A mix of research and on-the-road fun, the book placed the LHA's early history in the context of roadbuilding, politics, and geography, explaining why the Lincoln followed the path it did across the US, including the oft-forgotten Colorado Loop through Denver. Butko's book also incorporated quotes from early motoring memoirs and postcard messages—sometimes funny, sometimes painfully descriptive of early motoring woes—hence the Greetings title. Butko had previously written an exhaustive guide to the Lincoln Highway in Pennsylvania in 1996, which was revised and republished in 2002 with different photos and postcard images.[29]", "U.S. Route 50 U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a major east–west route of the U.S. Highway system, stretching just over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from West Sacramento, California, to Ocean City, Maryland, on the Atlantic Ocean. Until 1972, when it was replaced by Interstate Highways west of the Sacramento area,[3] it extended (by way of Stockton, the Altamont Pass, and the Bay Bridge) to San Francisco, near the Pacific Ocean. The Interstates were constructed later and are mostly separate from this route. It generally serves a corridor south of Interstates 70 and 80 and north of Interstates 64 and 40. The route runs through mostly rural desert and mountains in the Western United States, with the section through Nevada known as \"The Loneliest Road in America\". In the Midwest, US 50 continues through mostly rural areas of farms as well as a few large cities including Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; and Cincinnati, Ohio. The route continues into the Eastern United States, where it passes through the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia before heading through Washington, D.C. From there, US 50 continues through Maryland as a high-speed road to Ocean City. Signs at each end give the length as 3,073 miles (4,946 km), but the actual distance is slightly less,[2] due to realignments since the former figure was measured. US 50 passes through a total of 12 states; California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia.", "Lincoln Highway In 1927, humorist Frederic Van de Water wrote The Family Flivvers to Frisco, an autobiographical account of him and his wife, a young couple from New York City, piling their belongings and their six-year-old son into their Model T Ford and camping their way to San Francisco on the Lincoln Highway, traveling over 4,500 miles (7,200Â km) through 12 states in 37 days. In his book, not much is made of the burden of traveling with a child who has a mind of his own. When they were forced by passing cars into a ditch near DeKalb, Illinois, Van de Water writes that his son (\"a small irate figure in yellow oilskins\"[citation needed]), \"scrambled over the door and started to walk in the general direction of New York\".[citation needed] The Van de Waters' travel expenses for their entire trip amounted to $247.83.[citation needed]", "Lincoln Highway The first seedling mile (1.6Â km) was built in 1914 west of Malta, Illinois; but, after years of experience, the LHA organized a design plan for a road section that could handle traffic 20 years into the future. Seventeen highway experts met between December 1920 and February 1921, and specified:", "Lincoln Highway Blair, Nebraska 41°32′44″N 96°8′4″W", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway Association did not have enough funds to sponsor large sections of the road, but from 1914 it did sponsor \"seedling mile\" projects. According to the 1924 LHA Guide the seedling miles were intended \"to demonstrate the desirability of this permanent type of road construction\" to rally public support for government-backed construction. The LHA convinced industry of their self-interest and was able to arrange donations of materials from the Portland Cement Association.[1]", "Lincoln Highway In 2008, the Lincoln Highway Heritage Corridor secured funding from the Sprout Fund in Pittsburgh for a new kind of Roadside Giants of the Lincoln Highway. High school boys and girls enrolled in five different career and technology schools along the 200-mile (320Â km) Lincoln Highway Heritage Corridor were invited to create their own Giant that would be permanently installed along the old Lincoln. The project involved collaboration among the schools' graphic arts, welding, building trades, and culinary arts departments. A structural engineer was hired to provide professional guidance to the design and installation of the Giants.[23] They include:", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway Association would have liked to have seen the Lincoln Highway designated as a United States route entirely across the continent and designated by a single numeral throughout its length. But it realized that this was only a sentimental consideration. ... The Lincoln Way is too firmly established upon the map of the United States and in the minds and hearts of the people as a great, useful and everlasting memorial to Abraham Lincoln to warrant any skepticism as to the attitude of those States crossed by the route. Those universally familiar red, white and blue markers, in many states the first to be erected on any thru route, will never lose their significance or their place on America's first transcontinental road.", "Lincoln Highway In 1919, author Beatrice Massey, who was a passenger as her husband drove, travelled across the country on the Lincoln Highway. When they reached Salt Lake City, Utah, instead of taking the rough and desolate Lincoln Highway around the south end of the Salt Lake Desert, they took the even more rough and more desolate \"non-Lincoln\" route around the north end of the Great Salt Lake. The arduousness of that section of the trip was instrumental in the Masseys deciding to ditch their road trip in Montello, Nevada (northeast of Wells, Nevada) where they paid $196.69 to board their automobile and themselves on a train to travel the rest of the way to California. Nevertheless, an enthusiastic Beatrice Massey wrote in her 1919 travelogue It Might Have Been Worse:", "Lincoln Highway In 2012, the 25-member Lincoln Highway Association National Mapping Committee, chaired by Paul Gilger, completed the research and cartography of the entire Lincoln Highway and all its subsequent realignments (totaling 5,872 mi or 9,450 km), a project which took more than 20 years. The association's interactive map website includes map, terrain, satellite and street-level views of the entire Lincoln Highway and all of its re-alignments, markers, monuments and historic points of interest.", "U.S. Route 1 U.S. Route 1 (US 1) is a major north–south U.S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs 2,369 miles (3,813 km), from Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada–US border, south to Key West, Florida, making it the longest north–south road in the United States.[2] US 1 is generally paralleled by Interstate 95 (I-95), though the former is significantly farther west (inland) between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the major cities of the East Coast—including Miami, Jacksonville, Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City and Boston, passing from the Southeastern United States to New England.", "U.S. Route 20 U.S. Highway 20 (US 20) is an east–west United States highway that stretches from the Pacific Northwest all the way to New England. The \"0\" in its route number indicates that US 20 is a coast-to-coast route. Spanning 3,365 miles (5,415 km), it is the longest road in the United States,[2] and particularly from Newport, Oregon to Boston, Massachusetts, the route is roughly parallel to that of the newer Interstate 90 (I-90), which is in turn the longest Interstate Highway in the U.S. There is a discontinuity in the official designation of US 20 through Yellowstone National Park, with unnumbered roads used to traverse the park.", "U.S. Route 66 US 66 had its western terminus in California, and covered 315 miles (507 km) in the state.[52] The terminus was located at the Pacific Coast Highway, then US 101 Alternate and now SR 1, in Santa Monica, California. The highway ran through major cities such as Santa Monica, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino. San Bernardino also contains one of the two surviving Wigwam Motels along US 66. The highway had major intersections with US 101 in Hollywood, I-5 in Los Angeles, I-15, and I-40 in Barstow, and US 95 in Needles. It also ran concurrent to I-40 at California's very eastern end.[53]", "U.S. Route 20 Wyoming\n US 14 / US 16 at the East Entrance to Yellowstone National Park, southeast of Pahaska Tepee. US 14/US 20 travel concurrently to Greybull. US 16/US 20 travel concurrently to Worland.\n US 310 west-northwest of Greybull\n US 26 in Shoshoni. The highways travel concurrently to Orin.\n I‑25 / US 87 at Events Drive on the Casper–Hartrandt city line. I-25/US 20 travel concurrently into Casper proper. US 20/US 87 travel concurrently to Orin.\n I‑25 in Casper\n I‑25 southeast of Glenrock. The highways travel concurrently to Orin.\n I‑25 / US 18 / US 26 / US 87 in Orin. US 18/US 20 travel concurrently to Lusk.\n US 85 in Lusk. The highways travel concurrently through the town.\nNebraska\n US 385 west of Chadron. The highways travel concurrently to Chadron.\n US 83 in Valentine. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Valentine.\n US 183 west-northwest of Long Pine. The highways travel concurrently to Bassett.\n US 281 in O'Neill. The highways travel concurrently through the city.\n US 275 / US 281 in O'Neill. US 20/US 275 travel concurrently to southeast of Inman.\n US 81 west-southwest of Randolph\n I‑129 / US 75 / US 77 in South Sioux City. I-129/US 20 travel concurrently to Sioux City, Iowa. US 20/US 75 travel concurrently to the Woodbury–Concord township line.\nIowa\n I‑29 / I‑129 in Sioux City\n US 59 in Holstein. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Holstein.\n US 71 in Boyer Valley Township.\n US 169 in Elkhorn Township\n US 69 in Liberty Township\n I‑35 in Rose Grove Township\n US 65 in Ellis Township\n US 63 in Waterloo\n I‑380 / US 218 in Waterloo. I-380/US 20 travel concurrently to Poyner Township.\nIllinois\n I‑39 / US 51 in Rockford. The highways travel concurrently to Cherry Valley.\n I‑90 north-northeast of Hampshire\n I‑355 in Addison\n I‑290 in Elmhurst. The highways travel concurrently through the city.\n US 12 / US 45 on the Stone Park-Melrose Park city line. US 12/US 20 travel concurrently to East Chicago, Indiana. US 20/US 45 travel concurrently to west of the Palos Hills-Hickory Hills city line.\n I‑290 on the Bellwood-Hillside-Westchester city line\n US 34 in La Grange\n I‑55 on the Countryside-Hodgkins city line\n I‑294 in Willow Springs\n I‑294 on the Hickory Hills-Bridgeview city line\n US 41 in Chicago. The highways travel concurrently to Whiting.\nIndiana\n I‑90 northwest of Whiting\n US 12 on the Hammond-Gary city line. The highways travel concurrently into Gary proper.\n I‑65 in Gary\n I‑90 in Gary\n I‑94 in Burns Harbor\n US 421 in Michigan City\n I‑94 east-southeast of Michigan City\n US 35 east-southeast of Michigan City\n US 31 in South Bend. The highways travel concurrently through the city.\n US 33 in Elkhart\n I‑69 in Jackson Township\nOhio\n US 127 in Mill Creek Township. The highways travel concurrently to Gorham Township.\n I‑475 / US 23 in Sylvania\n I‑80 / I‑90 in Maumee\n US 24 in Maumee\n I‑75 / US 23 in Perrysburg. US 20/US 23 travel concurrently to the Troy-Woodville township line.\n US 6 in Sandusky Township. The highways travel concurrently to Fremont.\n US 250 in Norwalk\n US 6 in Lakewood. The highways travel concurrently to Cleveland.\n US 6 / US 42 / US 322 / US 422 in Cleveland. US 20/US 422 travel concurrently for one block.\n US 6 in East Cleveland. The highways travel concurrently to Euclid.\n I‑90 on the Euclid-Wickliffe city line\nPennsylvania\n US 6N in Springfield Township\n I‑79 in Erie\n US 19 in Erie\n I‑90 east-northeast of North East\nNew York\n I‑90 in Hanover\n I‑390 east of Avon\n I‑81 south-southwest of LaFayette\n US 11 south of LaFayette\n I-87 in McKownville\n US 9W in Albany\n US 9 in Albany. The highways travel concurrently to Schodack.\n US 4 in East Greenbush\n I‑90 in Schodack\nMassachusetts\n US 7 in Pittsfield. The highways travel concurrently to Lenox.\n I‑90 in Lee\n US 202 in Westfield. The highways travel concurrently through the city.\n US 5 in West Springfield\n I‑91 in Springfield\n I‑291 in Springfield. The highways travel concurrently through the city.\n I‑84 in Sturbridge\n I‑395 / I‑290 in Auburn\n I‑495 in Marlborough\n I‑95 in Waltham\n Route 2 in Boston", "Lincoln Highway In 1924, the Ford Motor Company produced and released Fording the Lincoln Highway. The 30-minute silent film documented the 10-millionth Model T Ford and its promotional tour on the Lincoln Highway. The car came off the assembly line of Ford's Highland Park Assembly Plant on June 15, 1924, which was the 16th year of Model T production. The milestone flivver led parades through most of the towns and cities along the Lincoln Highway. It was driven by Ford racer Frank Kulick. Several million people are estimated to have seen the vehicle, which was greeted by governors and mayors at each stop along the route.[37]", "U.S. Route 30 in Iowa US 30 was created with the U.S. Highway System in 1926, but the route it takes dates back to 1913, when the Lincoln Highway Association (LHA) designated the route across the country. The brainchild of Carl Fisher, the Lincoln Highway was the first highway to cross the United States, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Iowa, it was uncertain exactly where the Lincoln Highway would run. As of August 1913, no definite route had been planned; the only certainty was the route would pass through Iowa. Iowans raised over $5 million (equivalent to $706 million in 2016 dollars[17]) for the construction of the road.[18] On September 14, 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association announced the route. It was 358 miles (576 km) of dirt roads, connecting Clinton, DeWitt, Cedar Rapids, Tama, Marshalltown, Ames, Jefferson, Denison, Logan, and Council Bluffs.[16] The route was marked by a red, white, and blue tricolor emblazoned with an L. The route markers were painted upon telephone poles, bridges, and nearby buildings to show travelers the way.[19]", "U.S. Route 40 The route was a cross-country, east–west route, as most routes with a \"0\" number were defined. In 1926, the road had a total mileage of 3,228 miles (5,195 km). Though the eastern terminus was planned for State Road, Delaware, by 1927 it was moved to Atlantic City, New Jersey. The western terminus was San Francisco via an auto ferry across San Francisco Bay from the Berkeley Pier in Berkeley, California. Upon completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, US 40 was re-routed over the bridge, bypassing the ferry pier. Early alignments of the road featured ferries at both ends. To cross the Delaware River, ferries were used, originally from Wilmington, Delaware (1927–1929) and later from New Castle, Delaware (1929–1951). In 1951, the opening of the Delaware Memorial Bridge replaced the ferry service and carried US 40 across the Delaware River.[40]", "U.S. Route 66 in Illinois The current \"End Historic Illinois U.S. Route 66\" markers are located on Jackson (eastbound) and the \"Start Historic Illinois U.S. Route 66\" markers are on Adams (westbound) at Michigan Avenue, in the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District, in recognition of the original eastern terminus of US 66 at Michigan and Jackson. The historic eastern terminus is marked by the southwest corner of the Art Institute of Chicago and the Fountain of the Great Lakes in the Art Institute's South Garden along Michigan Avenue; both the museum and the fountain were already there long before the route's inauguration at that intersection in November 1926 and remain there today.[19]", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway Association, originally established in 1913 to plan, promote, and sign the highway, was re-formed in 1992 and is now dedicated to promoting and preserving the road.", "Lincoln Highway In September 1912, in a letter to a friend, Fisher wrote that \"... the highways of America are built chiefly of politics, whereas the proper material is crushed rock, or concrete\".[1] The leaders of the LHA were masters of the public relations, and used publicity and propaganda as even more important materials.", "Lincoln Highway On March 9, 2014, Wyoming PBS premiered the Emmy Award-winning documentary film, 100 Years on the Lincoln Highway, produced by Tom Manning.[33] This hour-long documentary follows the route of the Lincoln Highway in Wyoming and explores many of the towns and landmarks along the way. Shot during its centennial year in 2013, the program features historians, authors, archeologists and Lincoln Highway enthusiasts explaining the history of the road and their fascination with its many permutations over the years. It also follows members of the official Lincoln Highway Association's Centennial Tour. Driving a collection of antique & modern automobiles spanning 100 years, they trace the original route of the Lincoln Highway across Wyoming.", "Lincoln Highway Fisher died about a year after the 25th Anniversary in 1939, having lost most of his fortune as a result of the great hurricane that slammed Miami beach in 1928, followed by the Great Depression at the same time that he was pouring millions of dollars into his Montauk Long Island resort development. In the many years since, the Lincoln Highway has remained a persistent memory:", "United States Numbered Highway System In the early 1910s, auto trail organizations—most prominently the Lincoln Highway—began to spring up, marking and promoting routes for the new recreation of long-distance automobile travel. While many of these organizations worked with towns and states along the route to improve the roadways, others simply chose a route based on towns that were willing to pay dues, put up signs, and did little else.[1]", "Lincoln Highway An independent international motor tour also toured the highway from July 1â€“26. Seventy-one classic cars were shipped from Europe to the United States and driven the entire route before being shipped home.[19]", "U.S. Route 66 While legislation for public highways first appeared in 1916, with revisions in 1921, it was not until Congress enacted an even more comprehensive version of the act in 1925 that the government executed its plan for national highway construction. The original inspiration for a roadway between Chicago and Los Angeles was planned by entrepreneurs Cyrus Avery of Tulsa, Oklahoma and John Woodruff of Springfield, Missouri. The pair lobbied the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) for the creation of a route following the 1925 plans.[13]", "Lincoln Highway During early Lincoln Highway days, business owners were intrigued with all the automobiles traveling the Lincoln Highway. In an effort to capture the business of these new motorists, some entrepreneurs created larger-than-life buildings in quirky shapes. Structures like Bedford's 2 1⁄2-story coffee pot, or the Shoe House near York, Pennsylvania, are examples of the \"Roadside Giants\" of the Lincoln Highway.[23]", "U.S. Route 40 The route was built on top of several older highways, most notably the National Road and the Victory Highway. The National Road was created in 1806 by an act of Congress to serve as the first federally funded highway construction project. When completed it connected Cumberland, Maryland, with Vandalia, Illinois. The Victory Highway was designated as a memorial to World War I veterans and ran from Kansas City, Missouri to San Francisco, California. Other important roads that have become part of US 40 include Zane's Trace in Ohio, Braddock Road in Maryland and Pennsylvania, the Black Horse Pike in New Jersey, part of the Oregon Trail in Kansas, and the Lincoln Highway throughout most of California.", "Lincoln Highway The 25th Anniversary of the Lincoln Highway was noted a month later in a July 3, 1938, nationwide radio broadcast on NBC Radio. The program featured interviews with a number of LHA officials, and a message from Carl Fisher read by an announcer in Detroit. Fisher's statement included:", "Lincoln Highway In preparation for the October 31 dedication ceremonies, the LHA asked clergy across the United States to discuss Abraham Lincoln in their sermons on November 2, the Sunday nearest the dedication. The LHA then distributed copies of many of the sermons, such as one by Cardinal Gibbons who, with the dedication fresh in mind, had written that \"such a highway will be a most fitting and useful monument to the memory of Lincoln\".[1]", "Lincoln Highway By the mid-1920s there were about 250 National auto trails. Some were major routes, such as the Lincoln Highway, the Jefferson Highway, the National Old Trails Road, the Old Spanish Trail, and the Yellowstone Trail, but most were shorter. Some of the shorter routes were formed more to generate revenues for a trail association rather than for their value as a route between significant locations.", "U.S. Route 1 The direct predecessor to USÂ 1 was the Atlantic Highway, an auto trail established in 1911 as the Quebec-Miami International Highway. In 1915 it was renamed the Atlantic Highway,[12] and the northern terminus was changed to Calais, Maine.[13] Due to the overlapping of auto trail designations, portions of the route had other names that remain in common use, such as the Boston Post Road between Boston and New York, the Lincoln Highway between New York and Philadelphia, Baltimore Pike between Philadelphia and Baltimore, and the Dixie Highway in and south of eastern Georgia. North of Augusta, Georgia, the highway generally followed the Eastern U.S. Fall Line, rather than a more easterly route through the swamps of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.[14] Brickell Avenue is the name given to the 2.4 mile stretch of U.S. Route 1 in Miami, Florida just south of the Miami River until the Rickenbacker Causeway.", "Lincoln Highway In 1916, \"Mistress of Etiquette\" Emily Post was commissioned by Collier's magazine to cross the United States on the Lincoln Highway and write about it. Her son Edwin drove, and an unnamed family member joined them. Her story was published as a book, By Motor to the Golden Gate. Her fame came later in 1922, with the publication of her first etiquette book.", "Lincoln Highway In the early days of the effort, each contribution from a famous supporter was publicized. Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas Edison, both friends of Fisher, sent checks. A friendly Member of Congress arranged for a dedicated motor enthusiast, President Woodrow Wilson, to contribute $5 whereupon he was issued Highway Certificate #1. Copies of the certificate were promptly distributed to the press.", "Lincoln Highway The most famous seedling mile built to these specifications was the 1.3-mile (2.1Â km) \"ideal section\" between Dyer and Schererville in Lake County, Indiana. With federal, state, and county funds, and a $130,000 contribution by United States Rubber Company president and LHA founder C.B. Seger, the ideal section was built during 1922 and 1923. Magazines and newspapers called the ideal section a vision of the future, and highway officials from across the country visited and wrote technical papers that circulated both in the United States and overseas. The ideal section is still in use to this day, and has worn so well that a driver would not notice it unless the marker near the road brought it to their attention.[1]", "Lincoln Highway In 1937, composer Harold Arlen and lyricist E. Y. Harburg (composers of \"Over the Rainbow\" and many other hits) wrote the song \"God's Country\", for the 1937 musical Hooray for What! The song was subsequently used for the finale of the 1939 MGM musical Babes in Arms, starring Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. The song starts with the famous lyric: \"Hey there, neighbor, goin' my way? / East or west on the Lincoln Highway? / Hey there Yankee, give out with a great big thank-ee; / You're in God's Country!\"[citation needed]", "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway was not yet the imagined \"rock highway\" from coast to coast when the LHA ceased operating, as there were many segments that had still not been paved. Some parts were because of reroutings, such as a dispute in the early 1920s with Utah officials that forced the LHA to change routes in western Utah and eastern Nevada. Construction was underway on the final unpaved 42-mile (68Â km) segment by the 25th anniversary of the Lincoln Highway in 1938.", "Lincoln Highway In 2010, singer-songwriter Chris Kennedy released the CD Postcards from Main Street, a collection of 11Â odes to small towns, two-lane roads, and a simpler, slower life. His fourth track is \"Looking for the Lincoln Highway\". Kennedy is an associate professor of Communications at Western Wyoming Community College, in Rock Springs, Wyoming, a town along the Lincoln Highway. \"Looking for the Lincoln Highway\" is one of two Lincoln Highway inspired songs that was featured in the 2014 documentary film 100 Years on the Lincoln Highway produced by Tom Manning for Wyoming PBS.", "Lincoln Highway Woody Guthrie's \"the Asch Recordings\" 1944 and 1945 included his song \"Hard Traveling\" with the line \"I've been walking that Lincoln Highway / I thought you knowed\".[citation needed]", "Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 Eisenhower's support of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 can be directly attributed to his experiences in 1919 as a participant in the U.S. Army's first Transcontinental Motor Convoy across the United States on the historic Lincoln Highway, which was the first road across America. The highly publicized 1919 convoy was intended, in part, to dramatize the need for better main highways and continued federal aid. The convoy left the Ellipse south of the White House in Washington, D.C., on July 7, 1919, and headed for Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. From there, it followed the Lincoln Highway to San Francisco. Bridges cracked and were rebuilt, vehicles became stuck in mud and equipment broke, but the convoy was greeted warmly by communities across the country. The convoy reached San Francisco on September 6, 1919.", "Lincoln Highway In April 1988, the University of Iowa Press published Lincoln Highway, the Main Street Across America, a text-and-photo essay and history by Drake Hokanson.[27] Hokanson had been intrigued by the mystery of this once-famous highway, and tried to explain the fascination with the route in an August 1985 article in Smithsonian magazine:", "U.S. Route 66 in Illinois The eastern endpoint of US 66 was always at US 41. The original 1926 terminus was at Jackson Boulevard and Michigan Avenue, as Michigan Avenue was designated US 41 in 1926.[10] However, when US 41 through most of Chicago was relocated to Lake Shore Drive in 1938, Route 66 was extended an additional two blocks east on Jackson Drive through Grant Park, past Buckingham Fountain, to end at Lake Shore Drive on the shore of Lake Michigan. This last two-block section on Jackson Drive is two way; consequently, when Jackson was designated a one-way street in 1955, westbound Route 66 made a one-block long jog northbound on Michigan Avenue before continuing west on Adams.[18]", "Lincoln Highway Since gasoline stations were still rare in many parts of the country, motorists were urged to top off their gasoline at every opportunity, even if they had done so recently. Motorists should wade through water before driving through to verify the depth. The list of recommended equipment included chains, a shovel, axe, jacks, tire casings and inner tubes, tools, and (of course) a pair of Lincoln Highway pennants. And, the guide offered this sage advice: \"Don't wear new shoes\".[1]", "Lincoln Highway If it had been restlessness and desire for a better way across the continent that brought the Lincoln Highway into existence, it was curiosity that kept it aliveâ€”the notion that the point of traveling was not just to cover the distance but to savor the texture of life along the way. Maybe we've lost that, but the opportunity to rediscover it is still out there waiting for us anytime we feel like turning off an exit ramp.[28]", "U.S. Route 50 US 50 was created in 1926 as part of the original U.S. Highway system. The original route planned in 1925 ran from Wadsworth, Nevada east to Annapolis, Maryland along several auto trails including the Lincoln Highway, Midland Trail, and the National Old Trails Road. The final 1926 plan had US 50 running from Sacramento, California east to Annapolis with a gap in west Utah that was bridged by running the route north via Salt Lake City before rerouting it to U.S. Route 6 in the 1950s. US 50 was extended west from Sacramento to San Francisco in the 1930s, replacing U.S. Route 48; this was reversed in 1964 when Interstate 580 replaced much of the route between the two cities. In addition, US 50 was extended east from Annapolis to Ocean City prior in 1949, replacing a portion of U.S. Route 213. US 50 had two split configurations into U.S. Route 50N and U.S. Route 50S, one in Kansas and another in Ohio and West Virginia; both of these instances have been removed.", "History of California 1900 to present Automobile travel became important after 1910 when motor cars and trucks began to become common. Before that nearly all long distance travel was by railroad or stagecoach, with horse- or mule-drawn wagons hauling the freight. A key route was the Lincoln Highway, which was America's first transcontinental road for motorized vehicles, connecting New York City to San Francisco. The creation of the Lincoln Highway in 1913 was a major stimulus on the development of both industry and tourism in the state. Similar effects occurred in 1926 with the creation of Route 66. The last large addition to the state highway system was made by the California State Assembly in 1959, after which only minor changes have been made. Most new highway construction was then done on the Interstate Highway System started under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation.", "Lincoln Highway 1940's gas pump", "U.S. Route 66 in California Starting in Santa Monica, California, US 66 originally started at the southwest end of Santa Monica Boulevard, which was, from the Santa Monica city line with Los Angeles up to US 101, added to SR 2 during the 1964 renumbering, the same name it had before 1936.[5] In today's terms, it followed Santa Monica Boulevard until the east end, where it continued to the southeast as Sunset Boulevard up to SR 110 (Arroyo Seco Parkway), at the interchange with US 101.", "Lincoln Highway In 2013, for the 100th Anniversary of the Lincoln Highway, Nils Anders Erickson composed the country song \"Goin Down the Lincoln Highway: 100 Years in Three Minutes\", featuring steel guitar and honky-tonk piano, with lyrics mentioning people \"coming from Norway and the UK\".[citation needed] The accompanying video, which can be viewed on YouTube, features over 300 images captured by Erickson of current and destroyed landmarks from Council Bluffs, Iowa, and three versions of the Historic Douglas St. Bridge. Erickson's intent is to create a version for every Lincoln Highway state.", "U.S. Route 66 After the new federal highway system was officially created, Cyrus Avery called for the establishment of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to promote the complete paving of the highway from end to end and to promote travel down the highway. In 1927, in Tulsa, the association was officially established with John T. Woodruff of Springfield, Missouri, elected the first president. In 1928, the association made its first attempt at publicity, the \"Bunion Derby,\" a footrace from Los Angeles to New York City, of which the path from Los Angeles to Chicago would be on US 66.[21] The publicity worked: several dignitaries, including Will Rogers, greeted the runners at certain points on the route. The race ended in Madison Square Garden, where the $25,000 first prize (equal to $348,692 in 2016) was awarded to Andy Hartley Payne, a Cherokee runner from Oklahoma. The U.S. Highway 66 Association also placed its first advertisement in the July 16, 1932, issue of the Saturday Evening Post. The ad invited Americans to take US 66 to the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. A U.S. Highway 66 Association office in Oklahoma received hundreds of requests for information after the ad was published.[22] The association went on to serve as a voice for businesses along the highway until it disbanded in 1976.", "Lincoln Highway In 1921, the popular two step march \"Lincoln Highway\" was composed by Harry J. Lincoln. The sheet music featuring an uncredited drawing of the road on the cover. Lincoln was also the publisher, and was based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania very near to where the highway passed through the city.", "Lincoln Highway In his newest book, Davies (Inside the Hurricane; The Devil's Flu) offers a play-by-play account of the 1919 cross-country military caravan that doubled as a campaign for the Lincoln Highway. The potential here is extraordinary. Using the progress of the caravan and the metaphor of paving toward the future versus stagnating in the mud, Davies touches on the industrial and social factors that developed the small and mid-sized towns that line the highways and byways of the nation.[citation needed]", "United States Numbered Highway System US 10, US 60, and US 90 only ran about two thirds of the way across the country, while US 11 and US 60 ran significantly diagonally. US 60's violation of two of the conventions would prove to be one of the major sticking points; US 60 eventually was designated as US 66 in 1926, and later it became popular in the culture. US 101 continues east and then south to end at Olympia, Washington.[26] The western terminus of US 2 is now at Everett, Washington.[8]", "Lincoln Highway We were now to traverse the Lincoln Highway and were to be guided by the red, white, and blue marks: sometimes painted on telephone poles; sometimes put up by way of advertisement over garage doors or swinging on hotel signboards; sometimes painted on little stakes, like croquet goals, scattered along over the great spaces of the desert. We learned to love the red, white, and blue, and the familiar big L which told us that we were on the right road.[25]", "Lincoln Highway The LHA preferred numbering the existing named routes, but in the end the LHA was more interested in the larger plan for roadbuilding than they were in officially retaining the name. They knew the Lincoln Highway name was fixed in the mind of the public, and James promised them that, so far as possible, the Lincoln Highway would have the number 30 for its entire route. An editorial in the February 1926 issue of The Lincoln Forum reflected the outcome:", "Santa Monica, California The Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) begins in Santa Monica near the Pacific Ocean and heads east. The Santa Monica Freeway between Santa Monica and downtown Los Angeles has the distinction of being one of the busiest highways in all of North America. After traversing Los Angeles County, I-10 crosses seven more states, terminating at Jacksonville, Florida. In Santa Monica, there is a road sign designating this route as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. State Route 2 (Santa Monica Boulevard) begins in Santa Monica, barely grazing State Route 1 at Lincoln Boulevard, and continues northeast across Los Angeles County, through the Angeles National Forest, crossing the San Gabriel Mountains as the Angeles Crest Highway, ending in Wrightwood. Santa Monica is also the western (Pacific) terminus of historic U.S. Route 66. Close to the eastern boundary of Santa Monica, Sepulveda Boulevard reaches from Long Beach at the south, to the northern end of the San Fernando Valley. Just east of Santa Monica is Interstate 405, the \"San Diego Freeway\", a major north-south route in Los Angeles County and Orange County, California.", "U.S. Route 66 When the highway was decommissioned, sections of the road were disposed of in various ways. Within many cities, the route became a \"business loop\" for the interstate. Some sections became state roads, local roads, private drives, or were abandoned completely. Although it is no longer possible to drive US 66 uninterrupted all the way from Chicago to Los Angeles, much of the original route and alternate alignments are still drivable with careful planning. Some stretches are quite well preserved, including one between Springfield, Missouri, and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Some sections of US 66 still retain their historic 9-foot-wide (2.7 m) \"sidewalk highway\" form,[32] never having been resurfaced to make them into full-width highways. These old sections have a single, paved lane, concrete curbs to mark the edge of the lane, and gravel shoulders for passing.", "U.S. Route 50 Within the District, US 50 immediately exits the freeway onto Constitution Avenue along the north side of the National Mall and south of the White House. After turning north on 6th Street Northwest, it exits the city to the northeast on New York Avenue. Upon crossing into Maryland, it passes the south end of the Baltimore-Washington Parkway and becomes the John Hanson Highway, a freeway to Annapolis. The portion of this highway east of the Capital Beltway (I-95/I-495) is also designated, but not signed as, Interstate 595, and U.S. Route 301 joins from the south at Bowie. The freeway continues beyond Annapolis as the Blue Star Memorial Highway which crosses Chesapeake Bay on the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and continues to Queenstown. There the Blue Star Highway continues northeast as US 301, while US 50 turns south, passing through Easton to Cambridge, and then east through Salisbury to Ocean City on the four-lane divided Ocean Gateway. US 50 ends near the Atlantic Ocean shore at Baltimore Avenue (Maryland Route 378 northbound); its westbound beginning is one block to the west, at Philadelphia Avenue (Maryland Route 528 southbound).[2]", "U.S. Route 50 Before the creation of the Interstate Highway System after World War II, US 50 was a major east–west route. Numbered highways in the United States follow a pattern of odd numbers for north–south routes and even numbers for east–west routes, hence the designation of \"50\" for this route. In the preliminary report, approved by the Joint Board on Interstate Highways in late 1925, US 50 ran from Wadsworth, Nevada to Annapolis, Maryland, passing through Pueblo, Colorado; Kansas City, Missouri; Tipton, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington, D.C.[5] The route did not directly replace any auto trail, instead combining portions of many into one continuous route. It followed the historic Northwestern Turnpike across West Virginia, and portions of other historic roads. Major auto trails followed, including the Midland Trail in part of Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and parts of Utah and Colorado. The National Old Trails Road (Old Santa Fe Trail) was designated in Kansas and eastern Colorado, and the Lincoln Highway was constructed in Nevada.[6] In most states that had numbered their state highways, US 50 followed only one or two numbers across the state.[note 1]", "U.S. Route 66 in Illinois The earliest known Chicago-to-St. Louis road was a former Native American Indian trail and stagecoach road that was renamed the Pontiac Trail in 1915. Route 66 began in Chicago and, once outside the metropolitan Chicago area, traveled down the Pontiac Trail through many cities and towns on its way southwest, including Joliet, Odell, Bloomington, Lincoln, Springfield, Edwardsville and East St. Louis.[4]", "Lincoln Highway Less than half the selected route was improved roadway. As segments were improved over time, the route length was reduced by about 250 miles (400Â km). Several segments of the Lincoln Highway route followed historic roads:", "U.S. Route 40 In 1806, Thomas Jefferson signed into law an act of Congress establishing a National Road to connect the waters of the Atlantic Ocean with the Ohio River. The law mentions Baltimore as its eastern terminus; but the route used established Maryland turnpikes east of Cumberland. A new road was constructed from Cumberland to Wheeling, West Virginia, and later extended across the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Segments of the National Road used Braddock's Road and Zane's Trace. Plans to extend the road to Missouri were never completed. The farthest western terminus for the National Road was the Old State House in Vandalia, Illinois.[36]" ]	[ "Lincoln Highway The Lincoln Highway was one of the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of America.[1] Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, and formally dedicated October 31, 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran coast-to-coast from Times Square in New York City west to Lincoln Park in San Francisco, originally through 13 states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. In 1915, the \"Colorado Loop\" was removed, and in 1928, a realignment relocated the Lincoln Highway through the northern tip of West Virginia. Thus, there are a total of 14 states, 128 counties, and more than 700 cities, towns and villages through which the highway passed at some time in its history." ]
test2064	when did david akers kick the 63 yard field goal	[ "doc72033" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc72033", "doc72023", "doc72017", "doc72030", "doc72032", "doc72028", "doc72034", "doc72027", "doc72026", "doc530719", "doc72031", "doc409835", "doc72016", "doc72024", "doc72022", "doc72019", "doc1703282", "doc1703260", "doc72037", "doc72035", "doc409863", "doc72021", "doc1703279", "doc113218", "doc72036", "doc113217", "doc303144", "doc1841077", "doc1703273", "doc1841074", "doc72029", "doc409862", "doc72025", "doc409866", "doc1703280", "doc1841056", "doc1703281", "doc740212", "doc2313999", "doc399047", "doc409865", "doc1841080", "doc363592", "doc72020", "doc1841068", "doc1143796", "doc1841079", "doc1841082", "doc1942914", "doc1703263", "doc2100734", "doc1942900", "doc409864", "doc113222", "doc2100732", "doc72040", "doc7641", "doc2314001", "doc1143797", "doc309640", "doc1841081", "doc1443751", "doc409836", "doc1841069", "doc1942920", "doc1781547", "doc1841076", "doc72039", "doc409868", "doc1793612", "doc2100709", "doc2100713", "doc1423717", "doc79937", "doc309647", "doc530744", "doc1942913", "doc72038", "doc1841070", "doc2100736", "doc113214", "doc1942912", "doc1942902", "doc1841063", "doc1841058", "doc1942921", "doc530731", "doc1942918", "doc530714", "doc1703278", "doc1942919", "doc72018", "doc409860", "doc113221", "doc1942905", "doc1942916", "doc1942901", "doc530738", "doc1121539", "doc530739" ]	[ "David Akers On September 9, 2012, Akers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal by kicking a 63-yard field goal off the crossbar against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field.[4] The record was originally set by Tom Dempsey and was shared with Jason Elam and Sebastian Janikowski until Broncos kicker Matt Prater broke the record with a 64-yard field goal on December 8, 2013.", "David Akers Akers' best statistical season was 2002 when he connected on 30 of 34 field goals (88.2%), scored a team-record 133 points, and made another Pro Bowl. He got fewer chances in 2003, but still made 24 of 29 field goals. He made the third-longest field goal in Eagles' history on September 14, 2003, a 57-yarder against the New England Patriots at the new Lincoln Financial Field (the only longer field goals in Eagles' history were Jake Elliott's 61-yard field goal in 2017 and Tony Franklin's 59-yard field goal in 1979.) In 2004, Akers continued his consistent kicking with an 84.4% field goal percentage, and he made his third Pro Bowl.", "David Akers Akers also played for the Carolina Panthers, Washington Redskins, Berlin Thunder, Philadelphia Eagles, San Francisco 49ers, and Detroit Lions. He was selected for the Pro Bowl six times in his career and was at one point tied for the longest field goal in NFL history when he kicked a 63-yard field goal with the San Francisco 49ers.", "David Akers Akers was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to a $9 million, three-year contract on July 29, 2011. He kicked a 59-yard field goal just before halftime in a preseason game against the New Orleans Saints on August 12, 2011. On September 18, 2011, he kicked a 55-yard field goal against the Dallas Cowboys, setting a record for the longest field goal made at Candlestick Park.", "David Akers On January 1, 2012, Akers broke the NFL record for most points by a kicker in a single season against the St. Louis Rams; he finished with 166 points. In this game, he also extended his NFL record for most field goals made in a single season, finishing with 44, and threw for a touchdown on a fake field goal. Akers made his sixth Pro Bowl at the end of the season.", "David Akers On January 11, 2009, Akers kicked three field goals in three attempts during a divisional playoff win over the New York Giants. The second of these set an NFL record for consecutive field goals without a miss during the postseason, previously held by one-time Eagle Gary Anderson. Akers eventually ran his streak to a record 19 consecutive postseason field goal conversions; it was snapped the very next week against the Arizona Cardinals. Akers currently has thirty-five total postseason field goal conversions.", "David Akers The long field goals by Elam, Janikowski, and Prater were all made in Denver, where the ball has the ability to travel slightly farther in thinner air. Elam kicked his 63-yard field goal at Mile High Stadium, while the 63-yarder by Janikowski and the 64-yarder by Prater were at Sports Authority Field at Mile High. It should be noted in track and field, the IAAF denotes any records set 1,000 metres (about 3,937 feet) or more above sea level as altitude-assisted records, and the Dempsey (Tulane Stadium) and Akers (Lambeau Field) records were set below the 1,000m threshold.[5][6]", "David Akers On December 7, 2008, Akers kicked a 51-yard field goal at Giants Stadium, his longest of the season. In the same game he had two field goals blocked, one of which was returned for a touchdown. At the end of the 2008 regular season, Akers again set the team single-season scoring record with an NFC-best 144 points. He connected on 33 of 40 field goals (82.5 pct), his best percentage since 2004.", "David Akers On December 16, 2007, in a 10-6 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Akers set the Philadelphia Eagles franchise record for most points and on Thanksgiving in 2008, Akers passed 1,000 career points during a 48-20 win over the Arizona Cardinals.", "Matt Bryant On October 22, 2006, in Week 7, Bryant successfully converted a 62-yard field goal as time expired in Tampa Bay's 23â€“21 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles.[21][22] In addition to the 62-yarder, he converted two other field goals and two extra points and earned his third career NFC Special Teams Player of the Week nomination.[9] The game-winning field goal was the second longest in NFL history (at that time), behind the 63-yard field goals kicked by Tom Dempsey in 1970 and Jason Elam in 1998. Sebastian Janikowski and David Akers have since kicked 63-yard field goals. Matt Prater holds the NFL record with a successful 64-yard attempt, which was done in the 2013 season. Prater, then with the Denver Broncos, hit the field goal against the Tennessee Titans.[23]", "David Akers Akers broke the 49ers' record for most points scored in a season in a 20â€“3 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in a Monday Night Football matchup on December 19, 2011.[3] The record was formerly held by the 49ers' Hall of Fame wide receiver, Jerry Rice. In that same game against the Seahawks, Akers broke the all-time record for field goals in a season, surpassing Neil Rackers' 40 in 2005.", "Field goal The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards, a record set by Matt Prater on December 8, 2013. The previous record was 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam, Sebastian Janikowski, and David Akers. High school, college and most professional football leagues offer only a three-point field goal; however, some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four-point field goals. NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three (much like Australian rules' Super Goal or basketball's three-point line), a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League. Similarly, the sport of arena football sought (unsuccessfully) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points; it failed, since only one kicker (Brian Mitchell) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency. (In six-man football, where there is no offensive line, all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three.)", "David Akers David Roy Akers (/ˈeɪkərz/; born December 9, 1974) is a former American football placekicker. He played college football at Louisville, and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 1997.", "David Akers Injuries finally got to Akers in 2005 when he tore the hamstring in his non-kicking leg during the opening kickoff against the Oakland Raiders on September 25, 2005. Akers left the game, but returned in the second half with a heavily taped leg to make two extra points and then kick the game-winning 28-yard field goal before collapsing in pain as his teammates mobbed him. He missed the next four games and finished the season 16 for 22.", "David Akers After Washington cut Akers, the Philadelphia Eagles claimed him off waivers and allocated him to NFL Europe. A solid season with the Berlin Thunder helped him earn the kicking job for the Eagles in 2000. Akers proved to be one of the biggest special teams surprises in all of the NFL that season. He made 29 out of 33 field goals (an 87.9% success rate), and had a team-record 121 points. Akers earned the NFC Special Teams Player of the Month award in November 2000. He made the Pro Bowl for the first time in 2001 as he went 26-for-31, making a team-record seventeen consecutive field goals during the season.", "David Akers Akers attended college at the University of Louisville and played for the Louisville Cardinals football team. During his four-year college career, Akers kicked a school-record 36 field goals (with a long of 51 yards against Texas A&M University), and ranks second on Louisville's all-time scoring list, with 219 points.", "Sebastian Janikowski On September 12, 2011, as a rainy first half against the Denver Broncos came to a close, Janikowski made a 63-yard field goal and tied the NFL record set by Tom Dempsey in 1970 and previously tied by Jason Elam (1998) and afterwards by David Akers (2012), but which has subsequently been broken by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos. On November 27, 2011, in a game against the Chicago Bears, he made 6 field goals of 40, 47, 42, 19, 37, and 44 yards to break the team record of most field goals in a single game.[26] He attempted a record breaking 65-yard field goal on December 18, 2011, against the Detroit Lions, but Ndamukong Suh blocked it to end the game.", "Sebastian Janikowski On September 12, 2011, in a Monday Night Football game against the Denver Broncos, he tied the previous NFL record for the longest field goal at 63 yards, sharing the record with Tom Dempsey, Jason Elam, and David Akers. The record stood for just over two years when it was broken by Denver Broncos kicker Matt Prater on December 8, 2013. Janikowski also holds the record for most games played with the Raiders; as the end of the 2017 season, he has played 268 games with the team.", "David Akers On April 6, 2013, Akers signed with the Detroit Lions, three days after the retirement of 21-season Lions kicker Jason Hanson.[9]", "David Akers The 49ers advanced to Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season, marking Akers' second appearance in the game. In the game, Akers went 3 for 3 in field goal attempts, but San Francisco narrowly lost to the Baltimore Ravens by a 34â€“31 score.[7]", "Field goal The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8, 2013.[14] The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28, 2008.[15]", "David Akers Akers was signed by the Washington Redskins in 1998 and played in one game for them, making two extra points but missing two field goal attempts of 48+ yards each. He was waived by the Redskins during the 1999 season.", "Sebastian Janikowski On November 4, 2007, he attempted to kick a 64-yard record field goal before halftime against the Houston Texans on a windless Oakland afternoon in McAfee Coliseum. If successful, the kick would have broken the all-time NFL field goal record of 63 yards. However, it bounced off the right upright and came back out.[23]", "Field goal range The CFL record is 62 yards held by Paul McCallum, the NFL preseason record 65 yards held by Ola Kimrin, the independent amateur record (as well as the record without the aid of a tee; tees are not allowed in the NFL and have been banned from NCAA since 1989) is 68 yards held by Fabrizio Scaccia, and the high school record 68 yards held by Dirk Borgognone; high school has wider goal posts and treats a field goal attempt that lands short in the field of play the same as a punt, making longer attempts much less risky. The indoor football record, with narrower and higher goal posts, is 63 yards (set by Aaron Mills), which is practically as long of a field goal as is possible in that variant of the sport, since the field in indoor football (including both end zones) is only 66 yards. Scaccia, while playing indoor football, attempted a 64-yard kick that was inches short of success, hitting the crossbar. Longer field goals have been attempted at times; the longest attempt in the NFL, which was well short and was kicked into the wind, was 76 yards, attempted by Sebastian Janikowski of the Oakland Raiders, in a September 28, 2008 game against the San Diego Chargers.", "David Akers On March 6, 2013, Akers was released after two seasons with the 49ers.[8]", "Field goal range The longest field goal in recorded football history was 69 yards, set by collegiate kicker Ove Johansson, who was born in Sweden, in a 1976 Abilene Christian University football game against East Texas State University (now Texas A&M Commerce) at Shotwell Stadium in Abilene.[3] The longest successful field goal in the NFL was 64 yards and was completed by Matt Prater in 2013. The NCAA record is 67 yards held by 3 kickers, Russell Erxleben of Texas, Steve Little of Arkansas and Joe Williams of Wichita State University. All three of those kickers achieved that feat in the 1977-1978 college seasons. Notably, Johansson, Erxleben and Little all failed dramatically when they entered the NFLâ€” Johansson's failure was due to an injury, but the other two were first-round draft busts.", "Super Bowl XLVII On special teams, punter Andy Lee led the NFL in net yards per punt (43.2) and ranked 5th in gross yards per punt (48.1). He planted 36 punts inside the 20-yard line with just 5 touchbacks. Kicker David Akers had a relatively bad year overall, converting only 69 percent of his field goal attempts, but in the week 1 contest against the Green Bay Packers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal with a successful 63-yard attempt.", "Matt Prater On December 8, 2013, Prater set a new NFL record by successfully kicking a 64-yard field goal against the Tennessee Titans as time expired in the first half.[11] Prater also set a new NFL record for extra points in a single season, with 75.[12]", "Sebastian Janikowski On September 12, 2011, in a Monday Night Football game against the Denver Broncos, he tied the previous NFL record for the longest field goal at 63 yards.[8]", "Matt Prater On December 11, 2011, in a game against the Chicago Bears, Prater kicked a 59-yard field goal with three seconds remaining to tie the game. He then followed up by kicking a 51-yard field goal to win the game in overtime, 13-10.", "David Akers Akers was selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl, his fourth. He was also named to the NFL All-Decade Team for the 2000s.[2] After the 2010 season, he was selected to his fifth career Pro Bowl.", "Field goal The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards. It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions (now Texas A&M University–Commerce) in Shotwell Stadium, Abilene, Texas.[13]", "David Akers In 2006, Akers was injury-free, but made only 18 of 23 attempts (78.3%), his second worst season statistically.", "Field goal In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29, 2002, Ola Kimrin kicked a 65-yard field goal.[18] However, because pre-season games are not counted toward official records, this accomplishment is not the official record.", "Sebastian Janikowski On September 28, 2008, Janikowski unsuccessfully attempted a 76-yard field goal against the San Diego Chargers into the heavy wind right before halftime. This is presumed to be the longest attempt in NFL history; though the league keeps no such records on attempts, the longest known attempts previous to this were 74 yard attempts by Mark Moseley and Joe Danelo in 1979.[24]", "Matt Prater Matthew Phillip Prater (born August 10, 1984) is an American football placekicker for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Central Florida, and was originally signed by the Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2006. Prater holds the NFL record for kicking the longest field goal (64 yards), which he set on December 8, 2013, as a member of the Denver Broncos in a game against the Tennessee Titans in the first half as time expired. He also holds the Detroit Lions franchise record for longest field goal (59 yards), which he set on January 3, 2016. He was cut by the Denver Broncos after completing a suspension for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy. With the Lions in the 2016 and 2017 seasons, Prater set the NFL records for consecutive field goal conversions of 50+ yards (14 field goals) and 55+ yards (seven field goals).", "Sebastian Janikowski On October 19, 2008, Janikowski broke his own Raiders team record, making a 57-yard field goal in overtime to defeat the New York Jets, 16â€“13, the longest overtime field goal in NFL history. On December 27, 2009, he again broke his own team record by kicking a 61-yard field goal against the Cleveland Browns before halftime. On December 26, 2010, Janikowski converted a 59-yard field goal in the second quarter of a home game against the Indianapolis Colts[25] making him the second player with two 59+ yard field goals (Morten Andersen). On January 3, 2010, he reached his 1,000th career point with a 39-yard field goal against the Baltimore Ravens. He is the highest scoring player in Raiders history.", "San Francisco 49ers Another storyline towards the end of the 2012 season was the reliability of kicker David Akers. Towards the end of the season, he began to show signs of decline, missing one field goal of 20–30 yards, two field goals of 30–40 yards, and six field goals of 40–50 yards for a below-average conversion percentage of 69%.[31] Akers was released on March 6, 2013.[32] Shortly afterwards, the 49ers signed veteran kicker Phil Dawson.[33] The 49ers would also trade a sixth round draft pick for wide receiver Anquan Boldin from the Baltimore Ravens, the team that had beaten them in the Super Bowl.[34]", "Justin Tucker In 2013, Tucker kicked a franchise record-tying six field goals that were the Ravens' only points in an 18â€“16 win against the Detroit Lions in a Monday Night Football game at Ford Field in Detroit on December 16, including a personal (and franchise) record 61-yard field goal in the last minute to seal the victory. During the game, Tucker became the first kicker in NFL history to kick a field goal in the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s in the same game. Tucker's 61-yard field goal also set the NFL record for longest field goal in a domed stadium.[9] Tucker was elected to his first Pro Bowl to end the 2013 season. He was also voted 1st team All-Pro by AP voters.[10]", "Heinz Field The longest NFL field goal ever kicked in Heinz Field is 53 yards. Dallas Cowboys kicker Dan Bailey first set the record in 2016. That record was tied on November 26, 2017 by Pittsburgh Steelers kicker Chris Boswell in a game-winning effort over the Green Bay Packers with 4 seconds remaining in the game, resulting in a 31-28 win. In collegiate play, former Old Dominion kicker Jarod Brown made a 54-yard kick against the Pittsburgh Panthers in 2013.", "Field goal Prior to Dempsey's 1970 kick, the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56-yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953. A 55-yard field goal, achieved by a drop kick, was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924, and stood as the unofficial record until that point; some sources indicate a 54-yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record, due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll's 55-yarder.", "Matt Prater On March 6, 2015, the Lions re-signed Prater to a three-year, $9 million contract extension.[17] In Week 6 against the Chicago Bears, Prater kicked a 37-yard field goal in overtime to win the game, 37-34. In a game against the Chicago Bears on January 3, 2016, Prater made a 59-yard field goal, which set a Detroit Lions franchise record for the longest field goal.[18]", "New Orleans Saints One of the franchise's early bright moments came on November 8, 1970, when Tom Dempsey kicked an NFL record-breaking 63-yard field goal to defeat the Detroit Lions by a score of 19â€“17 in the final seconds of the game. The record was not broken until 2013 by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos.", "David Akers Between 1997 and 1998, as an undrafted free agent, Akers spent time trying to make the team with the Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers.", "Matt Prater Prater became the starting kicker for the Denver Broncos, replacing Jason Elam who signed with the Atlanta Falcons. The Broncos waived Garrett Hartley on July 21, 2008, leaving Prater as the only kicker on the Denver roster going into their first preseason game against the Houston Texans.[2] On September 28, 2008, Prater made a 56-yard field goal late in the first half of the Broncos' loss at the Kansas City Chiefs, which was the third longest field goal in team history and the longest away from Denver.[3] He made two field goals of more than 50 yards during the game.", "Placekicker Placekickers in the modern game usually wear specialized shoes (soccer boots), but in very rare circumstances some prefer to kick barefoot. Tony Franklin was one such barefoot kicker, who played in Super Bowls for the Philadelphia Eagles and New England Patriots. Another was Rich Karlis, who once shared two kicking records - the record for longest field goal in Super Bowl history, kicking a 47-yard field goal in Super Bowl XXI and also for the most field goals in a game, seven for Minnesota in 1989, tying Jim Bakken's record of the time, a record since broken by Rob Bironas.[citation needed] Englishman Rob Hart kicked barefoot during his 7-year NFL Europe career. John Baker also used the style in the 1990s in the Canadian Football League, as did José Cortéz in the XFL. The last person to kick barefoot in an NFL game was Jeff Wilkins in 2002.", "Matt Prater On October 7, 2014, the Detroit Lions signed him to a one-year deal.[14] Prater was Detroit's 3rd kicker in only a little over a month after Nate Freese and Alex Henery had struggles in the kicking game. In Prater's debut as a Lion, he only made 1 of 3 kicks on a rather windy day at TCF Bank Stadium, but the Lions still got the win over the Minnesota Vikings.[15] Two weeks later, Prater missed a game-winning 43 yard field goal against the Atlanta Falcons in London, but due to a delay of game penalty on Detroit, was allowed to re-kick from 48 yards out from which he converted, winning the game for the Lions.[16] He finished the year converting 21 field goals on 26 attempts.", "Matt Prater In Week 1, Prater had to take over punting duties after Kasey Redfern left with an injury early in the game. He kicked a 58-yard field goal, went 2-for-2 on extra points and punted four times with an average of 35 yards in a 35-23 win over the Arizona Cardinals, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week.[23] Prater was named NFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September after making all six of his field goal attempts, including four conversions from 55 yards and longer. This gave Prater an NFL record seven straight field goals of 55 yards or longer without a miss, going back to 2016. Prater has also converted 14 consecutive 50+ yard field goals going back to last season, which is also an NFL record.[24] Both streaks ended when Prater missed on a 59-yard attempt the following week against the Minnesota Vikings.[25] On October 25, 2017, Prater signed a three-year contract extension with the Lions.[26]", "Dan Bailey (American football) On October 12, Bailey became the most-accurate kicker in NFL history with a 48-yard made field goal in the first quarter of the Cowboy's 30-23 eventual win over the Seattle Seahawks.", "Sebastian Janikowski During his senior year at Seabreeze, Janikowski played both soccer and football after being recruited by the school's football coach. As the team's placekicker, he quickly earned a reputation by kicking four field goals of 50+ yards. One of them was for 60 yards, third-best in Florida prep school history. During a practice at Seabreeze High, he kicked an 82-yard field goal.[2] USA Today named Janikowski to its 1996 All-American team. After being heavily recruited by some of the top collegiate football programs, Janikowski decided on Florida State University.[2]", "Stephen Gostkowski During the preseason, Gostkowski made a 60-yard field goal against the Carolina Panthers; had it been a regular-season or postseason game, it would have been the longest field goal in Patriots history (Adam Vinatieri held the record, with a 57-yard field goal against the Chicago Bears in 2002). Gostkowski scored three field goals against the Oakland Raiders in a 16–9 Week 3 victory; coincidentally, all the points in that game were scored by players whose names ended in \"-kowski\": all of Oakland's points were scored by Sebastian Janikowski, while the only touchdown in the game was scored by Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski.[25] In the Patriots' Week 15 41–13 rout of the Miami Dolphins, Gostkowski broke the Patriots' career scoring mark set by Vinatieri in 2005, doing so in just his 134th game as a Patriot.", "Dan Bailey (American football) In Week 3, an 18â€“16 win over the Washington Redskins, he tied a rookie record by converting six field goals (accounting for all of Dallas' points). This was the first time since 2001 that the Cowboys won a game without scoring a touchdown and the sixth in club history. He became the third rookie in NFL history to make six field goals in a game. Garo Yepremian made six-of-eight November 13, 1966, for the Detroit Lions, and Jeff Reed made all six on December 1, 2002, for the Pittsburgh Steelers.[12] This performance earned him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors.", "Field goal In the history of the NFL regular season, only 18 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards:[16]", "Field goal range The only successful drop kick in the NFL since the 1941 NFL Championship Game was by Doug Flutie, the backup quarterback of the New England Patriots, against the Miami Dolphins on January 1, 2006, for an extra point after a touchdown. Flutie had estimated \"an 80 percent chance\" of making the drop kick, which was called to give Flutie, 43 at the time, the opportunity to make a historic kick in his final NFL game, the drop kick being his last play in the NFL. After the game, New England coach Bill Belichick said, \"I think Doug deserves it,\" and Flutie said, \"I just thanked him for the opportunity.\" The kick was executed from 27 yards out (Flutie stood in a punter position, 15 yards behind the line of scrimmage). Drew Brees, a former teammate of Flutie's, attempted a drop-kicked extra point from the same position during the poorly received 2012 Pro Bowl; his kick, however, fell short.", "Stephen Gostkowski Gostkowski finished the season with 143 points, five short of his career high in 2007; he made 28 of 33 field goals and all 59 of his extra-point attempts. Gostkowski was one of two kickers to score five or more points in every game in 2011 (the other was David Akers), and the third player in NFL history to manage the feat (Gary Anderson also did it in 1998).", "David Akers In 2001, the Akers family formed the David Akers Kicks for Kids Foundation, which has established programs with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to benefit sick children and their families. He also regularly trains in martial arts such as jiu-jitsu and Shaolin Kempo.[14]", "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season Playing in extraordinarily windy conditions at Soldier Field, the Eagles air attack was somewhat hindered in its 19–9 win over the Chicago Bears. David Akers, facing his most challenging conditions of the season, connected on a 51-yard field goal in the first quarter. He made another field goal in the second quarter to double Philadelphia's lead to 6–0. Capitalizing on a turnover, Donovan McNabb hit his favorite target Terrell Owens for an 11-yard touchdown in the second quarter. With another Akers field goal, the Eagles led 16–0. The Bears got on the board with a field goal before the half ended, but Akers' fourth field goal made it 19–3. Akers missed his next two field goals in the increasingly windy conditions, but the Eagles hung on for the 19–9 victory. Brian Westbrook had a career-high 23 rushes for 115 yards and Owens caught his sixth touchdown in just four games. With the victory, the Eagles completed a four-game sweep of their schedule preceding their Week 5 bye.", "Justin Tucker In Week 12 of the 2016 season against the Bengals, Tucker kicked four field goals, three for over 50 yards in a 19-14 win, earning him AFC Special Teams Player of the Week.[14] In Week 15 against the Eagles, Tucker tied the NFL single-season record for 10 field goals of more than 50 yards. He was named to his second Pro Bowl, his first since 2013, as a result of his successful 2016 season and was named First-team All-Pro for the second time in his career.[15]", "Placekicker A unique shoe was worn by New Orleans Saints kicker Tom Dempsey; Dempsey had a deformed kicking foot that left him with a flat kicking surface at the front of his foot, and he wore a shoe that accommodated it. After Dempsey kicked a record-setting 63-yard field goal using the special shoe, the league instituted a rule change establishing standards for kicking shoes. This eventually ended Dempsey's kicking career.", "1998 NFC Championship Game Vikings placekicker Gary Anderson had joined the team that off-season after playing for three different teams in his 16-year NFL career. In 1998, he became the first placekicker in NFL history to convert every field goal and extra point attempted.[9][10] He finished the regular season 35/35 on field goals, with a long of 53 yards, and 59/59 on extra points.[19] As a result, he was voted to the 1998 NFC Pro Bowl team, the fourth Pro Bowl invitation of his career, and was voted to the AP All-Pro team for the first time.[21] He also converted every field goal and extra point attempt in a Divisional playoff round victory against the Arizona Cardinals the week before the NFC Championship.[10][22] Entering the NFC Championship Game, his last miss was on December 15, 1997, against the Denver Broncos, when he was a member of the San Francisco 49ers.[11]", "Matt Prater Prater was named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for Week 9 when he went 3 for 3 in field goal tries, including a 58 yarder with 0:02 left to send the game into overtime, where the Lions would beat the Minnesota Vikings. Prater was also named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for Week 12 when he converted the game tying and game winning attempts to beat the Minnesota Vikings in the final two minutes.[19] To cap off his performances, Prater won NFC Special Teams Player of the Month going 8-for-8 on field goals with two over 50 yards.[20] He once again earned Special Teams Player of the Week for Week 13 when he made five field goals, including a 52-yarder, in a 28-13 win over the Saints.[21] Prater was named to his second Pro Bowl as an alternate for Atlanta Falcons kicker Matt Bryant after the 2016 season.[22]", "Miracle at the Meadowlands The Eagles lost the playoff game to the Atlanta Falcons because of another failed extra point, in addition to a missed field goal as time expired. But it gave them and their fans something to build on for the next season. Philadelphia corrected its kicking woes by drafting barefoot Tony Franklin from Texas A&M in 1979. As a rookie, Franklin booted a 59-yard field goal on Monday Night Football against the Dallas Cowboys during a 31–21 victory at Texas Stadium.", "Field goal The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3. In comparison, Jan Stenerud, one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame (along with Ray Guy), had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985.[2]", "Matt Prater On October 5, 2008, Prater converted three out of three field goals, including a 55-yarder, as part of a 16-13 Broncos home win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[4] He also recorded four touchbacks out of five kickoffs. His performance during the game led to him being named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for Week 5 of the 2008 NFL season.[5][6] Prater won the award for the first time in his career.", "Dan Bailey (American football) He returned to play on the Thanksgiving game against the San Diego Chargers, but would struggle in the following weeks. Against the New York Giants he missed two field goals and one extra point in a 30â€“10 win. Against the Seattle Seahawks, in a game the Cowboys needed to win to keep their playoff aspirations alive, he made a 51-yard field goal after hitting the left upright and missed 2 additional field goals, which could have helped the team stay closer in an ultimately season-ending 21-12 loss. In the season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles, he missed one extra point and one field goal in a 6-0 win. Before his injury, Bailey had been the most accurate kicker in NFL history among players with at least 100 attempts, but fell behind Justin Tucker.[30]", "1969 Kansas City Chiefs season The Vikings began the game by taking the opening kickoff and marching from their own 20-yard line to the Kansas City 39-yard line, but were forced to punt. The Chiefs then drove 42 yards in 8 plays to score on kicker Jan Stenerud's Super Bowl record 48-yard field goal. (According to Dawson, the Vikings were shocked that the Chiefs would attempt a 48-yard field goal. \"Stenerud was a major factor\", he said.)[8] Minnesota then managed to reach midfield on their next drive, but were forced to punt again.", "Matt Prater On October 6, 2013, when the Broncos faced the Dallas Cowboys, with a 48-48 score with 2 seconds left in regulation, Prater kicked the game-winning 28 yard field goal, to allow a Broncos 51–48 victory, as Denver went 5–0 for the first time since 2009.", "David Akers Akers is a Christian.[13]", "Field goal The longest known drop-kicked field goal in college football was a 62-yard kick from Pat O'Dea, an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team. O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15, 1898.[22]", "History of the New Orleans Saints The season started off poorly for the Saints. After going 1-5-1 in the first seven games, Fears was fired and replaced by J.D. Roberts on November 3. In Roberts' first game as coach, New Orleans trailed the Detroit Lions 17-16 with time winding down, but Tom Dempsey kicked an NFL-record 63-yard field goal as time expired to win the game. The record would stand through 2013 (43 years later), when Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos broke it with a 64-yard field goal. Dempsey's achievement is made all the more remarkable by the fact that he was born without toes on his right foot (which he kicked with). This Saints victory, however, would be the last for the season; they lost their last six games to finish 2-11-1, the worst record in the young history of the franchise.", "Stephen Gostkowski During the 2006 preseason, Gostkowski was perfect on kicks and PATs, going 9-for-9 and 11-for-11, respectively, for a total of 38 points. His longest field goal was a 54-yard attempt against the New York Giants in the last preseason game. On November 26, 2006, Gostkowski made the longest regular-season kick of his young career, a 52-yard kick against the Chicago Bears, which is also the longest kick ever made at Gillette Stadium. Gostkowski finished the 2006 season as the highest-scoring rookie, with 103 points (20 field goals and 43 PATs), edging out the 96 points scored by Jacksonville running back Maurice Jones-Drew.", "Stephen Gostkowski In the AFC Divisional Playoffs against the San Diego Chargers, Gostkowski made three of three field goals, including a 50-yard kick that was the longest successful kick in Patriots postseason history. He also made a 34-yarder in the third quarter and a 31-yard kick with 1:10 left in the fourth that made him only the third NFL rookie to attempt a game-winning playoff kick in the fourth quarter or overtime. (One of the others was Chargers kicker Nate Kaeding, who missed his attempt in the 2004 playoffs; in this game, Kaeding missed a potential game-tying 54-yarder in the closing seconds.) Gostkowski also converted his only extra point attempt of the game following a Jabar Gaffney touchdown in the second quarter.", "Fair catch kick The following tables contain all confirmed fair catch kick attempts in the NFL; the NFL does not keep a record of fair catch kick attempts, so the true number of attempts is unknown.[25] Out of the twenty-four recorded fair catch kick attempts in non-exhibition games, only six were successful; all five known attempts in exhibition games were unsuccessful. With the exception of the second recorded attempt, which was made in the 3rd quarter, all fair catch kick attempts were made within the last thirty seconds of either the 2nd or 4th quarter. The last successful attempt was made in 1976 by Ray Wersching of the San Diego Chargers (45 yards), and the longest successful attempt was made in 1964 by Paul Hornung of the Green Bay Packers (52 yards). The most recent fair catch kick attempt was by San Francisco 49ers kicker Phil Dawson, who missed a 71-yard fair catch kick on September 26, 2013. In 2017, with 3 seconds left in the fourth quarter of Super Bowl LI, the New England Patriots declined an opportunity to attempt a 75-yard fair catch kick, which would have won the game if successful, because of the risk of a return if the kick came up short.[24]", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles In Week 15, the Eagles beat New York in a shocking upset by overcoming a 21-point deficit in the second half. In the closing seconds of the game, DeSean Jackson returned a punt 65 yards for a touchdown to win 38-31. This became known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands.[20] After locking up their first division title in four years, the Eagles played a surprisingly bad game against Minnesota and lost. The team lost a meaningless season ender against Dallas before preparing to host Green Bay again in the wild card round of the playoffs. Despite playing the Packers hard, Philadelphia's first home playoff game since 2006 ended in defeat 21-16 as Vick threw a hail mary interception in the closing minute of the 4th quarter. Pro bowler David Akers, who had one of the best seasons ever by a kicker, also contributed to the loss having a rare poor game going 1 for 3, missing from 34 & 41 yards.", "1998 NFC Championship Game The incompletion on 3rd down stopped the clock with 2:11 left in the game.[11] The field goal attempt was placed from 39 yards away, which is not considered a particularly difficult field goal distance by NFL standards.[9][30] Because the game was played indoors at the Metrodome, there were no adverse weather conditions that might have affected the kick.[9] The ball was snapped on 4th down with punter Mitch Berger holding. The Vikings faced a heavy rush from cornerback Michael Booker on the left side of the line of scrimmage and cornerbacks Ronnie Bradford and Ray Buchanan on the right, who ran into Anderson and knocked him to the ground after the kick. The ball sailed about a foot wide left of the upright with 2:07 left on the game clock. Afterward, Anderson momentarily stood on the field with arms akimbo before heading to the sideline, as Falcons players celebrated around him.[11]", "Matt Bryant In Week 6, against the Green Bay Packers, he converted three extra point attempts and two field goal attempts in the 33â€“32 victory. In the game, he passed Morten Andersen for the franchise record for career points scored with his 807th point scored.[70][71]", "Dan Bailey (American football) On October 5, he missed a potential game-winning 53-yard field goal against the Houston Texans at the end of regulation, breaking a franchise record streak of 30 consecutive makes dating back to the previous season. He later kicked the game-winning 49-yard field goal in overtime.", "David Akers Akers and his wife, Erika, reside in Franklin, Tennessee, with their sons Luke and Sawyer, and daughter Halley. He has maintained a summer residence in Ocean City, New Jersey.[12]", "Matt Prater Despite completing five of six field goals from beyond 50 yards on the season, he was only 25/34 overall (73.5%), making him one of the most inaccurate kickers in the league for the season.[7]", "Stephen Gostkowski In a Week 3 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars, Gostkowski recorded his 423rd consecutive extra point, breaking Matt Stover's record of 422. For the first three weeks, he converted 14 of 14 extra points and 7 of 7 field goals, and was named AFC Special Teams Player of the Month for the third time in his career. During the Patriots' Week 5 game at AT&T Stadium versus the Dallas Cowboys, Gostkowski tied Vinatieri's franchise record kicking a 57-yard field goal to end the first half. Through the first five games of the season, Gostkowski was 12-for-12 on field goals and 21-for-21 on extra points.[26] He added three more field goals on three tries in a 30–23 win over the New York Jets in week 7 to start his season 15-for-15. Against the Miami Dolphins in a 36–7 win on Oct 29, he was four-for-four on extra points and two-for-two on field goals, including a 52-yarder.[27] Against the New York Giants on Nov. 15, with only one second remaining, he kicked the game-winning 54 yard field goal to get the 27–26 win, with the Patriots staying undefeated at 9–0 on the season. Additionally, he surpassed Adam Vinatieri on the Patriots' all-time leader in field goals.[28] With the performance against the Giants, Gostkowski improved to 21-of-21 FGs made and 34-of-34 extra points made for the season.[29] In week 11, in a 20-13 win over the Buffalo Bills, Gostkowski missed a 54-yard field goal attempt; it was his first miss since November 30, 2014, and his first miss at home since week 2 of the 2013 season.[30] He finished the season with 151 points, marking the fourth consecutive season he exceeded 150 points; no other player in NFL history has scored 150 points more than once.[31]", "Field goal range The exact field goal range varies for each team, depending on the ability of the team's placekicker.[1] While some weaker placekickers may have trouble kicking field goals longer than 30 yards (making field goals from beyond the 13 difficult), others may consistently make 50-yarders, making it practical to kick from beyond the 33. For most NFL kickers, the 35-yard line is typically the limit of their field goal range.[2] Weather conditions, particularly wind, also have a significant impact on field goal range; kicking with the wind at the kicker's back significantly increases field goal range, while kicking against the wind or with a stiff crosswind will greatly reduce the kicker's effective range, while generally there is no advantage beyond assured targeting of a kick if a game is being played indoors. Altitude also affects kicking range; both the longest punt in NFL history and three of the longest field goals in NFL history took place in Denver, Colorado, which is more than 4,000 feet (1,200Â m) higher in elevation than the next-highest NFL city (the Phoenix suburb of Glendale, Arizona). From the 1970s through the 1990s, artificial turf improved a kicker's field goal range by having less friction during the kick; one of the reasons Scott Norwood missed the game-winning kick in Super Bowl XXV was that he kicked on artificial turf in Buffalo and struggled with longer field goals on natural grass throughout his career, and Super Bowl XXV was played on a grass surface. (Modern artificial turf, which has similar depth and characteristics to natural grass, does not have an appreciable effect on kicking range.)", "Dan Bailey (American football) On September 21, he set a franchise record with his 28th consecutive field goal, making a 40-yard attempt in the third quarter against the St. Louis Rams.", "Dan Bailey (American football) On November 20 (Week 11), Bailey kicked his second game-winning field goal, a 39-yard kick in overtime to help the Cowboys beat the Redskins 27-24.[14][15]", "Matt Prater Prater was signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent on May 4, 2006. He made field goals of 22, 44, and 48 yards in a preseason game against the Cleveland Browns, but had little chance of beating out veteran incumbent Jason Hanson and was subsequently released August 27. He spent the rest of the season as a free agent, but did have workouts with the Green Bay Packers and Minnesota Vikings.", "Matt Prater Prater showed signs of his leg strength with his first kick of his collegiate career, making a 53-yarder against Penn State.[1]", "Dan Bailey (American football) Although Bailey was coming off his worst season, he was released by the Cowboys in a surprise move on September 1,[31] after the team decided to keep Canadian Football League journeyman Brett Maher who although had a solid preseason (including a 57-yard field goal), had never kicked in an NFL regular-season game. Bailey had made his only attempt in the preseason (a 35-yard field goal). The team saved $3.4 million against the salary cap with the move. He leaves the Cowboys as the second most accurate kicker in NFL history (88.2%) and with the club record for career field goals (186).[32]", "Matt Bryant On September 7, 2014, in the season opener, Bryant became the fourth player in NFL history to kick a 50+ yard field goal with less than a minute remaining in regulation to force overtime in addition to converting a 50+ game-winning field goal in a 37â€“34 overtime victory against the New Orleans Saints at the Georgia Dome.[52][53] In recognition of his performance, he was named as the NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for the sixth time in his career.[9][54]", "Dan Bailey (American football) In the 2016 season opener, Bailey made four field goals against the New York Giants. He connected on field goals of 54 and 56-yards. On October 16, he made three field goals against the Green Bay Packers. He recorded his 23rd career game with three or more field goals made, which is the most in team history. On December 18, he kicked six field goals against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, making four and missing two. His misses were the second time he has missed two attempts in a game in his career (last time was 2011).", "Matt Bryant On September 5, he made his NFL debut against the San Francisco 49ers. He converted two field goal attempts and one extra point attempt in the 16–13 loss.[7] In Week 3, against the Seattle Seahawks, Bryant was named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week. In the 9–6 victory, he was responsible for all of the Giants' points on three field goals.[8][9] In Week 11, against the Washington Redskins, Bryant earned another NFC Special Teams Player of the Week award by converting four field goals and an extra point in the 19–17 victory.[10][9] He had a solid first season in the NFL, converting 30-of-32 extra point attempts and 26-of-32 field goal attempts.[11] He made his playoff debut in the Giants' 39–38 loss to the San Francisco 49ers. In the game, he converted five extra points and one of two field goal attempts.[12]", "Sebastian Janikowski On October 16, 2003, during the second quarter, Janikowski tied the NFL record by completing 4 field goals in a single quarter.[22]", "Dan Bailey (American football) Bailey recorded his 28th career game of three or more made field goals by converting all four attempts in the season-opening 19-3 victory over the New York Giants on NBC Sunday Night Football.[28] The following week, he tied his career long with a 56-yard field goal in a 42â€“17 loss to the Denver Broncos. Week 3, versus the Arizona Cardinals, marked just the 10th game in Bailey's career in which he did not attempt a field goal.[29] In week 7, he injured his right groin against the San Francisco 49ers.", "David Akers Akers attended Tates Creek High School in Lexington, Kentucky.[1]", "Field goal During the 2011 NFL season, a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made.[12] In 2012, this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer.[12]", "Field goal range It has been surmised that a drop kick has a slightly longer range than the standard place kick, but since these kicks are so rare, that is not known for sure. During the early NFL era, this was generally true, and drop kicks were the norm for longer field goals; in fact, the first unofficial NFL record kick of 55 yards, set by Paddy Driscoll in 1924, was indeed set by drop kick.", "Dan Bailey (American football) Bailey converted three field goals with distances of 32, 26, and 22-yards in Week 3 (September 23), a 16-10 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. His last field goal in the game put Dallas up 16-7, a two-possession lead with 2:47 left.[18] Dallas lost the Week 6 (October 14) game 31-29 to the Baltimore Ravens after Bailey missed a last-second 51-yard field goal. With 32 seconds left, Tony Romo completed a four-yard touchdown pass to Dez Bryant, but because the following two-point conversion failed, Bailey had to make an onside kick. Dallas recovered the kick, but his 51-yard field goal attempt sailed wide right with six seconds remaining.[19]", "Dan Bailey (American football) On December 7, he made four of four field goals, including a game-winning 54-yard field goal with seconds remaining, to lift the Cowboys to a 19-16 win over the Washington Redskins on Monday Night Football.[25] This performance earned him his second NFC Special Teams Player of the Week award.[26]", "Dan Bailey (American football) Bailey would go on to complete one of the best kicking seasons in franchise and league history by a rookie, making 32-of-37 (86.5%) field goals, second-highest kicking percentage for a rookie, setting a Cowboys rookie record for most field goals made in a season (32) and in a game (6), tied Chris Boniol for the second-most consecutive field goals made (26) in club history and was named to the Pro Football Writers Association All-Rookie team.[13]", "Matt Bryant On September 14, 2015, Bryant kicked a game-winning 47-yard field goal in the season opener against the Philadelphia Eagles on Monday Night Football. He was responsible for 14 total points scored in the 26â€“24 win.[64][65]", "Ray Guy He was both a punter and a placekicker at Southern Mississippi, once kicking a then-record 61-yard field goal in a snowstorm during a game in Utah. In 1972, he kicked a 93-yard punt in a game against the University of Mississippi. After his senior season at Southern Miss, Guy was named Most Valuable Player of the 1973 Chicago College All-Star Game, in which an all-star team of college seniors played the current Super Bowl champion. He was also a starting safety at Southern Miss; during his senior season, he intercepted a USM record eight passes, and was named an All-American defensive back.", "Matt Bryant On October 11, 2015, in Week 5, Bryant only connected on two of his four field goal attempts against the Washington Redskins. His streak of 28 straight made field goals was the second-longest in team history behind his stretch of 30 consecutive field goals between 2010 and 2011.[53] In addition, his streak of consecutive field goals made inside 50 yards ended at 46 straight.[66]" ]	[ "David Akers On September 9, 2012, Akers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal by kicking a 63-yard field goal off the crossbar against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field.[4] The record was originally set by Tom Dempsey and was shared with Jason Elam and Sebastian Janikowski until Broncos kicker Matt Prater broke the record with a 64-yard field goal on December 8, 2013." ]
test2928	what was the final episode of quantum leap	[ "doc100213" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc100217", "doc100208", "doc100223", "doc100225", "doc100220", "doc100213", "doc1178379", "doc1440553", "doc100230", "doc100209", "doc100211", "doc100229", "doc100221", "doc2589023", "doc2589024", "doc100227", "doc100210", "doc100234", "doc100219", "doc100212", "doc100232", "doc100228", "doc1178371", "doc100218", "doc100226", "doc1700304", "doc1178374", "doc100231", "doc100222", "doc1178363", "doc1215137", "doc100216", "doc1178377", "doc100224", "doc1700298", "doc1178372", "doc560734", "doc2027320", "doc1204189", "doc100215", "doc424038", "doc596212", "doc2638236", "doc100214", "doc1178375", "doc1173133", "doc1173122", "doc1206690", "doc560735", "doc857646", "doc1177558", "doc1178376", "doc560759", "doc1173139", "doc1700302", "doc1277546", "doc1510908", "doc1173132", "doc1666098", "doc1178369", "doc1173124", "doc439478", "doc312276", "doc836639", "doc1178367", "doc1588050", "doc2087135", "doc1173123", "doc560736", "doc1204202", "doc601852", "doc594953", "doc1118153", "doc1173131", "doc2265849", "doc1277574", "doc1072832", "doc594910", "doc710044", "doc969128", "doc341077", "doc1178366", "doc594917", "doc1700305", "doc376695", "doc1173136", "doc560754", "doc1024504", "doc2174592", "doc1130214", "doc265730", "doc2212402", "doc1700308", "doc1599765", "doc312258", "doc485719", "doc1993736", "doc560758", "doc1477308", "doc1666097" ]	[ "Quantum Leap In the final episode, \"Mirror Image\", Sam leaps through spacetime as himself (without replacing another person), arriving at the exact time of his birth, where he meets a mysterious barkeep (Bruce McGill, who also appeared in the first episode in a different role). The barkeep is aware of Sam's situation and assures him that Sam himself controls the very nature and destinations of his leaps (\"to make the world a better place\"), and that Sam is always able to return home at any time he truly wants. In the final episode's epilogue, Sam is shown to leap back to visit Al's wife Beth as himself again, assuring her that her husband (who was a prisoner of war at the time) will return home to her; this results in Al and Beth remaining happily married in the future,[3] while Sam continues leaping, never returning home.", "Quantum Leap Quantum Leap is an American science-fiction television series that originally aired on NBC for five seasons, from March 1989 through May 1993. Created by Donald P. Bellisario, it starred Scott Bakula as Dr. Sam Beckett, a physicist who leaps through spacetime during an experiment in time travel, by temporarily taking the place of other people to correct historical mistakes. Dean Stockwell co-stars as Admiral Al Calavicci, Sam's womanizing, cigar-smoking companion and best friend, who appears to him as a hologram.", "Quantum Leap The Quantum Leap series was initially moved from Friday nights to Wednesdays. It was later moved twice away from Wednesdays to Fridays in late 1990, and to Tuesdays in late 1992. The series finale aired in its Wednesday slot in May 1993.[3]", "Quantum Leap In the United Kingdom, the show began on BBC Two on February 13th, 1990[1], airing Tuesday evenings at 9:00PM. The final episode was scheduled to be aired on June 14th, 1994, but altered schedules after the death of British dramatist Dennis Potter earlier that month delayed the airing until June 21st, 1994.[2]. Repeat episodes continued on the channel at various times until December 28th, 1999[3]. It has since aired several times on satellite and cable television, rerunning late at night on television channel Cozi TV.", "Quantum Leap The series ran on NBC[7] for five seasons, from March 1989 through May 1993.", "Quantum Leap Episodes in the series subsequently follow Sam's reaction to each leap (typically ending the cold open with him uttering \"Oh, boy!\" on discovering his situation), and then working with Al and Ziggy to figure out his new identity and whom he needs to help to \"set right what once went wrong\" and trigger the next leap.[5] An episode typically ends as a cliffhanger showing the first few moments of Sam's next leap (along with him again uttering \"Oh, boy!\" on discovering his situation), which is repeated in the following episode's cold open. Though initially Sam's leaping is believed by Al and the others on the Quantum Leap team to be random, the characters come to believe in later seasons that someone or something is controlling Sam's leaping, and this is a central focus of the show's finale episode, \"Mirror Image\".", "Sam Beckett As stated above, in the final episode of the show Sam learned from a bartender named Al (played by Bruce McGill, who also appeared in the first episode as a different character) that he was in control of his leaps and could have returned home whenever he wanted. The bartender reminded Sam that he created Project Quantum Leap to help the world, and that in each leap he changed people and events for the better. Although Sam wanted to go home, he instead chose to return and inform Beth that Al was still alive. The final caption of the show tells the audience that, in the end, Sam never returned home with the title card at the end somewhat unceremoniously announcing it, and also with his last name misspelled: \"Dr. Sam Becket never returned home.\"[4]", "List of Quantum Leap episodes Quantum Leap is an American television series that first aired on NBC from March 1989 to May 1993. The series was created by Donald P. Bellisario, and stars Scott Bakula as Dr. Sam Beckett. This list is in chronological order of broadcasts.", "Quantum Leap Despite its struggling start with poor broadcast timings,[3] the series had gained a large 18â€“49 demographics of viewers.[citation needed] The finale was viewed by 13 million American households.[14] In 2004 and 2007, Quantum Leap was ranked #15 and #19 on TV Guide's \"Top Cult Shows Ever.\"[1]", "Quantum Leap The series features a mix of humor, drama, romance, social commentary, and science fiction, and was named one of TV Guide's \"Top Cult Shows Ever\".[1]", "Quantum Leap Quantum Leap follows the narrative of Dr. Sam Beckett (Bakula), a physicist who has become stuck in the past as a result of a time-travel experiment gone wrong, and his attempts to return to his present, the late 20th century, by altering events in the past for the better, with the aid of a hologram of his friend Admiral Al Calavicci (Stockwell), monitoring him from Sam's present.[2][3]", "Quantum Leap On February 7, 2017, Mill Creek re-released Quantum Leap- The Complete series on DVD and also released the complete series on Blu-ray for the very first time.[13] The 18-disc set contains all 97 episodes of the series as well as most of the original music.", "Quantum Leap The theme for the series was written by Mike Post.[3] It was later rearranged for the fifth season, except for the series finale episode, which featured the original theme music. Scores for the episodes were composed by Post and Velton Ray Bunch.", "Quantum Leap (season 1) The first season of Quantum Leap ran on NBC from March 26 to May 17, 1989. It consists of eight episodes. The show, a late-season replacement, was recognized with a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series, for the work on \"Double Identity\".", "Quantum Leap (season 1) In 1995, Dr. Sam Beckett, desperate to prove his time travel theory before the project runs out of funds, leaps before the kinks are worked out of the machine. He ends up leaping into Tom Stratton (played by Layne Beamer), a pilot of the experimental Bell X-2 aircraft, and has to pretend to be the pilot while trying to fill in the holes in his \"Swiss cheese\" memory. As Tom Stratton, Sam comforts his (Tom's) wife and prevents her from having a premature birth. This is what he was sent to do, allowing him to leap home (he hopes). But instead of leaping home, he leaps into minor league baseball player Tim Fox (Tim Martin) in Texas at the end of the 1968 season, in the middle of a game, where he must make the winning play in order to leap further.", "Quantum Leap Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released the entire, digitally remastered, Quantum Leap series on DVD:[10][11]", "Quantum Leap - Opening narration by Deborah Pratt, season two, episodes 13â€“22.", "Quantum Leap There have been occasional announcements of plans to revisit or restart the series. In July 2002, the Sci-Fi Channel announced its development of a two-hour television film based on Quantum Leap, which it was airing in reruns at the time, that would have served as a backdoor pilot for a possible new series, with Bellisario as executive producer.[18] During the TV Guide panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, Scott Bakula said that Bellisario was working on a script for a projected Quantum Leap feature film.[19] In October 2017, Bellisario confirmed at the L.A. Comic Con that he has finished a script for a feature film.[20]", "Quantum Leap The main premise for Quantum Leap was inspired by such movies as Heaven Can Wait and Here Comes Mr. Jordan.[citation needed] Series creator Donald P. Bellisario[3][6] saw its concept as a way of developing an original anthology series, as anthologies were unpopular with the networks.[3]", "Quantum Leap In the series premiere, Sam has theorized the ability to travel in one's own lifetime and is the lead of the government-funded Project Quantum Leap, operating from a secret laboratory in New Mexico; Al oversees the project for the government. When Al learns that funding for the project is in danger of being pulled because no demonstrable results have come from the project, Sam takes it upon himself to step into the Quantum Leap accelerator to prove the project works and is sent into the past. When Sam gains consciousness, he finds himself suffering from partial amnesia, and is more surprised to find that his appearance to others, including what he sees in the mirror, is not his own face. He finds that Al has come to his aid as a hologram that only Sam can see and hear, as it is tuned to his brainwaves. Al, working with the project's artificial intelligence Ziggy (voiced by Deborah Pratt), determines that Sam must alter an event in the current period he is in so as to re-engage the Quantum Leap process and return home. Al helps Sam overcome some facets of his \"Swiss-cheese memory\" and provides information on history as it originally happened. He also updates Sam on future events and relates possible outcome probabilities using a handheld communication device in contact with Ziggy. The device is often temperamental and must be struck a few times as it emits electronic beeping and whirring sounds before the information is revealed. With Al and Ziggy's help, Sam is able to successfully change history, and then leaps out, only to find himself in the life of someone else in a different period of time.[4]", "Quantum Leap Innovation Publishing produced a series of comic books which ran for thirteen issues from September 1991 through August 1993. As with the television series, each issue ended with a teaser preview of the following issue and Sam's exclamation of \"Oh, boy.\" Among the people Sam found himself leaping into in this series were:[17]", "Quantum Leap On April 13, 2016, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series and re-released the first two seasons on DVD on June 7, 2016.[12]", "Sam Beckett A few months later in 1989, Sam and Al spearheaded Project Quantum Leap, a time travel experiment based on the string theory Sam had developed while at MIT. The PQL facility was located in Stallion's Gate, New Mexico, in a primarily underground complex. In 1995, after constructing the necessary machinery, including a holographic imaging chamber and a supercomputer (\"Ziggy\") with access to vast historical databases, the project's funds were running thin. Eager to prove his theories, Sam prematurely stepped into the nuclear accelerator chamber and propelled himself back in time.", "Quantum Leap In each episode, a different cast of guest characters appears, mostly the ones whom Sam replaces with his leaps. Several other characters are referred to regularly throughout the series, but are mostly unseen.", "Quantum Leap On 16 June 2016, Scott Bakula made a brief reprise of his role as Sam Beckett on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Stephen Colbert makes reference to an episode where Sam Beckett has leapt into the body of a 1950s New York cab driver, whose comment about investing in New York real estate is heard by a young Donald Trump. Using a handset to talk to Ziggy, Stephen Colbert leaps back as a hologram to help Sam Beckett attempt to change the future.[9]", "St. Elsewhere Original air date: May 25, 1988", "Sam Beckett When Sam corrected the timeline, he leaped forward, but not all the way home; this time, he found himself assuming the identity of a minor-league professional baseball player named Tim Fox. For the rest of his life (an epilogue in the series finale tells us Sam never gets home, but in our terms, it was the next four years/five seasons, the duration of the show) Sam would continue to travel back and forth through time; swapping identities with various people and as a tagline for the show reiterated, \"setting right what once went wrong.\"", "Quantum Leap Along with 43 nominations, Quantum Leap received 17 awards (listed below).[15][16]", "Quantum Leap A soundtrack album was first released in 1993, titled \"Music from the Television Series Quantum Leap\", dedicated to John Anderson, who played Pat Knight in \"The Last Gunfighter\". It was released by GNP Crescendo on CD and cassette tape.", "Sam Beckett Dr. Samuel \"Sam\" Beckett is a fictional character and the protagonist on the science fiction television series Quantum Leap, played by Scott Bakula.[1]", "Miami Vice In May 1989, NBC aired the two-hour series finale, \"Freefall\". Despite its status as the \"series finale\", there were three episodes that did not air (\"World of Trouble\", \"Miracle Man\", and \"Leap of Faith\"), which appeared during the June re-runs as \"Lost Episodes\". A fourth, previously unbroadcast episode, \"Too Much Too Late\", was aired for the first time in 1990, on the USA Network. It has since been run by other networks in syndication with the fifth-season episodes.", "Quantum Leap Because of the time-travel aspect, many episodes allude to famous people or incidents indirectly, such as Sam suggesting to young Donald Trump that New York real estate will be valuable in the future, suggesting the lyrics of \"Peggy Sue\" to a teenaged Buddy Holly, showing young Michael Jackson his signature moonwalk dance for the first time, giving Dr. Henry Heimlich the idea for his namesake maneuver by saving him from choking,[3] and setting in place actions that lead to the discovery of the Watergate scandal. Two notable episodes place Sam directly at the center of significant historical events, one being the leap into Oswald. In \"Goodbye Norma Jean\", Sam appears as Marilyn Monroe's bodyguard, who saves her life and convinces Marilyn to remain alive for her starring role in The Misfits. Other episodes explore the past of the main characters, such as Sam saving his brother from being killed in the Vietnam War, and saving Al's marriage to Beth.", "Sam Beckett Al explains the string theory in the pilot episode, and Sam, recovering his memory of the theory, turns around and explains it to Donna in the second episode, \"Star-Crossed.\" This theory is later revealed to have been relayed to by the leaped Sam Beckett to an actor and would-be time traveller Moe Stein in \"Future Boy\" (whose original theory was simply connect the beginning and end of one's life) who explains the full version on his television show in response to a viewer question from young Sam Beckett who, at that time, was still a child living in Indiana; only his own lack of resources prevented Moe from creating Project Quantum Leap decades before Sam.", "Quantum Leap The most frequent time-slot for the series is indicated by italics:", "St. Elsewhere Original air date: May 27, 1987", "Sam Beckett In the pilot episode, Sam awoke in 1956, having exchanged places in time with an Air Force test pilot. He is startled to see a stranger in the mirror as he prepares to shave. Others also see Sam as the person he displaced. As Sam would soon discover, quantum-leaping had an unforeseen side-effect: He was struck with partial amnesia; he describes his own situation with the analogy of his brain being like a hunk of Swiss cheese, with his memory full of holes and lacking some personal information about his past, the most consistently absent detail being his marriage to Donna (with Donna preferring that Sam not be reminded of their marriage so that he can more easily commit to the people his hosts are in love with and thus solve whatever he is there to accomplish, consoling herself about Sam's 'cheating' by reasoning that his amnesia means that he isn't technically cheating on her but is the equivalent of a man unaware that someone else is in love with him).", "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen Goodbye, Farewell and Amen is a television film that served as the 251st and final episode of the American television series MASH. Closing out the series' 11th season, the 2 hour episode first aired on CBS February 28, 1983, and retelecast on September 19, 1983, fittingly ending the series' original run altogether. (CBS reran it one last time September 16, 1984.) It was written by a large number of collaborators, including series star Alan Alda, who also directed.", "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (TV series) The series' final episode.", "And in the End... \"And in the End...\" is the 331st and final episode of the American television series ER. The two-hour episode aired on April 2, 2009 and was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special.", "Quantum Leap In most of Sam's leaps, the changes he makes are small on the grand scale, such as saving the life of a person who might otherwise have died, or helping making someone's life better. Selected episodes, however, demonstrate more dramatic effects of his time travels. In one episode, Sam's actions ultimately lead to Al's death prior to the project, and Sam finds himself suddenly aided by a new hologram, \"Edward St. John V\" (played by Roddy McDowall), and must work to prevent Al's death. In another episode, when again the project's funding is threatened, Sam helps a young woman successfully pass the bar; this results in her becoming one of the members of Congress who oversees the project and aids in the restoration of its funding. In the episode involving Lee Harvey Oswald, while Sam and Al do not prevent the assassination of Kennedy, Sam's actions prevent Oswald from making a second shot that killed Jacqueline Kennedy in the original fictional history.", "The Finale (Seinfeld) \"The Finale\" is the two-part series finale of the American sitcom Seinfeld. They are the 179th and 180th episodes of the show and the 23rd and 24th episodes of the ninth season. It aired on NBC May 14, 1998 to an audience of 76 million viewers. Its initial running time was 1 hour and 15 minutes.[1]", "One for the Road (Cheers) \"One for the Road\" is the final episode of the American television series Cheers. It was the 271st episode of the series and the 25th episode of the eleventh season of the show. It first aired on NBC on Thursday, May 20, 1993, to an audience of approximately 42.4 million households in a 98-minute version, making it the second-highest-rated series finale of all time behind the series finale of MASH and the highest-rated episode of the 1992â€“1993 television season in the United States.[1][2] The 98-minute version was re-broadcast on Sunday, May 23, 1993, and an edited 90-minute version aired on Thursday, August 19, 1993.", "Quincy, M.E. Conversely, Klugman is the only regular cast member who appears in the final episode of the series (\"The Cutting Edge\"), which was a backdoor pilot for a proposed series about a revolutionary new clinic. NBC did not pick up the new series.", "Quantum Leap When Sam leaps, his body is physically present in the past, although he appears to others as the person into whom he leaped. In one case, after leaping into a Vietnam veteran who has lost both legs, Sam is still able to walk normally, but appears to others as if he is floating. Sam's body and mind may become jumbled with those into whom he has leaped. In one situation, he leaps into a woman near the end of her pregnancy and feels her birth pains, while in another episode, he leaps into the body of Lee Harvey Oswald and feels an intense pressure to assassinate John F. Kennedy, despite knowing that it is the wrong thing to do. Similarly, the persons into whom Sam has leaped are brought into the future, where they appear as Sam to the others; they are normally kept in an isolated waiting room to prevent them from learning anything about the future, and they return to their own time when Sam leaps.", "Sam Beckett Sam's theory of time travel, developed with Professor LoNigro, is based on an expanding, but finite, universe. A person's life is like a length of string; one end represents birth, the other represents death. If one were to tie the ends of the string together, their life becomes a loop. Next, by balling the loop together, the days in one's life would touch one another out of sequence. Therefore, jumping from one part of the string to another would allow someone to travel back and forth within their own lifetime, thus making a \"quantum leap\" between each time period. (How exactly these things are accomplished is never explained, but it has been suggested that this theory borrowed heavily from van Strickumâ€™s closed timelike curve.[3])", "What You Leave Behind The final day of filming took place at Vic's lounge. In the episode, during the party, many of the background hologram characters are actually production staff and recurring cast members without their makeup and prosthetics. This is also one of two Star Trek series finales in which Jeffrey Combs, Michael Dorn, and Colm Meaney all appear; Combs would later appear in the Star Trek: Enterprise series finale \"These Are the Voyages...\" as Shran while Dorn and Meaney had already appeared in the Star Trek: The Next Generation series finale \"All Good Things...\" as Worf and O'Brien.[1]", "What You Leave Behind \"What You Leave Behind\" is the series finale of the television show Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 175th and 176th overall episodes, and the 25th and 26th episodes of the seventh season. The episode was written by showrunner Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler and directed by Allan Kroeker. It originally aired on June 2, 1999.", "China Syndrome (The King of Queens) \"China Syndrome\" is the series finale of the long-running American sitcom The King of Queens. The finale has the length of two regular episodes, being counted as the twelfth and thirteenth episodes of the ninth season, running about 45 minutes without commercials. It was taped March 15, 2007; it originally aired on May 14, 2007.[1]", "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen The episode's plot chronicles the final days of the Korean War at the 4077th MASH, and features several storylines intended to show the war's effects on the individual personnel of the unit, and to bring closure to the series. After the ceasefire goes into effect, the members of the 4077th throw a closing party before taking down the camp for the last time. After tear-filled goodbyes, the main characters go their separate ways, leading to the final scene of the series.", "Endgame (Star Trek: Voyager) \"Endgame\" is the series finale of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, episodes 25 and 26 of the seventh season and 171 and 172 in the overall series. It was originally shown May 23, 2001, on the UPN network as a double-length episode and later presented as such in DVD collections, but it is shown in syndicated broadcasts as a two-part story.", "Q (Star Trek) In \"Déjà Q\", Q is punished by the Q Continuum by being made mortal; his committing of an uncharacteristically selfless act (sacrificing his life so that a race attacking him will not destroy the Enterprise) garners the return of his powers. In the same episode, Q says that Picard is \"the closest thing in this universe that I have to a friend.\" Toward the end of The Next Generation, Q is less antagonistic toward Picard, even, in \"Tapestry\", apparently saving Picard and helping the captain better understand himself (although whether Q actually appeared in this episode or was merely a hallucination Picard experienced during surgery is deliberately left ambiguous). In the series finale, \"All Good Things...\", Q gives Picard a \"helping hand\" in saving humanity by helping him figure out what is causing \"antitime\" to flow into the universe which will inevitably stop humanity from ever being born.", "Sam Beckett Keeping this principle in mind, Sam's leaps were generally limited to periods within his own lifetime; he could not leap to a date prior to his birth or into his own future. There were, however, a few exceptions. In \"The Leap Back,\" Sam switched places with Al, who leaped back into 1945, and later in the episode was able to leap himself back into Al's place in the past. The explanation was that the simo-leap with Al had left Sam with enough of Al's genetic coding that he could leap back past his own lifetime (since it was still within Al's). In \"The Leap Between the States,\" Sam was able to leap outside of his own lifetime and found himself in the American Civil War in the life of his great-grandfather; the explanation was that Sam's close genetic link with his ancestor allowed him to do this. This was also partly due to an \"error\" that was referenced and then corrected by Ziggy, implying that Sam would not be able to pull off a similar feat again and was once more limited to his own timeline. Two early episodes, \"Play It Again, Seymour\" (which took place on April 14, 1953) and \"The Americanization of Machiko\" (which took place on August 4, 1953) had Sam leaping into dates prior to the date later given as his birthday, August 8, 1953. Although these would appear to be continuity errors on the part of the show, creator Donald P. Bellisario has proffered the explanation that Sam's life dates from his conception rather than his actual birth, and thus dates such as these which are less than nine months prior to August 8, 1953, would be valid leap dates. However, once Sam's proper birthday is established, there are no further leaps prior to that date aside from the exceptions mentioned above.", "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen The episode drew 105.97 million total viewers[4] and a total audience of 121.6 million,[5] more than both Super Bowl XVII and the Roots miniseries. The episode surpassed the single-episode ratings record that had been set by the Dallas episode that resolved the \"Who Shot J.R.?\" cliffhanger. From 1983 until 2010, Goodbye, Farewell and Amen remained the most watched television broadcast in American history,[2] passed only in total viewership (but not in ratings or share) in February 2010 by Super Bowl XLIV. It still stands as the most-watched finale of any television series.[4]", "What You Leave Behind \"What You Leave Behind\" was first shown on June 2, 1999 in broadcast syndication. It was the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth episodes of the seventh and final season and received Nielsen ratings of 5.4 percent on the first broadcast. It was the highest-rated episode of the season.[6]", "St. Elsewhere Original air date: April 20, 1988", "Star Trek: The Next Generation The series ended in its seventh season with a two-part episode \"All Good Things...\", which brought the events of the series full circle to the original confrontation with Q. An interstellar anomaly that threatens all life in the universe forces Picard to leap from his present, past, and future to combat the threat. Picard was successfully able to show to Q that humanity could think outside of the confines of perception and theorize on new possibilities while still being prepared to sacrifice themselves for the sake of the greater good. The series ended with the crew of the Enterprise portrayed as feeling more like a family and paved the way for four consecutive motion pictures that continued the theme and mission of the series.", "Goodnight, Seattle \"Goodnight, Seattle\" is the series finale of the American sitcom Frasier. It aired on May 13, 2004, in the 11th year of the series. In syndication, it is a two-part episode.[1]", "What You Leave Behind The episode was written by Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler, and directed by Allan Kroeker. An early draft of the script saw Sisko dying during the final battle at Cardassia, only to be resurrected by the Prophets to fight the Pah-wraiths. Furthermore, Sisko's joining with the Prophets following Dukat's defeat was originally going to be permanent, but actor Avery Brooks was \"uncomfortable with the notion of a black man abandoning his pregnant black wife\"; the line was rewritten upon Brooks's request to indicate that he would someday return. Keith DeCandido praised this move in his review. The producers also entertained the idea of a final shot of Benny Russell (from \"Far Beyond the Stars\" and \"Shadows and Symbols\") sitting outside a studio holding a script for Deep Space Nine.[1]", "These Are the Voyages... Filming of the final episode began on Friday, February 25, after the first half of the day was spent completing \"Terra Prime\". Principal photography took eight days to complete, one day longer than usual. The snowy complex set of Rigel X, first seen in the pilot episode, was used, as was the rarely seen Enterprise's galley. Enterprise-D locations such as hallways and the observation lounge were re-created. Frakes and Sirtis arrived at the lot at the same time that a \"Save Enterprise\" rally was being held outside the gates. Similar to \"What You Leave Behind\", many of the production staff cameoed for a large crowd scene at the end of the episode, as Archer prepares to give his speech. Fifteen \"VIPs\" including writers Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, André Bormanis, and Manny Coto joined two dozen extras in forming part of the audience. The rest of the digital set was filled by a computer-generated crowd. After their parts were finished, the final dismissal of each cast member was met with applause. Jolene Blalock and Scott Bakula were the last actors to be released, and Bakula gave a speech thanking the production crew for making the cast feel welcome. Filming ended on Tuesday, March 8, and the sets were struck. Frakes and Sirtis returned on March 9 to complete green screen shots, which would be used when their characters entered or exited the holodeck.[6] Before the episode's release, Berman would not elaborate on the final episode's content, saying \"It's going to have some surprising twists and turns. It's somewhat of a valentine.\"[8]", "Sam Beckett On Sam's third leap, he meets Donna years before their actual engagement. Realizing that Donna's damaged relationship with her father is the reason why she can never commit to a relationship (as her father left her, she subconsciously feels that any man she meets will inevitably abandon her and thus prevents them from doing so by leaving herself), Sam drives Donna out to reconcile with her father so that she might get some closure. We learn later in the episode \"The Leap Back\" that as a result of this, Donna never leaves Sam at the altar, and they are married to this day.", "What You Leave Behind The episode was mainly well-received, with most critics considering it a satisfying end for the series, though the final confrontation between Sisko and Dukat was largely criticized.[1][2][3]", "The Last One (Friends) \"The Last One\" is the series finale of the television sitcom Friends. The episode serves as the seventeenth and eighteenth episode of season ten; the episode's two parts were classified as two separate episodes. It was written by series creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and directed by executive producer Kevin S. Bright. The series finale first aired on NBC in the United States on May 6, 2004, when it was watched by 52.5 million viewers[1][2], making it the most watched entertainment telecast in six years and the fourth most watched overall television series finale in U.S. history, as well as the most watched episode from any television series throughout the decade 2000s on U.S. television. In Canada, the finale aired simultaneously on May 6, 2004 on Global, and was viewed by 5.16 million viewers,[3] becoming the highest viewed episode of the series, and also becoming highest-viewed and highest-rated episode ever in Canada for a sitcom.", "MASH (TV series) \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\" was the final episode of MASH. Special television sets were placed in PX parking lots, auditoriums, and dayrooms of the U.S. Army in Korea so that military personnel could watch that episode, in spite of 14 hours' time-zone difference with the East Coast of the U.S. The episode aired on February 28, 1983, and was 2Â½ hours long. The episode got a Nielsen rating of 60.2 and 77 share[21] and according to a New York Times article from 1983, the final episode of MASH had 125 million viewers.[22]", "List of Quantico episodes On May 15, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a third season consisting of 13 episodes, which premiered on April 26, 2018 and concluded on August 3, 2018.[18][19] On May 11, 2018, ABC cancelled the show after three seasons.[20] During the course of the series, 57 episodes of Quantico airedÂ over three seasons.", "Sam Beckett Sam graduated from high school at age 16 and, following his brother's advice, attended MIT in the early 1970s. While at MIT, Sam and his mentor, Professor Sebastian LoNigro, developed a string theory of time travel (\"Her Charm\"; see below). Sam went through four years of MIT in two years, and continued through various colleges to eventually obtain seven doctoral degrees in music, medicine, quantum physics, archaeology, ancient languages, chemistry, and astronomy, but not psychiatry or law. It should be noted that, in the pilot episode, Sam is told he only has six doctorates; this was later retconned to seven. He speaks six modern languages including English, Spanish, French, Russian, German, and Japanese, but not Italian or Hebrew. He knows four extinct languages, including Egyptian hieroglyphics. He's proficient in martial arts such as Judo, Karate, Muay Thai, and Taekwondo. He has won a Nobel Prize for physics, which he remembers during one leap (\"Disco Inferno\"). For this, TIME called him \"the next Einstein\". Sam's father suffered a fatal heart attack in 1974 while Sam was in college; the guilt of his absence during his family's time of need would stay with Sam for years. One of the few things that Sam cannot do is cook; two of his onscreen attempts at this, in the episodes \"Another Mother\" and \"Good-bye, Norma Jean\" failed humorously, as did his attempt at baking in \"Liberation.\" He did however cook a meal for the colleagues of the husband of the woman he leaps into in \"Liberation,\" and there was nothing to suggest that it was anything other than a normal meal that everybody ate with no problems. No one ate the breakfasts he made in \"One Strobe Over the Line,\" \"What Price Gloria?\" or \"Liberation.\" He was able to make chitlins with Al's help in \"The Color of Truth,\" but it isn't shown whether or not anyone ate them.", "The New Heroes The Chasm is the ninth and final book in the quantum prophecy series. It takes place after crossfire and sees the return of Krodin. It was published worldwide in June, 2017.[2]", "The Last Show (The Mary Tyler Moore Show) \"The Last Show\" is the 168th episode and series finale of the television sitcom, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and was written by Allan Burns, James L. Brooks, Ed Weinberger, Stan Daniels, David Lloyd, and Bob Ellison. Internationally, it was first aired in Canada on CBC Television, March 18, 1977 at 8 p.m.[1] In the U.S., it was one day later on Saturday, March 19, on CBS.", "What You Leave Behind Set in the 24th century, the series is centered on Deep Space Nine, a space station located near a stable wormhole between the Alpha and Gamma quadrants of the Milky Way Galaxy. The final episode of the series, \"What You Leave Behind\" sees the end of the Dominion War as the alliance of Starfleet, the Klingons, Romulans and rebel Cardassians launch a final attack against the Dominion on Cardassia Prime, as well as the resolution of Dukat and Kai Winn's dealings with the Pah-wraiths on Bajor.", "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen As peace negotiations continue during the Korean War, Hawkeye Pierce is being treated by Dr. Sidney Freedman at a mental hospital for a nervous breakdown.[1] Sidney is trying to get Hawkeye to release repressed memories of an outing most of the 4077th staff attended at a beach near Incheon which appears to have led to the breakdown. At the beginning of the episode, Hawkeye remembers the trip home as having a party-like atmosphere with him calling for a bottle of whiskey to be passed to a person who \"can't wait\" to drink it. Sidney's questioning gets Hawkeye to remember that the person in question was actually a soldier who needed the bottle. Then he remembers that the bottle did not contain whiskey, but plasma, and the soldier was severely wounded. Hawkeye was actually yelling impatiently that \"this guy can't wait\".", "And in the End... In his review in the then-St. Petersburg Times, Eric Deggans called the final episode \"a welcome reminder of why the show has lasted 15 years on network television — and proof of why it's now time for the show to go.\" He continued, \"Thanks to cameo appearances by most key actors whose characters remain alive... the episode had the feel of a friendly class reunion... Once upon a time, the cases that filled Thursday's episode would have felt groundbreaking and fresh... But on Thursday, these contrivances felt like shadows echoing other, better episodes long past... Wells echoed the series most consistent theme by showing old and new doctors uniting to handle yet another emergency at the finale's end. But Thursday's episode also proved that NBC's ER called it quits at just the right time, because TV series — unlike medical institutions — should never go on forever.\"[3]", "The Finale (Will & Grace) The series finale was heavily promoted by NBC, and the main cast members appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Today Show, and Live with Regis and Kelly to bid farewell.[7] NBC devoted a two-hour block in its primetime schedule on May 18, 2006, for the Will & Grace send-off. An hour-long series retrospective, \"Say Goodnight Gracie\", featuring interviews with the cast, crew, and guest stars, preceded the hour-long series finale.[8][9][10][11] The retrospective was viewed by an estimated 12.7 million viewers,[12] while the finale drew 18.43 million viewers[13] and a Nielsen rating of 11.5/18,[14] making it the most watched episode of the final two seasons of Will & Grace.[13]", "The Wonder Years The one-hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12, 1993, including a deleted scene not included in the half-hour broadcasts of the final two episodes (both the one-hour finale and half-hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras).[56]", "Two Guys and a Girl The series finale is titled \"The Internet Show\", and was an episode in which fans of the show voted on the outcome online. The episode aired on May 16, 2001. It was written by Donald Beck and Vince Calandra and directed by Michael Lembeck.", "What You Leave Behind The crew splits up: O'Brien will teach at Starfleet Academy, Odo will join the Founders, and Worf joins Martok by becoming Federation ambassador to Qo'noS. Odo refuses to give Quark the satisfaction of a fond farewell, but Quark interprets it favorably anyway. Kira takes Odo to the Founders' planet, where they bid farewell, and Odo sinks into the Link and cures the disease. Bashir and Ezri discuss their future together. Nog discusses his promotion to lieutenant with Kira, now the station's commander, before she goes to Quark's to shut down his betting ring on who will be the new Kai. Quark then tells Morn, \"the more things change, the more they stay the same.\" Finally, Kira finds Jake on the promenade, and they both look out as the wormhole opens, knowing that her friend and his father now resides in the Celestial Temple.", "Perfect Strangers (TV series) The first episode of season eight picked up several months after the end of season seven, by which time Jennifer is visibly pregnant. Balki and Mary Anne returned from Mypos, revealing that Mary Anne was also well into a pregnancy. For the eighth season, the Chronicle storylines were phased out, with the series shifting its full attention to the home life of the characters. The series ended with a two-part episode \"Up In The Air\", with each heralding the birth of a baby (first Robespierre, son of Balki and Mary Anne, and then Tucker, son of Larry and Jennifer). The last scene segues in and out of a musical montage of memorable scenes from the series to the tune of \"Unforgettable\" by Nat King Cole. The closing credits showed the cast bowing before the studio audience, with co-stars Pinchot and Linn-Baker doing the \"Dance of Joy\" one last time.", "Star Trek: The Next Generation The seventh season was The Next Generation's last. The penultimate episode, \"Preemptive Strike\", concluded the plot line for the recurring character Ensign Ro Laren and introduced themes that continued in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. The Next Generation series finale, \"All Good Things...\", was a double-length episode (separated into two parts for reruns) that aired the week of May 19, 1994, revisiting the events of the pilot and providing a bookend to the series. Toronto's SkyDome played host to a massive event for the series finale. Thousands of people packed the stadium to watch the final episode on the stadium's JumboTron. Five seventh-season episodes were nominated for nine Emmys, and the series as a whole was the first syndicated television series nominated for Outstanding Drama Series. To this day, The Next Generation is the only syndicated drama to be nominated in this category. \"All Good Things...\" won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects, and \"Genesis\" won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series. \"All Good Things...\" also won the second of the series's two Hugo Awards.[6] \"All Good Things..\" also achieved the highest Nielson rating for all of Season 7, with a rating of 17.4.[42]", "Coach (TV series) The final episode of the sitcom, entitled \"Leaving Orlando\", aired on ABC on May 14, 1997. The final scene in the final episode featured the whole cast thanking the audience for nine years of the show, with cast member Jerry Van Dyke denying the series ending, thinking the show must go on. But the cast and director finally tell Van Dyke that the show is truly over, with Van Dyke still denying the show's finale: As the lights go out, Van Dyke mumbles, \"I'm still coming to work on Monday.\"", "The Wonder Years The Wonder Years wrapped its sixth and final season in May 1993. Its cancellation was partially blamed on conflict between producers and executives at ABC. As Kevin matured, the producers wanted the storylines to mature as well. However, the executives at ABC felt uncomfortable with more explicit content given the time slot, saying, \"We felt it was inappropriate to present Kevin's awakening because of the setting in the 1960s, the gentle tone of the series and, most importantly, the 8 p.m. time period.\" Bob Brush noted that, \"When Kevin became 16 and 17, there were really things he needed to get to that we couldn't do at 8 p.m., especially with the kind of venerable cachet that the show had obtained with its audience. We would get notes from the network saying, \"You could do this on any show besides The Wonder Years.\" Other reasons for the show's cancellation were escalating costs and declining ratings. The cast's salary increases, coupled with location shooting (which was due to the producers wanting to reflect Kevin obtaining his driver's license), led to Brush claiming that they were spending $1.2 million an episode. The final episode aired on May 12, 1993. Bob Brush noted that the finale was not what he would have wanted it to be, but because the cast and crew were unsure at the time of filming if the sixth season was going to be the last, he was forced to have the ending be open-ended, until the recording of Daniel Stern's narration.[25] Fans were somewhat disappointed with the ending, in particular the revelation that Kevin and Winnie don't end up as a couple. Brush acknowledged this disappointment, saying, \"Some viewers [were] surprised that nothing works out the way your fondest wish would be,\" and explained, \"The message I wanted in there is that that's part of the beauty of life. It's fine to say, 'I'd like everything to be just the way it was when I was 15 and I was happy,' but it seemed more nurturing to me to say that we leave these things behind and we go on to forge new lives for ourselves.\"[26]", "Who's the Boss? The series' ratings dropped significantly in its new time slot, and the decision was made to end the series that spring. The hour-long series finale aired on Saturday, April 25, 1992, along with the finales for Growing Pains and MacGyver. Who's the Boss? reruns continued to air through the summer. <reference needed>", "Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas is the series finale for Saved by the Bell: The College Years. It was presented as a two-hour television movie that originally aired on NBC in 1994. When aired in syndication, it is commonly split into two double-length or four half-hour episodes.", "The West Wing President Bartlet's final act as President of the United States is pardoning Toby Ziegler, who had violated federal law by leaking classified information about a military space shuttle. The series ends with Bartlet returning to New Hampshire. Having said his goodbyes to his closest staff, former President Bartlet tells President Santos, \"Make me proud, Mr. President,\" to which Santos responds, \"I'll do my best, Mr. President.\"", "Sam Beckett Sam has a photographic memory, an IQ of 267, likes dry or light beer, and microwave popcorn. Sam also knows several kinds of martial arts and has been afraid of heights since he was 9 years old. In his teen years, Sam's family was dealt a hard blow when his older brother, Tom, was killed in Vietnam on April 8, 1970, but Sam leaps into his brother's unit and saves him on that day. Tom (Thomas Andrew Beckett) was a good athlete, an All-State basketball player, an Annapolis graduate, is a Navy SEAL Commander, and has a wife named Mary. Sam has one sister named Katie (Katherine Elizabeth Beckett), born during a flood in 1957, whose first husband was an abusive alcoholic named Chuck. They divorced and she is now married to Navy officer Lt. Jim Bonnick. They have lived in Hawaii with Thelma Beckett since 1974.", "The Wonder Years In the series finale double episode, Winnie decides to take a job for the summer of 1973 as a lifeguard at a resort. Kevin, meanwhile, is at his job at his father's furniture factory and calls Winnie, who by all accounts is distant and seems to be enjoying her time away from Kevin. Eventually, Kevin and his father fight and Kevin announces that he is leaving, reasoning that he needs to \"find himself.\" Kevin hops in his car and heads to the resort where Winnie is working, hopeful that she can secure him a job and they can spend the rest of the summer together.[28][29]", "St. Elsewhere St. Elsewhere's series finale featured momentous changes for several main characters, including the departures of Drs. Fiscus and Morrison and the death of Dr. Auschlander, as well as the return of Dr. Westphall to an active leadership role at St. Eligius after Ecumena agrees to sell the hospital back to the Boston archdiocese, as Dr. Gideon is set to move on to another hospital in San Jose, California. The finale is more known for its provocative final scene: Westphall and his son Tommy Westphall (played by Chad Allen), who has autism, are seen in Dr. Auschlander's office watching snow falling outside. The image cuts to an exterior shot of the hospital. At that moment, Tommy and Daniel Auschlander are seen in an apartment building, with Tommy playing with a snow globe. Donald arrives home from a day of work, and it is clear from the uniform he wears and the dialog in this scene that he works in construction. \"Auschlander\" is revealed to be Donald's father, and thus Tommy's grandfather. Donald laments to his father, \"I don't understand this autism thing, Pop. Here's my son. I talk to him. I don't even know if he can hear me, because he sits there, all day long, in his own world, staring at that toy. What's he thinking about?\" As Tommy shakes the snow globe, he is told by his father to come and wash his hands for dinner. Donald places the snow globe on the family's television set and walks into the kitchen with Tommy and Auschlander; as they leave the room, the camera closes in on the snow globeâ€”which holds a replica of St. Eligius.[10]", "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman The show was a major hit in the United States for CBS and drew large ratings even though it aired on Saturday nights. Despite the high ratings, CBS claimed that the demographics changed during the show's run. During its final season, the majority of Dr. Quinn's viewers were women 40 years of age and older, and not the male and female 18-to-49 demographic that networks try to reach. In response, CBS ordered the writers to give the show a slightly darker feel than in previous seasons. As a result, season six was darker than any previous season, with the death of several characters as well as some highly sensitive subject matter: the painful miscarriage of Michaela's second child, as well as an episode entitled Point Blank, where Michaela was shot by a man and then later developed post-traumatic stress disorder. Many fans did not like the changes, while others felt that the tensions and high drama benefited the show after the overall pleasant past seasons. Despite these opposing opinions, the ratings still proved to be steady and consistent (finishing at #51 for the year). The series was suddenly canceled in 1998 after its sixth season.[1] Despite this, the series concluded on a bookend by seeing Colleen marry Andrew and prepare to embark as a doctor in her own right, following her stepmother's footsteps.", "What You Leave Behind When signing the armistice that ends the Dominion War, Admiral Ross quotes General Douglas MacArthur's speech following Japan's surrender at the end of World War II. Quark quotes Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr with the final line of the show, \"The more things change, the more things stay the same.\"[1]", "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen The next to leave is the colonel, who rides out of camp one last time on his beloved horse Sophie. Once he reaches the 8063rd, he boards a waiting jeep to head towards his flight home, and donates Sophie to the orphanage for the children. Before he goes, he tells B.J. and Hawkeye that he was glad that they all worked together and that he will miss the good laughs they all shared, appreciating them because Hawkeye and B.J. always managed to give him joy when he needed it the most. After Potter climbs onto Sophie, Hawkeye and B.J. offer Potter a salute in appreciation of him. The colonel rides off into the distance, leaving the two Swampmates as the last people at the camp.", "List of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver episodes Other segments: Leap second\nGuest: Bobby Cannavale", "Another World (TV series) The final episode of Another World aired on June 25, 1999. The episode revolved around the wedding of Cass and Lila. In the show's final scene, Rachel and Carl happily embraced in the Cory living room, she remarked \"All's well that ends well,\" and, after looking at the pictures of all her loved ones, Rachel went upstairs with Carl. The final image was a still frame of Mac and the show faded to black.", "Without a Trace (season 7) The seventh and final season of Without a Trace began airing on September 23, 2008 and ended on May 19, 2009. There are 24 episodes in this season. It was announced on the morning of the season finale, May 19, 2009, that CBS declined to renew the show for an eighth season.[1]", "Finale (The Office) \"Finale\" is the last episode of the American comedy television series The Office. It serves as the 24th and 25th episodes of the ninth season, and the 200th and 201st episodes of the series overall. The episode was written by series developer and executive producer Greg Daniels and directed by Ken Kwapis, who directed the series' pilot episode. It originally aired on NBC on May 16, 2013, preceded by an hour-long series retrospective.", "Episode 29 (Twin Peaks) \"EpisodeÂ 29\", also known as \"Beyond Life and Death\",[nb 1] is the twenty-second and final episode of the second season of the American mystery television series Twin Peaks. It was also the second hour of the two-part series finale. The episode was written by the series co-creator Mark Frost, producer Harley Peyton and regular writer Robert Engels and was directed by series co-creator David Lynch, who also allegedly rewrote parts of the script.[4] It features series regulars Kyle MacLachlan, Michael Ontkean, Richard Beymer and Kenneth Welsh; and guest stars Frank Silva as Killer Bob, Michael J. Anderson as The Man from Another Place, Carel Struycken as The Giant, and Heather Graham as Annie Blackburn.", "St. Elsewhere \"The Last One\" brought in 22.5 million viewers, ranking 7th out of 68 programs that week and attracting a 17.0/29 rating/share, and ranking as the most watched episode of the series.[15] In 2011, the finale was ranked #12 on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales.[16]", "Last Forever \"Last Forever\" is the final episode of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The episode serves as the 23rd and 24th episode of season nine, and the 207th and 208th episode overall; the episode's two parts are classified as two separate episodes. It aired on March 31, 2014.", "MASH (TV series) While the series remained popular through these changes, it eventually began to run out of creative steam. Korean War doctors regularly contacted producers with experiences that they thought might make for a good storyline, only to learn the idea had previously been used. Harry Morgan admitted that he felt \"the cracks were starting to show\" by season 9 (1980â€“1981).[4] Alda wished to make season 10 (1981-1982) MAS*H's last, but was persuaded by CBS to produce a slightly shortened 11th season, coupled with a farewell movie finale, because CBS refused to let the show go away so easily. In the end, season 11 had 15 episodes (although six had been filmed during season 10 and held over) and a 2-1/2 hour movie, which was treated as five episodes and was filmed before the nine remaining episodes. The final episode ever produced was the penultimate episode \"As Time Goes By\". The series finale movie, titled \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\", became the most-watched television broadcast in history, tallying a total of 125 million viewers.[4]", "The End (Lost) \"The End\" is the series finale of the ABC television series Lost, consisting of the 17th and 18th episodes of season 6. It is also the 120th and 121st episodes overall. As the final episode, it was first aired in the eastern United States and eastern Canada, and then aired simultaneously in the western United States, western Canada, and eight other countries.", "The Twist (song) In the sixth episode of the second season of the TV series Quantum Leap, entitled “Good Morning, Peoria” (set in September 9, 1959), Dr. Sam Beckett (Scott Bakula) and Al Calavicci (Dean Stockwell) have a Kiss with History, meeting Chubby Checker (played by himself) in a radio station (Sam leaps into a radio DJ called Chick Howell), where they sing and dance \"The Twist\". An impressed Chubby asks: \"Can I use that move?\". Sam responds: \"Yah, but I got it from you!\".", "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen On the night the episode aired, large areas of California (particularly the San Francisco Bay Area) suffered power outages due to unusually stormy winter weather, which prevented many viewers from watching the series finale. Three weeks later, on March 21, KPIX, the CBS affiliate in San Francisco, reaired the episode.[citation needed]", "Seinfeld After nine years on the air, NBC and Jerry Seinfeld announced on December 25, 1997, that the series would end production the following spring in 1998. The announcement made the front page of the major New York newspapers, including the New York Times. Jerry Seinfeld was featured on the cover of Time magazine's first issue of 1998.[77] The series ended with a seventy-five-minute episode (cut to 60 minutes in syndication, in two parts) written by co-creator and ex-executive producer Larry David, which aired on May 14, 1998. Before the finale, a forty-five-minute retrospective clip show, \"The Chronicle\", was aired. The retrospective was expanded to an hour after the original airing and aired again on NBC as an hour-long episode, and has since aired in syndication.", "These Are the Voyages... Allan Kroeker directed the episode, his third series finale following Star Trek: Deep Space Nine's \"What You Leave Behind\" and Star Trek: Voyager's \"Endgame\".[6] \"These Are the Voyages...\" featured guest appearances by Jonathan Frakes and Marina Sirtis as their Next Generation characters William Riker and Deanna Troi. Brent Spiner, another Next Generation veteran who had guest-starred earlier in the fourth season of Enterprise, had an off-screen speaking role as the android Data.[6] Jeffrey Combs appeared as the Andorian Shran, whom Coto had wanted to be a permanent addition to the cast in the event of another season.[7]" ]	[ "Quantum Leap Episodes in the series subsequently follow Sam's reaction to each leap (typically ending the cold open with him uttering \"Oh, boy!\" on discovering his situation), and then working with Al and Ziggy to figure out his new identity and whom he needs to help to \"set right what once went wrong\" and trigger the next leap.[5] An episode typically ends as a cliffhanger showing the first few moments of Sam's next leap (along with him again uttering \"Oh, boy!\" on discovering his situation), which is repeated in the following episode's cold open. Though initially Sam's leaping is believed by Al and the others on the Quantum Leap team to be random, the characters come to believe in later seasons that someone or something is controlling Sam's leaping, and this is a central focus of the show's finale episode, \"Mirror Image\"." ]
test1639	what causes cracked skin at the corners of your mouth	[ "doc58134" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc58134", "doc58147", "doc58136", "doc58133", "doc58143", "doc58142", "doc58144", "doc58138", "doc2327935", "doc58145", "doc58141", "doc2327936", "doc58137", "doc58135", "doc58140", "doc58148", "doc58157", "doc58146", "doc58153", "doc58155", "doc58154", "doc58150", "doc58151", "doc58159", "doc1394842", "doc58152", "doc58149", "doc58158", "doc58156", "doc2327933", "doc2327948", "doc1430230", "doc656973", "doc2472278", "doc2327941", "doc2472284", "doc2603485", "doc58139", "doc359666", "doc2327934", "doc1430226", "doc1954236", "doc656974", "doc2327929", "doc2530999", "doc2472289", "doc2327946", "doc1430244", "doc1430206", "doc1394855", "doc2327945", "doc2472283", "doc2472279", "doc1918042", "doc1430229", "doc1394841", "doc1918058", "doc2327930", "doc683179", "doc1982879", "doc1430216", "doc2128824", "doc1430205", "doc2327949", "doc1759353", "doc756594", "doc2495397", "doc273542", "doc2099723", "doc1430208", "doc2180169", "doc2472286", "doc1430227", "doc2180174", "doc683180", "doc1505313", "doc2007179", "doc1430222", "doc1430213", "doc1430210", "doc2327937", "doc1918043", "doc2472282", "doc1363921", "doc2180170", "doc1430223", "doc610582", "doc2327940", "doc1430248", "doc2391475", "doc2327938", "doc2472288", "doc1011010", "doc1430242", "doc2472287", "doc2472281", "doc1615286", "doc1466567", "doc2099721", "doc1233841" ]	[ "Angular cheilitis Angular cheilitis can be caused by infection, irritation, or allergies.[2] Infections include by fungi such as Candida albicans and bacteria such as Staph. aureus.[2] Irritants include poorly fitting dentures, licking the lips or drooling, mouth breathing resulting in a dry mouth, sun exposure, overclosure of the mouth, smoking, and minor trauma.[2] Allergies may include substances like toothpaste, makeup, and food.[2] Often a number of factors are involved.[2] Other factors may include poor nutrition or poor immune function.[2][5] Diagnosis may be helped by testing for infections and patch testing for allergies.[2]", "Angular cheilitis Some systemic disorders are involved in angular cheilitis by virtue of their association with malabsorption and the creation of nutritional deficiencies described above. Such examples include people with anorexia nervosa.[5] Other disorders may cause lip enlargement (e.g. orofacial granulomatosis),[5] which alters the local anatomy and extenuates the skin folds at the corners of the mouth. More still may be involved because they affect the immune system, allowing normally harmless organisms like Candida to become pathogenic and cause an infection. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is thought to account for about 5% of cases of AC.[5] Xerostomia itself has many possible causes, but commonly the cause may be side effects of medications, or conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome. Conversely, conditions which cause drooling or sialorrhoea (excessive salivation) can cause angular cheilitis by creating a constant wet environment in the corners of the mouth. About 25% of people with Down syndrome appear to have AC.[5] This is due to relative macroglossia, an apparently large tongue in a small mouth, which may constantly stick out of the mouth causing maceration of the corners of the mouth with saliva. Inflammatory bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) can be associated with angular cheilitis.[4] In Crohn's, it is likely the result of malabsorption and immunosuppressive therapy which gives rise to the sores at the corner of the mouth.[9] Glucagonomas are rare pancreatic endocrine tumors which secrete glucagon, and cause a syndrome of dermatitis, glucose intolerance, weight loss and anemia. AC is a common feature of glucagonoma syndrome.[19] Infrequently, angular cheilitis may be one of the manifestations of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis,[14] and sometimes cases of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis may accompany angular cheilitis.[2] Angular cheilitis may be present in human immunodeficiency virus infection,[11] neutropenia,[16] or diabetes.[4] Angular cheilitis is more common in people with eczema because their skin is more sensitive to irritants.[2] Other conditions possibly associated include plasma cell gingivitis,[7] Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome,[5] or sideropenic dysphagia (also called Plummer-Vinson syndrome or Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome).[5]", "Angular cheilitis Angular cheilitis is a fairly non specific term which describes the presence of an inflammatory lesion in a particular anatomic site (i.e. the corner of the mouth). As there are different possible causes and contributing factors from one person to the next, the appearance of the lesion is somewhat variable. The lesions are more commonly symmetrically present on both sides of the mouth,[4] but sometimes only one side may be affected. In some cases, the lesion may be confined to the mucosa of the lips, and in other cases the lesion may extend past the vermilion border (the edge where the lining on the lips becomes the skin on the face) onto the facial skin. Initially, the corners of the mouth develop a gray-white thickening and adjacent erythema (redness).[2] Later, the usual appearance is a roughly triangular area of erythema, edema (swelling) and breakdown of skin at either corner of the mouth.[2][4] The mucosa of the lip may become fissured (cracked), crusted, ulcerated or atrophied.[2][4] There is not usually any bleeding.[7] Where the skin is involved, there may be radiating rhagades (linear fissures) from the corner of the mouth. Infrequently, the dermatitis (which may resemble eczema) can extend from the corner of the mouth to the skin of the cheek or chin.[4] If Staphylococcus aureus is involved, the lesion may show golden yellow crusts.[8] In chronic angular cheilitis, there may be suppuration (pus formation), exfoliation (scaling) and formation of granulation tissue.[2][4]", "Angular cheilitis Angular cheilitis (AC), is inflammation of one or both corners of the mouth.[4][5] Often the corners are red with skin breakdown and crusting.[2] It can also be itchy or painful.[2] The condition can last for days to years.[2] Angular cheilitis is a type of cheilitis (inflammation of the lips).[6]", "Angular cheilitis Habits or conditions that keep the corners of the mouth moist might include chronic lip licking, thumb sucking (or sucking on other objects such as pens, pipes, lollipops), dental cleaning (e.g. flossing), chewing gum, hypersalivation, drooling and mouth breathing.[2][4][14] Some consider habitual lip licking or picking to be a form of nervous tic, and do not consider this to be true angular cheilitis,[4] instead calling it perlèche (derived from the French word pourlècher meaning \"to lick one’s lips\"),[2] or \"factitious cheilitis\" is applied to this habit.[2] The term \"cheilocandidiasis\" describes exfoliative (flaking) lesions of the lips and the skin around the lips, and is caused by a superficial candidal infection due to chronic lip licking.[14] Less severe cases occur during cold, dry weather, and is a form of chapped lips. Individuals may lick their lips in an attempt to provide a temporary moment of relief, only serving to worsen the condition.[17]", "Angular cheilitis 22% of cases of angular cheilitis are due to irritants.[2] Saliva contains digestive enzymes, which may have a degree of digestive action on tissues if they are left in contact.[2] The corner of the mouth is normally exposed to saliva more than any other part of the lips. Reduced lower facial height (vertical dimension or facial support) is usually caused by edentulism (tooth loss), or wearing worn down, old dentures or ones which are not designed optimally. This results in overclosure of the mandible (collapse of the jaws),[9] which extenuates the angular skin folds at the corners of the mouth,[14] in effect creating an intertriginous skin crease. The tendency of saliva to pool in these areas is increased, constantly wetting the area,[10] which may cause tissue maceration and favors the development of a yeast infection.[14] As such, angular cheilitis is more commonly seen in edentulous people (people without any teeth).[9] It is by contrast uncommon in persons who retain their natural teeth.[16] Angular cheilitis is also commonly seen in denture wearers.[13] Angular cheilitis is present in about 30% of people with denture-related stomatitis.[10] It is thought that reduced vertical dimension of the lower face may be a contributing factor in up to 11% of elderly persons with angular cheilitis and in up to 18% of denture wearers who have angular cheilitis.[2] Reduced vertical dimension can also be caused by tooth migration, wearing orthodontic appliances, and elastic tissue damage caused by ultraviolet light exposure and smoking.[2]", "Angular cheilitis The sunscreen in some types of lip balm degrades over time into an irritant. Using expired lipbalm can initiate mild angular cheilitis, and when the person applies more lipbalm to alleviate the cracking, it only aggravates it. Because of the delayed onset of contact dermatitis and the recovery period lasting days to weeks, people typically do not make the connection between the causative agent and the symptoms.[medical citation needed]", "Angular cheilitis Angular cheilitis is thought to be multifactorial disorder of infectious origin,[10] with many local and systemic predisposing factors.[11] The sores in angular cheilitis are often infected with fungi (yeasts), bacteria, or a combination thereof;[8] this may represent a secondary, opportunistic infection by these pathogens. Some studies have linked the initial onset of angular cheilitis with nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B(B2-riboflavin) vitamins and iron (which causes iron deficiency anemia),[12] which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or malabsorption. Angular cheilitis can be a manifestation of contact dermatitis,[13] which is considered in two groups; irritational and allergic.", "Stomatitis Inflammation of the corners (angles) of the lips is termed angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking, and in adults it may be a sign of underlying iron deficiency anemia, or vitamin B deficiencies (e.g., B2-riboflavin, B9-folate, or B12-cobalamin, which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition such as celiac disease).", "Angular cheilitis Several different nutritional deficiency states of vitamins or minerals have been linked to AC.[5] It is thought that in about 25% of people with AC, iron deficiency or deficiency of B vitamins are involved.[5] Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in Third World countries.[5] Chronic iron deficiency may also cause koilonychia (spoon shaped deformity of the fingernails) and glossitis (inflammation of the tongue). It is not completely understood how iron deficiency causes AC, but it is known that it causes a degree of immunocompromise (decreased efficiency of the immune system) which may in turn allow an opportunistic infection of candida.[5] Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) may also cause AC, and other conditions such as redness of mucous membranes, magenta colored glossitis (pink inflammation of the tongue).[5] Vitamin B5 deficiency may also cause AC, along with glossitis, and skin changes similar to seborrhoeic dermatitis around the eyes, nose and mouth.[5] Vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes responsible for AC, and commonly occurs together with folate deficiency (a lack of folic acid), which also causes glossitis and megaloblastic anemia.[5] Vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra) is another possible cause, and in which other association conditions such as dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and glossitis can occur.[5] Biotin (vitamin B7) deficiency has also been reported to cause AC, along with hair loss (alopecia) and dry eyes.[5] Zinc deficiency is known to cause AC.[18] Other symptoms may include diarrhea, alopecia and dermatitis.[5] Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing impaired absorption of zinc, and is associated with AC.[5]", "Angular cheilitis A lesion caused by recurrence of a latent herpes simplex infection can occur in the corner of the mouth. This is herpes labialis (a cold sore), and is sometimes termed \"angular herpes simplex\".[2] A cold sore at the corner of the mouth behaves similarly to elsewhere on the lips, and follows a pattern of vesicle (blister) formation followed by rupture leaving a crusted sore which resolves in about 7â€“10 days, and recurs in the same spot periodically, especially during periods of stress. Rather than utilizing antifungal creams, angular herpes simplex is treated in the same way as a cold sore, with topical antiviral drugs such as aciclovir.", "Stomatitis Also, angular cheilitis can be caused by a patient's jaws at rest being 'overclosed' due to edentulousness or tooth wear, causing the jaws to come to rest closer together than if the complete/unaffected dentition were present. This causes skin folds around the angle of the mouth which are kept moist by saliva, which in turn favours infection; mostly by Candida albicans or similar species. Treatment usually involves the administration of topical nystatin or similar antifungal agents. Another treatment can be to correct the jaw relationship with dental treatment (e.g., dentures or occlusal adjustment).", "Angular cheilitis Sometimes contributing factors can be readily seen, such as loss of lower face height from poorly made or worn dentures, which results in mandibular overclosure (\"collapse of jaws\").[9] If there is a nutritional deficiency underlying the condition, various other signs and symptoms such as glossitis (swollen tongue) may be present. In people with angular cheilitis who wear dentures, often there may be erythematous mucosa underneath the denture (normally the upper denture), an appearance consistent with denture-related stomatitis.[4] Typically the lesions give symptoms of soreness, pain, pruritus (itching) or burning or a raw feeling.[2][9]", "Angular cheilitis Treatment for angular cheilitis is typically based on the underlying causes along with the use of a barrier cream.[2] Frequently an antifungal and antibacterial cream is also tried.[2] Angular cheilitis is a fairly common problem,[2] with estimates that it affects 0.7% of the population.[3] It occurs most often in the 30s to 60s, although is also relatively common in children.[2] In the developing world, iron and vitamin deficiencies are a common cause.[5]", "Angular cheilitis Candida can be detected in 93% of angular cheilitis lesions.[2] This organism is found in the mouths of about 40% of healthy individuals, and it is considered by some to be normal commensal component of the oral microbiota.[2] However, Candida shows dimorphism, namely a yeast form which is thought to be relatively harmless and a pathogenic hyphal form which is associated with invasion of host tissues. Potassium hydroxide preparation is recommended by some to help distinguish between the harmless and the pathogenic forms, and thereby highlight which cases of angular cheilitis are truly caused by Candida.[2] The mouth may act as a reservoir of Candida that reinfects the sores at the corners of the mouth and prevents the sores from healing.", "Angular cheilitis Several drugs may cause AC as a side effect, by various mechanisms, such as creating drug-induced xerostomia. Various examples include isotretinoin, indinavir, and sorafenib.[5] Isotretinoin (Accutane), an analog of vitamin A, is a medication which dries the skin. Less commonly, angular cheilitis is associated with primary hypervitaminosis A,[20] which can occur when large amounts of liver (including cod liver oil and other fish oils) are regularly consumed or as a result from an excess intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin supplements. Recreational drug users may develop AC. Examples include cocaine, methamphetamines, heroin, and hallucinogens.[5]", "Angular cheilitis Finally, if the condition appears resistant to treatment, investigations for underlying causes such as anemia or nutrient deficiencies or HIV infection.[22] Identification of the underlying cause is essential for treating chronic cases. The lesions may resolve when the underlying disease is treated, e.g. with a course of oral iron or B vitamin supplements.[4] Patch testing is recommended by some in cases which are resistant to treatment and where allergic contact dermatitis is suspected.[2]", "Angular cheilitis In general, these nutritional disorders may be caused by malnutrition, such as may occur in alcoholism or in poorly considered diets, or by malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. Coeliac disease or chronic pancreatitis) or gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g. pernicious anemia caused by ileal resection in Crohn's disease).[5]", "Angular cheilitis Angular cheilitis could be considered to be a type of cheilitis or stomatitis. Where Candida species are involved, angular cheilitis is classed as a type of oral candidiasis, specifically a primary (group I) Candida-associated lesion.[11] This form angular cheilitis which is caused by Candida is sometimes termed \"Candida-associated angular cheilitis\",[11] or less commonly, \"monilial perlÃ¨che\".[2] Angular cheilitis can also be classified as acute (sudden, short-lived appearance of the condition) or chronic (lasts a long time or keeps returning), or refractory (the condition persists despite attempts to treat it).[2]", "Angular cheilitis Secondly, there may be a need to increase the vertical dimension of the lower face to prevent overclosure of the mouth and formation of deep skin folds.[22] This may require the construction of a new denture with an adjusted bite.[4] Rarely, in cases resistant to normal treatments, surgical procedures such as collagen injections (or other facial fillers such as autologous fat or crosslinked hyaluronic acid) are used in an attempt to restore the normal facial contour.[2][4] Other measures which seek to reverse the local factors that may be contributing to the condition include improving oral hygiene, stopping smoking or other tobacco habits and use of a barrier cream (e.g. zinc oxide paste) at night.[2]", "Angular cheilitis There are 4 aspects to the treatment of angular cheilitis.[22] Firstly, potential reservoirs of infection inside the mouth are identified and treated.[22] Oral candidiasis, especially denture-related stomatitis is often found to be present where there is angular cheilitis, and if it is not treated, the sores at the corners of the mouth may often recur.[8][13] This involves having dentures properly fitted and disinfected. Commercial preparations are marketed for this purpose, although dentures may be left in dilute (1:10 concentration) household bleach overnight, but only if they are entirely plastic and do not contain any metal parts, and with rinsing under clean water before use.[9] Improved denture hygiene is often required thereafter, including not wearing the denture during sleep and cleaning it daily.[4] For more information, see Denture-related stomatitis.", "Angular cheilitis Examples of potential allergens include substances that may be present in some types of lipstick, toothpaste, acne products, cosmetics, chewing gum, mouthwash, foods, dental appliances, and materials from dentures or mercury containing amalgam fillings.[2] It is usually impossible to tell the difference between irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis without a patch test.", "Angular cheilitis Angular chielitis is normally a diagnosis made clinically. If the sore is unilateral, rather than bilateral, this suggests a local factor (e.g., trauma) or a split syphilitic papule.[4][21] Angular cheilitis caused by mandibular overclosure, drooling, and other irritants is usually bilateral.[2]", "Angular cheilitis AC is a relatively common condition,[11] accounting for between 0.7 – 3.8% of oral mucosal lesions in adults and between 0.2 – 15.1% in children, though overall it occurs most commonly in adults in the third to sixth decades of life.[2][4] It occurs worldwide, and both males and females are affected.[4] Angular cheilitis is the most common presentation of fungal and bacterial infections of the lips.[14]", "Zinc deficiency Zinc deficiency can manifest as non-specific oral ulceration, stomatitis, or white tongue coating.[8] Rarely it can cause angular cheilitis (sores at the corners of the mouth)[10] and burning mouth syndrome.[11]", "Angular cheilitis The lesions are normally swabbed to detect if Candida or pathogenic bacterial species may be present. Persons with angular cheilitis who wear dentures often also will have their denture swabbed in addition. A complete blood count (full blood count) may be indicated, including assessment of the levels of iron, ferritin, vitamin B12 (and possibly other B vitamins), and folate.[4]", "Angular cheilitis Allergic reactions may account for about 25â€“34% of cases of generalized cheilitis (i.e., inflammation not confined to the angles of the mouth). It is unknown how frequently allergic reactions are responsible for cases of angular cheilitis, but any substance capable of causing generalized allergic cheilitis may present involving the corners of the mouth alone.", "Angular cheilitis Most cases of angular cheilitis respond quickly when antifungal treatment is used.[16] In more long standing cases, the severity of the condition often follows a relapsing and remitting course over time.[14] The condition can be difficult to treat and can be prolonged.[4]", "Angular cheilitis Thirdly, treatment of the infection and inflammation of the lesions themselves is addressed. This is usually with topical antifungal medication,[8] such as clotrimazole,[14] amphotericin B,[22] ketoconazole,[16] or nystatin cream.[9] Some antifungal creams are combined with corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone[8] or triamcinolone[9] to reduce inflammation, and certain antifungals such as miconazole also have some antibacterial action.[8] Diiodohydroxyquinoline is another topical therapy for angular cheilitis.[14] If Staphylococcus aureus infection is demonstrated by microbiological culture to be responsible (or suspected), the treatment may be changed to fusidic acid cream,[8] an antibiotic which is effective against this type of bacteria. Aside from fusidic acid, neomycin,[22] mupirocin,[2] metronidazole,[7] and chlorhexidine[22] are alternative options in this scenario.", "Stomatitis Malnutrition (improper dietary intake) or malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients into the body) can lead to nutritional deficiency states, several of which can lead to stomatitis. For example, deficiencies of iron, vitamin B2 (riboflavin),[3]:490 vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid) or vitamin B12 (cobalamine) may all manifest as stomatitis. Iron is necessary for the upregulation of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Lack of iron can cause genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the mouth and lips. Many disorders which cause malabsorption can cause deficiencies, which in turn causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical sprue.[3]:49", "Stomatitis Also called smoker's palatal keratosis,[18]:176 this condition may occur in smokers, especially pipe smokers. The palate appears dry and cracked, and white from keratosis. The minor salivary glands appear as small, red and swollen bumps. It is not a premalignant condition, and the appearance reverses if the smoking is stopped.[18]:176", "Leukoplakia Another very common cause of white patches in the mouth is frictional or irritational trauma leading to keratosis. Examples include nicotine stomatitis, which is keratosis in response to heat from tobacco smoking (rather than a response to the carcinogens in tobacco smoke). The risk of malignant transformation is similar to normal mucosa. Mechanical trauma, e.g. caused by a sharp edge on a denture, or a broken tooth, may cause white patches which appear very similar to leukoplakia. However, these white patches represent a normal hyperkeratotic reaction, similar to a callus on the skin, and will resolve when the cause is removed.[1] Where there is a demonstrable cause such as mechanical or thermal trauma, the term idiopathic leukoplakia should not be used.", "Riboflavin Riboflavin deficiency (also called ariboflavinosis) results in stomatitis including painful red tongue with sore throat, chapped and fissured lips (cheilosis), and inflammation of the corners of the mouth (angular stomatitis). There can be oily scaly skin rashes on the scrotum, vulva, philtrum of the lip, or the nasolabial folds. The eyes can become itchy, watery, bloodshot and sensitive to light.[22] Due to interference with iron absorption, even mild to moderate riboflavin deficiency results in an anemia with normal cell size and normal hemoglobin content (i.e. normochromic normocytic anemia). This is distinct from anemia caused by deficiency of folic acid (B9) or cyanocobalamin (B12), which causes anemia with large blood cells (megaloblastic anemia).[23] Deficiency of riboflavin during pregnancy can result in birth defects including congenital heart defects[24] and limb deformities.[25]", "Cracked nipple Cracked nipple (or nipple trauma)[1] is a condition that can occur in breastfeeding women as a result of a number of possible causes. Developing a cracked nipple can result in soreness, dryness or irritation to, or bleeding of, one or both nipples during breastfeeding. The mother with a cracked nipple can have severe nipple pain when the baby is nursing. This severe pain is a disincentive for continued breastfeeding. The crack can appear as a cut across the tip of the nipple and may extend to its the base.[2] Cracked nipples develop after the birth of the infant and is managed with pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment.[3]", "Stomatitis Allergens that may cause allergic contact stomatitis in some individuals include cinnamaldehyde, Balsam of Peru, peppermint, mercury, gold, pyrophosphates, zinc citrate, free acrylic monomer, nickel, fluoride, and sodium lauryl sulfate.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] These allergens may originate from many sources, including various foods and drink, chewing gum, toothpaste, mouthwash, dental floss, dental fillings, dentures, orthodontic bands or wires, and many other sources.[7] If the substance containing the allergen comes into contact with the lips, allergic contact cheilitis can occur, together with allergic contact stomatitis.", "Cracked nipple When the baby is latched on correctly, the nipple is located against the soft palate in the back of the baby's mouth. When the nipple is near the front of the mouth and being pinched against the hard palate, this will cause pain and development of cracked nipples.[8] One cause of painful, cracked nipples is the incorrect positioning and incorrect latching on to the breast by the infant.[7][6] The baby can create cracked nipples due to the strong sucking pressure, stretching and pulling the nipple, the friction and rubbing of skin to skin.[2][7] The cause of sore, cracked nipples can also be from a yeast or Candida infection in the baby or the mother or both. Thrush can develop after the use of antibiotics.[2] For first-time breastfeeding mothers, it normally takes a few tries before the latch is right, which can make the nipples tender and sore the first few days. If the nipples become cracked or bleed, the latch may need to be corrected. Women are advised to keep on breastfeeding, as it will actually help the nipples heal. A little breast milk or purified lanolin cream or ointment helps the healing process.[7]", "Relative humidity Dry cracked skin can result from dry air.", "Angular cheilitis The involved organisms are:", "Dermatitis Although the symptoms of atopic dermatitis vary from person to person, the most common symptoms are dry, itchy, red skin. Typical affected skin areas include the folds of the arms, the back of the knees, wrists, face and hands. Perioral dermatitis refers to a red bumpy rash around the mouth.[14]", "Stomatitis Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) is the recurrent appearance of mouth ulcers in otherwise healthy individuals. The cause is not completely understood, but it is thought that the condition represents a T cell mediated immune response which is triggered by a variety of factors. The individual ulcers (aphthae) recur periodically and heal completely, although in the more severe forms new ulcers may appear in other parts of the mouth before the old ones have finished healing. Aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa, and is thought to affect about 20% of the general population to some degree.[4] The symptoms range from a minor nuisance to being disabling in their impact on eating, swallowing and talking, and the severe forms can cause people to lose weight. There is no cure for aphthous stomatitis,[5] and therapies are aimed at alleviating the pain, reducing the inflammation and promoting healing of the ulcers, but there is little evidence of efficacy for any treatment that has been used.", "Leukoplakia Ultraviolet radiation is believed to be a factor in the development of some leukoplakia lesions of the lower lip, usually in association with actinic cheilitis.[1]", "Pellagra Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3).[2] Symptoms include inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth.[1] Areas of the skin exposed to either sunlight or friction are typically affected first.[1] Over time affected skin may become darker, stiff, begin to peel, or bleed.[3][1]", "Riboflavin The stomatitis symptoms are similar to those seen in pellagra, which is caused by niacin (B3) deficiency. Therefore, riboflavin deficiency is sometimes called \"pellagra sine pellagra\" (pellagra without pellagra), because it causes stomatitis but not widespread peripheral skin lesions characteristic of niacin deficiency.[22]", "Stomatitis Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips.[1] It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.[2]", "Dermatophagia People with dermatophagia chew their skin out of compulsion, and can do so on a variety of places on their body.[5] Those with dermatophagia typically chew the skin surrounding their fingernails and joints. They also chew on the inside of their mouth, cheeks, and/or lips, causing blisters in and outside of the mouth. If the behavior is left unchecked for an extended period, calluses may start to develop where most of the biting is done.", "Cracked nipple Cracked nipples can be treated with 100% lanolin. Glycerin nipple pads can be chilled and placed over the nipples to help soothe and heal cracked or painful nipples.[19] If the cause of cracked nipples is from thrush, treatment is usually begun with nystatin. If the mother is symptomatic then the mother and the baby can be treated.[2] Continuing to breastfeed will actually help the nipples heal. A little breast milk or purified lanolin cream or ointment helps the healing process.[7] Breastfeeding professionals that include nurses, midwives and lactation consultants are able to assist in the treatment of cracked nipples.[6]", "Stomatitis Stomatitis may also be caused by chemotherapy, or radiation therapy of the oropharyngeal area.[15] The term mucositis is sometimes used synonymously with stomatitis, however the former usually refers to mucosal reactions to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and may occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract and not just in the mouth.[16]", "Leukoplakia Leukoplakia cannot be rubbed off the mucosa,[12] distinguishing it readily from white patches such as pseudomembraneous candidiasis, where a white layer can be removed to reveal an erythematous, sometimes bleeding surface underneath. The white color associated with leukoedema disappears when the mucosa is stretched. A frictional keratosis will generally be adjacent to a sharp surface such as a broken tooth or rough area on a denture and will disappear when the causative factor is removed. Some have a suggested as general rule that any lesion that does not show signs of healing within 2 weeks should be biopsied.[33] Morsicatio buccarum and linea alba are located at the level of the occlusal plane (the level at which the teeth meet). A chemical burn has a clear history of placing an aspirin tablet (or other caustic substance such as eugenol) against the mucosa in an attempt to relieve toothache. Developmental white patches usually are present from birth or become apparent earlier in life, whilst leukoplakia generally affects middle aged or elderly people. Other causes of white patches generally require pathologic examination of a biopsy specimen to distinguish with certainty from leukoplakia.", "Leukoplakia Leukoplakia is a descriptive term that should only be applied after other possible causes are ruled out.[6] Tissue biopsy generally shows increased keratin build up with or without abnormal cells, but is not diagnostic.[4][6] Other conditions that can appear similar include yeast infections, lichen planus, and keratosis due to repeated minor trauma.[4] The lesions from a yeast infection can typically be rubbed off while those of leukoplakia cannot.[4][12]", "Zinc deficiency Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an inherited deficiency of the zinc carrier protein ZIP4 resulting in inadequate zinc absorption.[9] It presents as growth retardation, severe diarrhea, hair loss, skin rash (most often around the genitalia and mouth) and opportunistic candidiasis and bacterial infections.[9]", "Stomatitis This is inflammation of the mouth caused by herpes simplex virus.", "Cracked nipple Some studies indicate that cracked nipples are caused by poor latch.[citation needed] Yet other causes could be poor positioning, use of a feeding bottle, breast engorgement, inexperience, semi-protruding nipples, use of breast pumps and light pigmentation of the nipples. These causes vary between cultures.[citation needed] Breast engorgement is also a main factor in altering the ability of the infant to latch-on. Engorgement changes the shape and curvature of the nipple region by making the breast inflexible, flat, hard, and swollen. The nipples on an engorged breast are flat.[1]", "Cracked nipple Cracked nipples are classified as a breast disorder.[4] The nipple is not only the structure to deliver milk to the infant, it also contains small, sebaceous glands or Montgomery glands to lubricate the skin of the areola.[5] Cracked nipples are most often associated with breastfeeding and appear as cracks or small lacerations or breaks in the skin of the nipple.[1][6] In some instances an ulcer will form.[1] The nipple in a nursing mother is in regular contact with a nursing infant.[5] Cracked nipples are trauma to the nipple and can be quite painful.[7] Cracked nipples typically appear three to seven days after the birth.[6][1]", "Vitiligo Vitiligo is a long term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment.[1] The patches of skin affected become white and usually have sharp margins.[1] The hair from the skin may also become white.[1] Inside the mouth and nose may also be involved.[2] Typically both sides of the body are affected.[1] Often the patches begin on areas of skin that are exposed to the sun.[2] It is more noticeable in people with dark skin.[2] Vitiligo may result in psychological stress and those affected may be stigmatized.[1]", "Leukoplakia Leukoplakia is more likely to develop in areas of epithelial atrophy. Conditions associated with mucosal atrophy include iron deficiency, some vitamin deficiencies, oral submucous fibrosis, syphilis and sideropenic dysphagia.[25]", "Zinc deficiency Zinc deficiency may manifest as acne,[7] eczema,[8] xerosis (dry, scaling skin),[8] seborrheic dermatitis,[8] or alopecia (thin and sparse hair).[8][9] There may also be impaired wound healing.[9]", "Vitiligo Chemical leukoderma is a similar condition due to multiple exposures to chemicals.[23] Vitiligo however is a risk factor.[23] Triggers may include inflammatory skin conditions, burns, intralesional steroid injections and abrasions.[24]", "Stomatitis In its widest meaning, stomatitis can have a multitude of different causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others.", "Actinic keratosis Actinic keratosis (AK) is a pre-cancerous[2] patch of thick, scaly, or crusty skin.[3][4] These growths are more common in fair-skinned people and those who are frequently in the sun.[5] They usually form when skin gets damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or indoor tanning beds. AKs are considered potentially pre-cancerous; left untreated, they may turn into a type of cancer called Squamous cell skin cancer.[4] Untreated lesions have up to a 20% risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma,[6] so treatment by a dermatologist is recommended.", "Crohn's disease In the oral cavity people with Crohn's may develop cheilitis granulomatosa and other forms of orofacial granulomatosis, pyostomatitis vegetans, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, geographic tongue, and migratory stomatitis in higher prevalence than the general population.[43]", "Leukoplakia Oral hairy leukoplakia is a corrugated (\"hairy\") white lesion on the sides of the tongue caused by opportunistic infection with Epstein-Barr virus on a systemic background of immunodeficiency, almost always human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.[13] This condition is not considered to be a true idiopathic leukoplakia since the causative agent has been identified. It is one of the most common oral lesions associated with HIV infection, along with pseudomembraneous candidiasis.[21] The appearance of the lesion often heralds the transition from HIV to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[21]", "Candida (fungus) Overgrowth of several species including C. albicans can cause infections ranging from superficial, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) or vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal candidiasis) and subpreputial candidiasis which may cause balanitis, to systemic, such as fungemia and invasive candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is common in elderly denture wearers.[18] In otherwise healthy individuals, these infections can be cured with topical or systemic antifungal medications[19] (commonly over-the-counter antifungal treatments like miconazole or clotrimazole). In debilitated or immunocompromised patients, or if introduced intravenously, candidiasis may become a systemic disease producing abscess, thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, or infections of the eyes or other organs.[7][12] Typically, relatively severe neutropenia is a prerequisite for Candida to pass through the defenses of the skin and cause disease in deeper tissues; in such cases, mechanical disruption of the infected skin sites is typically a factor in the fungal invasion of the deeper tissues.[17]", "Leukoplakia The cause of leukoplakia is unknown.[6] Risk factors for formation inside the mouth include smoking, chewing tobacco, excessive alcohol, and use of betel nuts.[4][7] It is a precancerous lesion, a tissue alteration in which cancer is more likely to develop.[4] The chance of cancer formation depends on the type, with between 3–15% of localized leukoplakia and 70–100% of proliferative leukoplakia developing into squamous cell carcinoma.[4]", "Stomatitis Chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a recently discovered condition with specific immunopathologic features.[19] It is characterized by erosions and ulcerations which relapse and remit. Lesions are located on the buccal mucosa (inside of the cheeks) or on the gingiva (gums).[20][21] The condition resembles Oral lichen planus when biopsied.", "Fissured tongue The cause is unknown, but it may be partly a genetic trait. Aging and environmental factors may also contribute to the appearance.", "Herpes simplex Other identified triggers include local injury to the face, lips, eyes, or mouth; trauma; surgery; radiotherapy; and exposure to wind, ultraviolet light, or sunlight.[69][70][71][72][73]", "Scurvy Typically, scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet.[1] It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C before symptoms occur.[1][2] In modern times, it occurs most commonly in people with mental disorders, unusual eating habits, alcoholism, and old people who live alone.[2] Other risk factors include intestinal malabsorption and dialysis.[2] Humans and certain other animals require vitamin C in their diets to make the building blocks for collagen.[2] Diagnosis typically is based on physical signs, X-rays, and improvement after treatment.[2]", "Ulcer (dermatology) The wounds from which ulcers arise can be caused by a wide variety of factors, but the main cause is impaired blood circulation. Especially, chronic wounds and ulcers are caused by poor circulation, either through cardiovascular issues or external pressure from a bed or a wheelchair.[5] A very common and dangerous type of skin ulcers are caused by what are called pressure-sensitive sores, more commonly called bed sores and which are frequent in people who are bedridden or who use wheelchairs for long periods. Other causes producing skin ulcers include bacterial or viral infections, fungal infections and cancers. Blood disorders and chronic wounds can result in skin ulcers as well.[6]", "Cradle cap Severe cases of cradle cap, especially with cracked or bleeding skin, can provide a place for bacteria to grow. If the cradle cap is caused by a fungal infection which has worsened significantly over days or weeks to allow bacterial growth (impetigo, most commonly), a combination treatment of antibiotics and antifungals may be necessary. Since it is difficult for a layperson to distinguish the difference between sebaceous gland cradle cap, fungal cradle cap, or either of these combined with a bacterial infection, medical advice should be sought if the condition appears to worsen.", "Leukoplakia Leukoplakia could be classified as mucosal disease, and also as a premalignant condition. Although the white color in leukoplakia is a result of hyperkeratosis (or acanthosis), similarly appearing white lesions that are caused by reactive keratosis (smoker's keratosis or frictional keratoses e.g. morsicatio buccarum) are not considered to be leukoplakias.[13] Leukoplakia could also be considered according to the affected site, e.g. oral leukoplakia, leukoplakia of the urinary tract, including bladder leukoplakia or leukoplakia of the penis, vulvae, cervix or vagina.[14][15] Leukoplakia may also occur in the larynx, possibly in association with gastro-esophageal reflux disease.[16] Oropharyngeal leukoplakia is linked to the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,[16] and sometimes this is associated with tylosis, which is thickening of the skin on the palms and soles of the feet (see: Leukoplakia with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma). Dyskeratosis congenita may be associated with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa and of the anal mucosa.[16]", "Dry eye syndrome Causes include idiopathic, congenital alacrima, xerophthalmia, lacrimal gland ablation, and sensory denervation.[11] In rare cases, it may be a symptom of collagen vascular diseases, including relapsing polychondritis, rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.[10][11][16][17] Sjögren's syndrome and other autoimmune diseases are associated with aqueous tear deficiency.[10][11] Drugs such as isotretinoin, sedatives, diuretics, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensives, oral contraceptives, antihistamines, nasal decongestants, beta-blockers, phenothiazines, atropine, and pain relieving opiates such as morphine can cause or worsen this condition.[4][10][11][13] Infiltration of the lacrimal glands by sarcoidosis or tumors, or postradiation fibrosis of the lacrimal glands can also cause this condition.[11] Recent attention has been paid to the composition of tears in normal or dry eye individuals. Only a small fraction of the estimated 1543 proteins in tears are differentially deficient or upregulated in dry eye, one of which is lacritin.[18][19] Topical lacritin promotes tearing in rabbit preclinical studies.[20] Also, topical treatment of eyes of dry eye mice (Aire knockout mouse model of dry eye) restored tearing, and suppressed both corneal staining and the size of inflammatory foci in lacrimal glands.[21]", "Cracked nipple Pain caused by cracked nipples can sometimes lead to the cessation of breast-feeding.[1] In addition to cracks, or blisters or ulcers can form.[17]", "Leukoplakia Candida in its pathogenic hyphal form is occasionally seen in biopsies of idiopathic leukoplakia. It is debated whether candida infection is a primary cause of leukoplakia with or without dysplasia, or a superimposed (secondary) infection that occurs after the development of the lesion. It is known that Candida species thrive in altered tissues.[25] Some leukoplakias with dysplasia reduce or disappear entirely following use of antifungal medication.[1] Smoking, which as discussed above can lead to the development of leukoplakia, can also promote oral candidiasis.[1] Candida in association with leukoplakia should not be confused with white patches which are primarily caused by candida infection, such as chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (\"candidal leukoplakia\").[17]", "Dry eye syndrome Abnormalities of the lipid tear layer caused by blepharitis and rosacea, and abnormalities of the mucin tear layer caused by vitamin A deficiency, trachoma, diphtheric keratoconjunctivitis, mucocutaneous disorders and certain topical medications are causes of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.[11]", "Actinic keratosis Development of these growths occurs when skin is constantly exposed to the sun over time. They usually appear as thick, scaly, or crusty areas that often feel dry or rough. In fact, AKs are often felt before they are seen,[7] and the texture is often compared to sandpaper. They may be dark, light, tan, pink, red, a combination of all these, or have the same color as the surrounding skin. An actinic keratosis lesion commonly ranges between 2 and 6 millimeters in size but can grow to be a few centimeters in diameter.[8] They often appear on sun-exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, ears, neck, scalp, chest, backs of hands, forearms, or lips. Because they are related to sun-damage on the skin, most people who have an AK have more than one.[9] Often, large areas of sun-exposed skin are diagnosed with a continuum of multiple clinically visible AKs of different sizes and severities, typically accompanied by subclinical lesions that become apparent only in biopsies.[10] This concept of a skin area showing multiple AKs is termed field cancerization.[10]", "Mouth assessment The lips are normally symmetrical, pink, smooth, and moist. There should be no growths, lumps, or discoloration of the tissue. Abnormal findings are asymmetricality, cyanosis, a cherry-red or pale color or dryness. Diseases include mucocele, aphthous ulcer, angular stomatitis, carcinoma, cleft lip, leukoplakia, herpes simplex and chelitis.", "Oral mucosa Even keratinized tissue can undergo further level of hyperkeratinization; an increase in the amount of keratin is produced as a result of chronic physical trauma to the region. Changes such as hyperkeratinization are reversible if the source of the injury is removed, but it takes time for the keratin to be shed or lost by the tissue. Thus, to check for malignant changes, a baseline biopsy and microscopic study of any whitened tissue may be indicated, especially if in a high-risk cancer category, such with a history of tobacco or alcohol use or are HPV positive. Hyperkeratinized tissue is also associated with the heat from smoking or hot fluids on the hard palate in the form of nicotinic stomatitis.[7]", "Leukoplakia The exact underlying cause of leukoplakia is largely unknown,[1] but it is likely multifactorial, with the main factor being the use of tobacco.[25] Tobacco use and other suggested causes are discussed below. The mechanism of the white appearance is thickening of the keratin layer, called hyperkeratosis. The abnormal keratin appears white when it becomes hydrated by saliva, and light reflects off the surface evenly.[25] This hides the normal pink-red color of mucosae (the result of underlying vasculature showing through the epithelium).[1] A similar situation can be seen on areas of thick skin such as the soles of the feet or the fingers after prolonged immersion in water. Another possible mechanism is thickening of the stratum spinosum, called acanthosis.[25]", "Leukoplakia Erythroleukoplakia (also termed speckled leukoplakia, erythroleukoplasia or leukoerythroplasia) is a non-homogenous lesion of mixed white (keratotic) and red (atrophic) color. Erythroplakia (erythroplasia) is an entirely red patch that cannot be attributed to any other cause. Erythroleukoplakia can therefore be considered a variant of either leukoplakia or erythroplakia since its appearance is midway between.[19] Erythroleukoplakia frequently occurs on the buccal mucosa in the commisural area (just inside the cheek at the corners of the mouth) as a mixed lesion of white nodular patches on an erythematous background,[19] although any part of the mouth may be affected. Erythroleukoplakia and erythroplakia have a higher risk of cancerous changes than homogeneous leukoplakia.[19]", "Leukoplakia Homogenous leukoplakia (also termed \"thick leukoplakia\")[2] is usually well defined white patch of uniform, flat appearance and texture, although there may be superficial irregularities.[2][8] Homogenous leukoplakia is usually slightly elevated compared to surrounding mucosa, and often has a fissured, wrinkled or corrugated surface texture,[2] with the texture generally consistent throughout the whole lesion. This term has no implications on the size of the lesion, which may be localized or extensive.[2] When homogenous leukoplakia is palpated, it may feel leathery, dry, or like cracked mud.[2]", "Stomatitis This is a common condition present in denture wearers. It appears as reddened but painless mucosa beneath the denture. 90% of cases are associated with Candida species, and it is the most common form of oral candidiasis. Treatment is by antifungal medication and improved dental hygiene, such as not wearing the denture during sleep.", "Vitiligo The cause is typically unknown.[1] It is believed to be due to genetic susceptibility that is triggered by an environmental factor such that an autoimmune disease occurs.[1][2] This results in the destruction of skin pigment cells.[2] Risk factors include a family history of the condition or other autoimmune diseases, such as hyperthyroidism, alopecia areata, and pernicious anemia.[2] It is not contagious.[4] Vitiligo is classified into two main types: segmental and non-segmental.[1] Most cases are non-segmental, meaning they affect both sides; and in these cases, the affected area of the skin typically expands with time.[1] About 10% of cases are segmental, meaning they mostly involve one side of the body; and in these cases, the affected area of the skin typically does not expand with time.[1] Diagnosis can be confirmed by tissue biopsy.[2]", "Cracked nipple Because cracked nipples can result in the infant being exposed to blood, women with certain blood-borne diseases may be advised to stop breastfeeding if they have a cracked nipple. It has been found safe for breastfeeding mothers with hepatitis B and cracked nipples to breastfeed.[11] In the event that a nursing woman experiences cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within one to two weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasmosis infection (when the organism is still circulating in her bloodstream), it is theoretically possible that she could transmit Toxoplasma gondii to the infant through her breast milk. Immune suppressed women could have circulating Toxoplasma for even longer periods of time. However, the likelihood of human milk transmission is very small.[12] Transmission risk of HIV increases if the mother has cracked and bleeding nipples[13][2] An uncommon infection in the mother, Chagas disease, can be transmitted to the nursing infant via cracked nipples.[14] Women with hepatitis C are advised to abstain from breastfeeding if their nipples are cracked or bleeding.[15][16]", "Skin flora Damaged skin defined by extensive cracking of skin surface, widespread reddening or occasional bleeding has also been found to be more frequently colonized by Staphylococcus hominis and these were more likely to be methicillin resistant.[56] Though not related to greater antibiotic resistance, damaged skin was also more like to be colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacteria, Enterococci and Candida.[56]", "Dry eye syndrome Aging is one of the most common causes of dry eyes because tear production decreases with age.[4] Several classes of medications (both prescription and OTC) have been hypothesized as a major cause of dry eye, especially in the elderly. Particularly, anticholinergic medications that also cause dry mouth are believed to promote dry eye.[22] Dry eye may also be caused by thermal or chemical burns, or (in epidemic cases) by adenoviruses. A number of studies have found that diabetics are at increased risk for the disease.[23][24]", "Leukoplakia Tobacco smoking or chewing is the most common causative factor,[25] with more than 80% of persons with leukoplakia having a positive smoking history.[1] Smokers are much more likely to suffer from leukoplakia than non-smokers.[1] The size and number of leukoplakia lesions in an individual is also correlated with the level of smoking and how long the habit has lasted for.[1] Other sources argue that there is no evidence for a direct causative link between smoking and oral leukoplakia.[28] Cigarette smoking may produce a diffuse leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa, lips, tongue and rarely the floor of mouth.[25] Reverse smoking, where the lit end of the cigarette is held in the mouth is also associated with mucosal changes.[25] Tobacco chewing, e.g. betel leaf and areca nut, called paan, tends to produce a distinctive white patch in a buccal sulcus termed \"tobacco pouch keratosis\".[1] In the majority of persons, cessation triggers shrinkage or disappearance of the lesion, usually within the first year after stopping.[1][25]", "Tooth decay Reduced salivary flow rate is associated with increased caries since the buffering capability of saliva is not present to counterbalance the acidic environment created by certain foods. As a result, medical conditions that reduce the amount of saliva produced by salivary glands, in particular the submandibular gland and parotid gland, are likely to lead to dry mouth and thus to widespread tooth decay. Examples include Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and sarcoidosis.[49] Medications, such as antihistamines and antidepressants, can also impair salivary flow. Stimulants, most notoriously methylamphetamine, also occlude the flow of saliva to an extreme degree. This is known as meth mouth. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active chemical substance in cannabis, also causes a nearly complete occlusion of salivation, known in colloquial terms as \"cotton mouth\". Moreover, 63% of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States list dry mouth as a known side-effect.[49] Radiation therapy of the head and neck may also damage the cells in salivary glands, somewhat increasing the likelihood of caries formation.[50][51]", "Stomatitis Allergic contact stomatitis appears as non-specific inflammation, so it may be mistaken for chronic physical irritation.[7] There may be burning or soreness of the mouth and ulceration.[7] Chronic exposure to the allergen may result in a lichenoid lesion.[7] Plasma cell gingivitis may also occur, which may be accompanied by glossitis and cheilitis.[7]", "Leukoplakia Many different topical and systemic medications have been studied, including anti-inflammatories, antimycotics (target Candida species), carotenoids (precursors to vitamin A, e.g. beta carotene), retinoids (drugs similar to vitamin A), and cytotoxics, but none have evidence that they prevent malignant transformation in an area of leukoplakia.[8]Vitamins C and E have also been studied with regards a therapy for leukoplakia.[2] Some of this research is carried out based upon the hypothesis that antioxidant nutrients, vitamins and cell growth suppressor proteins (e.g. p53) are antagonistic to oncogenesis.[2] High doses of retinoids may cause toxic effects.[8] Other treatments that have been studied include photodynamic therapy.[8]", "Pitted keratolysis Pitted keratolysis (also known as \"Keratolysis plantare sulcatum,\"[1] \"Keratoma plantare sulcatum,\"[1] and \"Ringed keratolysis\"[1]) is a non-contagious[citation needed] skin infection that can be caused by wearing tight or restricting footwear and excessive sweating. The infection is characterized by craterlike pits on the surface of the feet and toes, particularly weight bearing areas. Treatment consists of the application of topical antibiotics. Pitted Keratolysis is caused by bacteria,[2] which thrive in these environments.[3]", "Stomatitis Allergic contact stomatitis (also termed \"allergic gingivostomatitis\" or \"allergic contact gingivostomatitis\")[6] is a type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in susceptible atopic individuals when allergens penetrate the skin or mucosa.[7]", "Cracked nipple Roman chamomile can be applied directly to the skin for pain and swelling and is used to treat cracked nipples.[20]", "Beau's lines There are several causes of Beau's lines. It is believed that there is a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix. This may be caused by an infection or problem in the nail fold, where the nail begins to form, or it may be caused by an injury to that area. Some other reasons for these lines include trauma, coronary occlusion, hypocalcaemia, and skin disease. They may be a sign of systemic disease, or may also be caused by an illness of the body, as well as drugs used in chemotherapy or malnutrition.[3][4] Beau's lines can also be seen one to two months after the onset of fever in children with Kawasaki disease.[5]", "Leukoplakia Almost all oral white patches are usually the result of keratosis.[3] For this reason oral white patches are sometimes generally described as keratoses, although a minority of oral white lesions are not related to hyperkeratosis, e.g. epithelial necrosis and ulceration caused by a chemical burn (see: Oral ulceration#Chemical injury).[3] In keratosis, the thickened keratin layer absorbs water from saliva in the mouth and appears white in comparison with normal mucosa. Normal oral mucosa is a red-pink color due the underlying vasculature in the lamina propria showing through the thin layer of epithelium. Melanin produced in the oral mucosa also influences the color, with a darker appearance being created by higher levels of melanin in the tissues (associated with racial/physiologic pigmentation, or with disorders causing melanin overproduction such as Addison's disease).[25] Other endogenous pigments can be overproduced to influence the color, e.g. bilirubin in hyperbilirubinemia or hemosiderin in hemochromatosis, or exogenous pigments such as heavy metals can be introduced into the mucosa, e.g. in an amalgam tattoo.", "Cracked nipple The nipples of nursing mothers naturally make a lubricant to prevent drying, cracking, or infections.[5] Cracked nipples may be able to be prevented by:", "Cracked nipple Bacteria can enter the breast through cracked nipples, which increase the risk of mastitis.[9] Candida infection (thrush) of the nipple can also occur, resulting in deep-pink, cracked, and sore nipples.[10][2]", "Xerophthalmia Xerophthalmia usually implies a destructive dryness of the conjunctival epithelium due to dietary vitamin A deficiency—a rare condition in developed countries, but still causing much damage in developing countries. Other forms of dry eye are associated with aging, poor lid closure, scarring from a previous injury, or autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome, and these can all cause chronic conjunctivitis. Radioiodine therapy can also induce xerophthalmia, often transiently, although in some patients late onset or persistent xerophthalmia has been observed.[1]", "Astringent Astringents in medicine cause constriction or contraction of mucous membranes or exposed tissues and are often used internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous secretions.[3] This can happen with a sore throat, hemorrhages, diarrhea, or with peptic ulcers. Externally applied astringents, which cause mild coagulation of skin proteins, dry, harden, and protect the skin.[4] People with acne are often advised to use astringents if they have oily skin.[5] Mild astringent solutions are used in the relief of such minor skin irritations as those resulting from superficial cuts, allergies, insect bites,[4] or fungal infections such as athlete's foot.[6]", "Cradle cap A common cause of cradle cap appears to be a common manifestation of biotin insufficiency. This may be due, in part, to the influence of biotin on fatty acid biosynthesis. Possibly it has to do with overactive sebaceous glands in the skin of newborn babies, due to the mother's hormones still in the baby's circulation. The glands release a greasy substance that makes old skin cells attach to the scalp instead of falling off as they dry. There may be a relationship with skin yeasts (Pityrosporum ovale, newly renamed Malassezia furfur).[2] Seborrheic dermatitis is the adult version of cradle cap.[4]", "Transient lingual papillitis The name \"lie bumps\" is a result of a myth that telling lies would cause them. However, very little has been written about this condition in scientific articles or textbooks and scientific studies have failed to produce a definite cause.[2] Possible causes include: \"stress, gastrointestinal upset, menstruation, acidic or sour food, smoking, and local trauma\" (direct physical irritation) of the tongue. Lie bumps are often caused by the taste bud/buds splitting." ]	[ "Angular cheilitis Angular cheilitis can be caused by infection, irritation, or allergies.[2] Infections include by fungi such as Candida albicans and bacteria such as Staph. aureus.[2] Irritants include poorly fitting dentures, licking the lips or drooling, mouth breathing resulting in a dry mouth, sun exposure, overclosure of the mouth, smoking, and minor trauma.[2] Allergies may include substances like toothpaste, makeup, and food.[2] Often a number of factors are involved.[2] Other factors may include poor nutrition or poor immune function.[2][5] Diagnosis may be helped by testing for infections and patch testing for allergies.[2]" ]
test2849	when did muhammad ali win an olympic gold medal	[ "doc97490" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc97499", "doc1471829", "doc97490", "doc97628", "doc1871752", "doc97489", "doc1871748", "doc97492", "doc1379310", "doc97491", "doc2223247", "doc1379326", "doc97500", "doc1075631", "doc448181", "doc97584", "doc2462195", "doc97493", "doc714977", "doc97566", "doc97495", "doc1471840", "doc97589", "doc1815758", "doc858121", "doc97637", "doc97508", "doc97580", "doc2462194", "doc644889", "doc742573", "doc2422771", "doc448172", "doc2351684", "doc97519", "doc97501", "doc714976", "doc97639", "doc97643", "doc1014713", "doc2355192", "doc502055", "doc1014715", "doc97555", "doc1014714", "doc742570", "doc2422755", "doc1273939", "doc2529354", "doc1058678", "doc401854", "doc97556", "doc1050061", "doc2439496", "doc730962", "doc730961", "doc1379323", "doc2572167", "doc714981", "doc858125", "doc97604", "doc1373533", "doc1781017", "doc97638", "doc1036314", "doc97579", "doc1014699", "doc97513", "doc2368971", "doc1397637", "doc97504", "doc1815763", "doc97512", "doc1379320", "doc714972", "doc2398609", "doc448173", "doc742575", "doc714993", "doc502071", "doc97605", "doc2293477", "doc137881", "doc97526", "doc1819593", "doc2422752", "doc2166156", "doc97517", "doc97631", "doc1014727", "doc97632", "doc981533", "doc1058674", "doc97521", "doc1014718", "doc1187160", "doc1155604", "doc1868160", "doc930311", "doc1665280" ]	[ "Muhammad Ali Clay made his amateur boxing debut in 1954 against local amateur boxer Ronnie O'Keefe. He won by split decision.[36] He went on to win six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union national title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.[37] Clay's amateur record was 100 wins with five losses. Ali said in his 1975 autobiography that shortly after his return from the Rome Olympics, he threw his gold medal into the Ohio River after he and a friend were refused service at a \"whites-only\" restaurant and fought with a white gang. The story was later disputed, and several of Ali's friends, including Bundini Brown and photographer Howard Bingham, denied it. Brown told Sports Illustrated writer Mark Kram, \"Honkies sure bought into that one!\" Thomas Hauser's biography of Ali stated that Ali was refused service at the diner but that he lost his medal a year after he won it.[38] Ali received a replacement medal at a basketball intermission during the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he lit the torch to start the games.", "Summer Olympic Games At the 1960 Rome Games a young light-heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, arrived on the scene. Ali would later throw his gold medal away in disgust after being refused service in a whites-only restaurant in his home town of Louisville, Kentucky.[13] He was awarded a new medal 36 years later at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. Other performers of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, a gold medallist in the 100 meters, 200 meters and 4 Ã— 100 meters relay events.", "Muhammad Ali Clay was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a major upset. Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his \"slave name\", to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.[11][12]", "Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali defeated every top heavyweight in his era, which has been called the golden age of heavyweight boxing. Ali was named \"Fighter of the Year\" by The Ring magazine more times than any other fighter, and was involved in more Ring \"Fight of the Year\" bouts than any other fighter. He was an inductee into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and held wins over seven other Hall of Fame inductees. He was one of only three boxers to be named \"Sportsman of the Year\" by Sports Illustrated.", "George Foreman Foreman won a gold medal in the boxing/heavyweight division at the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. In the final Olympic bout, Foreman defeated Soviet Union's Jonas Čepulis when the referee stopped the fight in the 2nd round.[9] Čepulis' face was already bleeding in the first round from Foreman's punches, and had to take a standing eight count early in the second round.[10] After winning the gold medal fight, Foreman walked around the ring carrying a small U.S. flag.[9][10]", "Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali (/ɑːˈliː/;[7] born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.;[8] January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century. From early in his career, Ali was known as an inspiring, controversial, and polarizing figure both inside and outside the ring.[9][10]", "George Foreman After a troubled childhood Foreman took up amateur boxing and won a gold medal in the heavyweight division at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Having turned professional the next year, he won the world heavyweight title with a second-round knockout of then-undefeated Joe Frazier in 1973. Two successful title defenses were made before Foreman's first professional loss to Muhammad Ali in \"The Rumble in the Jungle\" in 1974. Unable to secure another title opportunity, Foreman retired after a loss to Jimmy Young in 1977.", "Muhammad Ali Ali is regarded as one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century, and remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion. His records of beating 21 boxers for the world heavyweight title (shared with Joe Louis), as well as winning 14 unified title bouts (shared with former welterweight champion José Napoles), were unbeaten for 35 years. Ali is the only boxer to be named The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year six times. He was also ranked as the greatest athlete of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated, the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC, and the third greatest athlete of the 20th century by ESPN SportsCentury. Nicknamed \"the Greatest\", he was involved in several historic boxing matches.[16] Notable among these were the first Liston fight; the \"Fight of the Century\", \"Super Fight II\" and the \"Thrilla in Manila\" against his rival Joe Frazier; and \"The Rumble in the Jungle\" against George Foreman.", "Wilma Rudolph Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an American sprinter from Clarksville, Tennessee, who became a world-record-holding Olympic champion and international sports icon in track and field following her successes in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games. Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne, Australia. She also won three gold medals in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 x 100-meter relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Rudolph was acclaimed the fastest woman in the world in the 1960s and became the first American woman, and the first African American woman, to win three gold medals in a single Olympic Games. Due to the worldwide television coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became an international star along with other Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson who competed in Italy.", "Muhammad Ali In 1966, two years after winning the heavyweight title, Ali further antagonized the white establishment by refusing to be drafted into the U.S. military, citing his religious beliefs and opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War.[11][13] He was eventually arrested, found guilty of draft evasion charges, and stripped of his boxing titles. He successfully appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court, which overturned his conviction in 1971, by which time he had not fought for nearly four years and thereby lost a period of peak performance as an athlete. Ali's actions as a conscientious objector to the war made him an icon for the larger counterculture generation.[14][15]", "George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge Muhammad Ali threw his gold medal from the 1960 Rome Olympics into the Ohio river while standing on the bridge.", "Wilma Rudolph Rudolph was one of the most popular athletes of the 1960 Rome Olympics and emerged from the Olympic Games as \"The Tornado, the fastest woman on earth.\"[17] The Italians nicknamed her \"La Gazzella Nera\" (\"The Black Gazelle\")[18] and the French called her \"La Perle Noire\" (\"The Black Pearl\").[17][19] Along with other 1960 Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became an international star due to the first worldwide television coverage of the Olympics that year.[20] The 1960 Rome Olympics launched Rudolph into the public spotlight and the media cast her as America's athletic \"leading lady\" and a \"queen,\" with praises of her athletic accomplishments as well as her feminine beauty and poise.[21]", "Muhammad Ali Clay made his professional debut on October 29, 1960, winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker. From then until the end of 1963, Clay amassed a record of 19â€“0 with 15 wins by knockout. He defeated boxers that included Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, LaMar Clark, Doug Jones and Henry Cooper. Clay also beat his former trainer and veteran boxer Archie Moore in a 1962 match.[39][40]", "1960 Summer Olympics On June 15, 1955, at the 50th IOC Session in Paris, France, Rome won the rights to host the 1960 Games, having beaten Brussels, Mexico City, Tokyo, Detroit, Budapest (the first city of the Eastern Bloc to make an Olympic bid) and finally Lausanne. Tokyo and Mexico City would subsequently host the proceeding 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics respectively.[1]", "Floyd Mayweather Jr. Mayweather became the first 1996 U.S. Olympian to win a world title.[48] Following his victory Mayweather's promoter Bob Arum said, \"We believe in our heart of hearts that Floyd Mayweather is the successor in a line that starts with Ray Robinson, goes to Muhammad Ali, then Sugar Ray Leonard...We believe that he epitomizes that style of fighting\".[49] After capturing the title Mayweather defended it against contender Angel Manfredy with a TKO in round two, giving Manfredy his first defeat in four years.[50]", "Muhammad Ali In 1990, Ali traveled to Iraq prior to the Gulf War, and met with Saddam Hussein in an attempt to negotiate the release of American hostages. Ali successfully secured the release of the hostages, in exchange for promising Hussein that he'd bring America \"an honest account\" of Iraq. Despite rescuing hostages, he received criticism from President George H. W. Bush, diplomat Joseph C. Wilson, and The New York Times.[171][172] Ali published an oral history, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times by Thomas Hauser, in 1991. In 1996, he had the honor of lighting the flame at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.", "Mike Tyson He fought Henry Tillman twice as an amateur, losing both bouts by decision. Tillman went on to win heavyweight gold at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[29]", "Muhammad Ali At a time when most fighters let their managers do the talking, Ali thrived in and indeed craved the spotlight, where he was often provocative and outlandish.[17][18][19] He was known for trash talking, and often freestyled with rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry, both for his trash talking in boxing and as political poetry for his activism, anticipating elements of rap and hip hop music.[20][21][22] As a musician, Ali recorded two spoken word albums and a rhythm and blues song, and received two Grammy Award nominations.[22] As an actor, he performed in several films and a Broadway musical. Additionally, Ali wrote two autobiographies, one during and one after his boxing career.", "Olympic medal The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games.[6][7] If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules.[8] Some combat sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award two bronze medals per competition, resulting in, overall, more bronze medals being awarded than the other colours.", "Muhammad Ali Ali registered for conscription in the United States military on his 18th birthday and was listed as 1-A in 1962.[137] In 1964, he was reclassified as Class 1-Y (fit for service only in times of national emergency) after he failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-standard.[138] (He was quoted as saying, \"I said I was the greatest, not the smartest!\")[137][139] By early 1966, the army lowered its standards to permit soldiers above the 15th percentile and Ali was again classified as 1-A.[23][137][139] This classification meant he was now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army at a time when the U.S. was involved in the Vietnam War, a war which put him further at odds with the white establishment.[13]", "Muhammad Ali After retiring from boxing at age 39 in 1981, Ali focused on religion and charity. In 1984, Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's syndrome, which his doctors attributed to boxing-related brain injuries.[citation needed] As his condition worsened, Ali made limited public appearances and was cared for by his family until his death on June 3, 2016, in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "Summer Olympic Games By then the process of choosing a location for the Games had itself become a commercial concern; there were widespread allegations of corruption potentially affecting the IOC's decision process. In the Atlanta games in 1996, the highlight was 200 meters runner Michael Johnson annihilating the world record in front of a home crowd. Canadians savored Donovan Bailey's recording gold medal run in the 100-meter dash. This was popularly felt to be an appropriate recompense for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as when Muhammad Ali, clearly affected by Parkinson's disease, lit the Olympic torch and received a replacement medal for the one he had discarded in 1960. The latter event took place not at the boxing ring but in the basketball arena, at the demand of US television. The atmosphere at the Games was marred, however, when a bomb exploded during the celebration in Centennial Olympic Park. In June 2003, the principal suspect in this bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was arrested.", "Muhammad Ali On July 27, 2012, Ali was a titular bearer of the Olympic flag during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He was helped to his feet by his wife Lonnie to stand before the flag due to his Parkinson's rendering him unable to carry it into the stadium.[179] In 2014, Ali tweeted in support of Trayvon Martin and the Black Lives Matter movement.[180]", "1964 Summer Olympics Tokyo won the rights to the Games on May 26, 1959, at the 55th IOC Session in Munich, West Germany, over bids from Detroit, Brussels and Vienna.[6]", "Oscar De La Hoya Oscar De La Hoya (/deɪləˈhɔɪ.ə/; born February 4, 1973)[1][2] is a former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2008. He holds dual American and Mexican citizenship.[3] Nicknamed \"The Golden Boy,\" De La Hoya represented the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics, winning a gold medal in the lightweight division shortly after graduating from James A. Garfield High School.", "Muhammad Ali Ali is regarded by boxing commentators and historians as one of the greatest fighters of all time. Ring Magazine, a prominent boxing magazine, named him number 1 in a 1998 ranking of greatest heavyweights from all eras.[252] In 1999, The Associated Press voted Ali the No. 1 heavyweight of the 20th century.[253] In December 2007, ESPN listed Ali second in its choice of the greatest heavyweights of all time, behind Joe Louis.[254] Ali was named the second greatest pound for pound fighter in boxing history by ESPN, behind only welterweight and middleweight great Sugar Ray Robinson.[255]", "Muhammad Ali In winning this fight, Clay became at age 22 the youngest boxer to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, though Floyd Patterson was the youngest to win the heavyweight championship at 21, during an elimination bout following Rocky Marciano's retirement. Mike Tyson broke both records in 1986 when he defeated Trevor Berbick to win the heavyweight title at age 20.", "Muhammad Ali In 1980, he visited Kenya and successfully convinced the government to boycott the Moscow Olympics (in response to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan).[159] On January 19, 1981, in Los Angeles, Ali talked a suicidal man down from jumping off a ninth-floor ledge, an event that made national news.[160][161]", "Mike Tyson As an amateur, Tyson won gold medals at the 1981 and 1982 Junior Olympic Games, defeating Joe Cortez in 1981 and beating Kelton Brown in 1982. Brown's corner threw in the towel in the first round.", "Boxing in India Mohammad Ali Qamar became the first Indian to win a gold medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, United Kingdom.", "Gold medal At the 1896 Summer Olympics, winners received a silver medal and the second-place finisher received a bronze medal. In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals. The next three Olympics (1904, 1908, 1912) awarded the winners solid gold medals, but the medals themselves were smaller. The use of gold rapidly declined with the onset of the First World War and also with the onset of the Second World War.[5] The last series of Olympic medals to be made of solid gold were awarded at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden.", "1948 Summer Olympics Six events were contested, all for men only. These games marked the addition of the bantamweight class to the Olympic programme, the first change to the programme since 1920. The United States won four gold medals, and eight overall; the remaining two gold medals were claimed by Egypt.[35] Rodney Wilkes won the first medal for Trinidad and Tobago in an Olympic games, winning silver in the featherweight division; the featherweight gold medal was won by Egyptian Mahmoud Fayad, with a new Olympic and World record of 332.5Â kg.[36][37]", "Floyd Mayweather Jr. At the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Mayweather won a bronze medal by reaching the semi-finals of the featherweight (57-kg)[31] division.", "Nigeria at the Olympics Nigerian athletes have won a total of 24 medals, mostly in athletics and boxing. The national football team won the gold medal in 1996. In 2008, following the International Olympic Committee's decision to strip the American 4 Ã— 400 metre relay team of their medals after Antonio Pettigrew confessed to using performance-enhancing drugs, their Nigerian rivals were awarded the gold medal.[2][3]\nNigeria also won a medal in the heavyweight division of taekwondo at the 1992 Summer Olympics; as this was only a demonstration sport, Emmanuel Oghenejobo's silver did not count as an official win.[4]", "Muhammad Ali On August 11, 1970, with his case still in appeal, Ali was granted a license to box by the City of Atlanta Athletic Commission, thanks to State Senator Leroy R. Johnson.[64] Ali's first return bout was against Jerry Quarry on October 26, resulting in a win after three rounds after Quarry was cut.", "Muhammad Ali These early fights were not without trials. Clay was knocked down both by Sonny Banks and Cooper. In the Cooper fight, Clay was floored by a left hook at the end of round four and was saved by the bell, going on to win in the predicted 5th round due to Cooper's severely cut eye. The fight with Doug Jones on March 13, 1963 was Clay's toughest fight during this stretch. The number-two and -three heavyweight contenders respectively, Clay and Jones fought on Jones' home turf at New York's Madison Square Garden. Jones staggered Clay in the first round, and the unanimous decision for Clay was greeted by boos and a rain of debris thrown into the ring (watching on closed-circuit TV, heavyweight champ Sonny Liston quipped that if he fought Clay he might get locked up for murder). The fight was later named \"Fight of the Year\" by The Ring magazine.[41]", "Olympic medal When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors. However, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece.[3] The winners were instead given a silver medal and an olive branch,[4] while runners-up received a laurel branch and a copper or bronze medal.[5] In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals.", "Muhammad Ali In 1963, Ali released an album of spoken word music on Columbia Records titled I Am the Greatest, and in 1964, he recorded a cover version of the rhythm and blues song \"Stand by Me\".[256][257] I Am the Greatest reached number 61 on the album chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award. He later received a second Grammy nomination, for \"Best Recording for Children\", with his 1976 spoken word novelty record, The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay.[22]", "Muhammad Ali Ali had a cameo role in the 1962 film version of Requiem for a Heavyweight, and during his exile, he starred in the short-lived Broadway musical, Buck White (1969).", "Joe Frazier During Frazier's amateur career, he won Golden Gloves Heavyweight Championships in 1962, 1963 and 1964. His only loss in three years as an amateur was to Buster Mathis.[14] Mathis would prove to be Joe's biggest obstacle to making the 1964 U.S. Olympic Boxing team. They met in the final of the U.S. Olympic Trials at the New York World's Fair in the summer of 1964. Their fight was scheduled for three rounds and they fought with 10 oz gloves and with headgear, even though the boxers who made it to Tokyo would wear no headgear and would wear 8 oz gloves. Joe was eager to get back at Mathis for his only amateur loss and KO'd two opponents to get to the finals. But once again, when the dust settled, the judges had called it for Mathis, undeservedly Joe thought. \"All that fat boy had done was run like a thief- hit me with a peck and backpedal like crazy.\" Joe would remark.[14]", "Professional boxing After three years of inactivity, Ali returned to the sport, leading to his first epic clash with Joe Frazier in 1971, ushering in a \"golden age\" of heavyweight boxing. Ali, Frazier, and the heavy-hitting George Foreman were the top fighters in a division overloaded with talent. Among the middleweights, Argentine Carlos Monzón emerged as a dominant champion, reigning from 1970 to his retirement in 1977, after an unprecedented 14 title defenses. Roberto Durán dismantled opponents for 6½ years as lightweight champion, Defending the title 12 times, 11 by knockout.", "1956 Summer Olympics Melbourne was selected as the host city over bids from Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Montreal and six American cities on 28 April 1949, at the 43rd IOC Session in Rome, Italy.[1]", "Joe Frazier In 1964 heavyweight representative Buster Mathis qualified but was injured so Frazier was sent as a replacement. At the Heavyweight boxing event, Frazier knocked out George Oywello of Uganda in the first round, then knocked out Athol McQueen of Australia 40 seconds into the third round. He was then into the semi-final, as the only American boxer left, facing the 6 foot 2, 214 lb. Vadim Yemelyanov of the Soviet Union.[16]", "Muhammad Ali Ali said that he first heard of the Nation of Islam when he was fighting in the Golden Gloves tournament in Chicago in 1959, and attended his first Nation of Islam meeting in 1961. He continued to attend meetings, although keeping his involvement hidden from the public. In 1962, Clay met Malcolm X, who soon became his spiritual and political mentor.[113] By the time of the first Liston fight, Nation of Islam members, including Malcolm X, were visible in his entourage. This led to a story in The Miami Herald just before the fight disclosing that Clay had joined the Nation of Islam, which nearly caused the bout to be canceled.", "Joe Frazier Mathis had worn his trunks very high, so that when Joe hit Mathis with legitimate body shots, the referee took a dim view of them. In the second round, the referee had gone so far as to penalize Joe two points for hitting below the belt. \"In a three-round bout a man can't afford a points deduction like that,\" Joe would say. Joe then returned to Philadelphia feeling as low as he'd ever been and was even thinking of giving up boxing. Duke Dugent and his trainer Yank Durham were able to talk Joe out of his doldrums and even suggested Joe make the trip to Tokyo as an alternate, in case something happened to Mathis. Joe agreed and while there, he was a workhorse, sparring with any of the Olympic boxers who wanted some action. \"Middleweight, light heavyweight, it didn't matter to me, I got in there and boxed all comers\" Joe would say. In contrast, Mathis was slacking off. In the morning, when the Olympic team would do their roadwork, Mathis would run a mile, then start walking saying \"Go ahead, big Joe. I'll catch up.\" His amateur record was 38â€“2.[15]", "Gold medal This standard was adopted for Olympic competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given, not medals.", "1948 Summer Olympics Eight different classifications were contested ranging from flyweight, for boxers weighing less than 51 kg, to heavyweight, for boxers over 80 kg. South Africa, Argentina and Hungary each won two gold medals.", "1980 Summer Olympics boycott Boxer Muhammad Ali was dispatched by the US administration to Tanzania, Nigeria, and Senegal to convince their leaders to join the boycott.[14][15][16] He also successfully convinced the Kenyan government to do that.[17]", "Romania Romania participated in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900 and has taken part in 21 of the 28 summer games. It has been one of the more successful countries at the Summer Olympic Games, with a total of 307 medals won throughout the years, of which 89 gold ones, ranking 15th overall, and second (behind neighbour Hungary) of the nations that have never hosted the game. It participated at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles in defiance of a Warsaw Pact boycott and finished second in gold medals (20) and third in total medal count (53).[329] Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones were won in gymnastics, with Nadia Comăneci becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[330] Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo. At the Winter Olympic Games, Romania has won only a bronze medal in bobsleigh at the 1968 Winter Olympics.", "The Rumble in the Jungle Meanwhile, the heavily muscled Foreman had quickly risen from a gold medal victory at the 1968 Olympics to the top ranks of professional heavyweights. Greatly feared for his punching power, size, and sheer physical dominance, Foreman was nonetheless underestimated by Frazier and his promoters, and knocked the champion down six times in two rounds before the bout was stopped. He further solidified his hold over the heavyweight division by demolishing the only man besides Frazier at the time to defeat Ali, Ken Norton, in two rounds. At 25, the younger and stronger Foreman seemed an overwhelming favorite against the well-worn 32-year-old Ali.[4]", "Olympic Games The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold.[226] The runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals. At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal; silver for first and bronze for second. The current three-medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.[227] From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth have received certificates, which became officially known as victory diplomas; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths.[228] The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won on a national level (except for team sports), but NOCs and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success.[229]", "Muhammad Ali In fact, Clay was initially refused entry to the Nation of Islam (often called the Black Muslims at the time) due to his boxing career. However, after he won the championship from Liston in 1964, the Nation of Islam was more receptive and agreed to publicize his membership.[113] Shortly afterwards on March 6, Elijah Muhammad gave a radio address that Clay would be renamed Muhammad (one who is worthy of praise) Ali (most high).[114] Around that time Ali moved to the south side of Chicago and lived in a series of houses, always near the Nation of Islam's Mosque Maryam or Elijah Muhammad's residence. He stayed in Chicago for about 12 years.[115]", "Sports in the United States Boxing in the United States became the center of professional boxing in the early 20th century.[13] The National Boxing Association was founded in 1921 and began to sanction title fights. In the 1960s and 1970s, Muhammad Ali became an iconic figure, transformed the role and image of the African American athlete in America by his embrace of racial pride, and transcended the sport by refusing to serve in the Vietnam War. In the 1980s and 1990s, major boxers such as Mike Tyson and Riddick Bowe were marked by crime and self-destruction.", "Sugar Ray Leonard In 1976, Leonard made the U.S. Olympic Team as the light welterweight representative. The team also included Leon and Michael Spinks, Howard Davis, Jr., Leo Randolph, Charles Mooney, and John Tate. Many consider the 1976 U.S. team to be the greatest boxing team in the history of the Olympics.[14] Leonard won his first four Olympic bouts by 5–0 decisions. He faced Kazimierz Szczerba in the semifinals and won by a 5–0 decision, avenging his last amateur loss.", "Pakistan at the Olympics Pakistan has won two individual medals in the Olympics to date, both bronze medals: one in wrestling in Rome 1960 and one in boxing in Seoul 1988.", "Pakistan at the Olympics The National Olympic Committee for Pakistan was created in 1948. Rome 1960 has been the most successful Olympics for Pakistan so far, with Pakistan winning two medals: a gold medal in field hockey and a bronze medal in wrestling.", "Wilma Rudolph At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy, Rudolph competed in three events on a cinder track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the 100- and 200-meter sprints, as well as the 4 Ã— 100-meter relay. Rudolph, who won a gold medal in each of these events, became the first American woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympiad.[4][5]", "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Additionally, the Yugoslav Olympic team (under-23) won gold at the 1960 Olympics in Rome after previously getting three silvers consecutively – 1948 in London, 1952 in Helsinki, and 1956 in Melbourne – as well as a bronze in 1984 in Los Angeles.", "Olympic medal In 1923 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. Giuseppe Cassioli's Trionfo design was chosen as the winner in 1928.[3][13][14] The obverse brought back Nike but this time as the main focus, holding a winner's crown and palm with a depiction of the Colosseum in the background.[13] In the top right section of the medal a space was left for the name of the Olympic host and the Games numeral. The reverse features a crowd of people carrying a triumphant athlete. His winning design was first presented at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The competition saw this design used for 40 years until the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich became the first Games with a different design for the reverse side of the medal.[3]", "Oscar De La Hoya With the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona approaching, De La Hoya turned his mother's dream into a strong focus for his training. After an upset victory in the first round over the Mexican boxer Julio Gonzalez, De La Hoya defeated German boxer Marco Rudolph to win gold. The U.S. media publicized his quest to fulfill his mother's dying wish and dubbed him with the nickname \"The Golden Boy\", which has remained with him throughout his career.[9][10][11]", "Muhammad Ali Ali typically portrayed himself as the \"people's champion\" and his opponent as a tool of the (white) establishment (despite the fact that his entourage often had more white faces than his opponents'[citation needed]). During the early part of his career, he built a reputation for predicting rounds in which he would finish opponents, often vowing to crawl across the ring or to leave the country if he lost the bout.[23] Ali adopted the latter practice from \"Gorgeous\" George Wagner, a professional wrestling champion who drew thousands of fans to his matches as \"the man you love to hate\".[23] When Ali was 19, Wagner, who was in town to wrestle Freddie Blassie and had crossed paths with Clay,[45] told the boxer before a bout with Duke Sabedong in Las Vegas,[45] \"A lot of people will pay to see someone shut your mouth. So keep on bragging, keep on sassing and always be outrageous.\"[44]", "United States men's national basketball team The United States possessed a clear advantage in the early decades of international play (though they were defeated by Argentina in the First FIBA World Championships in 1950). The US men were dominant from the first Olympic tournament to hold basketball, held in Berlin in 1936, going 5â€“0 to win the gold, and joined by continental neighbors Canada and Mexico on the medal platform. Through the next six tournaments, the United States went undefeated, collecting gold while not losing a single contest in the games held in London, Helsinki, Melbourne, Rome, Tokyo, and Mexico City. Participation in these tournaments were limited to amateurs, but the US teams during this period featured players who would later go on to become superstars in professional basketball, including all-time greats Bill Russell, Oscar Robertson, Jerry West, and Jerry Lucas; the latter three competed on the 1960 Rome team often credited as the best U.S. roster until the formation of the 1992 Dream Team.[6]", "Lionel Rose After missing selection for the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Rose began his professional boxing career at age 16,[2] on 9 September 1964, outpointing Mario Magriss over eight rounds. This fight was in Warragul, but the majority of Rose's fights were held in Melbourne. Along the way he was helped by Jack and Shirley Rennie, in whose Melbourne home he stayed, training every day in their backyard gym.", "Muhammad Ali Ali often used rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry, both for when he was trash talking in boxing and as political poetry for his activism outside of boxing. He played a role in the shaping of the black poetic tradition, paving the way for The Last Poets in 1968, Gil Scott-Heron in 1970, and the emergence of rap music in the 1970s.[20]", "Boxing in the United States An international organization for amateur boxing was began in 1946 known as the International Amateur Boxing Association. The development amateur scene of boxing has seen the United States as a world beater. The US played a important role in building a respected status for the sport and also popularising and making professional and amateur level boxing . The Olympic champions, the US has won 106 Olympic medals to date: 47 gold, 23 silver and 36 bronzes. Most heavyweight champions of this century originate from the United States.[18]", "Muhammad Ali Ali began visiting Africa starting in 1964, when he visited Ghana.[154] In 1974, he visited a Palestinian refugee camp in Southern Lebanon, where Ali declared \"support for the Palestinian struggle to liberate their homeland\".[155][156] In 1978, following his loss to Spinks and before winning the rematch, Ali visited Bangladesh and received honorary citizenship there.[157] The same year, he participated in The Longest Walk, a protest march in the United States in support of Native American rights, along with singer Stevie Wonder and actor Marlon Brando.[158]", "Joe Frazier Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944 â€“ November 7, 2011), nicknamed \"Smokin' Joe\", was an American professional boxer who competed from 1965 to 1981. He reigned as the undisputed heavyweight champion from 1970 to 1973, and as an amateur won a gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Frazier was known for his sheer strength, durability, formidable punching power, and relentless pressure fighting style.", "Muhammad Ali Instead, Ali traveled to Canada and Europe and won championship bouts against George Chuvalo, Henry Cooper, Brian London and Karl Mildenberger.", "Women at the Olympics It took over 100 years from when men's boxing was announced for women's boxing to be announced.[3] Women's boxing was first introduced at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Nicola Adams winning the first boxing gold medal in the flyweight division.", "Algeria The first Algerian and African gold medalist is Boughera El Ouafi in 1928 Olympics of Amsterdam in the Marathon. The second Algerian Medalist was Alain Mimoun in 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Several men and women were champions in athletics in the 1990s including Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, and Taoufik Makhloufi, all specialized in middle-distance running.[144]", "Muhammad Ali By late 1963, Clay had become the top contender for Sonny Liston's title. The fight was set for February 25, 1964, in Miami Beach. Liston was an intimidating personality, a dominating fighter with a criminal past and ties to the mob. Based on Clay's uninspired performance against Jones and Cooper in his previous two fights, and Liston's destruction of former heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson in two first-round knock outs, Clay was a 7â€“1 underdog. Despite this, Clay taunted Liston during the pre-fight buildup, dubbing him \"the big ugly bear\". \"Liston even smells like a bear\", Clay said. \"After I beat him I'm going to donate him to the zoo.\"[48] Clay turned the pre-fight weigh-in into a circus, shouting at Liston that \"someone is going to die at ringside tonight\". Clay's pulse rate was measured at 120, more than double his normal 54.[49] Many of those in attendance thought Clay's behavior stemmed from fear, and some commentators wondered if he would show up for the bout.", "1964 Summer Olympics Conventionally, countries are ranked by the number of gold medals they receive, followed then by the number of silver medals and, finally, bronze.[11]", "Muhammad Ali Ali and then-WBA heavyweight champion boxer Ernie Terrell had agreed to meet for a bout in Chicago on March 29, 1966 (the WBA, one of two boxing associations, had stripped Ali of his title following his joining the Nation of Islam). But in February Ali was reclassified by the Louisville draft board as 1-A from 1-Y, and he indicated that he would refuse to serve, commenting to the press, \"I ain't got nothing against no Viet Cong; no Viet Cong never called me nigger.\"[58] Amidst the media and public outcry over Ali's stance, the Illinois Athletic Commission refused to sanction the fight, citing technicalities.[59]", "Wilma Rudolph Rudolph was defeated in a preliminary heat of the 200-meter race at the Melbourne Olympic Games, but ran the third leg of the 4 Ã— 100 m relay.[15] The American team of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, and Margaret Matthews, all of whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won the bronze medal, matching the world-record time of 44.9 seconds. The British team won the silver medal. The Australian team, with the 100- and 200-meter gold medalist Betty Cuthbert as their anchor leg, won the gold medal in a time of 44.5 seconds.[7] After Rudolph returned to her Tennessee home from the Melbourne Olympic Games, she showed her high school classmates the bronze medal that she had won and decided to try to win a gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.[1][7]", "Olympic medal Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in 1896, particularly in size and weight. A standard obverse (front) design of the medals for the Summer Olympic Games began in 1928 and remained for many years, until its replacement at the 2004 Games as the result of controversy surrounding the use of the Roman Colosseum rather than a building representing the Games' Greek roots. The medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes and the event where the medal has been won.", "Combat sport Amateur boxing was part of the modern Olympic Games since their introduction in 1904. Professional boxing became popular in the United States in the 1920s and experienced a \"golden age\" after World War II.", "Floyd Mayweather Jr. In the first fight, Mayweather led 10–1 on points over Bakhtiyar Tileganov of Kazakhstan, before winning when the fight was stopped. In the second fight, Mayweather outpointed Artur Gevorgyan of Armenia 16–3. In the quarterfinals, the 19-year-old Mayweather narrowly defeated 22-year-old Lorenzo Aragon of Cuba in an all-action bout to win 12–11, becoming the first U.S boxer to defeat a Cuban in 20 years.[32] The last time this occurred was the 1976 Summer Olympics, when the U.S Olympic boxing team captured five gold medals; among the recipients was Sugar Ray Leonard. In his semifinal bout against eventual silver medalist Serafim Todorov of Bulgaria, Mayweather lost by a controversial decision (similar to Roy Jones Jr.'s highly controversial decision loss to Park Si-hun at the 1988 Summer Olympics).[33] Referee Hamad Hafaz Shouman of Egypt mistakenly raised Mayweather's hand (thinking he had won), while the decision was announced giving the bout to the Bulgarian.[34]", "Gold medal From the 1972 Summer Olympics through 2000, Cassioli's design (or a slight modification) remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassioli's design showed a Roman amphitheater for what originally were Greek games, a new obverse design was commissioned for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. For the 2008 Beijing Olympics medals had a diameter of 70mm and were 6mm thick, with the front displaying a winged figure of victory and the back showed a Beijing Olympics symbol surrounded by an inset jade circle.", "Olympic medal The 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy were the first in which the medals were placed around the neck of the athletes. The medals hung from a chain of laurel leaves, while they are now hung from a coloured ribbon.[17] When Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors on the podium also received an olive wreath crown. In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, each medalist received a wooden statuette of the Olympic logo.[30]", "1956 Summer Olympics Throughout the Olympics, Hungarian athletes were cheered by fans from Australia and other countries. Many of them gathered in the boxing arena when thirty-year-old Laszlo Papp of Hungary won his third gold medal by beating José Torres for the light-middleweight championship.", "Muhammad Ali ESPN columnist Ralph Wiley called Ali \"The King of Trash Talk\".[205] In 2013, The Guardian said Ali exemplified boxing's \"golden age of trash talking\".[206] Bleacher Report called Clay's description of Sonny Liston smelling like a bear and his vow to donate him to a zoo after he beat him the greatest trash talk line in sports history.[207]", "San Jose State University SJSU alumni have won 19 Olympic medals (including seven gold medals) dating back to the first gold medal won by Willie Steele in track and field in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Alumni also have won medals in swimming, judo and boxing.", "Mongolia Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar won Mongolia's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-kilogram (220 lb) class of judo.[124]", "Muhammad Ali After the loss to Frazier, Ali fought Jerry Quarry, had a second bout with Floyd Patterson and faced Bob Foster in 1972, winning a total of six fights that year. In 1973, Ken Norton broke Ali's jaw while giving him the second loss of his career. After initially considering retirement, Ali won a controversial decision against Norton in their second bout. This led to a rematch with Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden on January 28, 1974; Frazier had recently lost his title to George Foreman.", "Asian Americans Asian Americans first made an impact in Olympic sports in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. Sammy Lee became the first Asian American to earn an Olympic Gold Medal, winning in platform diving in both 1948 and 1952. Victoria Manalo Draves won both gold in platform and springboard diving in the 1948. Harold Sakata won a weightlifting silver medal in the 1948 Olympics, while Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each won gold and set Olympic records in the 1952 Olympics. Konno won another gold and silver swimming medal at the same Olympics and added a silver medal in 1956, while Kono set another Olympic weightlifting record in 1956. Also at the 1952 Olympics, Evelyn Kawamoto won two bronze medals in swimming.", "1948 Summer Olympics The decathlon was won by 17-year-old Bob Mathias of the United States. He became the youngest ever Olympic gold medallist in athletics and when asked how he would celebrate he replied: \"I'll start shaving, I guess.\"[21][22]", "Sports in Cleveland Notable Cleveland athletes to win top individual accolades include boxer Johnny Kilbane, U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame inductees Jesse Owens and Harrison Dillard, and mixed martial artist Stipe Miocic. Kilbane had a 12-year reign as World Featherweight Champion and is an International Boxing Hall of Fame inductee. Owens, who grew up in Cleveland after moving from Alabama when he was nine, participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, where he achieved international fame by winning four gold medals: one each in the 100 meters, the 200 meters, the long jump, and as part of the 4 x 100 meter relay team. Cleveland native Dillard is another four-time Olympic gold medalist, having won his medals during the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics in various track and field events. In 2016, Cleveland State University alum and area native Miocic won the UFC World Heavyweight Championship at UFC 198 with a first round knockout.", "Muhammad Ali In March 1966, Ali refused to be inducted into the armed forces. He was systematically denied a boxing license in every state and stripped of his passport. As a result, he did not fight from March 1967 to October 1970—from ages 25 to almost 29—as his case worked its way through the appeals process before his conviction was overturned in 1971. During this time of inactivity, as opposition to the Vietnam War began to grow and Ali's stance gained sympathy, he spoke at colleges across the nation, criticizing the Vietnam War and advocating African American pride and racial justice.", "Muhammad Ali In 1999, Time magazine named Ali one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[238] He was crowned Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated.[239] Named Sports Personality of the Century in a BBC poll, he received more votes than the other contenders (which included Pelé, Jesse Owens and Jack Nicklaus) combined.[240] On September 13, 1999, Ali was named \"Kentucky Athlete of the Century\" by the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame in ceremonies at the Galt House East.[241]", "Joe Frazier By February 1967 Joe had scored 14 wins and his star was beginning to rise. This culminated with his first appearance on the cover of Ring Magazine. In this month he met Ali, who hadn't yet been stripped of his title. Ali said Joe would never stand a chance of \"whipping\" him, not even in his wildest dreams. Later that year, Muhammad Ali was stripped of his world heavyweight title due to his refusal to be inducted into the military during the Vietnam War.", "Muhammad Ali On January 8, 2001, Muhammad Ali was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton.[242] In November 2005, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush,[243][244] followed by the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold of the UN Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin for his work with the civil rights movement and the United Nations (December 17, 2005).[245]", "Boxing Throughout the 17th to 19th centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators bet on the result.\nThe modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in 1908. In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts.[19] Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators. Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics. For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career. Western boxers typically participate in one Olympics and then turn pro, Cubans and other socialist countries have an opportunity to collect multiple medals.[20] In 2016, professional boxers were admitted in the Olympic Games and other tournaments sanctioned by AIBA.[21] This was done in part to level the playing field and give all of the athletes the same opportunities government-sponsored boxers from socialist countries and post-Soviet republics have.[22] However, professional organizations strongly opposed that decision.[23][24]", "The Rumble in the Jungle The Rumble in the Jungle was a historic boxing event in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) on October 30, 1974 (at 4:00 am). Held at the 20th of May Stadium (now the Stade Tata Raphaël), it pitted the undefeated world heavyweight champion George Foreman against challenger Muhammad Ali, a former heavyweight champion; the attendance was 60,000. Ali won by knockout, putting Foreman down just before the end of the eighth round. It has been called \"arguably the greatest sporting event of the 20th century\".[3] The event was one of Don King's first ventures as a professional boxing promoter.", "Muhammad Ali Ali and Frazier's first fight, held at the Garden on March 8, 1971, was nicknamed the \"Fight of the Century\", due to the tremendous excitement surrounding a bout between two undefeated fighters, each with a legitimate claim as heavyweight champions. Veteran boxing writer John Condon called it \"the greatest event I've ever worked on in my life\". The bout was broadcast to 35 foreign countries; promoters granted 760 press passes.[38]", "Joe Frazier After Frazier won the USA's only 1964 Olympic boxing gold medal, his trainer Yancey \"Yank\" Durham helped put together Cloverlay, a group of local businessmen (including a young Larry Merchant) who invested in Frazier's professional career and allowed him to train full-time. Durham was Frazier's chief trainer and manager until Durham's death in August 1973.", "Ali (film) Ali is a 2001 American biographical sports drama film written, produced and directed by Michael Mann. The film focuses on ten years in the life of the boxer Muhammad Ali, played by Will Smith, from 1964 to 1974, featuring his capture of the heavyweight title from Sonny Liston, his conversion to Islam, criticism of the Vietnam War, and banishment from boxing, his return to fight Joe Frazier in 1971, and, finally, his reclaiming the title from George Foreman in the Rumble in the Jungle fight of 1974. It also touches on the great social and political upheaval in the United States following the assassinations of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.", "2000 Summer Olympics Rulon Gardner, never a NCAA champion or a world medalist, beat Alexander Karelin of Russia to win gold in the super heavyweight class, Greco-Roman wrestling. Karelin had won gold in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta. Before this fight he had never lost in international competition, had been unbeaten in all competitions in 13 years, and had not surrendered a point in a decade.", "Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks Michael Spinks became a professional boxer shortly after he won the gold medal at middleweight in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Initially, Spinks was more concerned with assisting his brother Leon's rise to the heavyweight championship, but was later convinced to turn pro himself. In 1981 Spinks fought Eddie Mustafa Muhammad for the WBA light heavyweight championship and defeated him by decision to win his first world title. The next year Spinks won the lineal championship from Mustafa Wassaja and then took the WBC title from Dwight Braxton in 1983 to become the undisputed champion. In 1984, Spinks added the newly created IBF title. In September 1985, after having defended his titles a combined total of ten times, Spinks moved up to the heavyweight class to challenge reigning IBF, Ring, and lineal champion Larry Holmes, who had been champion since 1978. Spinks defeated Holmes in a fifteen-round decision to become the first reigning light heavyweight champion to win the heavyweight championship.[6] Spinks defeated Holmes again in a rematch and then successfully defended his title against Steffen Tangstad. Instead of defending his IBF title against top contender Tony Tucker, Spinks elected to take a more lucrative fight with former contender Gerry Cooney, who had fought three times in five years, in June 1987. The IBF responded by stripping Spinks of the title, but he was still in possession of the lineal and Ring titles and was considered by many to still be the rightful champion.[1][5][7][8]", "Archie Moore At one point, the oldest boxer to win the World's Light Heavyweight Championship, he is believed to have been the only boxer who boxed professionally in the eras of Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano and Muhammad Ali. He is one of only a handful of boxers whose careers spanned four decades; his final record was an extraordinary 185 wins, 23 losses, 11 draws and 1 no contest, with 131 official knockouts.", "1968 Olympics Black Power salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute was a political demonstration conducted by African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony on October 16, 1968, at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. After Smith and Carlos won gold and bronze medals, respectively, in the 200-meter running event, they turned on the podium to face their flags, and to hear the American national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". Each athlete raised a black-gloved fist, and kept them raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets. In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a \"Black Power\" salute, but a \"human rights salute\". The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games.[1]" ]	[ "Muhammad Ali Clay was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a major upset. Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his \"slave name\", to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.[11][12]" ]
test2567	who won the 2017 women's wimbledon final	[ "doc88144" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc88144", "doc1704113", "doc1704098", "doc1704111", "doc88143", "doc90577", "doc1704090", "doc1363246", "doc1363250", "doc2623179", "doc88145", "doc453383", "doc1704110", "doc1704097", "doc1704112", "doc453382", "doc564011", "doc564009", "doc2394789", "doc2394785", "doc807999", "doc88146", "doc1296174", "doc1296171", "doc2334156", "doc804469", "doc140808", "doc140810", "doc140804", "doc1704092", "doc2334157", "doc1378860", "doc738521", "doc738530", "doc807947", "doc90581", "doc2394767", "doc633571", "doc88733", "doc90576", "doc90580", "doc2623180", "doc88737", "doc1363233", "doc1160206", "doc1160205", "doc563999", "doc88147", "doc1363225", "doc807991", "doc90582", "doc424338", "doc453384", "doc2394773", "doc2249276", "doc2249308", "doc2249304", "doc2249311", "doc2249313", "doc2394781", "doc140787", "doc1378861", "doc807997", "doc1704106", "doc611173", "doc2334158", "doc804468", "doc2249278", "doc1749525", "doc1296155", "doc738511", "doc140797", "doc1378859", "doc2623181", "doc633570", "doc633566", "doc2130004", "doc1849289", "doc424332", "doc808000", "doc563991", "doc633568", "doc2011834", "doc1160207", "doc1183769", "doc1296153", "doc424340", "doc807943", "doc424326", "doc88734", "doc2364301", "doc2364312", "doc1704094", "doc2636342", "doc807987", "doc1363245", "doc1363249", "doc1363248", "doc611178", "doc424333" ]	[ "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 7–5, 6–0.[2] Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994.[3] Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals.[4]", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Ladies' Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Ladies' Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Ladies' Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Serena Williams was the two-time defending champion, but did not defend her title because of pregnancy.[1]", "The Championships, Wimbledon Garbiñe Muguruza was the winner of the Ladies' Singles in 2017. It was her second Grand Slam Women's Singles title and her first title at Wimbledon after previously having reached the final in 2015.", "2017 Wimbledon Championships The 2017 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main draw matches commenced on 3 July 2017 and concluded on 16 July 2017. Roger Federer won the Gentlemen's Singles title for a record eighth time.[1]Garbiñe Muguruza won the Ladies' Singles title. [2]", "2016 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2016 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2016 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Serena Williams was the defending champion and successfully defended her title, defeating Angelique Kerber in the final, 7–5, 6–3. By winning her seventh Wimbledon title, Williams equaled Steffi Graf's Open Era record of 22 major singles titles.[1][2] This was also the first time two women contested two major finals against one another in a single season since Amélie Mauresmo and Justine Henin-Hardenne met in the 2006 Australian Open and Wimbledon finals.[3][4]", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova, also in 1994, and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals.[5][6] Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978,[7] and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon.[8]", "2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Angelique Kerber won her third Grand Slam singles title, defeating Serena Williams in the rematch of the 2016 final, 6–3, 6–3. Kerber became the first German since Graf in 1996 to lift the trophy.[2][3]", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Gentlemen's Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Gentlemen's Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Gentlemen's Singles", "2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Garbiñe Muguruza was the defending champion, but she was defeated in the second round by Alison Van Uytvanck. Muguruza's defeat marked the earliest exit of the defending champion at Wimbledon since Steffi Graf's first round defeat in 1994.[1]", "2017 French Open Women's Singles", "2017 French Open Women's Singles", "2015 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2015 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "Venus Williams Williams entered Wimbledon as the number 10 seed. She defeated Elise Mertens, Qiang Wang, Naomi Osaka and Ana Konjuh to reach the quarterfinals for the 13th time in her career, where she defeated the 2017 French Open Champion Jelena Ostapenko in straight sets. This was also her 100th career match at Wimbledon. She advanced to her ninth Wimbledon final by defeating Johanna Konta in straight sets in the semifinals. This marked her 87th win at Wimbledon, the third most on the all-time list. This also marked the first season since 2003 that Williams reached two slam finals. Williams lost the final in straight sets to Garbiñe Muguruza. She gained the No. 9 ranking by reaching the final, her second appearance in the top 10 in 2017; she had briefly returned to the top 10 in 2017 by virtue of beating Angelique Kerber in Miami.", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Despite losing in the second round, Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament, after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep, the other contenders for the top ranking, lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals, respectively.[9]", "2018 Wimbledon Championships Ladies' Singles", "2018 Wimbledon Championships Ladies' Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles Serena and Venus Williams were the defending champions, but did not participate this year due to Serena's pregnancy.[1]", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Roger Federer achieved his record eighth Wimbledon and 19th Grand Slam men's singles title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–3, 6–1, 6–4.[2] Federer thus became the only male player to win the Wimbledon singles title eight times,[3] as well as only the second man in the Open era, after Björn Borg in 1976, to win Wimbledon without losing a set. This was Federer's 70th appearance at a Grand Slam, tying the record for male players and a record-breaking 11th men's singles final at the same Grand Slam tournament.[4] In addition, by virtue of his third-round win over Mischa Zverev, Federer won his 317th Grand Slam singles match, surpassing Serena Williams' record of 316 match wins and giving him the all-time record for the most Grand Slam singles wins by any player, male or female. The tournament marked the fifth time that Nadal and Federer won the French Open and Wimbledon respectively in the same year.[5]", "2017 Australian Open Women's Singles", "2017 Australian Open Women's Singles", "2017 Australian Open Women's Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Andy Murray was the defending champion in the Gentlemen's singles but lost to Sam Querrey in the quarter-finals. Two-time defending Ladies' singles champion Serena Williams did not defend her title, having ended her season in April due to pregnancy.[3]", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina won the title, defeating Chan Hao-ching and Monica Niculescu in the final, 6–0, 6–0. This is the first time since 1953 that a women's doubles final at Wimbledon ended in a double bagel. Makarova and Vesnina became the first post-Soviet Russians to win the Wimbledon women's doubles title.", "2017 Australian Open – Women's Singles Serena Williams won the title, her 7th Australian title overall and first Australian Open where she did not lose a set during the tournament. She also regained the No. 1 ranking, defeating her sister Venus Williams in the final, 6–4, 6–4. This marks the first time the Williams sisters met in a Grand Slam final since the 2009 Wimbledon Championships and the first time they met in the Australian Open final since 2003.[1]", "2017 US Open (tennis) Women's Singles", "2017 US Open (tennis) Women's singles", "Venus Williams Williams was the defending champion and seventh-seeded player at Wimbledon. Without dropping a set, she reached her seventh Wimbledon singles final. She then won her fifth Wimbledon singles title, and seventh Grand Slam singles title overall, by beating sister Serena in straight sets. This was the first time since 2003 that Venus and Serena had played each other in a Grand Slam final and was the first time since 2001 that Venus had defeated her in a Grand Slam final. Venus and Serena then teamed to win the women's doubles title, their first Grand Slam doubles title together since 2003.", "The Championships, Wimbledon Elena Vesnina was part of the winning Women's Doubles title in 2017. This was her third Grand Slam Women's Doubles title and first at Wimbledon after previously having reached the final in 2015.", "2015 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams won her sixth Wimbledon and 21st major title, defeating first-time finalist Garbiñe Muguruza in the final, 6–4, 6–4. She also achieved her second non-calendar year Grand Slam after winning the 2014 US Open, 2015 Australian Open and 2015 French Open. With this win, Williams also became the oldest woman to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open Era at 33 years and 289 days old by 26 days,[2] beating Martina Navratilova, who won the 1990 Wimbledon Championships at 33 years and 263 days old.[3][4]", "List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions This event has been won without the loss of a set, during the Open Era of Tennis, by the following players: Billie Jean King in 1968, 1972, 1973 and 1975, Margaret Court in 1970, Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1971 and 1980, Chris Evert in 1974 and 1981, Martina Navratilova in 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1990, Steffi Graf in 1992 and 1996, Jana Novotná in 1998, Lindsay Davenport in 1999, Venus Williams in 2000, 2007 and 2008, Serena Williams in 2002, 2009, 2010, 2015 and 2016, Maria Sharapova in 2004, Petra Kvitová in 2011 and 2014 and Marion Bartoli in 2013.", "2017 US Open – Women's Singles Angelique Kerber was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka. This loss would cause Kerber to fall outside the top ten in the WTA rankings for the first time since 2015.[1]", "The Championships, Wimbledon Roger Federer was the winner of the Gentlemen's Singles in 2017. It was his nineteenth Grand Slam Men's Singles title and his eighth Wimbledon title, both all-time records.", "The Championships, Wimbledon Ekaterina Makarova was part of the winning Women's Doubles title in 2017. This was her third Grand Slam Women's Doubles title and first at Wimbledon after previously having reached the final in 2015.", "2016 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles The top five seeds (Williams, Garbiñe Muguruza, Agnieszka Radwańska, Kerber and Simona Halep) were in contention for the world No. 1 ranking at the beginning of the tournament. However, Halep was removed from the contention at the end of third round, while Williams retained the top spot by reaching the fourth round and eventually winning the title. She also spent her 300th week at the top of the WTA rankings during the second week of the tournament, and won her 300th Slam match at the tournament by defeating Annika Beck in the third round.", "2017 US Open – Women's Singles Garbiñe Muguruza became the new WTA No. 1 player at the end of the tournament despite losing in the fourth round, after Karolína Plíšková (who held the top ranking at the start of the tournament) failed to defend her finalist points from 2016. Eight of the top nine seeds (with the exception of Kerber) were in contention for the no. 1 ranking at the start of the tournament.[8]", "2016 Wimbledon Championships 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles", "2017 French Open – Women's Singles Jeļena Ostapenko won the title, defeating Simona Halep in the final, 4–6, 6–4, 6–3.[3][4] This was Ostapenko's first WTA Tour-level singles title. She became the first Latvian player of either sex to win a Grand Slam singles tournament, the youngest woman to win the French Open since 1997,[5][6] and the first woman since Barbara Jordan at the aforementioned 1979 Australian Open to win a Grand Slam event as her first tour-level singles title.[6] Ostapenko was the first unseeded woman to win the French Open since 1933, as well as the lowest-ranked (47) since computer rankings began in 1975.[7][8]", "2017 French Open – Women's Singles Garbiñe Muguruza was the defending champion, but lost to Kristina Mladenovic in the fourth round. Muguruza's defeat—along with those of Svetlana Kuznetsova, Venus Williams and Samantha Stosur in the same round—ensured that for the first time in a Grand Slam tournament since the 1979 Australian Open, none of the quarterfinalists were former Grand Slam champions.[1][2]", "2017 French Open 2017 French Open – Women's Singles", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.", "2016 Wimbledon Championships Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion in the Gentlemen's Singles, but he lost in the third round to Sam Querrey, ending a 30-match winning streak in Grand Slams and Djokovic's hopes of becoming the first man to achieve the golden calendar slam. The Gentlemen's Singles title was won by Andy Murray. Serena Williams successfully defended her Ladies' Singles title and equaled Steffi Graf's Open Era record of 22 major singles titles.", "Venus Williams At the Wimbledon Championships, Williams reached the third round of the championships where she overcame the 29th seed, Daria Kasatkina, in a 2-hour, 42-minute marathon. She defeated 12th seed Carla Suarez Navarro in the fourth round, and now leads 4â€“3 in their head-to-head meetings. Williams advanced to the quarterfinals for the first time in six years, where she defeated Yaroslava Shvedova. In her first Grand Slam semifinal since the 2010 US Open and her first Wimbledon semifinal since 2009, she lost to 4th seed Angelique Kerber in straight sets. In the doubles tournament, Venus and Serena advanced to their first Grand Slam Doubles final since 2012. They then won their 14th major title together and sixth at Wimbledon.", "The Championships, Wimbledon Martina Hingis was part of the winning Mixed Doubles title in 2017.", "Serena Williams At Wimbledon, Williams only lost one set en route to the final where she faced Angelique Kerber in a rematch of their Australian Open final earlier in the year. This time, Williams defeated Kerber in straight sets to finally equal Steffi Graf's record of 22 Grand Slams in the Open Era. This was Williams's first Grand Slam title of the year, as well as her 71st career WTA title overall. In what was a brilliant serving performance, Williams only faced one break point in the whole match against Kerber which she saved with an ace. Later that day, Williams partnered with sister Venus to win their sixth Wimbledon doubles title and 14th doubles Grand Slam title overall, keeping their perfect record at Grand Slam doubles finals intact. On July 24, 2016, Williams withdrew from Rogers Cup citing a shoulder inflammation injury.[249] She next participated in the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, where she was the defending gold medalist in both singles and doubles and was the heavy favourite to retain those titles. Partnering with her sister Venus in the doubles, they suffered a shock exit in the first round, losing to the Czech duo of Lucie Šafářová and Barbora Strýcová, which ended their career record of 15–0 dating back to the 2000 Olympics.[250] In singles, after defeating Daria Gavrilova and Alizé Cornet in the first two rounds, Williams faced Ukraine's Elina Svitolina in the third round in what was a rematch of this year's French Open fourth round, but lost to the Ukrainian, bringing an end to her Olympics campaign.[251] Days after the Olympics, Williams took a late wildcard for the Western & Southern Open, where she was the defending champion, but then decided to withdraw due to concerns from the same shoulder injury/inflammation from earlier in the summer.[252]", "2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Simona Halep, Caroline Wozniacki and Sloane Stephens were in contention for the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament. Halep retained the No. 1 ranking after Wozniacki and Stephens lost in the second and first rounds, respectively.[4]", "2015 Wimbledon Championships 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles", "2013 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2013 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2013 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2013 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2013 Wimbledon Championships Women's Singles", "2015 Wimbledon Championships This was their first encounter in a Grand Slam final, whilst all of the past meetings, occurred in Grand Slam events, from the first-time playing each other at the 2013 Australian Open, that Serena Williams won the match in two sets, during this second round match.[13] Their next contest occurred, at the 2014 French Open in the second round, yet this time around Garbiñe Muguruza, turned the tables to with the match in two sets.[13] The third tie came, at the 2015 Australian Open, and it went three sets in a fourth round encounter, to the eventual victory by Serena in three sets.[13] This bout would be their fourth meeting, and it got off to a rocky start by Serena, who served up three double faults, in order to get broken, during the first game of the match.[14][15] Muguruza would get out to a four games to two advantage, when Williams held serve, and let out a \"Come On\".[14][15] This rallied the twenty-time Grand Slam champion to win the first set, 6–4, when she broke the serve of Muguruza.[14][15] Serena would get off to a fast start, during the second set, that she ended up getting breaks of serve from Muguruza in the fourth and sixth games of the set, to go up to a five games to one advantage.[14][15] The momentous meaning the match held, for Williams ended up hitting her, when she had two bad service games, getting broken, letting Muguruza to come back to a five games to four set.[14][15] This allowed Muguruza, the opportunity to serve in an attempt to stay in the match and set, yet she quickly got down in a love-40 hole, which she could not escape.[14][15] The victory gave Serena her second \"Serena Slam\", and that was with the 2014 US Open win counted from the previous year.[14][15] This victory was her twenty-first Grand Slam singles title, putting her one behind Steffi Graf in the Open Era of tennis, and three behind the all-time record held by Margaret Court.[14][15] The win meant she became the oldest women's singles Grand Slam champion in the Open Era of tennis, besting the mark previously set by Martina Navratilova.[3]", "2017 Australian Open Roger Federer won his eighteenth men's singles Grand Slam title by defeating Rafael Nadal in a five-set final. It was his first major title since 2012 Wimbledon and a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Nadal won in five sets. Serena Williams overcame her sister Venus in the women's singles final, surpassing Steffi Graf to become the player with the most major wins in the women's game in the Open Era.", "2017 Australian Open – Women's Singles Serena's victory was her 23rd Grand Slam title in singles, surpassing Steffi Graf as the all-time leader in Grand Slam titles in the Open era.[2]", "Venus Williams Williams began her 2017 season at the ASB Classic, winning her opening match against local wildcard Jade Lewis before withdrawing due to a right arm pain.[56] Seeded 13th at the Australian Open, Williams defeated Kateryna Kozlova, qualifier Stefanie Vögele, Duan Yingying and qualifier Mona Barthel in the opening four rounds respectively in straight sets to advance to the quarterfinals. She defeated 24th seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova for her 50th win at the Australian Open, the first time Williams won a quarterfinal match in Melbourne since defeating Daniela Hantuchová in 2003. Coming back from a set down in her semifinal match, Williams defeated rising American star Coco Vandeweghe 6–7(3–7), 6–2, 6–3 to advance to her first Grand Slam final since Wimbledon 2009 and her first Australian Open final since 2003. In doing so, she set the Open Era record for the longest span (20 years) between grand slam singles final appearances, having first reached a grand slam singles final at the 1997 US Open. In a closely fought final, she lost 6–4, 6–4 to her younger sister Serena Williams, who made history by winning her 23rd Grand Slam singles title, surpassing the mark set by Steffi Graf.[57] The following week, Williams competed in the St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy, but lost in the second round to eventual champion Kristina Mladenovic. At the Indian Wells Masters, Williams came back from 1–6, 1–4 down and saved three match points in the second round to defeat Jelena Jankovic, tying their head-to-head record at seven-all. This was her first win at Indian Wells since 2001. She defeated Lucie Safarova and qualifier Peng Shuai in the third and fourth rounds respectively, avenging her previous losses to both players. She lost to the eventual champion, Elena Vesnina, in the quarterfinals. The following week, Williams scored her first top-ten win since 2015, against Svetlana Kuznetsova in the fourth round of the Miami Open. She defeated No. 1 Angelique Kerber in the quarterfinals, becoming the oldest player to beat a current No. 1. She lost for a third consecutive time to eventual champion Johanna Konta in straight sets in her first semifinal in Miami since 2010. This marked her fourth consecutive loss to eventual champions.", "2017 Wimbledon Championships Ladies' Singles Qualifiers", "List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players On 11 September 2017, Garbiñe Muguruza and Rafa Nadal made Spain the first country since the United States 14 years ago to simultaneously top both the ATP and the WTA rankings, with Muguruza making her debut in the No. 1 spot. The most recent previous such pair were Serena Williams and Andre Agassi, 28 April to 11 May 2003.[3]", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová were attempting to hold all four Grand Slam double titles at the same time, after having won the 2016 US Open, and the 2017 Australian and French Open titles. The pair withdrew from their scheduled second round match on 7 July following an acute knee injury suffered by Mattek-Sands in the second round of the Ladies' Singles competition the previous day.[2]", "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Andy Murray was the defending champion, but lost to Sam Querrey in the quarterfinals. Despite his loss, Murray retained the ATP No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament, as Rafael Nadal, Stan Wawrinka, and Novak Djokovic all failed to gain enough ranking points to surpass him.[1]", "2013 Wimbledon Championships Marion Bartoli def. Sabine Lisicki, 6–1, 6–4 [35]", "2017 Western & Southern Open Marin Čilić and Karolína Plíšková were the defending champions in men's and women's singles titles. Čilić withdrew due to an abductor injury before the tournament began, while Plíšková lost in the semifinals to Garbiñe Muguruza.", "2018 Wimbledon Championships Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck.", "2017 US Open (tennis) Stan Wawrinka and Angelique Kerber were the previous year's men's and women's singles champions. Neither managed to defend their title as Wawrinka withdrew before the start of the tournament due to a knee injury that ended his season, while Kerber lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka.", "2017 Australian Open 2017 Australian Open – Women's Singles", "2017 Australian Open – Women's Singles Angelique Kerber was the defending champion, but lost in the fourth round to Coco Vandeweghe.", "2016 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles At 36 years old, Venus Williams became the oldest woman to reach a Grand Slam semifinal since Martina Navratilova at the 1994 Wimbledon Championships.[5]", "List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions These records only include the Open Era, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Martina Navratilova (1978–1979, 1982–1987, 1990) holds the record for most victories with nine. Navratilova holds the record for most consecutive victories with six (1982–1987).[4]", "List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions Wimbledon has historically been played in the last week of June and the first week of July (though changed to the first two weeks of July in 2017), and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]", "2018 Australian Open – Women's Singles Caroline Wozniacki became the first Danish player to win a Grand Slam singles title, defeating Simona Halep in the final, 7–6(7–2), 3–6, 6–4.[1]\t\nWozniacki also regained the WTA no. 1 singles ranking for the first time since 2012.[2] Both finalists saved match points earlier in the tournament: Halep saved three match points against Lauren Davis in the third round and two match points against Angelique Kerber in the semifinals, while Wozniacki saved two match points against Jana Fett in the second round. Halep lost in a Grand Slam final for the third time, though she would eventually win the French Open months later.[3]", "List of Wimbledon singles finalists during the open era The women who have reached the final at least four times during the open era are Billie Jean King, Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Chris Evert, Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf, Venus Williams, and Serena Williams. King appeared in three consecutive finals from 1968 through 1970, of which she won only in 1968, before she took the victory in her last three finals in 1972, 1973, and 1975.[3] Goolagong Cawley reached five finals between 1971 and 1980 but won only her first and last finals.[3] Evert reached ten finals out of 13 years between 1973 and 1985 but won only three titles.[3] Navratilova won nine of her 12 finals between 1978 and 1994.[3] Graf reached nine finals between 1987 and 1999, which she won seven times.[3] Since 2000, Venus Williams has won the final five times in nine attempts.[3] Her sister Serena Williams has also appeared in ten finals since 2002, in which she won seven titles.[3]", "Serena Williams Williams completed her second \"Serena Slam\" (winning all four Grand Slams in a row) by winning the 2015 Wimbledon Championships – her 6th Wimbledon and 21st Grand Slam singles title overall.[216][217][218] Her path to victory at Wimbledon was particularly challenging. She was down a double break in the third round versus Heather Watson and two points from defeat twice before rallying for the win[219] and becoming the first player to qualify for the WTA Finals[220] (the earliest that a player had qualified since the event switched to the round-robin format in 2003). Williams then defeated three former No. 1 players–Venus Williams, Victoria Azarenka and Maria Sharapova—in succession to advance to the final.[221] Awaiting her there was 21-year-old Garbiñe Muguruza, who had previously handed Williams the worst Grand Slam tournament defeat of her career at the 2014 French Open.[222] Williams defeated Muguruza in a tight two-setter.", "Venus Williams Williams began her play in the US Open Series at the Canadian Open. She defeated qualifier Irina-Camelia Begu in three sets and Kateřina Siniaková in straight sets before losing to fifth seed and eventual champion Elina Svitolina in the third round. The next week Williams competed in the Cincinnati Masters tournament. She defeated Alison Riske in the first round before losing to Ashleigh Barty in the second round. Barty was the first person to have defeated Williams and fail to reach at least the semifinals of the event in which they had defeated her in 2017. At the 2017 US Open, Williams defeated Viktória Kužmová, Océane Dodin, and Maria Sakkari to reach the fourth round. Williams reached the second week of all grand slams in a single season for the first time since 2010, and reached the second week of seven consecutive grand slams, the longest streak among WTA players at that time. In the fourth round, Williams beat Carla Suárez Navarro in three sets to reach her twelfth US Open quarterfinal, where she defeated Petra Kvitová in a third set tiebreak during the two-hour, thirty-five minute match. She also guaranteed her return to the top five in the WTA Rankings at the conclusion of the tournament for the first time since January 2011. Williams then lost in three sets to fellow American and eventual champion Sloane Stephens in her first US Open semifinal since 2010.[60]", "2017 French Open Novak Djokovic was the defending champion in the Men's Singles, but he lost in the quarter-finals to Dominic Thiem.[1] Garbiñe Muguruza was the defending champion in the Women's Singles, but she lost in the 4th Round to Kristina Mladenovic.[2]", "List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions The Ladies' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the \"Venus Rosewater Dish\", or simply the \"Rosewater Dish\". The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated with figures from mythology.[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2012, the Ladies' Singles winner received prize money of £1,150,000.[10]", "2018 Australian Open Roger Federer was the defending champion in the men's singles event and successfully retained his title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, won his 6th Australian Open title and historic 20th Grand Slam title; reigning champion Serena Williams did not defend her title in the women's singles event[2] having withdrawn a week before the tournament, stating that she was not fully fit after giving birth to her daughter in September 2017. Caroline Wozniacki won the women's title, defeating Simona Halep in the final.", "2017 French Open – Women's Singles As a result of Halep's loss in the final, Angelique Kerber retained the WTA no. 1 singles ranking even though she lost in the first round. Kerber's loss marked the first time the top women's seed had lost her first round match at the French Open in the Open era, and the first time this had happened at any Grand Slam tournament since the 2001 Wimbledon Championships.[9][10]", "2018 US Open – Women's Singles final Williams' return was, however, difficult. Originally intending to return for the 2018 Australian Open,[13] complications from her pregnancy caused her to miss the tournament, leaving her unable to defend her title from the previous year, and delay her return until the Indian Wells Masters that February,[14] where she lost to older sister Venus in the third round. In the Miami Open two weeks later, Williams would face Osaka for the first time, and only time until their US Open match, in the first round, where Osaka upset Williams in straight sets - Williams' earliest ever exit from the Miami Open in her career. Williams' first Grand Slam campaign since her return at the French Open ended disappointingly, as she withdrew before her fourth round match against Maria Sharapova. However, her Wimbledon campaign the following month was more successful, reaching the final. Despite losing to Angelique Kerber in straight sets, her feat of reaching the final in the first place was seen as both a return to form—Sonia Oxley of BBC Sport quipping that \"she still has the stamina, spirit and shots to carry on collecting Grand Slam titles\", and 2016 men's singles champion Andy Murray noting that \"It is tough to bet against her now she's got this far\"[15]—and a reinforcement of her status as an icon of motherhood and women's empowerment.[16]", "2018 Wimbledon Championships The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the Gentleman's Singles title and Angelique Kerber won the Ladies Singles title.", "Serena Williams Williams started her 2017 season by participating in the WTA Auckland Open for the first time in her career. She defeated Pauline Parmentier to win her first match played since the US Open. In the second round however, Williams surprisingly lost to Madison Brengle. Williams displayed her top form from the outset of the Australian Open. Williams beat former and present top 10 players Belinda Bencic, Lucie Šafářová, Johanna Konta among others to reach her 8th Australian Open Final. On January 28, 2017, Williams won the Australian Open for an Open Era record seventh time, defeating her sister, Venus.[253] This was her 23rd Grand Slam singles title, surpassing Steffi Graf's Open Era record of 22. It was the first time in the Open Era that two players aged 35 or older competed in the final of a Grand Slam tournament. The win ensured her return to the No. 1 ranking.[254][255] Williams subsequently withdrew from the Indian Wells and Miami Opens, citing a knee injury.[256] However, on April 19, 2017, she revealed that she was 20 weeks pregnant and would miss the remainder of the season.[257] The timing means that she would have been roughly eight-weeks pregnant when she won the Australian Open.[258] In interviews, she maintained that she intended to return to tennis after her pregnancy,[259] including setting the (in her own words) \"outrageous plan\" of competing in the 2018 Australian Open.[259] On September 1, 2017, Williams gave birth to a daughter named Alexis Olympia Ohanian Jr.[260] Despite being absent from the game, she ended the season ranked No. 22.", "Venus Williams Williams was ranked No. 31 going into Wimbledon and was seeded 23rd at the tournament due to her previous results at Wimbledon. Williams was a game away from defeat in her first round match against Alla Kudryavtseva and in her third round match against Akiko Morigami she was two points away from defeat, but she eventually won both 7–5 in the third set. She then advanced to reach her sixth Wimbledon final, after beating Maria Sharapova, Svetlana Kuznetsova and Ana Ivanovic in straight sets en route, where she defeated 18th seed Marion Bartoli also in straight sets. Williams thus became only the fourth woman in the open era to win Wimbledon at least four times, along with Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova and Steffi Graf. She also became the lowest-seeded Wimbledon champion in history, breaking the record she herself set in 2005. Williams returned to the top 20 as a result of the win.[28]", "Serena Williams Williams defended her title at the Brisbane International by defeating No. 2, Victoria Azarenka, in the final.[177] At the Australian Open she ended up losing to former No. 1, Ana Ivanovic, in the fourth round. At Dubai, Williams lost her semi-final match to Alizé Cornet in straight sets. Williams next headed to the Miami Open where she won her record seventh title with a straight-sets victory over No. 2 Li Na.[178] Williams lost to Jana Čepelová in the second round of the Family Circle Cup. She made it to the quarterfinals at the Madrid Open before withdrawing with a left thigh injury. Williams won her third title of the season at the Rome. She was then handed the worst loss of her Grand Slam tournament career by Garbiñe Muguruza at the second round of the French Open, who defeated Serena losing just four games in two sets.[179] Alizé Cornet defeated Williams for the second time in the year in the third round of Wimbledon, thus handing Williams her earliest Wimbledon exit since 2005. Serena was then forced to withdraw from the doubles event alongside sister Venus while trailing 0–3 in the second round. A disoriented Serena hit 4 consecutive doubles faults and was having trouble with both her ball toss and movement before being removed from what has been described as one of the most unusual scenes ever seen in tennis.[180][181][182]", "2017 US Open – Women's Singles Sloane Stephens won her first Grand Slam title, defeating Madison Keys in the final, 6–3, 6–0.[2] It was the first all-American women's final at the US Open since 2002, and the second time in three years that the final featured two first-time Grand Slam singles finalists from the same country. Stephens became the second unseeded woman in the Open era to win the US Open after Kim Clijsters in 2009.[3][4]", "Marion Bartoli Moving onto the grass, Bartoli won the Aegon International at Eastbourne by defeating Lucie Šafářová and María José Martínez Sánchez. She then moved past third seed Victoria Azarenka when Azarenka retired during their match due to a thigh injury. Bartoli reached the semifinals for the fifth straight year and beat seventh seed Samantha Stosur. She then beat eighth seed Petra Kvitová to win the title. Bartoli was seeded ninth at Wimbledon. She defeated Czech qualifier Kristýna Plíšková in the first round, Lourdes Domínguez Lino in the second, and 21st seed Flavia Pennetta in the third. She then defeated defending champion and grass-court veteran Serena Williams in the fourth round. Bartoli described beating Williams as the greatest win of her life.[25] In the quarterfinals Bartoli was defeated by Sabine Lisicki in a match notable for taking place under the centre-court roof in the middle of a thunderstorm.", "Marion Bartoli At Wimbledon Bartoli was seeded 15th. She defeated Elina Svitolina in the first round, Christina McHale in the second, Camila Giorgi in the third, and Karin Knapp in the fourth. In the quarterfinals she defeated 17th seed Sloane Stephens, which was her first quarterfinal victory of any WTA Tour or Grand Slam event in 2013.[11] In the semifinals she beat 20th seed Kirsten Flipkens to reach her second Wimbledon final. In the final she faced 23rd seed Sabine Lisicki, who had beaten pre-tournament favorite Serena Williams and 2012 finalist Agnieszka Radwańska en route to the final. Bartoli won the match in straight sets for her first and only Grand Slam title.[31] She did not drop a set in the entire tournament. She also became the female player who participated in the most Grand Slam tournaments before winning one, as this was her 47th such tournament (breaking the previous perseverance record held by Jana Novotná, at 45).[32]\nBartoli also competed in the mixed doubles alongside Nicholas Monroe. They lost in the first round to Santiago González and Natalie Grandin.", "2017 Wimbledon Championships The tournament is run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and is included in the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament will consist of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls (under 18 – singles and doubles), which is also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles & doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament is played only on grass courts; main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon; qualifying matches will be played at the Bank of England Sports Ground, in Roehampton.[4]", "Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's Singles Monica Puig won Puerto Rico's first ever Olympic gold medal, defeating Angelique Kerber in the final, 6–4, 4–6, 6–1.[1]", "Venus Williams Williams scored her fifth top 10 win of the season by defeating No. 7 Agnieszka Radwańska in the first round of the Wuhan Open. She then beat qualifier Julia Görges in the second round for her 700th career win (becoming only the ninth woman in the Open Era to achieve this feat). She landed another top 10 victory by winning against No. 10 Carla Suárez Navarro in the third round. Williams defeated both Johanna Konta and Roberta Vinci (saving match point) in three sets to move into the championship match where she won her biggest title in more than 5 years when her opponent, No. 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, retired while trailing a set and a double break. The next week Williams lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round of the China Open. She made it to the semifinals of the Hong Kong Open where she lost in a tight two-setter to eventual champion Jelena Janković.", "2016 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles", "2016 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles", "2016 Wimbledon Championships Men's Singles", "List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players as of October 9, 2017[update][5][6]", "Serena Williams The victory made Williams the oldest woman in the Open Era to win a grand slam singles title, in addition to having the distinction of being the oldest ladies' grand slam singles champion of all time.[223] It also was her eighth consecutive victory in Grand Slam singles finals appearances, breaking Steffi Graf's Open Era record of seven from 1995 through 1999 and, on the men's side, tying Pete Sampras's Open Era record of eight from 1995 through 2000. Her 21st Grand Slam singles titles equaled the tally of the rest of the women's tour, combined.[224] The week of July 13 marked the first time in WTA history that the No. 1 player had more than twice as many points as No. 2.[225] Following her win at Wimbledon, Williams was awarded her 7th ESPY for Best Female Tennis Player.[226]" ]	[ "2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 7–5, 6–0.[2] Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994.[3] Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals.[4]" ]
test2129	where is the capital city of alabama located	[ "doc73914" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc73914", "doc73932", "doc1759359", "doc73930", "doc1759362", "doc1643494", "doc74007", "doc73929", "doc73933", "doc1759356", "doc1989825", "doc1643499", "doc74066", "doc73966", "doc2017480", "doc512706", "doc73923", "doc637323", "doc295925", "doc105558", "doc512697", "doc73928", "doc153971", "doc73913", "doc263841", "doc1989846", "doc1759357", "doc1989827", "doc1759358", "doc73956", "doc74016", "doc74051", "doc512705", "doc1759355", "doc339652", "doc1989802", "doc512698", "doc512696", "doc818175", "doc73986", "doc971345", "doc1959680", "doc74000", "doc1845172", "doc73950", "doc105559", "doc1246793", "doc74055", "doc73960", "doc963936", "doc73955", "doc73982", "doc295926", "doc339645", "doc74064", "doc1649686", "doc73915", "doc1246808", "doc637322", "doc963938", "doc1989797", "doc1759360", "doc1989824", "doc263827", "doc105524", "doc1649682", "doc73959", "doc963937", "doc74028", "doc2401782", "doc2017472", "doc73957", "doc73961", "doc1989849", "doc339646", "doc1989784", "doc1989815", "doc74045", "doc1649777", "doc1989834", "doc2415516", "doc295924", "doc74069", "doc2558046", "doc1989811", "doc1989854", "doc1989848", "doc1989810", "doc73988", "doc1989788", "doc1989786", "doc1989792", "doc74068", "doc2401783", "doc2391353", "doc73924", "doc1419183", "doc105541", "doc73943", "doc73927" ]	[ "Alabama Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham,[9] which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.[10]", "Alabama From 1826 to 1846, Tuscaloosa served as Alabama's capital. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847.[46] A new capitol building was erected under the direction of Stephen Decatur Button of Philadelphia. The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. It was designed by Barachias Holt of Exeter, Maine.[47][48]", "List of cities and towns in Alabama Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama's capital city", "Alabama Cahaba, now a ghost town, was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825.[41] Alabama Fever was underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation.[42][43] Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men.[44]", "List of cities and towns in Alabama State capital and county seat", "Black Belt (region of Alabama) In addition, the state legislature did not redistrict congressional or state legislative districts after 1901 until it did so in the 1960s under US Supreme Court order. The white rural elite continued to dominate the state despite the rise of urbanized, industrial cities such as Birmingham, Alabama. Montgomery, the Black Belt's largest city, has been the capital of Alabama since 1846. Montgomery and Selma and other parts of the Black Belt were important centers of African-American public activism during the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s to 1968.", "Alabama An estimated 20 million tourists visit the state each year. Over 100,000 of these are from other countries, including from Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan.[citation needed] In 2006, 22.3 million travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state.[168][169][not in citation given] Some of the most popular areas include the Rocket City of Huntsville, the beaches along the Gulf, and the state's capitol in Montgomery.[170]", "Alabama Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention. From July 5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County.[40]", "Alabama By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color.[49] On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery. Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War. Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort.", "List of cities and towns in Alabama The Code of Alabama 1975 defines the legal use of the terms \"town\" and \"city\" based on population. A municipality with a population of 2,000 or more is a city, while less than 2,000 is a town.[3] For legislative purposes, municipalities are divided into eight classes based on population. Class 1 is defined as all cities with a population of 300,000. Although no cities in the state currently meet this population requirement, Birmingham was allowed to remain a class 1 city since it incorporated with a 1970 population of 300,910 before the cutoff date of June 28, 1979.[3][4] Class 2 are cities between 175,000 and 299,999 inhabitants which include present day Montgomery, Mobile, and Huntsville. There are no present Class 3 cities which require populations between 100,000 and 174,999 inhabitants. Tuscaloosa, Hoover, Dothan, Decatur and Auburn are Class 4 cities with between 50,000 and 99,999 inhabitants. Ten cities fall under Class 5: a population greater than 25,000 and less than 49,999. There are 34 cities that are Class 6, with between 12,000 and 24,999 inhabitants, and 40 cities that are Class 7 with a population from 6,000 to 11,999 inhabitants. Class 8 includes all towns, plus all remaining cities with populations of less than 6,000.[3]", "History of Alabama Alabama joined the Confederate States of America, whose government was first organized at Montgomery on February 4, 1861. The CSA set up its temporary capital in Montgomery and selected Jefferson Davis as president. In May 1861, the Confederate government abandoned Montgomery before the sickly season began and relocated to Richmond, Virginia, the capital of that state.", "Black Belt (region of Alabama) The Black Belt's largest city, Montgomery, was designated as the capital of Alabama in 1846. Because Alabama was geographically central to the slave states, Montgomery was also designated as the original capital of the Confederate States of America. The region's distance from the front lines during the American Civil War saved it from much of the ravages of war. Many of the Greek Revival mansions of the 19th-century planters have survived, as have some of the plantations' slave quarters. Gaineswood in Demopolis and Magnolia Grove in Greensboro, Alabama are among those that can be visited by tourists today.", "Alabama Alabama has six major interstate roads that cross the state: Interstate 65 (I-65) travels north–south roughly through the middle of the state; I-20/I-59 travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 originates in Montgomery and travels east-northeast to the Georgia state line, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, traveling from west to east through Mobile. I-22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden. A sixth route, I-685, will be formed when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I-422. Since a direct connection from I-22 to I-422 will not be possible, I-222 has been proposed, as well.", "Alabama Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile and around 32 °F (0 °C) in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.", "Huntsville, Alabama Huntsville's quick growth was from wealth generated by the cotton and railroad industries. Many wealthy planters moved into the area from Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas.[citation needed] In 1819, Huntsville hosted a constitutional convention in Walker Allen's large cabinetmaking shop. The 44 delegates meeting there wrote a constitution for the new state of Alabama. In accordance with the new state constitution, Huntsville became Alabama's first capital when the state was admitted to the Union. This was a temporary designation for one legislative session only. The capital was moved to more central cities: to Cahawba, then to Tuscaloosa, and finally to Montgomery.[citation needed]", "Tuscaloosa, Alabama From 1826 to 1846, Tuscaloosa was the capital of Alabama. During this period, in 1831, the University of Alabama was established. The town's population and economy grew rapidly until the departure of the capital to Montgomery caused a rapid decline in population. Establishment of the Bryce State Hospital for the Insane in Tuscaloosa in the 1850s helped restore the city's fortunes.", "Alabama With exploration in the 16th century, the Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702.[30] The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711. This area was claimed by the French from 1702 to 1763 as part of La Louisiane.[31]", "List of state and territorial capitols in the United States 32°22′37.294″N 86°17′57.991″W / 32.37702611°N 86.29944194°W / 32.37702611; -86.29944194 (Alabama State House)", "Climate of Alabama Summers in Alabama are one of the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in many parts of the state. The heat of summer is tempered in the extreme south by the winds from the Gulf of Mexico which often blow inland by up to 10–15 miles, and in the north by the elevation above the sea. Afternoon high temperatures are highest in Montgomery (92.4 degrees daily from June through August) and in Tuscaloosa. The average nighttime humidity is highest in southwest Alabama, which results in the highest average (high plus low temperature) for reporting stations in the state. While afternoon highs in Mobile are cooler than their inland sister cities, the remaining warm air trapped near the Gulf at night results in the average annual temperature for Mobiles being the highest in the southwest along the coast. Cool morning temperatures help keep the northeast highlands among the more temperate locations in the state and lowest in the northeast among the highlands. Thus at Mobile the annual mean is 67 °F (19 °C), the mean for the summer 81 °F (27 °C), and for the winter 52 °F (11 °C); and at Valley Head, in De Kalb county, the annual mean is 59 °F (15 °C), the mean for the summer 75 °F (24 °C), and for the winter 41 °F (5 °C). At Montgomery, in the central region, the average annual temperature is 66 °F (19 °C), with a winter average of 49 °F (9 °C), and a summer average of 81 °F (27 °C). The average winter minimum for the entire state is 35 °F (2 °C), and there is an average of 35 days in each year in which the thermometer falls below the freezing-point. At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below zero (-18 °C), as was the case in the remarkable cold wave of the 12th-13 February 1899, when an absolute minimum of -17 °F (-29 °C) was registered at Valley Head. The highest temperature ever recorded was 111 °F (44 °C) in Centreville in 1925. Close competing temperatures occurred in 2007 when during the August heat wave, three instances of official 108 degree heat were recorded at Maxwell AFB in Montgomery, each tying the all-time record for the capital city. Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile, around 31 °F (−1 °C) in Huntsville, around 35 °F (2 °C) in Montgomery, and around 33 °F (1 °C) in Birmingham.", "Confederate States of America Montgomery, Alabama served as the capital of the Confederate States of America from February 4 until May 29, 1861, in the Alabama State Capitol. Six states created the Confederate States of America there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the \"original seven\" states of the Confederacy; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession \"operative\".[101] Two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held in Montgomery, adjourning May 21.[102] The Permanent Constitution was adopted there on March 12, 1861.[103]", "Tuscaloosa, Alabama Incorporated as a town on December 13, 1819, it was named after Tuskaloosa, the chieftain of a Muskogean-speaking people who battled and was defeated by forces of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1540 in the Battle of Mabila.[6] It served as Alabama's capital city from 1826 to 1846.", "Alabama Before Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory. The United States Congress created the Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817. St. Stephens, now abandoned, served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819.[39]", "Sweet Home Alabama Music historians point out that the choice of Birmingham in connection with the governor (rather than the capital Montgomery) is significant for the controversy as \"In 1963, the city was the site of massive civil rights activism, as thousands of demonstrators led by Martin Luther King, Jr. sought to desegregate downtown businesses... [and] was the scene of some of the most violent moments of the Civil Rights Movement. Segregationist police chief Bull Connor unleashed attack dogs and high-pressure water cannons against peaceful marchers, including women and children; just weeks later, Ku Klux Klansmen bombed a black church, killing four little girls.\"[4]", "Alabama Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400Â km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.[8]", "List of capitals in the United States The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) had two capitals during its existence. The first capital was established February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, and remained there until it was moved to Richmond, Virginia, on May 29, 1861.", "History of Alabama Middle-class business and professional activists in the cities were frustrated with the old-fashioned politicized city governments and demanded a commission formed in which municipal affairs would be very largely run by experts rather than politicians. Emmet O'Neal, elected governor in 1910, made the commission system his favored reform, and secured its passage by the legislature in 1911. The cities of Birmingham, Montgomery and Mobile quickly adopted the commission form[44]", "List of cities and towns in Alabama The largest municipality by population is Birmingham with 212,237 residents while the smallest by population is McMullen with 10 people.[1] The largest municipality by land area is Huntsville, which spans 209.05 sq mi (541.4 km2), while the smallest is McMullen at 0.11 sq mi (0.28 km2).[1]", "History of Alabama Some idea of the current transportation patterns and severe internal logistic problems faced by the Confederacy can be seen by tracing Jefferson Davis' journey from his plantation in Mississippi to Montgomery. With few roads and railroads, he traveled by steamboat from his plantation on the Mississippi River down to Vicksburg, where he boarded a train to Jackson, Mississippi. He took another train north to Grand Junction, then a third train east to Chattanooga, Tennessee and a fourth train south to the main hub at Atlanta, Georgia. He took another train to the Alabama border and a last one to Montgomery in the center of the state.", "List of cities and towns in Alabama Birmingham is Alabama's most populous municipality.", "Alabama Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state.[65] The state ranges in elevation from sea level[66] at Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast.", "Alabama Alabama's government is divided into three coequal branches. The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto).", "Alabama The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016.[205] Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.[206][207]", "Tuscaloosa, Alabama The pace of white settlement in the Southeast increased greatly after the War of 1812 and the Treaty of Fort Jackson. A small assortment of log cabins soon arose near the large Creek village at the fall line of the river, which the new settlers named in honor of the sixteenth-century Chief Tuskaloosa of a Muskogean-speaking tribe. In 1817, Alabama became a territory, and on December 13, 1819, the territorial legislature incorporated the town of Tuscaloosa,[1] one day before Congress admitted Alabama to the Union as a state.", "List of cities and towns in Alabama Alabama is a state located in the Southern United States. According to the 2010 United States Census, Alabama is the 23rd most populous state with 4,779,745 inhabitants and the 28th largest by land area spanning 50,645.33 square miles (131,170.8 km2) of land.[1] Alabama is divided into 67 counties and contains 460 incorporated municipalities consisting of 169 cities and 291 towns.[2] These cities and towns cover only 7000960000000000000♠9.6% of the state's land mass but are home to 7001604000000000000♠60.4% of its population.[1]", "Interstate 65 in Alabama In 1997, at Georgiana (Exit 114), honoring legendary country musician and Alabama native Hank Williams, the interstate was designated as Hank Williams' Memorial \"Lost Highway\", after one of his songs. This designation continues northward until mile 179 north of Montgomery. From the state's capital, I-65 doglegs northwards, bypassing Prattville and Clanton before going through Metropolitan Birmingham, Alabama. From exit 242 to 290, this highway carries at least six lanes of traffic. A portion of the interstate running through Birmingham, has been nicknamed \"Malfunction Junction\" for its numerous wrecks. These accidents include two separate occasions of the support beams melting after crashes by 18-wheelers, and the numerous collisions that happen every year, result from the junction with I-20 and I-59.", "History of Alabama The French also colonized the region. In 1702 they founded a settlement on the Mobile River near its mouth, constructing Fort Louis. For the next nine years this was the French seat of government of New France, or La Louisiane (Louisiana). In 1711, they abandoned Fort Louis because of repeated flooding. Settlers rebuilt a fort on higher ground known as Fort Conde. This was the start of what developed as present-day Mobile, the first permanent European settlement in Alabama. Biloxi was another early French settlement on the Gulf Coast, to the west in what is now Mississippi.", "Tuscaloosa, Alabama Tuscaloosa is the regional center of industry, commerce, healthcare, and education for the area of west-central Alabama known as West Alabama. It is the principal city of the Tuscaloosa Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Tuscaloosa, Hale and Pickens counties and has an estimated metro population in 2013 of 235,628. Tuscaloosa is also the home of The University of Alabama, Stillman College and Shelton State Community College. While the city attracted international attention when Mercedes-Benz announced it would build its first automotive assembly plant in North America in Tuscaloosa County, the University of Alabama remains the dominant economic and cultural engine in the city.", "Tuscaloosa, Alabama Tuscaloosa (/tʌskəˈluːsə/ TUSK-ə-LOO-sə) is a city in and the seat of Tuscaloosa County in west central Alabama (in the southeastern United States).[5] Located on the Black Warrior River at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line of the Piedmont, it is the fifth-largest city in Alabama, with an estimated population of 99,543 in 2016.", "United States Senate special election in Alabama, 2017 Jones won primarily by running up huge margins in the state's major cities. The state's four largest counties—Jefferson (home to the state's largest city of Birmingham), Mobile (home to Mobile), Montgomery (home to the state capital of Montgomery) and Madison (home to Huntsville)—all gave Jones 56 percent or more of the vote. He carried Jefferson by over 83,800 votes, and Montgomery by almost 30,500 votes; either county would have been more than enough to give him the victory. Jones also dominated the Black Belt. He took over 96 percent of the black vote, and 61 percent of votes from those under 45. While Moore dominated the state's rural areas, he significantly underperformed Trump's totals in those areas, as well as the suburbs.[434]", "Alabama Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile, when Sephardic Jews immigrated from London.[130] The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile. It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844.[130] Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe. Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox, four Conservative, ten Reform, and one Humanistic synagogue.[131]", "History of the Southern United States In 1861 the rebels assumed that \"King Cotton\" was so powerful that the threat of losing their supplies would induce Britain and France to enter the war as allies, and thereby frustrate Union efforts. Confederate leaders were ignorant of European conditions; Britain depended on the Union for its food supply, and would not benefit from an extremely expensive major war with the U.S. The Confederacy moved its capital from a defensible location in remote Montgomery, Alabama, to the more cosmopolitan city of Richmond, Virginia, only 100 miles (160Â km) from Washington. Richmond had the heritage and facilities to match those of Washington, but its proximity to the Union forced the CSA to spend most of its war-making capability to defend Richmond.[citation needed]", "U.S. Route 31 Although US 31 parallels Interstate 65 throughout Alabama, the two routes do not directly junction each other until they reach Pintlala in southern Montgomery County, which is 164 miles north of Mobile. The two routes do not junction each other again for another 22 miles. US 31 is routed along a bypass of Montgomery, the state capital. At Prattville, this route intersects U.S. Route 82.", "Alabama Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. In addition, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.", "Montpelier, Vermont Montpelier (/mɒntˈpiːliər/)[3] is the capital city of the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County. As the site of Vermont's state government, it is the least populous state capital in the United States.[4] The population was 7,855 at the 2010 census. However, the daytime population swells to about 21,000, due to the large number of jobs within city limits.[5] The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality. It was named for Montpellier, France.[6]", "Alabama African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the Civil Rights Movement, including legal challenges. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama was slow to comply. During the 1960s, under Governor George Wallace, Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation. The Civil Rights Movement had notable events in Alabama, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955â€“56), Freedom Rides in 1961, and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964[61] and Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress.", "Confederate States of America The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a ten-miles square (100 square mile) district to the central government. Atlanta, which had not yet supplanted Milledgeville, Georgia as its state capital, put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections, as did Opelika, Alabama, noting its strategically interior situation, rail connections and nearby deposits of coal and iron.[104]", "Government of Alabama The government of Alabama is organized under the provisions of the 1901 Constitution of Alabama, which is the lengthiest constitution of any political entity in the world.[1] Like other states within the United States, Alabama's government is divided into executive, judicial, and legislative branches.", "Alabama Major newspapers include Birmingham News, Birmingham Post-Herald, Mobile Press-Register, and Montgomery Advertiser.[213]", "Alabama A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater, the site of \"Alabama's greatest natural disaster.\" A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.[72] The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme (\"star-wound\") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.[73] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.[74]", "University of Alabama The University of Alabama (Alabama or UA) is a public research university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States, and the flagship of the University of Alabama System. Founded in 1820, UA is the oldest[4] and largest of the public universities in Alabama. UA offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, Education Specialist, and doctoral degrees. The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA. Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology, communication and information sciences, metallurgical engineering, music, Romance languages, and social work.", "Alabama Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760Â km2) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.[64] About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.[65]", "Alabama Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt, a region of numerous Protestant Christians. Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly.[123] A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant. As of 2010[update], the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention, The United Methodist Church, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant.[124]", "Climate of Alabama The amount of precipitation is greatest along the coast (62 inches/1,574 mm) and evenly distributed through the rest of the state (about 52 inches/1,320 mm). Much of the rainfall is produced by thunderstorms and, occasionally, by Hurricanes and other tropical disturbances. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall. Heavy snowfall can occur, such as during the New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century.", "Interstate 65 in Alabama At Montgomery, it intersects the southern terminus of I-85 and crosses the Alabama River north of the city. The Hyundai Corporation's automotive plant in Montgomery is located just off I-65. It can be accessed using the Pintlala-Hope Hull exit (number 164).", "Alabama Major airports with sustained commercial operations in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), and Muscle Shoals â€“ Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL).", "Selma to Montgomery marches With Governor Wallace refusing to protect the marchers, President Johnson committed to do so. The third march started March 21. Protected by 1,900 members of the Alabama National Guard under federal command, and many FBI agents and Federal Marshals, the marchers averaged 10 miles (16Â km) a day along U.S. Route 80, known in Alabama as the \"Jefferson Davis Highway\". The marchers arrived in Montgomery on March 24 and at the Alabama State Capitol on March 25.[11] With thousands having joined the campaign, 25,000 people entered the capital city that day in support of voting rights.", "Alabama From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Like other southern states, Alabama legislators disfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s; urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.[11]", "Government of Alabama The Alabama House of Representatives is composed of 105 members, all elected from single-member districts of equal population across the state in the same cycle. Each member represents a district of approximately 40,000 people,[11] and is elected to a four-year term. The Speaker of the House is currently Mac McCutcheon, a Republican.[12] The current partisan line-up of the House of Representatives is 72 Republicans and 33 Democrats.", "List of state and territorial capitols in the United States Alabama State House", "University of Alabama In 1818, U.S. Congress authorized the newly created Alabama Territory to set aside a township for the establishment of a \"seminary of learning\". When Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819, a second township was added to the land grant, bringing it to a total of 46,000 acres (186 km²). The General Assembly of Alabama established the seminary on December 18, 1820, named it \"The University of the State of Alabama\", and created a Board of Trustees to manage the construction and operation of the university.[1] The board chose as the site of the campus a place which was then just outside the city limits of Tuscaloosa, the state capital at the time.[7] The new campus was designed by William Nichols, also the architect of the newly completed Alabama State Capitol building and Christ Episcopal Church. Influenced by Thomas Jefferson's plan at the University of Virginia, the Nichols-designed campus featured a 70-foot (21 m) wide, 70-foot (21 m) high domed Rotunda that served as the library and nucleus of the campus.[8] The university's charter was presented to the first university president in the nave of Christ Episcopal Church. UA opened its doors to students on April 18, 1831, with the Reverend Alva Woods as President.[2]", "History of Alabama The early historic Muscogee are considered likely descendants of the Mississippian culture along the Tennessee River in modern Tennessee,[16] Georgia and Alabama. They may have been related to the Utinahica of southern Georgia. At the time the Spanish made their first forays inland from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, many political centers of the Mississippians were already in decline, or abandoned.[17] The Alabama region is best described in that period as a collection of moderately sized native chiefdoms (such as the Coosa chiefdom on the Coosa River), interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups. The earliest Spanish explorers encountered settlements of the late Mississippian culture, beginning on April 2, 1513, with Juan Ponce de León's Florida landing and in 1526 with Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón's expedition in South Carolina.", "List of cities and towns in Alabama Skyline of Mobile, Alabama's third largest municipality", "History of Alabama On January 11, 1861, the State of Alabama adopted the ordinances of secession[26] from the Union (by a vote of 61-39).", "List of capitals in the United States After Removal from their Alabama-Georgia homeland, the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta. However, the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres (half of their land) of what is now Arkansas, after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War.[7]", "Confederate States of America Alabama did not provide a separate declaration of causes. Instead the Alabama ordinance stated \"the election of Abraham Lincoln...by a sectional party, avowedly hostile to the domestic institutions and to the peace and security of the people of the State of Alabama, preceded by many and dangerous infractions of the Constitution of the United States by many of the States and people of the northern section, is a political wrong of so insulting and menacing a character as to justify the people of the State of Alabama in the adoption of prompt and decided measures for their future peace and security.\" The ordinance invited \"the slaveholding States of the South, who may approve such purpose, in order to frame a provisional as well as a permanent Government upon the principles of the Constitution of the United States\" to participate in a February 4, 1861 convention in Montgomery, Alabama.[37]", "Selma to Montgomery marches On February 26, 1965, activist and deacon Jimmie Lee Jackson died after being mortally shot several days earlier by a state trooper, James Bonard Fowler, during a peaceful march in nearby Marion, Alabama. To defuse and refocus the community's outrage, SCLC Director of Direct Action James Bevel, who was directing SCLC's Selma voting rights movement, called for a march of dramatic length, from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery.[4][5] Bevel had been working on his Alabama Project for voting rights since late 1963.", "Alabama Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. Bankhead.[71] Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail. A notable natural wonder in Alabama is \"Natural Bridge\" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville.", "University of Alabama As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a vast cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement. The University of Alabama varsity football program (nicknamed the Crimson Tide), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of 10 winningest programs in US history.[5] In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the \"capstone of the public school system in the state [of Alabama],\" lending the university its current nickname, The Capstone. The University of Alabama has consistently been ranked as one of the top 50 public universities in the nation by the U.S. News & World Report.[6]", "Alabama Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. It also has limited executive authority in the county. Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution, which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have limited home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved, ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning. The cumbersome process results in local jurisdictions being unable to manage their problems, and the state legislators being buried in local county issues.", "Troy, Alabama Troy is a city in Pike County, Alabama, United States.[1] The city is the county seat of Pike County.[4] It was formally incorporated on February 4, 1843.[5]", "Huntsville, Alabama Huntsville is a city located primarily in Madison County in the Appalachian region of northern Alabama.[9] Huntsville is the county seat of Madison County.[10] The city extends west into neighboring Limestone County[11] and south into Morgan County.[citation needed] Huntsville's population was 180,105 as of the 2010 census.[12] Huntsville is the third-largest city in Alabama and the largest city in the five-county Huntsville-Decatur-Albertville, AL Combined Statistical Area, which at the 2013 census estimate had a total population of 683,871.[13] The Huntsville Metropolitan Area's population was 417,593 in 2010[14] to become the 2nd largest in Alabama.[15] Huntsville metro's population reached 441,000 by 2014.[16]", "Alabama The highest point is Mount Cheaha,[65] at a height of 2,413 ft (735 m).[67] Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area.[68] Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.[69]", "Alabama The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Koppen Climate Classification.[75] The average annual temperature is 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.[76] Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.[76]", "History of Alabama Despite Birmingham's powerful industrial growth and its contributions to the state economy, its citizens, and those of other newly developing areas, were underrepresented in the state legislature for years. The rural-dominated legislature refused to redistrict state House and Senate seats from 1901 to the 1960s. In addition, the state legislature had a senate based on one for each county. The state legislative delegations controlled counties. This led to a stranglehold on the state by a white rural minority. The contemporary interests of urbanizing, industrial cities and tens of thousands of citizens were not adequately represented in the government.[49] One result was that Jefferson County, home of Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state. It received back only 1/67th of the tax money, as the state legislature ensured taxes were distributed equally to each county regardless of population.", "Interstate 65 in Alabama At Chilton County, I-65 enters the Birmingham, Alabama, metropolitan area. Approximately halfway between Montgomery and Birmingham, it passes Clanton the county seat, where the water tower, visible from the road, is shaped and painted to resemble a huge peach. Between mile markers 212 and 219, I-65 was designated \"War on Terror Memorial Highway\" in 2014.", "History of Alabama Alabama became a state of the United States of America on December 14, 1819. The United States arranged for Indian Removal after 1830, relocating most Southeast tribes to west of the Mississippi River to what was then called Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). These actions affected the Cherokee, Creek (Muscogee), and Chickasaw, among others. After this, European-American arrived in large numbers, bringing or buying African Americans in the domestic slave trade.", "History of Alabama In 1819, Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state to the Union. Its constitution provided for equal suffrage for white men, a standard it abandoned in its constitution of 1901, which reduced suffrage of poor whites and most blacks, disenfranchising tens of thousands of voters.[20]", "Alabama In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Bradley Byrne, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Gary Palmer) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery.", "Selma to Montgomery marches Montgomery was one of four state capitals chosen for a Greening Americas Capitals Grant, a project of the Partnership for Sustainable Communities between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the U.S. Department of Transportation. Beginning in 2011, EPA and community groups developed the study through consultations and a 3-day design workshops, aided by nationally acclaimed urban planners.[129] The Montgomery portion of the Selma to Montgomery trail was being improved through a multimillion-dollar investment in order to enhance the trail and related neighborhoods. The city chose a section that passes through a \"historically significant African-American neighborhood.\"[129] Projects planned to improve design and sustainability include infill development, resurfacing, pedestrian improvements, environmental improvements including new trees and green-screens, and drainage improvements. In addition, many information panels have been installed, as well as several permanent public art displays that are tied to the march.[129]", "History of Alabama In 1867, the congressional plan of Reconstruction was completed and Alabama was placed under military government. The freedmen were enrolled as voters. Only whites who could swear the Ironclad oath could be voters; that is they had to swear they had never voluntarily supported the Confederacy. This provision was insisted upon by the whites in the northern hill counties so they could control local government. As a result, Republicans controlled 96 of the 100 seats in the state constitutional convention.[29] The new Republican party, made up of freedmen, Union sympathizers (scalawags), and northerners who had settled in the South (carpetbaggers), took control two years after the war ended. The constitutional convention in November 1867 framed a constitution which conferred universal manhood suffrage and imposed the iron-clad oath, so that whites who had supported the Confederacy were temporarily prohibited from holding office. The Reconstruction Acts of Congress required every new constitution to be ratified by a majority of the legal voters of the state. Most whites boycotted the polls and the new constitution fell short. Congress enacted that a majority of the votes cast should be sufficient. Thus the constitution went into effect, the state was readmitted to the Union in June 1868, and a new governor and legislature were elected.", "Dothan, Alabama Dothan is the principal city of the Dothan, Alabama metropolitan area, which encompasses all of Geneva, Henry, and Houston counties; the small portion that lies in Dale County is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area. The combined population for the entire Dothan metropolitan area in 2010 was 145,639.[4] The city serves as the main transportation and commercial hub for a significant part of southeastern Alabama, southwest Georgia, and nearby portions of the Florida Panhandle. Since approximately one-fourth of the U.S. peanut crop is produced nearby, with much of it being processed in the city, Dothan is sometimes referred to as \"The Peanut Capital of the World\". Dothan also hosts the annual National Peanut Festival at the dedicated \"Peanut Festival Fairgrounds\".[5]", "Climate of Alabama The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification.[1] The average annual temperature is 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.[2] Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.[2] Hailstorms occur occasionally in the spring and summer, but are seldom destructive. Heavy fogs are rare, and are confined chiefly to the coast. Thunderstorms occur throughout the year - they are most common in the summer, but most severe in the spring and fall, when destructive winds and tornadoes occasionally occur. Hurricanes are quite common in the state, especially in the southern part, and major hurricanes occasionally strike the coast which can be very destructive.", "Alabama The Port of Mobile, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a large seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009.[222] The newly expanded container terminal at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011.[223] The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico.", "List of state capitols in the United States Alabama State House", "History of Alabama In 1817, the Mississippi Territory was divided. The western portion, which had attracted population more quickly, became the state of Mississippi. The eastern portion became the Alabama Territory, with St. Stephens on the Tombigbee River as its temporary seat of government.", "History of Alabama Following service in World War II, many African-American veterans became activists for civil rights, wanting their rights under the law as citizens. The Montgomery Bus Boycott from 1955 to 1956 was one of the most significant African-American protests against the policy of racial segregation in the state. Although constituting a majority of bus passengers, African Americans were discriminated against in seating policy. The protest nearly brought the city bus system to bankruptcy and changes were negotiated. The legal challenge was settled in Browder v. Gayle (1956), a case in which the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama found the segregation policy to be unconstitutional under Fourteenth Amendment provisions for equal treatment; it ordered that public transit in Alabama be desegregated.", "History of Alabama Birmingham was founded on June 1, 1871 by real estate promoters who sold lots near the planned crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North railroads. The site was notable for the nearby deposits of iron ore, coal and limestoneâ€”the three principal raw materials used in making steel. Its founders adopted the name of England's principal industrial city to advertise the new city as a center of iron and steel production. Despite outbreaks of cholera, the population of this 'Pittsburgh of the South' grew from 38,000 to 132,000 from 1900 to 1910, attracting rural white and black migrants from all over the region.[46] Birmingham experienced such rapid growth that it was nicknamed \"The Magic City.\" By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S and held more than 30% of the population of the state. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of the economy. Chemical and structural constraints limited the quality of steel produced from Alabama's iron and coal. These materials did, however, combine to make ideal foundry iron. Because of low transportation and labor costs, Birmingham quickly became the largest and cheapest foundry iron-producing area. By 1915, twenty-five percent of the nation's foundry pig iron was produced in Birmingham.[47][48]", "History of Alabama In 1812, Congress added the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory, claiming that it was included in the Louisiana Purchase. The following year, General James Wilkinson occupied the Mobile District with a military force. The Spanish did not resist. Thus the whole area of the present state of Alabama was taken under the jurisdiction of the United States. Several powerful Native American tribes still occupied most of the land, with some formal ownership recognized by treaty with the United States. Five of the major tribes became known as the Five Civilized Tribes, as they had highly complex cultures and adopted some elements of European-American culture.", "Alabama Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants, the best-known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham, the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham, the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in Capshaw, and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa.[133][134]", "History of Alabama For a half century after the Civil War, Alabama was a poor, heavily rural state, with an economy based on cotton; most farmers were tenant, sharecroppers or laborers who did not own land. Reconstruction ended when conservative white Democrats, calling themselves known as \"Redeemers\" regained control of the state legislature by both legal and extralegal means (including violence and harassment). They established political and social dominance over African Americans. In 1901, Southern Democrats passed a state Constitution that effectively disfranchised most African Americans (who in 1900 comprised more than 45 percent of the state's population), as well as tens of thousands of poor whites.[2][3] By 1941, a total 600,000 poor whites and 520,000 African Americans had been disfranchised.[2] In addition, despite massive population changes in the state that accompanied urbanization and industrialization, the rural-dominated legislature refused to redistrict from 1901 to the 1960s, leading to massive malapportionment in Congressional and state representation. For decades, a rural minority dominated the state, and the needs of urban, middle class and industrial interests were not addressed.", "History of Alabama The state's wealthy planters considered slavery essential to their economy. As one of the largest slaveholding states, Alabama was among the first six states to secede. It declared its secession in January 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America in February. During the ensuing American Civil War Alabama had moderate levels of warfare. The population suffered economic losses and hardships as a result of the war. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation freed all enslaved people in Confederate states. The Southern capitulation in 1865 ended the Confederate state government. A decade of Reconstruction began, a controversial time that has a range of interpretation. Its biracial government established the first public schools and welfare institutions in the state.", "History of Alabama Beginning in the late 1990s, conservative Southern whites began to shift to the Republican Party. The election of Guy Hunt as governor in 1986 marked the shift of the white majority to becoming a Republican stronghold in Presidential elections; its voters also leaned Republican in statewide elections. The Democratic Party still dominated local and legislative offices, but total Southern white Democratic dominance had ended.[8] In terms of organization, the parties are about evenly matched.[9]", "Alabama There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Tuscaloosa Bypass in Tuscaloosa; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach.", "Troy, Alabama As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,033. The 2015 estimated population was 18,696.[6] The City of Troy is considered one of the fastest growing cities in Alabama.[7] Troy is a college town and is home to Troy University, the third-largest university in total enrollment in the state of Alabama.", "Alabama State University Alabama State University (ASU), founded in 1867, is a historically black university located in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. ASU is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.", "Alabama After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years' War, it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13, 1813.[31][32]", "Tallahassee, Florida Tallahassee /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County. Tallahassee became the capital of Florida, then the Florida Territory, in 1824. In 2016, the population was 190,894, making it the 7th-largest city in the U.S state of Florida, and the 126th-largest city in the United States.[6] The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 379,627 as of 2016. Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Panhandle region, and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions.", "Confederate States of America The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to meet at the Montgomery Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, 1861. There the fundamental documents of government were promulgated, a provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for the Confederate States of America.[64]", "Alabama At the same time, many rural people, both white and African American, migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs. Birmingham experienced such rapid growth that it was called the \"Magic City\". By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th-largest city in the United States and had more than 30% of the state's population. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy. Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order.", "Alabama With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798. The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the Yazoo land scandal.[37][38] Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams–Onís Treaty officially ceded it to the United States in 1819.[32]" ]	[ "Alabama Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham,[9] which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.[10]" ]
test1518	where are the coastal plains of india situated	[ "doc54253" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc54253", "doc147475", "doc54255", "doc989953", "doc147477", "doc54254", "doc2242628", "doc989954", "doc2242627", "doc147476", "doc472932", "doc486899", "doc486833", "doc574784", "doc486824", "doc989947", "doc2242629", "doc574776", "doc941859", "doc2242631", "doc574774", "doc989933", "doc486838", "doc1196684", "doc1164603", "doc1289420", "doc1164600", "doc856989", "doc989971", "doc2163604", "doc1041652", "doc472933", "doc1726564", "doc1196663", "doc2379369", "doc486835", "doc486834", "doc497379", "doc941865", "doc472931", "doc2242633", "doc486827", "doc574783", "doc486839", "doc989966", "doc2242630", "doc472934", "doc2441879", "doc1726565", "doc989934", "doc1750500", "doc989982", "doc989965", "doc497371", "doc497377", "doc133688", "doc574785", "doc857004", "doc413631", "doc574773", "doc497375", "doc497370", "doc989975", "doc497372", "doc2271232", "doc989949", "doc219418", "doc516624", "doc2242634", "doc1726563", "doc811555", "doc856973", "doc934", "doc574775", "doc2242636", "doc989935", "doc384690", "doc989948", "doc574781", "doc2312434", "doc365219", "doc1299575", "doc2242632", "doc945680", "doc2126206", "doc1819459", "doc1095240", "doc516627", "doc856969", "doc2441880", "doc486874", "doc574782", "doc249865", "doc941876", "doc852850", "doc989937", "doc486840", "doc486837", "doc486872", "doc989946" ]	[ "Eastern coastal plains The Eastern Coastal Plains refers to a wide stretch of landmass of India, lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It is wider and leveled than the western coastal plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake along the eastern coastal plain. It lies in the state of Odisha and stretches to the south of the Mahanadi Delta.[1]", "Western Coastal Plains The Western Coastal Plains is a strip of coastal plain 50 kilometres (31Â mi) in width between the west coast of India and the Western Ghats hills, which starts near the south of the Tapi River. The plains are located between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The plains begin at Gujarat in the north and end at Kerala in the south. It includes the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The region consists of three sections: the Northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai-Goa), the central stretch is called the Kanara, while the southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar Coast. On its northern side there are two gulfs: the Gulf of Khambat and the Gulf of Kutch. The rivers along the coast form estuaries and provide conditions ideal for pisciculture.", "Eastern coastal plains It is locally known as Utkal Plains in the Northern part between Cossye and Rushikulya Rivers, Northern Circars in the Central part between Rushikulya and Krishna Rivers and, as Coromandel Coast in the Southern part from the south of river Krishna till the Southern tip of Mainland India at Cape Comorin where it merges with the Western Coastal Plains.", "Geography of India (The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the oceanic boundary of India. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna rivers drain these plains. The temperature in the coastal regions often exceeds 30 °C (86 °F), and is coupled with high levels of humidity. The region receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains.) The southwest monsoon splits into two branches, the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. (The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June. The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm (39 and 118 in). The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km (62 and 81 mi).[36] The plains are divided into six regions—the Mahanadi delta, the southern Andhra Pradesh plain, the Krishna-Godavari deltas, the Kanyakumari coast, the Coromandel Coast, and sandy coastal).[citation needed]", "Western Coastal Plains The Western Coastal Plains extend 1,500 km from Cape Comorin in the south to Surat in north, the width ranging from 10 to 25 km from north to south, the Gujarat Plains the Konkan plains (Daman to Goa, 500 km), the Karnataka coastal plains (225 km south from Goa), and the Kerala coastal plains from Cannanore to Cape Comorin, 500 km make up the west coastal plains. The West Continental shelf is widest (350 km) off the coast of Bombay where the oil-rich Bombay High has become famous.", "Eastern coastal plains Deltas of many of India's rivers form a major portion of these plains. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri and Krishna rivers drain these plains. The region receives both the Northeast & Southwest monsoon rains with its annual rainfall averaging between 1,000 and 3,000 mm (39 and 118 in). The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km (62 to 80 miles).", "Coastal India In ancient India, coastal India spans from the south west Indian coastline along the Arabian sea from the coastline of the Gulf of Kutch in its westernmost corner and stretches across the Gulf of Khambhat, and through the Salsette Island of Mumbai along the Konkan and southwards across the Raigad region and through Kanara and further down through Mangalore and along the Malabar through Cape Comorin in the southernmost region of South India with coastline along the Indian Ocean and through the Coromandal Coast or Cholamandalam. The coastline on the South Eastern part of the Indian Subcontinent along the Bay of Bengal through the Utkala Kalinga region extends until the easternmost Corner of shoreline near the Sunderbans in Coastal East India. There are many beaches and springs here, as well as beautiful sea and oceans like the Arabian Sea.", "Geography of India The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, ranging from 50 to 100 km (31 to 62 mi) in width. It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region. Mostly originating in the Western Ghats, the rivers are fast-flowing, usually perennial, and empty into estuaries. Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi, Narmada, Mandovi and Zuari. Vegetation is mostly deciduous, but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique ecoregion. The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts, the Konkan and the Malabar Coast.", "Coastal India Coastal India is a Geo-cultural region in the Indian Subcontinent that spans the entire coastline of India.", "Western Coastal Plains The northern portion of the west coast is called Konkan and the southern portion Malabar. The south Malabar or Kerala coast is broken and there are some lagoons. The north Malabar Coast is known as the Karnataka coast. Here the Saraswati River, before entering the plains, descends down a 275Â m high cliff and forms the Gersoppa Falls.", "India The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[121] To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats;[122] the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude[g] and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude.[123]", "Coastal plain A coastal plain is flat, low-lying land adjacent to a seacostal plain. One of the world's largest coastal plains is located in eastern United States.[1] The Gulf Coastal Plain of North America extends northwards from the Gulf of Mexico along the Lower Mississippi River to the Ohio River, which is a distance of about 500 miles (800Â km).", "South India South India is a peninsula in the shape of an inverted triangle bound by the Arabian Sea on the west, by the Bay of Bengal on the east and Vindhya and Satpura ranges on the north.[18] The Narmada river flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges which define the northern spur of the Deccan plateau.[19] The Western Ghats run parallel along the western coast and the narrow strip of land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea forms the Konkan region. The Western Ghats continue south until Kanyakumari.[20][21] The Eastern Ghats run parallel along the eastern coast and the strip of land between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal forms the Coromandel region.[22] Both the ranges meet at the Nilgiri mountains. The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills and the Sathyamangalam ranges, extending on to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Naduâ€“Andhra Pradesh border forming the Tirupati and Annamalai hills.[23]", "Geography of South India There is a large number and wide diversity of plants and animals in South India, resulting from its varied climates and geography. Tropical moist forests are found along the Arabian Sea coast and the Western Ghats. The Malabar Coast moist forests are found on the coastal plains.[2] The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests are found at intermediate elevations. The southern Western Ghats have high altitude rain forests called the South Western Ghats montane rain forests. The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot.[3]", "South India South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area (635,780 km2 or 245,480 sq mi). Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges - the Western and Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Vijayawada and Kochi are the largest urban areas.", "Geography of India The Indo-Gangetic [29] plains, also known as the Great Plains are large alluvial plains dominated by three main rivers, the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. They run parallel to the Himalayas, from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east, and drain most of northern and eastern India. The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi). The major rivers in this region are the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries–Yamuna, Chambal, Gomti, Ghaghara, Kosi, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, and Tista—as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta, such as the Meghna.", "Coastal India The people along coastal India exhibit vast diversity along an underlying commonality as a result of its coastal topography and sea trade between west Asian Mediterranean traders along its vast coastline. The region includes Gujaratis in the westernmost region, Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Goans and Maharashtrians along the Konkan coast or the western coastline, Malayalis in its southernmost region of South India, the Tamilians along southern Cholamandalam coast, the Telugus and Oriya people along the South eastern coast through Utkala Kalinga region along the Coromandal coast, and the Bengali people along the easternmost coastline along the Bay of Bengal.", "Geography of South India The Deccan plateau, covering the major portion of the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, is the vast elevated region bound by the C-shape defined by all these mountain ranges. No major elevations border the plateau to the east, and it slopes gently from the Western Ghats to the eastern coast.", "Indo-Gangetic Plain The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Indus-Ganga Plain and the North Indian River Plain, is a 255 million hectare (630 million acres) fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the eastern parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh.[1] The region is named after the Indus and the Ganges, and encompasses a number of large urban areas. The plain is bound on the north by the Himalayas, which feed its numerous rivers and are the source of the fertile alluvium deposited across the region by the two river systems. The southern edge of the plain is marked by the Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the west rises the Iranian Plateau.", "Coastal India The linguistic diversity of Coastal India includes languages of the Dravidian language family including Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tulu and Kannada; languages belonging to the western zone of Indo Iranian langiage families including Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani, languages belonging to the central zone of the Indo-Iranian language families including Urdu and Persian and languages belonging to the eastern zone of Indo Iranian language family including Oriya and Bengali. The region also has speakers of Semitic languages like Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic. The common elements of the people of coastal India includes cuisine that consists of agrarian and coastal products and clothing that involves long flowing drapes with bare midriff for both men and women suited for humid and warm climate.[15] Throughout coastal India women wear drapes called saree in various styles.[15] In the western corner of the region the drapes are called as Dhoti for men.[15] and Chaniya choli for women,[15] further southwards the drapes are called as lungi or mundu for men.[15] and veshti for women.[15] Women experience relatively more role in social system as compared to non coastal peninsular India and enjoy significantly more prominence in society than non coastal non peninsular India.[15][16][17][18] Towards the southernmost tip of coastal south western India the social system was considerably more matri-focal.[15][16][17][18][19] This is also manifested in feminine deity oriented festivals and rituals celebrating Shakti or feminine power [20] like Navratri festival among the Gujarati People, Thiruvathira festival among the Malayali people and the Durga Puja of the Bengali People.", "Geography of South India The Satpura ranges define the northern spur of the Deccan plateau, one of the main geographic features of South India. The Western Ghats, along the western coast, mark another boundary of the plateau. The narrow strip of verdant land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is the Konkan region; the term encompasses the area south of the Narmada as far as Goa.", "Geography of India India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°4' to 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' to 97°25' east longitude.[2] It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi).[3] India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km (9,387 mi) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km (4,671 mi).[1]", "South India The south–west Monsoon from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the region. The Arabian Sea branch of the south-west monsoon hits the Western Ghats along the coastal state of Kerala and moves northwards along the Konkan coast with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau - hence the leeward region (the region that deprived of winds) receives very little rainfall.[38][39] The Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoon heads toward north east India, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from the south-west monsoon due to the shape of the land. Tamil Nadu and southeast Andhra Pradesh receive rains from the north–east Monsoon.[40] The north-east monsoon take place from November to early March when the surface high-pressure system is strongest.[41] The North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones occur throughout the year in Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall.[42][43][44]", "Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats are the source points for many small and medium rivers[9] along the east coastal plains of South India.", "Western India The region consists of the predominantly arid to semi-arid region of Saurashtra and Kutch in the North. The region South of that of Cambay and Southern Gujarat makes the northern semi arid region and the southern humid region submerge. The Western Ghats lie along the coast of South Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa. The Deccan plains of the Vidarbha, Marathwada in central and eastern Maharashtra define the rest of the region. The vegetation varies from tropical rainforests along the Konkan coast to thorny bushes and shrubs in northern Gujarat. The rivers in this region are the Mahi, Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Zuari, Mandovi, Krishna, Ghaggar, Chambal and many other smaller tributaries of other rivers.", "Climatic regions of India The Western Coastal Plains, and the Western Ghats which include South Gujarat, Konkan region of Western Maharashtra the state of Goa, the Kanara region of Western/Coastal Karnataka, the whole state of Kerala, the Nilgiris and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu,West bengal, andaman-nicobar & lakhsdweep islands and all 8 states of north east india have this climate type. It is characterised by high temperatures throughout the year, even in the mountains. The rainfall occur daily and it is both heavy and frequent and is above 300 cmÂ in a year. Most of the rain is received in the period from April and october is adequate for the growth of vegetation during the entire year with no any dry season as all 12 months has average precipitation is at least 60 mm. The heavy rain is responsible for the tropical wet forests in these regions, which consists of a large number of species of animals. Tropical rainforests are the typical feature of the region.", "Western India Madhya Pradesh is also often included[6][7][8] and Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and southern Punjab are sometimes included.[9] Western India may also refer to the western half of India, i.e. all the states west of Delhi and Chennai, thus also including Punjab, Kerala and surrounding states.[10] The region is highly industrialized, with a large urban population.[11] Roughly, western India is bounded by the Thar Desert in the north, the Vindhya Range in the east and north and the Arabian Sea in the west. A major portion of Western India shares the Thar Desert with North India and Pakistan and the Deccan Plateau with South and Central India.", "Climate of India In South India, particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, somewhat cooler weather prevails. Minimum temperatures in western Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh hover around 10 °C (50 °F); in the southern Deccan Plateau, they reach 16 °C (61 °F). Coastal areas—especially those near the Coromandel Coast and adjacent low-elevation interior tracts—are warm, with daily high temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) and lows of around 21 °C (70 °F). The Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Range, are exceptional; lows there can fall below freezing.[33] This compares with a range of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) on the Malabar Coast; there, as is the case for other coastal areas, the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather.[12] The region averages 800 millimetres (31 in) per year, most of which falls between October and December. The topography of the Bay of Bengal and the staggered weather pattern prevalent during the season favours the northeast monsoon, which has a tendency to cause cyclones and hurricanes rather than steady precipitation. As a result, the coast is hit by what can mildly be termed as inclement weather almost every year between October and January.", "Geography of India Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India. Temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during the day. The coastal regions exceed 30 °C (86 °F) coupled with high levels of humidity. In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 °C (113 °F). The rain-bearing monsoon clouds are attracted to the low-pressure system created by the Thar Desert. The southwest monsoon splits into two arms, the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm. The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June. The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights. Further north the temperature is cooler. Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing. Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season. The highest temperature recorded in India was 51 °C (124 °F) in Phalodi, Rajasthan. The lowest was −45 °C (−49 °F) in Kashmir.", "Howrah–Chennai main line The Howrahâ€“Chennai main line traverses the Eastern Coastal Plains crossing such major rivers as the Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna. The coastal plains lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal are fertile agricultural lands with high density of population.[1][2]", "Atlantic coastal plain The Atlantic coastal plain is a physiographic region of low relief along the East Coast of the United States. It extends 2,200 miles (3,500Â km) from the New York Bight[2][3] southward to a Georgia/Florida section of the Eastern Continental Divide, which demarcates the plain from the ACF River Basin in the Gulf Coastal Plain to the west. The province is bordered on the west by the Atlantic Seaboard fall line and the Piedmont plateau, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Floridian province. The Outer Lands archipelagic region forms the insular northeasternmost extension of the Atlantic coastal plain.", "India India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.[124] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.[124]", "Gulf Coastal Plain The plain reaches from the Florida Panhandle, southwest Georgia, the southern two-thirds of Alabama, over most of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, into southern Illinois, the Missouri Bootheel, eastern and southern Arkansas, all of Louisiana, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and easternmost Texas in the United States.[1] It continues along the Gulf in northeastern northeastern and eastern Mexico, through Tamaulipas and Veracruz to Tabasco and the YucatÃ¡n Peninsula on the Bay of Campeche.", "Eastern Ghats The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal. The Deccan Plateau lies to the west of the range, between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. The coastal plains, including the Coromandel Coast region, lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats.", "Environment of India India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°4' and 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude. It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi).[8] India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,517 km (4,671 mi).", "South India The Deccan plateau is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges.[27] The plateau rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent's coastline.[28] It also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.[29] The volcanic basalt beds of the Deccan were laid down in the massive Deccan Traps eruption, which occurred towards the end of the Cretaceous period between 67 and 66 million years ago.[30] Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted 30,000 years[31] and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.[32] The plateau is watered by east flowing rivers Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and Vaigai. The major tributaries include Pennar, Tungabhadra, Bhavani and Thamirabarani.[33]", "South India The low lying coral islands of Lakshadweep are situated off the south-western coast of India. The Andaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast of India. The Palk Strait and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as Rama's Bridge separate the region from Sri Lanka, which lies off the south-eastern coast.[24][25] The southernmost tip of mainland India is at Kanyakumari where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[26]", "Deccan Plateau On the western edge of the plateau lie the Sahyadri, the Nilgiri, the Anaimalai and the Elamalai Hills, commonly known as Western Ghats. The average height of the Western Ghats, which run along the Arabian Sea, goes on increasing towards the south. Anaimudi Peak in Kerala, with a height of 2,695 m above sea level, is the highest peak of peninsular India. In the Nilgiris lie Ootacamund, the well-known hill station of southern India. The western coastal plain is uneven and swift rivers flow through it that forms beautiful lagoons and backwaters, examples of which can be found in the state of Kerala. The east coast is wide with deltas formed by the rivers Godavari, Mahanadi and Kaveri. Flanking the Indian peninsula on the western side are the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea and on the eastern side lies the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.", "Indo-Gangetic Plain The Indus-Ganga plains, also known as the \"Great Plains,\" are large floodplains of the Indus and the Ganga–Brahmaputra river systems. They run parallel to the Himalaya mountains, from Jammu and Kashmir and odisha in the west to Assam in the east and draining most of northern and eastern India. The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km² (270,000 mile²) and vary in width through their length by several hundred kilometres. The major rivers of this system are the Ganga and the Indus along with their tributaries; Beas, Yamuna, Gomti, Ravi, Chambal, Sutlej and Chenab.", "India India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the Indian tectonic plate, and part of the Indo-Australian Plate.[117] India's defining geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian plate, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south-west and, later, south and south-east.[117] Simultaneously, the vast Tethyn oceanic crust, to its northeast, began to subduct under the Eurasian plate.[117] These dual processes, driven by convection in the Earth's mantle, both created the Indian Ocean and caused the Indian continental crust eventually to under-thrust Eurasia and to uplift the Himalayas.[117] Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment[118] and now constitutes the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[119] Cut off from the plain by the ancient Aravalli Range lies the Thar Desert.[120]", "Coastal India Beach in Mumbai, Maharashtra", "South India South India also known as Peninsular India has been known by several other names. The term \"Deccan\" referring to the area covered by the Deccan Plateau that covers most of peninsular India excluding the coastal areas is an anglicised form of the word Prakrit dakkhin derived from the Sanskrit word dakshina meaning south.[1] Carnatic derived from \"Karnād\" or \"Karunād\" meaning high country has also been associated with South India.[2]", "Geography of South India The river Kaveri rises in the Western Ghats, in the Kodagu district of Karnataka and flows through the fertile Mandya, Mysore, Hassan regions before entering Tamil Nadu, where it forms an extensive and fertile delta on the east coast. The three major river deltas of South India, the Kaveri, the Godavari and the Krishna, are located along the Bay of Bengal. These areas constitute the rice bowls of South India. Rivers that flow westward, from the mountains to the Arabian Sea, include the Periyar River, Netravati River, Mandovi and Tapti River (or Tapi) rivers, and the Narmada at the northern edge of the region.", "South India There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in South India, resulting from its varied climates and geography. Deciduous forests are found along the Western Ghats while tropical dry forests and scrub lands are common in the interior Deccan plateau. The southern Western Ghats have rainforests located at high altitudes called the South Western Ghats montane rain forests and the Malabar Coast moist forests are found on the coastal plains.[45] The Western Ghats is one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[46][47]", "Geography of India India's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India. Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks. The Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation and are part of sanctuaries and national parks.[44] Mangrove forests are present all along the Indian coastline in sheltered estuaries, creeks, backwaters, salt marshes and mudflats. The mangrove area covers a total of 4,461 km2 (1,722 sq mi),[45] which comprises 7% of the world's total mangrove cover. Prominent mangrove covers are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Sundarbans delta, the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna rivers. Parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers.[43]", "Coastal India A thriving trade existed between the Mediterranean world and Coastal Indian regions [1][2][3][4] This led to significant intermingling between the people of Coastal India and the west asian world, particularly along the South West Indian Coastline along the Arabian Sea. Several west Asian communities have also settled and become part of the diversity of coastal south west India. These include the Parsis,[5] Bohras [6] and Baghdadi Jews [7] in the westernmost region, the Bene Israel along the South western region, the descendants of mediterranean traders along Coorg and Mangalore, the Jonakan Mappilas [8] along Malabar region, and the cochin jews [1][2][3][8][9][10][11] and Syriac Nasranis [1][2][3][8][9][10][11] along the southernmost region of South India. The Chola Empire established vast Tamil influence across South East Asian region [12][13][14] across Indonesia, Java, Bali and Sumatra. This brought South Indian Heritage to Cambodia, Indonesia and Bali where the Balinese Hindu traditions still thrives. This also lead to intermingling between coastal India and the south east Asia particularly in the South eastern Cholamandalam coastline along the Bay of Bengal.", "India Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[125] Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.[126] Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[127] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.[128] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[129] India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.[130]", "Portal:India/Today's selected article/December 2006 South India is a region of India that traditionally includes the entire Indian Peninsula, south of the Vindhya ranges. The Narmada and Mahanadi rivers form the northern boundaries of the region, while the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal form the region's western, southern and eastern boundaries respectively. The southernmost point of the region, and therefore of mainland India, is Kanyakumari. South India as a cultural and linguistic entity, comprises the four southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry, whose inhabitants are referred to as South Indians. Ethnically, South Indians are primarily linked by the Dravidian origin of their languages, although some communities such as the Konkani-speaking population of Karnataka retain distinct identities.", "Gulf Coastal Plain The Gulf Coastal Plain's southern boundary is the Gulf of Mexico in the U.S. and the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in Mexico. On the north, it extends to the Ouachita Highlands of the Interior Low Plateaus and the southern Appalachian Mountains. Its northernmost extent is along the Mississippi embayment (Mississippi Alluvial Valley) as far north as the southern tip of Illinois.[1] To the east the Gulf coastal plain meets the South Atlantic Coastal Plain in southern Georgia along the basin divide between the rivers flowing into the Gulf and those flowing to the Atlantic[2] and south along the Apalachicola River through the Florida panhandle. The flat to rolling topography is broken by many streams, river riparian areas, and marsh wetlands. The Gulf Coastal Plain also extends into southern Mexico.", "Geography of India On the south, India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean –- in particular, by the Arabian Sea on the west, the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest, the Bay of Bengal on the east, and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast, and the Maldives are some 125 kilometres (78 mi) to the south of India's Lakshadweep Islands across the Eight Degree Channel. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands, some 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) southeast of the mainland, share maritime borders with Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia. Kanyakumari at 8°4′41″N and 77°55′230″E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland, while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island. Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col, Siachen Glacier.[4] India's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles (13.8 mi; 22.2 km) from the coast baseline.[5]", "Geography of West Bengal A small coastal region is on the extreme south of the state. A part of the district of Purba Medinipur along the Bay of Bengal constitutes the coastal plain. This emergent coastal plain is made up of sand and mud deposited by rivers and by wind. Parallel to the coast are colonies of sand dunes and marshy areas. The Digha dune lies nearest to the Bay of Bengal while the Kanthi dune is the farthest from it. In some areas dunes occur at a distance of 15–16 km from the coast and are 11–12 m high.", "Geography of India Indo-Gangetic Plain", "Geography of India Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch, and the Gulf of Mannar. Straits include the Palk Strait, which separates India from Sri Lanka; the Ten Degree Channel, which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands; 'and the Eight Degree Channel, which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south. Important capes include the Kanyakumari (formerly called Cape Comorin), the southern tip of mainland India; Indira Point, the southernmost point in India (on Great Nicobar Island); Rama's Bridge, and Point Calimere. The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south, respectively. Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea. There are four coral reefs in India, located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep, and the Gulf of Kutch.[43] Important lakes include Sambhar Lake, the country's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan, Vembanad Lake in Kerala, Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh, Loktak Lake in Manipur, Dal Lake in Kashmir, Chilka Lake(lagoon lake) in Orrisa, and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala.", "Deccan Plateau It extends over eight Indian states and encompasses a wide range of habitats, covering most of central and southern India.[3]", "Deccan Plateau The climate of the region varies from semi-arid in the north to tropical in most of the region with distinct wet and dry seasons. Rain falls during the monsoon season from about June to October. March to June can be very dry and hot, with temperatures regularly exceeding 40 °C. The Deccan plateau is a topographically variegated region located south of the Gangetic plains-the portion lying between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal-and includes a substantial area to the north of the Satpura Range, which has popularly been regarded as the divide between northern India and the Deccan. The name derives from the Sanskrit daksina (\"south\"). The plateau is bounded on the east and west by the Ghats, while its northern extremity is the Vindhya Range. The Deccan's average elevation is about 2,000 feet (600 m), sloping generally eastward; its principal rivers, the Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, flow from the Western Ghats eastward to the Bay of Bengal. The plateau's climate is drier than that on the coasts and is arid in places. Although sometimes used to mean all of India south of the Narmada River, the word Deccan relates more specifically to that area of rich volcanic soils and lava-covered plateaus in the northern part of the peninsula between the Narmada and Krishna rivers.", "Tamil Nadu The western, southern and the north western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats meet at the Nilgiri hills. The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the south west monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions.", "Geography of South India Scrub lands, including the Deccan thorn scrub forests, are common in the interior Deccan plateau. Some of India's famous protected areas are found in South India. These include Project Tiger reserves Periyar National Park, Kalakad - Mundanthurai and Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve. Important ecological regions of South India are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, located at the conjunction of the borders of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the Nilgiri Hills including Mudumalai National Park, Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park Silent Valley National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary and Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary and the Anamalai Hills including the Eravikulam National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjacent The Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park of the Western Ghats. Important bird sanctuaries including Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary, Nelapattu and Pulicat Sanctuary are home to numerous migratory and local birds. Other protected ecological sites include the backwaters like the Pulicat Lake in Andhra Pradesh, Pitchavaram in Tamil Nadu and the famed backwaters of Kerala formed by the Vembanad Lake, the Ashtamudi Lake and the Kayamkulam Lake.", "Climate of India During summer, the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones. The 1737 Calcutta cyclone, the 1970 Bhola cyclone, and the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone rank among the most powerful cyclones to strike India, devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and, less frequently, Kerala.", "East India The bulk of the region lies on the east coast of India by the Bay of Bengal, and on the Indo-Gangetic plain. Jharkhand, on the Chhota Nagpur plateau, is a hilly and a heavily forested state rich in mineral wealth. Odisha is also a mineral rich state of India. The region is bounded by the Nepal and Sikkim Himalayas in the north, the states of Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh on the west, the state of Andhra Pradesh in the south and the Bay of Bengal on the east. It is connected to the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by the narrow Siliguri Corridor in the north east of West Bengal.", "Geography of South India The Geography of South India comprises the diverse topological and climatic patterns of South India. South India is a peninsula in the shape of a vast inverted triangle, bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea, on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the north by the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. The line created by the Narmada River and Mahanadi river is the traditional boundary between northern and southern India. Technically all Indian territories below the 20th Parallel.", "Deccan Plateau The Western Ghats mountain range is very tall and blocks the moisture from the southwest monsoon from reaching the Deccan Plateau, so the region receives very little rainfall.[7][8] The eastern Deccan Plateau is at a lower elevation spanning the southeastern coast of India. Its forests are also relatively dry but serve to retain the rain to form streams that feed into rivers that flow into basins and then into the Bay of Bengal.[2][9]", "Deccan Plateau The Deccan Plateau[1] is a large plateau in southern India. It rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north, and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent's coastline.[2]", "Geography of India Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh.[51] These contain high percentage of clay and are moisture retentive.[50] Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka plateau, Andhra plateau, Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis.[51] These are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus.[50][51] Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall. Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil. These are generally found in Western ghats, Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states that receive heavy rainfall. Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus.", "Deccan Plateau The plateau is located between two mountain ranges, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, each of which rises from its respective nearby coastal plain, and almost converge at the southern tip of India. It is separated from the Gangetic plain to the north by the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges, which form its northern boundary. The Deccan produced some of the major dynasties in Indian history Pallavas, Satavahana, Vakataka, Chalukya, and Rashtrakuta dynasties; the Western Chalukya, Kakatiya Empire, Vijayanagara and Maratha empires; and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate, Deccan Sultanate, and the Nizam of Hyderabad.", "Punjab Plain The Punjab Plain is a large alluvial plain in Pakistan and the north-west of India. The plain includes the Pakistani province of Punjab and the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana and is around 38,300 square miles (99,000 km2) in area. This plain is around 200–300 meters high. The plain is extensively farmed for cereals and cotton.[1]", "Geography of India The Indo-Gangetic belt is the world's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers. The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals. The area is also rich in ground water sources.The plains are one of the world's most intensely farmed areas. The main crops grown are rice and wheat, which are grown in rotation. Other important crops grown in the region include maize, sugarcane and cotton. The Indo-Gangetic plains rank among the world's most densely populated areas.", "Chennai Chennai is located on the south–eastern coast of India in the north–eastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is around 6.7 metres (22 ft),[75] and its highest point is 60 m (200 ft).[76] Chennai is 2,184 kilometres (1,357 mi) south of Delhi, 1,337 kilometres (831 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 345 kilometres (214 mi) east of Bangalore by road. Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centre and the Adyar River to the south. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, travels through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at Ennore. The estuary of this river is heavily polluted with effluents released by the industries in the region.[77] Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources, the Coumm being so heavily polluted it is regarded as the city's eyesore.[78][79] A protected estuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.[80] The Buckingham Canal, 4 km (2.5 mi) inland, runs parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east–west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Some areas of the city have the problem of excess iron content in groundwater.[81]", "Dakshina Kannada Coastal plain - Tannirbhavi Beach", "Coastal India Beach in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh", "Gulf Coastal Plain The Gulf Coastal Plain extends around the Gulf of Mexico in the Southern United States and eastern Mexico.", "Andhra Pradesh The state has varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamala Hills to the shores of Bay of Bengal that supports varied ecosystems, rich diversity of flora and fauna. There are two main rivers namely, Krishna and Godavari, that flow through the state. The seacoast of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from Srikakulam to Nellore district.[55] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penner Rivers. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Kadapa Basin[56][better source needed] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions.", "Climate of India 1) The first, a tropical semi-arid steppe climate, (Hot semi-arid climate) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. The region, which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu, western Andhra Pradesh, and central Maharashtra, gets between 400–750 millimetres (15.7–29.5 in) annually. It is drought-prone, as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon.[19] Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (45 in). In contrast to norm, Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. North of the Krishna River, the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall; to the south, significant post-monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November. In December, the coldest month, temperatures still average around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March to May are hot and dry; mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 °C, with 320 millimetres (13 in)precipitation. Hence, without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture.", "Geography of Spain The Coastal Plains regions are narrow strips between the coastal mountains and the seas. They are broadest along the Golfo de Cádiz, where the coastal plain adjoins the Andalusian Plain, and along the southern and central eastern coasts. The narrowest coastal plain runs along the Bay of Biscay, where the Cordillera Cantábrica ends close to shore.", "Geography of South India The Western Ghats continue south, forming the Malnad (Canara) region along the Karnataka coast, and terminate at the Nilgiri mountains, an inward (easterly) extension of the Western Ghats. The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills, and the Satyamangalam ranges, and extending on to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats, on the western portion of the Tamil Naduâ€“Andhra Pradesh border. The Tirupati and Anaimalai hills form part of this range.", "Coastal India Sunrise at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu", "Geography of India The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range, where the country borders China, Bhutan, and Nepal. Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Karakoram range, Punjab Plains, the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch salt marshes. In the far northeast, the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills, deeply forested mountainous regions, separate India from Burma. On the east, its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills, and the watershed region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[clarification needed]", "Indian subcontinent Physiographically, it is a peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east.[4][39] It extends southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of Bengal to the southeast.[5][40] Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from the rest of Asia by large mountain barriers.[41]", "Geography of India The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions:", "Geography of South India The low-lying coral islands of Lakshadweep are off the south-western coast of India. Sri Lanka lies off the south-eastern coast, separated from India by the Palk Strait and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as Rama's Bridge. The Andaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast of India, near the Tenasserim coast of Burma. The southernmost tip of mainland India is at Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) on the Indian Ocean.", "Konkan Konkan extends throughout the western coasts of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka.[3] It is bounded by the Western Ghats mountain range (also known as Sahyadri) in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, the Mayura River in the north and the Gangavalli River in the south.", "Rice production in India The regions cultivating this crop in India is distinguished as the western coastal strip, the eastern coastal strip, covering all the primary deltas, Assam plains and surrounding low hills, foothills and Terai region- along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal, Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh, eastern Madhya Pradesh, northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. India, being a land of eternal growing season, and the deltas of Kaveri River, Krishna River, Godavari River, Indravati River and Mahanadi River with a thick set-up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam, permits farmers to raise two, and in some pockets, even three crops a year. Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible. Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana, known for their baked climate, to grow rice. They even export their excess to other states. Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes. The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are idyllically suited for rice farming, with age-old hill irrigational conveniences. High yielding kinds, enhanced planting methods, promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results. It is the rain fed area that cuts down average yields per hectare.", "Tropical rainforests of India Tropical rainforests of India are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,[A] the Western Ghats,[B] which fringe the Arabian Sea, the coastline of peninsular India, and the greater Assam region in the north-east.[C] Small remnants of rainforest are found in Odisha state.[D] Semi-evergreen rainforest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference. There are substantial differences in both the flora and fauna between the three major rainforest regions.[1]", "Coastal India Bekalfort beach in Kerala", "Western Ghats Western Ghats (also known as Sahyadri, meaning The Benevolent Mountains) is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, located entirely in India. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight \"hottest hot-spots\" of biological diversity in the world.[1][2] It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India.[3] The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain, called Konkan, along the Arabian Sea. A total of thirty-nine properties including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests were designated as world heritage sites - twenty in Kerala, ten in Karnataka, five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra.[4][5]", "Natural disasters in India During summer, the Bay of Bengal is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that produce cyclones. Many powerful cyclones, including the 1737 Calcutta cyclone, the 1970 Bhola cyclone, the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone and the 1999 Odisha cyclone have led to widespread devastation along parts of the eastern coast of India and neighboring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in exposed coastal states such as Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and, less frequently, Kerala.", "Geographical Regions of South Carolina The Coastal Plain refers the region below the Sandhills and the coastal zone of South Carolina. The Coastal Plain is a relatively flat and fertile area of land. The belief is that the coastal plain was the original location of the Atlantic Ocean. Today the Coastal Plain is home to most of South Carolina's farming and textile industry because of the fertile land. The Coastal plain is home to one of South Carolina's major cities, Charleston.", "Coconut Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and, Gujarat and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. As per 2014â€“15 statistics from Coconut Development Board of Government of India, four southern states combined account for almost 90% of the total production in the country: Tamil Nadu (33.84%), Karnataka (25.15%), Kerala (23.96%), and Andhra Pradesh (7.16%).[57] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. Though Kerala has the largest number of coconut trees, in terms of production per hectare, Tamil Nadu leads all other states. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tirupur regions top the production list.[58]", "Dakshina Kannada The topography of the district is plain up to 30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in the Western Ghats.[28] Teak, bamboo and rosewood trees are found in the hilly areas towards the east.[29] The Geological Survey of India has identified this district as a moderately earthquake-prone region and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone.[30] In rural Dakshina Kannada, houses are in the midst of a farm field or plantations of coconut or arecanut, separated by a few hundred metres.[31]", "Climate of India 1) The most humid is the tropical wet climate—also known as a tropical monsoon climate—that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats, and southern Assam. India's two island territories, Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, are also subject to this climate. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy—typically above 2,000 mm (79 in) per year.[15] Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year. December to March are the driest months, when days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions.", "Portal:India/Today's selected article/December 2006 South India is a geographically diverse region, encompassing two mountain ranges — the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats and a plateau heartland. The Tungabhadra, Kaveri, Krishna and Godavari rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. Historically, a number of dynasties including the Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, Hoysalas and Vijayanagara ruled over different parts of South India prior to the British conquest of India. Agriculture is the single largest contributor to the regional net domestic product. Information technology (IT) is a rapidly growing industry in South India, whose main cities constitute some of India’s major IT hubs. South India's diverse culture varies from the cultures of other parts of India. Politically, South India is dominated by regional political parties rather than by the larger national political parties. (more...)", "South India The Eastern Naval Command and Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy are headquartered at Visakhapatnam and Kochi respectively.[275][276] Indian Navy has its major operational bases in Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Kochi, Karwar and Kavaratti in the region.[277][278][279]", "Geography of South India Rivers of South India are dependent on the monsoons and shrink during the dry season.The line created by the Narmada River and Mahanadi river is the traditional boundary between northern and southern India.The Narmada flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges.The plateau is watered by the east flowing Godavari and Krishna rivers. The other major rivers of the Deccan plateau are the Pennar and the Tungabhadra, a major tributary of the Krishna.", "Goa Goa /ˈɡoʊ.ə/ ( listen) is a state in India within the coastal region known as the Konkan, in Western India[4]. It is bounded by Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its Western coast. It is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states,[5] that is two and a half times that of the country.[6] It was ranked the 'best placed State' by the \"Eleventh Finance Commission\" for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the 'best quality of life' in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.[6]", "Indo-Gangetic Plain In India:", "Odisha Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707 km2, which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450 km.[50] In the eastern part of the state lies the coastal plain. It extends from the Subarnarekha River in the north to the Rushikulya river in the south. The lake Chilika is part of the coastal plains. The plains are rich in fertile silt deposited by the six major rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal: Subarnarekha, Budhabalanga, Baitarani, Brahmani, Mahanadi and Rushikulya.[50] The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), a Food and Agriculture Organization-recognised rice gene bank and research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in Cuttack.[51]", "Geography of India India is situated entirely on the Indian Plate, a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland (ancient landmass, consisting of the southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea). The Indo-Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates. About 90 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period, the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm/year (6 in/yr).[6] About 50 to 55 million years ago, in the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era, the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km (1,243 to 1,864 mi), having moved faster than any other known plate. In 2007, German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland.[7] The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. As of 2009[update], the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm/yr (2 in/yr), while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm/yr (0.8 in/yr). India is thus referred to as the \"fastest continent\".[7] This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm/yr (1.6 in/yr).", "South India Important ecological regions of South India are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, located at the conjunction of the borders of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the Nilgiri Hills and the Anamalai Hills in the Western Ghats. Bird sanctuaries including Vedanthangal, Ranganathittu, Kumarakom, Neelapattu and Pulicat are home to numerous migratory and local birds.[48][49] Lakshadweep has been declared a bird sanctuary by the Wildlife Institute of India.[50] Other protected ecological sites include the mangrove forests of Pichavaram in Tamil Nadu, the backwaters of Pulicat lake in Tamil Nadu and Vembanad, Ashtamudi, Paravur and Kayamkulam lakes in Kerala. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km² of ocean, islands and the adjoining coastline including coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves. It is home to Endangered aquatic species including dolphins, dugongs, whales and sea cucumbers.[51][52]", "South India The tropical wet and dry climate, drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate prevails over most of inland peninsular region except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F), summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) and the rainy season lasts from June to September with annual rainfall averaging between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.[36] The hot semi-arid climate predominates the land east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. The region, which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh, gets between 400 and 750 millimetres (15.7 and 29.5 in) of rainfall annually with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March and May are hot and dry with mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 °C (90 °F), with 320 millimetres (13 in) precipitation and without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.[37]", "South India A total of 89 ports are situated along the coast: Tamil Nadu (15), Karnataka (10), Kerala (17), Andhra Pradesh (12), Lakshadweep (10), Pondicherry (2) and Andaman & Nicobar (23).[271] Major ports include Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Mangalore, Tuticorin, Ennore and Kochi.[272]", "Geography of India Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state." ]	[ "Eastern coastal plains The Eastern Coastal Plains refers to a wide stretch of landmass of India, lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It is wider and leveled than the western coastal plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake along the eastern coastal plain. It lies in the state of Odisha and stretches to the south of the Mahanadi Delta.[1]" ]
test2290	who won the battle of stirling bridge 1297	[ "doc79399" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc79399", "doc79397", "doc2202832", "doc2202844", "doc79400", "doc79398", "doc79408", "doc2609539", "doc1466938", "doc79410", "doc79405", "doc79404", "doc79413", "doc2202830", "doc79401", "doc549403", "doc1924704", "doc79406", "doc79403", "doc696567", "doc369494", "doc696554", "doc549404", "doc79402", "doc79411", "doc79415", "doc79409", "doc2609540", "doc79416", "doc696528", "doc696548", "doc2609541", "doc369493", "doc1051251", "doc1051250", "doc2485044", "doc2609582", "doc369495", "doc1024011", "doc79407", "doc2202831", "doc696525", "doc1875228", "doc369497", "doc2609561", "doc79417", "doc369517", "doc1969216", "doc1466936", "doc696558", "doc369513", "doc1466944", "doc2609610", "doc2202849", "doc2609544", "doc1024012", "doc369492", "doc2609583", "doc369507", "doc2609557", "doc1466941", "doc369510", "doc2202857", "doc2609570", "doc856458", "doc2609555", "doc2609553", "doc79412", "doc1875204", "doc696536", "doc2609575", "doc549426", "doc369499", "doc696524", "doc79418", "doc2609564", "doc369508", "doc696526", "doc549433", "doc2609580", "doc2485048", "doc1740035", "doc2202845", "doc92383", "doc2441622", "doc1466943", "doc549432", "doc2202850", "doc1466951", "doc2280132", "doc549402", "doc2609554", "doc1100050", "doc2609584", "doc1466940", "doc1486949", "doc696540", "doc1100049", "doc1466935", "doc849862" ]	[ "Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge 5,300 to 6,300 men", "William Wallace Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297. He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn, and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians.", "William Wallace On 11 September 1297, an army jointly led by Wallace and Andrew Moray won the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river. The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross. The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry. The Scots' schiltron formations forced the infantry back into the advancing cavalry. A pivotal charge, led by one of Wallace's captains, caused some of the English soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed and many English soldiers drowned. Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the confidence of their army. Hugh Cressingham, Edward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it is reputed that his body was subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces as tokens of the victory. The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had \"a broad strip [of Cressinghamâ€™s skin] ... taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword\".[17]", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The Earl of Surrey had won a victory over the aristocracy of Scotland at the Battle of Dunbar. However, by August 1297 Moray and Wallace controlled almost all of Scotland north of the Forth, except for Dundee. Surrey marched north with an army from Berwick to relieve Dundee. The town of Stirling was the key entry point to the north of Scotland.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge 100 cavalry killed[2]", "Battle of Stirling Bridge Contemporary English chronicler Walter of Guisborough recorded the English losses in the battle as 100 cavalry and 5,000 infantry killed.[2] Scottish casualties in the battle are unrecorded, with the exception of Andrew Moray. He appears to have been injured in the battle and died of his injuries around November.", "Robert the Bruce Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; Early Scots: Robert Brus; Latin: Robertus Brussius), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. Robert was one of the most famous warriors of his generation, and eventually led Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. He fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place as an independent country and is today revered in Scotland as a national hero.", "Wars of Scottish Independence The revolts which broke out in early 1297, led by William Wallace, Andrew de Moray and other Scottish nobles, forced Edward to send more forces to deal with the Scots, and although they managed to force the nobles to capitulate at Irvine, Wallace and de Moray's continuing campaigns eventually led to the first key Scottish victory, at Stirling Bridge. Moray was fatally wounded in the fighting at Stirling, and died soon after the battle. This was followed by Scottish raids into northern England and the appointment of Wallace as Guardian of Scotland in March 1298. But in July, Edward invaded again, intending to crush Wallace and his followers, and defeated the Scots at Falkirk. Edward failed to subdue Scotland completely before returning to England.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge Wallace went on to lead a destructive raid into northern England which did little to advance the Scots objectives,[citation needed] however the raids frightened the English army and stalled their advance. By March 1298 he had emerged as Guardian of Scotland. His glory was brief, for King Edward himself was coming north from Flanders. The two men finally met on the field of Falkirk in the summer of 1298, where Wallace was defeated.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge Surrey, who was left with a pitiful contingent of archers, had remained to the south of the river and was still in a strong position. The bulk of his army remained intact and he could have held the line of the Forth, denying the triumphant Scots a passage to the south, but his confidence was gone. After the escape of Sir Marmaduke Tweng, an English knight from Yorkshire, Surrey ordered the bridge's destruction and retreated towards Berwick, leaving the garrison at Stirling Castle isolated and abandoning the Lowlands to the rebels. James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, and Malcolm, Earl of Lennox, whose forces had been part of Surrey's army, observing the carnage to the north of the bridge, withdrew. Then the English supply train was attacked at The Pows, a wooded marshy area, by James Stewart and the other Scots lords, killing many of the fleeing soldiers.[7]", "Battle of Stirling Bridge Wallace and Moray waited, according to the Chronicle of Hemingburgh, until \"as many of the enemy had come over as they believed they could overcome\". When a substantial number of the troops had crossed (possibly about 2,000)[5] the attack was ordered. The Scots spearmen came down from the high ground in rapid advance and fended off a charge by the English heavy cavalry before counterattacking the English infantry. They gained control of the east side of the bridge, and cut off the chance of English reinforcements to cross. Caught on the low ground in the loop of the river with no chance of relief or of retreat, most of the outnumbered English on the east side were probably killed. A few hundred may have escaped by swimming across the river.[6] Marmaduke Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge and he thus became the only knight of all those on the far side of the river to survive the battle.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge Hugh Cressingham leads on the vanguard with twenty thousand likely men to see. Thirty thousand the Earl of Warren had, but he did then as wisdom did direct, all the first army being sent over before him. Some Scottish men, who well knew this manner of attack, bade Wallace sound, saying there were now enough. He hastened not, however, but steadily observed the advance until he saw Warren's force thickly crowd the bridge. Then from Jop he took the horn and blew loudly, and warned John the Wright, who thereupon struck out the roller with skill; when the pin was out, the rest of it fell down. Now arose an hideous outcry among the people, both horses and men, falling into the water. (...)", "William Wallace First War of Scottish Independence:", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The earl arrived at the narrow, wooden bridge over the River Forth near Stirling Castle and determined that he would be at a tactical disadvantage if he attempted to take his main force across there. So he delayed crossing for several days to allow for negotiations, and to reconnoiter the area.[3] On 10 September Warenne gave orders to cross the river the next day. At dawn the English and Welsh infantry started to cross only to be recalled due to the fact that Warenne had overslept.", "History of Scotland In 1296, Edward invaded Scotland, deposing King John. The following year William Wallace and Andrew de Moray raised forces to resist the occupation and under their joint leadership an English army was defeated at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. For a short time Wallace ruled Scotland in the name of John Balliol as Guardian of the realm. Edward came north in person and defeated Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298.[71] Wallace escaped but probably resigned as Guardian of Scotland. In 1305, he fell into the hands of the English, who executed him for treason despite the fact that he owed no allegiance to England.[72]", "Murray (surname) Thereafter the chiefs of the Murrays were the Lords of Petty in Moray who also became Lords of Bothwell in Clydesdale before 1253. An heir of this line, Sir Andrew Moray, was the brilliant young general who led the Scots in 1297 in their first uprising against English rule. He was mortally wounded while winning his famous victory at Stirling Bridge.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The location of Stirling Bridge at the date of the battle is believed to lie about 180 yards upstream from the 15th century stone that still crosses the river today.[3] Four stone piers have been found underwater just north (56°07′45″N 3°56′12″W / 56.1290916°N 3.936764°W / 56.1290916; -3.936764) and at an angle to the extant 15th-century bridge, along with man-made stonework on one bank in line with the piers. The site of the fighting was along either side of an earthen causeway leading from the Abbey Craig, atop which the Wallace Monument is now located, to the northern end of the bridge.[8][9][10] The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.[11]", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The small bridge was only broad enough to allow two horsemen to cross abreast, but offered the safest river crossing as the Forth widened to the east and the marshland of Flanders Moss lay to the west.[4] The Scots waited as the English knights and infantry made their slow progress across the bridge on the morning of 11 September. It would have taken several hours for the entire English army to cross.[3]", "Braveheart Wallace did win an important victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, but the version in Braveheart is highly inaccurate, as it was filmed without a bridge (and without Andrew Moray, joint commander of the Scots army, who was fatally injured in the battle). Later, Wallace did carry out a large-scale raid into the north of England, but he did not get as far south as York, nor did he kill Longshanks' nephew.[36] (However this was not as wide of the mark as Blind Harry, who has Wallace making it as far south as St. Albans, and only refraining from attacking London after the English queen came out to meet him.)[29] Edward's nephew John of Brittany did take part in the Wars of Scottish Independence, but he was not killed at York.", "Battle of Bannockburn The Wars of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in 1296 and initially the English were successful under the command of Edward I, having won victories at the Battle of Dunbar (1296) and at the Capture of Berwick (1296).[10] The removal of John Balliol from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success.[10] The Scots had been victorious in defeating the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. This was countered, however, by Edward I's victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1298).[10] By 1304 Scotland had been conquered, but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened.[10]", "Braveheart Wallace was born into the gentry of Scotland; his father lived until he was 18, his mother until his 24th year; he killed the sheriff of Lanark when he was 27, apparently after the murder of his wife; he led a group of commoners against the English in a very successful battle at Stirling in 1297, temporarily receiving appointment as guardian; Wallace's reputation as a military leader was ruined in the same year of 1297, leading to his resignation as guardian; he spent several years of exile in France before being captured by the English at Glasgow, this resulting in his trial for treason and his cruel execution.[41]", "History of Scotland Rivals John Comyn and Robert the Bruce, grandson of the claimant, were appointed as joint guardians in his place.[73][74] On 10 February 1306, Bruce participated in the murder of Comyn, at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries.[75] Less than seven weeks later, on 25 March, Bruce was crowned as King. However, Edward's forces overran the country after defeating Bruce's small army at the Battle of Methven.[76] Despite the excommunication of Bruce and his followers by Pope Clement V, his support slowly strengthened; and by 1314 with the help of leading nobles such as Sir James Douglas and Thomas Randolph only the castles at Bothwell and Stirling remained under English control.[77] Edward I had died in 1307. His heir Edward II moved an army north to break the siege of Stirling Castle and reassert control. Robert defeated that army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, securing de facto independence.[78] In 1320, the Declaration of Arbroath, a remonstrance to the Pope from the nobles of Scotland, helped convince Pope John XXII to overturn the earlier excommunication and nullify the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's sovereignty could be recognised by the major European dynasties. The Declaration has also been seen as one of the most important documents in the development of a Scottish national identity.[79]", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The Scots arrived first and encamped on Abbey Craig which dominated the soft, flat ground north of the river. The English force of English, Welsh and Scots knights, bowmen and foot soldiers camped to the south of the river. Sir Richard Lundie, a Scots knight who joined the English after the Capitulation of Irvine, offered to outflank the enemy by leading a cavalry force over a ford two miles upstream, where sixty horsemen could cross at the same time. Hugh Cressingham, King Edward's treasurer in Scotland, persuaded the Earl to reject this advice and order a direct attack across the bridge.[4]", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The exploits of Wallace were passed on to posterity mainly in the form of tales collected and recounted by the poet Blind Harry, the Minstrel (d.1492) whose original, probably oral sources were never specified. Blind Harry was active some two hundred years after the events described in his The Acts and Deeds of the Illustrious and Valiant Champion Sir William Wallace, c.1470. The tales were designed to entertain the court of James IV (r.1488â€“1513) and are undoubtedly a blend of fact and fiction. Like most of his episodes, Blind Harry's account of the battle of Stirling Bridge is highly improbable, for example his use of figures of a biblical magnitude for the size of the participating armies. Nevertheless, his highly dramatised and graphic account of the battle fed the imaginations of subsequent generations of Scottish schoolchildren. Here is his description:", "Battle of Stirling Bridge As well as the bridge ploy, Wallace's use of a spear appears to be a fictional element. As the son of a minor laird, he would have been trained in arms, and as a commander it is unlikely he would have wielded the weapon of the common footsoldier. It cannot of course be ruled out that he would have used one in the heat of battle. A two-handed sword [Claidheamh de Laimh], purporting to be Wallace's, which may contain original metal from his sword blade, was kept by the Scottish kings[15] and is displayed as a relic in the Wallace Monument.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge Hugh de Cressingham's body was reportedly subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces for souvenirs of the victory. The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had[12] \"a broad strip [of Cressinghamâ€™s skin]...taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword\".", "Robert the Bruce Descended from the Anglo-Norman and Gaelic nobility, his paternal fourth-great grandfather was King David I. Robert's grandfather, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, was one of the claimants to the Scottish throne during the \"Great Cause\". As Earl of Carrick, Robert the Bruce supported his family's claim to the Scottish throne and took part in William Wallace's revolt against Edward I of England. Appointed in 1298 as a Guardian of Scotland alongside his chief rival for the throne, John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, and William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews, Robert later resigned in 1300 due to his quarrels with Comyn and the apparently imminent restoration of John Balliol to the Scottish throne. After submitting to Edward I in 1302 and returning to \"the king's peace\", Robert inherited his family's claim to the Scottish throne upon his father's death.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The potency of these tales can be gauged from the following statement by the poet Robert Burns, writing some three centuries after they were first related.", "Braveheart In 1314, Robert, now Scotland's king, leads a Scottish army before a ceremonial line of English troops on the fields of Bannockburn, where he is to formally accept English rule. As he begins to ride toward the English, he stops and invokes Wallace's memory, imploring his men to fight with him as they did with Wallace. Robert then leads his army into battle against the stunned English, winning the Scots their freedom.", "Braveheart Irish historian SeÃ¡n Duffy remarked \"the battle of Stirling Bridge could have done with a bridge.\" [37]", "Robert the Bruce In February 1306, Robert the Bruce killed Comyn following an argument, and was excommunicated by the Pope (although he received absolution from Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow). Bruce moved quickly to seize the throne and was crowned king of Scots on 25 March 1306. Edward I's forces defeated Robert in battle, forcing him to flee into hiding in the Hebrides and Ireland before returning in 1307 to defeat an English army at Loudoun Hill and wage a highly successful guerrilla war against the English. Bruce defeated his other Scots enemies, destroying their strongholds and devastating their lands, and in 1309 held his first parliament. A series of military victories between 1310 and 1314 won him control of much of Scotland, and at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Robert defeated a much larger English army under Edward II of England, confirming the re-establishment of an independent Scottish kingdom. The battle marked a significant turning point, with Robert's armies now free to launch devastating raids throughout northern England, while also extending his war against the English to Ireland by sending an army to invade there and by appealing to the Irish to rise against Edward II's rule.", "Battle of Bannockburn Stirling Castle, a Scots royal fortress occupied by the English, was under siege by the Scottish army. The English king, Edward II, assembled a formidable force to relieve it. This attempt failed, and his army was defeated in a pitched battle by a smaller army commanded by the King of Scots, Robert the Bruce.", "Scotland The nature of the struggle changed significantly when Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, killed his rival John Comyn on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries.[60] He was crowned king (as Robert I) less than seven weeks later. Robert I battled to restore Scottish Independence as King for over 20 years, beginning by winning Scotland back from the Norman English invaders piece by piece. Victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 proved the Scots had regained control of their kingdom. In 1315, Edward Bruce, brother of the King, was briefly appointed High King of Ireland during an ultimately unsuccessful Scottish invasion of Ireland aimed at strengthening Scotland's position in its wars against England. In 1320 the world's first documented declaration of independence, the Declaration of Arbroath, won the support of Pope John XXII, leading to the legal recognition of Scottish sovereignty by the English Crown.", "Scotland The death of Alexander III in March 1286, followed by that of his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, broke the centuries-old succession line of Scotland's kings and shattered the 200-year golden age that began with David I. Edward I of England was asked to arbitrate between claimants for the Scottish crown, and he organised a process known as the Great Cause to identify the most legitimate claimant. John Balliol was pronounced king in the Great Hall of Berwick Castle on 17 November 1292 and inaugurated at Scone on 30 November, St. Andrew's Day. Edward I, who had coerced recognition as Lord Paramount of Scotland, the feudal superior of the realm, steadily undermined John's authority.[58] In 1294, Balliol and other Scottish lords refused Edward's demands to serve in his army against the French. Instead the Scottish parliament sent envoys to France to negotiate an alliance. Scotland and France sealed a treaty on 23 October 1295, known as the Auld Alliance (1295–1560). War ensued and King John was deposed by Edward who took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in what became known as the Wars of Scottish Independence (1296–1328).[59]", "Military history of Scotland English naval power was vital to Edward I's successful campaigns in Scotland from 1296, using largely merchant ships from England, Ireland and his allies in the Islands to transport and supply his armies.[7] Part of the reason for Robert I's success was his ability to call on naval forces from the Islands. As a result of the expulsion of the Flemings from England in 1303, he gained the support of a major naval power in the North Sea.[7] The development of naval power allowed Robert to successfully defeat English attempts to capture him in the Highlands and Islands and to blockade major English controlled fortresses at Perth and Stirling, the last forcing Edward II to attempt the relief that resulted at English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314.[7] Scottish naval forces allowed invasions of the Isle of Man in 1313 and 1317 and Ireland in 1315. They were also crucial in the blockade of Berwick, which led to its fall in 1318.[7]", "Robert the Bruce By 1314, Robert I had recaptured most of the castles in Scotland once held by the English, and was sending raiding parties into northern England as far as Carlisle.[49] In response, Edward II planned a major military campaign with the support of Lancaster and the barons, mustering a large army between 15,000 and 20,000 strong.[50] In the spring of 1314, Edward Bruce laid siege to Stirling Castle, a key fortification in Scotland whose governor, Philip de Mowbray, agreed to capitulate if not relieved before 24 June 1314. In March, James Douglas captured Roxburgh, and Randolph captured Edinburgh Castle, while in May, Bruce again raided England and subdued the Isle of Man. News of the agreement regarding Stirling Castle reached the English king in late May, and he decided to speed up his march north from Berwick to relieve the castle.[51] Robert, with between 5,500 and 6,500 troops, predominantly spearmen, prepared to prevent Edward's forces from reaching Stirling.[52]", "Battle of Bannockburn Edward II of England came to the throne in 1307 but was incapable of providing the determined leadership that had been shown by his father, Edward I, and the English position soon became more difficult.[10] Stirling Castle was one of the most important castles held by the English, as it commanded the route north into the Scottish Highlands.[10] It was besieged in 1314 by Robert the Bruce's younger brother, Edward Bruce, and an agreement was made that if the castle was not relieved by mid-summer it would be surrendered to the Scots.[10] The English could not ignore this challenge and military preparations were made for a substantial campaign, in which the English army probably numbered 2,000 cavalry and 15,000 infantry, many of whom would have been longbowmen.[10] The Scottish army probably numbered between 7,000-10,000 men, of whom no more than 500 would have been mounted.[10] Unlike the heavily armoured English cavalry, the Scottish cavalry would have been light horsemen who were good for skirmishing and reconnaissance but were not suitable for charging enemy lines.[10] The Scottish infantry would have had axes, swords and pikes, with few bowmen among them.[10]", "List of Scottish monarchs c. 25 November 1314\nPicardy, France", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a shattering defeat for the English: it showed that under certain circumstances infantry could be superior to cavalry. It was some time, though, before this lesson was fully absorbed.", "William Wallace Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys;[2] died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence.[3]", "Braveheart Longshanks orders his son Prince Edward to stop Wallace by any means necessary. Wallace rebels against the English, and as his legend spreads, hundreds of Scots from the surrounding clans join him. Wallace leads his army to victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and then destroys the city of York, killing Longshanks' nephew and sending his severed head to the king. Wallace seeks the assistance of Robert the Bruce, the son of nobleman Robert the Elder and a contender for the Scottish crown. Robert is dominated by his father, who wishes to secure the throne for his son by submitting to the English. Worried by the threat of the rebellion, Longshanks sends his son's wife Isabella of France to try to negotiate with Wallace as a distraction for the landing of another invasion force in Scotland.", "Clan Munro Chief Colonel Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet had been fighting at the second Battle of Falkirk (1746) when, according to the account of the rebels, the English 37th Regiment that he was commanding ran away and he was surrounded and attacked by seven Cameron Jacobites; he killed at least two with his half-pike before being shot by a Jacobite commander with a pistol.[61] The Jacobites wished to do special honour to their opponent: they (the Macdonalds),[61] buried Robert in the grave of Sir John de Graham who died at the first Battle of Falkirk (1298). The graves can be seen in Falkirk churchyard.[36][61]", "Battle of Bannockburn Edward II and his advisors were aware of the places the Scots were likely to challenge them and sent orders for their troops to prepare for an enemy established in boggy ground near the River Forth, near Stirling.[10] The English appear to have advanced in four divisions, whereas the Scots were in three divisions known as 'schiltrons', which were strong defensive circles of men bristling with pikes.[10] Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, commanded the Scottish vanguard, which was stationed about a mile south of Stirling, near the church of St. Ninian, while the king commanded the rearguard at the entrance to the New Park. His brother Edward led the third division. According to Barbour, there was a fourth division nominally under the youthful Walter the Steward, but actually under the command of Sir James Douglas.[12] The Scottish archers used yew-stave longbows and, though these were not weaker than or inferior to English longbows, there were fewer Scottish archers than English archers,[13] possibly numbering only 500. These archers played little part in the battle.[14] There is firsthand evidence in a poem by the captured Carmelite friar Robert Baston, written just after the battle, that one or both sides employed slingers and crossbowmen.[15]", "Robert the Bruce William Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland after his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk. He was succeeded by Robert Bruce and John Comyn as joint Guardians, but they could not see past their personal differences. As a nephew and supporter of King John, and as someone with a serious claim to the Scottish throne, Comyn was Bruce's enemy. In 1299, William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, was appointed as a third, neutral Guardian to try to maintain order between Bruce and Comyn. The following year, Bruce finally resigned as joint Guardian and was replaced by Sir Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus. In May 1301, Umfraville, Comyn, and Lamberton also resigned as joint Guardians and were replaced by Sir John de Soules as sole Guardian. Soules was appointed largely because he was part of neither the Bruce nor the Comyn camps and was a patriot. He was an active Guardian and made renewed efforts to have King John returned to the Scottish throne.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The two first books I ever read in private, and which gave me more pleasure than any two books I ever read again, were The Life of Hannibal and The History of Sir William Wallace [a modernised version of Blind Harry by William Hamilton of Gilbertfield]. Hannibal gave my young ideas such a turn that I used to strut in raptures up and down after the recruiting drum and bagpipe, and wish myself tall enough that I could be a soldier; while the story of Wallace poured a Scottish prejudice into my veins which will boil along there till the flood-gates of life shut in eternal rest.[16]", "Battle of Bannockburn \"Scots Wha Hae\" is the title of a patriotic poem by Robert Burns.[37] The chorus of Scotland's unofficial national anthem Flower of Scotland refers to Scotland's victory over Edward and the English at Bannockburn. Many artworks depict the battle. John Duncan[38] and Eric Harald Macbeth Robertson[39] both painted Bruce's encounter with de Bohun. John Phillip painted Bruce receiving the sacrament on the eve of the battle.[40] John Hassall painted a similar theme.[41] William Findlay also depicts Bruce at the battle.[42]", "Stirling Stirling was first declared a royal burgh by King David in the 12th century, with later charters reaffirmed by subsequent monarchs. A ferry, and later bridge, on the River Forth at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence, as did its tidal port at Riverside.[54] Major battles during the Wars of Scottish Independence took place at the Stirling Bridge in 1297 and at the nearby village of Bannockburn in 1314 involving William Wallace and Robert the Bruce respectively. After the battle of Stirling Bridge, Wallace wrote to the Hanseatic leaders of Lübeck and Hamburg to encourage trade between Scottish ports (like Stirling) and these German cities.[55] There were also several Sieges of Stirling Castle in the conflict, notably in 1304.[56]", "Wars of Scottish Independence The First War of Scottish Independence can be loosely divided into four phases: the initial English invasion and success in 1296; the campaigns led by William Wallace, Andrew de Moray and various Scottish Guardians from 1297 until John Comyn negotiated for the general Scottish submission in February 1304; the renewed campaigns led by Robert the Bruce following his killing of The Red Comyn in Dumfries in 1306 to his and the Scottish victory at Bannockburn in 1314; and a final phase of Scottish diplomatic initiatives and military campaigns in Scotland, Ireland and Northern England from 1314 until the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.", "Braveheart Robert the Bruce did change sides between the Scots loyalists and the English more than once in the earlier stages of the Wars of Scottish Independence, but he never betrayed Wallace directly, and he probably did not fight on the English side at the Battle of Falkirk (although this claim does appear in a few medieval sources).[46] Later, the Battle of Bannockburn was not a spontaneous battle; he had already been fighting a guerrilla campaign against the English for eight years. His title before becoming king was Earl of Carrick, not Earl of Bruce.[36]", "Battle of Bannockburn Statue of Robert the Bruce by Pilkington Jackson", "Wars of Scottish Independence Comyn, it seems, had broken an agreement between the two, and informed King Edward of Bruce's plans to be king. The agreement was that one of the two claimants would renounce his claim on the throne of Scotland, but receive lands from the other and support his claim. Comyn appears to have thought to get both the lands and the throne by betraying Bruce to the English. A messenger carrying documents from Comyn to Edward was captured by Bruce and his party, plainly implicating Comyn. Bruce then rallied the Scottish prelates and nobles behind him and had himself crowned King of Scots at Scone less than five weeks after the killing in Dumfries. He then began a new campaign to free his kingdom. After being defeated in battle he was driven from the Scottish mainland as an outlaw. Bruce later came out of hiding in 1307. The Scots thronged to him, and he defeated the English in a number of battles. His forces continued to grow in strength, encouraged in part by the death of Edward I in July 1307. The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was an especially important Scottish victory.", "Robert the Bruce A 1929 statue of Robert the Bruce is set in the wall of Stirling Castle at the entrance, along with one of William Wallace. In Edinburgh also, the Scottish National Portrait Gallery has statues of Bruce and Wallace in niches flanking the main entrance. The building also contains several frescos depicting scenes from Scots history by William Brassey Hole in the entrance foyer, including a large example of Bruce marshalling his men at Bannockburn.", "William Wallace In April 1298, Edward ordered a second invasion of Scotland. Two days prior to the battle 25,781 foot soldiers were paid. More than half of them would have been Welsh. There are no clear cut sources for the presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly 1500 horse under his command.[21] They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but failed to bring William Wallace to combat; the Scots shadowed the English army, intending to avoid battle until shortages of supplies and money forced Edward to withdraw, at which point the Scots would harass his retreat. The English quartermasters' failure to prepare for the expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting riot within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry. In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to engage them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for.", "Robert the Bruce Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, the first of the Bruce, or de Brus, line arrived in Scotland with David I in 1124 and was given the lands of Annandale in Dumfries and Galloway.[1] Robert I was one of the ten children, and the eldest son, of Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale, and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick, and claimed the Scottish throne as a fourth great-grandson of David I.[2] His mother was by all accounts a formidable woman who, legend would have it, kept Robert Bruce's father captive until he agreed to marry her. From his mother, he inherited the Earldom of Carrick, and through his father, a royal lineage that would give him a claim to the Scottish throne. The Bruces also held substantial estates in Aberdeenshire, County Antrim, County Durham, Essex, Middlesex and Yorkshire.[3]", "List of Scottish monarchs For ten years, Scotland had no King of its own. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule; first William Wallace and then, after his execution, Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters killed a rival for the throne, John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule; at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to the throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the Kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned King of Scots (1332â€“1336) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England; he was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.", "Battle of Bannockburn The Battle of Bannockburn (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Allt nam Bànag or Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich) 24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory in the First War of Scottish Independence, and a landmark in Scottish history.", "Robert the Bruce The battle began on 23 June as the English army attempted to force its way across the high ground of the Bannock Burn, which was surrounded by marshland.[53] Skirmishing between the two sides broke out, resulting in the death of Sir Henry de Bohun, whom Robert killed in personal combat.[53] Edward continued his advance the following day, and encountered the bulk of the Scottish army as they emerged from the woods of New Park.[54] The English appear not to have expected the Scots to give battle here, and as a result had kept their forces in marching, rather than battle, order, with the archers − who would usually have been used to break up enemy spear formations − at the back of the army, rather than the front.[54] The English cavalry found it hard to operate in the cramped terrain and were crushed by Robert's spearmen.[55] The English army was overwhelmed and its leaders were unable to regain control.[55]", "Battle of Bannockburn Under nightfall the English forces crossed the stream known as the Bannock Burn, establishing their position on the plain beyond it.[10] A Scottish knight, Alexander Seton, who was fighting in the service of Edward II of England, deserted the English camp and told Bruce of the low English morale, encouraging him to attack them.[10] In the morning the Scots advanced from New Park.[10]", "Robert the Bruce Although the Bruces were by now back in possession of Annandale and Carrick, in August 1296 Robert Bruce, Lord of Annandale, and his son, Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick and future king, were among the more than 1,500 Scots at Berwick[30] who swore an oath of fealty to King Edward I of England.[31] When the Scottish revolt against Edward I broke out in July 1297, James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland, led into rebellion a group of disaffected Scots, including Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, MacDuff, the son of the earl of Fife, and the young Robert Bruce.[32] The future king was now twenty-two, and in joining the rebels he seems to have been acting independently of his father, who took no part in the rebellion and appears to have abandoned Annandale once more for the safety of Carlisle. It appears that Robert Bruce had fallen under the influence of his grandfather's friends, Wishart and Stewart, who had inspired him to resistance.[32] With the outbreak of the revolt, Robert left Carlisle and made his way to Annandale, where he called together the knights of his ancestral lands and, according to the English chronicler Walter of Guisborough, addressed them thus:", "Wars of Scottish Independence Further campaigns by Edward in 1300 and 1301 led to a truce between the Scots and the English in 1302. After another campaign in 1303/1304, Stirling Castle, the last major Scottish held stronghold, fell to the English, and in February 1304, negotiations led to most of the remaining nobles paying homage to Edward and to the Scots all but surrendering. At this point, Robert Bruce and William Lamberton may have made a secret bond of alliance, aiming to place Bruce on the Scottish throne and continue the struggle. However, Lamberton came from a family associated with the Balliol-Comyn faction and his ultimate allegiances are unknown.", "Battle of Bannockburn The defeat of the English opened up the north of England to Scottish raids[10] and allowed the Scottish invasion of Ireland.[26] These finally led, after the failure of the Declaration of Arbroath, to reach this end by diplomatic means, to the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton.[26] Under the treaty the English Crown recognised the full independence of the Kingdom of Scotland, and acknowledged Robert the Bruce, and his heirs and successors, as the rightful rulers.", "William Wallace In 1869 the Wallace Monument was erected, very close to the site of his victory at Stirling Bridge. The Wallace Sword, which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years later, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument.", "Robert the Bruce According to Barbour, Comyn betrayed his agreement with Bruce to King Edward I, and when Bruce arranged a meeting for 10 February 1306 with Comyn in the Chapel of Greyfriars Monastery in Dumfries and accused him of treachery, they came to blows.[38] Bruce stabbed Comyn before the high altar. The Scotichronicon says that on being told that Comyn had survived the attack and was being treated, two of Bruce's supporters, Roger de Kirkpatrick (uttering the words \"I mak siccar\" (\"I make sure\")) and John Lindsay, went back into the church and finished Bruce's work. Barbour, however, tells no such story. Bruce asserted his claim to the Scottish crown and began his campaign by force for the independence of Scotland.", "Scottish independence A watershed in the Scottish kingdom's history was a succession crisis that erupted in 1290 where Edward I of England claimed the right of succession to the Scottish throne. The Auld Alliance of Scotland and France against English interests was first invoked at this time and remained active through to the 1500s. The Wars of Scottish Independence ended in a renewed kingdom under Robert the Bruce (crowned 1306), whose grandson Robert II of Scotland was the first Scottish king of the House of Stuart.", "Robert the Bruce Almost the first blow in the war between Scotland and England was a direct attack on the Bruces. On 26 March 1296, Easter Monday, seven Scottish earls made a surprise attack on the walled city of Carlisle, which was not so much an attack against England as the Comyn Earl of Buchan and their faction attacking their Bruce enemies.[25] Both his father and grandfather were at one time Governors of the Castle, and following the loss of Annandale to Comyn in 1295, it was their principal residence. Robert Bruce would have gained first-hand knowledge of the city's defences. The next time Carlisle was besieged, in 1315, Robert the Bruce would be leading the attack.[24]", "Robert the Bruce Robert's mother died early in 1292. In November of the same year, Edward I of England, on behalf of the Guardians of Scotland and following the \"Great Cause\", awarded the vacant Crown of Scotland to his grandfather's first cousin once removed, John Balliol.[17] Almost immediately, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, resigned his lordship of Annandale and transferred his claim to the Scottish throne to his son, antedating this statement to 7 November. In turn, that son, Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale, resigned his earldom of Carrick to his eldest son, Robert, the future king, so as to protect the Bruce's kingship claim while their middle lord (Robert the Bruce's father) now held only English lands.[18] While the Bruces' bid for the throne had ended in failure, the Balliols' triumph propelled the eighteen-year-old Robert the Bruce onto the political stage in his own right.[19]", "Battle of Stirling Bridge On Saturday they [Moray and Wallace] rode on to the bridge, which was of good plain board, well made and jointed, having placed watches to see that none passed from the army. Taking a wright, the most able workman there, he [Wallace] ordered him to saw the plank in two at the mid streit [middle stretch], so that no-one might walk over it. He then nailed it up quickly with hinges, and dirtied it with clay, to cause it to appear that nothing had been done. The other end he so arranged that it should lie on three wooden rollers, which were so placed, that when one was out the rest would fall down. The wright, himself, he ordered to sit there underneath, in a cradle, bound on a beam, to loose the pin when Wallace let him know by blowing a horn when the time was come. No one in all the army should be allowed to blow but he himself.", "Clan Munro By tradition, during the Wars of Scottish Independence, chief Robert Munro, 6th Baron of Foulis led the clan in support of Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.[10] Robert Munro survived the battle but his son, George, was killed. George however had already had a son of his own, also called George, who succeeded his grandfather Robert as chief and led the clan at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 where he died.[10]", "Braveheart The film's depiction of the Battle of Stirling Bridge was listed by CNN as one of the best battles in cinema history.[8]", "Robert the Bruce In June 1306 Bruce was defeated at the Battle of Methven. His wife and daughters and other women of the party were sent to Kildrummy in August 1306 under the protection of Bruce's brother Neil Bruce and the Earl of Atholl and most of his remaining men.[42] Bruce fled with a small following of his most faithful men, including Sir James Douglas and Gilbert Hay, Bruce's brothers Thomas, Alexander, and Edward, as well as Sir Neil Campbell and the Earl of Lennox.[42]", "History of Scotland Although William's supporters dominated the government, there remained a significant following for James, particularly in the Highlands. His cause, which became known as Jacobitism, from the Latin (Jacobus) for James, led to a series of risings. An initial Jacobite military attempt was led by John Graham, Viscount Dundee. His forces, almost all Highlanders, defeated William's forces at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689, but they took heavy losses and Dundee was slain in the fighting. Without his leadership the Jacobite army was soon defeated at the Battle of Dunkeld.[126] In the aftermath of the Jacobite defeat on 13 February 1692, in an incident since known as the Massacre of Glencoe, 38 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by members of the Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot, on the grounds that they had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to the new monarchs.[127]", "Battle of Bannockburn Most medieval battles were short-lived, lasting only a few hours, so the Battle of Bannockburn is unusual in that it lasted two days.[10] On 23 June 1314 two of the English cavalry formations advanced, the first commanded by the Earl of Gloucester and the Earl of Hereford.[10] They encountered a body of Scots, among them Robert the Bruce himself.[10] A celebrated single combat then took place between Bruce and Henry de Bohun, who was the nephew of the Earl of Hereford.[10] Bohun charged at Bruce and when the two passed side by side, Bruce split Bohun's head with his axe.[10][22] The Scots then rushed upon the English under Gloucester and Hereford, who struggled back over the Bannockburn.[23]", "Braveheart In 1280, King Edward \"Longshanks\" invades and conquers Scotland following the death of Alexander III of Scotland, who left no heir to the throne. Young William Wallace witnesses Longshanks' treachery, survives the deaths of his father and brother, and is taken abroad on a pilgrimage throughout Europe by his paternal Uncle Argyle, where he is educated. Years later, Longshanks grants his noblemen land and privileges in Scotland, including Prima Nocte. Meanwhile, a grown Wallace returns to Scotland and falls in love with his childhood friend Murron MacClannough, and the two marry in secret. Wallace rescues Murron from being raped by English soldiers, but as she fights off their second attempt, Murron is captured and publicly executed. In retribution, Wallace leads his clan to slaughter the English garrison in his hometown and send the occupying garrison at Lanark back to England.", "Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Stirling Bridge is depicted in the 1995 film Braveheart, but it bears little resemblance to the real battle, there being no bridge (due mainly to the difficulty of filming around the bridge itself) and tactics resembling the Battle of Bannockburn.", "Robert the Bruce In 1303, Edward invaded again, reaching Edinburgh before marching to Perth. Edward stayed in Perth until July, then proceeded via Dundee, Brechin, and Montrose to Aberdeen, where he arrived in August. From there he marched through Moray to Badenoch before re-tracing his path back south to Dunfermline. With the country now under submission, all the leading Scots, except for William Wallace, surrendered to Edward in February 1304. John Comyn, who was by now Guardian, submitted to Edward. The laws and liberties of Scotland were to be as they had been in the days of Alexander III, and any that needed alteration would be with the assent of King Edward and the advice of the Scots nobles.", "Battle of Bannockburn Not long after daybreak the Scots pikemen began to move towards the English. Edward was surprised to see Robert's army emerge from the cover of the woods. As Bruce's army drew nearer, they paused and knelt in prayer. Edward is supposed to have said in surprise, \"They pray for mercy!\" \"For mercy, yes,\" one of his attendants replied, \"but from God, not you. These men will conquer or die.\"[25]\nThe English responded to the Scots advance with a charge of their own, led by the Earl of Gloucester. Gloucester had argued with the Earl of Hereford over who should lead the vanguard into battle, and argued with the king that the battle should be postponed. This led the king to accuse him of cowardice, which perhaps goaded Gloucester into the charge.[10] Few accompanied Gloucester in his charge and when he reached the Scottish lines he was quickly surrounded and killed.[10] Gradually the English were pushed back and ground down by the Scots' schiltrons.[10] The English longbowmen attempted to support the advance of the knights but were ordered to stop shooting, as they were causing casualties among their own. An attempt to deploy the English and Welsh longbowmen to shoot at the advancing Scots from their flank failed when they were dispersed by 500 Scottish cavalry under the Marischal Sir Robert Keith.[26] Although these are sometimes described as light cavalry, this appears to be a misinterpretation of Barbour's statement that these were men-at-arms on lighter horses than their English counterparts.[27]\nThe English cavalry was hemmed in, making it difficult for them to maneuver.[10] As a result, they were unable to hold their formations and broke ranks.[10] It soon became clear to Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke and Giles d'Argentan (reputedly the third best knight in Europe) that the English had lost and Edward II needed to be led to safety at all costs. So, seizing his horse's reins, they dragged him away, closely followed by 500 knights of the royal bodyguard.[28] Once they were clear of the battle d'Argentan turned to the king, said, \"Sire, your protection was committed to me, but since you are safely on your way, I will bid you farewell for never yet have I fled from a battle, nor will I now.\" and turned his horse to charge back into the ranks of Scottish where he was overborne and slain.[29]", "Braveheart After meeting him in person, Isabella becomes enamored of Wallace. Warned of the coming invasion by Isabella, Wallace implores the Scottish nobility to take immediate action to counter the threat and take back the country. Leading the English army himself, Longshanks confronts the Scots at Falkirk where noblemen Lochlan and Mornay, having been bribed by Longshanks, betray Wallace, causing the Scots to lose the battle. As Wallace charges toward the departing Longshanks on horseback, he is intercepted by one of the king's lancers, who turns out to be Robert the Bruce, but filled with remorse, Bruce gets Wallace to safety before the English can capture him. Wallace kills Lochlan and Mornay for their betrayal, and wages a guerrilla war against the English for the next seven years, assisted by Isabella, with whom he eventually has an affair. Robert sets up a meeting with Wallace in Edinburgh, but Robert's father has conspired with other nobles to capture and hand over Wallace to the English. Learning of his treachery, Robert disowns his father. Isabella exacts revenge on the now terminally ill Longshanks by telling him that his bloodline will be destroyed upon his death as she is now pregnant with Wallace's child.", "History of Scotland In 1745, the Jacobite rising known as The 'Forty-Five began. Charles Edward Stuart, son of the Old Pretender, often referred to as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender, landed on the island of Eriskay in the Outer Hebrides.[143] Several clans unenthusiastically joined him. At the outset he was successful, taking Edinburgh[144] and then defeating the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans.[145] The Jacobite army marched into England, took Carlisle and advanced as far as south as Derby. However, it became increasingly evident that England would not support a Roman Catholic Stuart monarch. The Jacobite leadership had a crisis of confidence and they retreated to Scotland as two English armies closed in and Hanoverian troops began to return from the continent.[146] Charles' position in Scotland began to deteriorate as the Whig supporters rallied and regained control of Edinburgh. After an unsuccessful attempt on Stirling, he retreated north towards Inverness. He was pursued by the Duke of Cumberland and gave battle with an exhausted army at Culloden on 16 April 1746, where the Jacobite cause was crushed.[147] Charles hid in Scotland with the aid of Highlanders until September 1746, when he escaped back to France.[148] There were bloody reprisals against his supporters and foreign powers abandoned the Jacobite cause, with the court in exile forced to leave France. The Old Pretender died in 1760 and the Young Pretender, without legitimate issue, in 1788. When his brother, Henry, Cardinal of York, died in 1807, the Jacobite cause was at an end.[149]", "Robert the Bruce In March 1309, Bruce held his first Parliament at St. Andrews, and by August he controlled all of Scotland north of the River Tay. The following year, the clergy of Scotland recognised Bruce as king at a general council. The support given to him by the church in spite of his excommunication was of great political importance. On 1 October 1310 Bruce wrote to Edward II of England from Kildrum[47] in Cumbernauld Parish trying, unsuccessfully, to establish peace between Scotland and England.[48] Over the next three years, one English-held castle or outpost after another was captured and reduced: Linlithgow in 1310, Dumbarton in 1311, and Perth, by Bruce himself, in January 1312. Bruce also made raids into northern England and, landing at Ramsey in the Isle of Man, then laid siege to Castle Rushen in Castletown, capturing it on 21 June 1313 and denying the island's strategic importance to the English.", "Military history of Scotland Before the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in 1644, there was no standing army in the Kingdom of Scotland. In the Early Middle Ages war in Scotland was characterised by the use of small war-bands of household troops often engaging in raids and low level warfare.[29] By the High Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland could command forces of tens of thousands of men for short periods as part of the \"common army\", mainly of poorly armoured spear and bowmen. After the \"Davidian Revolution\" of the 12th century, which introduced elements of feudalism to Scotland, these forces were augmented by small numbers of mounted and heavily armoured knights. These armies rarely managed to stand up to the usually larger and more professional armies produced by England, but they were used to good effect by Robert I of Scotland at Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 to secure Scottish independence.[30] After the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France played a large part in the country's military activities, especially during the Hundred Years' War. In the Late Middle Ages under the Stewart kings forces were further augmented by specialist troops, particularly men-at-arms and archers, hired by bonds of manrent, similar to English indentures of the same period.[31] Archers became much sought after as mercenaries in French armies of the 15th century in order to help counter the English superiority in this arm, becoming a major element of the French royal guards as the Garde Écossaise.[32] The Stewarts also adopted major innovations in continental warfare, such as longer pikes and the extensive use of artillery. However, in the early 16th century one of the best armed and largest Scottish armies ever assembled still met with defeat at the hands of an English army at the Battle of Flodden in 1513, which saw the destruction of a large number of ordinary troops, a large section of the nobility and the king James IV.[33]", "Flower of Scotland Roy Williamson of the folk group the Corries wrote both the words and music for the song.[3] The lyrics refer to the victory of the Scots, led by Robert the Bruce, over England's Edward II at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.", "William Wallace After the battle, Moray and Wallace assumed the title of Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland on behalf of King John Balliol. Moray died of wounds suffered on the battlefield sometime in late 1297.", "Glorious Revolution James had cultivated support on the fringes of his Three Kingdoms – in Catholic Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland. Supporters of James, known as Jacobites, were prepared to resist what they saw as an illegal coup by force of arms. The first Jacobite rebellion, an uprising in support of James in Scotland, took place in 1689. It was led by John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, also known as Graham of Claverhouse or Bonnie Dundee, who raised an army from Highland clans. In Ireland, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell led local Catholics, who had been discriminated against by previous English monarchs, in the conquest of all the fortified places in the kingdom except Derry, and so held the Kingdom for James. James himself landed in Ireland with 6,000 French troops to try to regain the throne in the Williamite War in Ireland. The war raged from 1689 to 1691. James fled Ireland following his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, but Jacobite resistance was not ended until after the battle of Aughrim in 1691, when over half of their army was killed or taken prisoner. The Irish Jacobites surrendered under the conditions of the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691. England stayed relatively calm throughout, although some English Jacobites fought on James's side in Ireland. Despite the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Killiecrankie, the uprising in the Scottish Highlands was quelled due to the death of its leader, Dundee, and Williamite victories at Dunkeld and Cromdale, as well as the Glencoe massacre in early 1692. Many, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, continued to see the Stuarts as the legitimate monarchs of the Three Kingdoms, and there were further Jacobite rebellions in Scotland during the years 1715, 1719 and 1745.", "Scots Wha Hae The lyrics were written by Robert Burns in 1793, in the form of a speech given by Robert the Bruce before the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, where Scotland maintained its sovereignty from the Kingdom of England. Although the lyrics are by Burns, he wrote them to the traditional Scottish tune \"Hey Tuttie Tatie\" which, according to tradition, was played by Bruce's army at the Battle of Bannockburn,[1] and by the Franco-Scots army at the Siege of Orleans.", "Wars of Scottish Independence On 10 February 1306, during a meeting between Bruce and Comyn, the two surviving claimants for the Scottish throne, Bruce quarrelled with and killed John Comyn at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries. At this moment the rebellion was sparked again.[4]", "History of Scotland Jacobitism was revived by the unpopularity of the union.[140] In 1708, James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of James VII, who became known as \"The Old Pretender\", attempted an invasion with a French fleet carrying 6,000 men, but the Royal Navy prevented it from landing troops.[141] A more serious attempt occurred in 1715, soon after the death of Anne and the accession of the first Hanoverian king, the eldest son of Sophie, as George I of Great Britain. This rising (known as The 'Fifteen) envisaged simultaneous uprisings in Wales, Devon, and Scotland. However, government arrests forestalled the southern ventures. In Scotland, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, nicknamed Bobbin' John, raised the Jacobite clans but proved to be an indecisive leader and an incompetent soldier. Mar captured Perth, but let a smaller government force under the Duke of Argyll hold the Stirling plain. Part of Mar's army joined up with risings in northern England and southern Scotland, and the Jacobites fought their way into England before being defeated at the Battle of Preston, surrendering on 14 November 1715. The day before, Mar had failed to defeat Argyll at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. At this point, James belatedly landed in Scotland, but was advised that the cause was hopeless. He fled back to France. An attempted Jacobite invasion with Spanish assistance in 1719 met with little support from the clans and ended in defeat at the Battle of Glen Shiel.[142]", "William Wallace Wallace arranged his spearmen in four schiltronsâ€”circular, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to keep the infantry in formation. The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmen, who swung strategic superiority in their favour. The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight. The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the English heavy horse. Edward's men began to attack the schiltrons, which were still able to inflict heavy casualties on the English cavalry. It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very likely that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen. Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance. The Scots lost many men, including John de Graham. Wallace escaped, though his military reputation suffered badly.", "Wars of Scottish Independence At the Battle of Dupplin Moor, Balliol's army, commanded by Henry Beaumont, defeated the larger Scottish force. Beaumont made use of the same tactics that the English would make famous during the Hundred Years' War, with dismounted knights in the centre and archers on the flanks. Caught in the murderous rain of arrows, most of the Scots didn't reach the enemy's line. When the slaughter was finally over, the Earl of Mar, Sir Robert Bruce (an illegitimate son of Robert the Bruce), many nobles and around 2,000 Scots had been slain. Edward Balliol then had himself crowned King of Scots, first at Perth, and then again in September at Scone Abbey. Balliol's success surprised Edward III, and fearing that Balliol's invasion would eventually fail leading to a Scots invasion of England, he moved north with his army.", "Clan Stewart During the Wars of Scottish Independence, James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland swore fealty to Edward I of England.[4] However, he later sided with Robert the Bruce and William Wallace in the struggle for Scottish independence.[4]", "History of Scotland The death of King Alexander III in 1286, and the death of his granddaughter and heir Margaret, Maid of Norway in 1290, left 14 rivals for succession. To prevent civil war the Scottish magnates asked Edward I of England to arbitrate, for which he extracted legal recognition that the realm of Scotland was held as a feudal dependency to the throne of England before choosing John Balliol, the man with the strongest claim, who became king in 1292.[68] Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, the next strongest claimant, accepted this outcome with reluctance. Over the next few years Edward I used the concessions he had gained to systematically undermine both the authority of King John and the independence of Scotland.[69] In 1295, John, on the urgings of his chief councillors, entered into an alliance with France, known as the Auld Alliance.[70]", "Robert the Bruce Even after John's accession, Edward still continued to assert his authority over Scotland and relations between the two kings soon began to deteriorate. The Bruces sided with King Edward against King John and his Comyn allies. Robert the Bruce and his father both considered John a usurper.[20][21] Against the objections of the Scots, Edward I agreed to hear appeals on cases ruled on by the court of the Guardians that had governed Scotland during the interregnum.[22] A further provocation came in a case brought by Macduff, son of Malcolm, Earl of Fife, in which Edward demanded that John appear in person before the English Parliament to answer the charges.[22] This the Scottish king did, but the final straw was Edward's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in England's war against France.[22] This was unacceptable; the Scots instead formed an alliance with France.[23] The Comyn-dominated council acting in the name of King John summoned the Scottish host to meet at Caddonlee on 11 March. The Bruces and the earls of Angus and March refused, and the Bruce family withdrew temporarily from Scotland, while the Comyns seized their estates in Annandale and Carrick, granting them to John Comyn, Earl of Buchan.[21] Edward I thereupon provided a safe refuge for the Bruces, having appointed the Lord of Annandale to the command of Carlisle Castle in October 1295.[24] At some point in early 1296, Robert married his first wife, Isabella of Mar, the daughter of Domhnall I, Earl of Mar and his wife Helen.", "Clan Sutherland William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland (William Sutherland), whose wife was Margaret, the daughter of Robert the Bruce and sister of David II of Scotland,[7] led the clan at Kilblene where he participated in the siege of Cupar Castle Fife.[8] William, Earl of Sutherland accompanied King David II of Scotland into England where both were captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, by Durham.[8] They remained in prison for over ten years before being released. John, the son of the Earl and Princess Margaret, was designated the heir to the Throne over Robert Stewart, who eventually became King Robert II in 1371.", "Robert the Bruce Edward II was dragged away from the battlefield, hotly pursued by the Scottish forces, and only just escaped the heavy fighting.[56] The historian Roy Haines describes the defeat as a \"calamity of stunning proportions\" for the English, whose losses in the battle were huge.[57] In the aftermath of the defeat, Edward retreated to Dunbar, then travelled by ship to Berwick, and then back to York; in his absence, Stirling Castle quickly fell.[58]", "Wars of Scottish Independence Wallace was succeeded by Robert Bruce and John Comyn as joint guardians, with William de Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews being appointed in 1299 as a third, neutral Guardian to try to maintain order between them. During that year, diplomatic pressure from France and Rome persuaded Edward to release the imprisoned King John into the custody of the pope, and Wallace was sent to France to seek the aid of Philip IV; he possibly also travelled to Rome.", "Clan Fleming In 1296 nine Flemings signed the Ragman Rolls swearing fealty to Edward I of England.[3] However, one of the signatories was Sir Robert Fleming who was one of the first people to join Robert the Bruce after the death of the Comyn in 1306.[3]", "Braveheart The film generated huge interest in Scotland and in Scottish history, not only around the world, but also in Scotland itself. Fans came from all over the world to see the places in Scotland where William Wallace fought, also to the places in Scotland and Ireland used as locations in the film. At a Braveheart Convention in 1997, held in Stirling the day after the Scottish Devolution vote and attended by 200 delegates from around the world, Braveheart author Randall Wallace, Seoras Wallace of the Wallace Clan, Scottish historian David Ross and Bláithín FitzGerald from Ireland gave lectures on various aspects of the film. Several of the actors also attended including James Robinson (Young William), Andrew Weir (Young Hamish), Julie Austin (the young bride) and Mhairi Calvey (Young Murron).", "Clan Sutherland During the Wars of Scottish Independence, chief William de Moravia, 3rd Earl of Sutherland (William Sutherland) fought at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, where the English army was defeated.[8] Kenneth de Moravia, 4th Earl of Sutherland (Kenneth Sutherland) was killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333.[7][8]", "Wars of Scottish Independence The movement of English forces along the Anglo-Scottish border did not go unnoticed. In response, King John Balliol summoned all able-bodied Scotsmen to bear arms and gather at Caddonlee by 11 March. Several Scottish nobles chose to ignore the summons, including Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, whose Carrick estates had been seized by John Balliol and reassigned to John 'The Red' Comyn. Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick had become Earl of Carrick at the resignation of his father earlier that year.", "Battle of Culloden Charles Edward Stuart, known as \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\" or the \"Young Pretender\", arrived in Scotland in 1745 to incite a rebellion of Stuart sympathizers against the House of Hanover. He successfully raised forces, mainly of Scottish Highland clansmen, and slipped past the Hanoverian stationed in Scotland and defeated a force of militiamen at the Battle of Prestonpans. The city of Edinburgh was occupied, but the castle held out and most of the Scottish population remained hostile to the rebels; others, while sympathetic, were reluctant to lend overt support to a movement whose chances were unproven. The British Government recalled forces from the war with France in Flanders to deal with the rebellion." ]	[ "Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth." ]
test1395	who was the author of the art of war	[ "doc49705" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc2663585", "doc49705", "doc49707", "doc49708", "doc2663588", "doc2663586", "doc49710", "doc2663601", "doc772365", "doc2663592", "doc2663595", "doc2663596", "doc2663594", "doc49706", "doc49709", "doc2663590", "doc496208", "doc49725", "doc813349", "doc2663600", "doc2663593", "doc2663587", "doc2663591", "doc2661056", "doc1746962", "doc2663597", "doc2663606", "doc535762", "doc2663598", "doc482054", "doc843043", "doc1766699", "doc1399058", "doc2363029", "doc49736", "doc49730", "doc2411244", "doc49727", "doc2467924", "doc49720", "doc2663602", "doc2663607", "doc67657", "doc49738", "doc2663599", "doc2467938", "doc49722", "doc2663603", "doc836358", "doc49714", "doc49734", "doc49732", "doc49726", "doc49728", "doc1274904", "doc2663605", "doc49739", "doc49724", "doc2003162", "doc2467937", "doc49717", "doc49729", "doc49735", "doc2663604", "doc482124", "doc49719", "doc49711", "doc496221", "doc49733", "doc1036370", "doc836359", "doc49731", "doc2663589", "doc2429629", "doc1238071", "doc423857", "doc1594099", "doc1036371", "doc49716", "doc1871818", "doc1156307", "doc2467945", "doc2569497", "doc49740", "doc49715", "doc49737", "doc511828", "doc2500057", "doc1238112", "doc49723", "doc1274914", "doc2061422", "doc2218139", "doc482112", "doc496218", "doc1601025", "doc2218138", "doc2363023", "doc1572861", "doc2380123" ]	[ "Sun Tzu Sun Tzu (/ˈsuːnˈdzuː/;[2] also rendered as Sun Zi; Chinese: 孫子) was a Chinese general, military strategist, writer, and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, a widely influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking. Aside from his legacy as the author of The Art of War, Sun Tzu is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was Sun Wu, and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing. The name Sun Tzu by which he is best known in the Western World is an honorific which means \"Master Sun\".", "The Art of War The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asia.[1] It has a profound influence on Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond.", "The Art of War The Art of War is traditionally attributed to a military general from the late 6th century BC known as \"Master Sun\" (Sunzi or Sun Tzu), though its earliest parts probably date to at least 100 years later.[3] Sima Qian's 1st century BC work Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition stating that a text on military matters was written by a \"Sun Wu\" from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu (r. 514–495 BC).[4] This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Sun's Art of War. The conventional view, which is still widely held in China, was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to train even dainty palace ladies in warfare and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu.[5]", "The Art of War The prominent strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Art of War.[4] Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.[4] The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.[4] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao, theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi's purported descendant Sun Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote.[4]", "Sun Tzu The oldest available sources disagree as to where Sun Tzu was born. The Spring and Autumn Annals states that Sun Tzu was born in Qi,[8] while Sima Qian's later Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) states that Sun Tzu was a native of Wu.[9] Both sources agree that Sun Tzu was born in the late Spring and Autumn period and that he was active as a general and strategist, serving king Helü of Wu in the late sixth century BC, beginning around 512 BC. Sun Tzu's victories then inspired him to write The Art of War. The Art of War was one of the most widely read military treatises in the subsequent Warring States period, a time of constant war among seven ancient Chinese states – Zhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Yan – who fought to control the vast expanse of fertile territory in Eastern China.[10]", "Sun Tzu Sun Tzu's historicity is uncertain. The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544–496 BC. Modern scholars accepting his historicity nonetheless place the existing text of The Art of War in the later Warring States period based upon its style of composition and its descriptions of warfare.[3] Traditional accounts state that the general's descendant Sun Bin also wrote a treatise on military tactics, also titled The Art of War. Since both Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as Sun Tzu in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them identical prior to the rediscovery of Sun Bin's treatise in 1972.", "The Art of War In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) tombs near the city of Linyi in Shandong Province.[8] Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed around 134 and 118 BC, respectively were two separate texts, one attributed to \"Sunzi\", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Art of War by Sunzi.[9] The Sun Bin text's material overlaps with much of the \"Sunzi\" text, and the two may be \"a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name\".[10] This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could have been referred to as \"Master Sun's Art of War\", not one.[9] The content of the earlier text is about one-third of the chapters of the modern The Art of War, and their text matches very closely.[8] It is now generally accepted that the earlier The Art of War was completed sometime between 500 and 450 BC.[9]", "Sun Tzu Sun Tzu's Art of War has influenced many notable figures. The Chinese historian Sima Qian recounted that China's first historical emperor, Qin's Shi Huangdi, considered the book invaluable in ending the time of the Warring States. In the 20th century, the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong partially credited his 1949 victory over Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to The Art of War. The work strongly influenced Mao's writings about guerrilla warfare, which further influenced communist insurgencies around the world.[32]", "Military One of the oldest military publications is The Art of War, by the Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu.[32] Written in the 6th century BCE, the 13-chapter book is intended as military instruction, and not as military theory, but has had a huge influence on Asian military doctrine, and from the late 19th century, on European and United States military planning. It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and can even be applied in social and political areas.[where?]", "Sun Tzu Skeptics cite possible historical inaccuracies and anachronisms in the text, and that the book was actually a compilation from different authors and military strategists. Attribution of the authorship of The Art of War varies among scholars and has included people and movements including Sun; Chu scholar Wu Zixu; an anonymous author; a school of theorists in Qi or Wu; Sun Bin; and others.[17] Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure \"Sunzi\" through a form of euhemerism.[15] The name Sun Wu does appear in later sources such as the Shiji and the Wu Yue Chunqiu, but were written centuries after Sun Tzu's era.[18]", "Sun Tzu The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to Sun Tzu. It presents a philosophy of war for managing conflicts and winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently cited and referred to by generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and distributed internationally.[24]", "Sun Tzu There are numerous theories concerning when the text was completed and concerning the identity of the author or authors, but archeological recoveries show The Art of War had taken roughly its current form by at least the early Han.[25] Because it is impossible to prove definitively when the Art of War was completed before this date, the differing theories concerning the work's author or authors and date of completion are unlikely to be completely resolved.[26] Some modern scholars believe that it contains not only the thoughts of its original author but also commentary and clarifications from later military theorists, such as Li Quan and Du Mu.", "Sun Tzu Skeptics who identify issues with the traditionalist view point to possible anachronisms in The Art of War including terms, technology (such as anachronistic crossbows and the unmentioned cavalry), philosophical ideas, events, and military techniques that should not have been available to Sun Wu.[21][22] Additionally, there are no records of professional generals during the Spring and Autumn period; these are only extant from the Warring States period, so there is doubt as to Sun Tzu's rank and generalship.[22] This caused much confusion as to when The Art of War was actually written. The first traditional view is that it was written in 512 BC by the historical Sun Wu, active in the last years of the Spring and Autumn period (c. 722–481 BC). A second view, held by scholars such as Samuel Griffith, places The Art of War during the middle to late Warring States period (c. 481–221 BC). Finally, a third school claims that the slips were published in the last half of the 5th century BC; this is based on how its adherents interpret the bamboo slips discovered at Yin-ch’ueh-shan in 1972 AD.[23]", "The Art of War The book was first translated and published into French in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.[2] Numerous military and political leaders such as Mao Zedong, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. have drawn inspiration from the work.", "The Art of War Around the 12th century, some scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sunzi, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo zhuan 左傳), which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.[4] The name \"Sun Wu\" (孫武) does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,[6] and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning \"the fugitive warrior\": the surname \"Sun\" is glossed as the related term \"fugitive\" (xùn 遜), while \"Wu\" is the ancient Chinese virtue of \"martial, valiant\" (wǔ 武), which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.[7] Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure \"Sunzi\" through a form of euhemerism.[7]", "Sun Tzu Sima Qian claimed that Sun Tzu later proved on the battlefield that his theories were effective (for example, at the Battle of Boju), that he had a successful military career, and that he wrote The Art of War based on his tested expertise.[11] However, the Zuo zhuan, a historical text written centuries earlier than the Shiji, provides a much more detailed account of the Battle of Boju, but does not mention Sun Tzu at all.[12]", "Military strategy Sun Tzu (544-496 BC) is often considered as the father of Eastern military strategy and greatly influenced Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese historical and modern war tactics.[6] The Art of War by Sun Tzu grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well. It continues to influence many competitive endeavors in Asia, Europe, and America including culture, politics,[7][8] and business,[9] as well as modern warfare. The Eastern military strategy differs from the Western by focusing more on asymmetric warfare and deception.[6]", "The Art of War The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on \"Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung\" where The Art of War is cited as influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao's quote: \"We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.\"[11]", "SWOT analysis The Art of War by Sun Tzu\"", "Sun Tzu On April 10, 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction workers in Shandong.[29][30] Scholars uncovered a collection of ancient texts written on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips. Among them were The Art of War and Sun Bin's Military Methods.[30] Although Han dynasty bibliographies noted the latter publication as extant and written by a descendant of Sun, it had previously been lost. The rediscovery of Sun Bin's work is regarded as extremely important by scholars, both because of Sun Bin's relationship to Sun Tzu and because of the work's addition to the body of military thought in Chinese late antiquity.[31] The discovery as a whole significantly expanded the body of surviving Warring States military theory. Sun Bin's treatise is the only known military text surviving from the Warring States period discovered in the twentieth century and bears the closest similarity to The Art of War of all surviving texts.", "Sun Tzu The use of the strips in other works however, such as The Methods of the Sima is considered proof of Sun Tzu's historical priority.[19] According to Ralph Sawyer, it is very likely Sun Tzu did exist and not only served as a general but also wrote the core of the book that bears his name.[20] It is argued that there is a disparity between the large-scale wars and sophisticated techniques detailed in the text and the more primitive small-scale battles that many believe predominated in China during the 6th century BC. Against this, Sawyer argues that the teachings of Sun Wu were probably taught to succeeding generations in his family or a small school of disciples, which eventually included Sun Bin. These descendants or students may have revised or expanded upon certain points in the original text.[20]", "Sun Tzu Sun Tzu's work has been praised and employed throughout East Asian warfare since its composition. During the twentieth century, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well. It continues to influence many competitive endeavors throughout the world, including culture, politics,[4][5] business,[6] and sports,[7] as well as modern warfare.", "Sun Tzu Beginning around the 12th century, some scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic Zuo zhuan, which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.[13] The name \"Sun Wu\" (孫武) does not appear in any text prior to the Shiji,[14] and may have been a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning \"the fugitive warrior\": the surname \"Sun\" can be glossed as the related term \"fugitive\" (xùn 遜), while \"Wu\" is the ancient Chinese virtue of \"martial, valiant\" (wǔ 武), which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.[15] The only historical battle attributed to Sun Tzu, the Battle of Boju, has no record of him fighting in that battle.[16]", "Chinese martial arts The ideas associated with Chinese martial arts changed with the evolution of Chinese society and over time acquired some philosophical bases: Passages in the Zhuangzi (庄子), a Daoist text, pertain to the psychology and practice of martial arts. Zhuangzi, its eponymous author, is believed to have lived in the 4th century BCE. The Dao De Jing, often credited to Lao Zi, is another Taoist text that contains principles applicable to martial arts. According to one of the classic texts of Confucianism, Zhou Li (周禮/周礼), Archery and charioteering were part of the \"six arts\" (simplified Chinese: 六艺; traditional Chinese: 六藝; pinyin: liu yi, including rites, music, calligraphy and mathematics) of the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BCE). The Art of War (孫子兵法), written during the 6th century BCE by Sun Tzu (孫子), deals directly with military warfare but contains ideas that are used in the Chinese martial arts.", "History of literature The first great author on military tactics and strategy was Sun Tzu, whose The Art of War remains on the shelves of many modern military officers (and its advice has been applied to the corporate world as well). Philosophy developed far differently in China than in Greeceâ€”rather than presenting extended dialogues, the Analects of Confucius and Lao Zi's Tao Te Ching presented sayings and proverbs more directly and didactically. The Zhuangzi is composed of a large collection of creative anecdotes, allegories, parables, and fables; a masterpiece of both philosophical and literary skill, it has significantly influenced writers and poets for more than 2000 years from the Han dynasty to the present.", "Sun Tzu Of the military texts written before the unification of China and Shi Huangdi's subsequent book burning in the second century BC, six major works have survived. During the much later Song dynasty, these six works were combined with a Tang text into a collection called the Seven Military Classics. As a central part of that compilation, The Art of War formed the foundations of orthodox military theory in early modern China. Illustrating this point, the book was required reading to pass the tests for imperial appointment to military positions.[27]", "Sun Tzu Mark McNeilly writes in Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare that a modern interpretation of Sun and his importance throughout Chinese history is critical in understanding China's push to becoming a superpower in the twenty-first century. Modern Chinese scholars explicitly rely on historical strategic lessons and The Art of War in developing their theories, seeing a direct relationship between their modern struggles and those of China in Sun Tzu's time. There is a great perceived value in Sun Tzu's teachings and other traditional Chinese writers, which are used regularly in developing the strategies of the Chinese state and its leaders.[42]", "Military history of China before 1911 Chinese military thought's most famous tome is Sun Tzu's Art of war, written in the Warring States Era. In the book, Sun Tzu laid out several important cornerstones of military thought, such as:", "Sun Tzu Sun Tzu's The Art of War uses language that may be unusual in a Western text on warfare and strategy.[28] For example, the eleventh chapter states that a leader must be \"serene and inscrutable\" and capable of comprehending \"unfathomable plans\". The text contains many similar remarks that have long confused Western readers lacking an awareness of the East Asian context. The meanings of such statements are clearer when interpreted in the context of Taoist thought and practice. Sun Tzu viewed the ideal general as an enlightened Taoist master, which has led to The Art of War being considered a prime example of Taoist strategy.", "Warring States period In 354 BC, King Hui of Wei started a large-scale attack on Zhao. By 353 BC, Zhao was losing badly and its capital, Handan, was under siege. The State of Qi intervened. The famous Qi strategist, Sun Bin the great-great-great-grandson of Sun Tzu (author of the Art of War), proposed to attack the Wei capital while the Wei army was tied up besieging Zhao. The strategy was a success; the Wei army hastily moved south to protect its capital, was caught on the road and decisively defeated at the Battle of Guiling. The battle is remembered in the second of the Thirty-Six Stratagems, \"besiege Wei, save Zhao\" meaning to attack a vulnerable spot to relieve pressure at another point.", "Strategic management In the 1980s business strategists realized that there was a vast knowledge base stretching back thousands of years that they had barely examined. They turned to military strategy for guidance. Military strategy books such as The Art of War by Sun Tzu, On War by von Clausewitz, and The Red Book by Mao Zedong became business classics. From Sun Tzu, they learned the tactical side of military strategy and specific tactical prescriptions. From von Clausewitz, they learned the dynamic and unpredictable nature of military action. From Mao, they learned the principles of guerrilla warfare. Important marketing warfare books include Business War Games by Barrie James, Marketing Warfare by Al Ries and Jack Trout and Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun by Wess Roberts.", "Chinese literature Among the classics of military science, The Art of War by Sun Tzu (6th century BC) was perhaps the first to outline guidelines for effective international diplomacy. It was also the first in a tradition of Chinese military treatises, such as the Wujing Zongyao (Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques, 1044 AD) and the Huolongjing (Fire Dragon Manual, 14th century AD).", "Principles of war The earliest known principles of war were documented by Sun Tzu, circa 500 BCE. Machiavelli published his \"General Rules\" in 1521 which were themselves modeled on Vegetius' Regulae bellorum generales (Epit. 3.26.1-33). Henri, Duke of Rohan established his \"Guides\" for war in 1644. Marquis de Silva presented his \"Principles\" for war in 1778. Henry Lloyd proffered his version of \"Rules\" for war in 1781 as well as his \"Axioms\" for war in 1781.Then in 1805, Antoine-Henri Jomini published his \"Maxims\" for War version 1, \"Didactic Resume\" and \"Maxims\" for War version 2. Carl von Clausewitz wrote his version in 1812 building on the work of earlier writers.", "Robert Greene (American author) The 33 Strategies of War is the third book by Greene and was published in 2007.[23] The book is divided into five parts: Self-Directed Warfare, Organizational (Team) Warfare, Defensive Warfare, Offensive Warfare and Unconventional (Dirty) Warfare.[23] The book is a guide to the campaign of everyday life and distills military wisdom from historical figures like Napoleon Bonaparte, Sun Tzu, Alfred Hitchcock, Alexander the Great and Margaret Thatcher.[24][25][26]", "The Art of War The Art of War is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in Electronic Sports. Particularly, one of the fundamental books about e-sports, \"Play To Win\" by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate David Sirlin, is actually just an analysis about possible applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modern Electronic Sports.", "The Art of War The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.[16]", "Management Management (according to some definitions) has existed for millennia, and several writers have produced background works that have contributed to modern management theories.[14][need quotation to verify] Some theorists have cited ancient military texts as providing lessons for civilian managers. For example, Chinese general Sun Tzu in his 6th century BC work The Art of War recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager's organization and a foe's.[14] The writings of influential Chinese Legalist philosopher Shen Buhai may be considered[by whom?] to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration.[15]", "The Art of War General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Võ, later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.[12] America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of American military theory.[12][13][14]", "Arthashastra The Arthashastra (IAST: Arthaśāstra) is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy, written in Sanskrit.[1][2] Likely to be the work of several authors over centuries,[3] Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text.[4][5] The latter was a scholar at Takshashila, the teacher and guardian of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.[6] However, scholars have questioned this identification.[7][8]", "The Art of War All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when we are able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must appear inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.", "Sun Tzu The Art of War was introduced into Japan c. AD 760 and the book quickly became popular among Japanese generals. Through its later influence on Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu,[32] it significantly affected the unification of Japan in the early modern era. Before the Meiji Restoration, mastery of its teachings was honored among the samurai and its teachings were both exhorted and exemplified by influential daimyōs and shōguns. It remained popular among the Imperial Japanese armed forces. The Admiral of the Fleet Tōgō Heihachirō, who led Japan's forces to victory in the Russo-Japanese War, was an avid reader of Sun Tzu.[33]", "Sun Tzu In 2008, the Chinese television producer Zhang Jizhong adapted Sun Tzu's life story into a 40-episode historical drama television series entitled Bing Sheng, starring Zhu Yawen as Sun Tzu.[43]", "International relations What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I, and is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the \"I\" and \"R\" in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite Sun Tzu's The Art of War (6th century BC), Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (5th century BC), Chanakya's Arthashastra (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince providing further elaboration.", "The Art of War The book was translated into Manchu as ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ\nᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ\nᠪᡝ\nᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ Wylie: Tchauhai paita be gisurengge,[30][31] Möllendorff: Coohai baita de gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War.[32]", "Sun Tzu The book has also become popular among political leaders and those in business management. Despite its title, The Art of War addresses strategy in a broad fashion, touching upon public administration and planning. The text outlines theories of battle, but also advocates diplomacy and the cultivation of relationships with other nations as essential to the health of a state.[24]", "Arthashastra It identifies its author by the names \"Kauṭilya\"[7] and \"Vishnugupta\" (Viṣṇugupta),[30] both names that are traditionally identified with Chanakya (Cāṇakya) (c. 350–283 BCE).[5]", "The Art of War All warfare is based on deception.", "Sun Tzu Ho Chi Minh translated the work for his Vietnamese officers to study. His general Vo Nguyen Giap, the strategist behind victories over French and American forces in Vietnam, was likewise an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.[34][35][36]", "History of guerrilla warfare The history of guerrilla warfare stretches back to ancient history. While guerrilla tactics can be viewed as a natural continuation of prehistoric warfare,[1] the Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War (6th century BCE), was the earliest to propose the use of guerrilla warfare.[2] This directly inspired the development of modern guerrilla warfare.;[2][3] Communist leaders like Mao Zedong and North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh both implemented guerrilla warfare in the style of Sun Tzu,[2] which served as a model for similar strategies elsewhere, such as the Cuban \"foco\" theory and the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan.[4] While the tactics of modern guerrilla warfare originate in the 20th century, irregular warfare, using elements later characteristic of modern guerrilla warfare, has existed throughout the battles of many ancient civilizations.", "The Art of War So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be put at risk even in a hundred battles.\nIf you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose.\nIf you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always endanger yourself.", "The Art of War The Art of War has been the subject of legal books[23] and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.[24][25][26][27]", "The Art of War The Art of War has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: It gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.", "The Art of War During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers studied The Art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory.[citation needed]", "The Art of War Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War. They both read it in French; Airo kept the French translation of the book on his bedside table in his quarters.[citation needed]", "Carl von Clausewitz Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz[note 1] (/ˈklaʊzəvɪts/; 1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831)[1] was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the \"moral\" (meaning, in modern terms, psychological) and political aspects of war. His most notable work, Vom Kriege (On War), was unfinished at his death.\nClausewitz was a realist in many different senses and, while in some respects a romantic, also drew heavily on the rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment.", "Sun Tzu Daoist rhetoric is a component incorporated in the Art of War. According to Steven C. Combs in \"Sun-zi and the Art of War: The Rhetoric of Parsimony\",[40] warfare is \"used as a metaphor for rhetoric, and that both are philosophically based arts.\"[40] Combs writes \"Warfare is analogous to persuasion, as a battle for hearts and minds.\"[40] The application of The Art of War strategies throughout history is attributed to its philosophical rhetoric. Daoism is the central principle in the Art of War. Combs compares ancient Daoist Chinese to traditional Aristotelian rhetoric, notably for the differences in persuasion. Daoist rhetoric in the art of war warfare strategies is described as \"peaceful and passive, favoring silence over speech\".[40] This form of communication is parsimonious. Parsimonious behavior, which is highly emphasized in The Art of War as avoiding confrontation and being spiritual in nature, shapes basic principles in Daoism.[41]", "The Art of War The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the Liu-t'ao 六韜, Su-shu 素書, and San-lueh 三略 – all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War.[33][34] The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai.[35] Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai.[36] These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci.[37] The military text Wu-tzu was translated into Manchu along with Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War.[38] Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during the rule of Hong Taiji in Mukden with Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts.[39] A Manchu translation was made of the military themed Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.[40][41] Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni.[42] The translations were ordered in 1629.[43][44] The translation of the military texts San-lüeh, Su-shu, and the Ta Ming hui-tien (the Ming law) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci.[45] While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of San-lüeh and Su Shu, military science was indeed found in the Liu-t'ao and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus and the Manchus were also attracted to the military content in Romance of the Three Kingdoms which is why it was translated.[46]", "The Art of War During the Sengoku period in Japan, a daimyō named Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War.[11] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard \"Fūrinkazan\" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.", "Wu (surname) In the 13th century B.C., the state of Zhou (which will later become the Zhou Dynasty) was ruled by Tai Wang (King Tai of Zhou). His surname was originally Ji (姬). He had three sons: Taibo, Zhongyong, and Jili. King Tai of Zhou favored the youngest son, Jili to inherit the reins of power, therefore Taibo and his brother Zhongyong voluntarily left Zhou with a group of followers and headed southeast where they established the state of Wu.[2][3] Taibo and Zhongyong's descendants eventually adopted Wu (吳) as their surname. The state of Wu later became a powerful kingdom of its own with the help of Generals Wu Zixu and Sun Tzu, the latter best known as the author of the military treatise The Art of War, both serving under King Helü of Wu. King Helü is considered to be one of the Five Hegemons of China during the Spring and Autumn period.", "Arthashastra Author(s)", "The Art of War If you know both yourself and your enemy, you can win numerous (literally, \"a hundred\") battles without jeopardy.", "The Art of War The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, lists The Art of War as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library.[15]", "The Art of War The Art of War has also been applied in the world of sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games.[28] Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the ancient work during their successful campaign.[29]", "Sun Tzu America's Asian conflicts against Japan, North Korea, and North Vietnam brought Sun Tzu to the attention of American military leaders. The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. The Art of War is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each facility, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings.[37] Similarly, Sun Tzu's Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program.[38] During the Gulf War in the 1990s, both Generals Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and Colin Powell employed principles from Sun Tzu related to deception, speed, and striking one's enemy's weak points.[32] However, the United States and other Western countries have been criticised for not truly understanding Sun Tzu's work and not appreciating The Art of War within the wider context of Chinese society.[39]", "Warring States period Many sayings of Spring and Autumn philosophers, which had previously been circulated orally, were put into writing in the Warring States. These include the Analects and The Art of War.", "The Art of War 兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。", "The Art of War The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān); the collection is referred to as being one zhuàn (\"whole\" or alternatively \"chronicle\").", "Military strategy The principles of military strategy emerged at least as far back as 500 BC in the works of Sun Tzu and Chanakya. The campaigns of Alexander the Great, Chandragupta Maurya, Hannibal, Qin Shi Huang, Julius CÃ¦sar, Zhuge Liang, Khalid ibn al-Walid and, in particular, Cyrus the Great demonstrate strategic planning and movement. Mahan describes in the preface to The Influence of Sea Power upon History how the Romans used their sea power to effectively block the sea lines of communication of Hannibal with Carthage; and so via a maritime strategy achieved Hannibal's removal from Italy, despite never beating him there with their legions.", "The Art of War Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate strategy.[18][19][20] Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key executives.[21] The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian value regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education.[22]", "Laozi Laozi (UK: /ˈlaʊˈzɪə/,[2] US: /ˈlaʊˈtsiː/; also Lao-Tzu /ˈlaʊˈtsuː/,[2] /ˈlaʊˈdzʌ/[3][4] or Lao-Tze /ˈlaʊˈdzeɪ/;[5] Chinese: 老子; pinyin: Lǎozǐ, literally \"Old Master\") was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching,[6] the founder of philosophical Taoism, and a deity in religious Taoism and traditional Chinese religions.", "History of guerrilla warfare The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War (6th century BC), was one of the first proponents of the use of guerrilla warfare.[2] The earliest description of guerrilla warfare is an alleged battle between Emperor Huang and the Miao in China.[5] Guerrilla warfare was not unique to China; nomadic and migratory tribes such as the Scythians, Goths, Vandals, and Huns used elements of guerrilla warfare to fight the Persian Empire, the Roman Empire, and Alexander the Great.[6] Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, widely regarded as the \"father of guerrilla warfare\" of his time, devised the Fabian strategy which was used to great effect against Hannibal Barca's army.[7][8] Guerrilla warfare was also a common strategy of the various Celtic, Iberian and Germanic tribes that the Romans faced. Caratacus, the British war chief, employed guerrilla warfare against the Romans for approximately 8 years, mixed in with occasional set piece battles. Despite ultimately being captured by the Romans, Tacitus writes that many Romans respected him. Other leaders of the time who employed guerrilla warfare to some effect included Viriathus, Arminius and Vercingetorix. In the Classic Ancient world, this kind of warfare was indirectly mentioned by the Greeks in Homeric stories, but usually as hit and run acts of foraging or booty in enemy territory, pretty much as later Vikings piracy. The Romans and Carthaginians learned of these tactics more as intended warfare by the Iberians before Viriathus and Hamilcar Barca in campaigns in Sicily against them.", "The Art of War According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB: \"I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness\".[17] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.", "Sun Tzu One of the more well-known stories about Sun Tzu, taken from Sima Qian, illustrates Sun Tzu's temperament as follows: Before hiring Sun Tzu, the King of Wu tested Sun Tzu's skills by commanding him to train a harem of 360 concubines into soldiers. Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines most favored by the king as the company commanders. When Sun Tzu first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, Sun Tzu said that the general, in this case himself, was responsible for ensuring that soldiers understood the commands given to them. Then, he reiterated the command, and again the concubines giggled. Sun Tzu then ordered the execution of the king's two favored concubines, to the king's protests. He explained that if the general's soldiers understood their commands but did not obey, it was the fault of the officers. Sun Tzu also said that, once a general was appointed, it was his duty to carry out his mission, even if the king protested. After both concubines were killed, new officers were chosen to replace them. Afterwards, both companies, now well aware of the costs of further frivolity, performed their maneuvers flawlessly.[11]", "Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Quote by Sun Tzu", "Legalism (Chinese philosophy) Shen's most famous successor Han Fei (c. 280 – 233 BC) synthesized the thought of the other \"Fa-Jia\" in his eponymous text, the Han Feizi. Written around 240 BC, the Han Feizi is commonly thought of as the greatest of all Legalist texts,[20] and is believed to contain the first commentaries on the Tao te Ching in history.[21] The grouping together of thinkers that would eventually be dubbed \"Fa-Jia\" or \"Legalists\" can be traced to him,[22][23] and The Art of War would seem to incorporate Taoist philosophy of inaction and impartiality, and Legalist punishment and rewards as systematic measures of organization, recalling Han Fei's concepts of power (shih) and tactics (shu).[24] Attracting the attention of the First Emperor,[25] It is often said that succeeding emperors followed the template set by Han Fei.[26]", "Literature In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced the world's first print cultures.[51] Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769â€’269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th-century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.", "Niccolò Machiavelli Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise, The Prince, written in 1513 but not published until 1532, five years after his death. Although he privately circulated The Prince among friends, the only theoretical work to be printed in his lifetime was The Art of War, which was about military science. Since the 16th century, generations of politicians remain attracted and repelled by its apparently neutral acceptance, or even positive encouragement, of the immorality of powerful men, described especially in The Prince but also in his other works.", "Laozi A semi-legendary figure, Laozi was usually portrayed as a 6th-century BC contemporary of Confucius, but some modern historians consider him to have lived during the Warring States period of the 4th century BC.[1] A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements[7] and Chinese Legalism.[8]", "The Art of War 知己知彼，百戰不殆。 (Zhī jǐ zhī bǐ, bǎi zhàn bù dài.)", "Military doctrine Chinese military doctrine is influenced by a number of sources including an indigenous classical military tradition characterized by strategists such as Sun Tzu and modern strategists such as Mao Zedong, along with Western and Soviet influences. One distinctive characteristic of Chinese military science is that it places emphasis on the relationship between the military and society as well as views military force as merely one part of an overarching grand strategy.", "Tigranes the Great In The Art of War (1521), Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli attributes Tigranes' military failure to his excessive reliance on his cavalry.[27]", "Arthashastra â€” Kautilya, Chanakya Sutra 1-6[43]", "Military science Chinese military doctrine is currently in a state of flux as the People's Liberation Army is evaluating military trends of relevance to China. Chinese military doctrine is influenced by a number of sources including an indigenous classical military tradition characterized by strategists such as Sun Tzu, Western and Soviet influences, as well as indigenous modern strategists such as Mao Zedong. One distinctive characteristic of Chinese military science is that it places emphasis on the relationship between the military and society as well as viewing military force as merely one part of an overarching grand strategy.", "The Art of War Another Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying.[47]", "The Art of War This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb:", "The Art of War The Art of War was released in 2014 as an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a forward by Thomas Johansson.", "Tuscany Niccolò Machiavelli, author of The Prince", "Chemical warfare Arsenical smokes were known to the Chinese as far back as c. 1000 BC[6] and Sun Tzu's \"Art of War\" (c. 200 BC) advises the use of fire weapons. In the second century BC, writings of the Mohist sect in China describe the use of bellows to pump smoke from burning balls of toxic plants and vegetables into tunnels being dug by a besieging army. Other Chinese writings dating around the same period contain hundreds of recipes for the production of poisonous or irritating smokes for use in war along with numerous accounts of their use. These accounts describe an arsenic-containing \"soul-hunting fog\", and the use of finely divided lime dispersed into the air to suppress a peasant revolt in 178 AD.[citation needed]", "Legalism (Chinese philosophy) The scholar Shen Dao (350 â€“ c. 275 BC) covered a \"remarkable\" quantity of Legalist and Taoistic themes.[140] Incorporated into the Han Feizi and The Art of War, he nonetheless lacked a recognizable group of followers.[141]", "The Art of War In many East Asian countries, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations. Various translations are available.", "Carl von Clausewitz Clausewitz was a professional combat soldier who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, utilizing the campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoleon as frames of reference for his work.[10] He wrote a careful, systematic, philosophical examination of war in all its aspects. The result was his principal book, On War, a major work on the philosophy of war. It was unfinished when Clausewitz died and contains material written at different stages in his intellectual evolution, producing some significant contradictions between different sections. The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate, as are exact meaning behind his seemingly contradictory claims (discussions pertinent to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war are one example). Clausewitz constantly sought to revise the text, particularly between 1827 and his departure on his last field assignments, to include more material on \"people's war\" and forms of war other than high-intensity warfare between states, but relatively little of this material was included in the book.[9] Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Leo Tolstoy, both of which were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.", "Confucius Confucius (/kənˈfjuːʃəs/; September 28, 551 BC – 479 BC)[1][2] was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.", "The Art of War (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony album) World War 2", "Warring States period The Warring States was a great period for military strategy; of the Seven Military Classics of China, four were written during this period:", "Military strategy Many military strategists have attempted to encapsulate a successful strategy in a set of principles. Sun Tzu defined 13 principles in his The Art of War while Napoleon listed 115 maxims. American Civil War General Nathan Bedford Forrest had only one: to \"[get] there first with the most men\".[18] The concepts given as essential in the United States Army Field Manual of Military Operations (FM 3–0) are:[19]", "Tupac Shakur While imprisoned, Shakur became interested in philosophy, philosophy of war, and military strategy by studying the works such as The Prince by Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and The Art of War by Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu.[141] The works inspired his pseudonym \"Makaveli\", under which he released the album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. The album presents a stark contrast to previous works. Throughout the album, Shakur continues to focus on the themes of pain and aggression, making this album one of the emotionally darker works of his career.", "The Art of War (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony album) World War 1", "Robert Greene (American author) Robert Greene (born May 14, 1959) is an American author known for his books on strategy, power and seduction.[1][2] He has written five international bestsellers: The 48 Laws of Power, The Art of Seduction, The 33 Strategies of War, The 50th Law (with rapper 50 Cent) and Mastery.[3]", "Thucydides Thucydides (/θjuːˈsɪdɪdiːz/; Greek: Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs [tʰuːkydídɛːs]; c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of \"scientific history\" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work.[1][2]", "Analects The Analects (Chinese: 論語; Old Chinese:*run ŋ(r)aʔ; pinyin: lúnyǔ; literally: \"Edited Conversations\"),[2] also known as the Analects of Confucius, is a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled and written by Confucius' followers. It is believed to have been written during the Warring States period (475–221 BC), and it achieved its final form during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). By the early Han dynasty the Analects was considered merely a \"commentary\" on the Five Classics, but the status of the Analects grew to be one of the central texts of Confucianism by the end of that dynasty." ]	[ "The Art of War The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asia.[1] It has a profound influence on Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond." ]
test1460	distributes the powers between union and state government in federation	[ "doc52077" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc52077", "doc1560226", "doc686459", "doc53352", "doc53348", "doc686500", "doc53277", "doc1560208", "doc53347", "doc819239", "doc673198", "doc52081", "doc297207", "doc53295", "doc1707780", "doc53317", "doc1540556", "doc416696", "doc1560224", "doc1707781", "doc52080", "doc2232399", "doc573530", "doc429618", "doc86790", "doc53316", "doc32976", "doc1560225", "doc53298", "doc673201", "doc794498", "doc1216371", "doc53296", "doc819238", "doc297205", "doc52083", "doc885935", "doc52078", "doc686499", "doc686496", "doc166230", "doc783666", "doc52082", "doc52085", "doc1700250", "doc606371", "doc2637790", "doc53286", "doc1373413", "doc774765", "doc1141787", "doc264726", "doc52092", "doc1540564", "doc972360", "doc53321", "doc52087", "doc140019", "doc1560206", "doc686474", "doc673199", "doc53279", "doc69359", "doc1055634", "doc387612", "doc81166", "doc281395", "doc32899", "doc2045778", "doc2637789", "doc686469", "doc28881", "doc52088", "doc2227452", "doc52094", "doc53290", "doc1700223", "doc175801", "doc1373428", "doc925760", "doc925759", "doc53351", "doc62048", "doc1707782", "doc377130", "doc1560210", "doc1345802", "doc53350", "doc53278", "doc2640371", "doc309932", "doc297210", "doc324526", "doc885962", "doc562496", "doc81161", "doc53297", "doc52095", "doc67627", "doc606372" ]	[ "Federalism in India The Constitution of India gives a federal structure to the Republic of India, declaring it to be a \"Union of States\". Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the Union or Federal or Central government, and the States of India.[1] The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List, a State List and a Concurrent List, representing, respectively, the powers conferred upon the Union government, those conferred upon the State governments and the shared powers.", "Dual federalism Constitutions with delegations of broad powers to the state level of government that resemble the Constitution of the United States include the Constitution of Australia and the Constitution of Canada. The Australian Constitution was designed to enumerate a limited range of federal powers and leave the rest to the states. The Canadian Constitution, in contrast, assigned all residual powers to the federal government and enumerated a complete list of state powers.[57][58] The Austrian Constitution, Constitution of Germany, and Swiss Constitution enumerate few policy fields exclusive to the states, but enumerate extensive concurrent powers. The federations operate chiefly through legislation produced by the federal government and left to the Länder or state governments to implement.[51][54][59][60][61]", "Federation A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs.[1][2]", "Federalism Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national...\" This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.", "Federalism In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.", "Federation Federal government is the government at the level of the sovereign state. Usual responsibilities of this level of government are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, a modern federal government, within the limits defined by its constitution, has the power to make laws for the whole country, unlike local governments. As originally written, the United States Constitution was created to limit the federal government from exerting power over the states by enumerating only specific powers. It was further limited by the addition of the Tenth Amendment contained in the Bill of Rights and the Eleventh Amendment. However, later amendments, particularly the Fourteenth Amendment, gave the federal government considerable authority over states.", "Federalism Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established.[1] It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.[2]", "Dual federalism In 1787, the Convention almost immediately dropped its original purpose of editing the Articles and instead drafted a new Constitution of the United States. Rejecting both confederal and unitary systems, they based the new American government on a new theory of federalism, a system of shared sovereignty that delegates some powers to the federal government and reserves other powers for the states.[4][5] Among other powers, the federal legislature could now tax citizens and maintain a standing military, and had exclusive power over regulating interstate commerce and coining currency.[3][6] In addition, while Article Six of the Constitution stipulated that federal law in pursuit of constitutionally assigned ends overrode any contradictory state law, the power of the national government was held in check by the Bill of Rights â€“ particularly the Tenth Amendment, which limited federal governmental powers to only those specified in the Constitution.[7]", "Federalism In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution. Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched. Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence.", "Politics According to professor A. V. Dicey in An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the essential features of a federal constitution are: a) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent disputes between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities; b) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches.[14]", "Federalism in the United States Federalism in the United States is the constitutional division of power between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States. Since the founding of the country, and particularly with the end of the American Civil War, power shifted away from the states and towards the national government. The progression of federalism includes dual, state-centered, and new federalism.", "Federalism in India Union List consists of 100 items (previously 97 items) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate including: defence, armed forces, arms and ammunition, atomic energy, foreign affairs, war and peace, citizenship, extradition, railways, shipping and navigation, airways, posts and telegraphs, telephones, wireless and broadcasting, currency, foreign trade, inter-state trade and commerce, banking, insurance, control of industries, regulation and development of mines, mineral and oil resources, elections, audit of Government accounts, constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court, High Courts and union public service commission, income tax, custom duties and export duties, duties of excise, corporation tax, taxes on capital value of assets, estate duty, terminal taxes.[4][1]", "Constitution A federal state has a central structure with at most a small amount of territory mainly containing the institutions of the federal government, and several regions (called states, provinces, etc.) which compose the territory of the whole state. Sovereignty is divided between the centre and the constituent regions. The constitutions of Canada and the United States establish federal states, with power divided between the federal government and the provinces or states. Each of the regions may in turn have its own constitution (of unitary nature).", "Federalism In Canada the system of federalism is described by the division of powers between the federal parliament and the country's provincial governments. Under the Constitution Act (previously known as the British North America Act) of 1867, specific powers of legislation are allotted. Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation, whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers.", "Part XI of the Constitution of India The Constitution provides for a three-fold distribution of legislative subjects between the Union and the states, viz., List-I (the Union List), List-II (the State List) and List-III (the Concurrent List) in the Seventh Schedule: (i) The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the Union List. This list has at present 100 subjects (originally 97 subjects) like defence, banking, foreign affairs, currency, atomic energy, insurance, communication, inter-state trade and commerce, census, audit and so on. (ii) The state legislature has “in normal circumstances” exclusive powers to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List. This has at present 61 subjects (originally 66 subjects) like public order, police, public health and sanitation, agriculture, prisons, local government, fisheries, markets, theaters, gambling and so on. (iii) Both, the Parliament and state legislature can make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List. This list has at present 52 subjects (originally 47 subjects) like criminal law and procedure, civil procedure, marriage and divorce, population control and family planning, electricity, labour wel-fare, economic and social planning, drugs, newspapers, books and printing press, and others. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred five subjects to Concurrent List from State List, that is, (a) education, (b) forests, (c) weights and measures, (d) protection of wild animals and birds, and (e) administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high courts. The power to make laws with respect to residuary subjects (i.e., the matters which are not enumerated in any of the three lists) is vested in the Parliament. This residuary power of legislation includes the power to levy residuary taxes. From the above scheme, it is clear that the matters of national importance and the matters which requires uniformity of legislation nationwide are included in the Union List. The matters of regional and local importance and the matters which permits diversity of interest are specified in the State List. The matters on which uniformity of legislation throughout the country is desirable but not essential are enumerated in the concurrent list. Thus, it permits diversity along with uniformity.", "Federalism Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states.[21] The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.", "State government The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal nation with six states (and two mainland territories). Section 51 of the Australian Constitution sets out the division of legislative power between the states and the Commonwealth (federal) government. The Commonwealth government is given a variety of legislative powers, including control of foreign policy, taxation (although this cannot discriminate between states or parts of states), and regulation of interstate commerce and corporations.[1] Since the original ratification of the constitution, the High Court of Australia has settled a number of disputes concerning the extent of the Commonwealth's legislative powers, some of which have been controversial and extensively criticised; these included a dispute in 1982 over whether the Commonwealth was entitled to designate land for national heritage purposes under United Nations agreements,[2] as well as numerous disputes over the extent of the Commonwealth's power over trade union and industrial relations legislation.[3]", "United States constitutional law Supporters of federalism believed that a division of power between federal and state governments would decrease the likelihood of tyranny, which on a federal level would be much more concerning than its occurrence locally. The framers felt the states were in the best position to restrict such movements.[3] Another frequently raised value of federalism is the notion that since the states are much closer to the people, they can be more responsive to and effective in resolving the localized concerns of the public.[4] Accordingly, the Constitution explicitly enumerates the powers given to the federal government and bestows the remaining discretion to the states.", "Dual federalism The governments of Argentina, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Comoros, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Spain, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela also operate through federalism[46][47][48][49] The federations of Australia, Canada, and Switzerland most closely resemble the model of American dual federalism in which fundamental governmental powers are divided between the federal and state governments, with the states exercising broad powers.[50][51]", "Part XI of the Constitution of India In US, only the powers of the Federal Government are enumerated in the Constitution and the residuary powers are left to the states. The Australian Constitution followed the American pattern of single enumeration of powers. In Canada, on the other hand, there is a double enumerationâ€”Federal and Provincial, and the residuary powers are vested in the Centre.", "Federalism in India The power of the states and the Centre are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists:[3]", "Union List The Union List or List-I is a list of 100 numbered items (the last item is numbered 97) given in Seventh Schedule in the Constitution of India on which Parliament has exclusive power to legislate. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.[1]", "States and union territories of India The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[1]", "State List The State List or List-II is a list of 61 items (Initially there were 66 items in the list) in Schedule Seven to the Constitution of India. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.[1]", "Limited government The Tenth Amendment states “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”[7] This limits the authority of the United States government to those powers listed in the Constitution and concedes the premise that individual States retain the powers not granted to the national government but that are also not barred to the States by the Constitution. Also, it grants that the people themselves retain power under this system of government as well. These are key points of the concept of limited government established by the Constitution in the United States because they overtly state the power of the federal government is not unlimited.", "Federalism Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In \"Federalist No. 46,\" James Madison asserted that the states and national government \"are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.\" Alexander Hamilton, writing in \"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: \"If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.\" (1)", "United States Constitution The Tenth Amendment (1791) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states. The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution. These powers include the power to declare war, to collect taxes, to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments. Any power not listed is, says the Tenth Amendment, left to the states or the people. While there is no specific list of what these \"reserved powers\" may be, the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations, commerce within a state's own borders, and local law enforcement activities, are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people.[75]", "Dual federalism While the American federalist system allocates both legislative and administrative powers to each division of government, European federations have historically allocated legislative powers to the federal government and left constituents to administer and implement these laws.[52][53][54] Most western federalist systems in recent years have drifted away from autonomous levels of governments with strong state powers and moved toward more centralized federal governments, as seen in the American government's transition from dual to cooperative federalism.[54][55][56] The Canadian and Australian federal systems closely resemble the American construct of dual federalism in that their legislative and executive powers are allocated in the same policy area to a single level of government.[57][58] In contrast, some federal structures, such as those of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, consist of federal governments exercising broad legislative powers and constituent governments allocated the power to administer such legislation in a style similar to cooperative federalism.[51][59][60][61]", "Federalism The government of India is based on a 3 tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:", "Federalism in the United States In 1787, fifty-five delegates met at a Constitutional convention in Philadelphia and generated ideas of a bicameral legislature (United States Congress), balanced representation of small and large states (Great Compromise), and checks and balances. James Madison stated in a long pre-convention memorandum to delegates that because \"one could hardly expect the state legislatures to take enlightened views on national affairs\", stronger central government was necessary.[2] This convention almost immediately dropped its original mandate and instead set about constructing a new Constitution of the United States. Once the convention concluded and released the Constitution for public consumption, the Federalist movement became focused on getting the Constitution ratified.", "Constitutional law Constitutional laws may often be considered second order rule making or rules about making rules to exercise power. It governs the relationships between the judiciary, the legislature and the executive with the bodies under its authority. One of the key tasks of constitutions within this context is to indicate hierarchies and relationships of power. For example, in a unitary state, the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and legislature, and judiciary, though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities. When a constitution establishes a federal state, it will identify the several levels of government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking, application and enforcement. Some federal states, most notably the United States, have separate and parallel federal and state judiciaries, with each having its own hierarchy of courts with a supreme court for each state. India, on the other hand, has one judiciary divided into district courts, high courts, and the Supreme Court of India.", "States and territories of Australia Legislative powers of the states are protected by the Australian constitution, section 107, and under the principle of federalism Commonwealth legislation only applies to the states where permitted by the constitution. The territories, by contrast, are from a constitutional perspective directly subject to the Commonwealth Government; laws for territories are determined by the Australian Parliament.[12]", "Federalism For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution, the federal government retains residual powers; however, conflict between the two levels of government, relating to which level has legislative jurisdiction over various matters, has been a longstanding and evolving issue. Areas of contest include legislation with respect to regulation of the economy, taxation, and natural resources.", "Politics There are many forms of government. One form is a strong central government as in France and China. Another form is local government, such as the ancient divisions in England that are comparatively weaker but less bureaucratic. These two forms helped to shape the practice of federal government, first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1871 and in 1901, Australia. Federal states introduced the new principle of agreement or contract. Compared to a federation, a confederation has a more dispersed system of judicial power.[13] In the American Civil War, the contention of the Confederate States that a State could secede from the Union was untenable because of the power enjoyed by the Federal government in the executive, legislative and judiciary branches.[citation needed]", "Constitution Constitutions also establish where sovereignty is located in the state. There are three basic types of distribution of sovereignty according to the degree of centralisation of power: unitary, federal, and confederal. The distinction is not absolute.", "Federalism in India Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List, articles 249, 250, 252, and 253 state situations in which the Union government can legislate on these items.[4]", "Australian constitutional law The Constitution sets up the Commonwealth of Australia as a federal polity, with enumerated limited specific powers conferred on the Federal Parliament. The State Parliaments are not assigned specific enumerated powers; rather the powers of their predecessor colonial Parliaments are continued except insofar as they are expressly withdrawn or vested exclusively in the Federal Parliament by the Constitution. The framers rejected an alternative model, the Canadian,[6] which has been described as \"an allocation of exclusive powers to both levels of government, not concurrent powers.\"[7]", "Federalism in India The federalism is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all the same. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under the Article 370.[1] The Union Territories are unitary type directly governed by the Union government though Article 1 (1) of the constitution stipulates a two tier-governance with an additional local elected government by the local citizens throughout the country. However, Delhi and Puducherry have been accorded their own legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A respectively.[1]", "Federation The federal government is the common or national government of a federation. A federal government may have distinct powers at various levels authorized or delegated to it by its member states. The structure of federal governments vary. Based on a broad definition of a basic federalism, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution.", "Federation Certain forms of political and constitutional dispute are common to federations. One issue is that the exact division of power and responsibility between federal and regional governments is often a source of controversy. Often, as is the case with the United States, such conflicts are resolved through the judicial system, which delimits the powers of federal and local governments. The relationship between federal and local courts varies from nation to nation and can be a controversial and complex issue in itself.", "U.S. state States' rights are understood mainly with reference to the Tenth Amendment. The Constitution delegates some powers to the national government, and it forbids some powers to the states. The Tenth Amendment reserves all other powers to the states, or to the people. Powers of the U.S Congress are enumerated in Article I, Section 8, for example, the power to declare war. Making treaties is a power forbidden to the states, listed among other such powers in Article I, Section 10.", "Government Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. The term \"federalism\" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists.", "Federalism in India State List consists of 61 items (previously 66 items). Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list: maintaining law and order, police forces, healthcare, transport, land policies, electricity in the state, village administration, etc. The state legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects. But in certain circumstances, the parliament can also make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List, then the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) has to pass a resolution with a two-thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate on this state list in the national interest.[1]", "Federalism in India The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects. However, there are many provisions made in the constitution outside these lists permitting parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate. Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245, the power to legislate on residuary subjects (not mentioned anywhere in the constitution), rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248.[5] Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the procedure per Article 368 as constitutional amendments.", "Canadian federalism Much distribution of power has been ambiguous, leading to disputes which have been decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and (after 1949) the Supreme Court of Canada. The nature of the Canadian constitution was described by the Privy Council in 1913 as not truly federal (unlike the United States and Australia); although the British North America Act, 1867, states in its preamble that the colonies had expressed \"their desire to be federally united into one Dominion\", \"the natural and literal interpretation of the word [federal] confines its application to cases in which these States, while agreeing on a measure of delegation, yet in the main continue to preserve their original Constitutions\". The Privy Council determined that the Fathers of Confederation desired a \"general Government charged with matters of common interest, and new and merely local Governments for the Provinces\". Matters other than those listed in the British North America Act, 1867, as the responsibility of the federal or provincial parliaments fell to the federal legislature (the reverse of the arrangement between the federal and state congresses in the United States).[nb 38]", "States' rights In American political discourse, states' rights are political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment. The enumerated powers that are listed in the Constitution include exclusive federal powers, as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are contrasted with the reserved powers—also called states' rights—that only the states possess.[1][2]", "Separation of powers in Australia One of the bases for the separation of powers in the Constitution is that the powers of the Parliament are found in Chapter I, executive powers are in Chapter II and judicial powers are in Chapter III. In 1915 it had been held that the separation of powers precluded the exercise of judicial power by the Inter-State Commission, provided for at section 101,[28] in Chapter IV Finance and Trade.[9] The power to make laws for the government of the territories is found in section 122,[29] located in Chapter VI New States. How section 122 relates to Chapter III is \"a problem of interpretation ... which has vexed judges and commentators since the earliest days of Federation\"[30] Three of the six judges in the Stolen Generations case,[31] held that the separation of powers doctrine did not apply to the power to make laws for a territory under section 122 of the Constitution. The High Court went on to hold in 2004 that federal jurisdiction can be invested by the Australian Parliament in a Territory court as well as in a State court.[32] In 2015 the question was again considered by the High Court where Gageler J,[33]:at [118] and Keane J,[33]:at [161] held that the power under section 122 was not constrained by the doctrine of separation of powers enshrined in Chapter III of the Constitution. Keane J similarly held . The other members of the Court, French CJ, Kiefel and Bell JJ,[33]:at [46] and Nettle and Gordon JJ,[33]:at [194] found it was unnecessary to answer the question.", "Federalism In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while \"Anti-Federalists\" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of \"federalism\" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that \"federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.", "Law of Australia The Australian Constitution is the legal foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia and sets out a federal system of government, dividing power between the federal Government and the States and territories, each of which are separate jurisdictions and have their own system of courts and parliaments. The constitutional framework of Australia is a combination of elements of the Westminster and United States systems of government. The federal legislature has the power to pass laws with respect to a number of express areas,[1] which apply to the whole of Australia and override any State laws to the extent of any inconsistency.[2] However, beyond those express areas the States legislatures generally have plenary power to enact laws on any subject.[3]", "Central government A federal government is the common or national government of a federation. The United States is considered the first modern federation. After declaring independence from Britain, the U.S. adopted its first constitution, the Articles of Confederation in 1781. This was the first step towards federalism by establishing the confederal Congress. However, Congress was limited as to its ability to pursue economic, military, and judiciary reform. In 1787, a Constitutional Convention drafted the United States Constitution during the Philadelphia Convention. After the ratification of the Constitution by nine states in 1788, the U.S. was officially a federation, putting the U.S. in a unique position where the central government exists by the sufferance of the individual states rather than the reverse.", "Government of Australia Section 1 of the Australian Constitution creates a democratic legislature, the bicameral Parliament of Australia which consists of the Queen of Australia, and two houses of parliament, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities (known as \"heads of power\") to the Commonwealth government. All remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States (previously separate colonies). Further, each State has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments, none of which can encroach on the functions of any other. The High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States, or among the States, concerning their respective functions.", "United States Bill of Rights The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or the people. The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states, but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government.[116]", "Federalism in India States can make agreements between themselves without violating applicable laws in respective states. When a dispute arises with another state or group of states or Union Territory or central government, Supreme Court shall adjudicate in such disputes per Article 141 of the constitution. However, article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of any dispute in the use, distribution or control of the interstate river waters per Article 262.", "State government Under the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, all governmental powers not granted to the Federal government of the United States nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.", "Enumerated powers The Enumerated powers of the United States Congress are listed in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution. In summary, Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it, subject to the individual rights listed in the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the Constitution expresses various other limitations on Congress, such as the one expressed by the Tenth Amendment: \"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" Historically, Congress and the Supreme Court have broadly interpreted the enumerated powers, especially by deriving many implied powers from them.[1] The enumerated powers listed in Article One include both exclusive federal powers, as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are to be contrasted with reserved powers that only the states possess.[2][3]", "Federalism Dual federalism holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals, each sovereign.", "Federalism in India The Union and states have independent executive staffs fully controlled by their respective governments and executive power of the states and the Centre are extended on issues they are empowered to legislate. As in legislative matters, in administrative matters also, the Central government can not overrule the constitutional rights/powers of a state government except when president rule is promulgated in a state. It is the duty of the Union to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution as per Article 355. Article 256 of the Constitution has made it clear that the State governments cannot go against the Central laws in administrative matters. When a State has failed to work according to the Constitution, President’s rule is imposed under Article 356 and President takes over its (the State’s) administration with post facto consent of the Parliament per Article 357.", "Constitution Act, 1867 The powers of government are divided between the provinces and the federal government and are described in sections 91 to 95 of the Act. Sections 91 and 92 are of particular importance, as they enumerate the subjects for which each jurisdiction can enact law, with section 91 listing matters of federal jurisdiction and section 92 listing matters of provincial jurisdiction. Sections 92A and 93 are concerned with non-renewable natural resources and education, respectively (both are primarily provincial responsibilities). Section 94 leaves open a possible change to laws regarding property and civil rights, which so far has not been realized. Sections 94A and 95, meanwhile, address matters of shared jurisdiction, namely old age pensions (section 94A) and agriculture and immigration (section 95).", "Dual federalism Dual federalism, also known as layer-cake federalism or divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government. Dual federalism is defined in contrast to cooperative federalism (\"marble-cake federalism\"), in which federal and state governments collaborate on policy.", "Federation It is often part of the philosophy of a unitary state that, regardless of the actual status of any of its parts, its entire territory constitutes a single sovereign entity or nation-state,[citation needed] and that by virtue of this the central government exercises sovereignty over the whole territory as of right. In a federation, on the other hand, sovereignty is often regarded as residing notionally in the component states, or as being shared between these states and the central government.[citation needed]", "Federalism in the United States Federalism was a political solution for the problems with the Articles of Confederation which gave little practical authority to the federal government. For example, the Articles allowed the Continental Congress the power to sign treaties and declare war, but it could not raise taxes to pay for an army and all major decisions required a unanimous vote.[1]", "Federalism Leading examples of the federation or federal state include the United States, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Switzerland, Argentina, Australia and India. Some also today characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the federal union of states.[6]", "Federation of Australia Although the Swiss Federal Constitution provided another example, it was inevitable that the delegates should look to the Constitution of the United States as the other major model of a federation within the English-speaking world. It gave just a few powers to the federal government and left the majority of matters within the legislative competence of the states. It also provided that the Senate should consist of an equal number of members from each State while the Lower House should reflect the national distribution of population. Andrew Inglis Clark, a long-time admirer of American federal institutions, introduced the US Constitution as an example of the protection of States' rights. He presented it as an alternative to the Canadian model, arguing that Canada was \"an instance of amalgamation rather than Federation.\"[5] The introduction by Deakin of James Bryce's The American Commonwealth also had far-reaching influence.[6]", "Forms of government Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. The term \"federalism\" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists.", "State constitution (United States) The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, provides that \"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" The Guarantee Clause of Article 4 of the Constitution states that \"The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government.\" These two provisions indicate states did not surrender their wide latitude to adopt a constitution, the fundamental documents of state law, when the U.S. Constitution was adopted.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation: \"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.\"[6] After the Constitution was ratified, South Carolina Representative Thomas Tudor Tucker and Massachusetts Representative Elbridge Gerry separately proposed similar amendments limiting the federal government to powers \"expressly\" delegated, which would have denied implied powers.[7] James Madison opposed the amendments, stating that \"it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia.\"[7] When a vote on this version of the amendment with \"expressly delegated\" was defeated, Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form, omitting \"expressly.\"[8] Sherman's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause.[8][9]", "Law of India The constitution prescribes a federal structure of government, with a clearly defined separation of legislative and executive powers between the Federation and the States.[14] Each State Government has the freedom to draft its own laws on subjects classified as state subjects.[15] Laws passed by the Parliament of India and other pre-existing central laws on subjects classified as central subjects are binding on all citizens. However, the Constitution also has certain unitary features, such as vesting power of amendment solely in the Federal Government,[16] the absence of dual citizenship,[17] and the overriding authority assumed by the Federal Government in times of emergency.[18]", "United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.[1] The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified constitution in force of the world.[2]", "State governments of the United States While each state government within the United States holds legal and administrative jurisdiction within its bounds,[3] they are not sovereign in the Westphalian sense in international law which says that each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs, and that each State (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law.[4] Additionally, the member states of the United States do not possess international legal sovereignty, meaning that they are not recognized by other sovereign States such as, for example, France, Germany or the United Kingdom,[4] nor do they possess full interdependence sovereignty (a term popularized by international relations professor Stephen D. Krasner),[5] meaning that they cannot control movement of persons across state borders.[4] The idea of \"dual sovereignty\" or \"separate sovereigns\" is derived from the 10th Amendment to the Constitution, which states that \"the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\"[3] Structured in accordance with state law (including state constitutions and state statutes), state governments share the same structural model as the federal system, with three branches of governmentâ€”executive, legislative, and judicial.", "Separation of powers in Australia In 2017 the NSW Court of Appeal held that the effect of section 39 of the Judiciary Act 1903,[24] was to make all matters falling within section 75,[25] and section 76,[26] of the Constitution the exercise of federal jurisdiction, including a dispute between the residents of different States. It followed that the federal separation of powers meant that a State tribunal was unable to determine a dispute between residents of different States.[27]", "Federation The component states are in some sense sovereign, insofar as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government. However, a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states. The component states of a federation usually possess no powers in relation to foreign policy and so enjoy no independent status under international law. However, German LÃ¤nder have that power,[3] which is beginning to be exercised on a European level.", "Separation of powers The separation of powers, often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle, is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, a state's government is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislature are unified.", "Federalism in India Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available to the states for public purpose.[1][6] Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the Union government. However, the Union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India.[7]", "Federalist No. 51 In 1797, power over people was divided both through federalism (between the federal government and the state governments) and through branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) within the national (or federal) government. Because of the division of power, a \"double security arises to the rights of the people. The governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself\".[3]", "Federalism in India Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India (Bharat) shall be Union of States which are elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution. Article 1 (3) says territories of India constitute territories of states, union territories and other acquired territories. The concept of union territory was not there from the beginning of the constitution and it was incorporated by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.[8] In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories. Where it refers to only India, it is applicable to all states only but not to union territories. Thus, union public service commission role is not applicable to the union territories as it refers to India only in the Part XIV.", "Federalism Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina. In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a confederation in actuality.", "Canadian federalism Canadian federalism (French: fédéralisme canadien) involves the current nature and historical development of federal systems in Canada. Canada is a federation with 11 jurisdictions of governmental authority: the country-wide federal Crown and 10 provincial Crowns. (Three territorial governments in the far north exercise powers delegated by the federal parliament, and municipal governments exercise powers delegated by the province or territory.) Each, generally independent from the others in its realm of legislative authority,[1] derives its authority from the Canadian Crown and includes the Queen-in-Parliament, the Queen-in-Council, and the Queen's Bench. Most sectors are under federal jurisdiction (such as foreign affairs and telecommunications) or that of the provinces, such as education and healthcare. The division of powers is outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly the British North America Act 1867), a key document in the Constitution of Canada.", "Liberal democracy The liberal democratic constitution defines the democratic character of the state. The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government. Liberal democracy emphasises the separation of powers, an independent judiciary and a system of checks and balances between branches of government. Liberal democracies are likely to emphasise the importance of the state being a Rechtsstaat, i.e. a state that follows the principle of rule of law. Governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. Many democracies use federalism—also known as vertical separation of powers—in order to prevent abuse and increase public input by dividing governing powers between municipal, provincial and national governments (e.g., Germany where the federal government assumes the main legislative responsibilities and the federated Länder assume many executive tasks).[citation needed]", "Law of Australia The legislative powers of the federal Parliament are limited to those set out under an enumerated list of subject matters in section 51 of the Constitution. These powers include a power to legislate on matters \"incidental\" to the other powers,[17] similar to the United States necessary and proper clause. The Parliament of the Commonwealth can also legislate on matters referred to it by the Parliament of one or more States.[18] In contrast, with a few exceptions[19] the State legislatures generally have plenary power to enact laws on any subject. However, federal laws prevail over State laws where there is any inconsistency.[2] The High Court of Australia has jurisdiction to determine disputes about whether a law is within power and consistent with the Constitution.[20]", "Reserved powers In Canada, for example, the reserved powers lie with the federal government; in the United States, the reserved powers lie with the constituent states.[1][2]", "Reserved powers In comparative federalism and comparative constitutionalism, reserved powers or residual powers are those powers which are not \"enumerated\" (written down, assigned). In various federal and decentralized political systems, certain subjects are assigned to either the central (or federal) government or the regional (or state or provincial) government; however it is not possible to list all possible subjects that might be legislated on for all time. Therefore, the framers of major constitutional documents tend to assign all other subjects that may arise after the document is enacted to one of the two orders of government. This is considered a major power in its own right.", "Federalism Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei orgânica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.", "Supreme Court of the United States There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power. While Framers such as James Madison[229] and Alexander Hamilton[230] argued in The Federalist Papers that their then-proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments,[231][232][233][234] others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers' wishes.[235] The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants \"powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce. For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005.[236] Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress's power over interstate commerce was \"complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution.\"[237] Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is \"quite broad.\"[238] Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today.[237] Advocates of states' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court, saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority. Justice Brandeis, in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy.[239] One critic wrote \"the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state, not federal, law.\"[240] However, others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends \"protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level.\"[241]", "Part XI of the Constitution of India The Government of India (GoI) Act of 1935 provided for a three-fold enumeration, viz., federal, provincial and concurrent. The present Constitution follows the scheme of this act but with one difference, that is, under this act, the residuary powers were given neither to the federal legislature nor to the provincial legislature but to the governor-general of India. In this respect, India follows the Canadian precedent.", "Concurrent List The Concurrent List or List-III (Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though the last item is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government.[1]", "Dual federalism Since the initial division of state and federal powers – collectively, the system of dual federalism – put forth by the Constitution, several seminal court cases have helped further clarify the purview of the federal government. One such case, McCulloch v. Maryland, concerned the constitutionality of a federally chartered bank, which bankers and many legislators in Maryland opposed.[11] Although the ability to charter a bank had not been explicitly granted to the federal government in the Constitution, federalist proponents argued such action as necessary for the federal government to exercise its constitutional power to “tax, borrow, and regulate interstate commerce.”[11] The Supreme Court, in essence, backed Alexander Hamilton's interpretation of the Constitution over Thomas Jefferson[12]. Thus, the banks legitimacy was ensured by the Necessary and Proper Clause.[11]", "States of Germany Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (Basic Law, or Grundgesetz), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defence, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas, including \"culture\", which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training. Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat (\"Federal Council\", the upper house of the German Federal Parliament) and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties \"with the consent of the federal government\".[3]", "Federalism It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances. The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts.", "Federalism Federalism differs from confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level.[3] It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation,[4] bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state.[5]", "Institutions of the European Union While the EU's system of governance is largely unique, elements can be compared to other models. One general observation on the nature of the distribution of powers would be that the EU resembles the federalism of Germany. There, powers are predominantly shared (states can exercise federal powers where the federation has not already exercised them) between the levels of government, and the states participate strongly with decision making at the federal level. This is in contrast with other federations, for example the United States, where powers are clearly divided between the levels of government, and the states have little say in federal decision making.[28]", "Taxation in India Article 246[17] of the Indian Constitution, distributes legislative powers including taxation, between the Parliament of India and the State Legislature. Schedule VII enumerates these subject matters with the use of three lists:[18]", "Constitution Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government. The standard model, described by the Baron de Montesquieu, involves three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. Some constitutions include additional branches, such as an auditory branch. Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers between these branches.", "Federal government of the United States The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments. The interpretation and execution of these principles, including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised, have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution. Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states, or other recognized entities.", "Australian constitutional law At the time of Federation, the colonies' main source of revenue consisted of customs and excise duties (income tax being still a newer notion). Since one of the main reasons for Federation was to create a common market, inevitably authority over these taxes was vested exclusively in the Commonwealth Parliament (section 90). It was acknowledged that this would create a situation where the Commonwealth would raise much more money than it could spend, whereas the States, being still responsible for most areas of law and of social infrastructure, would need to spend much more money than they could raise (the problem now known as \"vertical fiscal imbalance\"). Although the framers were able to agree on a formula for distribution of the Commonwealth's surplus to the States in the first few years after Federation, they could not agree on a long-term formula. Accordingly, section 96 of the Constitution provides that the Commonwealth Parliament \"may grant financial assistance to any State on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit\".", "Governor (United States) States are the primary subdivisions of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution, grounded in republican principles, and government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[2] Also, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside.[3]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791.[1] It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.", "Federalism The Government of India (referred to as the Union Government) was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 29 states and 7 union territories.", "Federalism in India The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a separate set of applicable laws under Article 370 read with Appendix I & II {The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954} of the Indian constitution. Only matters related to defence, foreign relations and communications of Jammu and Kashmir are under the jurisdiction of Union government. The laws enacted by the parliament (including amendments to the Indian constitution) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K state unless ratified by its state assembly.[9] The Government of India can declare a state of emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose governor's rule in certain conditions. The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution.[10] Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two-thirds majority by the state assembly. Part VI (The states) and Part XIV (Services) of the Indian constitution is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 and Article 308.", "Constitution of India The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit. The common features of a federation such as written Constitution, supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, two government, division of powers, bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, flexible Constitution, a strong Centre, appointment of state governor by the Centre, All-India Services, Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[41]", "States' rights The balance of federal powers and those powers held by the states as defined in the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution was first addressed in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). The Court's decision by Chief Justice John Marshall asserted that the laws adopted by the federal government, when exercising its constitutional powers, are generally paramount over any conflicting laws adopted by state governments. After McCulloch, the primary legal issues in this area concerned the scope of Congress' constitutional powers, and whether the states possess certain powers to the exclusion of the federal government, even if the Constitution does not explicitly limit them to the states.[3][4]" ]	[ "Federalism in India The Constitution of India gives a federal structure to the Republic of India, declaring it to be a \"Union of States\". Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the Union or Federal or Central government, and the States of India.[1] The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List, a State List and a Concurrent List, representing, respectively, the powers conferred upon the Union government, those conferred upon the State governments and the shared powers." ]
test2427	who ends up together in the end of gossip girl	[ "doc83827", "doc83831" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc3939", "doc83827", "doc83831", "doc83830", "doc83829", "doc288202", "doc666848", "doc3923", "doc1527927", "doc3893", "doc3913", "doc1033956", "doc768162", "doc1480442", "doc712795", "doc666847", "doc118083", "doc1033932", "doc288201", "doc768161", "doc768147", "doc1033948", "doc1033965", "doc1033963", "doc1033915", "doc3934", "doc768145", "doc259532", "doc276349", "doc83837", "doc768152", "doc3938", "doc255092", "doc1033901", "doc2203634", "doc591113", "doc1033929", "doc1100", "doc255095", "doc73190", "doc591095", "doc83835", "doc712813", "doc118085", "doc1190804", "doc255100", "doc3898", "doc255094", "doc3918", "doc712823", "doc641787", "doc1033927", "doc255107", "doc255120", "doc73189", "doc1190775", "doc1190786", "doc255109", "doc1033961", "doc1190777", "doc768150", "doc118110", "doc255090", "doc118082", "doc1033935", "doc1096", "doc712822", "doc768129", "doc712799", "doc3914", "doc255101", "doc255093", "doc255116", "doc1033966", "doc1033934", "doc259512", "doc259528", "doc712819", "doc768135", "doc768143", "doc259525", "doc1480437", "doc768155", "doc1099739", "doc259521", "doc259517", "doc259530", "doc118086", "doc83832", "doc1190793", "doc3917", "doc1033947", "doc1033918", "doc1364734", "doc1527925", "doc118080", "doc712814", "doc3945", "doc73164", "doc73166" ]	[ "Gossip Girl Season 6 begins with Chuck and Blair who part ways after making a pact that they will unite once they both achieve their individual goals. Chuck goes on his way to try to regain Bass Industries from his father who stole it from him while Blair tries to find herself and her individuality by taking over her mother’s company at her mother's request. Serena pursues a relationship with someone older and who happens to have a 17-year-old daughter, Sage who will do anything to try to split them up. Nate focuses on trying to get the Spectator to become successful and dates Sage. Meanwhile, Dan focuses on completing his second book with Georgina’s help. In the end after a surprising turn of events Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) get married.[83] In the final moments the series speeds forward five years later where Chuck and Blair are revealed to have had a child and Nate Archibald appears successful and is rumored to be running for Mayor of New York. The show ends with the wedding of Serena van der Woodsen and Dan Humphrey. It's a small ceremony, in what looks like Blair and Chuck's home together, where Lily is with Serena and Eric's father, William, and Rufus seems to be happy with another woman (musician Lisa Loeb, who guest-starred in the first season) along with Dorota, Nate, Jack Bass and Georgina (who are now together), Jenny and Eric. A brief shot of The Spectator reveals that Lola Rhodes and Olivia Burke are now starring in a film about Ivy Dickens, based on her best-selling autobiography.", "New York, I Love You XOXO Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five-year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively).", "New York, I Love You XOXO 5 Years Later: It's the day of Dan and Serena's wedding. Chuck and Blair are now parents of a son named Henry. Nate, now a successful businessman with The Spectator flourishing, is likely to run for Mayor of New York. Ivy has written an autobiography about her career as a con artist in the Upper East Side, which was adapted into a film starring both Lola and Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff). Blair and Jenny have become business partners in the fashion world and together they have created a clothing line called \"J for Waldorf\". Lily and William are back together while Rufus (Matthew Settle) is in a relationship with Lisa Loeb. Jack Bass and Georgina have also become a couple. The final scene shows the new generation of high school kids on the Upper East Side, mirroring the elite and the exclusion. The show ends as a new Gossip Girl is teased as \"there will always be someone on the outside wanting to get in.\"", "New York, I Love You XOXO With the death of Bart Bass, Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) who is running the newspaper The Spectator, is no longer indebted to him (Bart paid his debts to control him) and he decides to find out for good who Gossip Girl is. Jack and Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg) deal with the arrangements of Chuck and Blair's wedding. Before the ceremony, Serena and Blair have a conversation over why she is still talking to Dan after he published a negative chapter about her a few weeks ago. Overhearing their conversation, Dan leaves and gives to Nate his final chapter, which is about Gossip Girl. Blair and Chuck are married by Cyrus (Wallace Shawn) and right after, the police arrive to question them. At the same time, everyone's phones ring: Dan's chapter has been published in The Spectator, in which he reveals that he is Gossip Girl. Various characters react over the Gossip Girl reveal, including Vanessa (Jessica Szohr), Juliet (Katie Cassidy), Agnes (Willa Holland) and Lola (Ella Rae Peck), as well as Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Rachel Bilson, preparing to audition for a role in the adaptation of Dan's book, is told of Gossip Girl's identity by Kristen Bell, who shares a conspiratorial wink with the audience. Dan finally explains why he created Gossip Girl and says Jenny (Taylor Momsen) knew it all along.", "New York, I Love You XOXO The series finale picked up where the previous episode left off, where Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) and Bart argue on the roof ending with Bart falling off the building. Chuck and Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) leave the scene and hide from the police as Chuck is considered \"a person of interest\" in the case. Jack Bass (Desmond Harrington), Chuck's uncle, comes to help him and suggests the two get married since spousal privilege prevents a wife from unwillingly testifying against her husband. Chuck thus proposes to Blair who tearfully accepts. Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) discovers the alternate chapter about her that Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) wrote and put in her bag before she left for Los Angeles. She reads the chapter and decides to stay in New York to confront Dan. William van der Woodsen (William Baldwin) shows up to support Lily Bass (Kelly Rutherford) and tells Ivy Dickens (Kaylee DeFer) that he used her to get back to Lily.", "Gossip Girl (season 6) Five years later: The group gathers for Dan and Serena's wedding. Eric and Jenny are both in attendance as is Eleanor and Cyrus Rose who is delivering the vows. Nate has become successful with The Spectator and will likely run for Mayor of New York City. Chuck and Blair are still married and have a four-year-old son named Henry Bass. Ivy has written a best-selling autobiography titled Ivy League which has been adapted into a major Hollywood feature film with her as the screenwriter and starring Olivia Burke and Lola Rhodes as the Serena and Ivy/Charlie characters. Georgina and Jack have gotten together, Lily and William are finally back together and Rufus is with Lisa Loeb. In the final shot, a new generation of wealthy Upper East Siders are seen at Constance as a new lonely boy walks past his classmates, denoting the beginning of a brand-new Gossip Girl.", "G.G. (Gossip Girl) Before the ceremony, Chuck talks to Blair who professes her undying love for him -which has been filmed by Georgina- but still refuses to call off the wedding. During the ceremony, someone sends the video of the discussion between Blair and Chuck to everyone's cell phones. The ceremony is temporarily suspended until Blair comes back to the aisle determined to marry Louis. As a result, she becomes Her Serene Highness, Princess Blair of Monaco. At the reception, Serena tells Dan how she feels about him but quickly leaves before he can answer. During their last dance, Louis reveals to Blair that it will be a loveless, contracted marriage. After hearing that, Blair runs away in a limousine with Dan at the wheel. At the end of the episode, the identity of Gossip Girl is seemingly revealed to be Georgina Sparks.", "Gossip Girl As the storylines progressed, the role of \"Gossip Girl\" is slightly decreased. She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who \"Gossip Girl\" really is, but ultimately fails. The season finale ended with a well-received kiss between Blair and Chuck.", "Gone Maybe Gone In the fifth season finale, Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) decides she wants to have a relationship with Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) and she meets him in a casino of Monte Carlo. Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) leaves New York City after being rejected by Blair and Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) and does drugs with a stranger in a train. Dan decides to expose the real world of the Upper East Side in his new book and teams up with Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg) while Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) tries to unmask Gossip Girl. Lily Bass (Kelly Rutherford) annuls her marriage to Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle) in order to get back with Bart Bass (Robert John Burke) who recently resurfaced. Ivy Dickens (Kaylee DeFer) plans to take down Lily with the help of Lola Rhodes (Ella Rae Peck). \"Gone Maybe Gone\" picks up right after those events; Blair and Chuck have sex in a room of the casino's hotel, Serena is seen unconscious in the train, Dan is in Italy with Georgina who tries to make him write, and Nate prints pictures of a video featuring the masked Gossip Girl.", "Gossip Girl The series begins with the return of Upper East Side teenage \"it\" girl Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) from a \"mysterious absence\". Gossip Girl reveals that Serena has been away at boarding school in Cornwall, Connecticut,[1] but not everyone welcomes Serena back to Manhattan with open arms. Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester), whom creators describe as being \"the queen at the center of their chess game,\"[2] is the queen bee of Constance Saint Jude prep school's social scene;[3] she also happens to be the childhood \"best friend\" and occasional rival of Serena van der Woodsen. The story also follows scholarship student and aspiring writer Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley), who lives in Brooklyn and is a self-described \"outsider\", Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford), the so-called \"golden boy\", who was Blair's childhood sweetheart and first love, and Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick), the womanizing, \"bad boy\" heir who is part of \"Manhattan's elite\" and \"the king of their chess game.\" Other characters of the turbulent Manhattan scene include Dan's childhood best friend Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr); Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen), Dan's rebellious adolescent sister who the 'Queen B' dubs as 'Little J'; Lily van der Woodsen (Kelly Rutherford), Serena's mother and heiress, Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle), former 90's band 'Lincoln Hawk' frontman and Lily's former lover and Dorota, Blair's maid. Rufus is Dan and Jenny's father and primary guardian.", "Gossip Girl The first episodes of the first season included the original concept from the books, mainly following the lives of the five wealthy and privileged teenage characters in their high school years. Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) is often described as the 'it girl'. It is revealed that she has had a scandalous past that continues to haunt her throughout the show and she is notorious for her many on-again, off-again relationships with countless male characters as well as for her rebellious drive-outs. Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) is an outsider who becomes a part of the turbulent Manhattan scene, an aspiring writer and fairly straight-arrow guy with a good heart and morals. Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) is the beautiful Queen Bee of Constance Billard School's social scene, as well as Serena's best friend and fierce rival (at points, threatening their relationship). Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) is the perfect \"Golden Boy\" of the Upper East Side, always being fought over by the prominent female characters, and deals with a lot of issues that compromise his \"perfect\" life. Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) serves as the show's antihero, being a womanizer and party lover with a troubled life and past that provide a hidden vulnerable side.", "Dan Humphrey Cyrus and Harold both give Blair away, and Dan and Serena walk down the aisle together. However, it appears that someone taped Chuck and Blair's moment, when Blair was professing her love for Chuck to him. It sends Blair running down the aisle and causes her to blame Chuck, assuming he was the one who sent the blast to Gossip Girl. Soon, she returns to the altar, and she and Louis continue the wedding. After Louis and Blair say their vows and take each other as man and wife, Serena tells Dan that she loves him, that she always had and she always will, just before Louis and Blair take their first dance as a married couple. As Blair tells Louis that she's very thankful for giving her a princess title and especially grateful that he gave her another chance, he coldly responds that their wedding was all for show and there is nothing but a contract between them. He tells her that when they're alone, they'll become like strangers to each other.", "Blair Waldorf In the final season, Blair resumes her romantic relationship with Chuck, while Chuck and his father Bart—who is revealed to be alive in the previous season—become bitter rivals. Blair pursues her career as head of Waldorf Designs, with several mishaps, before staging a successful line.[75] In the penultimate episode, Bart falls to his death while trying to attack Chuck atop a building. Afterward, Blair and Chuck depart together. In the series finale, Blair marries Chuck which results in her not having to testify against him in his father's murder case. Five years later, Blair is shown to be running her mother's successful fashion line and she works with Jenny in a line called \"J for Waldorf\", and she and Chuck are shown to have a son named Henry.[76]", "Gossip Girl (season 2) Gossip Girl decides to liven things up at the Constance Billard and St. Jude's graduation by sending out a shocking and damaging email blast in the midst of the commencement ceremony, stirring Serena to come up with a plan of attack. Lily and Rufus get engaged and move in together. With Blair's blessing, Jenny becomes the new \"Queen Bee\". Chuck finally admits his love to Blair and the two reconcile. Nate decides to go on the backpacking trip with Vanessa, while Georgina recovers Dan's money and requests Blair for a roommate at New York University. Carter Baizen reveals to Serena where her father is. In the end, Serena is going to Brown, Blair, Dan, Vanessa, and Georgina are going to NYU, and Nate is going to Columbia University.", "Serena van der Woodsen Blair eventually retaliates against Georgina with the help of Chuck and Nate and the intervention of Vanessa, successfully driving Georgina out of Manhattan.[14][16] Serena finally tells Dan the truth, only to discover during Lily's wedding, that he wants to end their relationship. A disappointed Serena attempts to move on throughout the summer.", "G.G. (Gossip Girl) Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg), who has just come back in New York, then teams up with the priest in an act of revenge for everything Blair has done to her in the past. In the meantime, Serena continues to show an interest in Dan (Penn Badgley), even though he is still unaware of her love. Nate (Chace Crawford) reflects on his past failed relationships, while also taking an interest in Lola, who happens to be the real Charlie Rhodes. Blair 's mother tries to dissuade her from marrying Louis but she doesn't want to listen to her so she finds help in Chuck, who agrees to try to convince Blair to stop the wedding. Meanwhile, Georgina tries to seduce Louis and have her husband film it. Unfortunately, it doesn't work as Rufus and Lily stop her.", "Riding in Town Cars with Boys Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick): After struggling to curb his feelings for Blair and to remain a changed man, Chuck commits himself to Blair and her unborn child. He goes to reveal his love for Blair and she reciprocates her feelings. They run away together but get into a car accident that leaves him in trouble.", "Dan Humphrey Amidst the fourth season, the romance between Dan and Blair became a polarizing topic among viewers[2] which also drew significant media interest. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post applauded the development, feeling that Blair had \"more chemistry\" with Dan than with Chuck.[3] New York magazine's Chris Rovzar called Blair and Dan's story line \"believable\", citing their common ground in education and taste. Rovzar further stated, \"Since they live in a world where both only seem to have half a dozen real friends (if that), is it so crazy they'd end up together?\"[4] The Huffington Post declared that “Dan and Blair together are like Harry Burns and Sally Albright reincarnated — the couple was obviously inspired by When Harry Met Sally.” It further commented that the couple paralleled Pacey and Joey’s relationship from Dawson’s Creek and concluded that Dan and Blair were “the most inspired storyline and couple of the show”.[5] Entertainment Weekly stated that Dan and Blair were like stars in an “updated version of You’ve Got Mail”.[6] Tierney Bricker of E! ranked all 25 Gossip Girl couples placing ‘Dair’ as the third best couple after Blair and Serena (#1) and ‘Chair’ (#2). Bricker stated that “[Dan and Blair], out of all the main characters, were the most well-suited for each other. In real-life, they would've been ‘endgame’.”[7]", "Gossip Girl (season 6) Serena decides to come back to New York and confront Dan about the \"Serena Chapter\". Chuck proposes to Blair when he is implicated in the death of Bart. Georgina joins forces with Jack Bass in one last scheme to help Chuck and Blair. Nate and Sage try to find the identity of Gossip Girl with the information that they have. William van der Woodsen returns to comfort Lily and rejects Ivy who finally realizes that William used her just to win Lily back. Dorota, Eleanor Waldorf and Cyrus Rose also become involved in planning Chuck and Blair's improvised wedding. Various characters from previous seasons make cameos, including Vanessa, Juliet, Agnes and Lola. Kristen Bell has a cameo as herself alongside Rachel Bilson. Dan is revealed to be Gossip Girl.", "Blair Waldorf Though she insists that she is in love with Louis, Blair begins to seek Chuck out as the season progresses. The two eventually declare their love for each other prior to a car accident in her limousine while being chased by paparazzi. Though both recover, Blair suffers a miscarriage from the crash. After the crash Blair decides that she must commit herself to Louis, converting to Catholicism and cutting off any connection with Chuck. At the wedding, Gossip Girl releases a recording of Blair confessing her love for Chuck. Nevertheless, Louis and Blair get married, making Blair a Princess of Monaco, though Louis informs her that they will have a loveless marriage of convenience.[71] She then receives support from Dan, leading them to share a kiss on Valentine's Day. Amidst these developments, Blair grows conflicted between her feelings for Dan and Chuck.[72] After taking steps to end her marriage, she chooses to begin a romantic relationship with Dan.[73] By the end of the season, however, after a debate about which love is the best—with Dan she feels safe, with Chuck she feels vulnerable—Blair declares that she is still in love with Chuck, and chooses to pursue him.[74]", "Blair Waldorf She later transfers to Columbia University, and learns that an emotionally reformed Chuck was responsible for her enrollment.[46] They later team up as part of a role-playing scheme to help Serena's mother and Chuck's adopted mother, Lily. In the season finale, Chuck attempts to propose to Blair, but is interrupted by Dan, who reveals that Chuck had slept with Jenny. Two weeks later, Blair and Serena depart for Paris intending to spend the summer together.[47]", "Dan Humphrey While Blair and Chuck are whisking away in a limo, planning on running away together and raising Blair's unborn baby as Chuck's child, they both end up in a serious, life-threatening car accident when paparazzi tail them continuously after Charlie sends Gossip Girl a blast, informing her on Chuck and Blair's whereabouts.", "Dan Humphrey In the finale, Dan reveals to Serena their first meeting at a party, where Dan first spoke to her and fell madly in love. Dan realized at that party that he could never pull Serena out of her world but he couldn't give up either. He realized that the only way he could get Serena was to write himself into the Upper East Side drama by using a blog to create a legend; the blog came to be known as Gossip Girl. Dan then revealed his secret to all by giving Nate his final chapter to publish in the struggling Spectator, revealing to all that the only purpose of Gossip Girl was the love he had for Serena. Serena was overjoyed at the revelation, stating that Dan, through Gossip Girl, had written her and everyone else a seven-year love letter and made her realize that she belongs in the Upper East Side with Dan.", "Dan Humphrey The new couple make a slow and rocky debut on the Upper East side and are faced with numerous challenges including their relations in the bedroom, Blair's lingering feelings for Chuck, and Serena's distaste for their relationship. When Gossip Girl intentionally exposes Blair's secrets on Gossip Girl, Dan comes to terms with Blair's feelings for Chuck, as well as Serena's attempts to sabotage their relationship. In the finale, Dan, having been left by Blair for Chuck, teams up with Georgina in order to write his follow up to \"Inside\". This time, however, he pledges to write the novel \"he should have written from the beginning.\" Georgina, with her own score to settle with the Upper East side, is more than happy to help.", "Dan Humphrey Dan is accepted at Yale but denied financial aid. He discovers Rufus has invested his college fund with Serena's new boyfriend Gabriel Edwards, who was working with con artist Poppy Lifton. Not trusting Serena, Blair and Chuck to get the money back, Dan goes to Lily for help, resulting in her getting Serena arrested to stop her exposing Poppy. With money from CeCe and a dress from Jenny, Dan manages to bail Serena out of jail and take her to the prom. On graduation day, Dan refuses to take part in Serena's plan to expose Gossip Girl, which results in everyone's secrets, including Dan being arrested, becoming common knowledge. Dan gets a call from Georgina saying the money Poppy took is back in his account and tells her he's going to New York University.", "Gossip Girl The season began in Los Angeles when a re-energized Chuck and Nate decided to pay Serena a visit. Chuck has a newfound philosophy and says \"yes\" to everything, even death defying stunts. Serena continues to work on the movie set, and is offered a full-time job at the end of the episode. Nate begins an affair with an older woman, Diana Payne, who may have an ulterior motive for being with Nate. Back in New York, Dan learns that Vanessa has published one chapter of his novel, and Blair continues to plan her wedding to Louis, and she also learns she is pregnant. After realizing she still had feelings for Chuck, Blair and Chuck decide to go away together, but their car crashes. As a result of the crash Blair loses her baby, Chuck nearly dies, and Blair eventually marries Louis. The season also focuses on Nate running an online gossip site NYSpectator, Blair and Dan's friendship turning into a relationship, Chuck's quest to find his real parents which leads him to discover that his father, Bart, is still alive, and the effects of CeCe's death on Lily and her marriage to Rufus. At the end of the season, Blair makes a choice between Dan and Chuck, and Lily makes a choice between Rufus and Bart. Serena is seen leaving town while Dan decides to write a new book about the Upper East Side, with the help of Georgina.", "Blair Waldorf As the season ends, Blair crowns Jenny the new queen of Constance Billard School. In the season finale, it is discovered that Blair slept with Chuck's uncle Jack and that Chuck had slept with Vanessa Abrams. Chuck then departs for Europe. He later returns to New York and reconciles with Blair while declaring his love for her, and the two finally begin a committed relationship.[44]", "Gossip Girl (season 5) In the fifth season finale, when Gossip Girl begins to upload excerpts from Blair's diary, her love life begins to unravel causing her to choose between Dan and Chuck. Serena is banished from the Waldorf apartment for her part in the reveal of Blair's diary, she then retaliates by trying to seduce Dan with the help of Blair's minions. Nate asks Lola to move in with him, but she turns him down when she tells him that her acting group is going on tour. Meanwhile at the Shephard divorce party, Serena and Dan have sex, but when Dan learns she videotaped their encounter just to hurt Blair, he furiously leaves. Elsewhere, Lily chooses to annul her marriage to Rufus, since her marriage to Bart is still valid. Lola receives her share of the Van der Woodsen estate from her biological father, William Van der Woodsen, and also learns that Lily intentionally sabotaged Carol's defense in court to keep her imprisoned as well as destroyed Ivy's case in order to keep Cece's wealth all for herself. Blair accepts an offer from Eleanor to take over her fashion company. Following a Bass Industries press conference, Blair chooses Chuck over Dan, but Chuck rebuffs her when he is preoccupied with his father's return as head of Bass Industries who ousts Chuck to reclaim his former position as CEO. One week later; Lola hands over her inheritance share to Ivy, who in return promises to keep in touch and help her bring down their common enemy: Lily. Lola leaves town to go on tour with her acting troupe, while Ivy returns to Florida to plot her revenge against Lily. The disgraced Serena leaves town and reverts back to her old self by taking drugs and sleeping with her dealer, whilst the alienated Dan leaves for Rome and prepares to write another hurtful, tell-all book about the Upper East Side with the help of Georgina Sparks. Nate receives CCTV footage from Diana Payne of the real Gossip Girl (a hooded masked figure) stealing Serena's laptop on the night of Bart's return. Whilst in Paris, Blair goes to a casino where Chuck and Jack are scheming to bring down Bart Bass and tells Chuck it's now her turn to fight for him.", "Gossip Girl (season 4) The episode continues from the earlier events of the Constance Alumni event. Georgina Sparks, now married to a friendly but boring business intern to help raise her baby, turns up at the event looking for trouble. Serena and Vanessa reluctantly join forces to find Dan and Charlie, who does not take Dan's rejection of her well. Blair must make a choice between the men in her life when her life is in danger by Russell. Gossip Girl author Cecily von Ziegesar makes a cameo, playing a character named Cecily, a Constance alumna. Charlie befriends Georgina, who has uncovered a secret about her. The finale ends with Blair spending the summer in Monaco with Prince Louis to plan their upcoming wedding, Serena taking on a new writing job in California, Chuck and Nate traveling the world together, Vanessa moving to Spain to go to college and selling Dan's rough draft story of his life to a publisher, Rufus spending the summer with Lily who is still under house arrest, and Dan spending his summer in the Hamptons with Eric. Charlie returns to Miami where a shocking twist is revealed: Charlie is actually a 24-year-old professional con artist named Ivy Dickens, who was hired by Carol Rhodes to impersonate the real Charlie. Dorota is seen throwing out the trash where a positive home pregnancy test lies with the rest of the trash.", "New York, I Love You XOXO Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the final installment, summarizing it as \"a perfect balance of nostalgia, mythology, wit, trickery, and closure\". Despite calling the choice of Dan being Gossip Girl \"edgy, daring and probably dripping in inconsistency,\" she was satisfied that \"it didn’t turn out to be an unknown person or peripheral character. The writers chose Gossip Girl straight from the heart of the gang — and that decision deserves some respect.\" She also appreciated the flashbacks describing them as \"charming\" as well as Chuck and Blair's wedding, which she called \"gorgeous\", and enjoyed the guest-star appearances.[28] Writing for Newsday, Verne Gay thought the reveal of who was behind Gossip Girl was not surprising but was \"a nice sort of perverse poetic justice.\"[29] The Hollywood Reporter's Philiana Ng wrote the episode \"reminded viewers of what Gossip Girl ultimately is and should be remembered as: a soapy, cheeky guilty pleasure.\"[30] Rating it 4.8/5, Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic described the finale as \"epic\". She liked Desmond Harrington's return and picked the five-year flash forward as a highlight of the episode. Even if she was surprised that Dan turned out to be Gossip Girl, she found that it \"made sense\".[31]", "Blair Waldorf Amidst the fourth season, the romance between Dan and Blair became a polarizing topic among viewers[49] which also drew significant media interest. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post applauded the development, feeling that Blair had \"more chemistry\" with Dan than with Chuck.[55] New York magazine's Chris Rovzar called Blair and Dan's story line \"believable\", citing their common ground in education and taste. Rovzar further stated, \"Since they live in a world where both only seem to have half a dozen real friends (if that), is it so crazy they'd end up together?\"[56] An article from The Huffington Post declared that \"Dan and Blair together are like Harry Burns and Sally Albright reincarnated â€” the couple was obviously inspired by When Harry Met Sally.\" It further commented that the couple paralleled Pacey and Joey's relationship from Dawson's Creek and concluded that Dan and Blair were \"the most inspired storyline and couple of the show\".[57] Entertainment Weekly stated that Dan and Blair were like stars in an \"updated version of You've Got Mail\".[58] Tierney Bricker of E! ranked all 25 Gossip Girl couples placing 'Dair' as the third best couple after Blair and Serena (#1) and 'Chair' (#2). Bricker stated that \"[Dan and Blair], out of all the main characters, were the most well-suited for each other. In real life, they would've been 'endgame'.\"[59]", "Gossip Girl On December 17, 2012, the series broadcast its finale on U.S. television on the CW network. Actress Kristen Bell, the narrator of the series during all seasons makes a cameo as herself (but is not revealed as Gossip Girl). Several former Gossip Girl cast members appear in the finale, including Jessica Szohr, who played Vanessa Abrams, and Katie Cassidy, who played Juliet Sharp. Former series regulars Connor Paolo (Eric van der Woodsen) and Taylor Momsen (Jenny Humphrey), each appear also with one line a piece.", "The End of the Affair? Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) reveals why she suddenly does not want to love Chuck anymore and commits herself to Louis. She spends extra time with Dan as he supports her through this rough time.", "Dan Humphrey Eventually, Dan breaks up with Serena, because he believes that she has slept with someone else and he is tired of her holding secrets from him. A few hours after he breaks up with Serena, he kisses Georgina, believing that she is a helpless girl who is running away from a psychotic ex-boyfriend. Soon thereafter, Dan is convinced that Georgina is lying to him by being told the truth by Serena. He and Blair manage to fool Georgina into thinking that Dan would like to meet up with her. The real purpose of the plan, though, is to get Georgina to meet with her parents and then get sent to a Christian boot camp. Dan and Serena rekindle what is left of their relationship before Dan ultimately ends it entirely. He is last seen spending some time with Vanessa during the start of the summer holidays.", "Much 'I Do' About Nothing Blair takes matters into her own hands to help Serena deal with the manipulative and evil Georgina Sparks who threatens to expose Serena's secret. Lily, while keeping Rufus in her mind, prepares for her wedding with Bart Bass that is designed to be the Upper East Side's social event of the year. Serena finally tells Dan the whole truth about her past and about Georgina and they try to work things out. But Dan is guilt-ridden after having cheated on Serena with Georgina and wonders if it is already too late. An unexpected guest shows up at Lily and Bart's wedding. Also Blair manipulates matters so that Georgina goes \"somewhere where she can do no harm\". As the end of the school year approaches, Blair plans to go somewhere with Chuck.", "List of Gossip Girl characters Portrayed by Michelle Trachtenberg in seasons one till six, Georgina Sparks is a ruthless, manipulative girl from Serena's past who returns to New York City in the final episodes of season one after escaping drug treatment in Utah. Before that, she was supposed to be at an Equestrian circuit but sold her show pony for cocaine, prompting her parents to send her to rehab. Being Serena's friend, she wants Serena to be back to her old self and join her in doing things they used to do together. Her sudden return causes Serena to relapse into her old habits and even fixes Serena's drink which causes her to wake up late for her SATs. After Serena asks that she leave Manhattan, she becomes even more determined to ruin her life. Georgina persuades Dan to almost sleep with her, but this leads to a confrontation with Serena. Blair, taking matters into her own hands, informs her parents of her location, persuades Dan to make Georgina fall for Blair's trap and is sent to a reform school recommended by Blair herself. She reappears late in the second season where Georgina is at a church camp and appears to be a completely reformed \"saved\" Christian. That is, until Blair persuades her to help them in a plot to take down Poppy. After which, Georgina goes back to her old scheming ways. At the end of the second season, she is about to attend NYU and requests Blair as her roommate. She reappears in the first few episodes of the third season and surprises Blair Waldorf when she shows up as her lovely roommate. After her relationship with Dan is once again thwarted, followed by blackmailing Vanessa and ruining Rufus and Lily's wedding, she gets tricked and sent away with a Russian prince, a plan to get rid of her set by Blair and with the assistance of Dorota, by exiling her to Europe. At the end of season 3, after a long absence, Georgina returns to New York City from her enforced exile in Belarus disguised by wearing a blonde wig and a large coat, desperately seeking the help of various Upper-East Siders with her \"problem\". It is revealed that Georgina is pregnant, and claims it is Dan's child. At the start of season 4, she runs off again, leaving Dan with their son Milo but it is later revealed that he is not the father and that it was just another one of Georgina's schemes. Georgina takes Milo back when Dan signs the birth certificate, ending her manipulative plot and leaves Dan. Georgina later returns at the very end of season 4 for the Constance Billiard alumni event in hopes of stirring up drama. She reveals to Serena and others in attendance that she is currently living in Bedford, New York, is married to a young Wall Street stockbroker intern, and is outright bored with her current lifestyle of being a stay-at-home-mother. Georgina accidentally learns the secret behind Serena's cousin Charlie and informs her to keep in touch. In Season 5 at Blair's wedding, it is revealed that Georgina steps in as the 'new' Gossip Girl, the anonymous narrator of the series, as the 'real 'Gossip Girl' abandoned her post following Chuck and Blair's accident. In the season 5 finale, it is revealed that she will help Dan write his follow up to \"Inside\". Having left him for Chuck, Dan promises to write the book that he should previously published, which Georgina, who has her own score to settle with the Upper East Side, is more than happy to help him with. In the series finale, she is shown to be in a relationship with Jack Bass and helps Blair and Chuck with their problem regarding Bart Bass.", "Dan Humphrey It is revealed Georgina gave birth to a son, Milo, on July 7, 2010, though it is unknown whether Dan is the father, because they never did a DNA test. It is later revealed to be another one of her schemes when she abruptly leaves New York, leaving Dan alone with Milo. She left a note saying that she went to the \"spa.\" Georgina returns from the \"spa\" (she was in fact in St. Barths) to tell Dan about Serge, Milo's real father, and to say that she and Milo are going to live with Georgina's parents. Dan is sad to see Milo go. He tries to embark on a relationship with Serena, who is still torn over him and Nate. Blair and Dan team up to find Juliet in Connecticut. They do find her with Serena, but get a shock when Serena tells them that Lily was the one who put Ben in jail instead of herself. It was revealed that Blair and Dan went to see a couple of movies together, though the both say that they are not friends. Blair was fired from her internship at W Magazine, but since Dan connived to get her fired, he confessed and convinced Epperly to re-hire Blair. Hereafter, Blair got better position as a team leader, since her boss decided to retire. On Valentine's Day, Blair found out that Chuck had real romantic feelings for Raina Thorpe. Dan stalked Blair to try to convince her to publish his short story, and the two of them made the discovery together (Chucks real feelings for Raina) while hidden behind a curtain. They went their separate ways, but spent the rest of the evening talking together on their cell phones while watching Rosemary's Baby on their laptops. Afterwards, both got a hidden closed relationship and denied the friendship to everybody. Feeling something beyond that happened, they tried to overcome the all confusions and denials by only one kiss. Later, Dan admits to Eric and to Charlie that he has romantic feelings for Blair.", "Jenny Humphrey In the final episode of the series, it is revealed that Jenny knew that her brother, Dan Humphrey, was the mysterious blogger behind Gossip Girl. She returns to the Upper East Side, appearing in the five-year time jump for her brother's wedding to Serena van der Woodsen. Jenny works as a designer for Blair's fashion empire, implying that they have gotten over their past animosity. Together they create their own clothing line, \"J for Waldorf\".", "The End of the Affair? Through a series of emotional flashbacks, Blair reveals to Serena what really happened in the aftermath of her car crash with Chuck. Dan tries to help Blair recover, while both Chuck and Louis mistaken their bonding as an affair. Meanwhile, Nate discovers information about the crash that suggests possible foul play. Having successfully shut down Gossip Girl's website, Serena is reluctant to become the next Gossip Girl as her work at Spectator News takes off. Elsewhere, Lily is worried by Charlie's long absence and decides to hire a private detective to track her down despite Rufus' objections. Vera Wang makes a cameo as herself at Blair's dress fitting.", "Chuck Bass In the 5-year flash forward, Chuck and Blair are happily married with a son (Henry). They are all gathered at the Bass house for Dan and Serena's wedding.", "List of Gossip Girl characters The following is a list of characters for The CW teen television drama series, Gossip Girl. The show is based on the popular book series of the same name, written by author Cecily von Ziegesar. The series features nine regular characters and follows the storylines of several high school students, who attend the fictional preparatory school, \"Constance Saint Jude\": Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester), the \"Queen Bee\" at Constance, who is notorious for her \"minions\" and scheming; her best friend and The 'It-Girl' of the Upper East Side, Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively); Serena's new love interest, and so-called \"lonely boy\" Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley); Blair's boyfriend, the 'golden boy,' better known as Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford); Dan's little sister, a 14-year-old freshman at Constance, Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen); Nate's best friend, the wealthy playboy Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick); Dan's best friend and ex-lover, the creative Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr); Serena's mother, a socialite and philanthropist and frequent divorcÃ©e, Lily van der Woodsen (Kelly Rutherford), and also Dan Humphrey's father, former rock star turned art gallery owner, Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle). The story unfolds in the Upper East Side of Manhattan as well as Brooklyn, in New York. Momsen and Szohr left the series in season five, while Kaylee DeFer was added to the main cast, portraying Ivy Dickens, a con artist who pretends to be Serena's maternal cousin, Charlie Rhodes. The series is narrated by a seemingly omniscient character, \"Gossip Girl\" (voiced by Kristen Bell).", "New York, I Love You XOXO Several former cast members returned for the finale. Desmond Harrington reprised his role as Chuck's uncle, Jack Bass.[18] News of Connor Paolo and Taylor Momsen's returns surfaced on October 16, 2012 when Kelly Rutherford posted on Instagram a picture of them on set.[19] Katie Cassidy,[20] Ella Rae Peck, Jessica Szohr, and Willa Holland also returned for small appearances. Long-time narrator Kristen Bell appeared in the episode as herself reading her lines alongside Rachel Bilson.[21][22] On Bell's cameo Savage told: \"It was really funny and very, very special to be shooting with her. She's an intimate part of our family but yet we never get to see her. To be able to make her a part of our storytelling just felt like the perfect way to crown her work with us over the years.\"[10] She added: \"If youâ€™re going to have those two ladies together in a scene then we wanted to have fun and play to their strengths. So Josh Schwartz and I came up with the whole idea... To be able to have Kristen onscreen for the finale was great. And to have Rachel do it with her was just the icing on the cake.\"[23] The episode also included cameo-appearances by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Lisa Loeb.[24][25] Loeb, who had previously appeared in the show during the first season,[26] ended up as Rufus' final partner. The writers made this choice so that he would not be alone but with someone from \"his world\", another musician.[23]", "Serena van der Woodsen As Serena and Lily prepare Charlie for her debut into New York society, Dan tells Serena that he is going to tell Blair how he feels about her. In order to make Dan see that Blair's happy ending will be with Louis, she sends Louis to the Humphrey loft. When she finds Dan with Blair and Chuck later, she realizes that he gave up his desire for Blair for Blair's own happiness with Chuck and realizes that Blair is still in love with Chuck. Later that night, after Charlie's debutante party, Serena receives a call from Nate that Blair and Chuck have been in an accident. This causes Serena to declare war on Gossip Girl, using Nate's power at the Spectator, and Dan.", "Riding in Town Cars with Boys Daniel Humphrey (Penn Badgely) Dan finally makes up with Serena. He plays Blair conscience for a day when she shows up at his house asking for advice on who she should pick to raise her baby with. He helps her all day until she comes to the conclusion that she should marry Louis. But, despite her decision, Dan leads her to Chuck knowing that he is the right man for Blair.", "Gossip Girl (season 1) The initial season had nine major roles receive star billing. Blake Lively portrayed protagonist Serena van der Woodsen, a former it girl of the Upper East Side, who returns from a mysterious stay at a boarding school in Connecticut,[20] with Kelly Rutherford playing her mother Lily, a multiple-divorced socialite. Leighton Meester played Queen Bee, Blair Waldorf, who is less than happy to see her best friend return.[20] Penn Badgley acted as middle-class outsider Dan Humphrey,[20] with Matthew Settle playing his father Rufus, former rock star turned art dealer, and Taylor Momsen portraying his sister, Jenny, a freshman looking to fit in with the elite crowd at Constance Billiard. Chace Crawford portrayed Blair's boyfriend Nate Archibald, who has a thing for Serena. Ed Westwick played a womanizing player and 'bad boy' Chuck Bass.[20] Originally only a guest star, Jessica Szohr starred as Dan's childhood best friend, Vanessa Abrams. Szohr gained a contract to the main cast list in the fourteenth episode.", "The End of the Affair? Chuck shows up at Dan's loft and questions if he's spoken to Blair. Dan says he hasn't known anything since Gossip Girl is down. Dan refuses to spy on Blair for Chuck and Chuck says he'll do it unless he wants the truth to come out. Chuck leaves and Dan opens a door to which Blair is in. She says, \"Chuck can never know.\"", "Gossip Girl Featuring nine regular speaking roles, the majority of the ensemble cast was assembled from February to April 2007. Leighton Meester and Blake Lively – who started auditioning in December 2006[17] – were the first two actresses to be chosen in February for the lead roles of Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen, respectively.[18] Penn Badgley, who had previously worked with Stephanie Savage on The Mountain,[17] Taylor Momsen, Chace Crawford, Kelly Rutherford, and Connor Paolo also auditioned successfully and landed roles in the series in March, as did Florencia Lozano who appeared only in the pilot, and was replaced by Margaret Colin.[19][20][21] Badgley at first turned down the part of Dan,[22] as did Lively—who planned to attend college—for the role of Serena.[23] Actors for the roles of Chuck Bass and Rufus Humphrey were found in April when English actor Ed Westwick, and Matthew Settle were cast.[24] Westwick first read for the role of Nate but was then asked to try Chuck.[17] As rumors swirled about the impending cancellation of Veronica Mars, it was revealed at The CW's 2007 Upfronts on May 17, 2007, that Kristen Bell had narrated the pilot, thus making her the title character of another show on the network.[25] Jessica Szohr was signed on to portray the recurring role of Vanessa Abrams and received regular status during the fourteenth episode of the first season.[26][27] Kaylee DeFer joined the series in the eighteenth episode of the fourth season and was promoted to series regular for the show's fifth season.[28]", "The End of the Affair? Daniel Humphrey (Penn Badgely) helps Blair with her struggle to overcome her feelings for Chuck.", "Gossip Girl The first season's main focus is Serena van der Woodsen's sudden return to the Upper East Side following her mysterious disappearance. Everyone is extremely shocked at her sudden return after first sightings of her spread across the web, when she is spotted at Grand Central station including her best friend, Blair Waldorf. It turns out Serena returns from Boarding School to see her suicidal brother, Eric. Blair soon finds out that Serena had slept with her boyfriend, Nate Archibald, the night of her disappearance. Meanwhile, Brooklyn boy Dan Humphrey and Serena begin dating while Nate struggles with his feelings for Blair. The two try to salvage what's left of their relationship, only leaving Blair to lose her virginity to Nate's best friend, Chuck Bass, instead. Jenny Humphrey constantly tries to make it in this upscale world by following around Blair and her friends. Rufus Humphrey, her father, worries that Jenny may be losing herself as she strives for popularity. Vanessa Abrams, Dan's best friend, returns. We find out that Dan had confessed his love for Vanessa in the past, but the two move beyond this as friends, considering Dan is now with Serena. It is discovered that Lilly van der Woodsen and Rufus Humphrey have a romantic past, yet both struggle with other relationships. The two decide to see other people in light of their children's romance. Blair and Nate eventually break up, after finally having sex, despite her affair with Chuck. Nate finds out about the affair and he and Chuck stop associating with one another. Throughout the season, Chuck tries to seduce Blair and the two somewhat come to terms with their feelings for each other. Georgina Sparks, past friend of Serena, comes back and causes havoc, including outing Eric van der Woodsen. Georgina's return reminds Serena of the real reason she left the Upper East Side. Problems erupt between Dan and Serena, since Serena tries to hide her secret from him and Georgina (pretending to be Sarah) manipulates Dan. It is revealed that the true reason Serena left the Upper East Side was because she was involved in a drug-related death and felt responsible for the situation. However, the incident is finally resolved and Georgina leaves. However, Dan and Serena's relationship is in ruins and the two decide to break it off. Meanwhile, Lilly accepts her proposal from Bart Bass, despite her ever-present feelings for Rufus, and the season ends with a Bass wedding and Blair waiting for Chuck at the airport.", "Serena van der Woodsen A scene set in the future shows everyone reunited at the Bass-Waldorf residence, witnessing the marriage of Dan and Serena.", "Gossip Girl (novel series) The television adaptation of the novel series, also titled Gossip Girl, was picked up by The CW.[32] Josh Schwartz, the creator of The O.C., is executive producer for the project.[33] In the show, Blake Lively plays Serena, Leighton Meester plays Blair, Chace Crawford plays Nate, Penn Badgley plays Dan, Ed Westwick plays Chuck, Taylor Momsen plays Jenny and Jessica Szohr plays Vanessa. The show is loosely based on the books and does not follow the same story line.[34] Some key characters from the books, such as Aaron Rose or the Lord, are introduced into the show with different storylines, and some characters undergo changes to their personality and characteristics. For example, Serena's older brother in the books, Erik van der Woodsen, is two years younger than her instead of older, and the characters of Serena, Blair, Chuck and Nate have been best friends since childhood compared to the novel series where the story's main friendship was only between Serena, Blair and Nate; with Chuck not being one of the main characters.", "Dan Humphrey In the season finale, Dan wakes up with Serena in his bed. The viewers learn that the two did not sleep together but - after staying up until 4AM talking and drinking wine - they shared a kiss, that of which Serena classifies as them \"falling into a comfortable path for one...or ten minutes.\" When Dan hears that Serena breaks up with Nate, he calls her, possibly to say he had feelings for her. When she announces she won't be back to talk to him till September he appears very disappointed. He then shuts the e-mail he had opened to write to Vanessa, his current girlfriend, who is no longer taking his calls (due to Nate's interception after finding out from Gossip Girl's blast and later overhearing at the hospital about the kiss). When he later learns that Serena is going to Paris with Blair, he goes online to book a ticket. Before he can, however, Georgina visits Dan and tells him that she's pregnant with his child.", "The End of the Affair? Chuck calls Dan and confirms that Dan is definitely lying to him. He calls Louis and tells him that Blair is lying. He steps in front a moving car that almost hits him. Chuck goes to see Louis and tells him and Serena that Blair and Dan are hanging out. Chuck and Louis are assuming that Blair is cheating on Louis but Serena defends her. She gives them her computer so they can look through Gossip Girl tips. They find pictures of the two together and plan to reveal her infidelity at the Spectator New Year's Eve party.", "The End of the Affair? At the end of the episode, Lola pulls her ID out from her wallet that has a picture of her and Carol together. Also, Nate discovers that Blair and Chuck had gotten in the limo ordered for him that night. He instantly texts the unknown number and they say, \"How about we help each other? XOXO Gossip Girl.\"", "Chuck Bass At the beginning of the season Chuck and Blair make a pact not to be together until Blair succeeds at Waldorf designs and Chuck takes down Bart. After many failed attempts of taking down Bart, Bart and Chuck end up in a fight. This leads to Bart falling off a building and dying. Blair is the only witness to this event and so Chuck and Blair get married so Blair does not have to testify against Chuck.", "Gossip Girl (season 1) The return of \"it girl\" Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) to the Upper East Side serves as the first season's focal point. Shrouded in mystery and scandal, Serena's disappearance and sudden return are announced by the omniscient blogger Gossip Girl. The news reaches Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) whose life is torn apart when the secret behind Serena's leaving is revealed: Serena was seduced by Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford), the Golden Boy of the Upper East Side and Blair's boyfriend, the night she left town. Nate announces his feelings for Serena a number of times and a series of battles ensue between the former Queen Bee Serena and her heir, Blair. However, the rift resolves in reconciliation between the two and temporary peace follows. Meanwhile, siblings Dan (Penn Badgley) and Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen), Brooklyn residents, are attracted by the opulent wealth of their classmates. Young Jenny becomes a cunning protégée to Blair while Dan enters a relationship with Serena. It is revealed that their relationship resembles the one between Dan's father Rufus (Matthew Settle) and Serena's mother Lily (Kelly Rutherford) in their youth.", "Gossip Girl (season 1) After surviving the on-again/off-again nature of their new relationship, Serena and Dan finally acknowledge they are crazy about each other, despite their polar opposite worlds that constantly threaten to pull them apart. Chuck contemplates investing in a burlesque club in the hopes of making his hard-to-please father, Bart, proud of him. Nate confronts his father, The Captain, about the drugs he found in the house, but his father denies having a problem. Jenny discovers a secret her father, Rufus, and mother, Alison, have been keeping from her. Finally, Blair is once again devastated by Nate's actions after Jenny reveals that Nate kissed her by accident thinking she was Serena. Blair has sex with Chuck, Nate's best friend.", "The End of the Affair? At the party, Blair and Dan see each other and avoid each other. Chuck and Louis decide that they need to oust them. Serena goes to ask Blair directly. Louis adds a \"Most Secret Affair\" slide with a picture tipped to Gossip Girl of Blair and Dan together to a presentation set to play publicly at the party.", "Dan Humphrey At CeCe's wake, Chuck outs Dan via Gossip Girl as the sender of the video that was fatal to Blair's marriage. At first, she thinks that it's just a game Chuck is playing and she is unwilling to participate, however, when she sees the guilty looks on Dan's face she realizes that it's the truth. She is mad at him, but forgives him after he tells her that his only reason for sending the video was that he couldn't stand to see Blair so unhappy. Meanwhile, Blair makes a deal with Estee to help her get out of her marriage dowry if there will be no more public mention of it in the media, including Gossip Girl. However, at this time Georgina, who has stolen Dan's phone, teams up with Chuck and sends Gossip Girl a message from Dan's phone uploading the photo of the Valentine's Day kiss, thus ruining Blair's chances of not having to pay the dowry. Dorota shows Blair the blast and she confronts Dan who is confronting Georgina. The latter admits to having been Gossip Girl and it turns out that the deal with Estee was also one of her schemes. Dan goes to confront Chuck, who, after finding out that the blast will bankrupt Blair's family, is regretful, however, he revels that he has outed Dan for the bad guy he has been and he question whether their friendship was just an act. Blair walks over to them and Chuck tells Dan to be honest and confess that he has been trying to keep him and Blair apart, which Dan does. He apologizes to Blair and leaves. Chuck says that wants Blair and him to try again because all the obstacles that were in their relationship's way are seemingly gone, but Blair tells him that although she loves him, she is not \"in love\" with him anymore. Later, Georgina visits Blair and promises to get her rid of her dowry in exchange for Blair's support. Blair agrees to this.", "Gossip Girl (season 1) In the midst of all these events, Dan greets Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr) back to his life. Vanessa is a childhood friend of his and an outsider herself. She threatens his feelings for Serena, until he realizes the real love he has for her. At the end of the season, the Upper East Siders team up to banish Georgina from New York. Serena then leaves with Nate to the Hamptons, while Chuck abandons a heartbroken Blair. Dan reconciles with Vanessa and returns to his old life in Brooklyn. A disgraced Jenny departs Blair's clique and earns an internship as a fashion designer in a company owned by Blair's mother.", "Blair Waldorf Blair eventually decides that she wants to be with Chuck, but shuns him once again after he tries to humiliate Dan.[51] She is later courted by a prince from Monaco named Louis. During a private confrontation, a drunken Chuck punches a window after he finds out Prince Louis has proposed to Blair, which cuts Blair's face as it shatters. Afterward, Blair chooses to accept a proposal from Louis.[52] Blair later attempts to warn Chuck about potential trouble in his family. She is then abducted by an enemy of the Basses, Raina's father Russell Thorpe. Chuck later rescues Blair and apologizes for his violent actions. Following a night out together, the two have sex before Chuck advises Blair to return to Louis, believing that she will be happier with him. However, the season ends with the revelation that Blair may be pregnant.[53]", "Riding in Town Cars with Boys Blair asks Chuck why he's here and he says that Dan arranged it. He says he should have fought for Blair and tells her he wants to raise her baby together. Gossip Girl sends a blast with Blair's location. She decides she needs to leave and Chuck tells her he's leaving with her. Nate helps them leave unnoticed. Lily calls a speech in front of all. She expresses her admiration for her niece and Charlie sees Chuck and Blair leaving. As Blair and Chuck pull away in a limo, a puddle of oil is shown that leaked from the car.", "The End of the Affair? Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) is forced to bring back old feelings for Dan when she covers Blair's secrets by saying she is dating Dan.", "Riding in Town Cars with Boys Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester): Blair does not hide her conflicted feelings as she comes to realize that there is a possible ending with Chuck in it and not Louis. She tries to stay away from going for Chuck, but she cannot help it. At the end of the episode, her and Chuck get in a car crash due to over-active paparazzi. She survives the crash.", "Dan Humphrey Producers initially noticed chemistry between Blair and Dan in the Season 1 episode \"Bad News Blair\". According to producer Joshua Safran, the creators planned to revisit their relationship once the timing was right. Safran also stated that the outcome wasn't necessarily decided ahead of time. \"One thing we are very conscious of—and I know some fans get upset about this—is we really try to treat the characters as living, breathing, well-rounded individuals. And we're often surprised by where their journeys take them; they open new doors for us all the time.\"[1]", "Jenny Humphrey Jenny hits rock bottom after sending Gossip Girl a picture of Dan and Serena in bed together, jeopardizing Dan and Nate’s friendship, Dan and Vanessa's relationship, and breaking up Nate and Serena’s relationship. Blair confronts Jenny, telling her, “Nate loves Serena, Dan loves Vanessa — God knows why — and Chuck loves me. But you, Jenny? No one loves you except your daddy. And after what you pulled yesterday, who knows if that's even true anymore?”[23] Emotionally distressed, Jenny goes to Nate’s apartment but instead finds Chuck devastated over his break-up with Blair and in her state of vulnerability, Jenny loses her virginity to Chuck. Afterward, Blair arrives willing to take Chuck back and Jenny sneaks out. She breaks down in tears to Eric, telling him that everyone hates her and that she slept with Chuck. Eric tells Dan, who confronts Chuck just as he is about to propose to Blair. Jenny, in tears, leaves with Rufus and Lily. A week later, she says her goodbyes to her family and leaves to finish high school with her mother in Hudson.[24]", "Serena van der Woodsen In the finale, Dan reveals to her how they first met at a party at Blair's, and how he fell in love at first sight. He had then realised that he could never pull her out of her world and into his, so he found a way to enter her world by creating a UES blog. This blog, launching Serena's rise to legend, became known as Gossip Girl. Serena realises that Gossip Girl was only ever a manifestation of Dan's love for her, and that he practically wrote them all a seven-year-long love letter.", "Blair Waldorf In the opening novel, Blair learns of an affair between her friend Serena and her boyfriend Nate. This marks the beginning of the story's primary love triangle, which recurs throughout the series.[15] Blair's romantic life has various effects on her character development. After Nate repeatedly hurts her, she eventually refuses to take him back until she believes in his ability to commit to her.[16] In pursuing Nate, however, Blair herself cheats on her new boyfriend Pete, which results in her losing both of them.[17] She eventually begins to acknowledge her mistakes, with her father's help.[18] She later grows closer to Chuck Bass (which initially occurred in the series' television adaptation), who she'd previously known for years, which leads them to briefly date one another.[18]", "Serena van der Woodsen A stubborn Serena chooses to stay in prison, until Dan bails her out and the two go to prom together. Her arrest soon adds to her fame as she becomes a local celebrity. On the day of graduation, Gossip Girl sends a blast that further ruins Serena and her friends' reputations. Declaring war on Gossip Girl, Serena finds herself the center of blame when a ticked-off Gossip Girl decides to drop every unreleased piece of gossip she had in store, creating further divide within the group. Sending a text to Gossip Girl, Serena calls a bluff that she knows Gossip Girl's identity, only for Gossip Girl to escape and warning everyone that she'll be pursuing them in college. She spends the summer leaving New York with Carter in pursuit of her father.", "Gossip Girl Besides the five regulars cast members mentioned above, three more characters appeared in the pilot episode. Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen) is Dan's younger sister, who desperately tries to become the next queen bee, a goal that eventually makes her realize the true values of life; Lily van der Woodsen (Kelly Rutherford) Serena's mother; and Dan and Jenny's father Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle). They share a romantic past that follows them throughout the show and eventually leads to their marriage. The Humphrey family is centered upon as they explore life on the 'Upper East side', Dan trying to look after his little sister as she discovers the party scene.", "The End of the Affair? Dan goes to Serena's and sees her working on her blog. She says her blog is so popular since Gossip Girl hasn't been posting. Nate enters and asks Dan about his new book. He says he hopes that it isn't about all of his friends. They set out to run errands.", "The End of the Affair? Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) is hurt when he survives the crash and realizes that Blair will never love him again. It is evident that he is returning to his dark self.", "The End of the Affair? At midnight, Serena and Dan kiss and some old feelings reignite. Blair and Louis kiss and Chuck sees them. Blair notices and instantly feels guilty.", "Dan Humphrey Five years later, Dan and Serena get married, surrounded by their closest friends and family.", "Dan Humphrey With regard to Chuck and Blair, Meester stated, \"I can really relate to it—not necessarily because it's this dramatic, tumultuous relationship, but because the way they love each other is very real, and not for the sake of being dramatic. It's actual love. There's nobody for each other but them.\"[10] Meester also expressed fondness for Dan and Blair, however, stating, \"I think they're good for each other in a lot of ways, in a way that Chuck and Blair aren't.\"[2] Badgley claimed that he thought \"Blair [was] Dan’s soul mate\"[11] and further stated that he thought the Blair and Dan storyline was \"the most exciting for Dan as a person\".[12] When Hollywoodlife.com asked Ed Westwick who played Chuck Bass which character he thought loved Blair more: Chuck or Dan, Westwick pointed to Badgley, saying \"definitely him.\"[13]", "Gossip Girl (season 5) Dan is about to be announced as author of Inside so he gives a copy of the book to Blair, Serena, Nate, Chuck and Rufus hoping they will be supportive at his upcoming book party. In the book, Dan described Serena as the \"old Serena\": drinking, dating teachers, being shallow, partying, reckless, and having random sex. Nate doesn't receive a character description, but is joined with Eric (a younger, gay character with political relatives). Chuck is described as being lonely, cynical and without any friends or family. The book talks about Blair and Dan having sex, and when Louis reads it he says he can't trust Blair anymore. Blair is afraid she will have to raise the baby on her own if he leaves and finally tells Serena. Louis apologizes for his behavior and agrees to trust Blair. Even Rufus becomes angry and alienated with Dan when he says he had never regretted leaving the music industry to have a family, until upon reading the book, which portrays him as marrying Lily just for money. Meanwhile, Diana makes the connection of Ivy and Charlie being the same person and forces Charlie to work for her at Spectator. Also, Serena's boss tells her to get the film rights for Inside and that she has only one week, forcing Serena to choose between Dan and her career.", "Gossip Girl (season 5) Blair and Dan throw a salon as a way of coming out as a couple, but drama caused by their friends derail the night. Lola finds out Serena is posing as Gossip Girl but doesn't tell Nate, knowing he would be hurt by the revelation. Lily cuts off Rufus' debit card after she finds out he has been paying for a hotel for Ivy. It is revealed at the end that Diana is really Chuck's mother, she was too young to raise a baby and gave him to Elizabeth to look after.", "Serena van der Woodsen After losing the reins to Gossip Girl and her unintentional role in exposing Blair's diary to the Upper East side, Serena attempts to deceive Blair by having sex with Dan. The plan almost works only for Dan to realize what has happened. Serena once again tells Dan that she loves him but Dan tells her that he does not feel anything for her. A depressed Serena is last seen leaving the city with one of Damien Dalgaard's drug dealers, a flashback to her days before she returned to the Upper East Side in season one.", "Blair Waldorf In 2007, Gossip Girl was adapted for television. According to Cecily von Ziegesar, the television character is largely faithful to the original.[11] Among the aspects to be maintained are her admiration for Audrey Hepburn and her interest in Yale University. However, the series is also noted for its deviations from the source material,[8] including the exclusion of Blair's brother Tyler. The show also explores romances between Blair and multiple male leads, resulting in occasional love triangles. In the fifth season, Blair is revealed to be pregnant with Prince of Monaco, Louis Grimaldi's child. However the child later dies before birth after a car crash Blair and Chuck were in.[25]", "Blair Waldorf At the launch of the second season, Blair was described by creators as the queen at the center of the Gossip Girl chess game.[39] A large portion of her story line in Season 2 revolves around her love-hate relationship with Chuck Bass, which was labeled \"the heart of GG\" by People magazine.[28] While competing with Serena, Blair forms an unexpected friendship with Jenny, who states that they each work for everything they achieve, while Serena often glides through life. During their interviews at Yale University, Blair and Serena apologize for their ill feelings and resume their friendship.[40]", "Gossip Girl (season 5) Blair thinks her stepfather may have found a potential loophole in her prenuptial agreement that would allow her to escape her marriage to Louis. CeCe Rhodes, before her death, arranged for a secret Irish-themed wake to take place at Van der Woodsen penthouse. Georgina Sparks decides to leave her post at Gossip Girl to her loyal but incompetent husband, Phil, and crash the wake to stir up more trouble. Chuck learns that Dan was the one who sent the video of him and Blair at her wedding ceremony and sends a blast to Gossip Girl. However, Phil inadvertently leaves Chuck's name in the blast. William Van der Woodsen (William Baldwin) returns to the Upper East Side for the wake, and is the executor of CeCe's estate. Ivy Dickens is announced as CeCe's heir and we learn that CeCe was apparently aware the whole time of Ivy's real identity. Ivy evicts both Lily and Rufus from the Van der Woodsen penthouse. Carol Rhodes also reveals the identity of Charlie's father as William Van der Woodsen. The real Charlie 'Lola' Rhodes continues her affair with Nate but has little interest in getting to know her family until Georgina suggests to her there may be another reason why her mother hid her from them. We learn that Blair's personal accountant, EstÃ©e, is in love with Louis, and she convinces Blair to agree to having her marriage annulled as long as she doesn't say a word to the media, including Gossip Girl. However this is all a ruse perpetrated by Georgina herself, who sends a photo of Blair and Dan kissing to Gossip Girl and the Waldorf's are once again threatened with responsibility of paying the dowry and declaring bankruptcy. Blair tells Chuck that she will always love him but is not in love with him anymore. Georgina no longer wants to act as Gossip Girl after revealing to everyone that she has been filling in for the real Gossip Girl. She sends her computer to Serena and leaves for Monaco to help annul Blair's marriage... in exchange for a favor down the road. Blair tells Dan that he's the one who has her heart and they begin a relationship.", "Gossip Girl (season 2) Serena decides to throw Jenny an intimate party for her 16th birthday, but things get way out of control when Serena turns the small gathering into a party. An angry Jenny writes a post to Gossip Girl, turning the party into a huge social event. In a moment of weakness, Vanessa agrees to help Chuck with a scheme having to do with Blair and Nate. Rufus learns that Dan will not receive financial aid at Yale and tries to figure out another way to cover the cost of his education. The episode ends with Chuck and Vanessa starting a friends with benefits, and Nate and Blair starting a relationship.", "Blair Waldorf Producers initially noticed chemistry between Blair and Dan in the Season 1 episode \"Bad News Blair\". According to producer Joshua Safran, the creators planned to revisit their relationship once the timing was right. Safran also stated that the outcome wasn't necessarily decided ahead of time. \"One thing we are very conscious of—and I know some fans get upset about this—is we really try to treat the characters as living, breathing, well-rounded individuals. And we're often surprised by where their journeys take them; they open new doors for us all the time,\" he said.[54]", "Last Tango, Then Paris A week later, Nate apologizes to Dan for sending the picture to Vanessa and tells him that he and Serena are over and proceeds to have a threesome as he has taken Chuck's Black Book. Dan calls Serena immediately after, only to find out that she and Blair are on their way to Paris. Just as he is looking at tickets for Air France, Georgina walks in and tells him that she is pregnant with his son. Meanwhile, Jenny is being seen off by Rufus, Lily and Eric as she leaves for her mother's house in Hudson.", "Gossip Girl (season 5) In the 100th episode, Blair's wedding day finally arrives, along with a vengeful Georgina Sparks and her co-conspirator husband who are determined to ruin Blair's wedding by any means necessary. Meanwhile, Serena decides that she has to tell Dan how she feels while Nate unknowingly meets the real Charlie Rhodes working as a waitress at the reception. Elsewhere, Chuck must decide whether or not to make a final grand gesture to show Blair how he feels until Blair's mother, Eleanor, approaches him to persuade him to stop the wedding. Blair's estranged father Harold, and her stepfather, Cyrus, try to get Blair to choose one of them to escort her down the aisle, while Louis' mother, Sophia, again tries to tell him that Blair is not, and never will be, trustworthy. During the wedding, Gossip Girl leaks a video which shows Blair confessing her love for Chuck. However, an interrupted wedding continues and Blair is officially declared the Princess of Monaco. However, at the reception, Louis reveals to Blair that the wedding stands as contracted and \"a show\", and their love does not exist, to which Blair reacts in distress and runs away with Dan. The identity of Gossip Girl's successor is revealed at the end of the episode.", "Gossip Girl (season 5) CeCe Rhodes arrives back in New York where Lily and Serena are planning to throw her a Studio 54 party in her honor. Serena continues dating Max who begins blackmailing Charlie. Meanwhile, Dan meets with his publicist Alessandra where they create rival \"Dan fan\" and \"Dan hater\" accounts on Twitter in order to create online buzz for his book. Blair attempts to figure out how to make Louis more like the \"new\" Chuck by spending the day with Chuck. She accompanies him to therapy and demands to know how he's improved himself only to find out that he's let her go. Upset she runs home and later reveals to Chuck that she's afraid she is the one that brings the dark side out in him and Louis. Chuck assures her that she is \"the lightest thing that ever came into my life\" and tells her he let her go because she asked him to. He just wants her to be happy. Also, Nate is the new boss of the Spectator and one of his employees finds out that his cousin Tripp's wife, Maureen, might be having an affair. He soon figures out, however, that Maureen is faking an affair in order to create a sympathetic image for Tripp in the public eye before the upcoming election. Serena learns about Ivy and Max and breaks up with him and Carol Rhodes visits to help find a cover story to get \"Charlie\" her trust fund and to help keep her there where she's loved. In the final confrontation, everyone believes Ivy's false story that she really is Charlie and pretended to be Ivy when she was with Max, even though he calls her a liar and says otherwise. Ivy also finds out that CeCe is sick, but keeps it a secret. The episode ends with Max reaffirming his threats to Ivy to expose her scam, Chuck telling Nate that he still loves Blair, and Blair looking despondent in her bedroom, refusing to talking to Louis who is out of the country.", "Gossip Girl (season 5) Chuck, Nate, Blair, Serena and Lola team up to uncover what they think is an explosive secret between Diana and Jack. Meanwhile, Dan is offered a prestigious fellowship in Rome for the summer, but turns it down for his relationship with Blair. Dan tells Blair he loves her but she doesn't say it back. Nate and Lola team up with Gossip Girl to take back the site from Serena leaving her hopeless. Diana is seen to be running a high class brothel service. At the end of the episode Chuck finds out his father Bart Bass is still alive.", "Riding in Town Cars with Boys Serena and Lily prepare Charlie for her first debutante ball to welcome her into New York high society, but the vindictive Max is determined to reveal Charlie/Ivy's secret by any means necessary. Meanwhile, Blair must choose where she stands with both Louis and Chuck as she hides out at the Humphrey loft in Brooklyn from the press. Dan realizes that it is time to tell Blair the truth about his feelings for her. Louis returns to New York where he meets with Serena and confides in her about his fears about his future with Blair. Nate learns that his grandfather, William van der Bilt, owns the majority of stock shares at Spectator and he influenced Diana to hire him. William invites Nate to an upstate retreat, but Nate's cousin, Tripp, has been excluded. After Dan sacrifices his own love for Blair for her happiness, Chuck and Blair are hurried into a car from Charlie's debutante ball. Their car is tailed by vicious paparazzi (Charlie sent a blast to Gossip Girl and tipped them off in order to keep them away from her) who cause them to crash, leaving Chuck fighting for his life and the pregnant Blair fighting to keep her baby. After Max's pleas to both Serena and Nate about Charlie's real identity fall on deaf ears, he has a run-in with Tripp van der Bilt whom he apparently tells his story about Ivy. Charlie calls Carol Rhodes to tell her that she is leaving New York City after she tells Rufus that she is a fraud. Also, Diana is called by Jack Bass and informed about Chuck and Blair's car accident; she is somehow involved.", "New York, I Love You XOXO The episode was written by Stephanie Savage, while Mark Piznarski directed it.[1] On October 31, 2012, TVLine revealed the title of the finale would be \"New York, I Love You XOXO\".[2] Filming of the episode took place in October 2012 in New York. Some scenes were filmed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art while Blair and Chuck's wedding scene was filmed near the Bethesda Terrace.[3][4] Featured music included Great Northern's cover of \"Bonnie & Clyde\",[5] Rihanna's Pon De Replay,[6] Imagine Dragons's \"It's Time\",[7] Release the Sunbird's cover of Talking Heads' \"Road to Nowhere\",[6] The Mynabirds' \"Body of Work\",[6] Florence and the Machine's \"You've Got the Love\",[6] and The Pretty Reckless' \"Kill Me\" as closing song.[8]", "Gossip Girl (season 1) Serena, Blair, Nate, Chuck and their entourage break into the school swimming pool for a night of fun, but when a member of their group nearly drowns, the school threatens to expel the person responsible for the break-in. Everyone agrees to keep a secret pact and say nothing, but it ultimately creates major tension between Serena and Dan, who isn't sure he's ready to take the fall for someone else and risk his future. Vanessa is working on a documentary project about private schools and accidentally captures Blair and Chuck discussing their affair. Lily contemplates telling Rufus how she really feels about him.", "Gossip Girl Many characters appear as guest stars as parents and other relatives of the main cast. Eleanor Waldorf-Rose (Margaret Colin) and Harold Waldorf (John Shea) appeared as Blair's divorced parents, with Cyrus Rose (Wallace Shawn) as Eleanor's husband and Blair's stepfather. Dorota Kishlovsky (Zuzanna Szadkowski) is Blair's loyal maid. Anne Archibald (Francie Swift) and Howard \"The Captain\" Archibald (Sam Robards) are Nate's estranged parents, while William van der Bilt I (James Naughton) and William \"Tripp\" van der Bilt III (Aaron Tveit) are Nate's manipulative grandfather and cousin, respectively. Bartholomew \"Bart\" Bass (Robert John Burke) is Lily's late husband and Chuck's demanding father, and Jack Bass (Desmond Harrington) is Bart's brother and Chuck's manipulative uncle. Celia \"CeCe\" Rhodes (Caroline Lagerfelt) is Serena's grandmother and Lily's mother. Gabriela Abrams (Gina Torres) is Vanessa's mother. Introduced in Season 4 is Blair's new boyfriend/fiancÃ©, Prince Louis of Monaco (Hugo Becker).", "Dan Humphrey Dan leads both Chuck and Blair individually into an enclosed candlelight room. Once they both come face-to-face, Dan closes the door and shows himself out, leaving them both alone. Then, he engages in a discussion with Serena, telling her that all he wants is for Blair to be happy. Serena to tells him that he's one of the good guys, due to his selflessness regarding Blair's happiness.", "Dan Humphrey Dan and Georgina's relationship is short-lived in the episode \"The Lost Boy.\" Georgina sends Blair on a wild goose chase to enter an elite secret society that gets her into a bidding war with Chuck Bass at an auction. Serena recognizes Georgina's handwriting in Blair's invitation to the secret society and confronts her. The Humphrey family leaves and Georgina is left alone at the auction. Serena reveals Georgina's scheming to Dan and Dan ends his relationship with Georgina. Georgina leaves for Boston when she discovers that Scott, Vanessa's boyfriend, is Rufus and Lily's love-child and that Vanessa had known that he was for a long time.", "Nate Archibald (Gossip Girl) He has been dating Blair since middle school. However, Nate is shown to have deep, unresolved feelings for Serena. They have sex during the summer at a wedding. He reveals this to Blair in the first novel after Serena returns, and right before they were supposed to lose their virginity to each other, which causes their first breakup. He gets together with freshman Jenny Humphrey, but later dumps her for Blair for being too clingy. He and Blair have an on-again-off-again relationship throughout most of the novels.", "Gone Maybe Gone Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this episode, the group consisting of Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester), Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick), Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley), and Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg), tries to find Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) who has not given any news during the summer. Trachtenberg and Robert John Burke returned in guest star capacity, along with newcomers Andrea Gabriel, Barry Watson, Sofia Black-D'Elia, and Roby Schinasi.", "Riding in Town Cars with Boys Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively): Serena is very nostalgic in this episode. She looks back and realizes she hasn't found anybody better than Dan or Nate. She and Dan make up and are now friends. After the accident, Serena commits herself to taking Gossip Girl down.", "Serena van der Woodsen With Gossip Girl gone, Serena finds that Gossip Girl's tipsters have begun sending their blasts to her via her blog. Nate encourages her to use the blasts productively, but Serena is reluctant to become the next Gossip Girl. Meanwhile, Serena is concerned for Blair's well-being and confronts her at Nate's New Year's Eve party where Blair tells her that the accident was God's way of telling her that she and Chuck are not meant to be together and that she made a promise with God that if Chuck lived, she would marry Louis and that Dan has been going to church with her since. In order to cover Blair, Serena pretends that she has rekindled her romance with Dan. This \"romance\" becomes the focus of her soon-to-be-launched blog which causes problems for Dan, as while Dan thinks that their romance is fake, Serena is shown to have genuine feelings for Dan again.", "Gossip Girl There was much controversy to Dan being revealed as Gossip Girl in the season finale. Dan had always struggled to be an insider among the Upper East Side and had supposedly created Gossip Girl to gain more power and had been the one \"pulling the strings the whole time\" as mentioned by Serena in the finale. However, there was much speculation and controversy regarding this decision. Penn Badgley who played Dan, stated in an interview that he himself found it funny that they had decided to make him be Gossip Girl as there were too many loopholes in the show for this to make sense. There were times during the show where he would be alone and read a Gossip Girl post and be completely blown away by it.", "Chuck Bass Chuck's storyline throughout season 2 mainly deals with his inability to tell Blair that he loves her. Eventually, his father is killed in a car accident. Lily adopts him so that he's able to own Bass Industries, making Serena and Eric his sister and brother. When Blair begins dating Nate again, Chuck realizes his true feelings for her. The two team up to take down Poppy Lifton, and Blair realizes that she still has feelings for Chuck as well. She breaks up with Nate. In the final episode of season 2, Chuck admits to Blair his true feelings and the two finally begin a relationship.", "Chuck Bass Chuck and Blair agree to team up to take down Jack to get the hotel back. Jack tells them both (separately) that he will only give up the hotel if he has sex with Blair. Unbeknown to Blair, Chuck sets the situation up and Blair goes to Jack's. After a kiss, Jack tells Blair the truth about Chuck's involvement. Blair breaks up with Chuck and he gets the hotel back, vowing to get Blair back too. Chuck tries desperately to win Blair back, doing everything from banning all of the other Upper East Side men from dating her to asking her to meet him on top of the Empire State Building. Blair decides that Chuck is her true love and she's going to meet him, but Dorota suddenly goes into labor and she ends up being two hours late. Chuck, thinking she is finally over him, leaves the building heartbroken and nearly suicidal. When he gets home, he sees that Jenny Humphrey has arrived looking for Nate. The two drunkenly sleep together, heartbroken that their true loves don't return their feelings." ]	[ "New York, I Love You XOXO Gossip Girl follows the lives of a group of young adults coming from a wealthy background. In this final episode, the death of Bart Bass rushes Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) to marry Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and the identity of Gossip Girl is revealed. A five-year flash forward takes place and shows the wedding of Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) to Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively).", "New York, I Love You XOXO 5 Years Later: It's the day of Dan and Serena's wedding. Chuck and Blair are now parents of a son named Henry. Nate, now a successful businessman with The Spectator flourishing, is likely to run for Mayor of New York. Ivy has written an autobiography about her career as a con artist in the Upper East Side, which was adapted into a film starring both Lola and Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff). Blair and Jenny have become business partners in the fashion world and together they have created a clothing line called \"J for Waldorf\". Lily and William are back together while Rufus (Matthew Settle) is in a relationship with Lisa Loeb. Jack Bass and Georgina have also become a couple. The final scene shows the new generation of high school kids on the Upper East Side, mirroring the elite and the exclusion. The show ends as a new Gossip Girl is teased as \"there will always be someone on the outside wanting to get in.\"" ]
test2623	how many seasons of rules of engagement is there	[ "doc89936" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc89943", "doc89942", "doc89936", "doc89935", "doc89939", "doc89940", "doc89938", "doc89946", "doc89949", "doc89941", "doc89947", "doc898120", "doc89944", "doc89937", "doc1621039", "doc89945", "doc89950", "doc1333642", "doc1362244", "doc775736", "doc432614", "doc1549421", "doc775760", "doc432620", "doc1333645", "doc432613", "doc89948", "doc441897", "doc2360008", "doc837258", "doc441881", "doc745835", "doc1549437", "doc181027", "doc129646", "doc2529984", "doc2265862", "doc407789", "doc1636460", "doc669212", "doc432621", "doc2492937", "doc279908", "doc801509", "doc1333644", "doc452919", "doc1458781", "doc1754202", "doc432623", "doc1362232", "doc1402678", "doc1333643", "doc1676599", "doc275779", "doc432619", "doc275785", "doc106045", "doc678240", "doc1645158", "doc1004434", "doc360218", "doc1266356", "doc438570", "doc1280766", "doc1544370", "doc1634019", "doc1333635", "doc837232", "doc837234", "doc107869", "doc253673", "doc1402627", "doc1333638", "doc1549433", "doc617096", "doc1011785", "doc467573", "doc1176980", "doc1334549", "doc26133", "doc1340777", "doc2669220", "doc334112", "doc2026607", "doc1808945", "doc908730", "doc431009", "doc1633961", "doc438579", "doc2360034", "doc54986", "doc1100652", "doc1754137", "doc984885", "doc1107711", "doc432617", "doc938187", "doc279919", "doc355513", "doc1645157" ]	[ "Rules of Engagement (TV series) On May 10, 2013, Rules of Engagement was cancelled by CBS after seven seasons and 100 episodes.[16] The series finale episode aired on May 20, 2013.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) On May 21, 2012, CBS renewed Rules of Engagement for a seventh season of 13 episodes to air mid-season, bringing the total number of produced episodes to 100.[14] Season 7 began airing on Mondays at 8:30, starting February 4, 2013.[15]", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) The show received negative reviews throughout its run.[1][2][3] Despite this, it always earned reasonably good ratings,[2] helping the show reach 100 episodes (typically the minimum for syndication) over seven seasons.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Rules of Engagement is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from February 5, 2007, to May 20, 2013, originally airing as a mid-season replacement. The series was produced by Adam Sandler's Happy Madison Productions in association with CBS Television Studios and Sony Pictures Television (SPT controls the North American rights while CBS controls the international rights).", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Seasons three and four were both mid-season entries launched in March 2009 and March 2010.[6][7] On May 18, 2010, it was announced that CBS had renewed Rules of Engagement for a 5th season.[8] It was later announced that this season would start in September, in contrast to its usual midseason start, and received an expanded 24-episode order. (The fifth season was the first and only season to have a full-season order.) The first 15 episodes aired on Monday nights, usually in the 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central time slot following How I Met Your Mother. Then on February 24, 2011, the series moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central, following The Big Bang Theory, after the cancellation of $h! My Dad Says. On January 31, 2011, CBS ordered an additional two episodes of the series to prepare for the possibility of Two and a Half Men going into hiatus following Charlie Sheen's real-life issues, taking the episode order to 26.[9] Two of these episodes were held back and aired as part of the sixth season.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) On May 17, 2011, the series was renewed for a sixth season to begin airing in fall 2011. One day later, CBS announced that Rules of Engagement would move to Saturday nights at 8:00 pm Eastern/7:00 pm Central as part of the network's new Comedytime Saturday block; the first time in six years that an original CBS program would air on that night. It also marked the fourth night on which the series would air, with it previously airing on Mondays, Wednesdays (two airings), and Thursdays.[10] On October 7, 2011, however, it was announced that Rules of Engagement would move back to its 8:30PM EST Thursday timeslot following The Big Bang Theory, replacing new sitcom How to Be a Gentleman which was moved to the new Saturday time slot.[11] The episode order was cut from the original 18, down to 13 (plus two unaired episodes from season five) on November 14, 2011.[12]", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) The show was heavily promoted by CBS during Super Bowl XLI[4] and launched the following night, the first of seven episodes in its first season. The pilot episode remains the highest rated episode of the show. The series was renewed for a second season, which began as a mid-season replacement for The New Adventures of Old Christine on Monday, September 24, 2007, with production halted after nine episodes on November 6, 2007, in the wake of a writers' strike. After the strike ended, CBS announced that the show would return April 14, 2008, with a further six episodes.[5]", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment owns the rights to release DVDs in Region 1. The fifth season of the series was made available beginning February 7, 2012, exclusively as a made-on-demand release from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, in conjunction with amazon.com.[53] Similarly, the sixth season received a MOD release from online retailers, on October 2, 2012.[54] The seventh and final season has not yet been released on DVD and it is unknown whether the series will see completion on DVD. However, the entire series is available to purchase and download from amazon.com and the iTunes Store.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Note: Following the events of Charlie Sheen’s departure from Two and a Half Men, CBS ordered an additional two episodes for Rules of Engagement’s fifth season, bringing the total number of episodes to 26 from the initial 24 ordered. Despite the episodes, \"Scavenger Hunt\" and \"Cheating,\" airing during the sixth season, they were originally produced for the fifth season, and are included in the fifth season collection. Therefore, the sixth season’s DVD release features the 13 episodes produced over that time period, versus the 15 that were broadcast by CBS.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Effective January 12, 2012, CBS removed Rules of Engagement from its Thursday lineup, replacing it with the new sitcom Rob starring Rob Schneider. Rules would return to its Thursday 8:30 PM time slot on March 29, after Rob had finished airing its 8-episode order,[13] resulting in a total of 15 episodes in season 6.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Paramount Pictures, in conjunction with CBS Home Entertainment, began releasing the series on DVD internationally in 2011. Season One was released in the UK (Region 2 DVD) on April 4, 2011.[55] In region 4, the entire series has been released, as individual season sets.", "Rules of Engagement (season 3) The third season of the American television comedy series Rules of Engagement premiered as a mid-season entry on March 2, 2009 and concluded on May 18, 2009. It consists of 13 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length. CBS broadcast the third season at 9:30 pm in the United States, on Mondays except for one episode (\"May Divorce Be With You\") which was aired on Wednesday.[1]", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) In June 2011, the series was picked up for syndication by local affiliates, The CW Plus, and WGN America, making its debut on September 10, 2012.[51] On Wednesday, January 2, 2013, the series began airing weekdays on TBS at 2/1c. Shortly thereafter, it moved to the early morning hour of 6 A.M. throughout the week. As of May 2016, the series has left the line-up entirely.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Two couples and their single friend deal with the complications of dating, commitment and marriage. It looks at different relationships in various stages, starring Patrick Warburton and Megyn Price as a long-married couple, Oliver Hudson and Bianca Kajlich as newly engaged sweethearts, and David Spade and Adhir Kalyan (the latter added in season 3) as their still-single friends. They often gather to enjoy a meal and discuss their issues at \"The Island Diner\".", "Rules of Engagement (season 5) The fifth season of the American television comedy series Rules of Engagement premiered on September 20, 2010. It consisted of 24 episodes, each running approximately 22 minutes in length, marking the first and only time that the program received a full-season order. CBS initially broadcast the fifth season on Mondays at 8:30 pm ET in the United States between How I Met Your Mother and Two and a Half Men. In February, the show moved to 8:30 ET on Thursdays, following The Big Bang Theory.", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) In Canada, the series is syndicated on CMT.[52]", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) Polish channel TVN started filming its own version of the show, called Reguły Gry (literally meaning Rules of the Game in Polish). It premiered on 16 February 2012 on TVN sister channel TVN 7 as its first original production.[56][57][58]", "100 episodes An extreme example of a show renewed primarily for syndication purposes was 'Til Death. ’Til Death was pulled from Fox's lineup just seven episodes into its third season, after it had fallen out of the top 100 in the primetime ratings.[13] Cancellation seemed imminent, but ’Til Death was renewed for a fourth season after Sony Pictures Entertainment offered Fox a discount on the licensing fee. Unaired episodes from the third season were broadcast alongside fourth season episodes from October 2009 through June 2010 (a total of 37 episodes), including four new episodes airing in a Christmas Day \"marathon\" and two new episodes being scheduled against Super Bowl XLIV with the knowledge that these episodes would have minuscule ratings. The overlapped seasons led to some comical confusion, because three different actresses played the part of Allison Stark during this span of episodes.[14][15][16] The show eventually reached 81 episodes,[17][18] and debuted in off-network syndication in the fall of 2011.[19][20]", "The New Adventures of Old Christine On May 16, 2007, it was announced that, despite the decline in ratings, CBS would renew the show for a third season 2007–2008 as a mid-season replacement.[11] On November 6, 2007, CBS said that production of Old Christine had been halted because of a strike by the Writers Guild of America.[12] On December 13, 2007 CBS announced that the series would return for its third season, which premiered on February 4, 2008, replacing Rules of Engagement.[13] However, only 10 episodes of the original 13-episode order were produced and aired for the third season because of the WGA strike.[14]", "The Unit On May 19, 2009, CBS announced the cancellation of the series after four seasons and 69 episodes.[1]", "8 Simple Rules While 8 Simple Rules was renewed for a second season and production had begun, Ritter's sudden death in September 2003 left the series in an uncertain position. After a hiatus, the series returned and continued without Ritter, with the producers deciding to kill off Paul and not replace him. James Garner and David Spade later joined the main cast as Cate's father and nephew; Jim Egan and C.J. Barnes, in an attempt to fill the void left by Ritter's death. After three seasons, ABC cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005 due to low ratings.", "The League The League is an American sitcom that aired on FX and later FXX from October 29, 2009 to December 9, 2015 for a total of seven seasons.[1] The series, set in Chicago, Illinois, is a semi-improvised comedy show about a fantasy football league, its members, and their everyday lives.[2]", "The Unit The fourth and final season began on September 28, 2008, and concluded on May 10, 2009. On May 19, 2009, it was announced that, after four seasons and 69 episodes, the series had been cancelled by CBS,[3] but on the same day, producers at 20th Century Fox Television announced that the reruns of the show would be broadcast in syndication, in stations covering 56% of the country already committed to carrying the show, including the Fox Television Stations.[4]", "8 Simple Rules While 8 Simple Rules ratings were well above those of the surrounding TGIF shows during its third season, ABC cancelled it due to the perceived inability to sell reruns of the show into syndication (a fourth season would have given the show the 100 episodes necessary to enter daily syndication).[citation needed]", "100 episodes It also occasionally occurs that a marginally performing show that is approaching the syndication threshold will be canceled because the show is not expected to perform well enough in syndication to make it worth the first-run production cost. Such was the case with 8 Simple Rules, a sitcom that lasted three seasons and 76 episodes. ABC thought that the show's change of direction partway through the series (forced by the sudden death of the show's star, John Ritter) would make the show less palatable for syndication. The network declined to renew the series for a fourth season, which would have produced the remaining 24 episodes to make syndication otherwise viable. 8 Simple Rules would eventually be internally syndicated by Disney-ABC Domestic Television to ABC Family as well as to The WB and The CW for their \"Daytime\" block. Another example was the marginally-performing 1990s sitcom Anything But Love; in an unusual case, it was the 20th Century Fox (the production company), and not the network (ABC), who pulled the plug on the show in 1992 after 56 episodes, having calculated that the show would not get renewed for a fifth season and would be unprofitable in first-run syndication.", "8 Simple Rules 8 Simple Rules (originally 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter for the first season) is an American sitcom comedy television show, originally starring John Ritter and Katey Sagal as middle-class parents Paul and Cate Hennessy raising their three children. Kaley Cuoco, Amy Davidson, and Martin Spanjers co-starred as their teenage kids; Bridget, Kerry, and Rory Hennessy. The series ran on ABC from September 17, 2002 to April 15, 2005. The first season focused on Paul being left in charge of the kids after Cate takes a full-time job as a nurse, with comedic emphasis on his often strict rules concerning his daughters and dating. The series' name and premise were derived from the book 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter by W. Bruce Cameron.[1]", "Rules of Engagement (TV series) DVDs do not have the correct order of episodes......", "Regular Show Most episodes of Regular Show last 11 minutes; episodes are usually paired together to fill a half-hour program slot. 261 episodes in eight seasons have been completed and broadcast. The first season began on September 6, 2010, with the episode \"The Power\" and ended on November 22, 2010, with \"Mordecai and the Rigbys\".[19] The second season began on November 29, 2010, with \"Ello Gov'nor\" and ended on August 1, 2011, with \"Karaoke Video\".[20] The third season premiered on September 19, 2011, with the episode \"Stick Hockey\" and concluded on September 3, 2012, with \"Bad Kiss\".[21] The fourth season premiered on October 1, 2012, with the half-hour special \"Exit 9B\" and concluded on August 12, 2013 with \"Steak Me Amadeus\".[22] The fifth season premiered on September 2, 2013, with the episodes \"Laundry Woes\" and \"Silver Dude\" and concluded on August 14, 2014, with \"Real Date\".[23][24] The sixth season premiered on October 9, 2014, with \"Maxin' and Relaxin'\",[25] and ended on June 25, 2015 with \"Dumped at the Altar\".[26] The seventh season premiered with \"Dumptown U.S.A.\" on June 26, 2015[27] and ended with the half-hour \"Rigby's Graduation Day Special\" on June 30, 2016. The eighth and final season, titled Regular Show in Space, started on September 26, 2016 with \"One Space Day at a Time\" and ended on January 16, 2017 with \"A Regular Epic Final Battle\".[28]", "Hot in Cleveland The series, which was TV Land's first original scripted series, premiered on June 16, 2010, and was TV Land's highest rated telecast in the cable network's 14-year history. The series was picked up for ten episodes.[1] On May 1, 2014, TV Land renewed Hot in Cleveland for a sixth season[2] and confirmed the following November it would be the show's last.[3] The series ran for 128 episodes, with the hour-long final episode airing on June 3, 2015.", "Two and a Half Men All seasons except five, seven, eight, and 10-12 consist of 24 episodes. Season five was reduced to 19 episodes due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Due to Sheen's personal life problems, season seven had 22 episodes. Season eight premiered on September 20, 2010, at 9:00 pm ET. CBS initially ordered 24 episodes for the season, but again due to Sheen's personal life, the show was put on hiatus after 16 episodes were produced, with production scheduled to resume on February 28. After a series of comments made by Sheen on February 24, 2011, CBS and Warner Bros. cancelled the remainder of the season.", "Regular Show After eight seasons and 261 episodes, the series concluded on January 16, 2017 with the one-hour finale \"A Regular Epic Final Battle\".[8][9]", "Everybody Loves Raymond Everybody Loves Raymond is an American sitcom television series created by Philip Rosenthal that aired on CBS from September 13, 1996 to May 16, 2005, with a total of 210 episodes spanning over nine seasons. It was produced by Where's Lunch and Worldwide Pants, in association with HBO Independent Productions. The cast members are Ray Romano, Patricia Heaton, Brad Garrett, Doris Roberts, Peter Boyle, Madylin Sweeten, and Monica Horan. Most episodes of the nine season series were filmed in front of a live studio audience, with few exceptions.", "The League On December 8, 2014, it was announced that the seventh season of The League, which premiered on September 9, 2015, would be the final season of the series.[11]", "Mike & Molly Mike & Molly is an American sitcom created by Mark Roberts which aired on CBS from September 20, 2010 to May 16, 2016, for a total of six seasons and 127 episodes.[1] The series stars Billy Gardell and Melissa McCarthy as the eponymous Mike and Molly, a couple who meet in a Chicago Overeaters Anonymous group and fall in love.", "New Girl On May 14, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a seventh and final season consisting of eight episodes, which premiered on April 10, 2018.[1][2][3] The series finale was aired on May 15, 2018.", "Bianca Kajlich Bianca Maria Kajlich (/ˈkaɪlɪk/ KY-lik; born March 26, 1977) is an American actress. Kajlich has had starring and supporting roles in television and film including the role of Jennifer on the CBS comedy Rules of Engagement (2007–2013).[1]", "Perfect Strangers (TV series) There were a total of eight seasons in the series. The first and last seasons were six episodes each, and the second through seventh seasons had between 22 and 24 episodes each. There were a total of 150 episodes in the series.", "The King of Queens The King of Queens is an American sitcom that originally ran on CBS from September 21, 1998, to May 14, 2007. The show was produced by Hanley Productions and CBS Productions (1998–2006), CBS Paramount Television (2006–07), in association with Columbia TriStar Television (1998–2002), and Sony Pictures Television (2002–07). It was filmed at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California. The series finale aired on May 14, 2007.", "Anger Management (TV series) On November 7, 2014, FX announced that the series would end after its 100th episode, which aired on December 22, 2014.[6]", "The Jeffersons The Jeffersons is an American sitcom that was broadcast on CBS from January 18, 1975, through July 2, 1985, lasting 11 seasons and a total of 253 episodes.[1] The Jeffersons is one of the longest-running sitcoms,[2] the second-longest-running American series with a primarily African American cast (surpassed in 2012 by Tyler Perry's House of Payne by one episode, though The Jeffersons ran for more seasons),[1][3] and the first to prominently feature a married interracial couple.[1][4]", "8 Simple Rules On July 11, 2005 (less than two months after ABC officially cancelled it), The WB network announced it would air back-to-back repeats of all 76 episodes of 8 Simple Rules from 4â€“5 p.m. as part of the replacement of Kids' WB with the more broad-audience Daytime WB block. It aired weekdays from January 2, 2006 to September 15, 2006 when it was replaced by Reba upon the merger of UPN and The WB into The CW.[13]", "Sitcom Two and a Half Men is a sitcom that originally aired on CBS for twelve seasons from September 22, 2003 to February 19, 2015. The success of the series led to it being the fourth-highest revenue-generating program for 2012, earning $3.24 million an episode.", "3rd Rock from the Sun The six seasons had 139 episodes in the series.", "Crossing Jordan After six seasons and 117 episodes on May 16, 2007, the series was canceled by NBC.[1]", "100 episodes There are also cases, such as Mad About You (164 episodes) and Newsradio (97 episodes),[citation needed] where a series was expected to do well in syndication but ended up with disappointing ratings and revenue. Reasons include dated references in early seasons, or plotlines in later seasons that fall flat, causing the series to end up being defined by that one plot line or season rather than as a whole, changing the audience's perception.", "King of the Hill A total of 259 episodes aired over the course of its 13 seasons. The final episode aired on Fox on September 13, 2009. Four episodes from the final season were to have aired on Fox, but later premiered in nightly syndication from May 3 to 6, 2010.", "Closing Time (Semisonic song) The song was featured in the series finale of Rules of Engagement (season 7 episode 13) as the final credits were played.[9]", "Entourage (U.S. TV series) All eight seasons have been released on DVD; with the third season being released in two parts. The sixth, seventh, and eighth seasons have also been released on Blu-ray Disc. A complete series collection, containing all the seasons, and special features from the individual season releases, has been released on both DVD and Blu-ray on November 6, 2012.[30]", "8 Simple Rules In 2003, the show began airing in the UK on the Disney Channel, which was edited for children's viewing.[15] It was picked up by ABC1 which aired the show until the channel's closure in 2007. The same year, Channel 5 began airing the series, in which season one only aired, then from 2008, was shown on 5, which aired all three seasons.[16] The series was aired uncut on subsequent channels following its cancellation by Disney Channel. Both Channel 5 and 5* aired the series in its originally-produced widescreen format.", "The New Adventures of Old Christine The New Adventures of Old Christine was created and produced by Kari Lizer as well as Andy Ackerman (who directed all 88 episodes of the series), and distributed by Warner Bros. Television. The series received generally positive reviews from television critics and was nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one for Louis-Dreyfus' performance in the first season.[1] On May 18, 2010, CBS canceled The New Adventures of Old Christine after five seasons.[2]", "Cheers Paramount Home Entertainment and (from 2006 onward) CBS Home Entertainment have released all 11 seasons of Cheers on DVD in Region 1, Region 2 and Region 4.\nIn the US, the last three seasons had music substitutions. In \"Grease\", \"I Fought the Law\" was replaced; its removal affected the comedic value of the scenes it was originally in.", "100 episodes Reaching the 100-episode milestone does not guarantee successful syndication, even for sitcoms. December Bride was an early example: highly rated during its original broadcast run, it bombed in syndication. Michael Dann, who scheduled December Bride during its network run, soon realized that this was because the show had been picking up ratings from its lead-in, I Love Lucy. Becker, for instance, ran for 129 episodes and had high first-run ratings for four of its six seasons, yet was only briefly released to broadcast stations in syndication before a move to HDNet, which took many broadcast programs in the late 1990s and early-to-mid 2000s which did not reach 100 episodes early in its history mainly because they were among the first produced in high-definition television; Universal HD pursued the same programming strategy (Becker would return to a wider audience when Antenna TV picked up the series in 2017). Yes, Dear (122 episodes) and Grace Under Fire (112 episodes) also never made any significant impact in local syndication, though Yes, Dear has become a fixture on the schedules of both Nick @ Nite and TBS, while Grace Under Fire was a minor success in building the viewership of Oxygen, which was co-owned by Grace producer Carsey-Werner-Mandabach in its early years. Another successful first-run show to fare poorly in syndication is Night Court (193 episodes). The series Empty Nest (170 episodes) though having a seven year run in syndication from 1993 to 2000 on both superstations TBS and WGN, was not run in syndication on American television for over a decade. Returning briefly to The Hallmark Channel in 2011 and then to Laff in 2015. Hangin' with Mr. Cooper (101 episodes) has aired sporadically in syndication since it first started airing in off-network syndication in 1996.", "Hot in Cleveland (season 6) On November 17, 2014, TV Land announced that this season would be the final season of Hot in Cleveland.[4] The series concluded June 3, 2015 after six seasons and 128 episodes. The two-part series finale (Vegas Baby; I Hate Goodbyes) aired as an hour-long episode.", "The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018â€“19 television season. The twelfth season is set to premiere on September 24, 2018.[4] It was announced on August 22, 2018, that the twelfth season will be the final season, consisting of 24 episodes.[5]", "8 Simple Rules Before Ritter's death, 8 Simple Rules ranked 42nd in the Nielsen ratings. After Ritter's death, it had slipped to 50th, but was renewed for a third season, in which ABC moved the series to Friday at 8:00Â pm as part of its TGIF comedy line-up. The series' creator and showrunner, Tracy Gamble, left the series for a time over creative differences prior to the third season, but he later returned as a consulting producer midway through the third season. Gamble was replaced by Judd Pillot and John Peaslee, who had performed the same role in the final season of Spade's sitcom, Just Shoot Me!.[11] The series plunged to 94th in the ratings. Even before the third-season finale's airing, rumors began circulating that 8 Simple Rules was facing cancellation due to Ritter's death and poor ratings. The Friday night \"death slot\" ratings took their toll on 8 Simple Rules. The third season finale was not aired for May sweeps. The finale received a 3.9/8 rating share which gave ABC a third-place finish behind NBC's Dateline (5.8/11) and CBS's Joan of Arcadia (4.9/10), which starred Ritter's son, Jason. Shortly afterwards, ABC officially cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005.[12]", "The Big Bang Theory After the strike ended, the show was picked up for a second season, airing in the 2008–2009 season, premiering in the same time slot on September 22, 2008.[19] With increasing ratings, the show received a two-year renewal through the 2010–11 season in 2009.[20][21] In 2011, the show was picked up for three more seasons.[22] In March 2014, the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016–17 season. This marks the second time the series has gained a three-year renewal.[23] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to 12, and running through the 2018–19 television season.[24]", "That '70s Show Over the course of its run, the series was a consistent performer for Fox, becoming one of their flagship shows. Its eight seasons, consisting of 200 episodes, made it Fox's second-longest-running live-action sitcom ever behind Married... with Children, though That '70s Show did not have the same ratings success.", "List of The Big Bang Theory episodes In March 2014, the show was renewed for three more years through a tenth season, which premiered on September 19, 2016.[1][2] In March 2017, CBS announced that the series was renewed for two more years, leading the show to a total of 12 seasons.[3] The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[4] As of October 23, 2017,[update] 236 episodes of The Big Bang TheoryÂ have aired. There was also an unaired pilot which CBS did not broadcast.", "Not Going Out A seventh series comprising ten episodes began airing on 17 October 2014 and ended with a Christmas special on 24 December.[3] A further Christmas special, which was shot at West London Film Studios, was aired on 24 December 2015. On 24 August 2016, it was confirmed that Not Going Out would return for an eighth series,[4] which began airing on 13 January 2017 and ended on 3 March 2017. On 14 November 2017, it was confirmed that a Christmas Special will air in 2017.[5] On 4 December 2017, it was confirmed that the Christmas Special will air on 24 December 2017.[6]", "Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series) Distributed by 20th Century Fox Television, the series originally ran on ABC from 2011 to 2017 for six seasons, and entered syndication in 2015. Despite being ABC's second-highest rated sitcom for the 2016â€“17 season, it was revealed in May 2017 that the network had declined to renew Last Man Standing for a seventh season. Media publications reported that ABC was unwilling to cover the production costs for a seventh season on behalf of 20th Century Fox Television. One year later, the studio's sibling network Fox announced it had picked up the show for a seventh season, which is set to premiere on September 28, 2018.[1]", "Charlie's Angels Despite mixed reviews from critics and a reputation for merely being \"Jiggle TV\" (specifically emphasizing the sex appeal of the female leads), Charlie's Angels enjoyed huge popularity with audiences and was a top ten hit in the Nielsen ratings for its first two seasons. By the third season, however, the show had fallen from the top 10. The fourth season of the show saw a further decline in ratings; the changes could not stop the falling ratings and in 1981, after 110 episodes and five seasons, Charlie's Angels was canceled. The series continues to have a cult and pop culture following through syndication, DVD releases, and subsequent television shows. The show also spawned two feature film adaptations and a reboot television series in 2011.", "Weeds (TV series) As of September 16, 2012, 102 original episodes have been broadcast. The first season began August 8, 2005 and consisted of 10 episodes. The second season premiered on August 14, 2006, airing 12 episodes. The third season debuted on August 13, 2007, airing 15 episodes. The fourth season began June 16, 2008, the fifth season on June 8, 2009, and the sixth in August 2010, each with 13 episodes. The seventh season began airing on June 27, 2011, and, as of November 10, 2011, Weeds was renewed for an eighth and final season of 13 episodes that premiered Sunday, July 1, 2012.[19][20]", "Parks and Recreation Parks and Recreation is an American political satire television sitcom created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur. The series aired on NBC from April 9, 2009 to February 24, 2015, for 125 episodes, over seven seasons.[2][3][4][5] The series stars Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, a perky, mid-level bureaucrat in the Parks Department of Pawnee, a fictional town in Indiana. The ensemble and supporting cast feature Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins, Paul Schneider as Mark Brendanawicz, Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson, Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt, Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger, Jim O'Heir as Garry \"Jerry\", \"Larry\", or \"Terry\" Gergich, Retta as Donna Meagle, and Billy Eichner as Craig Middlebrooks.", "Tyler Perry's House of Payne During the first 5 seasons, the show was rated TV-PG but due to a rapid increase of strong language and mature content (particularly sexual), later episodes are rated TV-14.\nOn September 28, 2011, TBS ordered 42 episodes.[7] Newer episodes have been aired on TBS since October 21, 2011 with season 8, and concluded the series with a total of 254 episodes. The show aired its final two episodes on August 10, 2012.", "Veep The series has been renewed for a seventh and final season which is scheduled to premiere in 2019.[3][4][5]", "American Dad! On November 18, 2014, it was reported that the show's outstanding performance in cable quickly moved TBS to order another season of the series, bringing the show to 13 seasons. [11][12]", "100 episodes It is unclear when conventional wisdom came to decide that 100 episodes was the ideal. One of the first series made specifically for syndication, the 1953-55 sitcom Life with Elizabeth, purposely ended its run after only 65 episodes, concerned that producing more would saturate the market and reduce the syndication package's value.[5] In recent years, the minimum number of episodes for off-network, stripped syndication has been set at 88 (typically four seasons of 22 episodes), although some programs have been relatively successful in syndication with fewer episodes.", "Two and a Half Men Two and a Half Men is an American television sitcom that originally aired on CBS for twelve seasons from September 22, 2003 to February 19, 2015. Originally starring Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer, and Angus T. Jones, the series was about a hedonistic jingle writer, Charlie Harper; his uptight brother Alan; and Alan's troublesome son Jake. After Alan divorces, he moves with his son to share Charlie's beachfront Malibu house and complicates Charlie's freewheeling life.", "Two and a Half Men In April 2013, CBS renewed the series for an eleventh season after closing one-year deals with Kutcher and Cryer. Jones, who was attending college,[5] was relegated to recurring status for season 11, but never made an appearance until the series finale.[6][7] He was replaced by Jenny (Amber Tamblyn), Charlie's previously unknown daughter.[8] In March 2014, CBS renewed the series for a twelfth season, which was later announced to be the series' last.[9][10] The season began airing in October 2014 and concluded in February 2015 with the 40-minute series finale \"Of Course He's Dead\".[11][12] The success of the series led to it being the fourth-highest revenue-generating program for 2012, earning $3.24 million an episode.[13]", "Malcolm in the Middle Malcolm in the Middle is an American television sitcom created by Linwood Boomer for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was first broadcast on January 9, 2000, and ended its six-year run on May 14, 2006, after seven seasons and 151 episodes. The series received critical acclaim and won a Peabody Award, seven Emmy Awards, one Grammy Award, and seven Golden Globe nominations.", "Cake Boss As of September 8, 2015[update], a total of 152 episodes with seven seasons and 5 stand-alone specials have been broadcast. The first five seasons have been released on DVD in Region 1. Up until halfway into the fifth season, each episode title employed alliteration.", "Cheers After premiering on September 30, 1982, it was nearly canceled during its first season when it ranked almost last in ratings for its premiere (74th out of 77 shows). Cheers, however, eventually became a highly rated television show in the United States, earning a top-ten rating during eight of its eleven seasons, including one season at number one. The show spent most of its run on NBC's Thursday night \"Must See TV\" lineup. Its widely watched series finale was broadcast on May 20, 1993, and the show's 275 episodes have been successfully syndicated worldwide. Nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series for all eleven of its seasons on the air, it earned 28 Primetime Emmy Awards from a record of 117 nominations. The character Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer) was featured in his eponymous spin-off show, which aired until 2004 and included guest appearances by virtually all of the major and minor Cheers characters.", "100 episodes More recently, Clueless had reasonable success in syndication, especially on cable,[10] even though only 62 episodes had been produced by the time the series ended in 1999. Chappelle's Show entered syndication despite only producing 33 episodes, five of which were clip shows. Series which have entered the public domain, such as Dusty's Trail, Meet Corliss Archer and Life with Elizabeth are sometimes aired regardless of the number of episodes because there is no licensing fee.", "The League The League was given a series order on August 20, 2009 with six episodes.[4] A second 13-episode season of The League premiered on September 16, 2010 on FX.[5] On January 15, 2011, it was announced that the series had been picked up for a third season,[6] which premiered on October 6, 2011.[7]", "List of That '70s Show episodes That '70s Show is an American comedy television series that originally aired on Fox for 200 episodes and four specials across eight seasons, from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006.[1] The series spans the years 1976 through the end of 1979.", "List of New Girl episodes On May 14, 2017, the series was renewed for a seventh and final season, which will feature eight episodes.[1] On January 4, 2018, it was announced that the seventh and final season would premiere on April 10, 2018, and also it would end with a one-hour series finale, which was aired on May 15, 2018.[2]", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia The sixth season ran from September 16, 2010 until December 9, 2010, running twelve episodes, plus the Christmas special. The seventh season ran from September 15, 2011 until December 15, 2011, running 13 episodes. On August 6, 2011, FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons (the show's eighth and ninth) running through 2013.[17] On March 28, 2013, FX renewed the show for a tenth season, along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network, FXX.[18]", "Portlandia (TV series) On February 14, 2011, IFC ordered a ten-episode second season, which began airing in January 2012.[12] On March 21, 2012, IFC announced its renewal of the show for a third season.[13] On June 12, 2013, the network announced its renewal of Portlandia for fourth and fifth seasons, of ten episodes each, that aired in early 2014 and early 2015.[14] On February 10, 2015, it was announced that IFC had picked up Portlandia for sixth and seventh seasons.[15]", "Brickleberry On January 7, 2015, Comedy Central cancelled Brickleberry after three seasons.[1] The series ended on April 14, 2015, with a total of 36 episodes.[2]", "The Drew Carey Show ABC signed a new contract to keep the show on through a ninth season, even though the show had yet to enter its seventh season (2001–2002) at that time. The season saw one of the show's biggest drops in ratings, finishing 57th with an average rating of 5.9, a significant drop of 28.3% from the sixth season. The show finished its eighth season (2002–2003) season 119th with an average rating of 3.29, a drop of 44.23 percent from the seventh season. This caused ABC to put the series on hiatus, airing the rest of the season in the summer of 2003. Unable to get out of the contract, ABC was forced to allow the show to film a ninth season, paying three million dollars per episode. Not doing well enough to receive a time slot on ABC's fall schedule in 2003, the show had its ninth and final season burned off during the summer of 2004. The series finale was viewed by a little over 5 million viewers.[citation needed]", "Jaime Pressly On December 3, 2009, it was announced that she would guest-star on an upcoming episode (series 4, episode 10) of the CBS comedy, Rules of Engagement. She would play a possible surrogate mother for Jeff and Audrey (Patrick Warburton and Megyn Price).[19] She reprised her role in the fifth-season premiere (series 5, episode 1). She appeared in the Fox sitcom I Hate My Teenage Daughter, which aired from November 30, 2011 to March 20, 2012. In July 2012, Pressly starred in Jimbo Lee's Abby in the Summer.[20]", "Television show If the show is picked up, the network orders a \"run\" of episodes—usually only six or 13 episodes at first, though a season typically consists of at least 22 episodes.[citation needed] The midseason seven and last nine episodes are sometimes called the \"mid-seven\" and \"back nine\"—borrowing the colloquial terms from bowling and golf.[citation needed]", "Kevin Can Wait On October 17, 2016, CBS ordered a full season of 22 episodes.[51] In November 2016, Bruce Helford exited the series as showrunner after the first thirteen episodes, due to creative differences.[52] Cheers alum Rob Long replaced Helford as showrunner.[53] On January 6, 2017, two additional episodes were added, bringing the season to a total of 24 episodes.[54]", "Ghost Whisperer On May 18, 2010, CBS canceled the show after five seasons.[5]", "Eastbound & Down Producers Will Ferrell and Adam McKay received an order for six episodes for the first season from HBO.[3] The series was produced by Will Ferrell's production company, Gary Sanchez Productions. The show premiered February 15, 2009, at 10:30Â p.m.[4] Its second season, consisting of seven episodes, began on September 26, 2010. On October 27, HBO announced they were renewing the show for a third season.[5] At PaleyFest 2011, it was announced that the third season, which premiered on February 19, 2012, would be the last.[6] However, on July 2, 2012, it was announced that HBO had picked up the comedy series for a fourth season, which consisted of eight episodes.[7]", "The Detour (TV series) It was picked up for ten episodes in February 2015.[1] On April 6, 2016, the show was renewed for a second season before the premiere.[2]", "Six (TV series) Six was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes on February 23, 2017, which premiered on May 28, 2018,[4] with the second new episode airing during its regular timeslot on May 30, 2018.[5] On June 29, History announced they had cancelled the series after two seasons.[6]", "American Dad! American Dad! has been nominated for numerous awards, most prominently three Primetime Emmy Awards and two Annie Awards. In June 2013, it was awarded as top television series by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Since its debut, American Dad! has broadcast 234 episodes (September 2017). The total number of seasons and organization of episodes within these seasons are in dispute because of a discrepancy in how official sources report this information. One model suggests the first season of American Dad! comprises the first 7 episodes, while another model suggests the first season comprises 23 episodes.[10]", "Parks and Recreation NBC confirmed that Parks and Recreation was renewed for a seventh season on March 19, 2014.[2][3][4] On May 11, 2014, NBC confirmed that season seven (comprising 13 episodes) would be its last.[35][36] Although the program had always aired in NBC's Thursday night block, the final episodes were moved to Tuesdays, NBC's new comedy night,[37] to compete with CBS's and ABC's dramas.[38] The seventh season began airing on January 13, 2015 and concluded on February 24, 2015.", "Hot in Cleveland Paramount Home Media Distribution has released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1.[67] [68]", "Republic of Doyle Entertainment One has released all six seasons on DVD in Canada.[21][22][23][24][25][26]", "2000s (decade) Although there were less in this decade than there were in the 1990s, the 2000s still saw many popular and notable sitcoms, including 3rd Rock from the Sun, Spin City, Dharma & Greg, Everybody Loves Raymond, Malcolm in the Middle, The King of Queens, Arrested Development, How I Met Your Mother, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm, The Office, Entourage, The New Adventures of Old Christine, Rules of Engagement, Two and a Half Men, The Big Bang Theory, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and 30 Rock, among many others. A trend seen in several sitcoms of the late 2000s was the absence of a laugh track.[citation needed]", "Entourage (U.S. TV series) Entourage is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on HBO on July 18, 2004 and concluded on September 11, 2011, after eight seasons. The series was created and largely written by Doug Ellin and chronicles the acting career of Vincent Chase, a young A-list movie star, and his childhood friends from Queens, New York City, as they attempt to further their nascent careers in Los Angeles.", "The Big Bang Theory (season 7) On March 12, 2014, The Big Bang Theory was renewed for an additional three years, extending it through the 2016â€“17 season for a total of ten seasons.[2] Production for the seventh season began on August 14, 2013.[3]", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series) Ultimately, the show covered a span of seven years over seven seasons, though each season was not a year.[12]", "8 Simple Rules The first three episodes of the series' second season had been completed when Ritter experienced discomfort during a rehearsal on the afternoon of September 11, 2003.[7] Crew members took him to a nearby hospital, Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center, where he was misdiagnosed as having a heart attack and as a result, his condition had worsened when physicians later diagnosed him with an aortic dissection, and he died that evening at the age of 54.[8][9][10] Following Ritter's death, ABC announced that 8 Simple Rules would continue after a hiatus, and would incorporate the death of his character. The three new episodes that Ritter completed were aired with Sagal introducing them.", "Murphy Brown Murphy Brown is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from November 14, 1988, to May 18, 1998, for a total of 247 episodes. The program starred Candice Bergen as the eponymous Murphy Brown, a famous investigative journalist and news anchor for FYI, a fictional CBS television newsmagazine.[1]", "3rd Rock from the Sun On May 4, 2011, Mill Creek Entertainment announced they had acquired the rights to re-release the series on DVD in Region 1.[10] They have subsequently re-released seasons 1â€“4. These releases contain the unedited, original broadcast versions of the episodes.[11][12] Seasons 5 and 6 were re-released on January 8, 2013.[13][14][15]", "Friends Filming of the show took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings; ultimately reaching the number one spot in its eighth season. The series finale, aired on May 6, 2004, was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers, making it the fifth most-watched series finale in television history,[3][4][5] and the most-watched television episode of the 2000s decade.[6][7]", "Not Going Out The show was cancelled by the BBC in 2009, whilst the third series was still airing, but the decision was later reversed due to a combination of strong DVD sales and an online petition. This led to the show receiving a renewal for a fourth series which aired from 6 January 2011.[1] A fifth series began airing on 13 April 2012 and ended on 18 May 2012. A sixth series began airing on 5 April 2013 and ended on 31 May 2013, with a Christmas special following later that year.[2]" ]	[ "Rules of Engagement (TV series) The show received negative reviews throughout its run.[1][2][3] Despite this, it always earned reasonably good ratings,[2] helping the show reach 100 episodes (typically the minimum for syndication) over seven seasons." ]
test2052	who plays the dad in girl meets world	[ "doc71482" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc71506", "doc202044", "doc1716320", "doc71482", "doc1669961", "doc1669905", "doc1669976", "doc1669857", "doc1716306", "doc1669884", "doc71476", "doc1669938", "doc604652", "doc1669900", "doc2462648", "doc1669935", "doc1669917", "doc1669888", "doc1669894", "doc1669877", "doc1669886", "doc1669870", "doc1669874", "doc1669868", "doc71515", "doc71503", "doc1669955", "doc371745", "doc1669914", "doc1669889", "doc1669906", "doc1669864", "doc71504", "doc2462627", "doc1669953", "doc81026", "doc2462625", "doc57197", "doc1669854", "doc1669962", "doc71507", "doc71512", "doc1669923", "doc1669970", "doc2108963", "doc1669909", "doc1669897", "doc1669882", "doc71478", "doc71509", "doc1669901", "doc81036", "doc71518", "doc2382826", "doc71519", "doc1669959", "doc2382825", "doc1669929", "doc1669898", "doc71490", "doc1669972", "doc371736", "doc81002", "doc81061", "doc371743", "doc1716310", "doc2164971", "doc81023", "doc257694", "doc81001", "doc71491", "doc71505", "doc202031", "doc2462628", "doc1669918", "doc1669892", "doc1669881", "doc1669910", "doc1669865", "doc2164965", "doc1669878", "doc1669946", "doc71520", "doc81058", "doc81047", "doc81013", "doc2128491", "doc1669875", "doc71510", "doc71489", "doc71514", "doc202016", "doc71513", "doc81068", "doc71508", "doc80998", "doc2462629", "doc1440214", "doc1713146", "doc2474568" ]	[ "List of Girl Meets World characters Alan Matthews (William Russ) is Cory, Eric, Joshua, and Morgan's father, Topanga's father-in-law, and Riley and Auggie's grandfather. Alan has a close relationship with Cory and owns a wilderness store which he originally ran with his eldest son Eric in Boy Meets World. He appeared along with his wife Amy and younger son Joshua in \"Girl Meets Home for the Holidays\". He returned in the series finale.[3]", "Boy Meets World In November 2012, Disney Channel announced that it had ordered a pilot for a spin-off series, Girl Meets World. The story exists in the same continuity as the original series and follows Riley Matthews (Rowan Blanchard), the daughter of Cory and Topanga Matthews, as she navigates the challenges of her early teenage years. Michael Jacobs returned as showrunner, while Ben Savage and Danielle Fishel reprise their roles as Cory and Topanga. Philadelphia area native Sabrina Carpenter plays Riley's best friend Maya Hart. Several cast members from Boy Meets World appear in recurring guest roles. Most prominently: Rider Strong (Shawn Hunter), Will Friedle (Eric Matthews), Danny McNulty (Harley Keiner), Lee Norris (Stuart Minkus), and William Daniels (Mr. Feeny). Girl Meets World ran three seasons before being cancelled in 2017.[22]", "Ben Savage In November 2012, Savage announced via his Twitter account that he had signed on to the Boy Meets World spin-off series, Girl Meets World.[6] The series premiered on Disney Channel on June 27, 2014, and features Savage's character Cory and his Boy Meets World love interest Topanga (Danielle Fishel) married in their adult years with two children. The series follows Cory and Topanga's daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) as she enters middle school and tries to navigate through life. Besides being Riley's father, Cory is also her history teacher in this series; in addition to his on-screen role, Savage also directed some episodes of the series. On August 6, 2014, it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season. On November 25, 2015, the show was renewed for a third season.[7]", "List of Girl Meets World characters Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) is Riley and Auggie's father and Topanga's husband. He has taken a job as a history teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School for the first two seasons and then Abigail Adams High School beginning the third season. In both settings, his class consists of his daughter and her friends and his history lessons relate to their lives, becoming life lessons for them. In addition to being Riley's father, he often acts as a father figure to Maya. He also acts as a mentor to his students, much like Mr. Feeny was to Cory, Topanga, and Shawn in Boy Meets World.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Special guest star: William Daniels as Mr. Feeny", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Special guest star: William Daniels as Mr. Feeny", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Special guest star: William Daniels as Mr. Feeny", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Special guest star: William Daniels as Mr. Feeny", "Ben Savage Bennett Joseph Savage (born September 13, 1980) is an American actor. He played the lead role of Cory Matthews on the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World (1993–2000) and its Disney Channel sequel series Girl Meets World (2014–2017).", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle, Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter, William Russ as Alan Matthews, Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews, Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews", "List of Girl Meets World characters Girl Meets World is an American comedy television series created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on Disney Channel from June 27, 2014 to January 20, 2017. The series is a spinoff of Boy Meets World and stars Rowan Blanchard, Ben Savage, Sabrina Carpenter, Peyton Meyer, August Maturo, Danielle Fishel, and Corey Fogelmanis.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Chandler Kinney as Vanessa", "Anthony Tyler Quinn Anthony Tyler Quinn (born July 25, 1962) is an American actor best known for his role as Jonathan Turner on Boy Meets World from 1994â€“1997, a role he reprised in 2015 in Girl Meets World.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Special guest stars: William Daniels as Mr. Feeny, Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Svorski", "Cory Matthews In the sequel Girl Meets World, taking place several years after Boy Meets World, Cory and his wife Topanga are still living in New York City, and they have a daughter named Riley (Rowan Blanchard) and a son named Auggie (August Maturo). Just like how Boy Meets World was about Cory, Girl Meets World is about his daughter Riley. Cory has become a history teacher, where he taught at John Quincy Adams Middle School for the first two seasons before transitioning to Abigail Adams High School at the start of season 3. As their history teacher in both middle and high school, he looks after Riley and her best friend, Maya (Sabrina Carpenter), along with their friends and classmates Farkle Minkus (Corey Fogelmanis), Lucas Friar (Peyton Meyer), and Zay Babineaux (Amir Mitchell-Townes). His history lessons relate to the current events of Riley and her friend's lives, and become life lessons for them.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Tahmus Rounds as Cletis, Madison Mason as McCullough", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Also starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World characters Chet Hunter (Blake Clark) is Shawn and Jack's late father who died of a heart attack in the sixth season of Boy Meets World. During his lifetime, he was in and out of his children's lives. Since his passing, he occasionally returns to Shawn as a spirit guide as seen near the end of \"Girl Meets Hurricane\".", "List of Girl Meets World characters George Feeny (William Daniels) is Cory's omnipresent mentor who is now in his late 80s. Feeny makes a cameo appearance in the pilot episode, his only appearance in the first season. Mr. Feeny was Cory, Shawn, and Topanga's teacher in junior high, their principal in high school, and their professor in college. Throughout these years, Feeny was the Matthews' next-door neighbor and a close friend to the Matthews family as well as Shawn Hunter. In \"Girl Meets Gravity\", Cory calls Feeny to check up on him after the death of Mrs. Svorski. In \"Girl Meets Pluto\", Cory, Shawn, and Topanga, along with Riley and Maya, return to Philadelphia to dig up a time capsule from Feeny's backyard where they are caught by Feeny. He asks Riley and Maya how Cory has been to them as he receives some positive answers. He returns in the season three episode \"Girl Meets I Do\" where he comes to New York to wed Shawn and Katy as Ava meets him. Feeny comments that he is a lot of things. When Auggie calls him \"grandpa,\" Feeny quoted \"except that.\" He returned in the series finale.[3]", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Aaron Lazar as Mr. Jackson", "William Daniels In 2014, Daniels reprised his role as Mr. Feeny in the pilot episode of the Boy Meets World spinoff, Girl Meets World. His role was a cameo at the end credits praising the adult Cory Matthews for his parenting. He made two additional appearances in the second season.[7]", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Will Friedle as Eric Matthews, Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner, Nicholas Hormann as Senator Graham, Lamont Thompson as Zachary T. Wolff, J.B. Gaynor as TJ Murphy", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle, Willie Garson as Harrison Miller, Cecilia Balagot as Smackle, Mekai Curtis as Shumpert, Nathaniel James Potvin as Academic Top Half", "List of Girl Meets World characters Stuart Minkus (Lee Norris) is Cory, Shawn, and Topanga's former classmate, appearing as a main cast member in the first season of Boy Meets World, and as a guest star in an episode of the fifth season. Although Cory and Shawn often bullied Minkus, the boys also looked to him for advice on girls and life, and Stuart was good friends with Topanga, later becoming a fierce rival, which carries over to this series. Making his return in \"Girl Meets Maya's Mother\", it is revealed that he is Farkle's father. He appears at Career Day at school, whereupon he instantly renews his rivalry with both Cory and Topanga, and is proud to mention his position as the CEO of Minkus International. In \"Girl Meets I Am Farkle\", it is revealed that Stuart is married to Jennifer Bassett, an ex-girlfriend of Shawn's. He returned in the series finale.[3]", "Cory Matthews Cornelius A. \"Cory\" Matthews (Ben Savage) is the main character of the series Boy Meets World and plays a large role as the main adult character in the spin-off series, Girl Meets World. His best friend is Shawn Hunter, and his mother and father are Amy and Alan Matthews. By the end of the series, he has three siblings: Eric, Morgan, and Joshua. Cory is friends with Topanga Lawrence, his \"first true love,\" whom he eventually marries late in the series. Sometimes, Cory does not get along with Topanga, when Cory is not doing the right thing, or not doing things the right way (humorously), complete with deadpan humor and puns. Mr. George Feeny is Cory's teacher/principal, mentor, and neighbor. He goes to him for advice on his problems. Cory always works his problems out. In the last episode, it is revealed that Cory is actually short for 'Cornelius.' He is not fond of this fact.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Aaron Lazar as Mr. Jackson, Diamond White as Sage", "List of Boy Meets World characters Alan Matthews (William Russ) is the husband of Amy Matthews, and the father of Eric, Cory, Morgan, and Joshua. Alan, as the father of the Matthews children, provides guidance to his children. He has a quick temper, though when it shows up, usually through consultation with his wife, he often apologizes afterwards for words spoken in anger. In some later episodes, Alan does not support Eric in all of his ventures, and Amy, in turn, tells Alan that his coddling of Eric is the reason Eric has turned out the way he is.", "Cory Matthews Cornelius Alexander \"Cory\" Matthews is a fictional character in the US television series Boy Meets World (1993–2000) and its sequel Girl Meets World (2014–2017), portrayed by Ben Savage.", "Will Friedle In December 2013, it was announced that Friedle would reprise his Boy Meets World role of Eric Matthews on the continuation series Girl Meets World.[2][3][4]", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Girl Meets World is an American comedy television series created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on Disney Channel from June 27, 2014 to January 20, 2017. The series is a spinoff of Boy Meets World and stars Rowan Blanchard, Ben Savage, Sabrina Carpenter, Peyton Meyer, August Maturo, Danielle Fishel, and Corey Fogelmanis.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter, Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart", "List of Girl Meets World characters Amy Matthews (Betsy Randle) is Cory, Eric, Joshua, and Morgan's mother, Topanga's mother-in-law, and Riley and Auggie's grandmother. Amy has a close relationship with her children, especially Morgan, who is her only daughter. She would often disagree with Cory and Topanga as a couple when they made important decisions even though she is fond of them. She appeared along with her husband Alan and younger son Joshua in \"Girl Meets Home for the Holidays\". She returned in the series finale.[3]", "List of Girl Meets World characters Eric Matthews (Will Friedle) is Cory, Joshua, and Morgan's older brother, and Riley and Auggie's uncle. He first appears in \"Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels\". Like in the original series, Eric is a goofball and lovable, but is quite dimwitted sometimes. Now a full-grown adult, he appears to have matured a little, but is still considered to be the fun uncle in the Matthews family. As evidenced in the original series, Eric has good people skills. Since leaving Philadelphia, Eric has gone on to become the Mayor of St. Upid Town, New York, a fictional community near the borders of New York State and the Canadian Province of Quebec, after all those who would have supported his mayoral opponent died in a landslide, according to Eric.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Will Friedle as Eric Matthews, Matthew Lawrence as Jack Hunter, Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner, Phil Morris as Agent LaChance", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Stephanie Lemelin as Anastasia Boulangerie, Sarah Carpenter as Sarah", "Lee Norris Norris appeared as a recurring guest in the first two seasons of the Boy Meets World spin-off series Girl Meets World, reprising his role as Minkus, in which he is now the father of a teenage son Farkle Minkus (Corey Fogelmanis). Norris didn't appear in the third season, but he makes a non-speaking cameo in the series finale.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Madison McLaughlin as Jasmine, Cynthy Wu as Charlotte, Tajh Bellow as Andrew", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Jackée as Evelyn Rand, Stephanie Erb as Hillary, David Starzyk as Ron", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest star: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World characters Riley Matthews (Rowan Blanchard)[1] is the daughter of Cory and Topanga Matthews, and has a younger brother named Auggie.", "List of Girl Meets World characters Joshua was the only member of the immediate Matthews family never to have a prominent role in Boy Meets World; he was originally portrayed by creator Michael Jacobs's son Daniel in Boy Meets World.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Delon de Metz as Mr. Martinez, Senta Moses as Alterna-Cory", "List of Boy Meets World characters Mr. Turner later returns as a recurring character in Girl Meets World beginning with the episode \"Girl Meets the New Teacher\" where it is revealed that after his accident he fell in love with his nurse and married her. He has also gone on to become the superintendent of New York's public school system. Cory's daughter, Riley, sees him as an uncle figure as he has formed an even closer affinity with the Matthews family than before, visiting their home often. Though thankful for him being a good educator, Topanga holds a grudge against Turner because he gave her an A- in high school. He made another appearance in the episode \"Girl Meets Creativity\".", "List of Girl Meets World characters Jonathan Turner (Anthony Tyler Quinn) was an English teacher who taught Cory, Shawn, and Topanga in high school. He was a laid back teacher who wore a leather jacket and rode a motorcycle. At one point, he became a father figure to Shawn and admits to loving him like a son. After his motorcycle accident, Jonathan fell in love with his nurse and married her.", "Peyton Meyer In 2013, Meyer made his debut with Disney Channel Original Series Dog with a Blog.[5] In 2014, he landed a main role in the Disney Channel Original Series Girl Meets World, spinoff of Boy Meets World where he plays the role of Lucas Friar.[6] Meyer also guest starred on Best Friends Whenever, where he reprised his role as Lucas Friar.[7]", "List of Girl Meets World characters Mr. Turner returns in \"Girl Meets the New Teacher\", where he is now a superintendent who personally hired Cory Matthews to teach history at John Quincy Adams Middle School. He is called in to oversee the class of Harper Burgess to see if she is worth keeping around after Principal Yancy threatened to fire her and Cory; like Mr. Turner in Boy Meets World, Harper uses comic books in her lessons and rides a motorcycle to work. Riley sees Mr. Turner as an uncle figure as he has formed an even closer affinity with the Matthews family than before, visiting their home often. Although thankful to him for being a good educator, Topanga holds a grudge against Turner because he gave her an A- in high school. He returned in the series finale.[3]", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Cecilia Balagot as Smackle, Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews, Curran Walters as Evan", "Peyton Meyer Peyton Meyer (born November 24, 1998[1]) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Lucas Friar on the Disney Channel television series Girl Meets World,[2][3] and his earlier recurring role as Wes Manning on Disney Channel's Dog with a Blog.[4]", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest star: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Absent: Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar, Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus", "List of Girl Meets World characters Topanga Matthews (Danielle Fishel) is Riley and Auggie's mother and Cory's wife. Topanga is Cory's high school girlfriend and they have been friends since they were babies. Topanga has become a successful lawyer and is a loving and protective mother as shown in \"Girl Meets Sneak Attack\". She later inherits Svorski's from the late Mrs. Svorski, later changing the bakery's name to Topanga's.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Cecilia Balagot as Smackle", "William Daniels He is known for his performance as Dustin Hoffman's character's father in The Graduate (1967), as Howard in Two for the Road, as John Adams in 1776, as Carter Nash in Captain Nice, as Mr. George Feeny in ABC's Boy Meets World and its sequel, Disney Channel's Girl Meets World, as the voice of KITT in Knight Rider, and as Dr. Mark Craig in St. Elsewhere, for which he won two Emmy Awards.", "List of Boy Meets World characters George Hamilton Feeny (William Daniels) Throughout the series, Feeny tries his best to guide young Cory, Shawn, and their friends as they encounter problems in their lives on their road to adulthood. He first appears on the show as their grade-school teacher. He eventually becomes their principal, and lastly college professor (teaching such diverse courses as archaeology, English literature, and quantum physics). Cory mentions more than once that Feeny is the only teacher he has ever had since kindergarten. Later on in the show, Mr. Feeny becomes the mentor and idol of Eric Matthews. Feeny is a Boston native and enjoys gardening. He delivers the final line of Boy Meets World dialogue in the series finale, directed to an empty classroom just vacated by his beloved students: \"I love you all. Class dismissed.\"", "List of Boy Meets World characters He later returns as a teenager in the sequel series Girl Meets World, this time playing a larger role and being portrayed by Uriah Shelton. Joshua has grown up to be a handsome young man who has a great relationship with Cory and Alan. He also seems to have a charming yet silly personality, akin to Eric. Maya has a small schoolgirls crush on him for a brief episode. In the episode Girl Meets Game Night, Joshua talks to Maya about her crush on him. He says that he is too old for her and asks if she understands that. Maya sadly confirms it but says she will still fight for him. Later though in the episode Girl Meets the Tell Tale Tot, Josh says that she's not so little anymore and that he guesses he should stop looking at her like that.", "William Daniels Daniels portrayed teacher (later principal) George Feeny at John Adams High School in Boy Meets World from 1993 to 2000. In addition to the previously mentioned 1967 superhero sitcom Captain Nice, he was a regular on the 1970s TV series Freebie and the Bean and The Nancy Walker Show.[citation needed]", "Ben Savage Ben is best known for his role as lead character Cory Matthews on the hit TV sitcom Boy Meets World from 1993 until 2000. Savage's brother Fred appeared alongside him in one episode of Boy Meets World, guest starring as a lecherous college professor pursuing Cory's girlfriend. In the following season, Fred directed his brother and the cast of Boy Meets World in the episode \"Family Trees,\" as Shawn (Rider Strong) discovers that the woman who raised him is not his biological mother.", "Rider Strong In late 2012, Strong declined an offer to reprise his role as Shawn Hunter in the upcoming spinoff, Girl Meets World. However, during production of the pilot in March 2013, Strong along with other cast members, who were also unconfirmed to return, appeared on the set sparking rumors of a cameo or return to the new series. Creator Michael Jacobs stated \"I think there's more than a chance, I think there's a strong chance\" when commenting on Strong and other original series cast members returning. Other current cast members commented on Strong's return indicating that his return might be a secret not ready to be revealed. In June 2013, a Boy Meets World reunion was held with Strong attending along with many of his former cast members.[5] On March 19, 2014, it was confirmed that Strong would reprise his role as Shawn Hunter, the first being a holiday-themed episode along with former cast members Betsy Randle and William Russ.[6] In addition, Strong will also direct a number of episodes.[7]", "List of Boy Meets World characters Despite his brief tenure on Boy Meets World, Stuart appears as a major recurring character in the sequel Girl Meets World, with Norris reprising his role. He makes his first appearance the episode \"Girl Meets Maya's Mother\" where he is revealed to be the doppelganger father of Farkle, one of Riley Matthews' best friends. He brags to Cory and Topanga that he has become a wealthy businessman who owns a helicopter. Despite being a married man, Stuart still longs for Topanga. His wife and Farkle's mother, Jennifer (Kristanna Loken) an ex-girlfriend of Shawn Hunter makes her first appearance in the second season. Jennifer appeared as the main antagonist in two episodes of Boy Meets World. In the updated series she is shown to be a much nicer, doting parent.", "Matthew Lawrence In 2015, he reprised his role as Jack Hunter in the series Girl Meets World, a spin-off/sequel of Boy Meets World.[7]", "List of Boy Meets World characters By the end of the series, Cory, Topanga, and their friends eventually left Philadelphia for an internship that Topanga got with a law firm in New York City, and by the time of the events of Girl Meets World, Cory has had two children with Topanga, a daughter named Riley plus a son named Auggie. Cory is, at this point in his life, a seventh-grade history teacher and his daughter is also in his class. In this spin-off series, Cory, who is now matured and experienced, plays the similar role as his father Alan and George Feeny had; mentoring his children and their friends about life, while still learning his craft as a young teacher (akin to Jonathan Turner).", "List of Girl Meets World characters Farkle Minkus (Corey Fogelmanis) is close friends with Riley and Maya, but is also infatuated with them. In \"Girl Meets Sneak Attack\", it is shown that he cares for the two and will do anything for them to be happy. He is smart, eccentric, and a big flirt. He is shown to be the teacher's pet in many episodes. He is the son of Cory and Topanga's former classmates, Stuart Minkus and Jennifer Bassett; of the two, Farkle bears great similarities to his father.", "List of Girl Meets World characters Harley Keiner (Danny McNulty) is Cory's good friend and former high school bully. In Boy Meets World, Harley was much older than the rest of the students due to being held back. He now works as the janitor[4] at John Quincy Adams Middle School, as seen in \"Girl Meets the Forgotten\". He mentions in \"Girl Meets Flaws\" that Cory helped him get the job. Reminiscent of the original series, Harley likes to address Cory by the nickname Johnny Baboon. Harley is regretful for his past behavior and looks to steer kids from going down the wrong path. However, it is mildly implied that Harley's aggressive side isn't entirely gone as he mentions that without music, he's prone to do things. He returned in the series finale.[3]", "Boy Meets World The name of John Adams High School is an homage to William Daniels' long-running role in the Tony-award-winning Broadway play (and later film) 1776, in which Daniels played Founding Father John Adams.", "Cory Matthews By the end of the series, Cory, Topanga, and their friends eventually left Philadelphia for an internship that Topanga got with a law firm in New York City, and by the time of the events of Girl Meets World, Cory has had two children with Topanga, a daughter named Riley, plus a son named Auggie. Cory became a history teacher and his daughter is in his class. In the spin-off, Cory, who is now matured and experienced, plays the similar role as his father Alan and George Feeny had; mentoring his children and their friends about life, while still learning his craft as a young teacher (akin to Jonathan Turner).", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Ava Kolker as Ava, Hugh Dane as Phil", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle, Ava Kolker as Ava, Cecilia Balagot as Smackle, Reagan Pasternak as Judy", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Special guest star: Herbie Hancock as himself", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Absent: Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Absent: Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar", "Rider Strong Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979), born as Rider King Strong, is an American actor, director, voice actor, producer and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as Shawn Hunter on the 1990s sitcom Boy Meets World and its 2014 sequel Girl Meets World. He is also known for his role in the 2002 horror film Cabin Fever.", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Ava Kolker as Ava, Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner, Zachary Mitchell as Billy", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Mariah Buzolin as Adult Riley, Ruby Lewis as Adult Maya, Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley, Ivy George as Young Maya, Michael Wilder as Young Farkle", "List of Girl Meets World characters Jack Hunter (Matthew Lawrence) is Shawn's paternal half-brother and was Eric's best friend in college. Jack competed with Eric for the affection of Rachel McGuire. He and Rachel joined the Peace Corps at the end of Boy Meets World, but Jack eventually left while Rachel stayed behind. The two have since lost touch, while Eric and Rachel still talk often.", "List of Boy Meets World characters Chet's only appearance in Girl Meets World is in the season 2 episode \"Girl Meets Hurricane\"; he encourages Shawn to pursue a romantic relationship with Katy, and implies that Shawn would be a good father-figure for Katy's daughter Maya.", "List of Boy Meets World characters In the Girl Meets World season two episode \"Girl Meets Semi-Formal\", it is revealed that Jack left the Peace Corps and ended his relationship with Rachel. He has joined a corporation looking to buy Eric's vote for a pipeline which would harm the environment. Jack ultimately decides not to go through with the pipeline after Eric reminds him about how simple life was when they were younger, by taking him to a middle school semi-formal dance. Jack happens to meet Cory's daughter Riley at the dance.", "List of Boy Meets World characters Initially, Friedle declined to reprise his role in the sequel series Girl Meets World, but later became a recurring character; Eric made his initial appearance in the season 2 episode \"Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels\"; when Cory's daughter Riley and her best friend Maya have a major argument that threatens to destroy their friendship, Eric is called in by Cory to mediate and he successfully reconciles the girls. The episode title is a reference to the Boy Meets World Season 7 episode \"Seven the Hard Way\"; and he again administers his \"Lose one friendâ€¦\" mantra. Early plans for the sequel had Eric's son, Troy, being a prominent part of the cast; the role of the teenage relative is instead filled by Cory and Eric's youngest brother, Joshua (now portrayed by Uriah Shelton).", "Danny McNulty Danny Brian McNulty (born May 28, 1972) is an American actor and producer who is best known for playing Harvey \"Harley\" Keiner on Boy Meets World and later on its spinoff Girl Meets World.[1]", "List of Girl Meets World episodes Guest stars: Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner, Sonya Eddy as Geralyn Thompson", "List of Girl Meets World characters Shawn Hunter (Rider Strong) is Cory's best friend since childhood, Topanga's close childhood friend, and uncle figure to Riley and Auggie. Since the end of Boy Meets World, Shawn has traveled around as a writer and a photographer. He first appears in \"Girl Meets Home for the Holidays\" and later forms a friendship with Maya, and develops feelings for her mother Katy. Cory and Shawn have a close relationship with each other that, as shown in Boy Meets World, is at times even stronger than the relationship between Cory and Topanga.", "List of Girl Meets World characters Auggie Matthews (August Maturo) is Riley's precocious young brother and Cory and Topanga's son. In the pilot episode he believed himself to be Riley's twin, and wants to be like his father when he grows up.", "List of Girl Meets World characters Angela Moore (Trina McGee) is Shawn Hunter's former high school girlfriend. Her father has since died and she has been married to a soldier for four years and is looking to potentially become a mother. Angela makes an appearance in \"Girl Meets Hurricane\", where she not only reveals to Shawn the tragic news that her father Sgt. Moore (Julius Carry) died in a fishing accident, but also that she has gotten married to a man in the service. Her reason for meeting up with Shawn is to get some advice and counseling about her fears of becoming a mother because she is worried that she may end up like her own mother. Shawn encourages Angela to start a family with her husband and experience the joy of being a parent. After this, Angela encourages Shawn to pursue a relationship with Katy and leaves to go back home.", "Boy Meets World Boy Meets World is an American television sitcom that chronicles the coming-of-age events and everyday life-lessons of Cory Matthews (portrayed by Ben Savage). The show follows Cory and his friends and family through seven seasons, from his middle school days as a pre-pubescent child to his life in college as a married man. The show aired from 1993 to 2000 on ABC, part of the network's TGIF lineup. The entire series has since been released on DVD, as well as on iTunes.", "List of Girl Meets World characters To blend in with the locals, he wears a hermit costume, an homage to his faux alter ego, Plays with Squirrels, that was seen in the Boy Meets World episode \"Seven the Hard Way\". A running gag is that he tends to mispronounce Maya's name. He eventually is elected senator and is faced with a decision involving his friend, Jack Hunter. He returned in the series finale.[3]", "List of Boy Meets World characters Harley was later a recurring character on the sequel series Girl Meets World. In the interim, Harley has become much more friendly; he cares a great deal about the students' well-being and is not proud of his past. Unlike their own school days, Harley now holds Cory in high esteem, mainly because it was Cory's influence that got him hired as custodian at John Quincy Adams Middle School, earning him the affectionate nickname \"Janitor Harley\" by the students. He is now good friends with Cory, and also with the four main kids (Cory's daughter Riley, Maya Hart, Lucas Friar, and Farkle Minkus). In the season 1 episode \"Girl Meets Flaws\", when Farkle is bullied by another student, Harley sympathizes with him and even confronts the bully about his actions.", "List of Girl Meets World characters Joshua Matthews (Uriah Shelton) is Cory, Eric, and Morgan's teenage brother, and Riley and Auggie's uncle. He was born premature, underweight, and almost died just hours after his birth. He first appears with his parents in \"Girl Meets Home for the Holidays\", where he is 17 years old and is still living with them in Philadelphia. Maya has a major crush on him, although Joshua tries to make their three-year age difference clear to her. He visits his brother's home throughout the series, and enrolled at New York University prior to the end of season one. In the season three, two-part episode \"Girl Meets Ski Lodge\", he helps Cory chaperone his class's field trip. During the trip, he tells Maya that there could be a possibility for them in the future. He also appeared in \"Girl Meets Bear\" before returning in the series finale.[3]", "List of Boy Meets World characters Cornelius A. \"Cory\" Matthews (Ben Savage) is the main character of the series. His best friend is Shawn Hunter, and his mother and father are Amy and Alan Matthews. By the end of the series, he has three siblings: Eric, Morgan, and Joshua. Cory is friends with Topanga Lawrence, his \"first true love\", whom, he eventually marries late in the series. Sometimes, Cory does not get along with Topanga, when Cory is not doing the right thing, or not doing things the right way (humorously), complete with deadpan humor and puns. Mr. George Feeny is Cory's teacher/principal, mentor, and neighbour. He goes to him for advice on his problems. Cory always works his problems out. In the last episode, it is revealed that Cory is actually short for 'Cornelius'. He is not fond of this fact, yet he ends up forgetting about it and going on with his life.", "Cory Matthews Cory Matthews is introduced as a sarcastic, baseball-loving[1] slacker who has butted heads many times with his strict, but wise teacher, Mr. Feeny (William Daniels).[2] The first season is characterized by many episodes where Cory seems to make a mistake or doing something dismissive, but then ends up learning a lesson either on his own or explicitly through his parents or Mr. Feeny. Often enough, what he is learning in Mr. Feeny's class applies to his home life and vice versa. Cory gradually understands his parents more and respects them for all that they do for him. His relationship with his older brother Eric (Will Friedle) becomes confusing as Eric's constant obsession with girls is foreign to a young Cory[3] and he also begins to become more protective of his little sister, Morgan as she grows up.", "Eric Matthews (Boy Meets World) Eric Randall Matthews (Will Friedle) is a fictional character from the television series, Boy Meets World, and the spin-off series, Girl Meets World.", "Rowan Blanchard Blanchard began acting at the age of five.[8] In 2010, Rowan was cast as Mona's daughter in The Back-up Plan and was in the main cast of the Disney Junior Original Series Dance-A-Lot Robot as Caitlin. In 2011, she was cast as Rebecca Wilson in Spy Kids: All the Time in the World, and as Raquel Pacheco in Little in Common. In late January 2013, Blanchard was cast as Riley Matthews in the Disney Channel series Girl Meets World. She also sings the title song, along with co-star Sabrina Carpenter. The titular character is the daughter of Cory and Topanga from Boy Meets World.[9][10] She is an active member of Disney Channel Circle of Stars.[11] In early January 2015, Blanchard was cast as Cleo in the Disney Channel Original Movie Invisible Sister.[12]", "Boy Meets World (season 7) The storyline of Cory, Topanga, Shawn, and Eric moving to New York, established in the series finale, continues on in the sequel series Girl Meets World where Cory and Topanga are shown to be raising their two children, Riley (Rowan Blanchard) and Auggie (August Maturo). Riley is the series' protagonist, with Cory as a co-lead, and Topanga in a reduced role. Shawn and Eric appear in recurring guest roles, as do many other characters that have appeared over the course of Boy Meets World's run." ]	[ "List of Girl Meets World characters Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) is Riley and Auggie's father and Topanga's husband. He has taken a job as a history teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School for the first two seasons and then Abigail Adams High School beginning the third season. In both settings, his class consists of his daughter and her friends and his history lessons relate to their lives, becoming life lessons for them. In addition to being Riley's father, he often acts as a father figure to Maya. He also acts as a mentor to his students, much like Mr. Feeny was to Cory, Topanga, and Shawn in Boy Meets World." ]
test1095	what's the dwarf's name in game of thrones	[ "doc38403" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc38403", "doc343685", "doc343682", "doc1115546", "doc1115557", "doc1115536", "doc343684", "doc343703", "doc343683", "doc343680", "doc1408311", "doc343687", "doc343688", "doc38392", "doc1115558", "doc1408467", "doc1115535", "doc1115534", "doc343679", "doc1115547", "doc1408293", "doc343693", "doc343720", "doc81705", "doc343713", "doc343718", "doc1408438", "doc38413", "doc1115552", "doc213915", "doc343708", "doc1408464", "doc343715", "doc2222467", "doc1978663", "doc343699", "doc2621469", "doc301744", "doc38412", "doc343719", "doc343707", "doc1115541", "doc343712", "doc1408462", "doc343701", "doc343714", "doc614120", "doc2141681", "doc1408301", "doc1822611", "doc1115539", "doc38407", "doc1150315", "doc1651556", "doc821286", "doc1408310", "doc38402", "doc821284", "doc343722", "doc768901", "doc1078645", "doc81706", "doc343691", "doc821283", "doc343704", "doc1408471", "doc1115560", "doc1408408", "doc2345049", "doc2619323", "doc38405", "doc38420", "doc1228885", "doc2040270", "doc1408435", "doc1408447", "doc1115553", "doc38418", "doc1155315", "doc490414", "doc1408437", "doc343702", "doc38406", "doc343717", "doc1408432", "doc1115542", "doc38397", "doc1293357", "doc1408305", "doc1408389", "doc2327898", "doc1408460", "doc1070350", "doc2135284", "doc573893", "doc343700", "doc2040280", "doc2141678", "doc309314", "doc1408449" ]	[ "List of Game of Thrones characters Tyrion Lannister (season 1â€“present) portrayed by Peter Dinklage. Nicknamed \"The Imp\" or \"Halfman\", Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister. He is a dwarf; and his mother died during his birth, for which his father, Tywin Lannister, blames him. While not physically powerful, Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him. In Season Three, Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin, a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for. Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark; however, on the wedding night, Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone, promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to. The death of her brother Robb, in which Tyrion took no part, causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father, who he claims can't distinguish between his interests and his often-praised ideal of devotion to family. Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth, but stayed himself for the sake of duty. In season 4, Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King's Landing for Joffrey's wedding to Margaery Tyrell, though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister, who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin's orders. When Joffrey is fatally poisoned, Tyrion is framed and arrested. Tyrion, however, implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead. At Tyrion's trial, he demands a trial by combat. Tyrion is approached by Oberyn, who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei's champion, Ser Gregor Clegane. When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed, Tyrion is sentenced to death. Jaime, however, frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King's Landing. Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae, who testified against him and is now Tywin's lover. After a brief struggle, Tyrion strangles Shae to death, and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey's crossbow. Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys. They arrive in Pentos, where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne. Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont, who says that he will take him to Daenerys. Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here. Tyrion tells her everything, including Varys' plan. He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen, but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros. Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles. He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak's Pit, where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena. As the Sons of the Harpy attack, Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena, where they are rescued by Drogon, while Daenerys is spirited away on his back. In season 6, Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen, particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy, stranding them in Slaver's Bay. Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy, Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros. In gratitude for Tyrion's loyalty, Daenerys names him her official Hand, and he accompanies her back to Westeros. In season 7 Tyrion's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views, and he has mixed success in directing her actions. He sneaks into King's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys, which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city. At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall. When Cersei is not convinced, Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her. He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei's presence alive, and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers.", "Tyrion Lannister Tyrion is intelligent, witty, well-read, and shares his father's skill for business and political maneuvering.[11] Grossman describes the character as \"a bitter, cynical, high-born dwarf\", calling him \"Martin's Falstaff\".[13] David Orr of The New York Times notes Tyrion to be \"a cynic, a drinker, an outcast and conspicuously the novels' most intelligent presence\".[3] As an outcast, he displays sympathy for other outcasts and the otherwise mistreated; the TV series version of the character commiserates with the illegitimate son of Ned Stark by saying \"All dwarfs are bastards in their father's eyes.\"[14] Still, he is usually seen for his deformities and vices, rather than his virtues and good deeds.[11] Tom Shippey of the Wall Street Journal points out that other characters underestimate Tyrion: \"His dwarf-status acts as a kind of protection, because—though he is probably the most intelligent character in the whole cast list—no one takes him seriously.\"[15] Acknowledging that Tyrion's wit, humor and cunning are his survival mechanism, actor Dinklage told The New York Times that \"He knows he has no skills with the sword and this is a world that is really deeply violent. Military rules. He would not be able to survive in that world, given his own strength. So he beats people to the punchline—he's entertaining.\"[10]", "Tyrion Lannister Peter Dinklage portrays the character in the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones. In 2011, Dinklage received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and later the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for his portrayal of Tyrion in the HBO series. He won the Emmy again in 2015. Among other accolades, Dinklage has been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016.", "Peter Dinklage Since 2011, Dinklage has portrayed Tyrion Lannister in HBO's fantasy drama Game of Thrones, an adaptation of author George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire novels.[49] Game of Thrones takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms.[50] Tyrion is a member of House Lannister, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Westeros, and uses his status as a Lannister to mitigate the impact of the marginalization and derision he has received all of his life.[51] In May 2009, he was the first actor to be cast,[52] as showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss noted that Dinklage, whom he described as funny, smart and witty, was their first choice for the role, as the actor's \"core of humanity, covered by a shell of sardonic dry wit, is pretty well in keeping with the character.\"[5] Unfamiliar with the source material, Dinklage was cautious in his first meeting with the producers; as a dwarf, \"he wouldn't play elves or leprechauns\" and was choosy about genre roles.[5] Benioff and Weiss told Dinklage that the character was \"a different kind of fantasy little person,\" or in the actor's words, \"No beard, no pointy shoes, a romantic, real human being.\"[5] Dinklage signed on to play Tyrion before the meeting was half over, in part because, he said, \"They told me how popular he was.\"[5] Martin said of Dinklage's casting, \"If he hadn't accepted the part, oh, boy, I don't know what we would have done.\"[53] The series proved to be a commercial success; it has been renewed for multiple seasons and will conclude with its eighth season in 2019.[54]", "Peter Dinklage Dinklage has a form of dwarfism, achondroplasia, which affects bone growth. As a result, he is 4 feet 5 inches (135 cm) tall, with a normal-sized head and torso but short limbs. While Dinklage has come to accept his condition, he sometimes found it challenging when growing up.[4] In 2003, he said that when he was younger he was often angry and bitter about his condition, but as he got older, he realized that he \"just ha[s] to have a sense of humor,\" to know \"that it's not your problem. It's theirs.\"[24] When asked in 2012 whether he saw himself as \"a spokesman for the rights of little people,\" Dinklage responded: \"I don't know what I would say. Everyone's different. Every person my size has a different life, a different history. Different ways of dealing with it. Just because I'm seemingly okay with it, I can't preach how to be okay with it.\"[99] Dinklage has been viewed as a role model for people sharing his condition.[112][113]", "Peter Dinklage Peter Hayden Dinklage was born on June 11, 1969, in Morristown, New Jersey,[1][2] to John Carl Dinklage, an insurance salesman, and Diane Dinklage, an elementary-school music teacher.[3] He was born with achondroplasia, a common form of dwarfism.[4] Dinklage grew up as the only dwarf in his family in Brookside, New Jersey, with his parents and older brother, Jonathan.[5] He is of German and Irish descent.[6] As a child, Dinklage and his brother performed puppet musicals for people in their neighborhood. Dinklage has described his brother, who is a violinist, as being the \"real performer of the family,\" saying that his brother's passion for the violin was the only thing that kept him from pursuing acting.[7]", "Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister [is] the brilliant, black-witted dwarf whose family has had the firmest grip on power for much of the series, though that's not saying much. Tyrion is another good example of what separates Tolkien and Martin. Tyrion isn't a hearty, ax-wielding, gold-mining member of a noble dwarven race. He's not Gimli. Tyrion is an actual dwarf, achondroplastic and stubby-limbed, a joke to passersby and an embarrassment to his family.[12]", "Tyrion Lannister Executive producers/writers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss had pitched the idea of adapting Martin's series for television to HBO in March 2006, and the network secured the rights in January 2007.[36][37] The first actor cast was Peter Dinklage as Tyrion in May 2009.[38] Benioff and Weiss later noted that the funny and \"incredibly smart\" Dinklage was their first choice for the role, as the actor's \"core of humanity, covered by a shell of sardonic dry wit, is pretty well in keeping with the character.\"[17] Unfamiliar with the source material, Dinklage was cautious in his first meeting with the producers; as a dwarf, \"he wouldn't play elves or leprechauns\" and – choosy about genre roles – he had just come from portraying the dwarf Trumpkin in 2008's The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian.[17] Benioff and Weiss told Dinklage that the character was \"a different kind of fantasy little person,\" or in the actor's words, \"No beard, no pointy shoes, a romantic, real human being.\"[17] Dinklage signed on to play Tyrion before the meeting was half over, in part because \"They told me how popular he was.\"[17] Martin said of Dinklage's casting, \"If he hadn't accepted the part, oh, boy, I don't know what we would have done.\"[39] Benioff added, \"When I read George's books, I decided Tyrion Lannister was one of the great characters in literature. Not just fantasy literature – literature! A brilliant, caustic, horny, drunken, self-flagellating mess of a man. And there was only one choice to play him.\"[39]", "Tyrion Lannister In A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is introduced as the third and youngest child of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King, and Joanna Lannister, who dies giving birth to him. Tyrion's elder sister Cersei is the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon, and Cersei's male twin Jaime is one of the Kingsguard, the royal bodyguard. Described as an ugly (\"for all the world like a gargoyle\"), malformed dwarf with different colored eyes, green and black, Tyrion possesses the golden blond hair of a Lannister but has a complicated relationship with the rest of them.[8][9] While he is afforded the privilege and luxuries of his family, he is treated as a \"second class noble\" because of his stature.[10] Tyrion's mother Joanna died giving birth to him and Tywin and Cersei loathe him because they blame him for her death. While Tywin bears no affection for Tyrion, he nevertheless feels a sense of duty to his son, raising him in the Lannister fold and extending Tyrion a share of the family wealth. In contrast to Tywin and Cersei, Jaime has great affection for Tyrion and treats him with kindness, respect, friendship and love.[11] Lev Grossman of Time wrote in 2011:", "Tyrion Lannister Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion is a dwarf and member of House Lannister, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the fictional kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000). Tyrion was one of a few prominent characters that were not included in A Feast for Crows (2005) but returned in the next novel A Dance with Dragons (2011). The character will also appear in the forthcoming volume The Winds of Winter.[6][7] The popularity of the character led Martin and Bantam Books to publish The Wit & Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister, an illustrated collection of Tyrion quotes from the novels, in 2013.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Daniel Portman.[S 13]", "Tyrion Lannister So while we were writing the books we thought about a dwarf who would have been the Lord of one of the islands. He had to be the ugliest person in the world but the most intelligent too. I kept that idea in my mind and it reappeared to me when I was starting to write Game of Thrones. So ... That's Tyrion Lannister.[2]", "Tyrion Lannister Tyrion is a prominent point of view character in the novels, and both David Orr of The New York Times and Lev Grossman of Time called him one of Martin's \"finest creations.\"[3][12] Noting the character to be one of Martin's most popular, Dana Jennings of The New York Times called Tyrion \"a bitter but brilliant dwarf whose humor, swagger and utter humanity make him the (often drunken) star of the series\".[4] Thomas M. Wagner wrote in 2001 that the character \"may very well be the strongest antihero in all of contemporary fantasy\".[16] Dan Kois of The New York Times also noted in 2012 that \"for fans of the novels, Tyrion is among the most beloved among the scores of kings, warriors, wenches, slaves, queens and monsters that populate George R. R. Martin's world\".[17] Martin said, \"My readers identify with the outcast, with the underdog, with the person who's struggling rather than the golden boy\".[17]", "List of Game of Thrones characters Petyr Baelish (season 1–7) portrayed by Aidan Gillen. Lord Petyr Baelish, nicknamed \"Littlefinger,\" is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon's Small Council. He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned's brother Brandon for her hand. Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies. While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned, he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei. Despite that, Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him. During season 2, he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell. He then returns to King's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city. For his efforts, he is made Lord of Harrenhal, though the castle is held by Northmen. In Season 3, he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie, where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne. He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale (as Lysa Arryn's consort) and the Riverlands (after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding), though he has yet to see Harrenhal. In Season 4, Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King's Landing. He has spent weeks in the Vale, and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa. Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery, something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey's beastly nature. This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell. Petyr also gets Sansa Stark – Ned and Catelyn's eldest surviving daughter – out of King's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him. Under the guise of making payment, Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him. He also begins acting as a mentor for her, and promises Sansa she is safe with him. When asked what he wants by her, he simply says \"everything\". When they arrive in the Vale, it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time, and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr's request. Petyr and Lysa marry that same day, and loudly consummate their marriage. However, Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn, and goes as far as to kiss her, with Lysa looking on unnoticed. When confronted by Lysa, who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa, Petyr kills Lysa instead, calmly pushing her through the Moon Door – a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie, and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn, incidentally – to her death on the rocks below. Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa's apparent \"suicide,\" and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself, however, and he is cleared of all charges. As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale, Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa's sickly and mentally challenged son, Robin Arryn, though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die. In Season 5, Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her, leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce. At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn, guarded by knights. Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon's murder, Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis's face. Sansa tells Brienne that she doesn't want her protection, and asks her to leave. Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody, but she flees with Podrick, stealing a horse and releasing several others. Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell, though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay's promise to never harm her. After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell, he leaves for King's Landing, where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality. He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon, and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa's head if he succeeds. In return, Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale. However, Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister, which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow. In season 6, after hearing of Sansa's escape from Winterfell, Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay, but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away. However, Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay, and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks. He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen, but she turns him down. As Jon is declared the new King in the North, Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa, clearly intending to take action against them. In season 7 he remains at Winterfell, where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue. He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other. He does not see the threat from Bran, who can see all of his past actions. Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder. Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member. Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish's, and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark's throat. Arya waits for Sansa's judgement and then slit's Baelish's throat.", "Peter Dinklage At the 2012 Golden Globe ceremony, when Dinklage won the award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film, he told the audience that he had been thinking about \"a gentleman, his name is Martin Henderson,\" and suggested that they Google his name.[114] Henderson was a person with dwarfism from Somerset, England, who was badly injured by being tossed by a rugby fan in a bar. Henderson made a cameo as a goblin in two Harry Potter films. The speech by Dinklage brought media and public attention to the act of dwarf-tossing with Henderson's name being trended worldwide on social media. Henderson eventually died of his injuries in 2016, 5 years after the incident.[115][116] Dinklage turned down offers from talk shows to discuss the topic. He later explained that 20 years earlier he might have accepted these offers but that he's a \"little bit more at peace with things now and I—said what I wanted to say. I have a friend who says the world doesn't need another angry dwarf.\"[114]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Joel Fry.[S 41]", "Peter Dinklage Since 2011, Dinklage has portrayed Tyrion Lannister in the HBO series Game of Thrones, for which he received the Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 and 2015, as well as consecutive Emmy nominations from 2011 to 2016. He also won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2012.", "Peter Dinklage Peter Hayden Dinklage (/ˈdɪŋklɪdʒ/; born June 11, 1969) is an American actor and film producer. Dinklage studied acting at Bennington College, starring in a number of amateur stage productions. His film debut was in Living in Oblivion (1995) and his breakthrough came with the comedy-drama The Station Agent (2003). He has since appeared in Elf (2003), Find Me Guilty (2006), Underdog (2007), The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008), X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), which earned him his first Screen Actors Guild Award, and Avengers: Infinity War (2018).", "Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister (also referred to as \"the Imp\" or \"the Halfman\") is a fictional character in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. Based on an idea that came to Martin while writing the 1981 novel Windhaven,[2] Tyrion has been called one of the author's finest creations and most popular characters by The New York Times.[3][4] Martin has named the character as his favorite in the series.[2][5]", "Peter Dinklage Dinklage has received widespread praise for his performance,[55][56] with Matthew Gilbert from The Boston Globe saying that Dinklage \"gives a winning performance that is charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware.\"[57] Dan Kois of The New York Times noted that Dinklage's performance has made the character \"all the more popular.\"[58] The Los Angeles Times wrote \"In many ways, Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage.\"[59] Tyrion has been called the \"most quotable\" character and \"one of the most beloved characters\" of the series.[60] For his performance, he has gone on to win a Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 and 2015, as well as the 2012 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor.[61][62] As a result of his performance and increased screen time, Dinklage was given top billing starting in the series' second season.[63] In 2014, he said on The Late Show with David Letterman that he had once tried to read the books the show is based upon, but had found them confusing. He joked, \"George Martin, our author, is probably going to kill my character soon because I mentioned that.\"[64] In 2014, Dinklage and four of his Game of Thrones co-stars became some of the highest paid actors on television,[65] although sources differ on the actors' per-episode salaries as of 2017[update].[a] In 2015, Dinklage lent his voice for the role of Tyrion in Game of Thrones: A Telltale Games Series, a video game based on the show.[67]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Peter Dinklage.", "Tyrion Lannister As A Game of Thrones begins, Tyrion is a witty, hedonistic curiosity, protected by his family status but still the object of subtle derision. He is perhaps the most intelligent member of his family but is consistently underestimated and marginalized.[3][15] Tyrion embraces the advantages of being a Lannister but at the same time is all too aware of its negative aspects and his own place as the embarrassment of the family. Initially he is the one Lannister remotely sympathetic to the Starks but he is soon caught in the middle of the conflict between the two Houses.[28] Taken prisoner and put on trial for his life, \"all of his skills at conniving must be brought to bear simply to stay alive\".[28] With the Starks and Lannisters fully at war, Tywin tasks Tyrion to manage affairs at King's Landing, recognizing that his son is intelligent and has inherited his skills with statecraft. In A Clash of Kings, Tyrion relishes his new power but finds that his sincere efforts to stabilize his nephew Joffrey's rule are being undermined and thwarted by the misguided and self-serving machinations of everyone around him. He plots to nullify the counterproductive whims of Joffrey and Cersei but the \"much-maligned dwarf\" finds himself \"teetering between order and disaster as he tries to keep the Lannisters from losing absolutely everything\".[16] Thomas M. Wagner calls it a \"defining moment\" when Tyrion comments that he is all that keeps chaos from overwhelming the family and population who both despise him.[16] Roberta Johnson of Booklist likens Tyrion to the calculating title character of Robert Graves' I, Claudius.[29]", "Tyrion Lannister Dinklage has been nominated for the Emmy four other times for playing Tyrion, in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016.[75][76][77][78] He has received several other award nominations for his performance in the series, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2012 and 2016;[79][80] the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2012, 2015, and 2016;[81][82][83] the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017;[84][85][86][87] the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2011 and 2012;[88][89] and in 2011 both the IGN Award[90] and the IGN People's Choice Award for Best TV Actor.[90]", "Game of Thrones In King's Landing, the capital, Ned's friend King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey) â€“ who has taken her twin brother, the Kingslayer Ser Jaime Lannister (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), as her lover. She loathes her younger brother, the dwarf Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage), who is attended by his mistress Shae (Sibel Kekilli) and the mercenary, or 'sellsword', Bronn (Jerome Flynn). Cersei's father is Lord Tywin Lannister (Charles Dance). Cersei also has two young sons: Joffrey (Jack Gleeson) and Tommen (Dean-Charles Chapman). Joffrey is guarded by the scar-faced warrior, Sandor \"the Hound\" Clegane (Rory McCann).[31]", "Tyrion Lannister Fearing for Shae's safety, Tyrion breaks up with her and orders her to leave for Pentos. She refuses until he calls her a whore, and declares that she cannot have his children. Joffrey is poisoned to death at his wedding feast, and Cersei immediately accuses Tyrion. At his trial, Shae appears to testify against him, falsely claiming that Sansa refused to bed Tyrion unless he killed Joffrey. Outraged at her betrayal and finally snapping from years of mockery for his dwarfism, Tyrion demands a trial by combat. Cersei names the virtually undefeatable Gregor Clegane as her champion. Tyrion is defended by Oberyn Martell, who believes that his sister, niece, and nephew were murdered by Gregor. Oberyn is nearly victorious, but his refusal to kill Gregor without obtaining a confession gives Gregor the opportunity to kill him, and Tyrion is sentenced to death. Before his execution, Tyrion is released by Jaime to be smuggled out of Westeros by Varys. Tyrion decides to confront Tywin before his flight, and finds Shae in his father's bed. Tyrion strangles her to death, and then confronts Tywin on the privy. Tyrion kills his father with a crossbow bolt, and then leaves for Pentos with Varys.", "Tyrion Lannister From the beginning, Dinklage's performance received much critical praise. The Boston Globe called his Tyrion one of the show's \"highlights,\" adding that Dinklage \"gives a winning performance that is charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware.\"[14] Matt Roush of TV Guide told viewers to \"rejoice in the scene-stealing bravado of Peter Dinklage as the wry 'imp' Tyrion Lannister.\"[52] The Los Angeles Times wrote \"In many ways, Game of Thrones belongs to Dinklage\"[53] even before, in Season 2, the \"scene-stealing actor's\" character became the series' most central figure.[57] The New York Times noted that as beloved as the character of Tyrion is to the novels' fans, \"Dinklage's sly performance has made Tyrion all the more popular.\"[17] The Huffington Post called Tyrion the \"most quotable\" character on the HBO series, as well as one of the most beloved.[68]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Conleth Hill.[S 1][S 2]", "List of Game of Thrones characters Varys (season 1â€“present) portrayed by Conleth Hill. Varys, sometimes called The Spider, is a major character in the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons. He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in \"Lord Snow\". Varys is bald and tends towards fat, due to his castration. Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king's small council. He is the Master of Whisperers, the King's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent. He holds no inherited title, castle or lands in Westeros, but is called \"Lord\" as a courtesy due to his position on the council, which traditionally is made up of high lords. He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents. He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life; humble, obsequious, fawning, and a little effeminate. This is simply a facade that Varys has developed, which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer. In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics, on-par with Master of Coin Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish, with whom he frequently spars. Unlike Baelish, Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm, though of course, what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things. Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys. He was born a slave, and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys' master couldn't refuse. Varys was sold to the sorcerer, who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but didn't dull his perceptions or sense of pain, and emasculated him (cutting off his testes and penis both) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual, burning them in a brazier. Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die. Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what: begging, stealing, and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him, doing anything to survive. He also became an excellent thief, but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods, and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr. He became a master spy and information trafficker, and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms. His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners. Varys's true loyalties remain a mystery, though he claims to serve \"the realm\", and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war. After Littlefinger's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey's guards and he fails to intervene, Varys takes her into his service as a spy. Littlefinger finds out and has her killed, taunting Varys that he couldn't protect her. Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm, claiming that Littlefinger \"would see the Seven Kingdoms burn, if he could be king over the ashes.\" Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae. Though he claims he will not lie for him, he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety. Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey, but when Tyrion is convicted, Jaime enlists Varys's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King's Landing to Essos. As Varys prepares to go back, he hears the tolling bells, making him realise that Tyrion's escape has been discovered (along with his murder of Tywin), so he stays on the boat with Tyrion. In Season 5, he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos, where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne. Travelling to Volantis, Varys and Tyrion discuss the former's brief tenure as Hand of the King. Tyrion laments not leaving King's Landing with Shae when he had the chance, but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand. Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen, where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms. In season 6, after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters, he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros, and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys. In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father's throne, and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1. She pardons him. Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros.", "Peter Dinklage Dinklage and writer-director Sacha Gervasi spent several years writing and producing a film based on the final days of actor Hervé Villechaize, who died by suicide shortly after his 1993 interview with Gervasi.[99] As of 2017[update], Dinklage will star and play the title role in My Dinner with Hervé.[100][101] The movie has been approved by HBO, with Dinklage being set to co-star alongside Jamie Dornan.[102] In 2017, it was announced that Dinklage has been attached to star in the American comedy O Lucky Day, which is to be directed by Jon S. Baird where he will play a con-man who pretends to a Leprechaun.[103][104]", "A Game of Thrones At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran, thwarted only by his direwolf. Catelyn departs for King's Landing to bring word of this to Ned. Shortly after that, Bran awakens as a paraplegic, with no memory of the cause of his fall. Upon Catelyn's arrival in King's Landing, she is brought to her childhood friend, Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish, who identifies Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, as the owner of the dagger used against Bran, and agrees to help Ned investigate the possibility of Lannister treason. During her return to Winterfell, Catelyn meets Tyrion by chance on the Kingsroad, arrests him, and takes him to her sister Lysa Arryn's stronghold in the Vale, where Tyrion demands trial by combat and regains his freedom when his champion, a mercenary named Bronn, is victorious. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers to raid Catelyn's homeland, the Riverlands.", "Tyrion Lannister During the second season, Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote that \"Tyrion is just about the only character developing any complexity. Maybe even a glimmer of a conscience.\"[54] Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker noted, \"If the show has a hero, it's Tyrion (Dinklage), who is capable of cruelty but also possesses insight and empathy, concealed beneath a carapace of Wildean wit.\"[55] The Hollywood Reporter called Tyrion \"the one to watch, as he's the smartest Lannister and knows that having a brat for a king – who mistreats all those around him – could cause major backlash.\"[56] Willa Paskin of Salon called the character's increased prominence in Season 2 \"a trade up in entertainment value, and a trade-off in morality.\"[57] She added, \"Tyrion is more cynical, more manipulative and much better suited to surviving. He's not so keen to be made into meat, and that makes him the kind of man characters in the show and audience members alike should be investing in.\"[57] Praising Dinklage, Dan Kois of The New York Times wrote, \"He plays Tyrion as the only modern man in a muddy, violent, primal world. He loves good food, good conversation and a good book. Unlike the warmongering lords and knights of Westeros, but like most HBO subscribers, he would prefer to stay out of battle.\"[17] Kois adds that, \"Dinklage's bravado masks Tyrion's deep well of melancholy.\"[17] Of the Season 2 storyline, Dinklage noted that Tyrion enjoys not only his foray into battle, but also his new and unprecedented power at court.[58] He said, \"This is a character that's been shit upon his whole life. I mean, he comes from great wealth, but he's treated very poorly, so now there's a newfound respect where if somebody calls him a name, he can have them killed. He never had that before. Tyrion definitely enjoys that part and he's trying desperately to hold onto it. He's enjoying it while it lasts 'cause he's not sure it's gonna last very long.\"[58] As Varys the Spymaster tells Tyrion, power is \"a trick, a shadow on the wall ... and a very small man can cast a very large shadow.\"[55]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Paul Kaye.[S 5][S 6]", "Tyrion Lannister Tyrion arrives in Pentos, where Varys reveals that he has been conspiring to restore House Targaryen to power, and asks Tyrion to journey with him to meet Daenerys Targaryen in Meereen. During their journey, Tyrion is kidnapped by Daenerys' former advisor Jorah Mormont, who aims to redeem himself to Daenerys by bringing her the dwarf. However, Tyrion and Jorah are captured by slavers, whom Tyrion convinces to sell them to the fighting pits in Meereen. During a demonstration of pit fighters, Tyrion and Jorah encounter Daenerys; she decides to take Tyrion into her service, but orders Jorah exiled again. At the re-opening of Meereen's fighting pits, the insurgency known as the Sons of the Harpy launch a massive attack, which is only thwarted when Daenerys' dragon Drogon appears and scares off the Sons, before riding off with Daenerys on his back. Although Tyrion wishes to join Jorah and Daario Naharis in their search for Daenerys, Daario points out that his skills are best suited to governing Meereen in Daenerys' absence. Varys later arrives in Meereen, and offers Tyrion the use of his spy network to maintain order in the city.", "Dwarfism As popular media have become more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs have increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and TV series such as Willow, Austin Powers, Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift,[43] The Wizard of Oz, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, A Son of the Circus, Little People Big World, The Little Couple, A Song of Ice and Fire (and its TV adaptation Game of Thrones), Seinfeld, The Orator, In Bruges, The Tin Drum by Günter Grass, the short-lived reality show The Littlest Groom, and the film The Station Agent.", "Conleth Hill Since April 2011, he has appeared as Lord Varys in the television series Game of Thrones, based on the novel series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin. Martin hinted, in a February 2013 post on his website, that he thought Hill would be a good choice to play the title character in a TV show based on Martin's science fiction novel Tuf Voyaging.[11] He appeared in the second episode of the second series of Peter Kay's Car Share as Elsie, the drunk deli counter supervisor.[citation needed]", "Tyrion Lannister In A Game of Thrones (1996), Tyrion visits the Stark stronghold of Winterfell with King Robert Baratheon's entourage. While there, Tyrion tries to befriend Ned Stark's bastard son Jon Snow, and provides Ned's recently crippled son Bran with a saddle design to help him ride a horse. On the road home, Tyrion is taken prisoner by Ned's wife Catelyn, who believes he ordered the attempted murder of Bran. Taken to Catelyn's sister Lysa Arryn at the Eyrie, Tyrion demands a trial by combat and is championed by the mercenary Bronn, who wins his freedom. Using his wit and the promise of a reward, Tyrion wins over the hill tribes of the Vale while on his way to the Lannister army camp. Finally impressed with Tyrion's political instincts, his father Tywin appoints Tyrion acting Hand of the King in an attempt to control Joffrey. While at the camp, Tyrion beds a prostitute named Shae and takes her with him to the capital.[11]", "Dragonstone (Game of Thrones) In Dragonstone, Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke) and Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage), along with her loyalists, arrive and explore the abandoned castle, Dragonstone, the ancient seat of House Targaryen. At the Twins, Arya Stark (Maisie Williams) wears the face of Walder Frey (David Bradley) and poisons numerous Freys for their complicity in the Red Wedding. In King's Landing, Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey) and Jaime Lannister (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) treat with Euron Greyjoy (Pilou Asbæk) who attempts to create an alliance. In Winterfell, Jon Snow (Kit Harington) pardons the heirs of Karhold and Last Hearth, and Sansa Stark (Sophie Turner) warns Jon of Cersei's impending wrath. At the Citadel, Samwell Tarly (John Bradley) begins his training as a Maester, and sends a message to Jon about the dragon glass beneath Dragonstone. At the Wall, Bran Stark (Isaac Hempstead Wright) arrives and is taken south to Castle Black, and the Brotherhood Without Banners, including Sandor Clegane (Rory McCann) continue their journey north to the Wall.", "Game of Thrones (season 2) Others were also added to the cast, either in a small recurring role or with reduced prominence. The most notable example is Tony Way's Ser Dontos Hollard, a drunkard knight, who had a pivotal role in Sansa Stark's storyline that ran in the course of two novels, while in the series the role was reduced to a small scene in the opening episode. Others include: Ben Crompton as \"Dolorous Edd\" Tollet, a man of the Night's Watch.[33] Robert Pugh as the Wildling Craster, father and husband to Gilly.[34] Kerr Logan as Davos Seaworth's pious son Matthos.[35]\nKarl Davies as Ser Alton Lannister, a character created for the series[36] who replaces Cleos Frey as envoy from the Starks to the Lannisters. Daniel Portman took the role of Podrick Payne, the squire to Tyrion Lannister.[37] The 19-year-old Portman plays Podrick as about 16 years old, instead of about 12 as in the novels. To be able to portray Podrick as awkward, shy and weak, Portman, previously a sportsman, stopped his fitness regimen and gained some weight to appear more endearing.[38] Lucian Msamati played Salladhor Saan, a Lysene pirate and friend of Davos Seaworth. Finally, Edward Dogliani appeared briefly as the \"Lord of Bones\" (or \"Rattleshirt\" in the novels), a Wildling leader and Oliver Ford Davies as Stannis's maester Cressen.[39]", "List of Game of Thrones characters Bronn (season 1â€“present) portrayed by Jerome Flynn. Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor. He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark. During the trial, Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt, and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat. Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn's champion and becomes Tyrion's companion and protector, accompanying him back to King's Landing. After they arrive, Bronn's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters. When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay, he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis' fleet, and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city. However, Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King, but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service. He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante, though discord is increasing between the two. When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark, Bronn claims he desires her sexually, which Tyrion takes as a grave insult. In Season 4, Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand, as well as get Shae out of King's Landing, which he assures was completed. Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey, telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered. Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion. Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him, and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane, Cersei's champion, anyway. He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends. In Season 5, Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed, Lollys Stokeworth, just outside Castle Stokeworth. Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding, but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it. He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse, saying that mean people will always get what they deserve. The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle. Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King's Landing and wants Bronn to help him. He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him, which angers Bronn, as he and Cersei had an agreement. Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne. Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell, but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes, Oberyn Martell's bastard daughters, who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn's death. Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard. While in custody, Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene's blade being coated in it, though she gives him the antidote. Though he struck Trystane during the struggle, Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King's Landing with Jaime, after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane. In season six, he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys, and returns to King's Landing afterwards. In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden, reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters. When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion (giant crossbow) to shoot down Daenerys' dragon. One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it, and the scorpion is destroyed by fire. Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him. In King's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep, ostensibly to practice with swords, before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting. Cersei describes this as treason, but Jamie takes no action against Bronn.", "Tyrion Lannister In April 2011 both the Los Angeles Times and Entertainment Weekly pronounced Dinklage worthy of an Emmy Award for his performance in Season 1.[53][69] He subsequently received one for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series,[70] as well as a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film.[71] He also earned a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film and a Scream Award for Best Supporting Actor for Season 1 of Game of Thrones.[72][73] Dinklage won the Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actor again in 2015.[74]", "Tyrion Lannister As in A Game of Thrones, Tyrion travels to Winterfell with the royal family, and accompanies Ned Stark's bastard son Jon Snow on his journey to the Wall. On his way back to King's Landing, Tyrion is seized by Catelyn Stark, who suspects him of having plotted to assassinate her son Bran. Taken to the Eyrie, where Catelyn's sister Lysa Arryn rules as regent, Tyrion is put to trial. Tyrion demands trial by combat, naming as his champion the sellsword Bronn, who is victorious. The two meet up with Tyrion's father Tywin, whose forces are fighting Robb Stark's army as retaliation for his capture. Tyrion is accidentally knocked unconscious as the battle begins. Tywin sends Tyrion to King's Landing to act as Hand of the King. Disobeying Tywin's orders, Tyrion takes the prostitute Shae with him.", "Peter Dinklage Dinklage later appeared in the direct-to-DVD film Tiptoes (2003) with Gary Oldman and Matthew McConaughey. The film met with negative reviews, particularly Oldman's role as a person with dwarfism.[22][23] According to Dinklage, the original cut of the film was \"gorgeous,\" but the director was fired shortly after turning it in, and the film was re-cut into a \"rom-com with dwarves.\"[5] Speaking on the Oldman controversy, Dinklage said, \"There was some flak: Why would you put Gary Oldman on his knees? That's almost like blackface. And I have my own opinions about political correctness, but I was just like, It's Gary Oldman. He can do whatever he wants, and I'm so happy to be here.\"[23]", "Tyrion Lannister In March 2014, Dinklage confirmed that Season 4 would \"stick fairly closely\" to Tyrion's plot line in A Storm of Swords, adding that \"those reversals of fortune really send [Tyrion] down the rabbit hole.\" He notes that the character changes in Season 4, and \"really ends up in a different place than he thought he was going to. It's fueled a bit by anger towards his family, and trying to find his place in the world. You see that some people rely on drunk, funny Tyrion. I think funny and drunk lasts only so long. He sobers up in many ways. And love is in his life [with Shae], and that causes a tremendous amount of damage â€“ because he's vulnerable and he doesn't like to be vulnerable. He's completely stripped of his defense mechanisms.\"[51] Of Tyrion's relationship with his brother Jaime, Dinklage said, \"If you're raised together, you have an unspoken dialogue many times, and it's very easy, especially between Jaime and Tyrion. They have a real friendship, a good brotherhood. They look after each other.\"[51] As in the novels, Tyrion is (unfairly) found guilty of Joffrey's murder and condemned to death; the HBO series does not use the reveal that his first wife was not really a prostitute to motivate Tyrion to kill his father, and he does not lie to Jaime that he is guilty of killing Joffrey.[64][65]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Roger Allam.[S 1]", "Tyrion Lannister Upon his recovery in A Storm of Swords (2000), Tyrion finds that he has lost most of his nose, and a returned Tywin has assumed the position of Hand himself. Tyrion is appointed Master of Coin, the treasurer, as a reward for his successful leadership. After learning of a Tyrell plot to claim Winterfell through marriage to Sansa, Tywin forces Tyrion to marry her instead. Sympathetic to Sansa's situation, Tyrion leaves their marriage unconsummated, despite his father's orders to conceive a child with her as soon as possible. At the celebration of his wedding to Margaery Tyrell, Joffrey is poisoned. Cersei promptly accuses Tyrion, who is arrested. His previous good deeds forgotten, Tyrion is put on trial as Cersei manipulates the proceedings to ensure a guilty verdict. He is heartbroken to find that even Shae has turned against him. In his grief, Tyrion demands a trial by combat, to which Cersei responds by naming the virtually unbeatable Gregor Clegane as her champion. Oberyn Martell agrees to fight for Tyrion but dies in the attempt. Pronounced guilty, Tyrion is taken to the dungeon to await his execution. Jaime frees him with the help of Varys, eventually confessing his complicity in Tywin's ruin of Tyrion's first wife Tysha. Furious, Tyrion swears revenge on his family for a lifetime of cruelty and lies to Jaime that he did murder Joffrey. Before escaping the palace, Tyrion goes to confront his father, and finds Shae in Tywin's bed. After strangling her in a rage, Tyrion murders Tywin as well when he speaks ill of Tysha, and flees Westeros.[34]", "Tyrion Lannister In 2015, James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly called Tyrion's meeting with Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke) an \"iconic meetup\" that \"delighted fans, who were universally enthusiastic (for once!) about the showrunners making a narrative move not yet found in George R.R. Martin’s novels.\"[66] Dinklage said in the interview, \"That’s the great thing about my character: He’s been everywhere. He’s the only character that goes searching. He’s been to The Wall and now he has to find the dragons.\"[66] Benioff and Weiss said that the conversation between Tyrion and Daenerys focused on the parallels between their lives, as Tyrion had a \"lot of empathy\" toward Daenerys for being an orphan, like himself, and both had \"terrible fathers\". Tyrion realized that Varys might be right about Daenerys being the \"last hope for Westeros\". Benioff and Weiss also suggested that Tyrion believes that Daenerys could bring him \"back into power\".[67]", "Walk of Punishment Tywin Lannister calls a meeting of the Small Council. He demands knowledge of Jaime's location, which the spymaster, Lord Varys, is unable to provide. Tywin then announces plans to have Lord Petyr Baelish wed Lysa Arryn to deprive Robb Stark of more allies in the war. Tywin names his son Tyrion as Baelish's replacement as Master of Coin (treasurer), despite Tyrion's pointing out his lack of expertise. Later, while retrieving the ledgers for his new appointment, Lord Baelish advises Tyrion on the job. Tyrion then rewards his virgin squire Podrick Payne with the services of three prostitutes for saving his life in the Battle of the Blackwater; Tyrion is later surprised to discover that they refused payment due to Podrick's skill in lovemaking. While going over the books, Tyrion discovers that as treasurer Baelish has borrowed millions in gold from Tywin, as well as tens of millions from the Iron Bank of Braavos. A debt to Tywin is a problem since, regardless of his familial relationship with the king, Tyrion fears he will not forgive the debt despite the crown's dire straits. However, he is more worried about the Iron Bank, since if they are not paid back in due time they may very well begin funding the Crown's enemies.", "Bronn (character) Bronn is a skilled sellsword of low birth. Debuting in A Game of Thrones, he helps Catelyn Stark escort her prisoner, Tyrion Lannister, to the Eyrie, presumably in the hope of a reward. During the journey, he befriends Tyrion and also demonstrates his skill with a sword when they are attacked by wildlings.[6][7] Bronn later accepts Tyrion's offer to champion for him in a trial by combat, recognizing there is more gain in helping Tyrion. He wins the duel against Lysa Arryn's champion, Ser Vardis Egen. Bronn wears minimal armor and uses his superior skill and speed to easily beat him. He becomes Tyrion's personal bodyguard and accompanies him to the camp of Tywin Lannister's army, and later King's Landing, serving as his captain of the guard and right-hand man. When Stannis Baratheon attacks the capital, Bronn is knighted for his defense of the city, taking up the name \"Ser Bronn of the Blackwater\" and taking a green burning chain as his personal sigil in commemoration of his role in the battle. In A Storm of Swords, Tyrion is accused of murdering King Joffrey Baratheon and asks Bronn to champion him in a second trial by combat, this time against the monstrous Gregor Clegane. Bronn recognizes that although he can conceivably win, the benefits aren't worth the risks, and declines. Instead he takes up Cersei's offer to marry Lollys of the wealthy House Stokeworth, an unmarried woman who is pregnant from being raped during a riot. When his wife gives birth, Bronn names his stepson Tyrion in dubious honor of his former employer. Cersei tells Lollys' brother-in-law Balman Byrch to kill Bronn, fearing he is in league with Tyrion. However, Bronn wins a duel against Balman and kills him instead. After all members of House Stokeworth ahead of his wife die under mysterious circumstances, Bronn takes control of the house and styles himself as Lord Protector of Stokeworth.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Ian Gelder.[S 12]", "And Now His Watch Is Ended Tyrion Lannister asks Lord Varys, laboring to open a large crate, for proof that Queen Regent Cersei Lannister tried to have him killed during the Battle of the Blackwater. Varys replies that he has none, but advises that revenge requires patience and tells the story of being made a eunuch decades earlier by a sorcerer in Myr. Once his story concludes, Varys opens the crate to reveal the whimpering sorcerer inside. Later, Varys gathers information from Ros, who reveals that Lord Petyr Baelish may take Sansa Stark with him when he leaves for the Eyrie to wed Lysa Arryn. Varys also meets with Lady Olenna Tyrell, asking about her interest in Sansa. He warns her that Baelish could become dangerous if he could obtain more power by controlling the heir to the North.", "Peter Dinklage Dinklage initially struggled to find work as an actor, partially because he refused to take the roles typically offered to actors with his condition, such as \"elves or leprechauns.\"[5]\nHe made his credited film debut in the low-budget independent comedy-drama Living in Oblivion (1995) where he performed alongside Steve Buscemi. The film tells the story of a director, crew, and cast filming a low-budget independent film in the middle of New York City. Dinklage's role was that of a frustrated actor with dwarfism who complains about his clichéd roles.[12] The film has been well received by critics.[13] The following year he appeared as a building manager in the crime drama Bullet starring rapper Tupac Shakur.[14] Even after his well-received performance in Living in Oblivion, Dinklage still could not find someone willing to be his agent.[5] After a recommendation from Buscemi to the director Alexandre Rockwell, Dinklage was cast in the comedy 13 Moons (2002).[5] When later interviewed for a theater website, he was asked what his ideal role was, and he replied \"the romantic lead\" who gets the girl.[5]", "List of Game of Thrones characters Samwell Tarly (season 1–present) portrayed by John Bradley. Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly, is a new recruit to the Night's Watch. He was sent to the Wall by his father, who disowned him for his cowardice. He becomes Jon's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him. While not a warrior, he is very smart and insightful. He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon. He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly, one of Craster's daughter-wives. Later in Season 2, he finds obsidian \"Dragon glass.\" At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men. He manages to escape with a few Night's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont, and they make it back to Craster's Keep. Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers – which ended in Lord Mormont's death – Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass. Alongside Gilly, he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont's death and reunite with Jon. In season 4, fearing for Gilly's safety, Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole's Town, but later regrets his decision, especially after Mole's Town is attacked by wildlings (though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte). He reunites with Gilly, however, when she returns to Castle Black unharmed, and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack, kissing her for the first time. Sam himself participates in the battle, at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms. In the aftermath, he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly, and is given Jon's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder. He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall. In season 5, he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed. At Mance Rayder's execution he comforts Gilly as she couldn't bare to watch. Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read. He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease. At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, Jon Snow reveals Stannis's offer of legitimization to Sam. Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell, but he reveals that he will decline the king's offer, much to Sam's surprise. When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister, Sam puts Jon's name forward as a candidate. Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him \"Slayer\" and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon's love for Ygritte, and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack. Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont's personal steward, that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster's Keep, and took command of Castle Black's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded. Sam's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night's Watch. Events at the wall go on as normal, until the death of Maester Aemon of old age. Sam is present at the maester's death. Shortly afterward, he catches two Night's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly. He attempts to defend her, but the two harshly beat him, and he is only saved by Jon's direwolf, Ghost. While tending Sam's wounds, Gilly has sex with Sam. He later leaves with her, convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown. His self-confessed motive, however, is to spirit Gilly and her baby – now named \"Sam\" after her lover – away to safety, of which Jon approves. In season 6, Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill, where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family, but after an uneasy reunion with his father, Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him, and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword, Heartsbane, to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel. He reaches the citadel in the season finale. In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester, collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls. He meets Jorah Mormont, nearly lost to the disease greyscale, and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester's orders. Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously. Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam. Gilly finds in a High Septon's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret. Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate, named Aegon Targaryen, and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne.", "Valar Morghulis Meanwhile, a scarred Tyrion Lannister wakes from the injuries that he received from the attempt on his life during the battle. With the arrival of Tywin, he has been removed from the position of Hand of the King and is left powerless and without allies, except for his squire, Podrick Payne. Lord Varys informs Tyrion that the Queen was behind the attempt on his life and says that he knows Tyrion to have been the true hero of the battle, even though he will receive no official credit. Tyrion is consoled by Shae, who remains loyal and tries to convince him to leave King's Landing for Pentos with her. Despite his fall from power, Tyrion refuses to leave King's Landing, saying that he has finally found a role that he both excels at and enjoys.", "A Golden Crown Tyrion Lannister is able to trick Lysa Arryn into summoning a court to listen to his confession, at which he confesses various misdemeanours committed during his life, but nothing about the attempt on Bran's life or Lysa's husband's death. After, Tyrion publicly demands a trial by combat, and the mercenary Bronn volunteers to fight for him. Lysa Arryn has no choice but to allow it. Bronn defeats Lysa's champion Ser Vardis Egen by tiring the heavily armored knight and kicking him out the Moon Door, and Tyrion is allowed to walk free with Bronn as his escort, much to the dismay of the Tully sisters.", "Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish is a small man, shorter than Catelyn Stark.[1] He is slender and quick with sharp features and laughing gray-green eyes.[1] He has a pointed chin beard and threads of silver in his hair.[1] He often wears a silver mockingbird to fasten his cloak.[1] He clearly enjoys the intrigues of court life at King's Landing.[3] He is dangerously intelligent[4] and cunning enough to hide his machinations.[5] Since Petyr is not a POV character his motivations are somewhat of a mystery. However, his methods have been totally ruthless, including lies, treachery, and murder to achieve his goals.[6][7]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Podrick Payne, Pod for short, is a squire to Tyrion Lannister toward the end of A Game of Thrones.[21] Despite being painfully shy and insecure, he proves himself to be a loyal and capable squire. In A Clash of Kings, he rescues Tyrion from an assassination attempt.[22] He continues his duties through A Storm of Swords until Tyrion vanishes in A Feast for Crows.[23][24] He follows Brienne of Tarth, knowing that she was searching for Tyrion's wife Sansa Stark. He becomes Brienne's squire and serves her as faithfully as he did Tyrion.[25][26] He and Brienne are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners, and Podrick is sentenced to be hanged for serving as Tyrion's squire. His ultimate fate is unknown.", "List of Game of Thrones characters Sandor Clegane (season 1–4, 6–present) portrayed by Rory McCann. Sandor Clegane, nicknamed \"The Hound,\" for his savage nature, is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister. He is also Joffrey Baratheon's personal bodyguard. The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor's face into a brazier, leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred, and a lifelong fear of fire. He is taciturn and brutal, but not without compassion. He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters. After Joffrey becomes King, Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard. Although he is still faithful to Joffrey, he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey's attempts to shame and physically abuse her. During the siege on King's Landing, when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis' ships, Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight, insulting Joffrey as he leaves. Before fleeing the city, he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along. She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle. Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners, and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man. He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood, Beric Dondarrion, and released. Taking Arya Stark prisoner, he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her, but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow. When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death, he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest. Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead, to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn. The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves, causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head. Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck, which Arya heals after the attackers are killed. They eventually arrive at the Vale, but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead. They subsequently stay near the Vale, but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne, who are searching for the Stark girls. Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty, Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne. Brienne eventually bites Sandor's ear off and beats him off a cliff. He survives the fall, but is mortally wounded. He is found by Arya, whom he attempts to provoke into killing him, but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die, screaming for Arya to kill him. Sandor is presumed dead, yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray (Ian McShane) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists. After the colony is slaughtered by renegades from the Brotherhood without Banners, Sandor is the sole survivor, and he hunts down the men responsible. He tracks the Brotherhood, but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions. After reminiscing over past events, Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them, as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers. They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane. Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor, with Beric, Thoros and Tormund join him. Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit, and shows the wight to Cersei. There, Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne, and a hostile one with his brother Gregor, telling him that one day he (Sandor) will kill Gregor.", "Petyr Baelish Petyr descends from a Braavosi sellsword who served House Corbray. His father befriended Lord Hoster Tully during the War of the Ninepenny Kings, and Tully took the young Petyr as a ward. Petyr grew up at House Tully's castle Riverrun with Hoster's daughters Catelyn and Lysa and his son Edmure, the latter of whom gave Petyr the nickname \"Littlefinger\" as a reference to his short stature and his family's lands on the smallest of the Fingers. He was a sly, mischievous child with the ability to always look contrite after his mischief.[1] He became infatuated with Catelyn and claims to have lost his virginity to her while drunk; in reality, he lost it to Lysa, who was herself obsessed with him. When Catelyn was betrothed to Brandon Stark (Eddard Stark's elder brother), Petyr brazenly challenged him to a duel for her hand in marriage but lost easily to Brandon. His life was spared at the behest of Catelyn.[2] During his convalescence, he impregnated Lysa but the pregnancy ended in a forced abortion and Petyr was banished from Riverrun.", "Tyrion Lannister Funko has produced two Tyrion figures as part of their POP! Television line. They are 4.5 inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed style, one in an early series look,[94] and a post-Season 2 version with a facial scar, \"Battle Armor\" and an axe.[95][96] The company also produced a Mystery Mini Blind Box figurine of a stylized Tyrion.[97] As part of their Legacy Collection line of action figures, Funko released a \"Hand of the King\" Tyrion,[98][99] a Tyrion in armor with axe,[93][100][101] as well as a Limited Edition \"2014 San Diego Comic-Con Exclusive\" armor version with a helmet.[102] Threezero released a 1/6 scale 8 5/8 inch figure,[92][103][104][105] and Dark Horse produced both a 6-inch figurine,[91][106][107] and a 10 inch high-end statue for which the series' producers chose Tyrion as the subject.[108][109]", "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things Other recurring roles making their first appearance in the episode include Dominic Carter as commander of the City Watch Janos Slynt, Jerome Flynn as the mercenary (\"sellsword\") Bronn, and Joe Dempsie as the smith's apprentice Gendry. The character of Gendry was made older for the series than he appears in the books.[11]", "The Prince of Winterfell Tyrion Lannister and Bronn plan the defense of King's Landing, with the aid of several old texts. When Lord Varys asks how they plan to hold off Stannis Baratheon's ships, Tyrion replies with \"pig shit\", referencing an earlier meeting with Pyromancer Hallyne and his pots of wildfire.", "Game of Thrones The king's Small Council of advisors includes crafty Master of Coin Lord Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish (Aidan Gillen) and eunuch spymaster Lord Varys (Conleth Hill). Robert's brother, Stannis Baratheon (Stephen Dillane), is advised by foreign priestess Melisandre (Carice van Houten) and former smuggler Ser Davos Seaworth (Liam Cunningham). The wealthy Tyrell family is primarily represented at court by Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer). The High Sparrow (Jonathan Pryce) is the capital's principal religious leader. In the southern principality of Dorne, Ellaria Sand (Indira Varma) seeks vengeance against the Lannisters.[31]", "Tyrion Lannister Tyrion appears first in A Game of Thrones (1996), and then in A Clash of Kings (1998) and A Storm of Swords (2000). He is one of a handful of \"sorely missed\" major characters that do not appear in 2005's A Feast for Crows,[19] but on his website in 2006 Martin released a sample chapter featuring Tyrion from his next novel A Dance with Dragons.[20] In advance of the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011, Martin confirmed Tyrion's presence in the novel and called him one of \"the characters people have been waiting for\".[21] Grossman concurred, writing of A Dance with Dragons, \"Now the camera has swung back to the main characters: Jon Snow and Daenerys Targaryen and Tyrion Lannister.\"[12] James Poniewozik of Time added that the return of these \"favorite characters\" gave A Dance with Dragons a \"narrative edge\" over A Feast for Crows.[22] In April 2012, Martin read a Tyrion chapter from his forthcoming The Winds of Winter at Eastercon;[6] a second Tyrion chapter was read at Worldcon in August 2013 and later released in the official A World of Ice and Fire iOS application on March 20, 2014.[7][23][24]", "Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish, nicknamed Littlefinger, is a fictional character created by American author George R. R. Martin. He is a prominent non-point of view character in Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and a main character in HBO's adaptation of the series, Game of Thrones, where he was portrayed by Aidan Gillen. In A Storm of Swords, it is revealed that several major plot points have hinged on Baelish's intrigues, including the framing of Tyrion Lannister for the attempt on Bran Stark's life, the downfall of Lord Eddard Stark, the deaths of Lord Jon Arryn and King Joffrey Baratheon, and the War of the Five Kings.", "Tyrion Lannister In October 2014, Dinklage and several other key cast members, all contracted for six seasons of the series, renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons five, six, and seven.[40][41] The Hollywood Reporter called the raises \"huge\", noting that the deal would make the performers \"among the highest-paid actors on cable TV\".[40] Deadline.com put the number for season five at \"close to $300,000 an episode\" for each actor,[41] and The Hollywood Reporter wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid \"upward of $500,000 per episode\" for seasons seven and the potential eight.[42] In 2017, Dinklage became one of the highest paid actors on television and will earn £2 million per episode for the show.[43][44]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Mark Gatiss.[S 42]", "Peter Dinklage Dinklage won a Golden Globe Award for his performance in Game of Thrones.[62] He has also won two Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the same role.[61] Dinklage has been nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor each year from 2013 to 2016.[117][118][119][120] He has also been nominated for Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor three times, in 2012, 2016 and 2017.[121][122] As of 2018[update], Dinklage has won eleven awards from 58 nominations. He has been nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards and 14 Screen Actor Guild Awards, winning two Primetime Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Francis Magee.[S 2][S 33]", "Two Swords (Game of Thrones) With this episode, Gwendoline Christie (Brienne of Tarth) and Kristofer Hivju (Tormund Giantsbane) are promoted to series regulars. The episode has the introduction of new recurring cast members Pedro Pascal (Oberyn Martell) and Indira Varma (Ellaria Sand), while Michiel Huisman replaces Ed Skrein as the recurring character Daario Naharis. Owen Teale (Alliser Thorne), Dominic Carter (Janos Slynt) and Tony Way (Ser Dontos Hollard) make return appearances after an absence of several years (Teale in the first season, Carter and Way in the second).", "The Door (Game of Thrones) Beyond the Wall, Bran Stark (Isaac Hempstead Wright) learns the origin of the White Walkers, and ventures out in a vision where he is caught by the Night King (Vladimir Furdik) allowing the White Walker army to enter the tree and forcing Bran to escape with the help of Meera Reed (Ellie Kendrick) and Hodor (Kristian Nairn). At Castle Black, Jon Snow (Kit Harington) plans to unite the north against the Boltons, and in the Iron Islands, Euron Greyjoy (Pilou Asbæk) is elected in the Kingsmoot with Yara Greyjoy (Gemma Whelan) subsequently stealing his entire fleet. Across the Narrow Sea, Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage) decides to enlist the Red Priestess Kinvara (Ania Bukstein) in Meereen, and Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke) commands Jorah Mormont (Iain Glen) to heal himself of his greyscale.", "List of Game of Thrones characters Tywin Lannister (season 1–5) portrayed by Charles Dance. Lord of Casterly Rock, Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West, Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating, ruthless, and controlling man. He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II. He is the father of Cersei, Jaime, and Tyrion. After Eddard Stark's arrest, Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more, but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks, Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey, and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey's claim to the throne; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war, and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion. Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark. While there, he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer, unaware that she is actually Arya Stark. Originally, he was about to attack Robb's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell, but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon's forces away. He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells. In the third season, as Hand of the King, he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms, and he successfully defeats Robb Stark, the King in the North, by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton, who betray and kill Stark and his men. The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North, respectively, though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme. He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey, who chides his grandfather as a coward who \"hid under Casterly Rock\" while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen, and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell, to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North (now Sansa's heirdom, as all her brothers are presumed dead). In the fourth season, Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies, and has King's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping (although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard). He grooms Joffrey's younger brother, Tommen, to becoming the new King, and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was. The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem, however, as he resurfaces the Martell–Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor \"The Mountain\" Clegane during the Robert's Rebellion; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin's order. Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion's trial. At the trial, when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion's supposed guilt, Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy, he will exile him to the Night's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister. However, Tyrion loses his composure, lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat, to Tywin's anger. When Tyrion's champion, Oberyn, loses the fight and is killed, Tywin sentences his son to death. Later, when Jamie helps Tyrion escape, Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae, Tyrion's former lover, who falsely testified against him at his trial. Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy, wielding Joffrey's crossbow. Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion, swearing that he would never have had him executed, but also – upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae's death – taunts him as \"afraid of a dead whore\". In rage, Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest, killing him. His body is discovered shortly afterwards, and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor. As revealed by Davos Seaworth, he was 67 years old. Tywin's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms, with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital, and rivalry rising between Cersei, who aspires to her father's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities, and the Tyrells. The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne.", "List of Game of Thrones characters Brienne of Tarth (season 2â€“present) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie. A former member of Renly Baratheon's Kingsguard. She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her. She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build, androgynous, and stronger than most men. She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance. She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy, and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras. Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him. She is present at Renly's death and is falsely accused of his murder. She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service. Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya, Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back. On the journey back to King's Landing, both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton, who holds them at Harrenhal. While there, Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime's murder of the Mad King, but is forced to stay behind while Bolton's men accompany Jaime back to King's Landing, although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton's unruly henchman, Locke, intends to feed her to his bear. Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely. In Season 4, Brienne remains in King's Landing sworn to Jaime, and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn, on the basis that Catelyn is dead, Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion. Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery's wedding, where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime, an accusation she answers with silence. Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa. Jaime provides her with Joffrey's sword, which she names \"Oathkeeper\", new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire. As she leaves, she almost breaks down in tears, and looks back at Jaime while on her horse, which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him. On the way, Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie, who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive. They eventually find Arya and Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane near the Vale. Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight, but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor's head. A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor, in which Sandor injures Brienne, but Brienne manages to bite Sandor's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death. Arya disappears during the fight, and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her, though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help. Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn. While eating, Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn, guarded by knights. Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses, and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa. After Petyr allows her to approach, Brienne pledges her life to Sansa. When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon's murder, Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis's face. Sansa tells Brienne that she doesn't want her protection, and asks her to leave. Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody, but she flees with Podrick, stealing a horse and releasing several others. The guards give chase, and Brienne and Podrick are separated. After evading her pursuers, Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing. She searches for Podrick, and saves him from two of the knights. Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help, but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish. She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell, where she watches the high tower from a village outside, with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower. As Stannis Baratheon's army approaches, Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her, only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield. She asks him for the truth about Renly's death, to which he confesses guilt, and executes him with her sword. Shortly afterwards, she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell, and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service. She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black, but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay, but is unsuccessful. She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process. When Riverrun falls, Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat. Back at Winterfell in season 7, Brienne meets Arya again. Arya demands that Brienne spar with her, and Brienne soon finds that she cannot easily beat Arya, who manages to point a sword at her throat. Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit, where she meets The Hound, who she thought she had killed..", "Blackwater (Game of Thrones) Ser Davos Seaworth leads Lord Stannis Baratheon's fleet into Blackwater Bay. Before their arrival, Tyrion and Shae discuss the possibility of the Lannister defeat. Queen Regent Cersei is given a powerful poison by Grand Maester Pycelle to be used should the city fall, since she believes a victorious Stannis will eliminate the Lannister nobility. Outside the Red Keep, Bronn drinks and sings with his men, but the mood is soured by the arrival of Sandor \"the Hound\" Clegane. Tensions rise between Bronn and the Hound, but before they can fight, the bells ring, indicating Stannis' fleet has been spotted. Lord Varys brings Tyrion a map of the tunnels beneath King's Landing, as requested. Varys is unnerved by Stannis' associations with the dark arts, having heard he has begun a relationship with a Red Priestess. King Joffrey jubilantly leads the defending forces from the Red Keep, and orders his betrothed, Sansa Stark, to kiss his sword, vowing that he will use it to slay her brother Robb one day. The noble ladies and children are interned at Maegor's Holdfast and kept under watch by Ser Ilyn Payne, the royal executioner, who Cersei claims is present for their protection. Becoming drunk, Cersei has several pointed conversations with Sansa, mocking her innocence and warning her to expect to be raped should the city fall.", "Valar Dohaeris Newly knighted Ser Bronn has returned to Tyrion Lannister's service, for a much higher fee. Tyrion, who has been scarred since the Battle of Blackwater, has been a shut-in recluse ever since the arrival of his father Tywin, who has taken the glory for the victory over Stannis Baratheon's forces. Cersei visits Tyrion and questions what he will say to their father. When Tyrion meets with Tywin, who has assumed the role of Hand of the King, Tywin reluctantly agrees to Tyrion's request for recognition of his accomplishments during the Battle of Blackwater. However, when pressed by Tyrion to name him heir to Casterly Rock, the Lannister ancestral home, Tywin refuses, and viciously insults Tyrion, calling him an embarrassment and a penance that he must suffer, also heavily implying that he does not believe Tyrion to be legitimate and making a mockery of the family name. As Tyrion leaves, Tywin threatens to hang the next whore he finds in Tyrion's bed.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lord Petyr Baelish, called Littlefinger, held power as the Master of Coin, the Treasurer of the Seven Kingdoms. He is now Lord of the Vale.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Anton Lesser.[S 5][S 6]", "Peter Dinklage On October 5, 2017, Dinklage purchased the rights to the film adaptation of Joe R. Lansdale's novel, The Thicket.[105] Dinklage is set to play Shorty, though production has not yet started.", "List of Game of Thrones characters Tormund Giantsbane (season 3â€“7) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju. A wildling raider known for his many titles, \"Giantsbane\" being foremost. Loud and gregarious, he is one of Mance's top generals, fierce and terrible in combat. Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte. Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night's Watch. He later leads the attack on Mole's Town. When the army reaches Castle Black, he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne, but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning. After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon, Jon briefly approaches him, and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him, citing Ygritte's apparent desire to kill him as proof. He is later present at Mance's execution, and is visibly saddened at his friend's death. He is eventually freed by Jon, who he accompanies to Hardhome, where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night's Watch in the battle against their common enemy. As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers, Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon. He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings. In season 6, after hearing of Jon's murder, he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible, and later witnesses Jon's resurrection and execution of the mutineers. From there on, Tormund becomes one of Jon's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton. In the ensuing battle, he fights and kills Smalljon Umber, and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead. He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North. In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall, expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point. When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight, Tormund volunteers to go along. Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her. Tormund is at Eastwatch-by-the-Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion, now resurrected as a wight dragon, or \"ice dragon\". Following the breaching of the Wall, it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives.", "The Climb (Game of Thrones) Sansa Stark tries to get acquainted with Loras. Closely watching the situation, Cersei and Tyrion Lannister compare their impending marriages before Tyrion accuses his sister of trying to have him killed during the Battle of the Blackwater. Tyrion deduces that it was in fact Joffrey Baratheon who ordered Ser Mandon Moore to kill him, but Cersei tells him his life is not in danger from Joffrey now that Tywin is the Hand. Tyrion then goes to Sansa's chamber, where he reveals to her and Shae that she will be wed to him, not Loras. Elsewhere, Lord Varys finds Lord Petyr Baelish in the throne room. Baelish tells Varys that he is aware of Varys' arrangement with Ros, and that he has given her to Joffrey to kill for his pleasure. Later, Sansa watches tearfully as she sees Baelish leaving on a ship, realizing that her chances of leaving the capital have gone.", "Game of Thrones (season 1) On May 5, 2009, it was announced that Peter Dinklage had been signed on to star as Tyrion Lannister in the pilot, and that Tom McCarthy was set to direct.[44] On July 19, 2009, a number of further casting decisions were announced, including Sean Bean being given the role of Ned Stark.[45] Other actors signed on for the pilot were Kit Harington in the role of Jon Snow, Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon, Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen, and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon.[45][46]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Varys, called the Spider, is a eunuch who serves as Master of Whisperers, the spymaster for the king of the Seven Kingdoms.[69] He is feared by nobles and common people alike. He is described as bald and fat, and he usually affects a fawning, effeminate manner. He knows all of the secret passages in the royal castle and his spies are found everywhere.", "Tyrion Lannister In A Dance with Dragons (2011), Tyrion travels to Pentos, where he finds himself under the protection of wealthy Magister Illyrio Mopatis. There he learns that Varys and Illyrio have secretly plotted to return the Targaryens to power since the murder of the Mad King Aerys II Targaryen. On Illyrio's advice, Tyrion decides to seek out and join Aerys' surviving daughter Daenerys at Meereen and help her reclaim the Iron Throne. He eventually realizes that two of his traveling companions are not what they seem. One is Jon Connington, disgraced former Hand of the King; the other claims to be Aegon VI Targaryen, Aerys' grandson, whom Varys had spirited away and replaced with another baby that was then killed during the Lannisters' sack of King's Landing. While in Volantis, Tyrion visits a brothel and is recognized and captured by Jorah Mormont who believes that delivering a Lannister to Daenerys will return Jorah to her good graces. Before they can reach Meereen, they are captured by the slavers currently besieging the city. When a plague strikes the slaver's siege camps, Tyrion engineers their escape by joining a mercenary company, the Second Sons. In exchange for membership, Tyrion promises the company the wealth of the Lannister ancestral seat of Casterly Rock, his birthright since Tywin is dead and Jaime has renounced it. Tyrion quickly realizes the slavers are on the losing side, and attempts to convince the Second Sons to change their allegiance.[35]", "List of Game of Thrones characters Davos Seaworth (season 2â€“present) portrayed by Liam Cunningham. Ser Davos Seaworth, also known as \"The Onion Knight\", is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon; he serves as one of Stannis's most trusted advisers. In his smuggling days, he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone. Before the events of the series, he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon's rebellion. Before knighting him, Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling; believing these joints bought his family a better future, Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck. In Season 2, he loyally supports Stannis' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis' most trusted adviser, though Stannis often dislikes what he hears. An agnostic, he doesn't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor. He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater, where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire. His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea. He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan, who returns him to King Stannis. Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son, he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry. Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos' actions as treason, but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night's Watch, detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers. Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre's request, as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers. In season 4, Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry (as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry's blood) and failing to find him a suitable army, but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder. Despite the Iron Bank's reluctance to back Stannis, Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan. Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold. He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder. In season 5, Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton. Davos is aware that the Night's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win. He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution. Later, Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis, to help him take Winterfell. As the army becomes snowbound, he is returned to the Wall on Stannis' command, sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen, where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days. Arriving at the Wall, he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause, when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre, whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead. In season 6, after Jon is killed in a mutiny, Davos leads Jon's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings' help. Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon, which she succeeds in doing, and becomes one of Jon's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons, successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men. He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives, but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre. He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen's death, and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre, though Jon has her exiled instead. Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North. In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone. He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister. While in King's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy, and brings him back to Dragonstone.", "Tyrion Lannister Plotting their conquest of Westeros from Dragonstone, the ancestral Targaryen fortress, Daenerys and Tyrion learn that Jon Snow has been named King in the North. Tyrion suggests that Jon would make a valuable ally; Daenerys and Jon are impressed with each other, but she is annoyed when he declines to swear his allegiance to her. Daenerys and her allies discuss their strategy for the war against the Lannisters. Tyrion advises against a direct attack on King's Landing, and Daenerys agrees to his nuanced series of attacks. However, Cersei and Jaime outmaneuver him, neutralizing Daenerys' Greyjoy and Dornish support. A furious Daenerys ignores Tyrion's continued arguments for caution, and decimates a Lannister caravan with her dragons. He is also unable to stop her from executing Randyll and Dickon Tarly, who refuse to swear fealty to her even after their defeat. In \"Eastwatch\", Tyrion meets with Jaime in secret to broker a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys. In \"The Dragon and the Wolf\", he helps convince Cersei that the advancing undead are a more immediate threat than the war with Daenerys for control of Westeros.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Kristofer Hivju.", "Peter Dinklage That year, Dinklage also starred in several Off-Broadway productions, such as Richard III.[5][24] Dinklage appeared in the Christmas comedy film Elf as Miles Finch, an irritable children's author who beats up Buddy Hobbs (Will Ferrell) after he mistakes him for an elf.[25] In 2005, he starred in the short-lived CBS science fiction series Threshold and appeared as a wedding planner in the comedy film The Baxter.[26][27] He also made an appearance in the adventure comedy-drama Lassie as a traveling circus performer.[28] The film received highly positive reviews, though it did not fare well at the box office.[29][30]", "List of Game of Thrones characters Arya Stark (season 1â€“present) portrayed by Maisie Williams. Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell. Ever the tomboy, Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle. Her direwolf is called Nymeria. When Ned is arrested for treason, her \"dancing master\" Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters. She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren, a Night's Watch recruiter, in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell. From then on, she takes the name Arry. During Season 2, Yoren's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert's bastard children. Before she is captured, she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others, saving their lives. She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday. At the same time, she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer. When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal, he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl. Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity. Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved. The first two she picks, the Tickler, Harrenhal's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch, after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin's war plans and tries to inform Tywin. After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin, after he heads out to face Robb's forces, she forces Jaqen to help her, Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name, for which she promises to \"unname\" him if he helps them. After successfully escaping, Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say \"Valar morghulis\" if she ever needs to find him. Arya, Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya's mother Lady Stark, but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads. There, Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane, one of the Brotherhood's prisoners. Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader, now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark's daughter. She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed. Captured by Sandor, she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother, only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse. Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter, and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys, boasting of how they mutilated her brother's corpse. In season 4, Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale. With Sandor's help, Arya later retrieves her sword, Needle (a gift from Jon Snow), and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver, who stole it from her. Along the way, Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor, helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked. They eventually arrive at the Vale, but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior. Arya laughs with disbelief. Later, Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne. Arya refuses to leave with Brienne, assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters. In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor, Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him, but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die. She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos, befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal. In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos, and the ship's captain, Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White. She is turned away by the doorman, even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar. After spending the night sitting in front of the House, she throws the coin into the water and leaves. Later, after killing a pigeon, Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street. Arya prepares to fight them, but the thieves flee when the doorman appears. He walks her back to the House of Black and White, and gives her the iron coin. He then changes his face to Jaqen, and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House. Arya's training progresses, during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity. Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity, as Lana, a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos. She eventually encounters Meryn Trant, who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio's death, revealing her identity and motive in the process. When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif, who tell her that Meryn's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid. Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight. In season 6, she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos, regularly beaten and abused by the Waif, until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her. Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress, Lady Crane, but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous, less-talented actress. She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation, but seeks shelter with Crane to recover. The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her. She adds the Waif's face to the Hall of Faces, impressing Jaqen, but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros, where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey. At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast. As they start to choke, he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive, and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark. Arya heads for King's Landing to kill Cersei, but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north. She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion. Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne, who she insists spar with her. Brienne is surprised by Arya's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya, but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight. When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them. Arya is angry, saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason. Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message, unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching. The message is years old, written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei, but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal. Sansa finds Arya's bag of faces and is shocked. At some point, the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other. With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well, Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason. Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him.", "Roy Dotrice Shortly after filming for the second season commenced, it was confirmed that Dotrice would be returning to play \"Wisdom Hallyne the Pyromancer\",[11] who is featured in the installments \"The Ghost of Harrenhal\" and \"Blackwater\".[11]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Jerome Flynn.[S 1][S 2]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by David Bradley.[S 30]", "The Ghost of Harrenhal There are numerous divergences from the source material: in the books Lord Baelish is sent by the Council to negotiate with the Tyrells only after Renly is dead; Theon's departure from Pyke is not shown, and Dagmer Cleftjaw is a scarred old master-at-arms who is fond of Theon because Cleftjaw trained him when Theon was a boy; Arya is a scullion instead of a cupbearer and is not able to interact with Lord Tywin; and the character of Xaro Xhoan Daxos has been drastically changed making him a heterosexual of humble origins and giving him a vault that is never mentioned in the books.[1]", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha.[S 40]", "The Dance of Dragons At the Wall, Jon Snow (Kit Harington) retreats from Hardhome defeated, accompanied by the surviving wildlings, much to the chagrin of some of the Night's Watch. In the North, Stannis Baratheon (Stephen Dillane) reluctantly allows Melisandre (Carice van Houten) to sacrifice his daughter Shireen (Kerry Ingram) after Ramsay Bolton (Iwan Rheon) sabotages his resources, resulting to his army's damaged morale. In Braavos, Arya Stark (Maisie Williams), detours from her mission given by Jaqen H'ghar (Tom Wlaschiha) to reconnoiter Meryn Trant (Ian Beattie) instead. In Dorne, Jaime Lannister (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) secures Myrcella Baratheon's (Nell Tiger Free) release from Doran Martell's (Alexander Siddig) court against an indignant Ellaria Sand (Indira Varma). In Meereen, the Sons of the Harpy attack the stadium of Daznak's Pit in an attempt to assassinate Daenerys Targaryen (Emilia Clarke), who is rescued by Jorah Mormont (Iain Glen) and her firstborn dragon, Drogon. Leaving Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage) and her retainers behind with awe, Daenerys rides the dragon for the first time and flees the city.", "The Lion and the Rose The events are then interrupted by Joffrey, who presents a crude play with dwarves depicting the War of the Five Kings, to the amusement of some guests but to the disgust of many others. Loras leaves in anger when his relationship with Renly Baratheon is mocked by the play. Tyrion is infuriated at the distasteful spectacle. Sansa is nearly brought to tears by the depiction of her recently deceased brother, Robb. Joffrey tries to get Tyrion involved in the play due to his size, but Tyrion refuses, instead requesting Joffrey display his own talent with a sword. Humiliated, Joffrey orders Tyrion to be his cupbearer, toying with him by intentionally dropping and kicking the goblet.", "A Dance with Dragons Having killed his father Tywin, Tyrion Lannister is smuggled to Pentos by Varys, where he is sheltered by Illyrio Mopatis. Tyrion is sent south with a party to aid Daenerys Targaryen in claiming the Iron Throne; on the journey, it is revealed that Varys and Illyrio have hidden the presumed dead Aegon Targaryen, son of the late Prince Rhaegar, to eventually install him as king of Westeros. In the intervening years, they have made a contract with the Golden Company, the largest and most skilled mercenary army in the Free Cities. Tyrion advises young Aegon that Daenerys will not respect him unless he has made his conquests first, and persuades Aegon to launch an early invasion of the Seven Kingdoms, without the aid of Daenerys and her dragons. After traveling with Aegon across Essos, Tyrion is kidnapped by Jorah Mormont, who intends to deliver him to Daenerys as a means to get back into her favor. Jorah, Tyrion, and a female dwarf named Penny are shipwrecked and sold by slavers to a Yunkish merchant. At Meereen, Tyrion escapes in the mass confusion of the plague ravaging the Yunkish army, joins the Second Sons mercenary group, and secures their support for Daenerys.", "Tyrion Lannister Tyrion arrives at King's Landing in A Clash of Kings (1998) and immediately recognizes the chaos created by Joffrey and Cersei. Seeking to consolidate power and preserve order in the capital, Tyrion methodically removes Cersei's supporters from positions of power. Disgusted by Joffrey's behavior and Cersei's failure to control him, Tyrion openly opposes the young king and tries to keep royal captive Sansa Stark out of harm's way. Tyrion masterminds the defense of King's Landing against Stannis Baratheon, even leading a sortie that drives Stannis from the gates. Afterwards, Tyrion is attacked and is grievously injured by one of the Kingsguard on orders to kill him. Tyrion suspects Joffrey or Cersei, but is unable to get revenge on either.[33]", "Valar Dohaeris The season premiere also marks the first appearance of guest stars Kristofer Hivju as the Wildling Tormund Giantsbane, Nathalie Emmanuel as the slave Missandei, and Anton Lesser as the wounded prisoner Qyburn. The three castings were announced at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2012.", "Bronn (character) Bronn is portrayed by Jerome Flynn in the HBO television adaptation.[1][2][3]", "Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of \"The War of the Five Kings, \" with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa. Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry \"that monster\". Following Joffrey's funeral, his younger brother and heir, Tommen, is crowned King.", "List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters In the HBO television adaptation, he is portrayed by Jonathan Pryce." ]	[ "List of Game of Thrones characters Tyrion Lannister (season 1â€“present) portrayed by Peter Dinklage. Nicknamed \"The Imp\" or \"Halfman\", Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister. He is a dwarf; and his mother died during his birth, for which his father, Tywin Lannister, blames him. While not physically powerful, Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him. In Season Three, Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin, a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for. Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark; however, on the wedding night, Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone, promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to. The death of her brother Robb, in which Tyrion took no part, causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father, who he claims can't distinguish between his interests and his often-praised ideal of devotion to family. Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth, but stayed himself for the sake of duty. In season 4, Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King's Landing for Joffrey's wedding to Margaery Tyrell, though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister, who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin's orders. When Joffrey is fatally poisoned, Tyrion is framed and arrested. Tyrion, however, implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead. At Tyrion's trial, he demands a trial by combat. Tyrion is approached by Oberyn, who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei's champion, Ser Gregor Clegane. When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed, Tyrion is sentenced to death. Jaime, however, frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King's Landing. Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae, who testified against him and is now Tywin's lover. After a brief struggle, Tyrion strangles Shae to death, and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey's crossbow. Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys. They arrive in Pentos, where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne. Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont, who says that he will take him to Daenerys. Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here. Tyrion tells her everything, including Varys' plan. He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen, but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros. Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles. He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak's Pit, where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena. As the Sons of the Harpy attack, Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena, where they are rescued by Drogon, while Daenerys is spirited away on his back. In season 6, Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen, particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy, stranding them in Slaver's Bay. Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy, Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros. In gratitude for Tyrion's loyalty, Daenerys names him her official Hand, and he accompanies her back to Westeros. In season 7 Tyrion's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views, and he has mixed success in directing her actions. He sneaks into King's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys, which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city. At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall. When Cersei is not convinced, Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her. He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei's presence alive, and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers." ]
test969	who is the coach for the ottawa senators	[ "doc34153" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc728783", "doc34153", "doc34159", "doc728767", "doc728779", "doc728817", "doc728781", "doc728762", "doc728777", "doc728773", "doc728760", "doc728756", "doc728774", "doc34157", "doc728761", "doc728780", "doc728776", "doc728766", "doc728764", "doc1765586", "doc34158", "doc34156", "doc728803", "doc1006348", "doc728820", "doc728812", "doc728778", "doc728765", "doc728815", "doc1952817", "doc728793", "doc1173320", "doc728763", "doc1955268", "doc728822", "doc728811", "doc1952751", "doc728807", "doc728824", "doc728759", "doc728755", "doc728818", "doc728819", "doc728823", "doc1952723", "doc1952792", "doc1955264", "doc728784", "doc728809", "doc728825", "doc728769", "doc1887273", "doc2415881", "doc728768", "doc1952727", "doc728802", "doc1461472", "doc2058639", "doc728805", "doc728813", "doc1952719", "doc728816", "doc728771", "doc1952720", "doc728797", "doc1006365", "doc2495559", "doc34155", "doc1952716", "doc1006327", "doc728794", "doc1952797", "doc1952816", "doc996606", "doc202724", "doc1952788", "doc1952818", "doc728821", "doc728791", "doc1952715", "doc1952789", "doc1952758", "doc2591754", "doc1952787", "doc1952766", "doc1765578", "doc728792", "doc11926", "doc1952775", "doc728814", "doc2447035", "doc1952735", "doc728804", "doc1952734", "doc2058651", "doc728782", "doc2189347", "doc1952800", "doc728785", "doc728801" ]	[ "Ottawa Senators On April 10, 2016, the day after the final game of the 2015â€“16 season, Murray announced his resignation as manager and that he would continue in an advisory role with the club. Assistant general manager Pierre Dorion was promoted to the general manager position.[45] On April 12, 2016, the Senators fired head coach Dave Cameron.[46] On May 8, 2016, the Senators hired former Tampa Bay Lightning head coach Guy Boucher as their new head coach.[47] On the following day, Marc Crawford was announced as associate coach.[48] On June 13, 2016, the Senators hired Daniel Alfredsson as the senior advisor of hockey operations.[49] In June 2016, the Senators hired Rob Cookson as an assistant coach, who had worked with both Boucher and Crawford in Switzerland, and Pierre Groulx as a goaltending coach.[50]", "Guy Boucher Guy Boucher (born August 3, 1971) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach. Boucher is the current head coach of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was the head coach of the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2010–2013 and SC Bern from 2014–15. He previously coached in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. He has coached various Canadian international teams.", "Guy Boucher On May 8, 2016, Boucher was hired as the head coach of the Ottawa Senators.[8] With his hire, Boucher is the first person to coach both franchises from the 1992 expansion class. In his first season, the club advanced to the Eastern Conference Final, losing in double overtime in game seven.", "Ottawa Senators After the playoff loss, owner Melnyk promised that changes were coming and they came quickly. In June 2004, Anaheim Ducks GM Bryan Murray of nearby Shawville, became head coach. That summer, the team also made substantial personnel changes, trading long-time players Patrick Lalime[26] and Radek Bonk,[27] and signing free agent goaltender Dominik Hasek.[28] The team would not be able to show its new line-up for a year, as the 2004–05 NHL lock-out intervened and most players played in Europe or in the minors. In a final change, just before the 2005–06 season, the team traded long-time player Marian Hossa for Dany Heatley.", "Ottawa Senators The next season, Ottawa would be challenged to repeat the success they had in 2011–12, due to long-term injuries to key players such as Erik Karlsson, Jason Spezza, Milan Michalek and Craig Anderson. Despite these injuries, the Senators would finish seventh in the Eastern Conference and head coach Paul MacLean would go on to win the Jack Adams Award as the NHL's coach of the year. Ottawa would play the second-seeded Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs, eventually winning in five games, blowing out Montreal 6–1 in games three and five. The Senators would advance to play the top-seeded Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round, this time losing in five games. During the off-season, the Senators traded veteran defenceman Sergei Gonchar to the Dallas Stars for a sixth round pick in the 2013 draft. July 5, 2013, would be a day of mixed emotions for the city and fans, as long-time captain Daniel Alfredsson signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Red Wings, leaving Ottawa after 17 seasons with the Senators and 14 as captain. The signing shocked numerous fans across the city and many within the Senators organization. The day finished optimistically however, as Murray acquired star forward Bobby Ryan from the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for forwards Jakob Silfverberg, Stefan Noesen and a first round pick in the 2014 draft. The hope was that Ryan would be the guy to play on the top line with Jason Spezza after Alfredsson's departure. Murray would also sign free agent forward Clarke MacArthur to a two-year contract that same day and would sign free agent defenceman Joe Corvo to a one-year contract three days later on July 8, 2013.", "Ottawa Senators Jack Adams Award[112]", "Ottawa Senators At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, defenceman Erik Karlsson was named the franchise's ninth captain, with the club also re-signing Bobby Ryan to a seven-year extension. After firing head coach Paul MacLean after 27 games with an 11–11–5 record and replacing him with Dave Cameron, the Senators would win 32 of their last 55 games. Goaltender Andrew Hammond would compile a record of 20–1–2, a goals against average of 1.79, and a save percentage of .941 to get the team back into playoff position. The Senators later became the first team in modern NHL history to overcome a 14-point deficit at any juncture of the season to qualify for the playoffs.[44] However, the Senators lost to the Canadiens in six games in the first round of the playoffs.", "Ottawa Senators As the 1995–96 season began, star centre Alexei Yashin refused to honour his contract and did not play. In December, after three straight last-place finishes and a team which was ridiculed throughout the league, fans began to grow restless waiting for the team's long term plan to yield results, and arena attendance began to decline. Rick Bowness was fired in late 1995 and was replaced by the Prince Edward Island Senators' head coach Dave Allison. Allison would fare no better than his predecessor, and the team would stumble to a 2–22–3 record under him. Sexton himself was fired and replaced by Pierre Gauthier, the former assistant GM of Anaheim.[12] Before the end of January 1996, Gauthier had resolved the team's most pressing issues by settling star player Alexei Yashin's contract dispute, and hiring the highly regarded Jacques Martin as head coach.[13] While Ottawa finished last overall once again, the 1995–96 season ended with renewed optimism, due in part to the upgraded management and coaching, and also to the emergence of an unheralded rookie from Sweden named Daniel Alfredsson, who would win the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year in 1996.[14]", "Ottawa Senators Murray started with the trading of Mike Fisher to the Nashville Predators in exchange for a first round pick in the 2011 draft. Fisher already had a home in Nashville with new wife Carrie Underwood. The trading of Fisher, a fan favourite in Ottawa, lead to a small anti-Underwood backlash in the city with the banning of her songs from the play lists of some local radio stations. Murray next traded Chris Kelly, another veteran, to the Boston Bruins for a second round pick in the 2011 draft. A few days later, pending unrestricted free agent Jarkko Ruutu was sent to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for a sixth round pick in 2011. A swap of goaltenders was made with the Colorado Avalanche which brought Craig Anderson to Ottawa in exchange for Brian Elliott. Both goalies were having sub-par seasons prior to the trade. Under-achieving forward Alex Kovalev was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a seventh round draft pick. On trade deadline day, Ottawa picked up goaltender Curtis McElhinney on waivers and traded Chris Campoli with a seventh round pick to the Chicago Blackhawks for a second round pick and Ryan Potulny. Goaltender Anderson played very well down the stretch for Ottawa, and the team quickly signed the soon-to-be unrestricted free agent to a four-year contract. After media speculation on the future of Murray within the organization, Murray was re-signed as general manager on April 8 to a three-year extension.[42] On April 9, Head Coach Cory Clouston and assistants Greg Carvel and Brad Lauer were dismissed from their positions. Murray said that the decision was made based on the fact that the team entered the season believing it was a contender, but finished with a 32–40–10 record. Former Detroit Red Wings' assistant coach Paul MacLean was hired as Clouston's replacement on June 14, 2011.", "Ottawa Senators In the off-season after the Stanley Cup Final, Bryan Murray's contract was expiring, while GM John Muckler had one season remaining, at which he was expected to retire. Murray, who had previously been at GM for other NHL clubs, was expected to take over the GM position, although no public timetable was given. Owner Melnyk decided to offer Muckler another position in the organization and give the GM position to Murray. Muckler declined the offer and was relieved from his position. Melnyk publicly justified the move, saying that he expected to lose Murray if his contract ran out. Murray then elevated John Paddock, the assistant coach, to head coach of the Senators. Under Paddock, the team came out to a record start to the 2007–08 season. However, team play declined to a .500 level and the team looked to be falling out of the playoffs. Paddock was fired by Murray, who took over coaching on an interim basis. The club managed to qualify for the playoffs by a tie-breaker, but was swept in the first round of the playoffs to the Pittsburgh Penguins. In June, the club bought-out goaltender Ray Emery, who had become notorious for off-ice events in Ottawa and lateness to several team practices.", "Ottawa Senators The new team hired former NHL player Mel Bridgman, who had no previous NHL management experience, as its first general manager in 1992. The team was initially interested in hiring former Jack Adams Award winner Brian Sutter as its first head coach, but Sutter came with a high price tag and was reluctant to be a part of an expansion team. When Sutter was eventually signed to coach the Boston Bruins, Ottawa signed Rick Bowness, the man Sutter replaced in Boston. The new Senators played their first game on October 8, 1992, in the Ottawa Civic Centre against the Montreal Canadiens with lots of pre-game spectacle.[9] The Senators defeated the Canadiens 5–3 in one of the few highlights that season. Following the initial excitement of the opening night victory, the club floundered badly and eventually tied the San Jose Sharks for the worst record in the league, winning only 10 games with 70 losses and four ties for 24 points, three points better than the NHL record for futility. The Senators had aimed low and considered the 1992–93 season a small success, as Firestone had set a goal for the season of not setting a new NHL record for fewest points in a season. The long term plan was to finish low in the standings for its first few years in order to secure high draft picks and eventually contend for the Stanley Cup.[10]", "Ottawa Senators Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone, the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name. The original Ottawa Senators, founded in 1883, had a famed history, winning 11 Stanley Cups[3] and playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934. On December 6, 1990, after a two-year public campaign by Firestone, the NHL awarded a new franchise, which began play in the 1992–93 season.[4] The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk,[5] and in 2016, the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at US$355 million.[6]", "Ottawa Senators For 2008–09, Murray hired Craig Hartsburg to coach the Senators. Under Hartsburg's style, the Senators struggled and played under .500. Uneven goaltending with Martin Gerber and Alex Auld meant the team played cautiously to protect the goaltender. Murray's patience ran out in February 2009 with the team well out of playoff contention and Hartsburg was fired, although he had two years left on his contract, and the team also had Paddock under contract. Cory Clouston was elevated from the Binghamton coaching position. The team played above .500 under Clouston and rookie goaltender Brian Elliott, who had been promoted from Binghamton. Gerber was waived from the team at the trading deadline and the team traded for goaltender Pascal Leclaire, although he would not play due to injury. The team failed to make the playoffs for the first time in 12 seasons. Auld would be traded in the off-season to make room. Clouston's coaching had caused a rift with top player Dany Heatley (although unspecified \"personal issues\" were also noted by Heatley) and after Clouston was given a contract to continue coaching, Heatley made a trade demand and was traded just before the start of the 2009–10 season.", "Guy Boucher In 2010, Boucher was offered the vacant head coaching position for the Columbus Blue Jackets, but turned it down to accept the head coaching position with the Tampa Bay Lightning, signing a four-year contract.[3] He developed a \"1-3-1\" defensive system at Tampa that led to a famous incident against the Philadelphia Flyers where the Flyers held back the puck in their defensive zone, refusing to advance, while the Lightning team waited and did not attack the puck carrier, leading to several minutes of no action.[4] In his rookie year as an NHL head coach, Boucher led the Tampa Bay Lightning to game seven of the Eastern Conference Final. On March 24, 2013, the team's general manager Steve Yzerman fired Boucher following a 5â€“3 loss against the Ottawa Senators.[5] At the time, Tampa Bay was in 14th place in the Eastern Conference.", "Ottawa Senators Bridgman was fired after one season and Team President Randy Sexton took over the general manager duties. Firestone himself soon left the team and Rod Bryden emerged as the new owner. The strategy of aiming low and securing a high draft position did not change. The Senators finished last overall for the next three seasons. Although 1993 first overall draft choice Alexandre Daigle wound up being one of the greatest draft busts in NHL history,[11] they chose Radek Bonk in 1994, Bryan Berard (traded for Wade Redden) in 1995, Chris Phillips in 1996 and Marian Hossa in 1997, all of whom would become solid NHL players and formed a strong core of players in years to come. Alexei Yashin, the team's first-ever draft selection from 1992, emerged as one of the NHL's brightest young stars. The team traded many of their better veteran players of the era, including 1992–93 leading scorer Norm Maciver and fan favourites Mike Peluso and Bob Kudelski in an effort to stockpile prospects and draft picks.", "Ottawa Senators For the 2013–14 NHL season, the league realigned and Ottawa was assigned to the new Atlantic Division along with the rest of the old Northeast Division, with the additions of the Columbus Blue Jackets and Detroit Red Wings, formerly of the Western Conference. The re-alignment brought increased competition to qualify for the playoffs, as there were now 16 teams in the Eastern Conference fighting for eight playoff spots. The season began with a changing of leadership, as on September 14, 2013, the Ottawa Senators named Jason Spezza their eighth captain in franchise history. While new addition Clarke MacArthur had a career year, Ryan and Spezza struggled to find chemistry, and Ryan was moved to a line with MacArthur and Kyle Turris, where he fared much better. Bobby Ryan also ran into injury problems during the season, and while there were times where Joe Corvo played solidly, he eventually lost his place in the line-up. The club struggled on defence, as shots and goals against numbers increased from the previous season. The club was a sub .500 team much of the season, or only a few games above and never was in a playoff position all season. At the trade deadline, Murray traded for flashy right winger Ales Hemsky from the Edmonton Oilers, quickly finding success on a line with Spezza and Michalek. The club, however, was eliminated from playoff contention in the last week of the season. At the end of the season, the club failed to come to terms on a new contract with Hemsky and captain Jason Spezza requested a trade out of Ottawa. At the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, a potential trade to the Nashville Predators was negotiated by Murray but rejected by Spezza, as the Predators were one of the teams on his limited no-trade list. A deal with the Dallas Stars was eventually reached, and Spezza was sent, along with Ludwig Karlsson, in exchange for Alex Chiasson, Nick Paul, Alex Guptill and a 2015 second-round pick. During the off-season, the club signed free agent forward David Legwand to a two-year, $6 million contract.", "Ottawa Senators The Senators had a much poorer than expected 2010–2011 campaign, resulting in constant rumours of a shakeup right through until December. The rumours were heightened in January after the team went on a lengthy losing streak. January was a dismal month for the Senators, winning only one game all month. Media speculated on the imminent firing of Clouston, Murray or both. Owner Melynk cleared the air in an article in the edition of January 22, 2011 of the Ottawa Sun. Melnyk stated that he would not fire either Clouston or Murray, but that he had given up on this season and was in the process of developing a plan for the future.[39] On Monday, January 24, the Globe and Mail reported that the plan included hiring a new general manager before the June entry draft and that Murray would be retained as an advisor to the team. A decision on whether to retain Clouston would be made by the new general manager. The article by Roy MacGregor, a long-time reporter of the Ottawa Senators, stated that former assistant coach Pierre McGuire had already been interviewed.[40] Murray, in a press conference that day, stated that he wished to stay on as the team's general manager. He also stated that Melnyk was allowing him to continue as general manager without restraint. Murray said that the players were now to be judged by their play until the February 28 trade deadline. Murray would attempt to move \"a couple, at least\" of the players for draft picks or prospects at that time if the Senators remained out of playoff contention.[41] At the time of Murray's comments the team was eight games under .500 and 14 points out of a playoff position after 49 games.", "Ottawa Senators In 2002–03 off-ice problems dominated the headlines, as the Senators filed for bankruptcy in mid-season, but continued play after getting emergency financing.[22] Despite the off-ice problems, Ottawa had an outstanding season, placing first overall in the NHL to win the Presidents' Trophy. In the playoffs, they came within one game of making it into the finals.[23] Prior to the 2003–04 season, pharmaceutical billionaire Eugene Melnyk would purchase the club to bring financial stability.[24] Martin would guide the team to another good regular season but again would lose in the first round of the playoffs, leading to Martin's dismissal as management felt that a new coach was required for playoff success.[25]", "Ottawa Senators In 1996–97, his first season, the club qualified for the playoffs in the last game of the season, and nearly defeated the Buffalo Sabres in the first round. In 1997–98, the club finished with their first winning record and upset the heavily favoured New Jersey Devils to win their first playoff series.[14] In 1998–99, the Senators jumped from fourteenth overall in the previous season to third, with 103 points—the first 100-point season in club history, only to be swept in the first round. In 1999–2000 despite the holdout of team captain Alexei Yashin, Martin guided the team to the playoffs, only to lose to the Maple Leafs in the first Battle of Ontario series.[16][17] Yashin returned for 2000–01 and the team improved to win their division and place second in the Eastern Conference. Yashin played poorly in another first round playoff loss[18] and on the day of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, he was traded to the New York Islanders in exchange for Zdeno Chara, Bill Muckalt and the second overall selection in the draft, which Ottawa used to select centre Jason Spezza.[19]", "Buffalo Sabres Current head coach Phil Housley was hired on June 15, 2017.", "Guy Boucher On January 27, 2014, the Swiss ice hockey club SC Bern announced the signing of Guy Boucher as their head coach.[6] Boucher guided the team to the title in the 2014â€“15 Swiss Cup competition. On November 18, 2015, Boucher was fired by SC Bern following a four-game losing streak and a ninth-place finish in the NLA.[7]", "Guy Boucher On June 29, 2009, he was named head coach of the Montreal Canadiens's affiliate Hamilton Bulldogs in the AHL becoming the eighth head coach in Bulldogs franchise history.[1] He led the team to an impressive 52–17–11 record for 115 points despite having many of his best players being called up by the Montreal Canadiens. At the end of the season, he won the Louis A. R. Pieri Memorial Award as coach of the year.[2]", "Ottawa Senators Sportsnet East held English regional rights to the Sens prior to the 2014–15 season. In April 2014, Dean Brown, who had called play-by-play for Senators games the team's inception, stated that it was \"extremely unlikely\" that he would move to TSN and continue his role. He noted that the network already had four commentators among its personalities – including Gord Miller, Chris Cuthbert, Rod Black, and Paul Romanuk (who was, however, picked up by Rogers for its national NHL coverage in June 2014), who were likely candidates to serve as the new voices of the Senators.[82][83] Brown ultimately moved to the Senators' radio broadcasts alongside Gord Wilson.[84]", "Boston Bruins During the second-to-last month of the 2016–17 regular season, the Bruins fired head coach Claude Julien and promoted Bruce Cassidy to interim coach. Cassidy's very slight changes in coaching to emphasize the players' speed and hockey skills,[30] as opposed to Julien's, resulted in the Bruins achieving an 18–8–1 record through their remaining regular season games, finishing third in the Atlantic Division and qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since the 2013–14 season. In the first round of the playoffs, the Bruins lost to the Ottawa Senators in six games.", "Ottawa Senators Mark Messier Leadership Award[115]", "Ottawa Senators Source: Ottawa Senators Media Guide[106][107]", "Ottawa Senators As the 2011–12 season began, many hockey writers and commentators were convinced that the Senators would finish at or near the bottom of the NHL standings.[43] In the midst of rebuilding, the Ottawa line-up contained many rookies and inexperienced players. The team struggled out of the gate, losing five of their first six games before a reversal of fortunes saw them win six games in a row. In December 2011, the team acquired forward Kyle Turris from the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for David Rundblad and a draft pick. The team improved its play afterwards and moved into a playoff position before the All-Star Game. For the first time in Senators' history, the All-Star Game was held in Ottawa, and it was considered a great success. Five Senators were voted in or named to the event, including Daniel Alfredsson, who was named captain of one team. The team continued its playoff push after the break. After starting goalie Craig Anderson injured his hand in a kitchen accident at home, the Senators called up Robin Lehner from Binghamton and acquired highly regarded goaltender Ben Bishop from the St. Louis Blues. While Anderson recovered, the team continued its solid play. On April 1, 2012, the Senators defeated the New York Islanders 5–1, officially ensuring a playoff position. The team finished as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference, drawing a first round playoff matchup against the Conference champion New York Rangers. Ultimately, Ottawa lost the series in seven games.", "Ottawa Senators The 2001–02 Senators regular season points total dropped, but in the playoffs, they upset the Philadelphia Flyers for the franchise's second playoff series win. Yet the Sens would lose in game seven of the second round of the playoffs. Despite speculation that Martin would be fired, it was GM Marshall Johnston who left, retiring from the team,[20] replaced by John Muckler, the Senators' first with previous GM experience.[21]", "Ottawa Senators Calder Memorial Trophy[110]", "Ottawa Senators (original) Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points", "Ottawa Senators The team colours are red, black and white, with added trim of gold. The team's away jersey is mostly white with red and black trim, while the home jersey is red, with white and black trim. The club logo is officially the head of a Roman general, a member of the Senate of the Roman Republic,[59] projecting from a gold circle. The original, unveiled on May 23, 1991, described the general as a \"centurion figure, strong and prominent\" according to its designer, Tony Milchard.[59]", "Ottawa Redblacks On January 30, 2013, Marcel Desjardins was named the first general manager in Redblacks history.[21] Desjardins named former Montreal Alouettes scouting director and New York Jets pro scout Brock Sunderland as his assistant GM in late May, 2013.[22] On December 6, 2013, Desjardins hired Rick Campbell as the team's first head coach. Campbell is the son of former Edmonton Eskimos coaching legend Hugh Campbell, who coached the team to five consecutive Grey Cups from 1978 to 1982.[23]", "Ottawa Senators Martin would impose a \"strong defence first\" philosophy that led to the team qualifying for the playoffs every season that he coached, but he was criticized for the team's lack of success in the playoffs, notably losing four straight series against the provincial rival Toronto Maple Leafs.[15] Martin outlasted several general managers and a change in ownership.", "Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics Head coach: Laura Schuler Assistant coaches: Dwayne Gylywoychuk, Troy Ryan", "Ottawa Senators NHL All-Rookie Team", "Ottawa Senators Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game average;", "Ottawa Senators (original) Besides McGee, future Hall of Fame players Billy Gilmour, Percy LeSueur, Harvey Pulford, Alf Smith, Bouse Hutton and Harry Westwick played for the Ottawas. Alf Smith was also the coach. Other players of the 'Seven' included Arthur Allen, Dave Finnie, Arthur Fraser, Horace Gaul, Dave Gilmour, Suddy Gilmour, Jim McGee, Art Moore, Percy Sims, Hamby Shore, Charles Spittal, Frank White and Frank Wood.", "Ottawa Senators Statistics and records are current after the 2016â€“17 season, except where noted.", "Ottawa Senators NHL Second All-Star Team", "Ottawa Senators Fifty-four years later, after the NHL announced plans to expand, Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone decided along with colleagues Cyril Leeder and Randy Sexton that Ottawa was now able to support an NHL franchise, and the group proceeded to put a bid together. His firm, Terrace Investments, did not have the liquid assets to finance the expansion fee and the team, but the group conceived a strategy to leverage a land development. In 1989, after finding a suitable site on farmland just west of Ottawa in Kanata on which to construct a new arena, Terrace announced its intention to win a franchise and launched a successful \"Bring Back the Senators\" campaign to both woo the public and persuade the NHL that the city could support an NHL franchise. Public support was high and the group would secure over 11,000 season ticket pledges.[8] On December 12, 1990, the NHL approved a new franchise for Firestone's group, to start play in the 1992–93 season.[4]", "Ottawa Senators The Ottawa Senators (French: SÃ©nateurs d'Ottawa) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Senators play their home games at the 18,572 seat[2] Canadian Tire Centre which opened in 1996 as the Palladium.", "Ottawa Senators James Norris Memorial Trophy[113]", "Ottawa Senators King Clancy Memorial Trophy[114]", "Ottawa Senators NHL First All-Star Team", "Ottawa Senators (original) After that season, Ottawa HC became inactive. The Royal Rink, which had been their primary facility, had been converted to a roller skating rink, and ice rink facilities were at a shortage. This changed with the opening of the Rideau Skating Rink in February 1889. One of the principal organizers in the restarting of the team was Ottawa Journal publisher P. D. Ross, who also played on the team. Returning as captain was Frank Jenkins, and the other players were Halder Kirby, Jack Kerr, Nelson Porter, Ross, George Young, Weldy Young, Thomas D. Green, William O'Dell, Tom Gallagher, Albert Low and Henry Ami.[13] In 1889, the club played only one match against an outside club, an exhibition at the Rideau rink against the Montreal HC 'second' team.[14]", "Ottawa Senators (original) In the 1927–28 season, the Senators played two \"home\" games in Detroit, collecting the bulk of the gate receipts (thus allowing them to actually turn a profit for that season), while Jack Adams retired to become the coach and general manager of the Detroit Cougars.[133] The brightest note from the campaign was goaltender Alex Connell's play, in which he set a NHL record (unsurpassed as of 2016) of six consecutive shutouts, a shutout run of 460 minutes and 49 seconds.[136]", "Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics Head coach: Willie Desjardins Assistant coaches: Dave King, Scott Walker, Craig Woodcroft", "Ottawa Senators The Senators finished second in the Atlantic Division during the 2016â€“17 season and faced the Boston Bruins in the first round of the playoffs, winning that series in six games. In the second round, they defeated the New York Rangers in six games. During the second game of that series, Jean-Gabriel Pageau scored four goals, including the game-winning goal in double overtime. The Senators would come within one game of the Stanley Cup Final, but lost in double overtime of the seventh game of their Eastern Conference Final series against the Pittsburgh Penguins, who went on to win their second consecutive Stanley Cup.", "Ottawa Senators Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes", "Ottawa Senators Source: Ottawa Senators.[124]", "Ottawa Senators In 2006–07, the Senators reached the Stanley Cup Finals after qualifying for the playoffs in nine consecutive seasons. The Senators had a high turn-over of personnel and the disappointment of 2006 to overcome and started the season poorly. Trade rumours swirled around Daniel Alfredsson for most of the last months of 2006. The team lifted itself out of last place in the division to nearly catch the Buffalo Sabres by season's end, placing fourth in the Eastern Conference. The team finished with 105 points, their fourth straight 100-point season and sixth in the last eight. In the playoffs, Ottawa continued its good play. Led by the 'CASH' line, goaltender Ray Emery, and the strong defence of Chris Phillips and Anton Volchenkov, the club defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins, the second-ranked New Jersey Devils and the top-ranked Buffalo Sabres to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals.", "2018 National Hockey League All-Star Game On January 7, Jon Cooper of the Lightning was named head coach of the Atlantic Division Team. Joining him as coaches are Peter Laviolette of the Predators (Central), Barry Trotz of the Capitals (Metropolitan), and Gerard Gallant of the Golden Knights (Pacific). Coaches are chosen from the team in each division with the highest points percentage through January 6, the season's halfway point: the Lightning sat at 0.744 with 61 points as the top team in the NHL, trailed by the Golden Knights at 0.725 with 58 points. The Predators, with a 0.659 percentage and 54 points, were ranked fourth while the Capitals, sitting at a 0.646 percentage for 53 points, ranked sixth overall.[12][13]", "Jaren Jackson Jackson was named the head coach of the National Basketball League of Canada's Ottawa SkyHawks on November 25, 2013.[1]", "Ottawa Senators The media predicted the Senators to be Stanley Cup contenders in 2005â€“06, as they had a strong core of players returning, played in an up-tempo style fitting the new rule changes and Hasek was expected to provide top-notch goaltending.[29] The team rushed out of the gate, winning 19 of the first 22 games, in the end winning 52 games and 113 points, placing first in the conference, and second overall. The newly formed 'CASH'[30] line of Alfredsson, Spezza and newly acquired Dany Heatley established itself as one of the league's top offensive lines.[31] Hasek played well until he was injured during the 2006 Winter Olympics,[32] forcing the team to enter the playoffs with rookie netminder Ray Emery as their starter.[33] Without Hasek, the club bowed out in a second round loss to the Buffalo Sabres.", "Ottawa Senators (original) It was at a dinner to honour the 1892 OHA champions at the Russell Hotel that the Governor General, Lord Stanley, announced his new Dominion Challenge Trophy, now known as the Stanley Cup, for the Canadian champions.[21] Former player and president of the club, P. D. Ross, was selected by Stanley to be a trustee of the Cup.[22]", "Ottawa Senators On radio, all home and away games are broadcast on a five-station network stretching across Eastern Ontario, and including one American station, WQTK in Ogdensburg, New York.[78] The flagship radio station is CFGO \"TSN Radio 1200\" in Ottawa.[78] Radio broadcasts on CFGO began in 1997–98; the contract has since been extended through the 2025–2026 as part of Bell Media's rights deal with the team.[76][79] The Senators are broadcast on radio in French through Intersport Production and CJFO Unique FM in Ottawa.[80] Nicolas St. Pierre provides play-by-play, with Alain Sanscartier as colour commentator.[81]", "Canada women's national ice hockey team Head coach: Laura Schuler Assistant coaches: Dwayne Gylywoychuk, Troy Ryan", "Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's team rosters Head coach: Craig Ramsay Assistant coaches: Ján Lašák, Vladimír Országh", "Ottawa Senators Updated September 13, 2017. Sources: Ottawa Senators[90], TSN[91], CBS Sports[92]", "Ottawa Senators Presidents' Trophy[108]", "Ottawa Senators (original) The Ottawa Hockey Club (Ottawa HC) was founded by a small group of like-minded hockey enthusiasts. A month after witnessing games of hockey at the 1883 Montreal Winter Carnival, Halder Kirby, Jack Kerr and Frank Jenkins met and founded the club.[8] Being the first organized ice hockey club in Ottawa, and also the first in Ontario, the club had no other clubs to play that season. The only activities that winter were practices at the \"Royal Rink\" starting on March 5, 1883.[9]", "Ottawa Senators NHL Plus-Minus Award[111]", "Ottawa Senators The 2006â€“07 Senators thus became the first Ottawa team to be in the Stanley Cup final since 1927 and the city was swept up in the excitement.[34] Businesses along all of the main streets posted large hand-drawn \"Go Sens Go\" signs, residents put up large displays in front of their homes or decorated their cars.[35] A large Ottawa Senators flag was draped on the City Hall, along with a large video screen showing the games. A six-storey likeness of Daniel Alfredsson was hung on the Corel building.[36] Rallies were held outside of City Hall, car rallies of decorated cars paraded through town and a section of downtown, dubbed the \"Sens Mile,\" was closed off to traffic during and after games for fans to congregate.[37]", "Ottawa Senators (original) The club first participated competitively at the 1884 Montreal Winter Carnival ice hockey tournament (considered the Canadian championship at the time)[10] wearing red and black uniforms. Future Ottawa mayor Nelson Porter is recorded as the scorer of the club's first-ever goal, at the 1884 Carnival.[1] Frank Jenkins was the first captain of the team; he later became the president of the hockey club in 1891 and of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHA or AHAC) in 1892.[8]", "Ottawa Senators On November 29, 2011, a Forbes magazine report valued the Ottawa Senators Hockey Club at $201 million, (17th highest in NHL). The valuation was based on $27 million for the sport, $70 million for the arena, $80 million for the market and $25 million for the brand. For 2010–11, the club had an operating income of $2.8 million on revenues of $100 million. The gate receipts for the 2010–11 season were $46 million and player expenses were $57 million. The operating income followed two years where the team posted a loss. Forbes estimates that the organization has a debt/value ratio of 65%, including arena debt.[6] Eugene Melnyk bought the team for $92 million in 2003.[5] A November 2014 report by Forbes valued the Senators at $400 million, 16th highest in the NHL.[65]", "Boston Bruins The current head coach is Bruce Cassidy, who was promoted on an interim basis to the head coaching position on February 7, 2017, after Claude Julien was fired,[43] and was named head coach permanently on April 26.[44] He previously served as the assistant coach for the Bruins and was the head coach for the Bruins' AHL affiliate, the Providence Bruins.[54]", "Canada men's national ice hockey team Head coach: Willie Desjardins Assistant coaches: Dave King, Scott Walker, Craig Woodcroft", "Guy Boucher Boucher began his coaching career as assistant coach with the McGill Redmen under head coach Martin Raymond in 1996–97, then moved on to serve as an assistant coach with the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (1997–2000) and then with the Rimouski Océanic from 2003 to 2006 with whom he won the Jean-Rougeau trophy (regular season champions) and President's Cup. He also participated in the Memorial Cup tournament. In between, he coached the Lac-Saint-Louis Lions of the AAA Midget Hockey League. He returned to the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League as the Drummondville Voltigeurs head coach in 2006. In the 2008–09, he guided the team to their best season in history, with a total of 54 wins and 112 points, capturing the President's Cup on his way to the Memorial Cup tournament once again. He won the Paul-Dumont Trophy, awarded to QMJHL's personality of the year.", "Ottawa Senators (original) The Ottawa Senators were an ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Canada which existed from 1883[1] to 1954. The club was the first hockey club in Ontario,[5] a founding member of the National Hockey League (NHL) and played in the NHL from 1917 until 1934. The club, which was officially the Ottawa Hockey Club (Ottawa HC), was known by several nicknames, including the Generals in the 1890s, the Silver Seven from 1903 to 1907 and the Senators dating from 1908.[6]", "Boston Bruins Peter Chiarelli was hired as the new general manager of the team. Head coach Mike Sullivan was fired and Dave Lewis, former coach of the Detroit Red Wings, was hired to replace him. The Bruins signed Zdeno Chara, one of the most coveted defensemen in the NHL and a former NHL All-Star, from the Ottawa Senators, and Marc Savard, who finished just three points short of a 100-point season in 2005–06 with the Atlanta Thrashers, to long-term deals. The 2006–07 season ended in the team finishing in last place in the division. The Bruins traded Brad Stuart and Wayne Primeau to the Calgary Flames for Andrew Ference and forward Chuck Kobasew.", "Ottawa Senators The current jersey design was unveiled on August 22, 2007, in conjunction with the league-wide adoption of the Rbk EDGE jerseys by Reebok for the 2007–08 season.[60] The jersey incorporates the original Senators' 'O' logo as a shoulder patch. At the same time, the team updated its logos, and switched their usage. The primary logo, which according to team owner Eugene Melnyk, \"represents strength and determination\" is an update of the old secondary logo.[61] The old primary logo has become the team's secondary logo and only appears on Senators' merchandise.[60]", "Ottawa Senators (original) Returning after a one-year hiatus and despite the return of players such as Cooney Weiland, Finnigan, Howe and Kilrea, the Senators finished with the worst record in the league in the two seasons that followed. Attendance was poor, the club only drawing well when the league's other three Canadian teams came to town.[135] Frank Finnigan recalled that they frequently played home games before small crowds of 3,500 to 4,000.[135] 1932–33 saw the return of Cy Denneny to Ottawa as coach. He would last only the one season. In June 1933, former captain Harvey Pulford was given an option to buy the team and move it to Baltimore, but the option was never exercised.[143] In October 1933, Kilrea was sold for $10,000 to Toronto.[144]", "Ottawa Senators (original) Source: Ottawa Senators[180]", "2017 Stanley Cup playoffs The Senators eliminated the Bruins in six games. In Game 1, the Senators gained a 1–0 lead into the third on Bobby Ryan's goal in the second period, however, the Bruins scored twice in the final period with Brad Marchand having the final tally 2:33 before the game ended 2–1 for Boston.[13] In Game 2, Ottawa came back from a two-goal deficit in the third period and won via Dion Phaneuf whose goal in overtime helped tie the series 1–1 after a 4–3 conquest.[14] In Game 3, Ottawa had a three-goal lead with Mike Hoffman scoring twice, but the Bruins came back with three goals in the third period. In overtime, Bruins forward Riley Nash took a roughing penalty and on the ensuing power play, Bobby Ryan tipped in a pass from Kyle Turris ending the game 4–3 for the Senators.[15] Bobby Ryan scored the only goal in Game 4 5:49 into the third period, allowing the Senators to achieve a 3–1 series lead.[16] Boston came back from an early 2–0 deficit in Game 5 and the game would go to overtime. In double-overtime, Bruins rookie Sean Kuraly scored his second goal of the game, completing the comeback in a 3–2 feat.[17] In Game 6, Clarke MacArthur scored the series-winning goal on the power play in overtime for Ottawa to advance to the second round.[18]", "Ottawa Sport in Ottawa has a history dating back to the 19th century. Ottawa is currently home to four professional sports teams. The Ottawa Senators are a professional ice hockey team playing in the National Hockey League. The Senators play their home games at the Canadian Tire Centre.[175] The Ottawa Redblacks are a professional Canadian Football team playing in the Canadian Football League.[176] Professional soccer club Ottawa Fury FC play in the United Soccer League, the second division in North American pro soccer after Major League Soccer. Both Ottawa Fury FC and the Ottawa Redblacks play their home games at TD Place Stadium. The Ottawa Champions play professional baseball in the Can-Am League at Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton Park, following the departure of the Lynx International League franchise. Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the Ottawa 67's junior ice hockey team.[177] The city was previously home to a professional basketball team, the Ottawa SkyHawks, of the National Basketball League of Canada", "Ottawa Senators (original) With all the changes, the Senators slipped to fourth place in the standings. Cy Denneny continued his scoring ways, placing fourth in league scoring with 28 goals in 28 games.[130] Frank Nighbor became the first winner of the Lady Byng Trophy for gentlemanly play, donated by Marie Evelyn Moreton (Lady Byng), wife of Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, who was Governor General of Canada from 1921 to 1926. Nighbor received the trophy personally from Lady Byng during a presentation at Rideau Hall.[126] Nighbor won the trophy in 1925–26 and 1926–27 as well.", "Ottawa Senators (original) Source: Total Hockey[192]", "Ottawa Senators Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy", "Ottawa Senators On June 18, 2013, the Ottawa Senators announced a new marketing agreement with Canadian Tire, and as a result, the arena was renamed the Canadian Tire Centre on July 1, 2013.[56]", "Ottawa Senators (original) 1883–1886 (independent)\n1887 (AHAC)\n1888–1889 (dormant)\n1890 (OCHL)\n1891–1894 (AHAC) & (OCHL)\n1895–1898 (AHAC)\n1899–1904 (CAHL)\n1904 (independent)\n1905 (FAHL)\n1906–1909 (ECAHA)\n1910 (CHA)\n1910–1917 (NHA)\n1917–1934 (NHL)\n\nSenior Senators:\n1934–44 (QAHA Sr.)\n1944–53 (QSHL)\n1953–54 (QHL)", "Ottawa Senators (original) The NHL expanded further into the United States in the 1925–26 season with the new New York Americans and Pittsburgh Pirates. Ottawa won the league title, led by Alex Connell in goal, who recorded 15 shutouts in 36 games, and Cy Denneny, who scored 24 goals. The team received a bye to the playoff finals.[131] However, the Montreal Maroons won the two-game total goals series with scores of 1–1 and 1–0; former Senator Clint Benedict got the shutout. The Maroons went on to win the Stanley Cup against Victoria.[132] The season also marked the debut of future Hall of Famer Hec Kilrea.", "Ottawa Senators (original) Notable players of this time period include future Hall of Famers Percy LeSueur in goal, Dubby Kerr, Tommy Phillips, Harvey Pulford, Alf Smith, Bruce Stuart, Fred 'Cyclone' Taylor and Marty Walsh.", "Brad Stevens Bradley Stevens (born October 22, 1976)[1] is an American professional basketball coach and former collegiate player. He is the head coach of the Boston Celtics.", "Ottawa Senators (original) The 1924–25 season, the first year of NHL expansion to the United States, saw major changes in Ottawa's lineup. Jack Darragh retired and had died from appendicitis months after his final game.[129] Making his debut in goal for Ottawa was Alex Connell, replacing Benedict. Replacing Broadbent was Hooley Smith, who had played for Canada in the 1924 Olympics. Lionel Hitchman was sold to the expansion Boston Bruins and replaced by Ed Gorman. It was also the debut season of Frank Finnigan.[126] Off the ice, Gorman and Ahearn squabbled over ownership. In January 1925, during the season, Gorman sold his share of the Senators to Ahearn and left the Senators organization, later joining the expansion New York Americans.[126]", "Ottawa Senators (original) In 1915–16, the Senators placed second to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Montreal Canadiens. Punch Broadbent left the team to fight in World War I, while Frank Nighbor joined the Senators in his place and became the team's leading scorer. Nighbor had been signed away from Vancouver for the salary of $1,500, making him the highest paid player on the club, ahead of Art Ross and Eddie Gerard.[82] Benedict led the league as the top goaltender for the first time.[83] With the wartime shortage of players, Rat Westwick and Billy Gilmour of 'Silver Seven' days attempted comebacks with the club but both played only two games before retiring for good.[84]", "Buffalo Sabres During the 2017 offseason, the Sabres hired two of their former players as head coach and general manager; Jason Botterill was hired as general manager while Phil Housley will serve as head coach.[46] Among the more notable roster changes for this season was the return of former scoring leader Jason Pominville to the team in a trade that brought him and defenseman Marco Scandella to Buffalo in exchange for sending forwards Tyler Ennis and Marcus Foligno to the Minnesota Wild.[47]", "Ottawa Senators In 2015 the National Capital Commission (NCC) put out a request for proposals to redevelop the LeBreton Flats area in Ottawa. In 2016 the NCC settled on the proposal presented by Senators owner Eugene Melnyk and his RendezVous LeBreton Group.[57] The proposal includes housing units, park space, a recreation facility, a library and a new arena for the Ottawa Senators.[58] Negotiations are proceeding, with a possible 2021 opening for the new arena.", "San Jose Sharks On June 11, 2008, the San Jose Sharks named former Detroit Red Wings assistant coach Todd McLellan as their new head coach for the 2008–09 season.[18] Todd Richards, Trent Yawney and Jay Woodcroft were named assistant coaches, while Brett Heimlich was named staff assistant. During the off-season, San Jose's major headlines included signing defenseman Rob Blake, acquiring defensemen Dan Boyle and Brad Lukowich, as well as trading defenseman Craig Rivet to the Buffalo Sabres. Midway through the season, San Jose added playoff warrior Claude Lemieux to their roster. Lemieux, 43 years old, was rejoining the NHL after a five-year absence. At the trade deadline, San Jose acquired checking-line winger Travis Moen and the injured defenseman Kent Huskins from the Anaheim Ducks.", "Ottawa Senators (original) The Senators first season in the NHL, 1917–18, did not go well. Salary squabbles delayed the home opener (on the league's first night, December 19, 1917[94]) as players protested that their contracts were for twenty games, while the season schedule was for twenty four. Enough players were appeased that the game started, 15 minutes late, while two players Hamby Shore and Jack Darragh, stayed in the dressing room while negotiations went on.[95] The Senators lost their home opener 7–4. The Senators lost their previous top rival, the Wanderers, after five games. The team struggled and finished in third place after the first half of the season. The club made player changes in the second half, getting Horace Merrill out of retirement and releasing Dave Ritchie. It was Shore's last season as he would die of pneumonia in October 1918. Shore's last career game was in the third-last game of the season and he was sat out for the last two games.[96] In the end, the team placed second in the second half and missed the playoffs. Cy Denneny led the team, coming second overall in scoring in the league with 36 goals in 20 games.[97]", "Ottawa Senators Prince of Wales Trophy[109]", "Canada men's national junior ice hockey team Head Coach: Dominique Ducharme", "Ottawa Senators (original) The first \"dynasty\" of the Ottawa HC was from 1903 until 1906, when the team was known as the \"Silver Seven\".[32] The era started with the arrival of Frank McGee for the 1903 season and ended with his retirement after the 1906 season. Having lost an eye in local amateur hockey, he was persuaded, despite the threat of permanent blindness, to join the Senators. The youngest player on the team and standing 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) tall, he went on to score 135 goals in 45 games. In a 1905 challenge against the Dawson City, he scored 14 goals in a 23–2 win. He retired in 1906 at the age of 23.[33]", "Ottawa Senators During the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, several games were only available in video on pay-per-view or at local movie theatres in the Ottawa area.[85] The \"Sens TV\" service was suspended indefinitely as of September 24, 2008.[86] In 2010, Sportsnet launched a secondary channel for selected Senators games as part of its Sportsnet One service.[87] Selected broadcasts of Senators games in the French language were broadcast by RDS and TVA Sports. On the RDS network, Félix Séguin and former Senators goaltender Patrick Lalime[88] were the announcers from the 2011–12 season to the 2013–14 season, and Michel Y. Lacroix and Norman Flynn starting in the 2014–15 season. The TVA Sports broadcast team consisted of Michel Langevin, Yvon Pedneault and Enrico Ciccone.[89]", "Ottawa Senators (original) Notable players of this period included Albert Morel and Fred Chittick in goal, leaders of the league several times in goaltending, and future Hall of Famers Harvey Pulford, Alf Smith, Harry Westwick and brothers Bruce Stuart and Hod Stuart. It was during this period that the nickname Senators was first used; however, from 1903 to 1906, the team is better known as the Silver Seven.", "Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's team rosters Head coach: Rikard Grönborg Assistant coaches: Johan Garpenlöv, Peter Popovic", "Ottawa Senators During the 2014–15 season, it was announced that Murray had cancer. Taking regular treatment, Murray chose to stay on as GM through the 2015–16 season. Despite posting the best record of any Canadian team in the league, the Senators failed to make the playoffs in what was considered a disappointing season (all seven Canadian teams missed the playoffs). Murray made one 'blockbuster' 11-player trade that brought Toronto Maple Leafs' captain Dion Phaneuf to the Senators before the trade deadline with the Senators outside of a playoff position, but the team could not put together another run and finished with 85 points for fifth in the division.", "List of Carolina Hurricanes head coaches There have been fourÂ head coaches for the Hurricanes team. The team's first head coach was Paul Maurice, who has coached for six seasons. Maurice is the team's all-time leader for the most regular-season games coached, regular-season game wins, regular-season points, playoff games coached and playoff-game wins. Peter Laviolette is the only coach to have won the Stanley Cup[2] with the Hurricanes in the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals.[2] None of the Hurricanes coaches have been elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder. Maurice was the head coach of the Hurricanes since the firing of Laviolette, but was replaced by Kirk Muller on November 28, 2011.[6][7] Muller was relieved of coaching duties on May 5, 2014.[8] On June 19, 2014, the Hurricanes named Bill Peters their current head coach.[9]", "Ottawa Senators (original) The city of Ottawa did not have an NHL franchise again until the new Ottawa Senators franchise was awarded for the 1992–93 season. The NHL presented the Senators with a \"certificate of reinstatement\" commemorating Ottawa's return to the league, and the current Senators honour the original franchise's 11 Stanley Cups. However, records for the two teams are kept separately. Frank Finnigan, the last surviving member of the original Senators' last Stanley Cup winner, played a key role in the drive to win an expansion franchise for Ottawa. He was slated to drop the puck in a ceremonial face-off for the new franchise's first game, but died a year before that game took place. The new Senators honoured Finnigan by retiring his #8 jersey.[152]", "Ottawa Senators The new Senators' first home arena was the Ottawa Civic Centre, located on Bank Street, where they played from the 1992–93 season to January of the 1995–96 season. They played their first home game on October 8, 1992 against the Montreal Canadiens with lots of pre-game spectacle.[51] The Senators would defeat the Canadiens 5–3 in one of few highlights that season. Following the initial excitement of the opening night victory, the club floundered badly and would eventually tie with the San Jose Sharks for the worst record in the league, finishing with only 10 wins, 70 losses and 4 ties for 24 points, three points better than the NHL record for futility.", "Ottawa Senators Ottawa Senators games are broadcast locally in both the English and French languages. As of the 2014–15 season, regional television rights to the Senators' regular season games not broadcast nationally by Sportsnet, TVA Sports, or Hockey Night in Canada are owned by Bell Media under a 12-year contract, with games airing in English on TSN5, and in French on RDS. Regional broadcasts are available within the team's designated region (shared with the Montreal Canadiens), which includes the Ottawa River valley, Eastern Ontario (portions are shared with the Toronto Maple Leafs, along with Quebec, the Maritime provinces and Newfoundland and Labrador.[75][75][76][77]" ]	[ "Guy Boucher Guy Boucher (born August 3, 1971) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach. Boucher is the current head coach of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was the head coach of the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2010–2013 and SC Bern from 2014–15. He previously coached in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. He has coached various Canadian international teams." ]
test3119	is there a difference between polycythemia and polycythemia vera	[ "doc106728" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc106728", "doc106725", "doc106724", "doc2016838", "doc2027752", "doc106726", "doc106729", "doc106734", "doc106730", "doc106733", "doc106731", "doc106727", "doc106735", "doc106732", "doc438742", "doc2016831", "doc1731414", "doc720707", "doc2027749", "doc2016836", "doc2016833", "doc2027754", "doc552896", "doc2391630", "doc2198430", "doc623382", "doc1932005", "doc2016828", "doc860642", "doc2016826", "doc2110601", "doc610307", "doc2027757", "doc1036290", "doc2027753", "doc2085971", "doc2016839", "doc2016834", "doc2027761", "doc2125813", "doc1049078", "doc2016840", "doc2027762", "doc1281269", "doc1054448", "doc766421", "doc2016829", "doc2128380", "doc1980764", "doc2111753", "doc2081128", "doc610305", "doc1281295", "doc1281293", "doc1017357", "doc438747", "doc1270652", "doc2016827", "doc2027750", "doc2454964", "doc2110659", "doc2177324", "doc2111754", "doc2454962", "doc2027751", "doc2454971", "doc2085974", "doc2128382", "doc720710", "doc204747", "doc1281284", "doc2391650", "doc204753", "doc2042927", "doc2177350", "doc2608162", "doc2110607", "doc1281268", "doc631884", "doc2373881", "doc1270640", "doc2454961", "doc1930958", "doc2212469", "doc2615588", "doc851268", "doc1054409", "doc2635456", "doc1054393", "doc1176898", "doc1281283", "doc2256267", "doc438684", "doc720712", "doc766366", "doc946471", "doc677211", "doc2212524", "doc932811", "doc285871" ]	[ "Polycythemia Primary polycythemias are due to factors intrinsic to red cell precursors. Polycythemia vera (PCV), polycythemia rubra vera (PRV), or erythremia, occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of an abnormality of the bone marrow.[3] Often, excess white blood cells and platelets are also produced. PCV is classified as a myeloproliferative disease. Symptoms include headaches and vertigo, and signs on physical examination include an abnormally enlarged spleen and/or liver. In some cases, affected individuals may have associated conditions including high blood pressure or formation of blood clots. Transformation to acute leukemia is rare. Phlebotomy is the mainstay of treatment. A hallmark of polycythemia is an elevated hematocrit, with Hct > 55% seen in 83% of cases.[4] A somatic (non-hereditary) mutation (V617F) in the JAK2 gene is found in 95% of cases, though also present in other myeloproliferative disorders.[5]", "Polycythemia It can be due to an increase in the number of red blood cells[1] (\"absolute polycythemia\") or to a decrease in the volume of plasma (\"relative polycythemia\").[2] Polycythemia is sometimes called erythrocytosis, but the terms are not synonymous, because polycythemia refers to any increase in red blood cells, whereas erythrocytosis only refers to a documented increase of red cell mass.", "Polycythemia Polycythemia (also known as polycythaemia or polyglobulia) is a disease state in which the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood) is elevated.", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm Polycythemia vera (PV) is associated most often with the JAK2 V617F mutation in greater than 95% of cases, whereas the remainder have a JAK2 exon 12 mutation:", "Thrombocytosis High platelet counts can occur in patients with polycythemia vera (high red blood cell counts), and is an additional risk factor for complications.", "Polycythemia The emergency treatment of polycythemia (e.g., in hyperviscosity or thrombosis) is by phlebotomy (removal of blood from the circulation). Depending on the underlying cause, phlebotomy may also be used on a regular basis to reduce the hematocrit. Cytostatics such as busulfan and hydroxyurea are sometimes used for long-term management of polycythemia.[citation needed]", "Polycythemia Primary familial polycythemia, also known as primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP), exists as a benign hereditary condition, in contrast with the myeloproliferative changes associated with acquired PCV. In many families, PFCP is due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the EPOR erythropoietin receptor gene.[6] PFCP can cause an increase of up to 50% in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; skier Eero Mäntyranta had PFCP, which is considered to have given him a large advantage in endurance events.[7]", "Polycythemia Inherited mutations in three genes which all result in increased stability of hypoxia-inducible factors, leading to increased erythropoietin production, have been shown to cause erythrocytosis:", "Polycythemia Secondary polycythemia is caused by either natural or artificial increases in the production of erythropoietin, hence an increased production of erythrocytes. In secondary polycythemia, 6 to 8 million and occasionally 9 million erythrocytes may occur per millimeter of blood. Secondary polycythemia resolves when the underlying cause is treated.", "Polycythemia Conditions where the secondary polycythemia is not as a result of physiologic adaptation and occurs irrespective of body needs include:", "Polycythemia Secondary polycythemia in which the production of erythropoietin increases appropriately is called physiologic polycythemia.", "Polycythemia The overproduction of red blood cells may be due to a primary process in the bone marrow (a so-called myeloproliferative syndrome), or it may be a reaction to chronically low oxygen levels or, rarely, a malignancy. Alternatively, additional red blood cells may have been received through another processâ€”for example, being over-transfused (either accidentally or, as blood doping, deliberately) or being the recipient twin in a pregnancy, undergoing twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.", "Polycythemia Relative polycythemia is an apparent rise of the erythrocyte level in the blood; however, the underlying cause is reduced blood plasma(hypovolemia, cf. dehydration). Relative polycythemia is often caused by loss of body fluids, such as through burns, dehydration, and stress. A specific type of relative polycythemia is Gaisböck syndrome. In this syndrome, primarily occurring in obese men, hypertension causes a reduction in plasma volume, resulting in (amongst other changes) a relative increase in red blood cell count.[14]", "Polycythemia Conditions which may result in a physiologically appropriate polycythemia include:", "Hemoglobin Elevated levels of hemoglobin are associated with increased numbers or sizes of red blood cells, called polycythemia. This elevation may be caused by congenital heart disease, cor pulmonale, pulmonary fibrosis, too much erythropoietin, or polycythemia vera.[80] High hemoglobin levels may also be caused by exposure to high altitudes, smoking, dehydration (artificially by concentrating Hb), advanced lung disease and certain tumors.[41]", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm Most Philadelphia chromosome negative cases have an activating JAK2 or MPL mutation.[4] Mutations in CALR have been found in the majority of JAK2 and MPL-negative essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis.[5][6] In 2005, the discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation provided the first evidence that a fraction of persons with these disorders have a common molecular pathogenesis.[7][8][9][10] Patients with JAK2V617F-negative polycythemia vera are instead positive for another class of activating JAK2 mutations - the JAK2 exon 12 mutations.[11]", "Megakaryocyte Essential thrombocytosis (ET), also known as essential thrombocythemia, is a disorder characterized by elevated numbers of circulating platelets. The disease occurs in 1–2 per 100,000 people. The 2016 WHO requirements for diagnosis include > 450,000 platelets/μL of blood (normal 150,000–400,000) and a bone marrow biopsy. Some of the consequences of having such high numbers of platelets include thrombosis or clots throughout the body. Thrombi form more frequently in arteries than veins. It seems ironic that having platelet counts above 1,000,000 platelets/μL can lead to hemorrhagic events.[12] Recent evidence suggests that the majority of ET cases are due to a mutation in the JAK2 protein, a member of the JAK-STAT pathway.[13] Evidence suggests that this mutation renders the megakaryocyte hypersensitive to thrombopoietin and causes clonal proliferation of megakaryocytes. There is a significant risk of transformation to leukemia with this disorder. The primary treatment consists of anagrelide or hydroxyurea to lower platelet levels.", "Blood cell The condition of having too few red blood cells is known as anemia, while having too many is polycythemia.", "Thrombocytosis Thrombocytosis (or thrombocythemia) is the presence of high platelet counts in the blood, and can be either primary (also termed essential and caused by a myeloproliferative disease) or reactive (also termed secondary). Although often symptomless (particularly when it is a secondary reaction), it can predispose to thrombosis in some patients. Thrombocytosis can be contrasted with thrombocytopenia, a loss of platelets in the blood.", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is associated with the JAK2 V617F mutation in up to 55% of cases[14] and with an MPL (thrombopoietin receptor) mutation in up to 5% of cases:[15]", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm Depending on the nature of the myeloproliferative neoplasm, diagnostic tests may include red cell mass determination (for polycythemia), bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy, arterial oxygen saturation and carboxyhaemoglobin level, neutrophil alkaline phosphatase level, vitamin B12 (or B12 binding capacity), serum urate[12] or direct sequencing of the patient's DNA.[13]", "Thrombocytosis Scientific literature sometimes excludes thrombocytosis from the scope of thrombophilia by definition,[3] but practically, by the definition of thrombophilia as an increased predisposition to thrombosis,[4][5] thrombocytosis (especially primary thrombocytosis) is a potential cause of thrombophilia. Conversely, secondary thrombocytosis very rarely causes thrombotic complications.[6]", "Vitamin B12 A second group of non-supplemented patients with high cobalamin levels have them due to enhanced production of the plasma B12 transporters haptocorrin and transcobalamin II.[24] This happens in hematologic disorders like chronic myelogeneous leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia, polycythemia vera and also the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Increased cobalamin levels are one of the diagnostic criteria for the latter two diseases.[citation needed]", "Bloodletting Today, the term phlebotomy refers to the drawing of blood for laboratory analysis or blood transfusion.[6] Therapeutic phlebotomy refers to the drawing of a unit of blood in specific cases like hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, porphyria cutanea tarda, etc., to reduce the number of red blood cells.[7][8] The traditional medical practice of bloodletting is today considered to be a pseudoscience.[9]", "Diffusing capacity The rate of CO uptake into the blood, \n\n\n\nθ\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\theta }\n\n, depends on the concentration of hemoglobin in that blood, abbreviated Hb in the CBC (Complete Blood Count). More hemoglobin is present in polycythemia, and so \n\n\n\n\nD\n\n\nL\n\nC\nO\n\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}\n\n is elevated. In anemia, the opposite is true. In environments with high levels of CO in the inhaled air (such as smoking), a fraction of the blood's hemoglobin is rendered ineffective by its tight binding to CO, and so is analogous to anemia. It is recommended that \n\n\n\n\nD\n\n\nL\n\nC\nO\n\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}\n\n be adjusted when blood CO is high.[1]", "Toxic waste Toxic wastes often contain carcinogens, and exposure to these by some route, such as leakage or evaporation from the storage, causes cancer to appear at increased frequency in exposed individuals. For example, a cluster of the rare blood cancer polycythemia vera was found around a toxic waste dump site in northeast Pennsylvania in 2008.[4]", "Eero Mäntyranta MÃ¤ntyranta had primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) causing an increase in red blood cell mass and hemoglobin due to a mutation in the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gene, which was identified following a DNA study done on over 200 members of his family, as reported in 1993.[3] This condition results in an increase of up to 50% in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, a large advantage when participating in endurance events.[2][4]", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm Although not a malignant neoplasm like other cancers, MPNs are classified within the hematological neoplasms. There are four main myeloproliferative diseases, which can be further categorized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome:[citation needed]", "Band 3 The erythrocyte and kidney forms are different isoforms of the same protein.[6]", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), previously myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs), are a group of diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced. They are related to, and may evolve into, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, although the myeloproliferative diseases on the whole have a much better prognosis than these conditions. The concept of myeloproliferative disease was first proposed in 1951 by the hematologist William Dameshek.[1] In the most recent World Health Organization classification of hematologic malignancies, this group of diseases was renamed from \"myeloproliferative diseases\" to \"myeloproliferative neoplasms\".[2] This reflects the underlying clonal genetic changes that are a salient feature of this group of disease.", "Polycystic ovary syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in women.[4][14] Signs and symptoms of PCOS include irregular or no menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess body and facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, and patches of thick, darker, velvety skin.[3] Associated conditions include type 2 diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart disease, mood disorders, and endometrial cancer.[4]", "Complete blood count Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): the average volume of the red cells, measured in femtolitres.[7] Anemia is classified as microcytic or macrocytic if the MCV value is above or below the expected normal range; anemias are classified as normocytic if the MCV is within the expected range. Other conditions that can affect MCV include thalassemia, reticulocytosis, alcoholism, chemotherapy, vitamin B12 deficiency, and/or folic acid deficiency.", "Thrombocytosis The vast majority of causes of thrombocytosis are acquired disorders, but in a few cases, they may be congenital, such as thrombocytosis due to congenital asplenia.[7]", "Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration A low MCHC can be interpreted as identifying decreased production of hemoglobin. MCHC can be normal even when hemoglobin production is decreased (such as in iron deficiency) due to a calculation artifact. MCHC can be elevated (\"polychromatic\") in hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease and homozygous haemoglobin C disease, depending upon the hemocytometer.[5][6] MCHC can be elevated in some megaloblastic anemias. MCHC can be falsely elevated when there is agglutination of red cells (falsely lowering the measured RBC) or when there is opacifaction of the plasma (falsely increasing the measured hemoglobin). Causes of plasma opacification that can falsely increase the MCHC include hyperbilirubinemia, hypertryglyceridemia, and free hemoglobin in the plasma (due to hemolysis).", "Thrombocytosis A very small segment of patients report symptoms of erythromelalgia, a burning sensation and redness of the extremities that resolves with cooling and/or aspirin use.[2]", "Iron-deficiency anemia The blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia shows many hypochromic (pale, relatively colorless) and small RBCs, and may also show poikilocytosis (variation in shape) and anisocytosis (variation in size).[15][33] With more severe iron-deficiency anemia, the peripheral blood smear may show hypochromic, pencil-shaped cells and, occasionally, small numbers of nucleated red blood cells.[37] The platelet count may be slightly above the high limit of normal in iron-deficiency anemia (termed a mild thrombocytosis), but severe cases can present with thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).[38]", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is associated with the JAK2V617F mutation in up to 50% of cases, the JAK2 exon 12 mutations in 1-2% of cases, and the MPL (thrombopoietin receptor) mutation in up to 5% of cases:", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm According to the WHO Classification of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Neoplasms 2008 myeloproliferative neoplasms are divided into categories by diagnostic characteristics as follows:[3]", "Thrombocytosis However, in primary thrombocytosis, if platelet counts are over 750,000 or 1,000,000, and especially if there are other risk factors for thrombosis, treatment may be needed. Selective use of aspirin at low doses is thought to be protective. Extremely high platelet counts in primary thrombocytosis can be treated with hydroxyurea (a cytoreducing agent) or anagrelide (Agrylin).[9]", "Polyploid True polyploidy rarely occurs in humans, although polyploid cells occur in highly differentiated tissue, such as liver parenchyma and heart muscle, and in bone marrow.[21] Aneuploidy is more common.", "Polyploidy True polyploidy rarely occurs in humans, although polyploid cells occur in highly differentiated tissue, such as liver parenchyma and heart muscle, and in bone marrow.[22] Aneuploidy is more common.", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm While investigational drug therapies exist, no curative drug treatment exists for any of the MPDs. The goal of treatment for ET and PV is prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications. The goal of treatment for MF is amelioration of anemia, splenomegaly, and other symptoms. Low-dose aspirin is effective in PV and ET. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib have improved the prognosis of CML patients to near-normal life expectancy.[4]", "Thrombocytosis In Jak-2 positive disorders, ruxolitinib (Jakafi) can be effective.[citation needed]", "Anemia The three main types of anemia are due to blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown.[1] Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others.[1] Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia, and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow.[1] Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases.[1] It can also be classified based on the size of red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin in each cell.[1] If the cells are small, it is microcytic anemia.[1] If they are large, it is macrocytic anemia while if they are normal sized, it is normocytic anemia.[1] Diagnosis in men is based on a hemoglobin of less than 130 to 140 g/L (13 to 14 g/dL), while in women, it must be less than 120 to 130 g/L (12 to 13 g/dL).[1][6] Further testing is then required to determine the cause.[1]", "Sickle cell disease Some old texts refer to it as drepanocytosis.[109]", "Sickle-cell disease Some old texts refer to it as drepanocytosis.[104]", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm In 2008, the World Health Organization listed these diagnoses as types of MPD:[3]", "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia A very small proportion (those affected by SMAD4 (MADH4) mutations, see below) have multiple benign polyps in the large intestine, which may bleed or transform into colorectal cancer. A similarly small proportion experiences pulmonary hypertension, a state in which the pressure in the lung arteries is increased, exerting pressure on the right side of the heart and causing peripheral edema (swelling of the legs), fainting and attacks of chest pain. It has been observed that the risk of thrombosis (particularly venous thrombosis, in the form of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) may be increased. There is a suspicion that those with HHT may have a mild immunodeficiency and are therefore at a slightly increased risk from infections.[1]", "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate The ESR is increased in inflammation, pregnancy, anemia, autoimmune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus), infections, some kidney diseases and some cancers (such as lymphoma and multiple myeloma). The ESR is decreased in polycythemia, hyperviscosity, sickle cell anemia, leukemia, low plasma protein (due to liver or kidney disease) and congestive heart failure. The basal ESR is slightly higher in females.[1]", "Thalassemia Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production.[7] Symptoms depend on the type and can vary from none to severe.[1] Often there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood cells).[1] Anemia can result in feeling tired and pale skin.[1] There may also be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, yellowish skin, dark urine, and among children slow growth.[1]", "Pleiotropy Sickle cell anemia is a pleiotropic disease because the expression of a single mutated HBB gene produces numerous consequences throughout the body. The mutated hemoglobin forms polymers and clumps together causing the deoxygenated sickle red blood cells to assume the disfigured sickle shape.[33] As a result, the cells are inflexible and cannot easily flow through blood vessels, increasing the risk of blood clots and possibly depriving vital organs of oxygen.[32] Some complications associated with sickle cell anemia include immense pain, damaged organs, strokes, high blood pressure, and vision loss. Sickle red blood cells also have a shortened lifespan and die prematurely.[34]", "Complete blood count Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV): This is the fraction of whole blood volume that consists of red blood cells.[7]", "Anemia Hyperanemia is a severe form of anemia, in which the hematocrit is below 10%.[52]", "Anemia A dimorphic appearance on a peripheral blood smear occurs when there are two simultaneous populations of red blood cells, typically of different size and hemoglobin content (this last feature affecting the color of the red blood cell on a stained peripheral blood smear). For example, a person recently transfused for iron deficiency would have small, pale, iron deficient red blood cells (RBCs) and the donor RBCs of normal size and color. Similarly, a person transfused for severe folate or vitamin B12 deficiency would have two cell populations, but, in this case, the patient's RBCs would be larger and paler than the donor's RBCs. A person with sideroblastic anemia (a defect in heme synthesis, commonly caused by alcoholism, but also drugs/toxins, nutritional deficiencies, a few acquired and rare congenital diseases) can have a dimorphic smear from the sideroblastic anemia alone. Evidence for multiple causes appears with an elevated RBC distribution width (RDW), indicating a wider-than-normal range of red cell sizes, also seen in common nutritional anemia.[citation needed]", "Hypoxia (medical) To counter the effects of high-altitude diseases, the body must return arterial pO2 toward normal. Acclimatization, the means by which the body adapts to higher altitudes, only partially restores pO2 to standard levels. Hyperventilation, the body’s most common response to high-altitude conditions, increases alveolar pO2 by raising the depth and rate of breathing. However, while pO2 does improve with hyperventilation, it does not return to normal. Studies of miners and astronomers working at 3000 meters and above show improved alveolar pO2 with full acclimatization, yet the pO2 level remains equal to or even below the threshold for continuous oxygen therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[38] In addition, there are complications involved with acclimatization. Polycythemia, in which the body increases the number of red blood cells in circulation, thickens the blood, raising the danger that the heart can’t pump it.", "Hemoglobin If the concentration is below normal, this is called anemia. Anemias are classified by the size of red blood cells, the cells that contain hemoglobin in vertebrates. The anemia is called \"microcytic\" if red cells are small, \"macrocytic\" if they are large, and \"normocytic\" otherwise.", "Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia PA may be suspected when a patient's blood smear shows large, fragile, immature erythrocytes, known as megaloblasts. A diagnosis of PA first requires demonstration of megaloblastic anemia by conducting a full blood count and blood smear, which evaluates the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), as well the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). PA is identified with a high MCV (macrocytic anemia) and a normal MCHC (normochromic anemia).[38] Ovalocytes are also typically seen on the blood smear, and a pathognomonic feature of megaloblastic anemias (which include PA and others) is hypersegmented neutrophils.[18]", "Myeloproliferative neoplasm The increased numbers of blood cells may not cause any symptoms, but a number of medical problems or symptoms may occur. The risk of thrombosis is increased in some types of MPN.", "Thrombocytosis In a healthy individual, a normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 and 450,000 per mm³ (or microlitre) (150–450 x 109/L).[1] These limits, however, are determined by the 2.5th lower and upper percentile, and a deviation does not necessary imply any form of disease. Nevertheless, counts over 750,000 (and especially over a million) are considered serious enough to warrant investigation and intervention.", "Aplastic anemia The condition needs to be differentiated from pure red cell aplasia. In aplastic anemia, the patient has pancytopenia (i.e., leukopenia and thrombocytopenia) resulting in decrease of all formed elements. In contrast, pure red cell aplasia is characterized by reduction in red cells only. The diagnosis can only be confirmed on bone marrow examination. Before this procedure is undertaken, a patient will generally have had other blood tests to find diagnostic clues, including a complete blood count, renal function and electrolytes, liver enzymes, thyroid function tests, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels.", "Polycystic ovary syndrome Other names for this syndrome include polycystic ovary disease, functional ovarian hyperandrogenism, ovarian hyperthecosis, sclerocystic ovary syndrome, and Steinâ€“Leventhal syndrome. The eponymous last option is the original name; it is now used, if at all, only for the subset of women with all the symptoms of amenorrhea with infertility, hirsutism, and enlarged polycystic ovaries.[53]", "Porphyria The body requires porphyrins to produce heme, which is used to carry oxygen in the blood among other things, but in the porphyrias there is a deficiency (inherited or acquired) of the enzymes that transform the various porphyrins into others, leading to abnormally high levels of one or more of these substances. Porphyrias are classified in two ways, by symptoms and by pathophysiology. Physiologically, porphyrias are classified as liver or erythropoietic based on the sites of accumulation of heme precursors, either in the liver or in the bone marrow and red blood cells.[20]", "Thalassemia Thalassemias are genetic disorders inherited from a person's parents.[2] There are two main types, alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia.[7] The severity of alpha and beta thalassemia depends on how many of the four genes for alpha globin or two genes for beta globin are missing.[2] Diagnosis is typically by blood tests including a complete blood count, special hemoglobin tests, and genetic tests.[3] Diagnosis may occur before birth through prenatal testing.[8]", "Aplastic anemia More frequently parvovirus B19 is associated with aplastic crisis which involves only the red blood cells ( despite the name). Aplastic anemia involves all different cell lines.", "Thrombocytosis High platelet levels do not necessarily signal any clinical problems, and are picked up on a routine full blood count. However, it is important that a full medical history be elicited to ensure that the increased platelet count is not due to a secondary process. Often, it occurs in tandem with an inflammatory disease, as the principal stimulants of platelet production (e.g. thrombopoietin) are elevated in these clinical states as part of the acute phase reaction.", "Aplastic anemia Many patients with aplastic anemia also have clones of cells characteristic of the rare disease paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH, anemia with thrombopenia and/or thrombosis), sometimes referred to as AA/PNH. Occasionally PNH dominates over time, with the major manifestation intravascular hemolysis. The overlap of AA and PNH has been speculated to be an escape mechanism by the bone marrow against destruction by the immune system. Flow cytometry testing is performed regularly in people with previous aplastic anemia to monitor for the development of PNH.[citation needed]", "Iron-deficiency anemia Further testing may be necessary to differentiate iron-deficiency anemia from other disorders, such as thalassemia minor.[40] It is very important not to treat people with thalassemia with an iron supplement, as this can lead to hemochromatosis. A hemoglobin electrophoresis provides useful evidence for distinguishing these two conditions, along with iron studies.[17][41]", "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Five genetic types of HHT are recognized. Of these, three have been linked to particular genes, while the two remaining have currently only been associated with a particular locus. More than 80% of all cases of HHT are due to mutations in either ENG or ACVRL1.[8] A total of over 600 different mutations is known. There is likely to be a predominance of either type in particular populations, but the data are conflicting. MADH4 mutations, which cause colonic polyposis in addition to HHT, comprise about 2% of disease-causing mutations. Apart from MADH4, it is not clear whether mutations in ENG and ACVRL1 lead to particular symptoms,[1] although some reports suggest that ENG mutations are more likely to cause lung problems while ACVRL1 mutations may cause more liver problems,[2][5] and pulmonary hypertension may be a particular problem in people with ACVRL1 mutations.[8] People with exactly the same mutations may have different nature and severity of symptoms, suggesting that additional genes or other risk factors may determine the rate at which lesions develop; these have not yet been identified.[2][8]", "Blood cell The condition of having too few white blood cells is leukopenia, while having too many is leukocytosis. There are individual terms for the lack or overabundance of specific types of white blood cells. The number of white blood cells in circulation is commonly increased in the incidence of infection.[3] Many hematological cancers are based on the inappropriate production of white blood cells.", "Hereditary spherocytosis Chronic symptoms include anemia, increased blood viscosity, and splenomegaly, and some symptoms are still unknown at this stage.[2] Furthermore, the detritus of the broken-down blood cells – unconjugated or indirect bilirubin – accumulates in the gallbladder, and can cause pigmented gallstones to develop. In chronic patients, an infection or other illness can cause an increase in the destruction of red blood cells, resulting in the appearance of acute symptoms, a hemolytic crisis. Spherocytosis patients who are heterozygous for a hemochromatosis gene may suffer from iron overload despite the hemochromatosis genes being recessive.[3][4]", "Anemia In the morphological approach, anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells; this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear. The size is reflected in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV). If the cells are smaller than normal (under 80 fl), the anemia is said to be microcytic; if they are normal size (80–100 fl), normocytic; and if they are larger than normal (over 100 fl), the anemia is classified as macrocytic. This scheme quickly exposes some of the most common causes of anemia; for instance, a microcytic anemia is often the result of iron deficiency. In clinical workup, the MCV will be one of the first pieces of information available, so even among clinicians who consider the \"kinetic\" approach more useful philosophically, morphology will remain an important element of classification and diagnosis.\nLimitations of MCV include cases where the underlying cause is due to a combination of factors – such as iron deficiency (a cause of microcytosis) and vitamin B12 deficiency (a cause of macrocytosis) where the net result can be normocytic cells.[medical citation needed]", "Bloodletting Today it is well established that bloodletting is not effective for most diseases. Indeed, it is mostly harmful, since it can weaken the patient and facilitate infections. Bloodletting is used today in the treatment of a few diseases, including hemochromatosis and polycythemia; however, these rare diseases were unknown and undiagnosable before the advent of scientific medicine. It is practiced by specifically trained practitioners in hospitals, using modern techniques. In most cases, phlebotomy now refers to the removal of small quantities of blood for diagnostic purposes. However, in the case of hemochromatosis, which is now recognized as the most common hereditary disorder in European populations, bloodletting (venesection) has become the mainstay treatment option.[27][28] In the U.S., according to an academic article posted in the Journal of Infusion Nursing with data published in 2010, the primary use of phlebotomy was to take blood that would one day be reinfused back into a person. This person chosen did not have to be established at the time of the procedure, but this was possible.[29]", "Hereditary spherocytosis In a peripheral blood smear, the red blood cells will appear abnormally small and lack the central pale area that is present in normal red blood cells. These changes are also seen in non-hereditary spherocytosis, but they are typically more pronounced in hereditary spherocytosis. The number of immature red blood cells (reticulocyte count) will be elevated.[2] An increase in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is also consistent with hereditary spherocytosis.", "Platelet Low platelet concentration is thrombocytopenia and is due to either decreased production or increased destruction. Elevated platelet concentration is thrombocytosis and is either congenital, reactive (to cytokines), or due to unregulated production: one of the myeloproliferative neoplasms or certain other myeloid neoplasms. A disorder of platelet function is a thrombocytopathy.", "Porphyria These are associated with accumulation of porphyrins in erythrocytes and are rare.", "Rheumatoid arthritis Anemia is by far the most common abnormality of the blood cells which can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. The chronic inflammation caused by RA leads to raised hepcidin levels, leading to anemia of chronic disease where iron is poorly absorbed and also sequestered into macrophages. The red cells are of normal size and color (normocytic and normochromic). A low white blood cell count usually only occurs in people with Felty's syndrome with an enlarged liver and spleen. The mechanism of neutropenia is complex. An increased platelet count occurs when inflammation is uncontrolled.", "Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS is a heterogeneous disorder of uncertain cause.[19][24][25] There is some evidence that it is a genetic disease. Such evidence includes the familial clustering of cases, greater concordance in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins and heritability of endocrine and metabolic features of PCOS.[7][24][25]", "Anemia Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood,[3][4] or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.[5] When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise.[1] Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms, which may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, or increased thirst.[1] Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale.[1] Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause.[1]", "Haematopoiesis The first key player of differentiation from HSC to a multipotent progenitor (MPP) is transcription factor CCAAT-enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα). Mutations in C/EBPα are associated with acute myeloid leukaemia.[20] From this point, cells can either differentiate along the Erythroid-megakaryocyte lineage or lymphoid and myeloid lineage, which have common progenitor, called lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor. There are two main transcription factors. PU.1 for Erythroid-megakaryocyte lineage and GATA-1, which leads to a lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor.[21]", "Iron overload Other definitions distinguishing haemochromatosis or haemosiderosis that are occasionally used include:", "Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, of which pernicious anemia is a type,[8] is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are present due to a lack of vitamin B12.[5] The most common initial symptom is feeling tired.[4] Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, pale skin, chest pain, numbness in the hands and feet, poor balance, a smooth red tongue, poor reflexes, depression and confusion.[4] Without treatment some of these problems may become permanent.[5]", "Aplastic anemia Short-lived aplastic anemia can also be a result of parvovirus infection.[7] In humans, the P antigen (also known as globoside), one of the many cellular receptors that contribute to a person's blood type, is the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19 virus that causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children. Because it infects red blood cells as a result of the affinity for the P antigen, Parvovirus causes complete cessation of red blood cell production. In most cases, this goes unnoticed, as red blood cells live on average 120 days, and the drop in production does not significantly affect the total number of circulating red blood cells. In people with conditions where the cells die early (such as sickle cell disease), however, parvovirus infection can lead to severe anemia.[citation needed]", "Normochromic anemia Normochromic is a form of anemia in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is within the standard range. However, there are insufficient numbers of red blood cells. This includes: aplastic, posthemorrhagic, and hemolytic anemias and anemia of chronic disease. MCH or MCHC in these cells are normal.", "Multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for producing antibodies.[5] Often, no symptoms are noticed initially.[1] When advanced, bone pain, bleeding, frequent infections, and anemia may occur.[1] Complications may include amyloidosis.[2]", "Hemoglobin variants Hemoglobin F is the primary hemoglobin produced by the fetus. The hemoglobin transports oxygen efficiently in a low oxygen environment. The hemoglobin production stops at birth and decreases to adult levels by the age of one or two. The levels can be normal to increased in beta thalassemia. Hemoglobin F frequently increases in individuals with sickle cell anemia and sickle cell-beta thalassemia. Individuals with sickle cell and increase of Hb F have a milder case of the disease. There are situations where the Hb F is increased. This rare condition is called Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH). This is a group of disorders where the Hemoglobin F is increased without signs or clinical features of thalassemia. Some different ethnic groups have different mutations that cause HPFH. Hb F can also be increase by acquired conditions that involve the red blood cells. Elevated Hemoglobin F levels are also associated with Leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders.[citation needed]", "Blood Human blood is typical of that of mammals, although the precise details concerning cell numbers, size, protein structure, and so on, vary somewhat between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, however, there are some key differences:[11]", "Sickle cell disease In people heterozygous for HbS (carriers of sickling haemoglobin), the polymerisation problems are minor, because the normal allele is able to produce half of the haemoglobin. In people homozygous for HbS, the presence of long-chain polymers of HbS distort the shape of the red blood cell from a smooth doughnut-like shape to ragged and full of spikes, making it fragile and susceptible to breaking within capillaries. Carriers have symptoms only if they are deprived of oxygen (for example, while climbing a mountain) or while severely dehydrated.", "Mean corpuscular volume In patients with anemia, it is the MCV measurement that allows classification as either a microcytic anemia (MCV below normal range), normocytic anemia (MCV within normal range) or macrocytic anemia (MCV above normal range). Normocytic anemia is usually deemed so because the bone marrow has not yet responded with a change in cell volume. It occurs occasionally in acute conditions, namely blood loss and hemolysis.", "Sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the haemoglobin gene, one from each parent.[3] This gene occurs in chromosome 11.[9] Several subtypes exist, depending on the exact mutation in each haemoglobin gene.[2] An attack can be set off by temperature changes, stress, dehydration and high altitude.[1] A person with a single abnormal copy does not usually have symptoms and is said to have sickle cell trait.[3] Such people are also referred to as carriers.[5] Diagnosis is by a blood test, and some countries test all babies at birth for the disease.[4] Diagnosis is also possible during pregnancy.[4]", "Hemolytic anemia Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition, the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications, such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension.[citation needed]", "Anemia Reticulocyte counts, and the \"kinetic\" approach to anemia, have become more common than in the past in the large medical centers of the United States and some other wealthy nations, in part because some automatic counters now have the capacity to include reticulocyte counts. A reticulocyte count is a quantitative measure of the bone marrow's production of new red blood cells. The reticulocyte production index is a calculation of the ratio between the level of anemia and the extent to which the reticulocyte count has risen in response. If the degree of anemia is significant, even a \"normal\" reticulocyte count actually may reflect an inadequate response.\nIf an automated count is not available, a reticulocyte count can be done manually following special staining of the blood film. In manual examination, activity of the bone marrow can also be gauged qualitatively by subtle changes in the numbers and the morphology of young RBCs by examination under a microscope. Newly formed RBCs are usually slightly larger than older RBCs and show polychromasia. Even where the source of blood loss is obvious, evaluation of erythropoiesis can help assess whether the bone marrow will be able to compensate for the loss, and at what rate.\nWhen the cause is not obvious, clinicians use other tests, such as: ESR, ferritin, serum iron, transferrin, RBC folate level, serum vitamin B12, hemoglobin electrophoresis, renal function tests (e.g. serum creatinine) although the tests will depend on the clinical hypothesis that is being investigated.\nWhen the diagnosis remains difficult, a bone marrow examination allows direct examination of the precursors to red cells, although is rarely used as is painful, invasive and is hence reserved for cases where severe pathology needs to be determined or excluded.[medical citation needed]", "Venipuncture Phlebotomy (incision into a vein) is also the treatment of certain diseases such as hemochromatosis and primary and secondary polycythemia.", "Hemoglobin Even within a species, different variants of hemoglobin always exist, although one sequence is usually a \"most common\" one in each species. Mutations in the genes for the hemoglobin protein in a species result in hemoglobin variants.[23][24] Many of these mutant forms of hemoglobin cause no disease. Some of these mutant forms of hemoglobin, however, cause a group of hereditary diseases termed the hemoglobinopathies. The best known hemoglobinopathy is sickle-cell disease, which was the first human disease whose mechanism was understood at the molecular level. A (mostly) separate set of diseases called thalassemias involves underproduction of normal and sometimes abnormal hemoglobins, through problems and mutations in globin gene regulation. All these diseases produce anemia.[25]", "Blood cell If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur. However, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form thrombosis, which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as a stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolismâ€”or blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as the extremities of the arms or legs. An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy, which can be either a low number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), a decrease in function of platelets (thrombasthenia), or an increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis). There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), that typically cause thromboses, or clots, instead of bleeding.", "Sickle-cell disease Sickle-cell disease occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the haemoglobin gene, one from each parent.[3] This gene occurs in chromosome 11.[9] Several subtypes exist, depending on the exact mutation in each haemoglobin gene.[2] An attack can be set off by temperature changes, stress, dehydration, and high altitude.[1] A person with a single abnormal copy does not usually have symptoms and is said to have sickle-cell trait.[3] Such people are also referred to as carriers.[5] Diagnosis is by a blood test and some countries test all babies at birth for the disease.[4] Diagnosis is also possible during pregnancy.[4]", "Erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning \"red\" and 'poiesis' meaning \"to make\") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes). It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin.[2] This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes).[2] In postnatal birds and mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow.[2] In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver.[3] After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Increased level of physical activity can cause an increase in erythropoiesis.[4] However, in humans with certain diseases and in some animals, erythropoiesis also occurs outside the bone marrow, within the spleen or liver. This is termed extramedullary erythropoiesis.", "Phenylketonuria PAH deficiency causes a spectrum of disorders, including classic phenylketonuria (PKU) and mild hyperphenylalaninemia (also known as \"hyperphe\" or \"mild HPA\"), a less severe accumulation of phenylalanine. Patients with \"hyperphe\" may have more functional PAH enzyme and be able to tolerate larger amounts of phenylalanine in their diets than those with classic PKU, but unless dietary intake is at least somewhat restricted, their blood Phe levels are still higher than the levels in people with normal PAH activity.[18]", "Multiple myeloma Related conditions include solitary plasmacytoma (a single tumor of plasma cells, typically treated with irradiation), plasma cell dyscrasia (where only the antibodies produce symptoms, e.g., AL amyloidosis), and peripheral neuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal plasma cell disorder, and skin changes.", "Packed red blood cells Packed red blood cells, also known as packed cells, are red blood cells that have been separated for blood transfusion.[1] They are typically used in anemia that is either causing symptoms or when the hemoglobin is less than usually 70–80 g/L (7–8 g/dL).[1][2][3] In adults, one unit brings up hemoglobin levels by about 10 g/L (1 g/dL).[4][5] Repeated transfusions may be required in people receiving cancer chemotherapy or who have hemoglobin disorders.[1] Cross matching is typically required before the blood is given.[1] It is given by injection into a vein.[6]", "Red blood cell distribution width An elevation in the RDW is not characteristic of all anemias. Anemia of chronic disease, hereditary spherocytosis, acute blood loss, aplastic anemia (anemia resulting from an inability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells), and certain hereditary hemoglobinopathies (including some cases of thalassemia minor) may all present with a normal RDW.[3]" ]	[ "Polycythemia Primary polycythemias are due to factors intrinsic to red cell precursors. Polycythemia vera (PCV), polycythemia rubra vera (PRV), or erythremia, occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of an abnormality of the bone marrow.[3] Often, excess white blood cells and platelets are also produced. PCV is classified as a myeloproliferative disease. Symptoms include headaches and vertigo, and signs on physical examination include an abnormally enlarged spleen and/or liver. In some cases, affected individuals may have associated conditions including high blood pressure or formation of blood clots. Transformation to acute leukemia is rare. Phlebotomy is the mainstay of treatment. A hallmark of polycythemia is an elevated hematocrit, with Hct > 55% seen in 83% of cases.[4] A somatic (non-hereditary) mutation (V617F) in the JAK2 gene is found in 95% of cases, though also present in other myeloproliferative disorders.[5]" ]
test1969	when was harry potter and the philosophers stone published	[ "doc69138" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc69138", "doc278256", "doc69157", "doc234040", "doc69156", "doc69175", "doc69173", "doc69160", "doc16754", "doc278216", "doc69158", "doc69159", "doc69166", "doc16752", "doc69164", "doc69139", "doc759829", "doc278254", "doc1184861", "doc16765", "doc16774", "doc16753", "doc69162", "doc91592", "doc69174", "doc69165", "doc1184886", "doc1184875", "doc278257", "doc278277", "doc16761", "doc278223", "doc278292", "doc278217", "doc1124489", "doc759815", "doc759837", "doc16775", "doc759828", "doc137973", "doc130892", "doc278255", "doc69163", "doc91540", "doc69168", "doc1465334", "doc1184877", "doc261000", "doc16766", "doc727342", "doc16776", "doc278275", "doc727328", "doc16777", "doc16760", "doc16768", "doc69141", "doc169983", "doc69140", "doc69155", "doc234025", "doc375942", "doc69152", "doc16773", "doc69178", "doc1184885", "doc2154704", "doc278295", "doc16755", "doc313997", "doc1184874", "doc1184862", "doc91536", "doc169971", "doc1184880", "doc1184876", "doc727338", "doc261001", "doc69144", "doc422331", "doc91546", "doc278215", "doc278303", "doc1057383", "doc2137656", "doc278294", "doc69172", "doc1124475", "doc800780", "doc278221", "doc1184887", "doc69167", "doc69142", "doc1222227", "doc69161", "doc16764", "doc727317", "doc69176", "doc422329", "doc422333" ]	[ "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old.", "Harry Potter Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997.[61] It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,[62] after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author.[63] Fearing that American readers would not associate the word \"philosopher\" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy), Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for the American market.[64]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Bloomsbury accepted the book, paying Rowling a Â£2,500 advance,[17] and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors, critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched.[15] He was less concerned about the book's length than about its author's name, since the title sounded like a boys' book to him, and he believed boys preferred books by male authors. Rowling therefore adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling just before publication.[15] In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, three hundred of which were distributed to libraries.[18] Her original name, \"Joanne Rowling\", can be found in small print on the copyright page of this first British edition. (The 1998 first American edition would remove reference to \"Joanne\" completely.)[19] The short initial print run was standard for first novels, and Cunningham hoped booksellers would read the book and recommend it to customers.[15] Examples from this initial print run have sold for as much as US$33,460 in a 2007 Heritage Auction.[20]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 30 June 1997.[4] It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic—the American publisher of the books—as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,[5] after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights—an unprecedented amount for a children's book by a then-unknown author.[6] The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998, and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999, and in the US on 8 September 1999.[7] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[8] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[9] It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.[10] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005, and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[11][12]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone The book, which was Rowling's debut novel, was written between approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995. In 1990 Jo Rowling, as she preferred to be known,[a] wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words, \"One weekend after flat hunting, I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head... A scrawny, little, black-haired, bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me... I began to write Philosopher's Stone that very evening. Although, the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product.\"[8] Then Rowling's mother died and, to cope with her pain, Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry.[8] Rowling spent six years working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury, she obtained a grant of £8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council, which enabled her to plan the sequels.[14] She sent the book to an agent and a publisher, and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers, most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words. Barry Cunningham, who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by new authors for Bloomsbury Children's Books, recommended accepting the book,[15] and the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chief executive said it was \"so much better than anything else\".[16]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone In 1999, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1,982,900).[67] Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books.[68] After extensive casting,[69] filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London, with production ending in July 2001.[70] Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001.[71][72] Reviewers' comments were positive, as reflected by an 80% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes[73] and by a score of 64% at Metacritic, representing \"generally favourable reviews\".[74]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on July 2, 1998 and in the US on June 2, 1999.[56][57] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8, 1999 and in the US on September 8, 1999.[56][57] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[58] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[59] It was published worldwide in English on June 21, 2003.[60] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on July 16, 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[61][62] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on July 21, 2007.[63] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[64]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit, the British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year and the Booksellers' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year.[15] By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies,[26] and the story was still the UK's best-selling title in December 2001.[27] A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press.[28]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001. It became a critical and commercial success, grossing $974.8 million at the box office worldwide. The highest-grossing film of 2001, it is the 34th highest-grossing of all-time (2nd at the time of its release) and the second most successful instalment of the Harry Potter series behind Deathly Hallows – Part 2. The film was nominated for many awards, including Academy Awards for Best Original Score, Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. It was followed by seven sequels, beginning with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets in 2002 and ending with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 in 2011, nearly ten years after the first film's release.", "Harry Potter Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, critical acclaim, and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers, and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature.[2] The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed, as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts. As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages.[3] The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Lindsey Fraser, who had supplied one of the blurb comments,[15] wrote what is thought to be the first published review, in The Scotsman on 28 June 1997. She described Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone as \"a hugely entertaining thriller\" and Rowling as \"a first-rate writer for children\".[15][21] Another early review, in The Herald, said, \"I have yet to find a child who can put it down.\" Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book, with glowing reviews in The Guardian, The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday, and in September 1997 Books for Keeps, a magazine that specialised in children's books, gave the novel four stars out of five.[15] The Mail on Sunday rated it as \"the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl\"; a view echoed by the Sunday Times (\"comparisons to Dahl are, this time, justified\"), while The Guardian called it \"a richly textured novel given lift-off by an inventive wit\" and The Scotsman said it had \"all the makings of a classic\".[15]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone In 1997 the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 to 11 year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[22] The Smarties award, which is voted for by children, made the book well-known within six months of publication, while most children's books have to wait for years.[15] The following year, Philosopher's Stone won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children.[15][b] It was also shortlisted for children's books awards adjudicated by adults,[23] but did not win. Sandra Beckett comments that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards – for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Roald Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling's books.[24] In 2003, the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[25]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone By mid-2008, official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages.[44] By September 11, 2017, official translations of the book had been published in 74 languages.[45] Bloomsbury have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek,[46][47] and the latter was described as \"one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries\".[48]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone)[5] is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[4] It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The film is the first instalment in the long-running Harry Potter film series, and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone In August 1999, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone topped the New York Times list of best-selling fiction,[37] and stayed near the top of the list for much of 1999 and 2000, until the New York Times split its list into children's and adult sections under pressure from other publishers who were eager to see their books given higher placings.[24][35] Publishers Weekly's report in December 2001 on cumulative sales of children's fiction placed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone 19th among hardbacks (over 5 million copies) and 7th among paperbacks (over 6.6Â million copies).[38]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone The novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000. It has been translated into at least seventy three other languages and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels.", "J. K. Rowling In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000.[67] Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestlé Smarties Book Prize. In February, the novel won the British Book Award for Children's Book of the Year, and later, the Children's Book Award. In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., for US$105,000. Rowling said that she \"nearly died\" when she heard the news.[68] In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher's Stone in the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.[69] Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh.[57]", "Harry Potter Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents.[55] The second agent she tried, Christopher Little, offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (known as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States) is an action-adventure video game with platform elements published by Electronic Arts. It is based on J.K Rowling's novel of the same name and the film adaptation. Philosopher's Stone was initially developed for the Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Color, Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in November 2001, and was re-made two years later for the GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox in December 2003.[7][8][9]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running. Due to time constraints, the date was put back to 16 November 2001.[41]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Warner Bros. first released the film on VHS and DVD on 11 February 2002 in the E3 UK[68] 11 May 2002 in the UK[68] and 28 May 2002 in the US. The VHS and DVD (The Special Edition) was re-released in 7 May 2004[69] An Ultimate Edition was later released exclusively in the US that included a Blu-ray and DVD. The release contains an extended version of the film, with many of the deleted scenes edited back in; additionally, the set includes the existing special features disc, Radcliffe's, Grint's, and Watson's first screen tests, a feature-length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 1: The Magic Begins, and a 48-page hardcover booklet.[70] The extended version has a running time of about 159 minutes, which has previously been shown during certain television airings.[71]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported Â£1 million ($1.275 million). Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000, with Chris Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner. Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British or Irish, and the film was shot at Leavesden Film Studios and historic buildings around the United Kingdom.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Scholastic Corporation bought the U.S. rights at the Bologna Book Fair in April 1997 for US$105,000, an unusually high sum for a children's book.[15] They thought that a child would not want to read a book with the word \"philosopher\" in the title and,[32][not in citation given] after some discussion, the American edition was published in September 1998[33] under the title Rowling suggested, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.[15] Rowling claimed that she regretted this change and would have fought it if she had been in a stronger position at the time.[11] Philip Nel has pointed out that the change lost the connection with alchemy, and the meaning of some other terms changed in translation, for example from \"crumpet\" to \"muffin\". While Rowling accepted the change from both the British English \"mum\" and Seamus Finnigan's Irish variant \"mam\" to \"mom\" in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, she vetoed this change in the later books, which was then reversed in later editions of Philosopher's Stone. However, Nel considered that Scholastic's translations were considerably more sensitive than most of those imposed on British English books of the time, and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits.[30] Since the British editions of early titles in the series were published months prior to the American versions, some American readers became familiar with the British English versions due to buying them from online retailers.[34]", "Harry Potter (film series) The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for Â£1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling. After the release of the fourth book in July 2000, the first film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was released on 16 November 2001. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone, which set a record opening worldwide. The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success, while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics. The fifth film, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English-speaking countries, except for the UK and Ireland, which released the movie on 12 July.[74] The sixth, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on October 6, 2015, with illustrations by Jim Kay.[65][66] The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone In May 2008, Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book[39] that was released on 1 October 2008[40] to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release.[39] For the fifteenth anniversary of the books, Scholastic re-released Sorcerer's Stone, along with the other six novels in the series, with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013.[41][42][43]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) In the United States alone, The Philosopher's Stone's computer version sold 1.3 million copies and earned $33.9 million by August 2006, after its release in November 2001. It was the country's fourth best-selling computer game between January 2000 and August 2006. Combined sales of all Harry Potter computer games released between January 2000 and August 2006, including The Philosopher's Stone, had reached 2.7 million units in the United States by the latter date.[91]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) Philosopher's Stone was first revealed on the PC at the E3 expo in May 2001.[18] A press release followed, months later, on 13 November 2001, days before the films 16 November release.[14] The press release stated it would ship the game to coincide with the film adaptation of the same name.[14][19]", "Harry Potter The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[65] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[66] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[67] It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.[68] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[69][70] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007.[71] The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[70]", "Harry Potter Early in its history, Harry Potter received positive reviews. On publication, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers, such as The Scotsman, which said it had \"all the makings of a classic\",[127] and The Glasgow Herald, which called it \"Magic stuff\".[127] Soon the English newspapers joined in, with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl's work: The Mail on Sunday rated it as \"the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl\",[127] a view echoed by The Sunday Times (\"comparisons to Dahl are, this time, justified\"),[127] while The Guardian called it \"a richly textured novel given lift-off by an inventive wit\".[127]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) In 1997, producer David Heyman searched for a children's book that could be adapted into a well-received film.[12] He had planned to produce Diana Wynne Jones' novel The Ogre Downstairs, but his plans fell through. His staff at Heyday Films then suggested Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which his assistant believed was \"a cool idea.\"[12] Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros.[12] and in 1999, Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £1 million (US$1,982,900).[28] A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such.[6] Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she \"didn't want to give them control over the rest of the story\" by selling the rights to the characters, which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author-written sequels.[29]", "Harry Potter When the first novel of the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) opens, it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the wizarding world â€“ an event so very remarkable, even Muggles (non-magical people) notice signs of it. The full background to this event and Harry Potter's past is revealed gradually throughout the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter's eleventh birthday, and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed.", "Harry Potter The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults,[167] and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children.[168] In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award, and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner; it finished second, very close behind the winner of the poetry prize, Seamus Heaney's translation of the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf.[168]", "Harry Potter The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. A play, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, based on a story co-written by Rowling, premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre, and its script was published by Little, Brown. The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which is the third highest-grossing film series of all time as of February 2018. In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25Â billion,[4] making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter series. The first, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the US), was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997 and the second, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published on 2 July 1998.[6] Rowling started to write the Prisoner of Azkaban the day after she finished The Chamber of Secrets.[7]", "J. K. Rowling Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, England, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990.[6] The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written four books for adult readers: The Casual Vacancy (2012) and—under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith—the crime fiction novels The Cuckoo's Calling (2013), The Silkworm (2014) and Career of Evil (2015).[7]", "J. K. Rowling In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.[90] A film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 16 November 2001, and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002.[91] Both films were directed by Chris Columbus. The film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released on 4 June 2004, directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released on 11 July 2007.[91] David Yates directed, and Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay, having taken over the position from Steve Kloves. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released on 15 July 2009.[92] David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write the script.[93] Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in two segments, with part one being released on 19 November 2010 and part two being released on 15 July 2011. Yates directed both films.[94][95]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) The film had its world premiere on 4 November 2001, in London's Leicester Square, with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School.[72] The film was greatly received at the box office. In the United States, it made $32.3 million on its opening day, breaking the single day record previously held by Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. On the second day of release, the film's gross increased to $33.5 million, breaking the record for biggest single day again. In total, it made $90.3 million during its first weekend, breaking the record for highest-opening weekend of all time that was previously held by The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[73] It held the record until the following May when Spider-Man made $114.8 million in its opening weekend.[74] The film held onto the No. 1 spot at the box-office for three consecutive weekends.[75][76] The film also had the highest grossing 5-day (Wednesday-Sunday) Thanksgiving weekend record of $82.4 million, holding the title for twelve years until both The Hunger Games: Catching Fire and Frozen surpassed it with $110.1 million and $94 million respectively.[77] Similar results were achieved across the world. In the United Kingdom, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone broke the record for the highest-opening weekend ever, both including and excluding previews, making £16.3 million with and £9.8 million without previews.[78] The film went on to make £66.1 million in the UK alone, making it the country's second highest-grossing film of all-time (after Titanic), until it was surpassed by Mamma Mia!.[79]", "J. K. Rowling In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone on an old manual typewriter.[62] Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.[26] A year later she was finally given the green light (and a £1,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London.[26][63] The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next.[64] Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books.[65] Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8,000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing.[66]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth book in the Harry Potter series. The first, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997; the second, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published on 2 July 1998; and the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, followed on 8 July 1999.[1] Goblet of Fire is considerably longer than the first three; almost twice the size (the paperback edition was 636 pages). Rowling stated that she \"knew from the beginning it would be the biggest of the first four\". She said there needed to be a \"proper run-up\" for the conclusion and rushing the \"complex plot\" could confuse readers. She also stated that \"everything is on a bigger scale\" which was symbolic, as Harry's horizons widened both literally and metaphorically as he grew up. She also wanted to explore more of the magical world.[2]", "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series.[1] The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries.[2] By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11-year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[3] The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[4][5] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[6] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003.[7] After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released 21 July 2007.[8] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[9]", "Harry Potter After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher's Stone, Bloomsbury offered Rowling a Â£2,500 advance for its publication.[57][58] Despite Rowling's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books, the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven.[59] On the eve of publishing, Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender-neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group, fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman. She elected to use J. K. Rowling (Joanne Kathleen Rowling), using her grandmother's name as her second name because she has no middle name.[58][60]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book, leaving it to book trade and library publications such as Kirkus Reviews and Booklist, which examined it only by the entertainment-oriented criteria of children's fiction. However, more penetrating specialist reviews (such as one by Cooperative Children's Book Center Choices, which pointed out the complexity, depth and consistency of the world Rowling had built) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers.[35] Although The Boston Globe and Michael Winerip in The New York Times complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book,[21][36] they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise.[15][21] A year later the US edition was selected as an American Library Association Notable Book, a Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1998, and a New York Public Library 1998 Best Book of the Year, and won Parenting Magazine's Book of the Year Award for 1998,[22] the School Library Journal Best Book of the Year, and the American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults.[15]", "Harry Potter (film series) Late in 1997, film producer David Heyman's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling's series of seven Harry Potter novels. The book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was relegated to a low-priority bookshelf, where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review. Consequently, Heyman, who had originally disliked \"the rubbish title\", read the book himself. Highly impressed by Rowling's work, he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time.[11]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Some reviewers compared Philosopher's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher's Stone, seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the one in top place. The only other really popular children's author of the late 1990s was an American, R. L. Stine. Some of the story elements in Philosopher's Stone resembled parts of Dahl's stories; for example, the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts‍—‌one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, who treated Harry as a servant. However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation, able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside.[15]", "Children's literature J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter. The series began with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1997 and ended with the seventh and final book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in 2007; becoming the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages,[44][45] placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.[46]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) The game was developed by Warthog Games and set out to fix some of the problems encountered in the previous game such as loading time.[21] The game uses similar set designs and graphics as the Chamber of Secrets game and the previous generation consoles by making them 3D.[21][22] The game was released on 12 December 2003.[23]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the fifth book in the Harry Potter series.[2] The first book in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997 with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, three hundred of which were distributed to libraries. By the end of 1997 , the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 to 11 year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize.[12][13][14] The second novel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in the UK on 2 July 1998. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[13][14] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 simultaneously by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[15] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book from the series, yet the second shortest film at 2 hours and 18 minutes.[16]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the United Kingdom, offering their assistance in securing filming locations, the use of Leavesden Film Studios, as well as changing the UK's child labour laws (adding a small number of working hours per week and making the timing of on-set classes more flexible).[12] Warner Bros. accepted their proposal. Filming began on 17 September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on 23 March 2001,[42] with final work being done in July.[34][43] Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire's Goathland railway station.[44] Canterbury Cathedral and Scotland's Inverailort Castle were both touted as possible locations for Hogwarts; Canterbury rejected Warner Bros. proposal due to concerns about the film's \"pagan\" theme.[45][46] Alnwick Castle and Gloucester Cathedral were eventually selected as the principal locations for Hogwarts,[12] with some scenes also being filmed at Harrow School.[47] Other Hogwarts scenes were filmed in Durham Cathedral over a two-week period;[48] these included shots of the corridors and some classroom scenes.[49] Oxford University's Divinity School served as the Hogwarts Hospital Wing, and Duke Humfrey's Library, part of the Bodleian, was used as the Hogwarts Library.[50] Filming for Privet Drive took place on Picket Post Close in Bracknell, Berkshire.[48] Filming in the street took two days instead of the planned single day, so payments to the street's residents were correspondingly increased.[48] For all the subsequent film's scenes set in Privet Drive, filming took place on a constructed set in Leavesden Film Studios, which proved to have been cheaper than filming on location.[51] London's Australia House was selected as the location for Gringotts Wizarding Bank,[12] while Christ Church, Oxford was the location for the Hogwarts trophy room.[52] London Zoo was used as the location for the scene in which Harry accidentally sets a snake on Dudley,[52] with King's Cross Station also being used as the book specifies.[53]", "Harry Potter in translation The differences between the British and American editions of the books have sometimes been referred to as \"translation\" into American English. The most noted example of this is the difference in the titles of the first book in the series: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in the United Kingdom, versus Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States. The book's title was changed due to the American publisher's concern that children would be confused by a reference to philosophy. Other translations have also changed the first book's title, namely the French translation which changed \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" to \"Harry Potter at the School of Wizards\" for the same reason as the American translation, citing that the reference to the Philosopher's Stone legend was \"too obscure for a book aimed at the youth.\"[161] A comprehensive list of differences between the American and British editions of the books is collected at the Harry Potter Lexicon web site.[162] The changes are mostly simple lexical switches to reflect the different dialects and prevent American readers from stumbling over unfamiliar Briticisms. Changes of this sort are common when adapting any text from British to American editions[163] but in the case of the Harry Potter books, this standard practice has occasionally drawn criticism from readers who feel that the British English adds flavour to the series.[164] Rowling herself expressed regret after changing the first book's title, as the Philosopher's Stone is a legendary alchemical substance.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) In total, the film earned $974.8 million at the worldwide box office, $317.6 million of that in the US and $657.2 million elsewhere,[4] which made it the second highest-grossing film in history at the time,[80] as well as the year's highest-grossing film.[81] As of 2015[update], it is the unadjusted twenty-sixth highest-grossing film of all-time and the second highest-grossing Harry Potter film to date[82] after Deathly Hallows – Part 2, which grossed more than $1 billion worldwide.[83] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55.9 million tickets in the US.[84]", "Harry Potter The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards (all of which were awarded in 2001),[113] three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes (1997–1999),[114] two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001),[115] the inaugural Whitbread children's book of the year award (1999),[116] the WHSmith book of the year (2006),[117] among others. In 2000, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel, and in 2001, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award.[118] Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal (1997),[119] a short listing for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and numerous listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists of the American Library Association, The New York Times, Chicago Public Library, and Publishers Weekly.[120]", "Harry Potter in translation On 2017-06-28, J.K. Rowling announced the translation of the Philosopher's Stone into Scots[3] and it was released 2017-11-23[4]. This should not be confused with the long-ago planned Scots Gaelic translation, initially scheduled for release in December 2006 but which was delayed indefinitely.[144][145]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 194 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone adapts its source material faithfully while condensing the novel's overstuffed narrative into an involving – and often downright exciting – big-screen magical caper.\"[85] On Metacritic the film has a score of 64 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[86] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.[87]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Rowling insisted that the cast be kept British.[6] Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director, working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry, Ron and Hermione.[7] Open casting calls were held for the main three roles,[8] with only British children being considered.[9] The principal auditions took place in three parts, with those auditioning having to read a page from the novel, then to improvise a scene of the students' arrival at Hogwarts, and finally to read several pages from the script in front of Columbus.[9] Scenes from Columbus' script for the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes were also used in auditions.[10] On 11 July 2000, Figgis left the production, complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children they had auditioned \"worthy\".[10] On 8 August 2000, the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, respectively.[11]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Judianna Makovsky designed the costumes. She re-designed the Quidditch robes, having initially planned to use those shown on the cover of the American book, but deemed them \"a mess.\" Instead, she dressed the Quidditch players in \"preppie sweaters, 19th century fencing breeches and arm guards.\"[55] Production designer Stuart Craig built the sets at Leavesden Studios, including Hogwarts Great Hall, basing it on many English cathedrals. Although originally asked to use an existing old street to film the Diagon Alley scenes, Craig decided to build his own set, comprising Tudor, Georgian and Queen Anne architecture.[55]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, along with the rest of the Harry Potter series, has been attacked by several religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft, but other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints, including the power of self-sacrifice and the ways in which people's decisions shape their personalities. The series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999.[4][5] It immediately took first place in UK best-seller lists, displacing popular authors such as John Grisham, Tom Clancy,[1] and Terry Pratchett,[6] and making Rowling the first author to win the British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year for two years in succession.[7] In June 1999, it went straight to the top of three US best-seller lists,[8] including The New York Times'.[9]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Most reviews were very favourable, commenting on Rowling's imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction, although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed. The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen, one of Rowling's favourite authors, Roald Dahl, whose works dominated children's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter, and the Ancient Greek story-teller Homer. While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories, others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone The basic idea... Harry, I saw Harry very very very clearly. Very vividly. And I knew he didn't know he was a wizard. [...] And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, that he wouldn't know what he was. [...] When he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harry's parents, and then he tried to kill Harry—he tried to curse him. [...] And—so—but for some mysterious reason, the curse didn't work on Harry. So he's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, who has been in hiding ever since.[3]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series. The book was released on 21 July 2007, ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. It was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in the United Kingdom, in the United States by Scholastic, and in Canada by Raincoast Books. The novel chronicles the events directly following Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005), and the final confrontation between the wizards Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child On 26 June 2015, the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,[9] and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London's Palace Theatre.[10] The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,[11] published on 26 June 1997.[12]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone In the book, Rowling introduces an eclectic cast of characters. The first character to be introduced is Vernon Dursley, Harry's uncle. Most of the actions centre on the eponymous hero Harry Potter, an orphan who escapes his miserable childhood with the Dursley family. Rowling imagined him as a \"scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didn't know he was a wizard\",[2] and says she transferred part of her pain about losing her mother to him.[8] During the book, Harry makes two close friends, Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger. Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend, \"always there when you need him\".[4] Rowling has described Hermione as a \"very logical, upright and good\" character[5] with \"a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness\".[5]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) The first teaser poster was released on 1 December 2000.[62] The first teaser trailer was released via satellite on 2 March 2001 and debuted in cinemas with the release of See Spot Run.[63] The soundtrack was released on 30 October 2001 in a CD format. A video game based on the film was released on 15 November 2001 by Electronic Arts for several consoles.[59] Another video game, for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox was released in 2003.[64] Mattel won the rights to produce toys based on the film, to be sold exclusively through Warner Brothers' stores.[65] Hasbro also produced products, including confectionery items based on those from the series.[66] Warner Bros. signed a deal worth US$150Â million with Coca-Cola to promote the film,[53] and Lego produced a series of sets based on buildings and scenes from the film, as well as a Lego Creator video game.[67]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Stephen Brown noted that the early Harry Potter books, especially Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, were a runaway success despite inadequate and poorly organised marketing. Brown advised marketing executives to be less preoccupied with rigorous statistical analyses and the \"analysis, planning, implementation, and control\" model of management. Instead he recommended that they should treat the stories as \"a marketing masterclass\", full of enticing products and brand names.[50] For example, a real-world analogue of Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans was introduced under licence in 2000 by toymaker Hasbro.[50][90]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) Philosopher's Stone received positive sale figures, despite mixed reviews. From November 2001, to February 2002 it was listed as one of the top three highest-selling PC video games, and was the top selling PC title in December 2001.[82][83][84] In February 2002, the NPD Group listed it as the third top-selling PC game of 2001 after being available for only two months in North America.[85][86] The PlayStation version sold eight million copies, making it one of the best-selling PlayStation games and one of the best-selling video games of all time at the time of the release.[87] The PlayStation version of The Philosopher's Stone received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),[88] indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.[89] ELSPA gave the game's computer version a \"Gold\" certification,[90] for sales of at least 200,000 copies in the region.[89]", "Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series In 2000, in the lead-up to the release of the first Harry Potter film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone; Warner Bros., the film's distributor, sent a series of letters to owners of Harry Potter fansites, demanding that, to protect their copyright, they hand over their domain names.[4] The action resulted in negative publicity for the company when Claire Field, the then 15-year-old webmaster of the British fansite harrypotterguide.co.uk, was reduced to tears by what were described by her father as unnecessary bully tactics. Eventually the corporation backed down in the face of media opposition and declared that, as the site was non-commercial, it did not violate the trademark.[4][46]", "Harry Potter After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001.[176][177] Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November 2002.[178] Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Albus Dumbledore, Minerva McGonagall, and Rubeus Hagrid, professors of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, deliver an orphaned infant named Harry Potter to his only remaining relatives, the Dursleys. Ten years later, Harry has been battling a disjointed life with the Dursleys, inadvertently causing an accident during a family outing, and begins receiving unsolicited letters by owls. Finally, Hagrid re-appears, and informs Harry that he is actually a wizard, and has been accepted into Hogwarts, against the Dursleys' wishes. He also tells Harry of the latter's past; Harry is the orphaned son of two wizards who met their demise at the hands of Lord Voldemort, a malevolent, all-powerful wizard, by a Killing Curse, with Harry being the only survivor in the chaos thus, leading to his fame in the wizarding world as \"The Boy Who Lived\". Hagrid takes Harry to Diagon Alley to purchase school supplies, then takes him to King's Cross station to board a train to the school.", "Daniel Radcliffe The release of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States) took place in 2001. Radcliffe received a seven figure salary for the lead role, but asserted that the fee was \"not that important\" to him;[27] his parents chose to invest the money for him.[22] The film was highly popular and was met with positive reviews, and critics took notice of Radcliffe:[28] \"Radcliffe is the embodiment of every reader's imagination. It is wonderful to see a young hero who is so scholarly looking and filled with curiosity and who connects with very real emotions, from solemn intelligence and the delight of discovery to deep family longing,\" wrote Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle.[29]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is based on the story of the same name and through working with Warner Bros. the game also features the sets and environment from the film adaptation.[13] The PC version was developed by software company KnowWonder and was built on the Unreal Engine which allowed for it to play on both software and hardware-accelerated modes.[13][14] The game's executive producer Chris Graham stated that the game was aimed at eight- to fourteen-year-olds with its puzzle-based gameplay.[13] The PlayStation version was developed by Argonaut as an action-platform game which integrated a 3D environment into its gameplay.[15] The Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance versions were individually developed by Griptonite Games and Eurocom.[16][17]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) The story follows protagonist Harry Potter, who discovers he is a wizard, and is sent to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry where he makes friends and receives magical training, and along with his friends stop Lord Voldemort from returning to power. The game received mixed reviews. Critics commented on the game's accessible gameplay and its unimpressive graphics (2003 versions)[10][11] while others said the game's license would be the only thing to draw in fans.[11][12]", "Harry Potter (film series) Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).[2][3] A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise.[4]", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self-sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) Jeremy Soule composed the music of Philosopher's Stone.[25] The soundtrack was written by Soule before hearing the score by John Williams for the motion picture version, and features original themes written for the game.[citation needed] The soundtrack was released digitally in 2006.[26]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) The Philosopher's Stone remake was initially rumoured in June 2003 for sixth-generation consoles.[20] It was officially confirmed in July 2003 that EA was developing a new game for the GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox console's based on a similar format as the Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets game released in 2002.[21]", "Harry Potter in translation A team consisting of seven Esperantist volunteers completed the translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone into Esperanto (under the title Hari Poter kaj la ŝtono de la saĝuloj) in 2004. Rowling's representatives did not respond to offers from Esperanto-USA to make the translation available for publication. An on-line petition aimed at raising interest in the Esperanto translation has obtained support from approximately 800 individuals.[156]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix After the publishing of Order of the Phoenix, the sixth book of the series, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was published on 16 July 2005, and sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[1][17] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published 21 July 2007.[18] The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[17]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone A month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King's Cross railway station's secret Hogwarts platform, Platform 9¾. On the train, he befriends fellow first-year Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger, whose snobbiness and affinity for spells initially causes the two boys to dislike her. There, Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first-year, Draco Malfoy, who prejudices against Hermione due to her being the daughter of Muggles, a term used by wizards and witches that describe ordinary humans with no magical ability.", "Harry Potter (character) Harry first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone). Starting in 1981,[6] when Harry was just one year old, his parents, James and Lily, were murdered by the most powerful Dark Wizard, Lord Voldemort (subsequently called \"You-Know-Who\" and \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" by those too superstitious to use his actual name). He attempted to kill Harry too, but was unsuccessful and only left a lightning bolt shaped scar on Harry's forehead. Voldemort's body was destroyed, but his soul was not. Harry later learns that the reason why he survived was because his mother sacrificed herself for him, and her love was something that Voldemort could not destroy.", "Harry Potter (film series) Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the first film over the 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several of the originally proposed directors had withdrawn themselves from contention. Eventually, due to time constraints, the date was put back to 16 November 2001.[26]", "Harry Potter Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic, and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-magical people).", "Harry Potter There are thirteen Harry Potter video games, eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin-offs. The film/book-based games are produced by Electronic Arts, as was Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup, with the game version of the first entry in the series, Philosopher's Stone, being released in November 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone went on to become one of the best-selling PlayStation games ever.[201] The video games were released to coincide with the films, containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books. Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts, along with various other magical areas. The story and design of the games follow the selected film's characterisation and plot; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films. The last game in the series, Deathly Hallows, was split, with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011. The two-part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence, with the gameplay revolving around a third-person shooter style format.[202][203]", "Fictional universe of Harry Potter The entire Harry Potter series is set from 1991 to 1998 aside from the opening chapter of the first book, which takes place on 1 November 1981, and the epilogue of the seventh book, which takes place on 1 September 2017. The depiction of the Wizarding World is centred on magic, which not only imbues objects such as wands, but is portrayed as an inborn ability. It is also centred on the separation of the wizarding world from the non-wizarding (Muggle) world. Despite being an inherent talent, magic is honed through study of various branches of magic and practical training into a skill.", "Pottermore Pottermore was originally scheduled to become publicly available at the end of October 2011, but the beta period was extended. The Pottermore Shop (which sells Harry Potter eBooks and digital audio books) became available on 27 March 2012.[29] On 8 March 2012, it was reported that Pottermore would open to the public in early April 2012. The website officially opened on 14 April 2012, but at that time, the interactive experience was only available for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.", "Harry Potter In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1,982,900).[172][173] Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such.[174] After many directors including Steven Spielberg, Terry Gilliam, Jonathan Demme, and Alan Parker were considered, Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (titled \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\" in the United States), with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision.[175]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series, and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father-figures.[21]:13–15, 47–48[49]", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban The book was published in the United Kingdom on 8 July 1999 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 8 September 1999 by Scholastic Inc.[1][2][3][4] Rowling found the book easy to write, finishing it just a year after she had begun writing it. The book sold 68,000 copies in just three days after its release in the United Kingdom and since has sold over three million in the country.[5] The book won the 1999 Whitbread Children's Book Award, the Bram Stoker Award, the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, and was short-listed for other awards, including the Hugo.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (soundtrack) The soundtrack to Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (or Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States, India, and Pakistan) was released on 30 October 2001. The film's score was composed and conducted by John Williams. The soundtrack was nominated for Best Original Score at the 74th Academy Awards. The film introduces many character-specific themes (leitmotifs) that are used in at least one sequel as well, although most of the themes are only used again in Chamber of Secrets. These themes include two themes for Voldemort, two themes for Hogwarts, a Diagon Alley theme, a Quidditch theme, a flying theme, two friendship themes, and the main theme (\"Hedwig's Theme\"). This main theme can be found in all of the films although not usually in its unaltered state.", "Harry Potter Each novel chronicles one year in Harry's life[11] during the period from 1991 to 1998.[12] The books also contain many flashbacks, which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) In the United States, The Philosopher's Stone's Game Boy Advance version sold 690,000 copies and earned $26 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 36th highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country.[92]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story-line – for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. Like Austen's heroines, Harry often has to re-examine his ideas near the ends of books. Some social behaviour in the Harry Potter books is remininiscent of Austen, for example the excited communal reading of letters. Both authors satirise social behaviour and give characters names that express their personalities. However in Nel's opinion Rowling's humour is more based on caricature and the names she invents are more like those found in Charles Dickens's stories,[21]:13–15 and Amanda Cockrell noted that many of these express their owners' traits through allusions that run from ancient Roman mythology to eighteenth-century German literature.[49] Rowling, like the Narnia series' author C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genres‍—‌fantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, Bildungsroman and many others.[21]:51–52", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Eleven-year-old Harry Potter has been living an ordinary life, constantly abused by his surly and cold uncle and aunt, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and bullied by their spoiled son Dudley. His life changes on the day of his eleventh birthday when he receives a letter of acceptance into a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, delivered by a half-giant named Rubeus Hagrid after previous letters had been destroyed by Vernon and Petunia. Hagrid explains Harry's hidden past as the wizard son of James and Lily Potter, who are a wizard and witch respectively, and how they were murdered by the most evil and powerful dark wizard in history, Lord Voldemort, which resulted in the one-year-old Harry being sent to live with his aunt and uncle. The strangest bit of the murder was how Voldemort was unable to kill him, but instead had his powers removed and blasted away, sparking Harry's immense fame among the magical community.", "Religious debates over the Harry Potter series The books' inclusion in public and school libraries has been frequently challenged for their focus on magic,[75] particularly in the United States, where it was ranked seventh on the list of the most challenged books in American libraries between 1990 and 2000 despite having been first published in the United States in 1998.[76] In 1999, the Harry Potter books were challenged 23 times in 13 states.[77] According to the American Library Association, they are now the most challenged books of the 21st century.[78]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Platform 9¾, from which the Hogwarts Express left London, was commemorated in the real-life King's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall.[29]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film) Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay. He described adapting the book as \"tough\", as it did not \"lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books.\"[40] Kloves often received synopses of books proposed as film adaptations from Warner Bros., which he \"almost never read\",[12] but Harry Potter jumped out at him.[12] He went out and bought the book, and became an instant fan of the series.[40] When speaking to Warner Bros., he stated that the film had to be British, and had to be true to the characters.[40] Kloves was nervous when he first met Rowling as he did not want her to think he was going to \"[destroy] her baby.\"[12] Rowling admitted that she \"was really ready to hate this Steve Kloves,\" but recalled her initial meeting with him: \"The first time I met him, he said to me, 'You know who my favourite character is?' And I thought, You're gonna say Ron. I know you're gonna say Ron. But he said 'Hermione.' And I just kind of melted.\"[12] Rowling received a large amount of creative control, an arrangement that Columbus did not mind.", "Harry Potter in translation The Harry Potter series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling have become some of the most widely read works of children's literature in history, with readers of all ages and in many countries. In April 2011 worldwide sales of Harry Potter books were estimated to be about 450 million copies,[1]. Oddly enough, it has been difficult to accurately determine with any degree of certainty exactly how many languages Harry Potter has been translated into. As best as can be determined (as of 2017), The Philosopher's Stone has been officially translated from the original English into 74 other languages[2], the most recent being, Scots[3], which was released on 2017-11-23[4]. Both Bloomsbury's[5] and J.K. Rowling's[6][3] sites have recently stated that the books have been translated into 79 languages (their count would now likely be 81 with the subsequent 2017-11-23 release[4] of Scots and the 2017-11-25 release of a new Mongolian translation[7]); however, it has been argued that number actually represents the number of authorized translations (of The Philosopher's Stone) plus the original English[8]. The number of authorized translations is not equal to the number of languages because there have been multiple authorized translations into the same language[2]. Specifically, there have been two separate translations into each of: Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian and Turkish (6 languages)[2]. English is often included in the list of translations even though technically it should not be (indeed, it is why our list here counts up to 75). Thus: 81 − 1 English − 6 double-translations = 74[2]. It is also worthwhile to emphasize that not all seven books have been translated into these 74 languages.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts, loosely based on the film and book:", "Harry Potter (character) Her own mother's death on 30 December 1990 inspired Rowling to write Harry as a boy longing for his dead parents, his anguish becoming \"much deeper, much more real\" than in earlier drafts because she related to it herself.[1] In a 2000 interview with The Guardian, Rowling also established that the character of Wart in T. H. White's novel The Once and Future King is \"Harry's spiritual ancestor.\"[3] Finally, she established Harry's birth date as 31 July, the same as her own. However, she maintained that Harry was not directly based on any real-life person: \"he came just out of a part of me\".[4]", "Harry Potter (character) As a result, Harry is written as an orphan living with his only remaining family, the Dursleys, who are neglectful and abusive. On his eleventh birthday in 1991, Harry learns he is a wizard when Rubeus Hagrid arrives to tell him that he is to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. There he learns about the wizarding world, his parents, and his connection to the Dark Lord. When he is sorted into Gryffindor House, he becomes fast friends with classmates Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and foils Voldemort's attempt to steal the Philosopher's Stone. He also forms a rivalry with characters Draco Malfoy, a classmate from an elitist wizarding family, and the cold, condescending Potions master, Severus Snape, Draco's mentor and the head of Slytherin House. Both feuds continue throughout the series and are settled at the series's end (Draco's in the West End play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child and Snape's on his deathbed in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. In a 1999 interview, Rowling stated that Draco is based on several prototypical schoolyard bullies she encountered[8] and Snape on a sadistic teacher of hers who abused his power.[8]" ]	[ "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old." ]
test2694	how did english government change during the glorious revolution	[ "doc92391" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc92391", "doc754680", "doc92323", "doc92320", "doc92386", "doc30089", "doc92374", "doc174833", "doc1696155", "doc92322", "doc92378", "doc487050", "doc2488365", "doc2051867", "doc376450", "doc92376", "doc32120", "doc92327", "doc754643", "doc2230581", "doc1980208", "doc92328", "doc92380", "doc403623", "doc2437444", "doc7446", "doc92392", "doc7529", "doc92321", "doc264333", "doc92357", "doc553870", "doc32122", "doc92389", "doc92325", "doc261047", "doc261048", "doc175804", "doc92324", "doc27464", "doc92336", "doc92326", "doc684464", "doc1731241", "doc398181", "doc1203242", "doc2211343", "doc2242668", "doc92377", "doc32115", "doc122156", "doc32119", "doc791024", "doc92330", "doc251104", "doc834360", "doc2211322", "doc1325755", "doc1493888", "doc1493915", "doc1263775", "doc32124", "doc791022", "doc754674", "doc92373", "doc379390", "doc92356", "doc32116", "doc92387", "doc92347", "doc92382", "doc2211318", "doc92331", "doc23673", "doc2264397", "doc92371", "doc92381", "doc92355", "doc92384", "doc92334", "doc793407", "doc1560520", "doc754678", "doc764186", "doc2623523", "doc92354", "doc1040959", "doc2181333", "doc92358", "doc754679", "doc92375", "doc297157", "doc1057870", "doc451122", "doc1357694", "doc379388", "doc297161", "doc487051", "doc92385", "doc1357684" ]	[ "Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution of 1688 is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament and the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out once and for all any possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards absolute monarchy in the British kingdoms by circumscribing the monarch's powers. These powers were greatly restricted; he or she could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, make royal appointments, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's permission – to this day the Army is known as the \"British Army\" not the \"Royal Army\" as it is, in some sense, Parliament's Army and not that of the King. (This is, however, a complex issue, as the Crown remains the source of all executive authority in the British army, with legal implications for unlawful orders etc.).[105] Since 1689, government under a system of constitutional monarchy in England, and later the United Kingdom, has been uninterrupted. Since then, Parliament's power has steadily increased while the Crown's has steadily declined. Unlike in the English civil war of the mid-seventeenth century, the \"Glorious Revolution\" did not involve the masses of ordinary people in England (the majority of the bloodshed occurred in Ireland). This fact has led many historians, including Stephen Webb,[106] to suggest that, in England at least, the events more closely resemble a coup d'état than a social revolution.[h] This view of events does not contradict what was originally meant by \"revolution\": the coming round of an old system of values in a circular motion, back to its original position, as Britain's constitution was reasserted, rather than formed anew.[107][108]", "Parliament of England Charles II died in 1685 and he was succeeded by his brother James II. During his lifetime Charles had always pledged loyalty to the Protestant Church of England, despite his private Catholic sympathies. James was openly Catholic. He attempted to lift restrictions on Catholics taking up public offices. This was bitterly opposed by Protestants in his kingdom. They invited William of Orange,[2] a Protestant who had married Mary, daughter of James II and Anne Hyde to invade England and claim the throne. William assembled an army estimated at 15,000 soldiers (11,000 foot and 4000 horse)[3] and landed at Brixham in southwest England in November, 1688. When many Protestant officers, including James's close adviser, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defected from the English army to William's invasion force, James fled the country. Parliament then offered the Crown to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his son (James Francis Edward Stuart). Mary refused the offer, and instead William and Mary ruled jointly, with both having the right to rule alone on the other's death. As part of the compromise in allowing William to be King—called the Glorious Revolution—Parliament was able to have the 1689 Bill of Rights enacted. Later the 1701 Act of Settlement was approved. These were statutes that lawfully upheld the prominence of parliament for the first time in English history. These events marked the beginning of the English constitutional monarchy and its role as one of the three elements of parliament.", "Glorious Revolution The Revolution permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England. For British Catholics its effects were disastrous both socially and politically: Catholics were denied the right to vote and sit in the Westminster Parliament for over a century; they were also denied commissions in the army, and the monarch was forbidden to be Catholic or to marry a Catholic, this latter prohibition remaining in force until 2015. The Revolution led to limited tolerance for Nonconformist Protestants, although it would be some time before they had full political rights. It has been argued, mainly by Whig historians, that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: the Bill of Rights 1689 has become one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain and never since has the monarch held absolute power.", "Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, who was James's nephew and son-in-law. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension to the throne as William III of England jointly with his wife, Mary II, James's daughter, after the Declaration of Right, leading to the Bill of Rights 1689.", "Glorious Revolution After being revisited by historians in 1988—the third centennial of the event—several researchers have argued that the \"revolution\" was actually a successful Dutch invasion of Britain.[99] The events were unusual because the establishment of a constitutional monarchy (a de facto republic, see Coronation Oath Act 1688) and Bill of Rights meant that the apparently invading monarchs, legitimate heirs to the throne, were prepared to govern with the English Parliament. It is difficult to classify the entire proceedings of 1687–89 but it can be seen that the events occurred in three phases: conspiracy, invasion by Dutch forces and \"Glorious Revolution\". It has been argued that the invasion aspect had been downplayed as a result of a combination of British pride and successful Dutch propaganda, trying to depict the course of events as a largely internal English affair.[100]", "Prime minister In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642â€“1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689.[5] The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.[6][7]", "Glorious Revolution On 28 December, William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm, as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the king was incapacitated, and, on the advice of his Whig allies, summoned an assembly of all the surviving members of parliament of Charles II's reign, thus sidelining the Tories of the Loyal Parliament of 1685. This assembly called for a chosen English Convention Parliament, elected on 5 January 1689 NS,[a] which convened on 22 January. William did not intervene in the election that followed. This elected body consisted of 513Â members, 341 of whom had been elected before, 238 having been members of at least one Exclusion Bill Parliament, but only 193 having been elected in 1685.[86] The name \"Convention\" was chosen because only the king could call a Parliament, although as William had been appointed de facto regent by the peers the Convention could be argued to be, strictly speaking, a lawful Parliament.", "Constitutional monarchy In the Kingdom of England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to a constitutional monarchy restricted by laws such as the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, although limits on the power of the monarch ('a limited monarchy') are much older than that (see Magna Carta). At the same time, in Scotland the Convention of Estates enacted the Claim of Right Act 1689, which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy.", "Parliamentary sovereignty During the 17th century in England, a notion developed that Parliament (made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons) shared in sovereignty with the King, based on an entirely erroneous notion of the history of Parliament.[3] It was not until the changing of the Coronation Oath in the Coronation Oath Act 1688 as part of the Glorious Revolution that Parliament was recognised as part of the constitutional structure, with laws being considered to emanate from Parliament and not just the King.[4][5] The Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 were passed the following year which asserted certain rights of the parliaments of England (which at the time included Wales) and Scotland and limited the powers of the monarch.[6][7] Furthermore, in 1698 Parliament created the Civil List, a financial arrangement that left the monarch reliant on Parliament for income.[8][9]", "Glorious Revolution After consolidating political and financial support, William crossed the North Sea and English Channel with a large invasion fleet in November 1688, landing at Torbay. After only two minor clashes between the two opposing armies in England, and anti-Catholic riots in several towns, James's regime collapsed, largely because of a lack of resolve shown by the king. However, this was followed by the protracted Williamite War in Ireland and Dundee's rising in Scotland.[b] In England's distant American colonies, the revolution led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England and the overthrow of the Province of Maryland's government. Following a defeat of his forces at the Battle of Reading on 9 December, James and his wife Mary fled England; James, however, returned to London for a two-week period that culminated in his final departure for France on 23 December. By threatening to withdraw his troops, William in February 1689 (New Style Julian calendar)[a] convinced a newly chosen Convention Parliament to make him and his wife joint monarchs.", "Glorious Revolution The Declaration of Right was in December 1689 enacted in an Act of Parliament, the Bill of Rights 1689. It listed twelve of James's policies by which James designed to \"endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom\".[93] These were:", "England Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I, known colloquially as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced by the Commonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653; a period of personal rule followed.[66] After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his son Richard as Lord Protector, Charles II was invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called the Restoration. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.[67] Also since that time, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at the State Opening of Parliament by the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.[68][69] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged.", "Right of revolution During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Parliament of England effectively deposed James II of England and replaced him with William III of Orange-Nassau, due to the former's unacceptable leanings towards absolutism and Catholicism. Although Locke's treatise was published the year after, his ideas were already widely current in the English political system at the time.", "History of England In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed.[46] The Act, which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right, established restrictions on the royal prerogative. It provided, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail or inflict cruel and unusual punishments.[47] William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints, but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute.[48]", "Democracy In 17th century England, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta.[45] The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642â€“1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,[46][47] during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647.[48] Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653-59) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689, which codified certain rights and liberties, and is still in effect. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time, royal absolutism would not prevail.[49][50]", "Glorious Revolution The English Convention Parliament was very divided on the issue. The radical Whigs in the Lower House proposed to elect William as a king (meaning that his power would be derived from the people); the moderates wanted an acclamation of William and Mary together; the Tories wanted to make him regent or only acclaim Mary as queen. On 28 January a committee of the whole House of Commons promptly decided by acclamation that James had broken \"the original contract\"; had \"abdicated the government\"; and had left the throne \"vacant\".[88] The House of Lords wished to amend this, however, as many were still loyal to James and believed in the Anglican doctrine of non-resistance. The Lords rejected the proposal for a regency in James's name by 51 to 48 on 2 February. The Lords also substituted the word \"abdicated\" for \"deserted\" and removed the \"vacancy\" clause. The Lords voted against proclaiming William and Mary monarchs by 52 to 47. On 4 February the Lords reaffirmed their amendments to the Commons's resolution by 55 to 51 and 54 to 53.[89] On 5 February the Commons voted 282 to 151 for maintaining the original wording of the resolution. The next day, the two Houses entered into a conference but failed to resolve the matter. William in private conversation (with Halifax, Danby, Shrewsbury, Lord Winchester and Lord Mordaunt) made it clear that they could either accept him as king or deal with the Whigs without his military presence, for then he would leave for the Republic. But he let it be known that he was happy for Mary to be nominal monarch and preference in the succession given to Anne's children over his by a subsequent marriage. Anne declared that she would temporarily waive her right to the crown should Mary die before William, and Mary refused to be made queen without William as king. The Lords on 6 February now accepted the words \"abdication\" and \"vacancy\" and Lord Winchester's motion to appoint William and Mary monarchs.[90] Generally there was a great fear that the situation might deteriorate into a civil war.[91]", "Bill of Rights 1689 Objecting to the policies of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland), a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) to overthrow the King. William's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France. In December 1688, William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm, as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated, and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament. This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected, which convened on 22 January 1689.[8][9]", "Glorious Revolution When James inherited the English throne in 1685, he had much support in the 'Loyal Parliament', which was composed mostly of Tories. His Catholicism was of concern to many, but the fact that he had no son, and his daughters, Mary and Anne, were Protestants, was a \"saving grace\". James's attempt to relax the Penal Laws alienated his natural supporters, however, because the Tories viewed this as tantamount to disestablishment of the Church of England. Abandoning the Tories, James looked to form a 'King's party' as a counterweight to the Anglican Tories, so in 1687 James supported the policy of religious toleration and issued the Declaration of Indulgence. The majority of Irish people backed James II for this reason and also because of his promise to the Irish Parliament of a greater future autonomy.[5][6] By allying himself with the Catholics, Dissenters, and Nonconformists, James hoped to build a coalition that would advance Catholic emancipation.", "Parliament of England Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649. After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and the subsequent Glorious Revolution of 1688, the supremacy of Parliament was a settled principle and all future English and later British sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority. The Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom.", "History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of James II in 1688 and his replacement with William III and Mary II as joint monarchs. The Convention Parliament of 1689 drew up a Declaration of Right to address perceived abuses of government under James II and to secure the religion and liberties of Protestants. This was enacted by the Parliament of England as the Bill of Rights 1689, which limited royal power and reaffirmed certain civil rights, building on the Petition of Right 1628 and the Habeas Corpus Act 1679.[35] The Parliament of Scotland approved it as the Claim of Right.", "Early modern Britain When Charles II died in 1685 his brother became King James II; He ruled with the support of the Tory party. He forced a series of highly unpopular proposals that would restore Catholicism to England. The Monmouth Rebellion broke out in western areas that was brutally suppressed. Elite opinion strongly turned against the king, and in late 1688 the elites invited William III and Mary II to govern.[14] James went into exile in France, where his claims to the English throne were promoted by King Louis XIV. In England the claims were upheld by the Jacobite faction of Tories, who in alliance with France were a military threat to the throne for the next half-century.[15] William III ruled 1689â€“1702, while his wife Queen Mary II was the nominal co-ruler until her death in 1694. Constitutionally, the Glorious Revolution established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament, As enacted through the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the passage of the English Bill of Rights, and the Hanoverian succession.[16]", "Glorious Revolution In May 1686, James decided to obtain from the English courts of the common law a ruling that affirmed his power to dispense with Acts of Parliament. He dismissed judges who disagreed with him on this matter as well as the Solicitor General Heneage Finch. Eleven out of the twelve judges ruled in favour of dispensing power.[7] When Henry Compton, the Bishop of London, did not ban John Sharp from preaching after he gave an anti-Catholic sermon, James ordered his removal.[8]", "Glorious Revolution On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right, and Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. William replied for his wife and himself: \"We thankfully accept what you have offered us\". They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall. The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal, with Compton preaching the sermon.[96] They were crowned on 11 April, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law.[97]", "English Reformation The violent aspect of these disputes, manifested in the English Civil Wars, ended when the last Roman Catholic monarch, James II, was deposed, and Parliament asked William III and Mary II to rule jointly in conjunction with the English Bill of Rights in 1688 (in the \"Glorious Revolution\"), from which emerged a church polity with an established church and a number of non-conformist churches whose members at first suffered various civil disabilities that were removed over time. The legacy of the past Roman Catholic Establishment remained an issue for some time, and still exists today. A substantial minority remained Roman Catholic in England, and in an effort to disestablish it from British systems, their church organisation remained illegal until the 19th century.", "Toleration Act 1689 With fears that the new king, James II, and his son James Francis would establish a Roman Catholic dynasty, the previous violent divisions among the different Anglican and Protestant sects were put aside to focus on their common adversary, the Church of Rome. Political and religious leaders from among this coalition invited William of Orange, Stadholder of the Netherlands, who was married to James's daughter Mary, herself raised in the Church of England, to invade the country and seize the crown. The resulting \"Revolution\" of 1688 (commonly referred to as the Glorious Revolution) resulted in success for William and Mary, who became joint sovereigns. A series of Acts of parliament assured a new constitutional settlement of this situation; these include the Bill of Rights 1689, the Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689, the Mutiny Act (1689), the Act of Toleration (1689), and later the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Act of Union 1707.[9]", "English Civil War The overall outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then the Protectorate under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658) and subsequently his son Richard (1658–1659). The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although the idea of Parliament as the ruling power of England was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688.[2]", "Glorious Revolution Prior to his arrival in England, the new king William III of England was not Anglican, but rather was a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. Consequently, as a Calvinist and Presbyterian he was now in the unenviable position of being the head of the Church of England, while technically being a Nonconformist. This was, however, not his main motive for promoting religious toleration. More important in that respect was the need to keep happy his Catholic allies[i] in the coming struggle with Louis XIV.[109] Though he had promised legal toleration for Catholics in his Declaration of October 1688, he was ultimately unsuccessful in this respect, due to opposition by the Tories in the new Parliament.[110] The Revolution led to the Act of Toleration of 1689, which granted toleration to Nonconformist Protestants, but not to Catholics. Catholic emancipation would be delayed for 140 years.", "English Civil War Although the monarchy was restored, it was still only with the consent of Parliament; therefore, the civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course to adopt a parliamentary monarchy form of government.[156] This system would result in the outcome that the future Kingdom of Great Britain, formed in 1707 under the Acts of Union, would manage to forestall the kind of often-bloody revolution, typical of European republican movements that followed the Jacobin revolution in 18th century France and the later success of Napoleon, which generally resulted in the total abolition of monarchy. It was no coincidence that the United Kingdom was spared the wave of revolutions that occurred in Europe in the 1840s. Specifically, future monarchs became wary of pushing Parliament too hard, and Parliament effectively chose the line of royal succession in 1688 with the Glorious Revolution and in the 1701 Act of Settlement. After the Restoration, Parliament's factions became political parties (later becoming the Tories and Whigs) with competing views and varying abilities to influence the decisions of their monarchs.[citation needed]", "Glorious Revolution King James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with increasing opposition from members of leading political circles, who were troubled by the King's Catholicism and his close ties with France. The crisis facing the King came to a head in 1688, with the birth of his son, James, on 10 June (Julian calendar).[a] This changed the existing line of succession by displacing the heir presumptive (his 26-year-old daughter Mary, a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange) with young James as heir apparent. The establishment of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms now seemed likely. Some Tory members of parliament worked with members of the opposition Whigs in an attempt to resolve the crisis by secretly initiating dialogue with William of Orange to come to England, outside the jurisdiction of the English Parliament.[1] Stadtholder William, the de facto head of state of the Dutch United Provinces, feared a Catholic Anglo–French alliance and had already been planning a military intervention in England.", "Judicial independence During the middle ages, under the Norman monarchy of the Kingdom of England, the king and his Curia Regis held judicial power. Judicial independence began to emerge during the early modern period; more courts were created and a judicial profession grew. By the fifteenth century, the king's role in this feature of government became small.[21] Nevertheless, kings could still influence courts and dismiss judges. The Stuart dynasty used this power frequently in order to overpower the Parliament of England. After the Stuarts were removed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, some advocated guarding against royal manipulation of the judiciary. King William III approved the Act of Settlement 1701, which established tenure for judges unless Parliament removed them.[22][23]", "Glorious Revolution William went on to condemn James's advisers for overturning the religion, laws, and liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the use of the suspending and dispensing power; the establishment of the \"manifestly illegal\" commission for ecclesiastical causes and its use to suspend the Bishop of London and to remove the Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford. William also condemned James's attempt to repeal the Test Acts and the penal laws through pressuring individuals and waging an assault on parliamentary boroughs, as well as his purging of the judiciary. James's attempt to pack Parliament was in danger of removing \"the last and great remedy for all those evils\". \"Therefore\", William continued, \"we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry over with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil Counsellors ... this our Expedition is intended for no other design, but to have, a free and lawful Parliament assembled as soon as is possible\".[48]", "Early modern period Before the Age of Revolution, the English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first and second civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent. The English Restoration, or simply put as the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 establishes modern parliamentary democracy in England.", "Bill of Rights 1689 On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right, and the Marquess of Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. William replied for his wife and himself: \"We thankfully accept what you have offered us\". They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall. The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal, with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon.[11] They were crowned on 11 April, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to \"solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same\". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law.[12] This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch. The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on \"the laws and customs... granted by the Kings of England\".[13]", "Glorious Revolution Many historians have endorsed Burke's view, including Macaulay (1848) and more recently John Morrill, who captured the consensus of contemporary historiography well when he declared that \"the Sensible Revolution of 1688–89 was a conservative Revolution\". On the other hand, Steven Pincus (2009) argues that it was momentous especially when looking at the alternative that James was trying to enact – a powerful centralised autocratic state, using French-style \"state-building\". England's role in Europe and the country's political economy in the 17th century refutes the view of many late-20th-century historians that nothing revolutionary occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89. Pincus says it was not a placid turn of events. In diplomacy and economics William III transformed the English state's ideology and policies. This occurred not because William III was an outsider who inflicted foreign notions on England but because foreign affairs and political economy were at the core of the English revolutionaries' agenda. The revolution of 1688–89 cannot be fathomed in isolation. It would have been inconceivable without the changes resulting from the events of the 1640s and 1650s. Indeed, the ideas accompanying the Glorious Revolution were rooted in the mid-century upheavals. Thus, the 17th century was a century of revolution in England, deserving of the same scholarly attention that 'modern' revolutions attract.[104]", "Glorious Revolution The expression \"Glorious Revolution\" was first used by John Hampden in late 1689,[3] and is an expression that is still used by the British Parliament.[4] The Glorious Revolution is also occasionally termed the Bloodless Revolution, albeit inaccurately. The English Civil War (also known as the Great Rebellion) was still within living memory for most of the major English participants in the events of 1688, and for them, in comparison to that war (or even the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685) the deaths in the conflict of 1688 were mercifully few.", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children, and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose; the \"Petitioners\", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the \"Abhorrers\", who opposed exclusion, became the Tory Party. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than James II's Catholic son) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland.[55]", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom James's overthrow, known as the Glorious Revolution, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and declared that the English people held certain rights, including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants, and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister Anne would inherit the Crown. Mary died childless in 1694, leaving William as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters, known as Jacobites, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne.[56] Soon after the passage of the Act, William III died, leaving the Crown to Anne.", "Liberal democracy Some of these ideas began to be expressed in England in the 17th century.[1] There was renewed interest in Magna Carta,[2] and passage of the Petition of Right in 1628 and Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 established certain liberties for subjects. The idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647. After the English Civil Wars (1642–1651) and the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689, which codified certain rights and liberties. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time, royal absolutism would not prevail.[3][4] This led to significant social change in Britain in terms of the position of individuals in society and the growing power of Parliament in relation to the monarch.[5][6]", "Glorious Revolution Internationally, the Revolution was related to the War of the Grand Alliance on mainland Europe. It has been seen as the last successful invasion of England.[2] It ended all attempts by England in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17thÂ century to subdue the Dutch Republic by military force. However, the resulting economic integration and military co-operation between the English and Dutch navies shifted the dominance in world trade from the Dutch Republic to England and later to Great Britain.", "Parliamentary system In England, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments.[3][4] The first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns.[5] Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689.[6][7]", "Glorious Revolution Since he had become king the relationship between James and his nephew and son-in-law had gradually deteriorated. Initially William welcomed the promise of a less pro-French policy. In 1685 he sent the Scottish and English mercenary regiments of his army to England to assist in putting down the Monmouth Rebellion.[16] Soon James's policy of religious tolerance caused tensions to rise between them. William assumed it was but the first step towards a total re-Catholicisation of England and was unable to explain how James could hope to achieve this goal unless he had concluded a secret alliance with France. James's refusal to enter any anti-French coalition and his efforts to reorganise the Royal Navy increased William's suspicions. In the previous years the French navy had grown significantly in strength and the Dutch Republic would no longer be able to resist a combined Anglo-French attack.[17] William feared that even English neutrality would not suffice and that control over the Royal Navy was a prerequisite for a successful naval campaign against France.[18]", "Glorious Revolution During his three-year reign, King James II became directly involved in the political battles in England between Catholicism and Protestantism, and between the concept of the divine right of kings and the political rights of the Parliament of England. James's greatest political problem was his Catholicism, which left him alienated from both parties in England. The low church Whigs had failed in their attempt to pass the Exclusion Bill to exclude James from the throne between 1679 and 1681, and James's supporters were the high church Anglican Tories. In Scotland, his supporters in the Parliament of Scotland stepped up attempts to force the Covenanters to renounce their faith and accept episcopalian rule of the church by the monarch.", "History of the Church of England James II was overthrown by William of Orange in 1688, and the new king moved quickly to ease religious tensions. Many of his supporters had been Nonconformist non-Anglicans. With the Act of Toleration enacted on 24 May 1689, Nonconformists had freedom of worship. That is, those Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists, Congregationalists and Quakers were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers, subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance. These privileges expressly did not apply to Catholics and Unitarians, and it continued the existing social and political disabilities for dissenters, including exclusion from political office. The religious settlement of 1689 shaped policy down to the 1830s.[12][13] The Church of England was not only dominant in religious affairs, but it blocked outsiders from responsible positions in national and local government, business, professions and academe. In practice, the doctrine of the divine right of kings persisted[14] Old animosities had diminished, and a new spirit of toleration was abroad. Restrictions on Nonconformists were mostly either ignored or slowly lifted. The Protestants, including the Quakers, who worked to overthrow King James II were rewarded. The Toleration Act of 1689 allowed nonconformists who have their own chapels, teachers, and preachers, censorship was relaxed. The religious landscape of England assumed its present form, with an Anglican established church occupying the middle ground, and Roman Catholics and those Puritans who dissented from the establishment, too strong to be suppressed altogether, having to continue their existence outside the national church rather than controlling it. [15]", "Democratization In Great Britain, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta in the 17th century.[30] The Parliament of England enacted the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,[31] during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647.[32] Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653-59) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence The Glorious Revolution in 1688 established a strong Parliament that passed the Bill of Rights 1689, which codified certain rights and liberties for individuals.[33] It set out the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, royal absolutism would not prevail.[34][35] Only with the Representation of the People Act 1884 did a majority of the males get the vote.", "Estates of the realm The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III.[10] The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three.", "Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom With the Glorious Revolution, King James VII and II was replaced by Queen Mary II and her husband King William III. At the same time the Bill of Rights 1689 was drafted, which cemented the monarch's subservience to Parliament. It specifically limited the royal prerogative, with Article 1 holding that the \"power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal\", and article 4 confirming that \"levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal\". The Bill also confirmed that Parliament had the right to limit the use of remaining prerogatives, as evidenced by the Triennial Act 1694, which required the monarch to dismiss and call Parliament at certain times.[14]", "William III of England William's primary achievement was to contain France when it was in a position to impose its will across much of Europe. His life's aim was largely to oppose Louis XIV of France. This effort continued after his death during the War of the Spanish Succession. Another important consequence of William's reign in England involved the ending of a bitter conflict between Crown and Parliament that had lasted since the accession of the first English monarch of the House of Stuart, James I, in 1603. The conflict over royal and parliamentary power had led to the English Civil War during the 1640s and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.[138] During William's reign, however, the conflict was settled in Parliament's favour by the Bill of Rights 1689, the Triennial Act 1694 and the Act of Settlement 1701.[138]", "Protestant Revolution (Maryland) In England, events now began to move decisively against the Calverts and their political interest. In 1688, the country underwent what would later become known as the Glorious Revolution, during which the Catholic King James II of England was deposed and the Protestant monarchs King William and Mary II of England were installed on the throne. This triumph of the Protestant faction would cause Calvert considerable political difficulties. Sensibly, Calvert moved quickly to support the new regime, sending a messenger to Maryland to proclaim the new King and Queen. Unfortunately for Lord Baltimore, the messenger died during the journey, and a second envoy (if one was ever sent - Calvert would later claim that it was) never arrived.[6] While the other colonies in quick succession proclaimed the new sovereigns, Maryland hesitated. The delay was fatal to Baltimore's charter, and in 1691 Maryland became a royal province. Baltimore, however, was still permitted to receive the revenues in the form of quitrents and excises from his sometime colony. Maryland remained a royal colony till 1715, when it passed back into the hands of the Calverts.[7]", "Glorious Revolution The proposal to draw up a statement of rights and liberties and James's invasion of them was first made on 29 January in the Commons, with members arguing that the House \"can not answer it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded\" and that William \"cannot take it ill if we make conditions to secure ourselves for the future\" to \"do justice to those who sent us hither\". On 2 February a committee specially convened reported to the Commons 23Â Heads of Grievances, which the Commons approved and added some of their own. However, on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate between \"such of the general heads, as are introductory of new laws, from those that are declaratory of ancient rights\". On 7 February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right, and on 8 February instructed the committee to put into a single text the Declaration (with the heads which were \"introductory of new laws\" removed), the resolution of 28 January and the Lords' proposal for a revised oath of allegiance. It passed the Commons without division.[92]", "Bill of Rights 1689 The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England.[1]", "History of Western civilization One land where absolutism did not take hold was England, which had trouble with revolutionaries. Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII, had left no direct heir to the throne. The rightful heir was actually James VI of Scotland, who was crowned James I of England. James's son, Charles I resisted the power of Parliament. When Charles attempted to shut down Parliament, the Parliamentarians rose up and soon the all of England was involved in a civil war. The English Civil War ended in 1649 with the defeat and execution of Charles I. Parliament declared a kingless commonwealth but soon appointed the anti-absolutist leader and staunch Puritan Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector. Cromwell enacted many unpopular Puritan religious laws in England, like outlawing alcohol and theaters, although religious diversity may have grown. (It was Cromwell, after all, that invited the Jews back into England after the Edict of Expulsion.) After his death, the monarchy was restored under Charles's son, who was crowned Charles II. His son, James II succeeded him. James and his infant son were Catholics. Not wanting to be ruled by a Catholic dynasty, Parliament invited James's daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, to rule as co-monarchs. They agreed on the condition James would not be harmed. Realizing he could not count on the Protestant English army to defend him, he abdicated following the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Before William III and Mary II were crowned however, Parliament forced them to sign the English Bill of Rights, which guaranteed some basic rights to all Englishmen, granted religious freedom to non-Anglican Protestants, and firmly established the rights of Parliament. In 1707, the Act of Union of 1707 were passed by the parliaments of Scotland and England, merging Scotland and England into a single Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single parliament. This new kingdom also controlled Ireland which had previously been conquered by England. Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, in 1801 Ireland was formally merged with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Ruled by the Protestant Ascendancy, Ireland eventually became an English-speaking land, though the majority population preserved distinct cultural and religious outlooks, remaining predomininantly Catholic except in parts of Ulster and Dublin. By then, the British experience had already contributed to the American Revolution.", "Bill of Rights 1689 During the 17th century, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta.[4] The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,[5][6] during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647.[7] Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653-59) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence.", "Restoration (England) William convened a Convention Parliament to decide how to handle the situation. While the Parliament refused to depose James, they declared that James, having fled to France had effectively abdicated the throne, and that the throne was vacant. To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, Prince of Orange, who would be king. The English Parliament passed the Bill of Rights of 1689 that denounced James for abusing his power. The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the imposition of cruel punishments. The bill also declared that henceforth no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic.", "Glorious Revolution In 1687, James prepared to pack Parliament with his supporters so that it would repeal the Test Act and the penal laws. James was convinced by addresses from Dissenters that he had their support and so could dispense with relying on Tories and Anglicans. James instituted a wholesale purge of those in offices under the crown opposed to James's plan.[10] In August the lieutenancy was remodelled and in September over one thousand members of the city livery companies were ejected. In October James gave orders for the lords lieutenants in the provinces to provide three standard questions to all members of the Commission of the peace: would they consent to the repeal of the Test Act and the penal laws; would they assist candidates who would do so; and they were requested to accept the Declaration of Indulgence. In December it was announced that all the offices of deputy lieutenants and Justices of the Peace would be revised. Therefore, during the first three months of 1688, hundreds of those who gave hostile replies to the three questions asked were dismissed. More far-reaching purges were applied to the towns: in November a regulating committee was founded to operate the purges.[11] Corporations were purged by agents given wide discretionary powers in an attempt to create a permanent royal electoral machine.[12] Finally, on 24 August 1688,[a] James ordered writs to be issued for a general election.[13]", "United Kingdom Although the monarchy was restored, the Interregnum ensured (along with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689, and the Claim of Right Act 1689) that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, royal absolutism would not prevail, and a professed Catholic could never accede to the throne. The British constitution would develop on the basis of constitutional monarchy and the parliamentary system.[82] With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. During this period, particularly in England, the development of naval power (and the interest in voyages of discovery) led to the acquisition and settlement of overseas colonies, particularly in North America.[83][84]", "History of liberalism Isolated strands of liberal thought that had existed in Western philosophy since the Ancient Greeks, began to coalesce at the time of the English Civil War. Disputes between the Parliament and King Charles I over political supremacy sparked a massive civil war in the 1640s, which culminated in Charles' execution and the establishment of a Republic. In particular, the Levellers, a radical political movement of the period, published their manifesto Agreement of the People which advocated popular sovereignty, an extended voting suffrage, religious tolerance and equality before the law. The impact of these ideas steadily increased during the 17th century in England, culminating in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which enshrined parliamentary sovereignty and the right of revolution, and led to the establishment of what many consider the first modern, liberal state.[22] Significant legislative milestones in this period included the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The Bill of Rights formally established the supremacy of the law and of parliament over the monarch and laid down basic rights for all Englishmen. The Bill made royal interference with the law and with elections to parliament illegal, made the agreement of parliament necessary for the implementation of any new taxes and outlawed the maintenance of a standing army during peacetime without parliament's consent. The right to petition the monarch was granted to everyone and \"cruel and unusual punishments\" were made illegal under all circumstances.[23][24] This was followed a year later with the Act of Toleration, which drew its ideological content from John Locke's four letters advocating religious toleration.[25] The Act allowed freedom of worship to Nonconformists who pledged oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy to the Anglican Church. In 1695, the Commons refused to renew the Licensing of the Press Act 1662,[26] leading to a continuous period of unprecedented freedom of the press. The Licensing of the Press Act 1662, which sanctioned government censorship of the printing press, expired in 1692 at the end of the existing session of parliament. In 1695, the Commons refused to renew the legislation,[27] leading to a continuous period of unprecedented freedom of the press (apart from seditious libel).", "William III of England William encouraged the passage of the Toleration Act 1689, which guaranteed religious toleration to Protestant nonconformists.[79] It did not, however, extend toleration as far as he wished, still restricting the religious liberty of Roman Catholics, non-trinitarians, and those of non-Christian faiths.[85] In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed.[88] The Act, which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right, established restrictions on the royal prerogative. It provided, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail or inflict cruel and unusual punishments.[79] William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints, but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute.[89]", "House of Commons of England The differences between Charles I and Parliament were great, and resulted in the English Civil War, in which the armed forces of Parliament were victorious. In December 1648 the House of Commons was purged by the New Model Army, which was supposed to be subservient to Parliament. Pride's Purge was the only military coup in English history. Subsequently, King Charles I was beheaded and the Upper House was abolished. The unicameral Parliament that remained was later referred to by critics as the Rump Parliament, as it consisted only of a small selection of Members of Parliament approved by the army - some of whom were soldiers themselves. In 1653, when leading figures in this Parliament began to disagree with the army, it was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell. However, the monarchy and the House of Lords were both restored with the Commons in 1660. The influence of the Crown had been decreased, and was further diminished after James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights 1689 was enacted.", "Kingdom of England From the accession of James VI and I in 1603, the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland. Under the Stuarts, the kingdom plunged into civil war, which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649. The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament. This concept became legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its successor state the United Kingdom, functioned in effect as a constitutional monarchy.[nb 5] On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[2][3]", "Kingdom of England Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, an attempt by James II to reintroduce Roman Catholicism—a century after its suppression by the Tudors—led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which he was deposed by Parliament. The Crown was then offered by Parliament to James II's Protestant daughter and son-in-law/nephew, William III and Mary II.", "Parliament of Great Britain After the Hanoverian King George I ascended the British throne in 1714 through the Act of Settlement of 1701, real power continued to shift away from the monarchy. George was a German ruler, spoke poor English, and remained interested in governing his dominions in continental Europe rather than in Britain. He thus entrusted power to a group of his ministers, the foremost of whom was Sir Robert Walpole, and by the end of his reign in 1727 the position of the ministers — who had to rely on Parliament for support — was cemented. George I's successor, his son George II, continued to follow through with his father's domestic policies and made little effort to re-establish monarchical control over the government which was now in firm control by Parliament. By the end of the 18th century the monarch still had considerable influence over Parliament, which was dominated by the English aristocracy, by means of patronage, but had ceased to exert direct power: for instance, the last occasion on which the Royal Assent was withheld was in 1708 by Queen Anne.[4] At general elections the vote was restricted to freeholders and landowners, in constituencies that had changed little since the Middle Ages, so that in many \"rotten\" and \"pocket\" boroughs seats could be bought, while major cities remained unrepresented, except by the Knights of the Shire representing whole counties. Reformers and Radicals sought parliamentary reform, but as the French Revolutionary Wars developed the British government became repressive against dissent and progress towards reform was stalled.", "Bill of Rights 1689 The Act declared James' flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne. It listed twelve of James's policies by which James designed to \"endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom\".[16] These were:[17]", "Restoration (England) The Glorious Revolution ended the Restoration. The Glorious Revolution which overthrew King James II of England was propelled by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his accession to the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James' daughter.", "Parliament of England Battles between Crown and Parliament would continue throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, but parliament was no longer subservient to the English monarchy. This change was symbolised in the execution of Charles I in January 1649. It is somewhat ironic that this event was not instigated by the elected representatives of the realm. In Pride's Purge of December 1648, the New Model Army (which by then had emerged as the leading force in the parliamentary alliance) purged Parliament of members that did not support them. The remaining \"Rump Parliament\", as it was later referred to by critics, enacted legislation to put the king on trial for treason. This trial, the outcome of which was a foregone conclusion, led to the execution of the king and the start of an 11-year republic. The House of Lords was abolished and the purged House of Commons governed England until April 1653, when army chief Oliver Cromwell dissolved it following disagreements over religious policy and how to carry out elections to parliament. Cromwell later convened a parliament of religious radicals in 1653, commonly known as Barebone's Parliament, followed by the unicameral First Protectorate Parliament that sat from September 1654 to January 1655 and the Second Protectorate Parliament that sat in two sessions between 1656 and 1658, the first session was unicameral and the second session was bicameral.", "Glorious Revolution William at the same time ordered all English troops to depart from the capital, while his forces entered on 17 December; no local forces were allowed within a twenty-mile radius until the spring of 1690. Already the English navy had declared for William. James, by his own choice, went under Dutch protective guard to Rochester in Kent on 18 December, just as William entered London, cheered by crowds dressed in orange ribbons or waving, lavishly distributed, oranges.[84] The Dutch officers had been ordered that \"if he [James] wanted to leave, they should not prevent him, but allow him to gently slip through\".[85] James then left for France on 23 December after having received a request from his wife to join her, even though his followers urged him to stay. The lax guard on James and the decision to allow him so near the coast indicate that William may have hoped that a successful flight would avoid the difficulty of deciding what to do with him, especially with the memory of the execution of Charles I still strong. By fleeing, James ultimately helped resolve the awkward question of whether he was still the legal king or not, having created according to many a situation of interregnum.[80]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Because the Premiership was not intentionally created, there is no exact date when its evolution began. A meaningful starting point, however, is 1688â€“9 when James II fled England and the Parliament of England confirmed William and Mary as joint constitutional monarchs, enacting legislation that limited their authority and that of their successors: the Bill of Rights (1689), the Mutiny Bill (1689), the Triennial Bill (1694), the Treason Act (1696) and the Act of Settlement (1701).[16] Known collectively as the Revolutionary Settlement, these acts transformed the constitution, shifting the balance of power from the Sovereign to Parliament. They also provided the basis for the evolution of the office of Prime Minister, which did not exist at that time.", "Glorious Revolution It is both certain and evident to all men, that the public peace and happiness of any state or kingdom cannot be preserved, where the Laws, Liberties, and Customs, established by the lawful authority in it, are openly transgressed and annulled; more especially where the alteration of Religion is endeavoured, and that a religion, which is contrary to law, is endeavoured to be introduced; upon which those who are most immediately concerned in it are indispensably bound to endeavour to preserve and maintain the established Laws, Liberties and customs, and, above all, the Religion and Worship of God, that is established among them; and to take such an effectual care, that the inhabitants of the said state or kingdom may neither be deprived of their Religion, nor of their Civil Rights.", "Bill of Rights 1689 These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England.[2] It also sets out—or, in the view of its drafters, restates—certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.[3]", "Glorious Revolution As the invitation was initiated by figures who had little influence themselves, the legacy of the Glorious Revolution has been described as a successful propaganda act by William to cover up and justify his successful invasion.[101] The claim that William was fighting for the Protestant cause in England was used to great effect to disguise the military, cultural and political impact that the Dutch regime had on England at the time.", "Glorious Revolution In August, it became clear that William had surprisingly strong support within the English army, a situation brought about by James himself. In January 1688 he had forbidden any of his subjects to serve the Dutch and had demanded that the Republic dissolve its six mercenary Scottish and English regiments. When this was refused, he asked that at least those willing would be released from their martial oath to be free to return to Britain. To this William consented as it would purify his army of Jacobite elements. In total 104 officers and 44 soldiers returned. The officers were enlisted within the British armies and so favoured that the established officer corps began to fear for its position. On 14 August Lord Churchill wrote to William: \"I owe it to God and my country to put my honour into the hands of Your Highness\". Nothing comparable happened within the Royal Navy, however; claims after the event by certain captains that they had somehow prevented the English fleet from engaging seem to have been little more than attempts at self-aggrandisement.[33]", "Glorious Revolution In Ireland there was no equivalent of the English or Scottish Convention and William had to conquer Ireland by force. The English Convention presumed to legislate for Ireland as well, and the Declaration of Right deemed William to be King of Ireland as well as of England.", "William III of England The House of Commons, with a Whig majority, quickly resolved that the throne was vacant, and that it was safer if the ruler were Protestant. There were more Tories in the House of Lords, which would not initially agree, but after William refused to be a regent or to agree to remain king only in his wife's lifetime, there were negotiations between the two houses and the Lords agreed by a narrow majority that the throne was vacant. The Commons made William accept a Bill of Rights,[78] and, on 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration of Right, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee, had abdicated the government of the realm, thereby leaving the throne vacant.[84]", "Glorious Revolution James also created a large standing army and employed Catholics in positions of power within it. To his opponents in Parliament this seemed like a prelude to arbitrary rule, so James prorogued Parliament without gaining Parliament's consent. At this time, the English regiments of the army were encamped at Hounslow, near the capital. It was feared that the location was intended to overawe the City.[14] The army in Ireland was purged of Protestants, who were replaced with Catholics, and by 1688 James had more than 34,000 men under arms in his three kingdoms.", "American Revolution In the 1680s, King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively.[10] His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists, resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown.[11] Charles' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686, establishing the Dominion of New England. Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists.[12] New Englanders were encouraged, however, by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate, and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18, 1689.[13][14] Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt, and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion.[15][16]", "A Tale of a Tub In the historical background to the period of 1696–1705, the most important political events might be the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the Test Act, and the English Settlement or Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689. Politically, the English had suffered a Civil War that had culminated with the beheading of the king, years of the Interregnum under the Puritan, Oliver Cromwell, and then Parliament inviting the king back to rule in 1660. Upon Charles II's death, his brother, James II of England took the throne. However, when James, a Roman Catholic, married a Roman Catholic as his second wife, the English parliament invited William of Orange to rule in his stead, forcing James to flee the country under military threat. Parliament decided on the way in which all future English monarchs would be chosen. This method would always favour Protestantism over blood line.[18]", "Glorious Revolution In the night of 9/10 December, the Queen and the Prince of Wales fled for France. The next day saw James's attempt to escape, the King dropping the Great Seal in the Thames along the way, as no lawful Parliament could be summoned without it.[80] However, he was captured on 11 December by fishermen in Faversham opposite Sheerness, the town on the Isle of Sheppey. On the same day, 27Â Lords Spiritual and Temporal, forming a provisional government, decided to ask William to restore order but at the same time asked the king to return to London to reach an agreement with his son-in-law. It was presided over initially by William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury and, after it was learned that James was still in England, by George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax.[81][82] On the night of 11 December there were riots and lootings of the houses of Catholics and several foreign embassies of Catholic countries in London. The following night a mass panic gripped London during what was later termed the Irish night. False rumours of an impending Irish army attack on London circulated in the capital, and a mob of over 100,000 assembled ready to defend the city.", "Glorious Revolution Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland. In Scotland there had been no serious support for the rebellion; but, when James fled for France, most members of the Scottish Privy Council went to London to offer their services to William. On 7 January they asked William to take over the responsibilities of government. On 14 March a Scottish Convention convened in Edinburgh, dominated by the Presbyterians because the Episcopalians continued to support James. There was nevertheless a Jacobite faction, but a letter by James received on 16 March, in which he threatened to punish all who rebelled against him, resulted in his followers leaving the Convention, which then on 4 April decided that the throne of Scotland was vacant. The Convention formulated the Claim of Right and the Articles of Grievances. On 11 May William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland; after their acceptance, the Claim and the Articles were read aloud, leading to an immediate debate over whether or not an endorsement of these documents was implicit in that acceptance.", "Glorious Revolution The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret. The English envoy Ignatius White, the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: \"an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament ...\". Louis XIV threatened the Dutch with an immediate declaration of war, should they carry out their plans. Embarkations, started on 22 September (Gregorian calendar), had been completed on 8 October, and the expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest. On 30 September/10 October (Julian/Gregorian calendars) William issued the Declaration of The Hague (actually written by Fagel), of which 60,000 copies of the English translation by Gilbert Burnet were distributed after the landing in England,[45][46] in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales. He would respect the position of James. William declared:", "Glorious Revolution Though he had carefully avoided making it public, William's main motive in organising the expedition had been the opportunity to bring England into an alliance against France. On 9 December 1688 he had already asked the States General to send a delegation of three to negotiate the conditions. On 18 February (Julian calendar) he asked the Convention to support the Republic in its war against France; but it refused, only consenting to pay £600,000 for the continued presence of the Dutch army in England. On 9 March (Gregorian calendar) the States General responded to Louis's earlier declaration of war by declaring war on France in return. On 19 April (Julian calendar) the Dutch delegation signed a naval treaty with England. It stipulated that the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet would always be commanded by an Englishman, even when of lower rank; also it specified that the two parties would contribute in the ratio of five English vessels against three Dutch vessels, meaning in practice that the Dutch navy in the future would be smaller than the English. The Navigation Acts were not repealed. On 18 May the new Parliament allowed William to declare war on France. On 9 September 1689 (Gregorian calendar), William as King of England joined the League of Augsburg against France.", "Glorious Revolution Mary had a husband, her cousin William Henry of Orange. Both were Protestants and grandchildren of Charles I of England. Before the birth of James's son on 10 June,[a] William had been third in the line of succession.[c] However, there was a strong faction at the English court, headed by Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, proposing that Mary and William, because of their anti-Catholic position, should be replaced by some Catholic French heir.[15]", "Catholic Church in England and Wales In what came to be known as the Glorious Revolution, Parliament deemed James to have abdicated (effectively deposing him, though Parliament refused to call it that) in favor of his Protestant daughter and son-in-law and nephew, Mary II and William III. Although this affair is celebrated as solidifying both English liberties and the Protestant nature of the kingdom, some argue that it was \"fundamentally a coup spearheaded by a foreign army and navy.\"[45][46][47]", "Tory English Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the Reform Act 1832 were characterised by strong monarchist tendencies, support for the Church of England and hostility to radical reform, while the Tory party was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period.[18]", "Parliament of England The revolutionary events that occurred between 1620 and 1689 all took place in the name of parliament. The new status of parliament as the central governmental organ of the English state was consolidated during the events surrounding the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658, his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector, summoning the Third Protectorate Parliament in the process. When this parliament was dissolved following pressure from the army in April 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled at the insistence of the surviving army grandees. This in turn was dissolved in a coup led by army general John Lambert, leading to the formation of the Committee of Safety, dominated by Lambert and his supporters. When the breakaway forces of George Monck invaded England from Scotland where they had been stationed—without Lambert's supporters putting up a fight—Monck temporarily recalled the Rump Parliament and reversed Pride's Purge by recalling the entirety of the Long Parliament. They then voted to dissolve themselves and call new elections, which were arguably the most democratic for 20 years although the franchise was still very small. This led to the calling of the Convention Parliament which was dominated by royalists. This parliament voted to reinstate the monarchy and the House of Lords. Charles II returned to England as king in May 1660. The Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union that Cromwell had established was dissolved in 1661 when the Scottish Parliament resumed its separate meeting place in Edinburgh.", "List of English monarchs After the Monarchy was restored, England came under the rule of Charles II, whose reign was relatively peaceful domestically, given the tumultuous time of the Interregnum years. Tensions still existed between Catholics and Protestants, however, and with the ascension of Charles's brother, the openly Catholic James II, England was again sent into a period of political turmoil. James II was ousted by Parliament less than three years after ascending to the throne, replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband (also his nephew) William III during the Glorious Revolution. While James and his descendants would continue to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James and his son Charles) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701, enacted by Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters. After the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain.", "Militia Until the Glorious Revolution in 1688 the Crown and Parliament were in strong disagreement. The English Civil War left a rather unusual military legacy. Both Whigs and Tories distrusted the creation of a large standing army not under civilian control. The former feared that it would be used as an instrument of royal tyranny. The latter had memories of the New Model Army and the anti-monarchical social and political revolution that it brought about. Both preferred a small standing army under civilian control for defensive deterrence and to prosecute foreign wars, a large navy as the first line of national defence, and a militia composed of their neighbours as additional defence and to preserve domestic order.[citation needed]", "Glorious Revolution On 29 September the States of Holland, the government of the most important Dutch province, fearing a French-English alliance, gathered in secret session and approved the operation, agreeing to make the English \"King and Nation live in a good relation, and useful to their friends and allies, and especially to this State\". They accepted William's argument that a preventive strike was necessary to avoid a repeat of the events of 1672,[43] when England and France had jointly attacked the Republic, \"an attempt to bring this state to its ultimate ruin and subjugation, as soon as they find the occasion\". William denied any intention \"to remove the King from the throne or become master of England\". The States ordered a Dutch fleet of 53 warships to escort the troop transports. This fleet was in fact commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest on the Cortgene and Vice-Admiral Philips van Almonde on the Provincie Utrecht but in consideration of English sensitivities placed, on 6 October, under the nominal command of Rear-Admiral Herbert, who for the occasion was appointed Lieutenant-Admiral-General, i.e. acting supreme commander, of the Dutch navy.[44] He sailed on the Leyden, accompanied by Lieutenant-Admiral Willem Bastiaensz Schepers, the Rotterdam shipping magnate who had organised the transport fleet. Though William was himself Admiral-General of the Republic, he, as was usual, abstained from operational command, sailing conspicuously on the new frigate Den Briel. The States General allowed the core regiments of the Dutch field army to participate under command of Marshall Schomberg. Despite being assisted in it by the regular Dutch fleet and field army, his attempt to change the situation in England was, as the States General made explicit, officially a private family affair of William, merely acting in his capacity of concerned nephew and son-in-law to James, not an undertaking of the Dutch Republic as such.[34]", "Divine right of kings In one case the king's power would be unlimited, according to Louis XIV's famous saying: \"L' Ã©tat, c'est moi!\",[10] or limited only by his own free act; in the other his actions would be governed by the advice and consent of the people, to whom he would be ultimately responsible. The victory of this latter principle was proclaimed to all the world by the execution of Charles I. The doctrine of divine right, indeed, for a while drew nourishment from the blood of the royal \"martyr\";[10] it was the guiding principle of the Anglican Church of the Restoration; but it suffered a rude blow when James II of England made it impossible for the clergy to obey both their conscience and their king. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 made an end of it as a great political force. This has led to the constitutional development of the Crown in Britain, as held by descent modified and modifiable by parliamentary action.[10]", "Crown Estate After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament retained under its own control the greater part of the temporary revenues, and relieved the sovereign of the cost of the naval and military services and the burden of the national debt. During the reigns of William III, Anne, George I and George II the sovereign remained responsible for the maintenance of the civil government and for the support of the royal household and dignity, being allowed for these purposes the hereditary revenues and certain taxes.[21]", "Glorious Revolution On 4/14 October William responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or conquer England. Whether he had any at that moment is still controversial.[49]", "Parliament of England The Restoration began the tradition whereby all governments looked to parliament for legitimacy. In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign. This followed bitter disagreements between the king and parliament that had occurred between 1679 and 1681. Charles took a big gamble by doing this. He risked the possibility of a military showdown akin to that of 1642. However he rightly predicted that the nation did not want another civil war. Parliament disbanded without a fight. Events that followed ensured that this would be nothing but a temporary blip.", "Glorious Revolution Although James had fled the country, he still had many followers, and William feared that the king might return, relegating William to the role of a mere regent, an outcome which was unacceptable to him. On 30 December, William, speaking to the Marquess of Halifax, threatened to leave England \"if King James came again\" and determined to go back to the Netherlands \"if they went about to make him Regent\".[87]", "Constitution The English Protectorate that was set up by Oliver Cromwell after the English Civil War promulgated the first detailed written constitution adopted by a modern state;[32] it was called the Instrument of Government. This formed the basis of government for the short lived republic from 1653 to 1657 by providing a legal rationale for the increasing power of Cromwell, after Parliament consistently failed to govern effectively. Most of the concepts and ideas embedded into modern constitutional theory, especially bicameralism, separation of powers, the written constitution, and judicial review, can be traced back to the experiments of that period. [33]", "City of London Corporation The City of London Corporation had its privileges stripped by a writ quo warranto under Charles II in 1683, but they were later restored and confirmed by Act of Parliament under William III and Mary II in 1690, after the Glorious Revolution.[12]", "Conservatism In Great Britain, conservative ideas (though not yet called that) emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period (1660–1688). Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament and freedom of religion. Robert Filmer's Patriarcha: or the Natural Power of Kings (published posthumously in 1680, but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651) became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a constitutional government in England, leading to the hegemony of the Tory-opposed Whig ideology. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords and Commons[49] rather than solely in the Crown. Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century.", "Parliament Although its role in government expanded significantly during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A series of conflicts between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of King Charles I in 1649. Afterward, England became a commonwealth, with Oliver Cromwell, its lord protector, the de facto ruler. Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Under this arrangement, Britain might appear to have two executives: the Prime Minister and the Sovereign. The concept of \"the Crown\" resolves this paradox.[13] The Crown symbolises the state's authority to govern: to make laws and execute them, impose taxes and collect them, declare war and make peace. Before the \"Glorious Revolution\" of 1688, the Sovereign exclusively wielded the powers of the Crown; afterwards, Parliament gradually forced monarchs to assume a neutral political position. Parliament has effectively dispersed the powers of the Crown, entrusting its authority to responsible ministers (the Prime Minister and Cabinet), accountable for their policies and actions to Parliament, in particular the elected House of Commons.", "Constitution The Instrument of Government was replaced in May 1657 by England's second, and last, codified constitution, the Humble Petition and Advice, proposed by Sir Christopher Packe.[37] The Petition offered hereditary monarchy to Oliver Cromwell, asserted Parliament's control over issuing new taxation, provided an independent council to advise the king and safeguarded 'Triennial' meetings of Parliament. A modified version of the Humble Petition with the clause on kingship removed was ratified on 25 May. This finally met its demise in conjunction with the death of Cromwell and the Restoration of the monarchy.", "England In 1666 the Great Fire of London gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards[70] with many significant buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren. In Parliament two factions had emerged â€” the Tories and Whigs. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II, some of them, along with the Whigs, during the Revolution of 1688 invited Dutch prince William of Orange to defeat James and ultimately to become William III of England. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,[71] the two countries joined in political union, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.[63] To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate.[72]", "Glorious Revolution Having England as an ally meant that the military situation of the Republic was strongly improved, but this very fact induced William to be uncompromising in his position towards France. This policy led to a large number of very expensive campaigns which were largely paid for with Dutch funds. In 1712 the Republic was financially exhausted; it withdrew from international politics and was forced to let its fleet deteriorate, making what was by then the Kingdom of Great Britain the dominant maritime power of the world. The Dutch economy, already burdened by the high national debt and concomitant high taxation, suffered from the other European states' protectionist policies, which its weakened fleet was no longer able to resist. To make matters worse, the main Dutch trading and banking houses moved much of their activity from Amsterdam to London after 1688. Between 1688 and 1720, world trade dominance shifted from the Republic to Britain.[98]", "Parliament As part of the Norman Conquest of England, the new king, William I, did away with the Witenagemot, replacing it with a Curia Regis (\"King's Council\"). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the tenants in chief, the few nobles who \"rented\" great estates directly from the king, along with ecclesiastics. William brought to England the feudal system of his native Normandy, and sought the advice of the curia regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the Privy Council and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the Supreme Court of Judicature. Only the executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court." ]	[ "Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution of 1688 is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament and the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out once and for all any possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards absolute monarchy in the British kingdoms by circumscribing the monarch's powers. These powers were greatly restricted; he or she could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, make royal appointments, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's permission – to this day the Army is known as the \"British Army\" not the \"Royal Army\" as it is, in some sense, Parliament's Army and not that of the King. (This is, however, a complex issue, as the Crown remains the source of all executive authority in the British army, with legal implications for unlawful orders etc.).[105] Since 1689, government under a system of constitutional monarchy in England, and later the United Kingdom, has been uninterrupted. Since then, Parliament's power has steadily increased while the Crown's has steadily declined. Unlike in the English civil war of the mid-seventeenth century, the \"Glorious Revolution\" did not involve the masses of ordinary people in England (the majority of the bloodshed occurred in Ireland). This fact has led many historians, including Stephen Webb,[106] to suggest that, in England at least, the events more closely resemble a coup d'état than a social revolution.[h] This view of events does not contradict what was originally meant by \"revolution\": the coming round of an old system of values in a circular motion, back to its original position, as Britain's constitution was reasserted, rather than formed anew.[107][108]" ]
test3133	where was the film manchester by the sea filmed	[ "doc107005", "doc107020" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc107020", "doc107005", "doc107015", "doc1260385", "doc107022", "doc1260365", "doc107007", "doc107017", "doc107016", "doc107023", "doc107021", "doc107008", "doc107019", "doc107024", "doc107006", "doc107031", "doc107028", "doc107029", "doc1260386", "doc1260384", "doc1260373", "doc107030", "doc107025", "doc1260383", "doc107018", "doc1260369", "doc1715687", "doc107012", "doc1260371", "doc107034", "doc2316727", "doc1260374", "doc1275768", "doc2291271", "doc1388588", "doc107013", "doc107009", "doc1260375", "doc1705729", "doc1260366", "doc2291272", "doc1057843", "doc107032", "doc107014", "doc1260372", "doc1287283", "doc1260370", "doc1260380", "doc320462", "doc1519904", "doc107027", "doc107026", "doc1260367", "doc2299934", "doc1791775", "doc2387386", "doc620078", "doc313308", "doc2291261", "doc2120459", "doc2316725", "doc69226", "doc2322171", "doc2144973", "doc1260377", "doc389658", "doc988167", "doc1864006", "doc1260382", "doc231813", "doc1292120", "doc642928", "doc1260378", "doc1260381", "doc180809", "doc324220", "doc1072948", "doc1247956", "doc43069", "doc416216", "doc1260379", "doc107011", "doc2032700", "doc310317", "doc1920504", "doc1039238", "doc1818296", "doc409567", "doc2491099", "doc1033503", "doc2414867", "doc2610921", "doc1260376", "doc111254", "doc65045", "doc16120", "doc1184488", "doc2041963", "doc1583677", "doc749844" ]	[ "Manchester by the Sea (film) Principal photography began on March 23, 2015, in the namesake town of Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts.[24] Filming took place elsewhere on the North Shore, at locations in Beverly, Essex, Gloucester, Swampscott, Lynn, Middleton, Tewksbury, and Salem.[25][26]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Manchester by the Sea is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Kenneth Lonergan, and starring Casey Affleck, Michelle Williams, Kyle Chandler, and Lucas Hedges. The film's plot follows a man after his brother dies and he is entrusted with caring for his teenage nephew. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2016, and was soon picked up by Amazon Studios for distribution. Manchester by the Sea was filmed in the Massachusetts town of the same name as well as Beverly, Essex, Gloucester, Swampscott, Lynn, Middleton, Tewksbury, and Salem, Massachusetts. It began a limited release on November 18, 2016, before a wide release on December 16, 2016. It grossed $77 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The film's events take place through the cultural filter of a blue-collar, New England community. John Krasinski and Matt Damon initially approached Lonergan about developing the story in New England.[11] As Lonergan researched the areas surrounding Manchester-by-the-Sea, he sought to include details specific to the area, such as its distance from Quincy, the delayed burial because of the frozen ground in a historical cemetery, and the realities of fishing life.[11] Critic Sam Lansky remarked that the lead character's New England roots make him \"disinclined to emote,\"[12] and Tom Shone said that Lonergan's dialog forces \"the storyâ€™s heartbreak to peep from behind these tough, flinty New England exteriors.\"[13]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts The town provided the backdrop for these films:", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The film was screened at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2016,[32] the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2016,[33][34] the New York Film Festival on October 1, 2016,[35][36] and the BFI London Film Festival on October 8, 2016.[37] The film was theatrically released on November 18, 2016.[38] The film was made available to stream on Amazon in the US on February 7, 2017,[39] and on Amazon Prime on May 5 of that year.[40]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Manchester-by-the-Sea (or simply Manchester) is a town on Cape Ann, in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. The town is known for scenic beaches and vista points. At the 2010 census, the town population was 5,136.[1]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The story takes place in the present, while the narrative includes flashbacks that inform the viewer of significant events from the past and the characters' motivations. The protagonist is Lee Chandler, a janitor and handyman, who lives a solitary life in a basement apartment in Quincy, Massachusetts. The movie opens with scenes of him performing tasks for tenants of the apartment complex where he works. His interaction with them is minimal. After being reprimanded by his boss for swearing at an irritated tenant, he gets into a drunken bar fight with two businessmen believing they were \"looking\" at him.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Affleck officially replaced Damon on January 5, 2015.[17] On January 9, Michelle Williams joined the cast as Lee Chandler's wife;[18] Kyle Chandler joined as Affleck's character's older brother on February 24.[19] In April 2015, Lucas Hedges joined the cast of the film.[20] Lonergan has said that Hedges' audition was \"special\", but that he was unsure of how the young actor would do \"because his background is so different [from that of the character]. Ultimately he did a beautiful job.\"[11] It was later revealed Erica McDermott had also joined the cast.[21]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Matt Damon and John Krasinski had brainstormed a film about an \"emotionally crippled\" handyman, and brought the idea to Lonergan for his input, thinking that Krasinski would star and Damon would direct.[10] Damon had previously worked with Lonergan in a play and on the 2011 film Margaret.[14] Both actors became occupied with other projects while Lonergan worked on the screenplay for three years.[10] After Damon read a rough draft of the script, he insisted that Lonergan should direct it and that he would star in it.[10][15] They announced they would collaborate on the project on September 6, 2014,[citation needed] and pre-production began on September 8, 2014.[14] However, Damon would not have a break in his schedule for another year,[10] and in early December 2014, while filming The Finest Hours, Casey Affleck revealed to The Boston Globe that he would replace Damon in the role of Lee Chandler.[16] Damon said he \"wouldn't give this role up to anybody but Casey Affleck.\"[10]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Manchester by the Sea grossed $47.7 million in the United States and Canada and $30 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $77.7 million, against a production budget of $8.5 million.[3]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The film had its world premiere on January 23, 2016, at the Sundance Film Festival.[27] Shortly after, Amazon Studios acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $10 million, beating Sony Pictures Classics, Universal Pictures, Lionsgate, and Fox Searchlight.[28][29] This was the second largest disclosed purchase at the Sundance Film Festival after The Birth of a Nation at $17.5 million.[30] Roadside Attractions, of which Lionsgate owns 45%, later became co-distributor of the film with Amazon.[31]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Lee receives word that his brother Joe has suffered a cardiac arrest, but he dies before Lee can get to the hospital. Lee insists on being the one to tell Joe's teenage son, Patrick, about his father's death. While making funeral arrangements, they learn that Joe's body cannot be buried until spring when the ground thaws. Lee opts to remain in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts until the delayed burial.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Coming from a theater background, Lonergan had the actors do table read-style rehearsals for two weeks before filming.[23]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The film began a limited release on November 18, 2016, and grossed $256,498 from four theaters for the weekend, making for a per-theater average of $64,125. It began a wide release on December 16, 2016, opening against Rogue One and Collateral Beauty, and grossed $4.2 million, finishing 6th at the box office.[41]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The film received critical praise and was widely counted among the best films of 2016. Critics particularly complimented the performances of Affleck, Williams and Hedges, as well as Lonergan's screenplay and direction. For the 89th Academy Awards, the film received six nominations: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Affleck), Best Supporting Actor (Hedges), Best Supporting Actress (Williams), and Best Original Screenplay—winning for Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor. Affleck also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and the film itself was nominated in four other categories at the Golden Globes.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Lesley Barber was selected to score the film, as she had previously worked on Lonergan's film You Can Count On Me.[61] She developed the first musical themes after reading the script.[62] Once she established the themes, she worked with the orchestra to create a specific sound that \"emoted\" the sound of the ocean with \"underlying tension\" — but with lightness — for exterior shots.[61] Barber took inspiration from early New England church music from the 1700s, including Calvinist hymns and other music of the Pilgrims and the Colonial era, with its emphasis on a cappella vocals.[63] Barber also developed the music to complement her understanding of the essence of the film's scenes based on emails and conversations with Lonergan.[61] For example, to score scenes that reflected Lee's \"interior landscape,\" she sent the music to her daughter Jacoba Barber Rozema (an opera major),[62] and then recorded her singing in her dorm room via Skype.[62][63] Barber said the more confined space made for a \"perfect sound.\"[63] Orchestration was added to the track later.[62] For the opening flash-back of Lee in happier times, Barber recorded her daughter's vocals in a large, spacious auditorium.[61] Instead of giving Lonergan demos, Barber provided him with more finished pieces earlier in the editing process to allow the director to have a better sense of the music while editing.[61] The film was cut down after the Sundance screening, requiring Barber to rework and simplify some of the music.[61]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Manchester by the Sea received six nominations at the 89th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Affleck), Best Supporting Actor (Hedges), Best Supporting Actress (Williams) and Best Original Screenplay,[56] winning two for Best Original Screenplay for Lonergan and Best Actor for Affleck. It was the first-ever film released by a digital streaming service to be nominated for Best Picture.[57]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Affleck won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama; the film was nominated for four additional awards at the 74th ceremony: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actress (for Williams) and Best Screenplay.[58]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts It was also featured in a season of the TV series This Old House, and was featured in a \"Main Streets and Back Roads\" episode of Chronicle.", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Old Burial Ground", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Manchester-by-the-Sea is bordered by Beverly and Wenham to the west, Hamilton to the northwest, Essex to the north, and Gloucester to the east. The town is located 9 miles (14 km) northeast of Salem and 24 miles (39 km) northeast of Boston.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Manchester by the Sea received six nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Direction, Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Original Screenplay.[59] Affleck won Best Actor in a Leading Role and Lonergan won Best Original Screenplay.[60]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Manchester by the Sea received particular praise for Lonergan's screenplay and direction, as well as the performances of Affleck, Williams and Hedges, with Rolling Stone calling it the \"must-see film\" of the 2016 Sundance Festival.[10] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 295 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Manchester by the Sea delivers affecting drama populated by full-bodied characters, marking another strong step forward for writer-director Kenneth Lonergan.\"[42] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 96 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[43] The film was counted among the best films of 2016.[44]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Trask House Museum", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Gigi Pritzker was set to produce and finance the film through her company Odd Lot Entertainment.[14] However, in March 2015, it was reported that Sierra/Affinity had come aboard to finance the film, and Kimberly Steward would produce and finance through her company K Period Media, Kevin J. Walsh through his company B Story, Chris Moore through CMP, and Damon through his company Pearl Street Films. The film was executive produced by Josh Godfrey, John Krasinski, Declan Baldwin, and Bill Migliore; Pritzker was no longer attached to produce.[22]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts To prevent confusion with the nearby and much larger city of Manchester, New Hampshire, the name of the town was officially changed in 1989 following a close town meeting vote that year and an act of the state legislature passed on September 25, 1989.[2]", "Gone Baby Gone Filming took place on site in Boston (mainly South Boston) and extras were often local passers-by. Other locations used include the former Quincy Quarries.[2]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Lee arranges for George and his wife to adopt Patrick so the boy can remain in Manchester while Lee gets a job in Boston. When Patrick asks Lee why staying is not an option, Lee admits that he \"can't beat it.\" At this, Patrick cries and Lee comforts him. During a walk after Joe's burial service, Lee tells Patrick that he is searching for a residence in Boston with an extra room so that Patrick can visit whenever he wants. In the final scene, Lee and Patrick go fishing on Joe's refurbished boat that Patrick has inherited.", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 18.3 square miles (47.3 km2), of which 9.2 square miles (23.9 km2) is land and 9.0 square miles (23.4 km2), or 49.47%, is water. The town lies along the North Shore of Massachusetts Bay, which in turn leads to the Atlantic Ocean. There are seven beaches lining the coast, and several small islands dot the coast, the largest being Kettle Island and House Island.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) All music is written by Lesley Barber unless otherwise noted. The orchestra was conducted by James Shearman.[66] Jacoba Barber-Rozema, Barber's daughter, provided special vocals.[66] The album was recorded and mixed by XXX, and edited by Mick Gormley.[66] The album was produced by Barber and Stefan Karrer.[66]", "Live by Night (film) Principal photography began on October 28, 2015 in coastal Georgia.[30] Exterior scenes were filmed in Brunswick, at Affleck's private property on Hampton Island near Riceboro,[31] on Tybee Island,[32] in Savannah, and at Fort Pulaski National Monument.[33][34] Tampa's film commissioner said tax rebates in both Georgia and Affleck's home on Hampton Island, a 45 minute drive from Brunswick, had led the filmmakers to choose the state instead of Florida.[35] Filming took place in Lawrence, North Andover, and Boston's North End.[36][37][38] From December 2015 to February 2016, filming took place in Los Angeles, California.[39] Scenes were shot at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel[39] in Pasadena,[40] and in Wilmington.[41]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Manchester-by-the-Sea lies along Massachusetts Route 128, which has two exits within town as it passes from Beverly to Gloucester, with a small portion crossing through the corner of Essex. Route 127 also passes from west to east through town, traveling through the center of town. There is no bus service directly into town, with service passing east via the Cape Ann Transportation Authority in Gloucester and MBTA Bus, which provides service to Beverly.", "The Equalizer (film) Filming began in June 2013 with locations in Salisbury, Hamilton, Chelsea, Haverhill, and Boston, Massachusetts.[13]", "Patriots Day (film) Principal photography on the film began on March 29, 2016, in New York City, Quincy, Boston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Philadelphia[26][27][28][29] with production offices and a soundstage set up in one of the Centennial Park warehouses in Beverly Hills, California and Peabody, Massachusetts. All interior scenes at the FBI warehouse headquarters, as well as exterior 'command tent' scenes, were shot there.[30] Filming was previously scheduled to take place on Laurel Street in Newark, New Jersey, Watertown, One World Trade Center, Upper West Side, Fenway Park, Fenway Park South, Santa Monica High School, Mount St. Mary's University (Los Angeles) and Shreveport, Louisiana to recreate the shootout that took place between police and the Tsarnaev brothers on the actual location, but after objections by residents, town officials denied permission for the film to be shot there.[31][32] The City of Malden was approached to stand in for Laurel Street Watertown, and ended up with eight locations in the film.[33] The film crew then approached Santa Monica, California and University of Massachusetts Dartmouth officials for permission to shoot some scenes at the campus, a request that was denied by its chancellor, Gerry Kavanaugh.[34][35]", "Detroit (film) It was reported at the end of July 2016 that the film had commenced principal photography in Boston during the previous week.[22][23] Scenes were filmed inside Dedham District Court,[24] in Dorchester, Massachusetts and in Brockton, Massachusetts.[25] In addition, the movie filmed in Detroit during October 2016. The elimination of Michigan's film incentives in 2015 affected the filming locations.[5][26]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Director Kenneth Lonergan appears briefly as a pedestrian.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) At Joe's lawyer's office, Lee is shocked to discover that his brother named him Patrick's legal guardian. During the scene, the viewer is shown — through flashbacks — that Lee once lived in Manchester with his then-wife Randi and their three small children. His negligence, however, while intoxicated led to a house fire that killed the children. No criminal charges were filed against him. However, after being questioned at the police station, Lee grabbed a gun from an officer's holster and attempted suicide. In light of these events, Lee is reluctant to commit to the guardianship and unwilling to move back to Manchester, where the locals treat him as an outcast. He begins planning for Patrick to move to Boston with him. Patrick is deeply rooted in the Manchester community and strongly objects to the idea. Lee commits to staying only through the end of the school year.", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts The town is served by a stop along the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail, providing service from Rockport along the North Shore to Boston's North Station. The nearest airport is the Beverly Municipal Airport, with the nearest national and international service at Boston's Logan International Airport.", "The Judge (2014 film) Principal photography started on May 31, 2013 in Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts.[13] Shooting also took place in Attleboro, Belmont, Dedham, Sunderland, and Waltham, Massachusetts. Scenes also were filmed in Pennsylvania and Worcester, Massachusetts.[14][15] The film is set in the fictional town of Carlinville, Indiana.[16]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Manchester was first settled by Europeans in 1629 and was officially incorporated in 1645. It was formed out of territory taken from Salem (that portion since given to Beverly) and Gloucester.", "Patriots Day (film) Santa Monica College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where the Tsarnaev brothers killed MIT Police Officer Sean Collier, had allowed the film production to shoot \"entirely peaceful scenes\" on the campus for three days in June.[36][37] Filming also took place at Collier's actual house.[38] The marathon finish line on Boylston Street was duplicated at Warner Bros. Studio Tour Hollywood, Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Naval Air Station South Weymouth,[39] in addition to scenes filmed at the real finish line on the day of the 2016 marathon.[40] Dzhokhar's capture was filmed in Manhattan and Framingham, Massachusetts on its third anniversary.[41] Additional filming was conducted at Doyle's Cafe in Mystic Falls and Jamaica Plain on April 14, 2016, and at Lasell College in Sofia, Paris, Burbank, California, and Newton, Massachusetts on May 18, 2016.[42][43]", "Spotlight (film) Principal photography began on September 24, 2014, in Boston, Massachusetts,[25] and continued in October in Hamilton, Ontario. Filming took place at Fenway Park,[26] the then-current Boston Globe offices in Dorchester, Boston,[27] the Boston Public Library,[28] and McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.[29] The film's editor Tom McArdle said of the post-production process, \"We edited for eight months. We just wanted to keep refining the film. We cut out five scenes plus some segments of other scenes. Often we would just cut out a line or two to make a scene a little tighter.\"[30] The Boston Police station depicted in the opening scene was filmed in Toronto at the former Toronto Police Service 11 Division station at 209 Mavety Street,[31] and the former Sears building on Islington Avenue in Toronto was converted into a replica of the interior of the old Boston Globe, where the bulk of the filming took place.[32]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Critic Steven Mears says the film's score \"gives form\" to the feelings of blue-collar Americans.[8] Bobby Finger with Jezabel called it \"an elegant white noise ... a hypnotic soundtrack to focused thought.\"[64] Caitlin Warren of Spindle Magazine said the score adds perfectly \"to the raw emotion of the film without ever overwhelming it to the point of feeling contrived or cheesy.\"[65] Film score critic Jonathan Broxton said the music \"dwells in the bitterness of regret\" and that it has \"a captivating, dream-like quality that is ... dramatically appropriate for the film it accompanies.\"[66]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The film is a treatment of profound grief from which it is difficult or impossible to recover. In an essay in Cineaste magazine, Colin Fleming writes that \"the question Lonergan invites us to ask ourselves is how on earth would we be able to carry on after an event so tragically full of loss and guilt.\"[4] Speaking to the persistence of grief, Film Comment magazine says that \"Lonergan is telling us that Lee's grief cannot be contained or subdued because his past lives on wherever he goes.\"[5] Remarking on the way flash-backs appear suddenly during the movie, critic Anthony Lane says that Lonergan \"proceeds on the assumption that things are hard, some irreparably so, and that it's the job of a film not to smooth them over.\"[6] However, one critic noted that juxtaposed with the tragedy is \"the harsh comedy that colors much of the dialogue, and the near-farcical frequency with which things go wrong.\"[7] Along those same lines, critic Steven Mears called the film \"a study of grief and reticence that finds droll humor in those very sources,\"[8] and Richard Alleva says the loving but tense relationship between Lee and Patrick \"keeps the story nicely balanced between rough hewn comedy and delicate pathos.\"[9] Explaining his objective, Lonergan said, \"I don't like the fact that, nowadays, it feels like it's not permissible to leave something unresolved ... Some people live with their trauma for years. I'm not interested in rubbing people's faces in suffering ... But I don't like this lie that everybody gets over things that easily. Some people can't get over something major that's happened to them at all; why canâ€™t they have a movie too?\"[10]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Several small coves line the coast, the largest being Manchester Harbor, which is fed by Sawmill Brook and other small brooks. There are several protected areas within town, including Cedar Swamp Conservation Area, Cheever Commons Conservation Area, Coolidge Reservation, Dexter Pond, Owl's Nest Nature Preservation Land, Powder House Hill Reservation, and Wyman Hill Conservation Area.", "Castle Rock (TV series) Principal photography for the first season was expected to take place in Massachusetts in locations such as Orange, Massachusetts and at New England Studios in Devens, Massachusetts.[17][18] In August, production began in Devens and in Orange, where the downtown area of the town had been refitted to appear as the town of Castle Rock, and where production was expected to continue through January 2018.[19][20] That month, crews also shot scenes at Vernon Hill School in Worcester, Massachusetts and at an old Victorian house in Lancaster, Massachusetts.[21] Filming returned to Orange during the week of August 21 for production of the series' second episode.[22] In late September 2017, filming took place in Tewksbury, Massachusetts at The Public Health Museum on the campus of the Tewksbury State Hospital.[23] In October 2017, filming took place at the Central Cemetery in Orange where a funeral scene was shot.[24] The downtown area was refitted with a more modern look in November for another phase of production.[25] From September 4, 2017 until the end of the month, production took place at the former West Virginia Penitentiary in Moundsville, West Virginia which appeared as the fictional Shawshank State Prison.[26] On November 21, 2017, filming took place in Worcester in the lobby of the Mercantile Building which had been refitted into a boardroom.[21] On December 18, 2017, production for the season finale began.[27] and by January all filming in Orange was completed and the production proceeded to donate $3,500 dollars to the town. The Fire Department has received $2,500 for helping facilitate production, and the Trustees of Soldiersâ€™ Memorial will receive another $1,000.[28][29]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts The name change was driven by Edward Corley, a longtime resident of Manchester.[3] All town documents, and the town seal, now use the name \"Manchester-by-the-Sea\", and as a result of some minor resident activism, so do the majority of public and private lists of Massachusetts cities and towns, including that of the state government.[citation needed]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts The local newspaper, The Manchester Cricket, is published weekly. The town is also served by a regional newspaper, the Gloucester Daily Times.", "Polaroid (film) Principal photography began in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on March 9, 2017.[1]", "Edge of Darkness (2010 film) In 2002, Martin Campbell announced that he was planning to adapt Edge of Darkness for the cinema.[10] Active development began in early 2007 when Campbell met with producer Graham King, who first enlisted Australian playwright Andrew Bovell to write, and then William Monahan (fresh from winning an Academy Award for King's The Departed) to re-write the screenplay.[11] Michael Wearing and BBC Films also co-produced the film.[3][6] Filming began on 18 August 2008 in Boston, Massachusetts.[4] A scene where Craven scatters his daughter's ashes at a beach was filmed at Rockport on 25 and 26 September.[12] They shot some scenes in Merrimac, Massachusetts from 15 September 2008 to 18 September 2008. Additional scenes were shot in Malden, Massachusetts in the old Malden hospital. Some of the final scenes were shot at a home in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts. Additionally, Gibson and his crew set up shop for filming in western Massachusetts, with 180 staff staying in Northampton hotels. They shot in various locations in the Pioneer Valley, including Tully O'Reilly's Pub, the Northampton Athletic Club, and an older part of the Hampshire County Courthouse, all in Northampton. Also, Sugarloaf Mountain was shut down for a few days while they rented it out.[13] They also filmed at the Notch Visitor Center, Rt. 116, Amherst. The film takes place in America, unlike the television series, which was based in England. \"The idea was to transfer the story to a different time and place rather than just repeat what we did in England,\" Campbell said. \"Boston seemed like the perfect location because it does have a whole English, Irish signature on it.\"[14] Jack Bennett disembarks from a helicopter in one scene. The FAA registration number, N401LH, is visible on the fuselage. This helicopter later collided with a Piper PA-32 on 8 August 2009, over the Hudson River, resulting in nine deaths. The helicopter was owned by Liberty Helicopters, which offers sight-seeing tours around Manhattan.[15] The film was originally scored by classical composer John Corigliano. However, the decision was made during postproduction (after Corigliano's score had been recorded and dubbed) to replace his score with a new one by Howard Shore.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) The scene which drew the most critical praise featured the characters Randi and Lee speaking again years after their divorce. Anthony Lane called it the \"highlight\" of the movie.[6] Speaking of Williams' performance, Tom Shone said that \"if this actress were put on earth to do one thing only, it would be this scene.\"[13] Zoller called the scene \"a duet of mortification and mercy that stacks up with the best of Mike Leigh (Secrets and Lies)... The effect is cathartic.\"[48] Affleck says he strove to show restraint while acting the scene, explaining, \"The challenge was to have all of those feelings and hold it without weeping and wailing and gnashing your teeth. To be there, and not be there.\"[12]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Giving the film five-out-of-five stars, Phil de Semlyen of Empire called the film \"masterfully told and beautifully acted\" and favorably compared Affleck's performance to that of Marlon Brando in On the Waterfront, saying \"there’s not much higher praise than that.\"[45] Variety's Justin Chang said it was a \"beautifully textured, richly enveloping drama.\"[46] Critic Peter Travers said the movie \"ranks with the year’s very best films,\" and that \"it takes a piece out of you.\"[47] RogerEbert.com's Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film four-out-of-four stars, stating that it is \"the kind of movie you'll want to see a second time with someone who hasn't seen it yet, to remember what it was like to watch it for the first time.\"[48] Anthony Lane with The New Yorker called the film \"carefully constructed, compellingly acted, and often hard to watch.\"[7] Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt said that \"the exquisitely crafted, emotionally ragged Manchester doesn’t just ask for time and effort; it earns it.\"[49] The film was included on many end-of-year lists, including those of the American Film Institute,[50] Rolling Stone,[51] the BBC,[52] The New York Times,[53] the Los Angeles Times,[54] and The Washington Post.[55]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts The community thrived primarily as a fishing community for over 200 years. Its economy shifted to that of a Boston area summer colony starting in 1845, when Richard Dana, a Boston-based poet, built a house in the town. Over the next fifty years, development of summer houses along the coastline established the community as Boston society's community of choice for summer residency. The trend continued with designs by other notable architects, such as \"Sunny Waters\", designed by John Hubbard Sturgis for his older brother, Russell, in 1862.", "And So It Goes (film) Filming began in June 2013 in Connecticut.[4][5] Shooting also took place in California and Greater Manchester.", "Shutter Island (film) Shutter Island was mainly filmed in Massachusetts, with Taunton being the location for the World War II flashback scenes.[6] Old industrial buildings in Taunton's Whittenton Mills Complex replicated the Dachau concentration camp.[7] The old Medfield State Hospital in Medfield, Massachusetts was another key location. Cawley's office scenes were the second floor of the chapel during the late evening. Lights were shone through the windows to make it look like it was daytime. The crew painted the hospital's brick walls to look like plywood. This served the dual purpose of acting as scenery and blocking the set from view of a local road. The crew wanted to film at the old Worcester State Hospital, but demolition of surrounding buildings made it impossible. Borderland State Park in Easton, Massachusetts was used for the cabin scene. The film used Peddocks Island as a setting for the story's island. East Point, in Nahant, Massachusetts was the location for the lighthouse scenes.[8] Filming ended on July 2, 2008.[9]", "The Equalizer 2 Principal photography on the film began in the South End area of Boston, Massachusetts, on September 14, 2017.[11][14][15] Filming also took place on Lynn Shore Drive in Lynn, Massachusetts,[16] as well as in Brant Rock, Massachusetts.", "The Proposal (film) Filming for The Proposal initiated in April 2008 in Rockport, Massachusetts.[7] In the oncoming days leading to production, areas of the town were temporarily remodeled to represent Sitka, Alaska, the setting of most of the film.[7] Principal photography officially began on April 9 at Bearskin Neck, where it continued over a period of 24 hours. Filming continued at the Motif Number One building on Bradley Wharf (April 14–16), the Haskins Building (April 15–18), and the central business district of Rockport (April 17).[7][8] Principal photography relocated to Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts on April 22, where it resumed over an approximate period of two weeks. In response, city officials accommodated the producers by renting out all publicly owned parking lots. Filming for The Proposal was shortly delayed after Bullock and her husband were involved in a car accident.[9] The wedding scene was filmed in a three-story twentieth century Victorian home; photography took place at the residence for three weeks.[10] In an interview with the New York Times, the owners of the home stated that Nelson Coates knocked on their door asking for leaves. Initially, the owners directed Coates to other residences in the area; however, they eventually gave the film's producer a tour of the house. Production occurred on the first floor of the home.[7][10] Outside of the Cape Ann area, filming took place in Boston, Massachusetts at the State Street Bank Building and in Lower Manhattan in New York City.[11] The Proposal contained 350 special effect shots, and some parts were edited using computer-generated imagery.[12] The score to The Proposal was composed by Aaron Zigman, who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage.[13]", "Father of the Year (film) Principal photography took place in Boston and Hudson, MA in June 2017.[1]", "Patriots Day (film) Principal photography began on March 29, 2016, in New York City, and also filmed in Boston, Los Angeles, New Orleans and Philadelphia. The film premiered on November 17, 2016, at the AFI Fest. Distributed by CBS Films and Lionsgate, Patriots Day was released in Boston, New York and Los Angeles on December 21, 2016, followed by a nationwide expansion on January 13, 2017. It was a box office disappointment, grossing just $50 million worldwide against its budget of $45 million, but received positive reviews for Berg's direction and the performances of its cast,[3] and was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2016.[4]", "11.22.63 Filming began on June 9, 2015, in Hespeler, Ontario.[20] Filming during June 2015 also took place in Guelph, Ontario, as well as in Ayr, Ontario, at the Queen's Tavern,[21][22] Hamilton, Ontario, and in Knowles Restaurant in Dunnville, Ontario during September 2015. In early October, the production moved to Dallas to film exterior locations at Dealey Plaza.[23] During this time, the filming of various scenes during rush hour caused bumper to bumper traffic in the surrounding streets.[24]", "Live by Night (film) In the summer of 2013, Affleck and film crew members visited Tampa, Florida[10][11] and Lawrence, Massachusetts to scout for locations.[12][13] In August 2013, it was reported that production would be pushed back from the fall of 2013 to the fall of 2014, due to Affleck's acting commitments in Gone Girl (2014) and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016).[14][15] He visited various locations in Brunswick, Georgia in the summer of 2014.[16] Affleck stated in a September 2014 interview that the film had been green-lit: \"It's supposed to start shooting in July [2015] and Iâ€™ll start prepping in March. We got a budget, we got locations.\"[17][18] On September 4, 2014, Sienna Miller, Zoe Saldana and Elle Fanning joined the cast of the film.[19] Affleck visited Brunswick, Georgia again in February 2015.[20]", "Daddy's Home 2 Principal photography began on March 20, 2017.[7] Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.", "The Witches of Eastwick (film) While The Witches of Eastwick was originally set to be filmed in Little Compton, Rhode Island, Warner Bros. instead turned to Cohasset, Massachusetts after controversy erupted in Little Compton over whether or not its Congregational church should be involved with the film's production.[7][8] Principal photography began on July 14, 1986 and took place over the course of six weeks in Cohasset and nearby Massachusetts towns,[9] such as Marblehead, and Scituate.[10] Castle Hill in Ipswich, Massachusetts was used for the exterior of the Lenox Mansion, while the lobby of the Wang Center in Boston stood in for the main hall. Other interiors were filmed at the Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills, though the swimming pool and Daryl's library were sets built on the Warner Bros. backlot.[11]", "Peyton Place (film) The novel never mentioned the state explicitly, but it made several references strongly suggesting that Peyton Place was located within the state of New Hampshire, whereas the film makes no clear references to any particular New England state. The film was shot primarily in Maine, mostly in the town of Camden, with additional exteriors filmed in Belfast, Rockland and Thomaston,[5] as well as Lake Placid in New York.", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts There were 2,147 households out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.96.[14]", "Grown Ups (film) Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August, 2009.[4]", "New England New England has a rich history in filmmaking dating back to the dawn of the motion picture era at the turn of the 20th century, sometimes dubbed Hollywood East by film critics. A theater at 547 Washington Street in Boston was the second location to debut a picture projected by the Vitascope, and shortly thereafter several novels were being adapted for the screen and set in New England, including The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables.[140] The New England region continued to churn out films at a pace above the national average for the duration of the 20th century, including blockbuster hits such as Jaws, Good Will Hunting, and The Departed, all of which won Oscars. The New England area became known for a number of themes that recurred in films made during this era, including the development of yankee characters, smalltown life contrasted with city values, seafaring tales, family secrets, and haunted New England.[141] These themes are rooted in centuries of New England culture and are complemented by the region's diverse natural landscape and architecture, from the Atlantic Ocean and brilliant fall foliage to church steeples and skyscrapers.", "Shut In (2016 film) Filming began in mid-March 2015 in Canada, as actress Watts was spotted on March 15 during filming in Sutton, Quebec.[8] Filming took place in the Eastern Townships of Quebec before the production moved to Vancouver, British Columbia.[8]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts Kragsyde Mansion (1885, demolished 1929)", "Jumanji Shooting took place in various New England locales, mainly Keene, New Hampshire, which represented the story's fictional town of Brantford, New Hampshire, and North Berwick, Maine, where the Olde Woolen Mill stood in for the Parrish Shoe Factory.[5][6] Additional filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, where a mock-up of the Parrish house was built.[7]", "In the Heart of the Sea (film) Principal photography began in September 2013 in London and at Leavesden Studios in Hertfordshire, England.[11][12] It was also shot on location on the island of La Gomera (plus some scenes on Lanzarote) in the Canary Islands, Spain.[13] For the storm scenes, the production team built a water tank at Leavesden Studios, where a deck was built on top of a gimbal to mimic the pitch of a storm. To get the right effect, 500 gallons of icy water were poured from cannons.[14]", "The Departed The film got the official greenlight from Warners in early 2005, and began shooting in the spring of 2005.[8] Although some of the film was shot on location in Boston, for budgetary and logistical reasons many scenes, interiors in particular, were shot in locations and sets in New York City, which had tax incentives for filmmakers that Boston at the time did not.[14][15][16]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts In the town, the population was spread out with 25.1% under the age of 19, 3.0% from 20 to 24, 17.2% from 25 to 44, 34.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.6 years.[14]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts One mile from the town center is Singing Beach, so named because the sand comprising the beach squeaks when walked upon (see Singing sand). The sand is also an iridescent color when the sun sets.[15] This beach is quite popular during summer months in particular because it is easily accessible from Boston by a half-mile walk from the MBTA train station. Also located on this historic beach is the famous tourist attraction \"Eaglehead\", a rock composite that is the focal point of rock climbing and other recreation activities.", "The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film) The film was filmed primarily on location in Boston and surrounding areas in Massachusetts and New Hampshire:", "Brad's Status Principal photography on the film began in October 2016 in Montreal.[6]", "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday The film was filmed on location in Nantucket, Massachusetts and in and around Wilmington, North Carolina,[1] although some of the beach scenes were filmed at Long Beach, California and the sailing accident was filmed at Marina del Rey, California; the obvious differences between the two were noticeable enough to be mentioned by The New York Times reviewer.[2]", "Frontier (2016 TV series) Filming for Frontier took place in several locations in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Ontario, Canada, as well as Cornwall in the United Kingdom.[8][9]", "It (2017 film) Production designer Mara LePere-Schloop went to Bangor, Maine, to scope out locations, including the Thomas Hill Standpipe, the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens, and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River.[16] LePere-Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city, and possibly take some aerial shots.[16] On May 31, 2016, Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope, with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11, 2016 to July 18, 2016.[15] Principal photography begun in Toronto, with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6, 2016.[156][157][158]", "Good Will Hunting Filming took place between April and June 1997. Although the story is set in Boston, and many of the scenes were done on location in the Greater Boston area, much of the filming was done at locations in Toronto, with the University of Toronto standing in for the interiors of MIT and Harvard University. The classroom scenes were filmed at McLennan Physical Laboratories (of the University of Toronto) and Central Technical School. Harvard normally disallows filming on its property, but permitted limited filming by the project after intervention by Harvard alumnus John Lithgow.[12] Likewise, only the exterior shots of Bunker Hill Community College were filmed in Boston; however, Sean's office was built in Toronto as an exact replica of one at the college.[13]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts The median income for a household in the town was $95,243, and the median income for a family was $109,760. Males had a median income of $89,125 versus $56,579 for females. The per capita income for the town was $68,228. About 4.5% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.[14]", "Manchester by the Sea (film) One day Lee runs into his ex-wife Randi, her newborn Dylan, and her friend Rachel. After Rachel leaves to get the car, a sobbing Randi expresses remorse for her treatment of Lee during their divorce and asks him to have lunch. Lee deflects her apology, feeling that he doesn't deserve it. When she insists that they reconnect and pleads with him not to \"just die,\" he leaves before he can become emotional. Distraught, a drunk Lee picks a fight with strangers at a bar and is knocked out. He awakens in the living room of George (a family friend) and breaks down in tears. At home, Patrick shows his uncle deference after observing his battered state and seeing pictures of the deceased children in Lee's bedroom.", "Thoroughbreds (2017 film) Principal photography began on May 9, 2016,[9] in the Massachusetts towns of Cohasset, Tewksbury, Scituate, Westwood, and Wellesley,[10] concluding on June 5, 2016, 14 days before Yelchin died.[11] Finley said of his experience with Yelchin: \"The whole experience was really amazing. As soon as he came on board, we had a great dinner, where we talked about film noir as a genre. He was very keyed into that aspect of this movie, he loved film noir. I felt really, like I knew nothing about movies, talking to him. He was also the sweetest guy, he would never make you feel less-than for not knowing these things. He was just delightful and funny from the beginning, he was awesome throughout and brought a jolt of energy.\"[12]", "In the Dark (miniseries) Filming for the series began in April 2017 in Manchester and Marsden.[8]", "Knight and Day Principal photography began in mid-September 2009 in Boston and Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Airport terminal scenes were filmed at Worcester Regional Airport. Filming also took place in Melrose, Danvers, and New Bedford, Massachusetts.[12] Spanish cities Seville and Cadiz, as well as Austrian city Salzburg, were also chosen as locations.[13]", "The Social Network Principal photography began in October 2009 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[12] Scenes were filmed around the campuses of two Massachusetts prep schools, Phillips Academy and Milton Academy.[13] Additional scenes were filmed on the campus of Wheelock College, which was set up to be Harvard's campus.[14] (Harvard has turned down most requests for on-location filming ever since the filming of Love Story (1970), which caused significant physical damage to the campus.)[15] Filming took place on the Keyser and Wyman quadrangles in the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University from November 2â€“4,[16] which also doubled for Harvard in the film.[17] The first scene in the film, where Zuckerberg is with his girlfriend, took 99 takes to finish.[3] The film was shot on the Red One digital cinema camera.[18] The rowing scenes with the Winklevoss brothers were filmed at Community Rowing Inc. in Newton, Massachusetts[19] and at the Henley Royal Regatta.[20] Although a significant portion of the latter half of the film is set in Silicon Valley, the filmmakers opted to shoot those scenes in Los Angeles and Pasadena. Miniature faking process was used in a sequence showing a rowing event at the Henley Royal Regatta.", "Christmas with Holly Although set in Washington state, the film was shot entirely in Nova Scotia, Canada in August 2012, in the towns of Halifax, Chester and Windsor.[2]", "The Man in the High Castle (TV series) Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014. Principal filming took place in Seattle, with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City, as well as Roslyn, Washington, which was the long-time shooting location for Northern Exposure. Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail, the Paramount Theatre, a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area, as well as various buildings in the city's Capitol Hill, International District, and Georgetown neighborhoods. In Roslyn, the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery.[18][22]", "By the Sea (2015 film) Jolie has stated that the film \"at its core, is about grief\" further noting that the loss of her mother in 2007 caused a great deal of sadness for her.[7] To that end, the movie resembles movies of the 1960s and '70s; Jolie stated that her mother \"loved films of that period\".[7] Christian Berger is the cinematographer; he used mostly natural light throughout filming,[8] while Jon Hutman is the production designer.[9] Principal photography and production began on August 19, 2014, in Gozo, Malta, and ended on November 10, 2014.[10][11]", "The Box (2009 film) Most of the filming took place in the Boston, Massachusetts area, with scenes shot in downtown Boston, South Boston, Waltham, Ipswich, Winthrop, Milton, Medfield, Quincy, Kingston, and North Andover, as well as other localities. Some filming took place on the Milton Academy campus and at Boston Public Library. A large indoor set was built inside a former Lucent Technologies building in North Andover to recreate a NASA laboratory. The production crew also journeyed to NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, to shoot a number of scenes for the film. Richard Kelly's father had worked at NASA Langley in the 1970s and 80s.[9]", "Mystic River (film) Principal photography took place on location in Boston.[3] Eastwood claimed that the three lead actors were his first choices for the roles.[3]", "Home by Spring Filming took place in Baton Rouge and St. Francisville, Louisiana as well as Los Angeles, California.[1]", "Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts As of the census of 2010,[14] there were 5,136 people, 2,147 households, and 1,444 families residing in the town. The population density was 562.7 people per square mile (217.3/km²). There were 2,276 housing units at an average density of 250.5 per square mile (96.7/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.6% White, .1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.", "The Shape of Water Filming began on August 15, 2016, in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario,[20][21][22][23][24] and wrapped on November 6, 2016.[25]", "Black Mass (film) Principal photography commenced on May 19, 2014 in Boston;[27][41] actors were seen filming scenes in Dorchester.[42] On May 23, some shots were also filmed at Polish American Club (altered to recreate West Broadway's Triple O's Lounge, Whitey's infamous South Boston hangout), on Cambridge Street in Cambridge.[43][44] On May 27, filming was taking place in East Boston, where Johnny Depp and Jesse Plemons were seen together on the set.[45] Next day on May 28, Joel Edgerton was seen during filming of a scene on Silver Street in South Boston.[46][47] On June 4, Depp was spotted in Lynn during a recreation of the 1982 murders of Brian Halloran and Michael Donahue by Bulger.[48] On June 6â€“7, Depp was seen filming scenes at Copley Square in Boston.[49]", "The Light Between Oceans (film) Principal photography started in September 2014, with filming locations in New Zealand and Australia.[17][18][19] Filming took place in Dunedin, Port Chalmers[20] and on the Otago Peninsula, Saint Bathans in Central Otago and at the Cape Campbell Lighthouse in Marlborough.[21] Filming sites included the former Dunedin Prison in Dunedin[22] and Stuart Street at the former King Edward Technical College building.[23]", "The A Word Filming took place from October 2015 at locations in the Lake District, including Keswick, Broughton-in-Furness, Coniston, Thirlmere Reservoir, and Birkrigg Cottage in the Newlands Valley, and at The Space Project studios in Manchester.[4][5][6][7]", "Bride Wars Some principal photography took place at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts.[6] Most filming occurred in Boston, New York City, and in Salem, Massachusetts.[citation needed]", "Bleed for This Filming began on November 10, 2014, in Warwick, Rhode Island.[11] On December 10, filming took place at Twin River Casino in Lincoln, Rhode Island.[12] On December 16 and 17, filming took place at Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence.[13]", "A Quiet Place (film) Production took place from May to November 2017 in Dutchess and Ulster counties in upstate New York. Filmmakers spent their budget locally, including a purchase of 20 tons of corn, which they hired local farmers to grow. Some filming took place on a soundstage in the town of Pawling in Dutchess County, as well as on-location in the county's city of Beacon.[19] Filming also took place on the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail in New Paltz of Ulster County, using the Springtown Truss Bridge.[20] Outside Dutchess and Ulster counties, filming took place on Main Street in Little Falls in Herkimer County, New York.[21]" ]	[ "Manchester by the Sea (film) Manchester by the Sea is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Kenneth Lonergan, and starring Casey Affleck, Michelle Williams, Kyle Chandler, and Lucas Hedges. The film's plot follows a man after his brother dies and he is entrusted with caring for his teenage nephew. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2016, and was soon picked up by Amazon Studios for distribution. Manchester by the Sea was filmed in the Massachusetts town of the same name as well as Beverly, Essex, Gloucester, Swampscott, Lynn, Middleton, Tewksbury, and Salem, Massachusetts. It began a limited release on November 18, 2016, before a wide release on December 16, 2016. It grossed $77 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget.", "Manchester by the Sea (film) Principal photography began on March 23, 2015, in the namesake town of Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts.[24] Filming took place elsewhere on the North Shore, at locations in Beverly, Essex, Gloucester, Swampscott, Lynn, Middleton, Tewksbury, and Salem.[25][26]" ]
test1906	who proposed the first accurate model of dna	[ "doc66910" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc725444", "doc413541", "doc413539", "doc56564", "doc56563", "doc56485", "doc66282", "doc723923", "doc66272", "doc413542", "doc56509", "doc753695", "doc43791", "doc1715233", "doc1715236", "doc1531570", "doc1715223", "doc2562214", "doc725445", "doc2084744", "doc2562183", "doc2084742", "doc720004", "doc1232112", "doc1715237", "doc66910", "doc2084739", "doc66276", "doc1715248", "doc66264", "doc2084738", "doc104181", "doc725477", "doc56561", "doc413552", "doc413567", "doc66285", "doc2084775", "doc66277", "doc1970563", "doc413564", "doc1970562", "doc413562", "doc2084736", "doc2316902", "doc1715224", "doc559224", "doc559227", "doc413578", "doc1715222", "doc1033136", "doc413563", "doc2084745", "doc626356", "doc725442", "doc2084786", "doc559219", "doc2084737", "doc1465658", "doc2084740", "doc413575", "doc413566", "doc2316905", "doc2084781", "doc2084717", "doc2084719", "doc413565", "doc56565", "doc413571", "doc1715221", "doc1970564", "doc413572", "doc1715246", "doc631489", "doc725471", "doc2217883", "doc1970561", "doc1970565", "doc1465660", "doc1715229", "doc413556", "doc559225", "doc725452", "doc1715234", "doc2084776", "doc1715240", "doc2084784", "doc725456", "doc2084785", "doc2084734", "doc43782", "doc2217884", "doc43792", "doc56562", "doc413540", "doc1465661", "doc2084741", "doc413546", "doc2084743", "doc1921618" ]	[ "Nucleic acid double helix The double-helix model of DNA structure was first published in the journal Nature by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953,[5] (X,Y,Z coordinates in 1954[6]) based upon the crucial X-ray diffraction image of DNA labeled as \"Photo 51\", from Rosalind Franklin in 1952,[7] followed by her more clarified DNA image with Raymond Gosling,[8][9] Maurice Wilkins, Alexander Stokes, and Herbert Wilson,[10] and base-pairing chemical and biochemical information by Erwin Chargaff.[11][12][13][14][15][16] The prior model was triple-stranded DNA.[17]", "Molecular models of DNA The first reports of a double helix molecular model of B-DNA structure were made by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.[5][6] That same year, Maurice F. Wilkins,\nA. Stokes and H.R. Wilson, reported the first X-ray patterns\nof in vivo B-DNA in partially oriented salmon sperm heads.[7]", "Molecular models of DNA From the very early stages of structural studies of DNA by X-ray diffraction and biochemical means, molecular models such as the Watson-Crick nucleic acid double helix model were successfully employed to solve the 'puzzle' of DNA structure, and also find how the latter relates to its key functions in living cells. The first high quality X-ray diffraction patterns\nof A-DNA were reported by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in 1953.[1] Rosalind Franklin made the critical observation that DNA exists in two distinct forms, A and B, and produced the sharpest pictures of both through X-ray diffraction technique.[2] The first calculations of the Fourier transform of an atomic helix were reported one year earlier by Cochran, Crick and Vand,[3] and were followed in 1953 by the computation of the Fourier transform of a coiled-coil by Crick.[4]", "DNA Months earlier, in February 1953, Linus Pauling and Robert Corey proposed a model for nucleic acids containing three intertwined chains, with the phosphates near the axis, and the bases on the outside.[215] Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature.[216] Of these, Franklin and Gosling's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model;[63][217] this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues, whose analysis and in vivo B-DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double-helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double-helix molecular model of DNA in the prior two pages of Nature.[64] In 1962, after Franklin's death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[218] Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients. A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery.[219]", "DNA Late in 1951, Francis Crick started working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge. In 1953, Watson and Crick suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure in the journal Nature.[9] Their double-helix, molecular model of DNA was then based on one X-ray diffraction image (labeled as \"Photo 51\")[213] taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952, and the information that the DNA bases are paired. On 28 February 1953 Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime at The Eagle pub in Cambridge to announce that he and Watson had \"discovered the secret of life\".[214]", "DNA DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. Its molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge in 1953, whose model-building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling, who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin. DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.[5]", "Scientific method Watson and Crick showed an initial (and incorrect) proposal for the structure of DNA to a team from Kings College â€“ Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Raymond Gosling. Franklin immediately spotted the flaws which concerned the water content. Later Watson saw Franklin's detailed X-ray diffraction images which showed an X-shape and was able to confirm the structure was helical.[38][39] This rekindled Watson and Crick's model building and led to the correct structure. ..1. DNA-characterizations", "Life DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869.[164] Its molecular structure was identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, whose model-building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Rosalind Franklin.[165]", "Scientific method Linus Pauling proposed that DNA might be a triple helix.[70] This hypothesis was also considered by Francis Crick and James D. Watson but discarded. When Watson and Crick learned of Pauling's hypothesis, they understood from existing data that Pauling was wrong[71] and that Pauling would soon admit his difficulties with that structure. So, the race was on to figure out the correct structure (except that Pauling did not realize at the time that he was in a race) ..3. DNA-predictions", "Molecular models of DNA The development of the first correct double helix molecular model of DNA by Crick and Watson may not have been possible without the biochemical evidence for the nucleotide base-pairing ([A---T]; [C---G]), or Chargaff's rules.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Although such initial studies of DNA structures with the help of molecular models were essentially static, their consequences for explaining the in vivo functions of DNA were significant in the areas of protein biosynthesis and the quasi-universality of the genetic code. Epigenetic transformation studies of DNA in vivo were however much slower to develop despite their importance for embryology, morphogenesis and cancer research. Such chemical dynamics and biochemical reactions of DNA are much more complex than the molecular dynamics of DNA physical interactions with water, ions and proteins/enzymes in living cells.", "DNA The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns—and also B-DNA—used analyses based on Patterson transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA.[62][63] An alternative analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al., in 1953, for the in vivo B-DNA X-ray diffraction-scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of Bessel functions.[64] In the same journal, James Watson and Francis Crick presented their molecular modeling analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double-helix.[9]", "Genetics James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA has a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew).[24][25] Their double-helix model had two strands of DNA with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder.[26] This structure showed that genetic information exists in the sequence of nucleotides on each strand of DNA. The structure also suggested a simple method for replication: if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand. This property is what gives DNA its semi-conservative nature where one strand of new DNA is from an original parent strand.[27]", "Hershey–Chase experiment Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article \"Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid\", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material. Furthermore, Watson and Crick suggested that DNA, the genetic material, is responsible for the synthesis of the thousands of proteins found in cells. They had made this proposal based on the structural similarity that exists between the two macromolecules, that is, both protein and DNA are linear sequences of amino acids and nucleotides respectively.[8]", "Maurice Wilkins By November 1951, Wilkins had evidence that DNA in cells as well as purified DNA had a helical structure.[25] Alex Stokes had solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and thought that Wilkins's X-ray diffraction data indicated a helical structure in DNA. Wilkins met with Watson and Crick and told them about his results. This information from Wilkins, along with additional information gained by Watson when he heard Franklin talk about her research during a King's College research meeting, stimulated Watson and Crick to create their first molecular model of DNA, a model with the phosphate backbones at the center. Upon viewing the model of the proposed structure, Franklin told Watson and Crick that it was wrong. Franklin based this on two observations. First, experiments by J.M. Gulland showed that the CO- and NH2 groups of the bases could not be titrated, and so were probably inaccessible. Secondly, crystallographic evidence showed that the structural units of DNA were progressively separated by the addition of water, leading to the formation of a gel and then a solution. Franklin believed that the simplest explanation of this was for the hydrophilic part of the molecule to be on the outside. Crick tried to get Wilkins to continue with additional molecular modeling efforts, but Wilkins did not take this approach.", "Maurice Wilkins Linus Pauling had published a proposed but incorrect structure of DNA, making the same basic error that Watson and Crick had made a year earlier. Some of those working on DNA in the United Kingdom feared that Pauling would quickly solve the DNA structure once he recognized his error and put the backbones of the nucleotide chains on the outside of a model of DNA. After March 1952 Franklin concentrated on the X-ray data for the A-form of less hydrated DNA while Wilkins tried to work on the hydrated B-form. Wilkins was handicapped because Franklin had all of the good DNA. Wilkins got new DNA samples, but it was not as good as the original sample he had obtained in 1950 and which Franklin continued to use. Most of his new results were for biological samples like sperm cells, which also suggested a helical structure for DNA. In July 1952 Franklin reported to him and Stokes that her newest results made her doubt the helical nature of the A-form.", "History of biology Oswald Avery showed in 1943 that DNA was likely the genetic material of the chromosome, not its protein; the issue was settled decisively with the 1952 Hershey–Chase experiment—one of many contributions from the so-called phage group centered around physicist-turned-biologist Max Delbrück. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick, building on the work of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, suggested that the structure of DNA was a double helix. In their famous paper \"Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids\", Watson and Crick noted coyly, \"It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.\"[69] After the 1958 Meselson–Stahl experiment confirmed the semiconservative replication of DNA, it was clear to most biologists that nucleic acid sequence must somehow determine amino acid sequence in proteins; physicist George Gamow proposed that a fixed genetic code connected proteins and DNA. Between 1953 and 1961, there were few known biological sequences—either DNA or protein—but an abundance of proposed code systems, a situation made even more complicated by expanding knowledge of the intermediate role of RNA. To actually decipher the code, it took an extensive series of experiments in biochemistry and bacterial genetics, between 1961 and 1966—most importantly the work of Nirenberg and Khorana.[70]", "Maurice Wilkins In 1953 Wilkins' colleague Rosalind Franklin instructed Raymond Gosling to hand over to Wilkins a high quality image of \"B\" form DNA (Photo 51), which she had made in 1952[6] but had “put it aside”[7] as she was leaving King's College London. Wilkins imprudently showed it to Watson.[8] This image, along with the knowledge that Linus Pauling had proposed an incorrect structure of DNA, “mobilised”[9] Watson and Crick to restart model building. With additional information from research reports of Wilkins and Franklin, obtained via Max Perutz, Watson and Crick correctly described the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953.", "Linus Pauling Pauling then proposed that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a triple helix;[80][81] his model contained several basic mistakes, including a proposal of neutral phosphate groups, an idea that conflicted with the acidity of DNA. Sir Lawrence Bragg had been disappointed that Pauling had won the race to find the alpha helix structure of proteins. Bragg's team had made a fundamental error in making their models of protein by not recognizing the planar nature of the peptide bond. When it was learned at the Cavendish Laboratory that Pauling was working on molecular models of the structure of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick were allowed to make a molecular model of DNA. They later benefited from unpublished data from Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King's College which showed evidence for a helix and planar base stacking along the helix axis. Early in 1953 Watson and Crick proposed a correct structure for the DNA double helix. Pauling later cited several reasons to explain how he had been misled about the structure of DNA, among them misleading density data and the lack of high quality X-ray diffraction photographs. During the time Pauling was researching the problem, Rosalind Franklin in England was creating the world's best images. They were key to Watson's and Crick's success. Pauling did not see them before devising his mistaken DNA structure, although his assistant Robert Corey did see at least some of them, while taking Pauling's place at a summer 1952 protein conference in England. Pauling had been prevented from attending because his passport was withheld by the State Department on suspicion that he had Communist sympathies. This led to the legend that Pauling missed the structure of DNA because of the politics of the day (this was at the start of the McCarthy period in the United States). Politics did not play a critical role. Not only did Corey see the images at the time, but Pauling himself regained his passport within a few weeks and toured English laboratories well before writing his DNA paper. He had ample opportunity to visit Franklin's lab and see her work, but chose not to.[57]:414â€“415", "Nucleic acid double helix The realization that the structure of DNA is that of a double-helix elucidated the mechanism of base pairing by which genetic information is stored and copied in living organisms and is widely considered one of the most important scientific discoveries of the 20th century. Crick, Wilkins, and Watson each received one third of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to the discovery.[18] (Franklin, whose breakthrough X-ray diffraction data was used to formulate the DNA structure, died in 1958, and thus was ineligible to be nominated for a Nobel Prize.)", "Rosalind Franklin Crick and Watson then published their model in Nature on 25 April 1953 in an article describing the double-helical structure of DNA with only a footnote acknowledging \"having been stimulated by a general knowledge of\" Franklin and Wilkins' \"unpublished\" contribution.[82] Actually, although it was the bare minimum, they had just enough specific knowledge of Franklin and Gosling's data upon which to base their model. As a result of a deal struck by the two laboratory directors, articles by Wilkins and Franklin, which included their X-ray diffraction data, were modified and then published second and third in the same issue of Nature, seemingly only in support of the Crick and Watson theoretical paper which proposed a model for the B form of DNA.[83][84]", "Linus Pauling Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.[8] His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the alpha helix and beta sheet in protein secondary structure. Pauling's approach combined methods and results from X-ray crystallography, molecular model building and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin on the structure of DNA, which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms.[9]", "Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick finished building their model on 7 March 1953, one day before they received a letter from Wilkins stating that Franklin was finally leaving and they could put \"all hands to the pump\".[78] This was also one day after Franklin's two A-DNA papers had reached Acta Crystallographica. Wilkins came to see the model the following week, according to Franklin's biographer Brenda Maddox on 12 March, and allegedly informed Gosling on his return to King's.[79]", "History of chemistry This heuristic approach triumphed in 1953 when James Watson and Francis Crick deduced the double helical structure of DNA by constructing models constrained by and informed by the knowledge of the chemistry of the constituent parts and the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained by Rosalind Franklin.[95] This discovery lead to an explosion of research into the biochemistry of life.", "Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment Oswald Avery discovered that the substance responsible for producing inheritable change in the disease-causing bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae) was neither a protein nor a lipid, rather deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In 1944, he and his colleagues Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty suggested that DNA was responsible for transferring genetic information. Later, Erwin Chargaff(1950) discovered that the makeup of DNA differs from one species to another. These experiments helped pave the way for the discovery of the structure of DNA. In 1953, with the help of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklinâ€™s X-ray crystallography, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed DNA is structured as a double helix.[1]", "Maurice Wilkins In early 1953 Watson visited King's College and Wilkins showed him a high quality image of the B-form X-ray diffraction pattern, now identified as photograph 51, that Franklin had produced in March 1952. With the knowledge that Pauling was working on DNA and had submitted a model of DNA for publication, Watson and Crick mounted one more concentrated effort to deduce the structure of DNA. Through Max Perutz, his thesis supervisor, Crick gained access to a progress report from King's College that included useful information from Franklin about the features of DNA she had deduced from her X-ray diffraction data. Watson and Crick published their proposed DNA double helical structure in a paper in the journal Nature in April 1953. In this paper Watson and Crick acknowledged that they had been \"stimulated by.... the unpublished results and ideas\" of Wilkins and Franklin.[28]", "Semiconservative replication The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment[2][3] and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes.", "Rosalind Franklin In February 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge University had started to build a molecular model of the B form of DNA using data similar to that available to both teams at King's. Much of their data was derived directly from research done at King's by Wilkins and Franklin. Franklin's research was completed by February 1953, ahead of her move to Birkbeck, and her data was critical.[72] Model building had been applied successfully in the elucidation of the structure of the alpha helix by Linus Pauling in 1951,[59][73] but Franklin was opposed to prematurely building theoretical models, until sufficient data were obtained to properly guide the model building. She took the view that building a model was to be undertaken only after enough of the structure was known.[60][74]", "Scientific method James D. Watson, Francis Crick, and others hypothesized that DNA had a helical structure. This implied that DNA's X-ray diffraction pattern would be 'x shaped'.[36][72] This prediction followed from the work of Cochran, Crick and Vand[37] (and independently by Stokes). The Cochran-Crick-Vand-Stokes theorem provided a mathematical explanation for the empirical observation that diffraction from helical structures produces x shaped patterns.", "Maurice Wilkins b) on the helices:", "Scientific method The history of the discovery of the structure of DNA is a classic example of the elements of the scientific method: in 1950 it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematical description, starting with the studies of Gregor Mendel, and that DNA contained genetic information (Oswald Avery's transforming principle).[33] But the mechanism of storing genetic information (i.e., genes) in DNA was unclear. Researchers in Bragg's laboratory at Cambridge University made X-ray diffraction pictures of various molecules, starting with crystals of salt, and proceeding to more complicated substances. Using clues painstakingly assembled over decades, beginning with its chemical composition, it was determined that it should be possible to characterize the physical structure of DNA, and the X-ray images would be the vehicle.[67] ..2. DNA-hypotheses", "Rosalind Franklin As vividly described in The Double Helix, on 30 January 1953, Watson travelled to King's carrying a preprint of Linus Pauling's incorrect proposal for DNA structure. Since Wilkins was not in his office, Watson went to Franklin's lab with his urgent message that they should all collaborate before Pauling discovered his error. The unimpressed Franklin became angry when Watson suggested she did not know how to interpret her own data. Watson hastily retreated, backing into Wilkins who had been attracted by the commotion. Wilkins commiserated with his harried friend and then imprudently showed Watson Franklin's DNA X-ray image.[70] Watson, in turn, showed Wilkins a prepublication manuscript by Pauling and Corey, which contained a DNA structure remarkably like their first incorrect model.[71]", "Gene Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s.[14][15] The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication.[16][17]", "Nucleic acid double helix Francis Crick was one of the first to propose the importance of linking numbers when considering DNA supercoils. In a paper published in 1976, Crick outlined the problem as follows:", "DNA In 1937, William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure.[210]", "Molecular models of DNA In the late 1970s, alternate non-helical models of DNA structure were briefly considered as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in plasmids and chromatin. However, the models were set aside in favor of the double-helical model due to subsequent experimental advances such as X-ray crystallography of DNA duplexes, and later the nucleosome core particle, and the discovery of topoisomerases. Such non-double-helical models are not currently accepted by the mainstream scientific community.[14][15]", "Molecular models of DNA Oversimplified model of the A-DNA double helix.", "Scientific method After considerable fruitless experimentation, being discouraged by their superior from continuing, and numerous false starts,[77][78][79] Watson and Crick were able to infer the essential structure of DNA by concrete modeling of the physical shapes of the nucleotides which comprise it.[40][80] They were guided by the bond lengths which had been deduced by Linus Pauling and by Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images. ..DNA Example", "Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin's first important contributions to the model popularised by Crick and Watson was her lecture at the seminar in November 1951, where she presented to those present, among them Watson, the two forms of the molecule, type A and type B, her position being that the phosphate units are located in the external part of the molecule. She also specified the amount of water to be found in the molecule in accordance with other parts of it, data that have considerable importance in terms of the stability of the molecule. Franklin was the first to discover and formulate these facts, which in fact constituted the basis for all later attempts to build a model of the molecule. However, Watson, at the time ignorant of the chemistry, failed to comprehend the crucial information, and this led to construction of a wrong model.[174]", "Scientific method In their first paper, Watson and Crick also noted that the double helix structure they proposed provided a simple mechanism for DNA replication, writing, \"It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material\".[73] ..4. DNA-experiments", "Photo 51 The photograph provided key information that was essential for developing a model of DNA.[6][8] The diffraction pattern determined the helical nature of the double helix strands (antiparallel). The outside of the DNA chain has a backbone of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate molecules, and the base pairs, the order of which provides codes for protein building and thereby inheritance, are inside the helix. Watson and Crick's calculations from Gosling and Franklin's photography gave crucial parameters for the size and structure of the helix.[8]", "Molecular models of DNA Animated, space-filling molecular model of the A-DNA double helix", "Photo 51 James Watson was shown the photo by Maurice Wilkins without Rosalind Franklin's approval or knowledge (although by this time Gosling had returned to the supervision of Wilkins). Along with Francis Crick, Watson used characteristics and features of Photo 51 to develop the chemical model of the DNA molecule. In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins. The prize was not awarded to Franklin; she had died four years earlier, and the Nobel Prize's rules require that it be awarded only to living persons.[7]", "Molecular models of DNA An oversimplified sketch of the double helix structure of A-DNA.", "Rosalind Franklin By January 1953, Franklin had reconciled her conflicting data, concluding that both DNA forms had two helices, and had started to write a series of three draft manuscripts, two of which included a double helical DNA backbone (see below). Her two A-DNA manuscripts reached Acta Crystallographica in Copenhagen on 6 March 1953, one day before Crick and Watson had completed their model on B-DNA. She must have mailed them while the Cambridge team was building their model, and certainly had written them before she knew of their work.[65] On 8 July 1953 she modified one of these \"in proof\" Acta articles, \"in light of recent work\" by the King's and Cambridge research teams.[66]", "Erwin Chargaff Erwin Chargaff proposed two main rules in his lifetime which were appropriately named Chargaff's rules. The first and best known achievement was to show that in natural DNA the number of guanine units equals the number of cytosine units and the number of adenine units equals the number of thymine units. In human DNA, for example, the four bases are present in these percentages: A=30.9% and T=29.4%; G=19.9% and C=19.8%. This strongly hinted towards the base pair makeup of the DNA, although Chargaff did not explicitly state this connection himself. For this research, Chargaff is credited with disproving the tetranucleotide hypothesis (Phoebus Levene's widely accepted hypothesis that DNA was composed of a large number of repeats of GACT). Most researchers had previously assumed that deviations from equimolar base ratios (G = A = C = T) were due to experimental error, but Chargaff documented that the variation was real, with [C + G] typically being slightly less abundant. He was able to do this with the newly developed paper chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Chargaff met Francis Crick and James D. Watson at Cambridge in 1952, and, despite not getting along with them personally,[4] he explained his findings to them. Chargaff's research would later help the Watson and Crick laboratory team to deduce the double helical structure of DNA.", "Maurice Wilkins Wilkins continued to test, verify, and make significant corrections to the Watson-Crick DNA model and to study the structure of RNA.[10] Wilkins, Crick, and Watson were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.\"[11]", "The Double Helix A 1980 Norton Critical Edition of The Double Helix edited by Gunther Stent, analyzed the events surrounding its initial publication. It presents a selection of both positive and negative reviews of the book, by such figures as Philip Morrison, Richard Lewontin, Alex Comfort, Jacob Bronowski, and more in-depth analyses by Peter Medawar, Robert K. Merton, and Andre Lwoff. Erwin Chargaff declined permission to reprint his unsympathetic review from the March 29, 1968, issue of Science, but letters in response from Max Perutz, Maurice Wilkins, and Watson are printed. Also included are retrospectives from a 1974 edition of Nature written by Francis Crick and Linus Pauling, and an analysis of Franklin's work by her student Aaron Klug. The Norton edition concludes with the 1953 papers on DNA structure as published in Nature.", "The Double Helix An annotated and illustrated version of the book, edited by Alex Gann and Jan Witkowski, was published in November 2012 by Simon & Schuster in association with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. The new edition coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the award of the 1962 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins. It contains over three hundred annotations on the events and characters portrayed, with facsimile letters and contemporary photographs, many previously unpublished. Their sources include newly discovered correspondence from Crick, the papers of Franklin, Pauling, and Wilkins, and they include a chapter dropped from the original edition that described Watson's holiday in the Italian Alps in 1952. The edition was favorably reviewed in The New York Times by Nicholas Wade who commented, \"anyone seeking to understand modern biology and genomics could do much worse than start with the discovery of the structure of DNA, on which almost everything else is based.[2] This edition includes several appendices, including letters by Crick and Watson giving the first account of the discovery, a previously unpublished chapter, an account of the controversy surrounding the publication, and the unsympathetic review by the late Erwin Chargaff from the March 29, 1968, issue of Science, which he previously declined permission to reprint in the 1980 Norton Critical Edition of The Double Helix edited by Gunther Stent.", "Molecular models of DNA DNA spacefilling molecular model", "Maurice Wilkins Wilkins' work on DNA falls into two distinct phases. The first was in 1948–50, when his initial studies produced the first clear X-ray images of DNA, which he presented at a conference in Naples in 1951 attended by James Watson. During the second phase, 1951–52, Wilkins produced clear \"B form\" \"X\" shaped images from squid sperm, images he sent to James Watson and Francis Crick, causing Watson to write \"Wilkins... has obtained extremely excellent X-ray diffraction photographs\" [of DNA].[4][5]", "History of genetics A series of subsequent discoveries led to the realization decades later that the genetic material is made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). In 1941, George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum showed that mutations in genes caused errors in specific steps in metabolic pathways. This showed that specific genes code for specific proteins, leading to the \"one gene, one enzyme\" hypothesis.[16] Oswald Avery, Colin Munro MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed in 1944 that DNA holds the gene's information.[17] In 1952, Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling produced a strikingly clear x-ray diffraction pattern indicating a helical form, and in 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick demonstrated the molecular structure of DNA. Together, these discoveries established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA which is transcribed by DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses.", "Molecular models of DNA A model of DNA replication based on the double helix concept.", "Rosalind Franklin Weeks later, on 10 April, Franklin wrote to Crick for permission to see their model.[85] Franklin retained her scepticism for premature model building even after seeing the Watson-Crick model, and remained unimpressed. She is reported to have commented, \"It's very pretty, but how are they going to prove it?\" As an experimental scientist, Franklin seems to have been interested in producing far greater evidence before publishing-as-proven a proposed model. As such, her response to the Watson-Crick model was in keeping with her cautious approach to science.[86] Most of the scientific community hesitated several years before accepting the double helix proposal. At first mainly geneticists embraced the model because of its obvious genetic implications.[87][88][89]", "Nobel Prize controversies The 1962 prize was awarded to James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins \"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material\". It did not recognize critical contributions from Alec Stokes, Herbert Wilson, and Erwin Chargaff. In addition, Erwin Chargaff, Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin (whose key DNA X-ray crystallography work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged among the three) contributed directly to Watson and Crick's insight to solve the DNA molecule's structure. Avery's death in 1955, and Franklin's in 1958, eliminated them from eligibility.", "Nucleic acid double helix In molecular biology, the term double helix[1] refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The term entered popular culture with the publication in 1968 of The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA,by James Watson", "Rosalind Franklin Franklin was never nominated for a Nobel Prize.[201][202] Her work was a crucial part in the discovery of DNA's structure, which along with subsequent related work led to Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins being awarded a Nobel Prize in 1962.[203] She had died in 1958, and during her lifetime the DNA structure was not considered as fully proven. It took Wilkins and his colleagues about seven years to collect enough data to prove and refine the proposed DNA structure. Moreover, its biological significance, as proposed by Watson and Crick, was not established. General acceptance for the DNA double helix and its function did not start until late in the 1950s, leading to Nobel nominations in 1960, 1961, and 1962 for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and in 1962 for Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[204] The first breakthrough was from Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, who experimentally showed the DNA replication of a bacterium Escherichia coli.[205] Now known as Meselson–Stahl experiment, DNA was found to replicate into two double-stranded helices, with each helix having one of the original DNA strands. This DNA replication was firmly established by 1961 after further demonstration in other species,[206] and of the stepwise chemical reaction.[207][208] According to the 1961 Crick–Monod letter, this experimental proof, along with Wilkins having initiated the DNA diffraction work, were the reasons why Crick felt that Wilkins should be included in the DNA Nobel Prize.[209]", "The Double Helix The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA is an autobiographical account of the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA written by James D. Watson and published in 1968. Watson is a U.S. molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick.", "Rosalind Franklin The third draft paper was on the B form of DNA, dated 17 March 1953, which was discovered years later amongst her papers,[67] by Franklin's Birkbeck colleague, Aaron Klug. He then published an evaluation of the draft's close correlation with the third of the original trio of 25 April 1953 Nature DNA articles.[68] Klug designed this paper to complement the first article he had written defending Franklin's significant contribution to DNA structure.[69] He had written this first article in response to the incomplete picture of Franklin's work depicted in Watson's 1968 memoir, The Double Helix.", "Meselson–Stahl experiment In the semiconservative hypothesis, proposed by Watson and Crick, the two strands of a DNA molecule separate during replication. Each strand then acts as a template for synthesis of a new strand.[2]", "Rosalind Franklin Ever cautious, she wanted to eliminate misleading possibilities. Photographs of her Birkbeck work table show that she routinely used small molecular models, although certainly not ones on the grand scale successfully used at Cambridge for DNA. In the middle of February 1953, Crick's thesis advisor, Max Perutz, gave Crick a copy of a report written for a Medical Research Council biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952, containing many of Franklin's crystallographic calculations.[75]", "Molecular models of DNA Simplified model of chromosome structure.", "Molecular models of DNA Side view of molecular models of A-, B-, Z- DNA.", "Erwin Chargaff After Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins received the 1962 Nobel Prize for their work on discovering the double helix of DNA, Chargaff withdrew from his lab and wrote to scientists all over the world about his exclusion.[5]", "Rosalind Franklin Upon the completion of their model, Crick and Watson had invited Wilkins to be a co-author of their paper describing the structure.[194] Wilkins turned down this offer, as he had taken no part in building the model.[195] He later expressed regret that greater discussion of co-authorship had not taken place as this might have helped to clarify the contribution the work at King's had made to the discovery.[196] There is no doubt that Franklin's experimental data were used by Crick and Watson to build their model of DNA in 1953. Some, including Maddox, have explained this citation omission by suggesting that it may be a question of circumstance, because it would have been very difficult to cite the unpublished work from the MRC report they had seen.[79]", "Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958)[1] was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite.[2] Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely recognised posthumously.", "Rosalind Franklin Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, particularly Photo 51, while at King's College, London, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix for which James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962. Watson suggested that Franklin would have ideally been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Wilkins, but the Nobel Committee does not make posthumous nominations.[6][7]", "Molecular models of DNA A large-scale Crick-Watson DNA model shown in the Museum of PrÃncipe Felipe.", "DNA In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the central dogma of molecular biology, which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, and articulated the \"adaptor hypothesis\".[220] Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double-helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson–Stahl experiment.[221] Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases, called codons, allowing Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W. Holley, and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code.[222] These findings represent the birth of molecular biology.[223]", "Molecular models of DNA 3D Molecular model of DNA damaged by carcinogenic 2-aminofluorene(AF).", "Maurice Wilkins Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS (15 December 1916 â€“ 5 October 2004)[2] was a New Zealand-born British physicist and molecular biologist, and Nobel laureate whose research contributed to the scientific understanding of phosphorescence, isotope separation, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and to the development of radar. He is best known for his work at King's College London on the structure of DNA.", "Photo 51 Photo 51 became a crucial data source[9] that led to the development of the DNA model and confirmed the prior postulated double helical structure of DNA, which were presented in the articles in the Nature journal by Raymond Gosling.", "Molecular models of DNA Fig.6. Molecular modeling of DNA repair", "Maurice Wilkins The wording on the DNA sculpture (donated by James Watson) outside Clare College's Thirkill Court, Cambridge, England is", "Chromosome conformation capture In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA.[14]", "Nucleic acid double helix Under sufficient tension and positive torque, DNA is thought to undergo a phase transition with the bases splaying outwards and the phosphates moving to the middle. This proposed structure for overstretched DNA has been called P-form DNA, in honor of Linus Pauling who originally presented it as a possible structure of DNA.[27]", "Alpha helix Although incorrect in their details, Astbury's models of these forms were correct in essence and correspond to modern elements of secondary structure, the α-helix and the β-strand (Astbury's nomenclature was kept), which were developed by Linus Pauling, Robert Corey and Herman Branson in 1951 (see below); that paper showed both right- and left-handed helices, although in 1960 the crystal structure of myoglobin[1] showed that the right-handed form is the common one. Hans Neurath was the first to show that Astbury's models could not be correct in detail, because they involved clashes of atoms.[2] Neurath's paper and Astbury's data inspired H. S. Taylor,[3] Maurice Huggins[4] and Bragg and collaborators[5] to propose models of keratin that somewhat resemble the modern α-helix.", "Photo 51 Photograph 51 is the nickname given to an X-ray diffraction image of crystallized DNA taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952, working as a PhD student under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin,[1][2][3][4] at King's College London in Sir John Randall's group. It was critical evidence[5] in identifying the structure of DNA.[6]", "Photo 51 As historians of science have re-examined the period during which this image was obtained, considerable controversy has arisen over both the significance of the contribution of this image to the work of Watson and Crick, as well as the methods by which they obtained the image. Franklin was hired independently of Maurice Wilkins, who, nonetheless, showed Photo 51 to Watson and Crick, without her knowledge. Whether Franklin would have deduced the structure of DNA on her own, from her own data, had Watson and Crick not obtained Gosling's image, is a hotly debated topic,[6][10][11][12] made more controversial by the negative caricature of Franklin presented in the early chapters of Watson's history of the research on DNA structure, The Double Helix.[10][13][14] Watson admitted his distortion of Franklin in his book, noting in the epilogue: \"Since my initial impressions about [Franklin], both scientific and personal (as recorded in the early pages of this book) were often wrong, I want to say something here about her achievements.\"[15]", "Meselson–Stahl experiment The dispersive hypothesis is exemplified by a model proposed by Max Delbrück, which attempts to solve the problem of unwinding the two strands of the double helix by a mechanism that breaks the DNA backbone every 10 nucleotides or so, untwists the molecule, and attaches the old strand to the end of the newly synthesized one. This would synthesize the DNA in short pieces alternating from one strand to the other.[4]", "Maurice Wilkins At King's College, Wilkins pursued, among other things, X-ray diffraction work on ram sperm and DNA that had been obtained from calf thymus by the Swiss scientist Rudolf Signer. The DNA from Signer's lab was much more intact than the DNA which had previously been isolated. Wilkins discovered that it was possible to produce thin threads from this concentrated DNA solution that contained highly ordered arrays of DNA suitable for the production of X-ray diffraction patterns.[16] Using a carefully bundled group of these DNA threads and keeping them hydrated, Wilkins and a graduate student Raymond Gosling obtained X-ray photographs of DNA that showed that the long, thin DNA molecule in the sample from Signer had a regular, crystal-like structure in these threads. Gosling later said \"When... I first saw all those discrete diffraction spots ...emerging on the film in the developing dish was a truly eureka moment....we realised that if DNA was the gene material then we had just shown that genes could crystallize![17]\" This initial X-ray diffraction work at King's College was done in May or June 1950. It was one of the X-ray diffraction photographs taken in 1950, shown at a meeting in Naples a year later, that sparked James Watsonâ€™s interest in DNA[18] causing him to write \"suddenly I was excited about chemistry.....I began to wonder whether it would be possible for me to join Wilkins in working on DNA\".[19] At that time Wilkins also introduced Francis Crick to the importance of DNA. Crick advised him to work on proteins telling Wilkins \"what you ought to do is find yourself a good protein\".[20] Wilkins knew that proper experiments on the threads of purified DNA would require better X-ray equipment. Wilkins ordered a new X-ray tube and a new microcamera. He also suggested to Randall that the soon-to-be-appointed Rosalind Franklin should be reassigned from work on protein solutions to join the DNA effort.[21]", "Molecular models of DNA Highly hydrated B-DNA occurs naturally in living cells in such a paracrystalline state, which is a dynamic one despite the relatively rigid DNA double helix stabilized by parallel hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide base-pairs in the two complementary, helical DNA chains (see figures). For simplicity most DNA molecular models omit both water and ions dynamically bound to B-DNA, and are thus less useful for understanding the dynamic behaviors of B-DNA in vivo. The physical and mathematical analysis of X-ray[16][17] and spectroscopic data for paracrystalline B-DNA is thus far more complex than that of crystalline, A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns. The paracrystal model is also important for DNA technological applications such as DNA nanotechnology. Novel methods that combine X-ray diffraction of DNA with X-ray microscopy in hydrated living cells are now also being developed.[18]", "The Double Helix In the book Rosalind Franklin and DNA, author Anne Sayre is very critical of Watson's account. She claims that Watson's book did not give a balanced description of Rosalind Franklin and the nature of her interactions with Maurice Wilkins at King's College, London. Sayre's book raises doubts about the ethics of how Watson and Crick used some of Franklin's results and whether adequate credit was given to her. Watson had very limited contact with Franklin during the time she worked on DNA. By providing more information about Franklin's life than was included in Watson's book, it was possible for Sayre to provide a different perspective on the role Franklin played in Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. (See: King's College (London) DNA Controversy)", "Nucleic acid double helix At least three DNA conformations are believed to be found in nature, A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA. The B form described by James Watson and Francis Crick is believed to predominate in cells.[24] It is 23.7 Å wide and extends 34 Å per 10 bp of sequence. The double helix makes one complete turn about its axis every 10.4-10.5 base pairs in solution. This frequency of twist (termed the helical pitch) depends largely on stacking forces that each base exerts on its neighbours in the chain. The absolute configuration of the bases determines the direction of the helical curve for a given conformation.", "Maurice Wilkins Early in 1952, Wilkins began a series of experiments on sepia sperm which were very encouraging. \"I...got much clearer patterns than the previous year.....when I met [Sir William Lawrence] Bragg by chance I showed him the pattern [which] very clearly offered strong evidence for a helical structure for DNA....the sharp sperm patterns were very inspiring, and had the special interest that sperm were real live objects and not just purified DNA extracted by chemists from living material\". Wilkins was particularly interested in whether living samples would yield meaningful X-ray diffraction patterns â€“ his results showed they could.[26]", "Rosalind Franklin The other contribution included an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called Photo 51),[175] that was briefly shown to Watson by Wilkins in January 1953,[176][177] and a report written for an MRC biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952 which was shown by Perutz at the Cavendish Laboratory to both Crick and Watson. This MRC report contained data from the King's group, including some of Franklin's and Gosling's work, and was given to Crick – who was working on his thesis on haemoglobin structure – by his thesis supervisor Perutz, a member of the visiting committee.[178][179]", "Maurice Wilkins Following the initial 1953 series of publications on the double helix structure of DNA, Wilkins continued research as leader of a team that performed a range of meticulous experiments to establish the helical model as valid among different biological species, as well as in living systems, to establish the universality of the double helix structure.[16] He became deputy director of the MRC Biophysics Unit at King's in 1955, and succeeded Randall as director of the unit from 1970 to 1972.[31][32]", "Rosalind Franklin Sayre's early analysis was often ignored because of perceived feminist overtones in her book. Watson and Crick did not cite the X-ray diffraction work of Wilkins and Franklin in their original paper, though they admit having \"been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr. M. H. F. Wilkins, Dr. R. E. Franklin and their co-workers at King's College, London\".[82] In fact, Watson and Crick cited no experimental data at all in support of their model. Franklin and Gosling's publication of the DNA X-ray image, in the same issue of Nature, served as the principal evidence:", "Nucleic acid double helix Alternative non-helical models were briefly considered in the late 1970s as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in plasmids and chromatin. However, the models were set aside in favor of the double-helical model due to subsequent experimental advances such as X-ray crystallography of DNA duplexes and later the nucleosome core particle, and the discovery of topoisomerases. Also, the non-double-helical models are not currently accepted by the mainstream scientific community.[35][36]", "Rosalind Franklin Thus our general ideas are not inconsistent with the model proposed by Watson and Crick in the preceding communication.[200]", "Rosalind Franklin Franklin named these two forms \"B\" and \"A\" respectively. (The biological functions of A-DNA were only discovered 60 years later.[57]) Because of the intense personality conflict developing between Franklin and Wilkins, Randall[58] divided the work on DNA. Franklin chose the data rich \"A\" form while Wilkins selected the \"B\" form[58][59] because his preliminary pictures had hinted it might be helical. He showed tremendous insight in this assessment of preliminary data. The X-ray diffraction pictures, including the landmark Photo 51, taken by Franklin at this time have been called by John Desmond Bernal as \"amongst the most beautiful X-ray photographs of any substance ever taken\".[55]", "Hershey–Chase experiment In the early twentieth century, biologists thought that proteins carried genetic information.[4] This was based on the belief that proteins were more complex than DNA.[4] Phoebus Levene's influential \"tetranucleotide hypothesis\", which incorrectly proposed that DNA was a repeating set of identical nucleotides, supported this conclusion.[5] The results of the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, published in 1944, suggested that DNA was the genetic material, but there was still some hesitation within the general scientific community to accept this, which set the stage for the Hershey–Chase experiment.[4][6]", "Alpha helix Two key developments in the modeling of the modern α-helix were: the correct bond geometry, thanks to the crystal structure determinations of amino acids and peptides and Pauling's prediction of planar peptide bonds; and his relinquishing of the assumption of an integral number of residues per turn of the helix. The pivotal moment came in the early spring of 1948, when Pauling caught a cold and went to bed. Being bored, he drew a polypeptide chain of roughly correct dimensions on a strip of paper and folded it into a helix, being careful to maintain the planar peptide bonds. After a few attempts, he produced a model with physically plausible hydrogen bonds. Pauling then worked with Corey and Branson to confirm his model before publication.[6] In 1954, Pauling was awarded his first Nobel Prize \"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances\"[7] (such as proteins), prominently including the structure of the α-helix.", "Hershey–Chase experiment Once the Hersheyâ€“Chase experiment was published, the scientific community generally acknowledged that DNA was the genetic code material. This discovery led to a more detailed investigation of DNA to determine its composition as well as its 3D structure. Using X-ray crystallography, the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick with the help of previously documented experimental evidence by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.[9] Knowledge of the structure of DNA led scientists to examine the nature of genetic coding and, in turn, understand the process of protein synthesis. George Gamow proposed that the genetic code was composed of sequences of three DNA base pairs known as triplets or codons which represent one of the twenty amino acids.[10] Genetic coding helped researchers to understand the mechanism of gene expression, the process by which information from a gene is used in protein synthesis. Since then, much research has been conducted to modulate steps in the gene expression process. These steps include transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification which are used to control the chemical and structural nature of proteins.[11] Moreover, genetic engineering gives engineers the ability to directly manipulate the genetic materials of organisms using recombinant DNA techniques. The first recombinant DNA molecule was created by Paul Berg in 1972 when he combined DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus.[12]", "DNA In 1943, Oswald Avery, along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, identified DNA as the transforming principle, supporting Griffith's suggestion (Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment).[211] DNA's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey–Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage.[212]", "Molecular models of DNA Structural information is generated from X-ray diffraction studies of oriented DNA fibers with the help of molecular models of DNA that are combined with crystallographic and mathematical analysis of the X-ray patterns.", "Meselson–Stahl experiment Each of these three models makes a different prediction about the distribution of the \"old\" DNA in molecules formed after replication. In the conservative hypothesis, after replication, one molecule is the entirely conserved \"old\" molecule, and the other is all newly synthesized DNA. The semiconservative hypothesis predicts that each molecule after replication will contain one old and one new strand. The dispersive model predicts that each strand of each new molecule will contain a mixture of old and new DNA.[5]", "Rosalind Franklin Since Franklin had decided to transfer to Birkbeck College and Randall had insisted that all DNA work must stay at King's, Wilkins was given copies of Franklin's diffraction photographs by Gosling. By 28 February 1953, Watson and Crick felt they had solved the problem enough for Crick to proclaim (in the local pub) that they had \"found the secret of life\".[76] However, they knew they must complete their model before they could be certain.[77]", "Molecular models of DNA The chemical structure of DNA is insufficient to understand the complexity of the 3D structures of DNA. In contrast, animated molecular models allow one to visually explore the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. The DNA model shown (far right) is a space-filling, or CPK, model of the DNA double helix. Animated molecular models, such as the wire, or skeletal, type shown at the top of this article, allow one to visually explore the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA. Another type of DNA model is the space-filling, or CPK, model.", "Rosalind Franklin It is uncertain how long it took for Gosling to inform Franklin at Birkbeck, but her original 17 March B-DNA manuscript does not reflect any knowledge of the Cambridge model. Franklin did modify this draft later before publishing it as the third in the trio of 25 April 1953 Nature articles. On 18 March,[80] in response to receiving a copy of their preliminary manuscript, Wilkins penned the following: \"I think you're a couple of old rogues, but you may well have something\".[81]", "Z-DNA Left-handed DNA was first discovered by Robert Wells and colleagues, during their studies of a repeating polymer of inosine–cytosine.[1] They observed a \"reverse\" circular dichroism spectrum for such DNAs, and interpreted this (correctly) to mean that the strands wrapped around one another in a left-handed fashion. The relationship between Z-DNA and the more familiar B-DNA was indicated by the work of Pohl and Jovin,[2] who showed that the ultraviolet circular dichroism of poly(dG-dC) was nearly inverted in 4 M sodium chloride solution. The suspicion that this was the result of a conversion from B-DNA to Z-DNA was confirmed by examining the Raman spectra of these solutions and the Z-DNA crystals.[3] Subsequently, a crystal structure of \"Z-DNA\" was published which turned out to be the first single-crystal X-ray structure of a DNA fragment (a self-complementary DNA hexamer d(CG)3). It was resolved as a left-handed double helix with two antiparallel chains that were held together by Watson–Crick base pairs (see X-ray crystallography). It was solved by Andrew Wang, Alexander Rich, and coworkers in 1979 at MIT.[4] The crystallisation of a B- to Z-DNA junction in 2005[5] provided a better understanding of the potential role Z-DNA plays in cells. Whenever a segment of Z-DNA forms, there must be B–Z junctions at its two ends, interfacing it to the B-form of DNA found in the rest of the genome." ]	[ "Semiconservative replication The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment[2][3] and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes." ]
test3102	where is urinary bladder located in human body	[ "doc106172", "doc106173", "doc106179" ]	[ 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "doc106192", "doc106172", "doc106173", "doc106179", "doc15948", "doc106201", "doc106193", "doc234076", "doc2467260", "doc480564", "doc1781062", "doc1239174", "doc653119", "doc687432", "doc15947", "doc106177", "doc106185", "doc106204", "doc2006573", "doc106187", "doc1800298", "doc1134447", "doc687446", "doc1345584", "doc106182", "doc106175", "doc106176", "doc106174", "doc106205", "doc2116294", "doc653120", "doc1683657", "doc2116311", "doc430965", "doc2554525", "doc2563050", "doc106199", "doc1050486", "doc106208", "doc106191", "doc106189", "doc106203", "doc687433", "doc1350142", "doc653121", "doc687436", "doc106206", "doc1345582", "doc2116293", "doc234083", "doc1471947", "doc106190", "doc363808", "doc2116299", "doc2006572", "doc1323991", "doc1134443", "doc1323993", "doc687435", "doc627667", "doc2116303", "doc15946", "doc234082", "doc1345585", "doc2554526", "doc1340844", "doc1471945", "doc2130390", "doc106180", "doc687452", "doc53473", "doc1781064", "doc1800301", "doc1562130", "doc2116297", "doc106195", "doc2116300", "doc2006574", "doc903864", "doc106207", "doc2554528", "doc106196", "doc106183", "doc106178", "doc2116291", "doc106181", "doc653126", "doc2116295", "doc2116308", "doc1620338", "doc106188", "doc106184", "doc1350146", "doc611970", "doc2403088", "doc1350158", "doc2130386", "doc106200", "doc1703780", "doc627648" ]	[ "Urinary bladder The human urinary bladder derives from the urogenital sinus, and it is initially continuous with the allantois. The upper and lower parts of the bladder develop separately and join together around the middle part of development.[5] At this time the ureters move from the mesonephric ducts to the trigone.[5] In males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the recto-vesical pouch. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina; thus its maximum capacity is lower than in males. It is separated from the uterus by the vesico-uterine pouch. In infants and young children the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.[16]", "Urinary bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in people and animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. In the human the bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, that sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra. The typical human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 mL (10.14 and 16.91 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.[1][2]", "Urinary bladder In humans the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. Urine collects in the bladder, fed from the two ureters that connect the bladder with the kidneys. Urine leaves the bladder via the urethra, a single muscular tube which ends in an opening â€“ the urinary meatus, where it exits the body.", "Urinary bladder The bladder is situated below the peritoneal cavity near the pelvic floor and behind the pubic symphysis. In men, it lies in front of the rectum, separated by the recto-vesical pouch, and is supported by fibres of the levator ani and of the prostate gland. In women, it lies in front of the uterus, separated by the vesico-uterine pouch, and is supported by the elevator ani and the upper part of the vagina. The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick.[6] When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.[6]", "Excretory system Embryologically, the bladder is derived from the urogenital sinus, and it is initially continuous with the allantois. In human males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the rectovesical excavation. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina. It is separated from the uterus by the vesicouterine excavation. In infants and young children, the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.", "Urinary bladder Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis, occupying a significant portion of their body cavity.[26] Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section. The right section is located under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have calculi.[27]", "Urinary bladder Urine, excreted by the kidneys, collects in the bladder before disposal by urination (micturition). The urinary bladder usually holds 300-350 ml of urine. As urine accumulates, the rugae flatten and the wall of the bladder thins as it stretches, allowing the bladder to store larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal pressure.[17] Urination is controlled by the pontine micturition center in the brainstem.[18]", "Uterus The uterus is located within the pelvic region immediately behind and almost overlying the bladder, and in front of the sigmoid colon. The human uterus is pear-shaped and about 7.6 cm (3 in.) long, 4.5 cm broad (side to side) and 3.0 cm thick.[1] A typical adult uterus weighs about 60 grams. The uterus can be divided anatomically into four regions: The fundus, corpus (body), cervix and the internal os. The cervix protrudes into the vagina. The uterus is held in position within the pelvis by condensations of endopelvic fascia, which are called ligaments. These ligaments include the pubocervical, transverse cervical ligaments or cardinal ligaments, and the uterosacral ligaments. It is covered by a sheet-like fold of peritoneum, the broad ligament.[2]", "Abdominopelvic cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is a body cavity that consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.[1] It contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines. It also contains the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs.[2][3]", "Reptile Turtles have two or more accessory urinary bladders, located lateral to the neck of the urinary bladder and dorsal to the pubis, occupying a significant portion of their body cavity.[99] Their bladder is also usually bilobed with a left and right section. The right section is located under the liver, which prevents large stones from remaining in that side while the left section is more likely to have calculi.[100]", "Ventral body cavity The ventral body cavity is a human body cavity that is in the anterior (front) aspect of the human body.[1] It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, but there is no physical barrier between the two. The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum.", "Abdominal cavity The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans[1] and many other animals that contains many organs. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity.[2] It is located below the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. Its dome-shaped roof is the thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle under the lungs, and its floor is the pelvic inlet, opening into the pelvis. The abdominal cavity of humans is divided into 4 quadrants: the right upper quadrant (RUQ), the left upper quadrant (LUQ), the right lower quadrant (RLQ) and the left lower quadrant (LLQ). [3]", "Abdomen The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax.[1][2] The abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear.", "Urinary system The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine.[1] The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein. Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons. Following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination (voiding). The female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.[2]", "Excretory system The urinary bladder is the organ that collects waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination. It is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra.", "Urinary bladder The three openings, two ureteric orifices, and the internal urethral orifice mark the triangular area called the trigone of the bladder. These openings have mucosal flaps in front of them that act as valves in preventing the backflow of urine into the ureters,[4] known as vesicoureteral reflux. Between the two ureteric openings is a raised area of tissue called the interureteric crest.[3] This makes the upper boundary of the trigone. The trigone is a smooth-muscle area that forms the floor of the bladder above the urethra.[5] It is an area of smooth tissue for the easy flow of urine into and from this part of the bladder - in contrast to the irregular surface formed by the rugae.", "Urinary bladder Anatomy of the male bladder, showing transitional epithelium and part of the wall in a histological cut-out.", "Urinary bladder Although the gills of most teleost fish assist with the elimination of ammonia from the body and although fish virtually by definition live in an environment surrounded by water, most still have a distinct bladder for storing waste fluid. The urinary bladder of teleosts is permeable to water, though this is less true for freshwater dwelling species than saltwater ones.[23]:p. 219 Most fish also have an organ called a swim-bladder which is unrelated to the urinary bladder except in its membranous nature. The loaches, pilchards, and herrings are among the few types of fish in which a urinary bladder is poorly developed. It is largest in those fish which lack an air bladder, and is situated in front of the oviducts and behind the rectum.[31]", "Ureter In humans, the ureters arise from the pelvis of each kidney, and descend on top of the psoas major muscle to reach the brim of the pelvis. Here, they cross in front of the common iliac arteries. They then pass down along the sides of the pelvis, and finally curve forwards and enter the bladder from its left and right sides at the back of the bladder.[1]:324–326 This is classically depicted as running \"posteroinferiorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis and then curve anteromedially to enter the bladder\". The orifices of the ureters are placed at the postero-lateral angles of the trigone of the bladder, and are usually slit-like in form. In the contracted bladder they are about 25 mm (1 in) apart and about the same distance from the internal urethral orifice; in the distended bladder these measurements may be increased to about 50 mm (2 in).", "Urinary bladder The bladder is supplied by the vesical arteries and drained by the vesical veins.[13] The superior vesical artery supplies blood to the upper part of the bladder. The lower part of the bladder is supplied by the inferior vesical artery in males and by the vaginal artery in females, both of which are branches of the internal iliac arteries.[13] In females, the uterine arteries provides additional blood supply.[13] Venous drainage begins in a network of small vessels on the lateral and posterior surfaces of the bladder, which coalesce and pass backwards along the lateral ligaments of the bladder into the internal iliac veins.[13]", "Body cavity The diaphragm divides the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. The abdominal cavity occupies the entire lower half of the trunk, anterior to the spine. Just under the abdominal cavity, anterior to the buttocks, is the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is funnel shaped and is located inferior and anterior to the abdominal cavity. Together the abdominal and pelvic cavity can be referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity while the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities together can be referred to as the ventral body cavity.[2] Subdivisions of the Posterior (Dorsal) and Anterior (Ventral) Cavities The anterior (ventral) cavity has two main subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity is the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, and it is enclosed by the rib cage. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, the division that houses the digestive organs, and the pelvic cavity, the division that houses the organs of reproduction.[2]", "Kidney In humans, the kidneys are located high in the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spine, and lie in a retroperitoneal position at a slightly oblique angle.[2] The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the liver, typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney.[3][4][5] The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3,[6] and the right is slightly lower. The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver. The left sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen. On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs. Each kidney, with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat: the perirenal fat present between renal fascia and renal capsule and pararenal fat superior to the renal fascia.", "Urinary system Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. In healthy humans (and many other animals), the process of urination is under voluntary control. In infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury, urination may occur as an involuntary reflex. Physiologically, micturition involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. In placental mammals the male ejects urine through the penis, and the female through the vulva.", "Urinary incontinence Urination, or voiding, is a complex activity. The bladder is a balloonlike muscle that lies in the lowest part of the abdomen. The bladder stores urine, then releases it through the urethra, the canal that carries urine to the outside of the body. Controlling this activity involves nerves, muscles, the spinal cord and the brain.", "Urinary bladder The outside of the bladder is protected by a serous membrane.[7] The bladder wall itself is smooth muscle.[7] The inner side of the bladder is lined with a mucosal membrane consisting of a surface glycocalyx that protects the cells beneath it from urine, the urothelium (a form of transitional epithelium), a basement membrane, and the lamina propria.[7][8] The mucosal lining also offers a urothelial barrier against the passing of infections.[9]", "Urinary bladder The apex (prev.vertex) is directed forward toward the upper part of the pubic symphysis, and from there the median umbilical ligament continues upward on the back of the anterior abdominal wall to the umbilicus. The peritoneum is carried by it from the apex on to the abdominal wall to form the middle umbilical fold.", "Urinary bladder The neck of the bladder is the area at the base of the trigone that surrounds the internal urethral orifice that leads to the urethra.[3] In males the neck of the urinary bladder is adjacent to the prostate gland.", "Urinary bladder Anatomists divide the bladder into:.[3]", "Urinary bladder All mammals have a urinary bladder. This structure begins as an embryonic cloaca. In the vast majority, this eventually becomes differentiated into a dorsal part connected to the intestine and a ventral part which becomes associated with the urinogenital passage and urinary bladder. The only mammals in which this does not take place are the platypus and the spiny anteater both of which retain the cloaca into adulthood.[22]", "Urination The main organs involved in urination are the urinary bladder and the urethra. The smooth muscle of the bladder, known as the detrusor, is innervated by sympathetic nervous system fibers from the lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic fibers from the sacral spinal cord.[4] Fibers in the pelvic nerves constitute the main afferent limb of the voiding reflex; the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder that constitute the excitatory efferent limb also travel in these nerves. Part of the urethra is surrounded by the male or female external urethral sphincter, which is innervated by the somatic pudendal nerve originating in the cord, in an area termed Onuf's nucleus.[5]", "Abdomen The abdomen contains most of the tubelike organs of the digestive tract, as well as several solid organs. Hollow abdominal organs include the stomach, the small intestine, and the colon with its attached appendix. Organs such as the liver, its attached gallbladder, and the pancreas function in close association with the digestive tract and communicate with it via ducts. The spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands also lie within the abdomen, along with many blood vessels including the aorta and inferior vena cava. Anatomists may consider the urinary bladder, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries as either abdominal organs or as pelvic organs. Finally, the abdomen contains an extensive membrane called the peritoneum. A fold of peritoneum may completely cover certain organs, whereas it may cover only one side of organs that usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. Anatomists call the latter type of organs retroperitoneal.", "Human body The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes toxic materials from the blood to produce urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body.[26]", "Urination The need to urinate is experienced as an uncomfortable, full feeling. It is highly correlated with the fullness of the bladder.[15] In many males the feeling of the need to urinate can be sensed at the base of the penis as well as the bladder, even though the neural activity associated with a full bladder comes from the bladder itself, and can be felt there as well. In females the need to urinate is felt in the lower abdomen region when the bladder is full. When the bladder becomes too full, the sphincter muscles will involuntarily relax, allowing urine to pass from the bladder. Release of urine is experienced as a lessening of the discomfort.", "Torso Most critical organs are housed within the torso. In the upper chest, the heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage, and the abdomen contains most of the organs responsible for digestion: the stomach, which breaks down partially digested food via gastric acid; the liver, which respectively produces bile necessary for digestion; the large and small intestines, which extract nutrients from food; the anus, from which fecal wastes are egested; the rectum, which stores feces; the gallbladder, which stores and concentrates bile; the kidneys, which produce urine, the ureters, which pass it to the bladder for storage; and the urethra, which excretes urine and in a male passes sperm through the seminal vesicles. Finally, the pelvic region houses both the male and female reproductive organs.", "Bladder stone A bladder stone is a stone found in the urinary bladder.[1]", "Peritoneum The abdominal cavity (the space bounded by the vertebrae, abdominal muscles, diaphragm, and pelvic floor) should not be confused with the intraperitoneal space (located within the abdominal cavity, but wrapped in peritoneum). The structures within the intraperitoneal space are called \"intraperitoneal\" (e.g., the stomach and intestines), the structures in the abdominal cavity that are located behind the intraperitoneal space are called \"retroperitoneal\" (e.g., the kidneys), and those structures below the intraperitoneal space are called \"subperitoneal\" or \"infraperitoneal\" (e.g., the bladder).", "Urinary bladder In all reptiles the urinogenital ducts and the anus both empty into an organ called a cloaca. In some reptiles, a midventral wall in the cloaca may open into a urinary bladder, but not all. It is present in all turtles and tortoises as well as most lizards, but is lacking in the monitor lizard, the legless lizards. It is absent in the snakes, alligators, and crocodiles.[22]:p. 474", "Fetal pig The fetal pig's urogenital system is similar to the adult pig's system with the exception of the reproductive organs. The fetal pig urinary tract is relatively developed and easy to locate during dissection. The kidneys are located behind the abdominal organs and are partially embedded into the dorsal body wall by the spine. The ureters carry the urine to the urinary bladder, the large sack-like organ by the umbilical artery and vein, to the urethra. From there, the urine can be excreted.", "Urinary bladder Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate (BPH) visualized by medical ultrasound.", "Urinary bladder For the urine to exit the bladder, both the autonomically controlled internal sphincter (in the male) and the voluntarily controlled external sphincter must be opened. Problems with these muscles can lead to incontinence.[15]", "Urinary bladder The bladder receives motor innervation from both sympathetic fibers, most of which arise from the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses and nerves, and from parasympathetic fibers, which come from the pelvic splanchnic nerves.[14]", "Urinary bladder The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible and among some land-dwelling species of frogs and salamanders may account for between 20% and 50% of their total body weight.[30]:p. 184", "Urinary system Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.", "Urinary tract infection A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract.[1] When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as kidney infection (pyelonephritis).[9] Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include pain with urination, frequent urination, and feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder.[1] Symptoms of a kidney infection include fever and flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI.[9] Rarely the urine may appear bloody.[6] In the very old and the very young, symptoms may be vague or non-specific.[1][10]", "Abdomen Abdominal organs can be highly specialized in some animals. For example, the stomach of ruminants (a suborder of mammals) is divided into four chambers â€“ rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum.[3] In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large cavity enclosed by the abdominal muscles, ventrally and laterally, and by the vertebral column dorsally. Lower ribs can also enclose ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is upper part of the pelvic cavity. It is attached to the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus pass through the diaphragm. Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by a serous membrane known as the parietal peritoneum. This membrane is continuous with the visceral peritoneum lining the organs.[4] The abdomen in vertebrates contains a number of organs belonging, for instance, to the digestive tract and urinary system.", "Urinary system The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons. Urine then flows through the nephrons, through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts. These collecting ducts then join together to form the minor calyces, followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis. From here, urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter, transporting urine into the urinary bladder. The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder. In males, the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder, continues through the external urethral orifice, and then becomes the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethra. Urine exits through the external urethral meatus. The female urethra is much shorter, beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule.", "Urinary bladder The mammalian bladder is an organ that regularly stores a hyperosmotic concentration of urine. It therefore is relatively impermeable and has multiple epithelial layers. The urinary bladder of the cetaceans (whales and dolphins) is proportionally smaller than that of land-dwelling mammals.[32]", "Urinary incontinence The body stores urine — water and wastes removed by the kidneys — in the urinary bladder, a balloon-like organ. The bladder connects to the urethra, the tube through which urine leaves the body.", "Urination In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. In placental mammals, urine is drained through the urinary meatus, a urethral opening in the male penis or female vulval vestibule.[2][3]:38,364", "Uterus The uterus is in the middle of the pelvic cavity in frontal plane (due to ligamentum latum uteri). The fundus does not surpass the linea terminalis, while the vaginal part of the cervix does not extend below interspinal line. The uterus is mobile and moves posteriorly under the pressure of a full bladder, or anteriorly under the pressure of a full rectum. If both are full, it moves upwards. Increased intraabdominal pressure pushes it downwards. The mobility is conferred to it by musculo-fibrous apparatus that consists of suspensory and sustentacular part. Under normal circumstances the suspensory part keeps the uterus in anteflexion and anteversion (in 90% of women) and keeps it \"floating\" in the pelvis. The meaning of these terms are described below:", "Urethra In the human female, the urethra is about 1.9 inches (4.8 cm) to 2 inches (5.1 cm) long and exits the body between the clitoris and the vagina, extending from the internal to the external urethral orifice. The meatus is located below the clitoris. It is placed behind the symphysis pubis, embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina, and its direction is obliquely downward and forward; it is slightly curved with the concavity directed forward. The proximal 2/3rds is lined by transitional epithelium cells while distal 1/3rd is lined by stratified squamous epithelium cells.[4]", "Urinary bladder Sensation from the bladder is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) via general visceral afferent fibers (GVA). GVA fibers on the superior surface follow the course of the sympathetic efferent nerves back to the CNS, while GVA fibers on the inferior portion of the bladder follow the course of the parasympathetic efferents.[14]", "Spleen In humans the spleen is purple in color and is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.[3][8]", "Urination During storage, bladder pressure stays low, because of the bladder's highly compliant nature. A plot of bladder (intravesical) pressure against the depressant of fluid in the bladder (called a cystometrogram), will show a very slight rise as the bladder is filled. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the law of Laplace, which states that the pressure in a spherical viscus is equal to twice the wall tension divided by the radius. In the case of the bladder, the tension increases as the organ fills, but so does the radius. Therefore, the pressure increase is slight until the organ is relatively full. The bladder's smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle.", "Ureter In human anatomy, the ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and around 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter. Histologically, the ureter is lined by the urothelium, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in the more distal one-third to assist with peristalsis.", "Anatomical terminology The abdomen may be divided into four quadrants, more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patientâ€™s umbilicus (navel). The right upper quadrant (RUQ) includes the lower right ribs, right side of the liver, and right side of the transverse colon. The left upper quadrant (LUQ) includes the lower left ribs, stomach, spleen, and upper left area of the transverse colon. The right lower quadrant (RLQ) includes the right half of the small intestines, ascending colon, right pelvic bone and upper right area of the bladder. The left lower quadrant (LLQ) contains the left half of the small intestine and left pelvic bone.[1]", "Kidney The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates. They are located at the back of the abdominal cavity. In adults they are about 11 centimetres (4.3Â in) in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder.", "Anatomical terminology The epigastric region is the upper central square and contains the bottom edge of the liver as well as the upper areas of the stomach. The diaphragm curves like an upside down U over these three regions. The central right region is called the right lumbar region and contains the ascending colon and the right edge of the small intestines. The central square contains the transverse colon and the upper regions of the small intestines. The left lumbar region contains the left edge of the transverse colon and the left edge of the small intestine. The lower right square is the right iliac region and contains the right pelvic bones and the ascending colon. The lower left square is the left iliac region and contains the left pelvic bone and the lower left regions of the small intestine. The lower central square contains the bottom of the pubic bones, upper regions of the bladder and the lower region of the small intestine.[1]", "Urinary system The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion. In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides.", "Pelvis Its secondary functions are to contain and protect the pelvic and abdominopelvic viscera (inferior parts of the urinary tracts, internal reproductive organs), providing attachment for external reproductive organs and associated muscles and membranes.[1]", "Urination Bladder afferent signals ascend the spinal cord to the periaqueductal gray, where they project both to the pontine micturition center and to the cerebrum.[8] At a certain level of afferent activity, the conscious urge to void becomes difficult to ignore. Once the voluntary signal to begin voiding has been issued, neurons in pontine micturition center fire maximally, causing excitation of sacral preganglionic neurons. The firing of these neurons causes the wall of the bladder to contract; as a result, a sudden, sharp rise in intravesical pressure occurs. The pontine micturition center also causes inhibition of Onuf's nucleus, resulting in relaxation of the external urinary sphincter.[9] When the external urinary sphincter is relaxed urine is released from the urinary bladder when the pressure there is great enough to force urine to flow out of the urethra. The micturition reflex normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder.", "Excretory system The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they run over). This \"pelviureteric junction\" is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the other being the uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis. They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves. In the female, the ureters pass through the mesometrium on the way to the bladder.", "Uterus Normally the uterus lies in anteversion & anteflexion. In most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina, against the urinary bladder. This position is referred to as anteversion of the uterus. Furthermore, the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix. This position is termed anteflexion of the uterus.[12] Uterus assumes anteverted position in 50% women, retroverted position in 25% women and rest have midposed uterus.[1]", "Urinary incontinence The bladder is made of two types of muscles: the detrusor, a muscular sac that stores urine and squeezes to empty, and the sphincter, a circular group of muscles at the bottom or neck of the bladder that automatically stay contracted to hold the urine in and automatically relax when the detrusor contracts to let the urine into the urethra. A third group of muscles below the bladder (pelvic floor muscles) can contract to keep urine back.", "Bladder stone Bladder stones are small mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. In most cases bladder stones develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated. This allows for minerals, such as calcium or magnesium salts, to crystallize and form stones. Bladder stones vary in number, size and consistency. In some cases bladder stones do not cause any symptoms and are discovered as an incidental finding on a plain radiograph. However, when symptoms do occur, these may include severe lower abdominal and back pain, difficult urination, frequent urination at night, fever, painful urination and blood in the urine. The majority of individuals who are symptomatic will complain of pain which comes in waves. The pain may also be associated with nausea, vomiting and chills.[2]", "Trigone of urinary bladder The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill.", "Urethra In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα – ourḗthrā) is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body. In therian males, the urethra travels through the penis and also carries semen.[1] In human females (and in other primates), the urethra connects to the urinary meatus above the vagina, whereas in non-primates, the female's urethra empties into the urogenital sinus.", "Urine Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration.[1] The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body.", "Urinary bladder The inner walls have a series of ridges, thick mucosal folds known as rugae that allow for the expansion of the bladder.", "Urinary system Some cancers also target the urinary system, including bladder cancer, kidney cancer, ureteral cancer, and urethral cancer. Due to the role and location of these organs, treatment is often complicated.[citation needed]", "Gallbladder In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct, and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum, where the bile helps in the digestion of fats.", "Ventral body cavity The second method for dividing the abdominopelvic cavity is preferred by anatomists. This method divides the cavity into nine regions. The regions are the left and right hypochondriac regions, so named because they lie under the ribs; the epigastric region which is approximately where the stomach is located between the hypochondriac regions; the right and left lumbar regions which flank the umbilical region (which surrounds the umbilicus, or belly button), the right and left iliac and inguinal regions which are where the hips are, and the hypogastric/pubic region, which lies between the hips.", "Body cavity The lateral body wall folds, pulling the amnion in with it so that the amnion surrounds the embryo and extends over the connecting stalk, which becomes the umbilical cord, which connects the fetus with the placenta. If the ventral body wall fails to close, ventral body wall defects can resulst, such as ectopia cordis, a congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located outside the thorax. Another defect is gastroschisis, a congenital defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents freely protrude. Another possibility is bladder exstrophy, in which part of the urinary bladder is present outside the body. In normal circumstances, the parietal mesoderm will form the parietal layer of serous membranes lining the outside (walls) of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. The visceral layer will form the visceral layer of the serous membranes covering the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs. These layers are continuous at the root of each organ as the organs lie in their respective cavities. The peritoneum, a serum membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity, forms in the gut layers and in places mesenteries extend from the gut as double layers of peritoneum. Mesenteries provide a pathway for vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to the organs. Initially, the gut tube from the caudal end of the foregut to the end of the hindgut is suspended from the dorsal body wall by dorsal mesentery. Ventral mesentery, derived from the septum transversum, exists only in the region of the terminal part of the esophagus, the stomach, and the upper portion of the duodenum.[5]", "Cervix In front of the upper part of the cervix lies the bladder, separated from it by cellular connective tissue known as parametrium, which also extends over the sides of the cervix.[3] To the rear, the supravaginal cervix is covered by peritoneum, which runs onto the back of the vaginal wall and then turns upwards and onto the rectum, forming the recto-uterine pouch.[3] The cervix is more tightly connected to surrounding structures than the rest of the uterus.[6]", "Urination In healthy individuals, the lower urinary tract has two discrete phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is stored in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is released through the urethra. The state of the reflex system is dependent on both a conscious signal from the brain and the firing rate of sensory fibers from the bladder and urethra.[6] At low bladder volumes, afferent firing is low, resulting in excitation of the outlet (the sphincter and urethra), and relaxation of the bladder.[7] At high bladder volumes, afferent firing increases, causing a conscious sensation of urinary urge. When the individual is ready to urinate, he or she consciously initiates voiding, causing the bladder to contract and the outlet to relax. Voiding continues until the bladder empties completely, at which point the bladder relaxes and the outlet contracts to re-initiate storage.[6] The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. During the storage phase the internal urethral sphincter remains tense and the detrusor muscle relaxed by sympathetic stimulation. During micturition, parasympathetic stimulation causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. The external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrae) is under somatic control and is consciously relaxed during micturition.", "Urinary bladder Frequent urination can be due to excessive urine production, small bladder capacity, irritability or incomplete emptying. Males with an enlarged prostate urinate more frequently. One definition of an overactive bladder is when a person urinates more than eight times per day.[19] An overactive bladder can often cause urinary incontinence. Though both urinary frequency and volumes have been shown to have a circadian rhythm, meaning day and night cycles,[20] it is not entirely clear how these are disturbed in the overactive bladder. Urodynamic testing can help to explain the symptoms. An underactive bladder is the condition where there is a difficulty in passing urine and is the main symptom of a neurogenic bladder. Frequent urination at night may indicate the presence of bladder stones.", "Urination Action potentials carried by sensory neurons from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall travel to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves.[6] Since bladder wall stretch is low during the storage phase, these afferent neurons fire at low frequencies. Low-frequency afferent signals cause relaxation of the bladder by inhibiting sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and exciting lumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Conversely, afferent input causes contraction of the sphincter through excitation of Onuf's nucleus, and contraction of the bladder neck and urethra through excitation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.", "Ureter The junction between the pelvis of the kidney and the ureters is known as the ureteropelvic junction or ureteral pelvic junction, and the junction between the ureter and the bladder is known as the ureterovesical (ureter-bladder) junction. At the entrance to the bladder, the ureters are surrounded by valves known as ureterovesical valves, which prevent vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine).[citation needed]", "Liver The liver is a reddish-brown, wedge-shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs 1.44–1.66 kg (3.2–3.7 lb),[10] and has a width of about 15 cm.[11] It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body.\nLocated in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder.[5]", "Urinary bladder In the whole class of Aves there is no urinary bladder per se. Although all birds have kidneys, the ureters open directly into a cloaca which serves as a reservoir for urine, fecal matter, and eggs.[33]", "Bladder stone Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become inflamed, which may occur when the urine becomes too concentrated or when the body becomes dehydrated. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium crystallize into the stones, which then can cause such symptoms as lower back or abdominal pain or difficulty with urination. The use of urinary catheters may cause a bladder stone. Individuals who are paralyzed or are unable to adequately pass urine may require the use of small plastic tubes (catheters) placed into the bladder. The use of these tubes may lead to an infection, which irritates the bladder, resulting in stone formation. Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of bladder cancer. Urinary schistosomiasis, a disease caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma haematobium, has been implicated in the development of vesical calculi.[4][5] However, evidence accumulated thus far has not supported this hypothesis.[6][7]", "Urinary bladder Disorders of or related to the bladder include:", "Urinary bladder Vertical section of bladder wall.", "Urinary bladder In men, the prostate gland lies outside the opening for the urethra. The middle lobe of the prostate causes an elevation in the mucous membrane behind the internal urethral orifice called the uvula of urinary bladder. The uvula can enlarge when the prostate becomes enlarged.", "Urination Urination is the release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is the urinary system's form of excretion. It is also known medically as micturition, voiding, uresis, or, rarely, emiction, and known colloquially by various names including peeing, weeing, and pissing.", "Urinary bladder The Latin phrase for \"urinary bladder\" is vesica urinaria, and the term vesical or prefix vesico - appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for \"bladder\" - cystis - appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder).", "Abdomen Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of the alimentary tract is placed and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here. The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, ileum, the cecum and the appendix, the ascending, transverse and descending colons, the sigmoid colon and the rectum. Other vital organs inside the abdomen include the liver, the kidneys, the pancreas and the spleen.", "Urination Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of the urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the internal urethral sphincter, although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's epithelium is termed transitional epithelium which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When the bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous (flat) and the stratification of the cuboidal cells is reduced in order to provide lateral stretching.", "Urination There is an inhibitory area for micturition in the midbrain. After transection of the brain stem just above the pons, the threshold is lowered and less bladder filling is required to trigger it, whereas after transection at the top of the midbrain, the threshold for the reflex is essentially normal. There is another facilitatory area in the posterior hypothalamus. In humans with lesions in the superior frontal gyrus, the desire to urinate is reduced and there is also difficulty in stopping micturition once it has commenced. However, stimulation experiments in animals indicate that other cortical areas also affect the process.", "Ovary The ovaries are considered the female gonads.[2] Each ovary is whitish in color and located alongside the lateral wall of the uterus in a region called the ovarian fossa. The ovarian fossa is the region that is bounded by the external iliac artery and in front of the ureter and the internal iliac artery. This area is about 4 cm x 3 cm x 2 cm in size.[3][4] The ovaries are surrounded by a capsule, and have an outer cortex and an inner medulla.[4]", "Urinary bladder The lymph drained from the bladder begins in a series of networks throughout the mucosal, muscular and serosal layers. These then form three sets of vessels: one set near the trigone draining the bottom of the bladder; one set draining the top of the bladder; and another set draining the outer undersurface of the bladder. The majority of these vessels drain into the external iliac lymph nodes.[13]", "Urinary bladder Layers of the urinary bladder wall and cross section of the detrusor muscle.", "Urinary tract infection Lower urinary tract infection is also referred to as a bladder infection. The most common symptoms are burning with urination and having to urinate frequently (or an urge to urinate) in the absence of vaginal discharge and significant pain.[4] These symptoms may vary from mild to severe[9] and in healthy women last an average of sixÂ days.[17] Some pain above the pubic bone or in the lower back may be present. People experiencing an upper urinary tract infection, or pyelonephritis, may experience flank pain, fever, or nausea and vomiting in addition to the classic symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection.[9] Rarely, the urine may appear bloody[6] or contain visible pus in the urine.[19]", "Kidney stone disease Urolithiasis refers to stones originating anywhere in the urinary system, including the kidneys and bladder.[13] Nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of such stones in the kidneys. Calyceal calculi are aggregations in either the minor or major calyx, parts of the kidney that pass urine into the ureter (the tube connecting the kidneys to the urinary bladder). The condition is called ureterolithiasis when a calculus is located in the ureter. Stones may also form or pass into the bladder, a condition referred to as bladder stones.[70]", "Pubic symphysis Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra", "Urinary tract infection The bacteria that cause urinary tract infections typically enter the bladder via the urethra. However, infection may also occur via the blood or lymph. It is believed that the bacteria are usually transmitted to the urethra from the bowel, with females at greater risk due to their anatomy. After gaining entry to the bladder, E. Coli are able to attach to the bladder wall and form a biofilm that resists the body's immune response.[6]", "Urine Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excreted from the body through the urethra.", "Urinary bladder Many turtles, tortoises, and lizards have proportionally very large bladders. Charles Darwin noted that the Galapagos tortoise had a bladder which could store up to 20% of its body weight.[23] Such adaptations are the result of environments such as remote islands and deserts where water is very scarce.[24]:143 Other desert-dwelling reptiles have large bladders that can store a long-term reservoir of water for up to several months and aid in osmoregulation.[25]", "Pelvic floor It is important in providing support for pelvic viscera (organs), e.g. the bladder, intestines, the uterus (in females), and in maintenance of continence as part of the urinary and anal sphincters. It facilitates birth by resisting the descent of the presenting part, causing the fetus to rotate forwards to navigate through the pelvic girdle. It helps maintain optimal intra-abdominal pressure.[3]", "Pelvis The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body[1] between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region of the trunk) or the skeleton embedded in it[2] (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton)." ]	[ "Urinary bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in people and animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. In the human the bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, that sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra. The typical human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 mL (10.14 and 16.91 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.[1][2]", "Urinary bladder In humans the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. Urine collects in the bladder, fed from the two ureters that connect the bladder with the kidneys. Urine leaves the bladder via the urethra, a single muscular tube which ends in an opening â€“ the urinary meatus, where it exits the body.", "Urinary bladder The bladder is situated below the peritoneal cavity near the pelvic floor and behind the pubic symphysis. In men, it lies in front of the rectum, separated by the recto-vesical pouch, and is supported by fibres of the levator ani and of the prostate gland. In women, it lies in front of the uterus, separated by the vesico-uterine pouch, and is supported by the elevator ani and the upper part of the vagina. The wall of the urinary bladder is normally 3–5 mm thick.[6] When well distended, the wall is normally less than 3 mm.[6]" ]
test2962	the fertile crescent is located between what two bodies of water	[ "doc101286" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc101286", "doc101290", "doc101285", "doc101289", "doc101294", "doc101291", "doc1562758", "doc101296", "doc294636", "doc101298", "doc101288", "doc316182", "doc101295", "doc257479", "doc100583", "doc101293", "doc100593", "doc164387", "doc156367", "doc1562750", "doc101292", "doc316190", "doc101287", "doc1139950", "doc101299", "doc1861830", "doc257478", "doc101300", "doc735594", "doc192110", "doc156386", "doc559467", "doc181922", "doc1878700", "doc100587", "doc68981", "doc294637", "doc316730", "doc100584", "doc2455507", "doc316187", "doc2289660", "doc55411", "doc101297", "doc926137", "doc866550", "doc1382074", "doc156382", "doc207787", "doc316188", "doc903043", "doc100591", "doc316191", "doc1341115", "doc101302", "doc257476", "doc1878702", "doc224924", "doc1562765", "doc1075103", "doc316230", "doc1382096", "doc537938", "doc1812633", "doc181931", "doc1276694", "doc101301", "doc156385", "doc209300", "doc100596", "doc257482", "doc129119", "doc748736", "doc559411", "doc2073754", "doc1812639", "doc257477", "doc1718617", "doc550064", "doc137733", "doc129141", "doc2045805", "doc2045806", "doc387874", "doc58062", "doc443849", "doc491833", "doc129153", "doc181933", "doc55410", "doc181930", "doc143334", "doc926139", "doc129114", "doc2653345", "doc491841", "doc926140", "doc915249", "doc2160165", "doc207819" ]	[ "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent includes Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; and the Levant, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern-day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran.[1][2]", "Fertile Crescent In current usage, the Fertile Crescent includes Iraq, Kuwait, and surrounding portions of Iran and Turkey, as well as the rest of the Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon. Water sources include the Jordan River. The inner boundary is delimited by the dry climate of the Syrian Desert to the south. Around the outer boundary are the Anatolian highlands to the north and the Sahara Desert to the west.", "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent (also known as the cradle of civilization) is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile areas of what is an otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia, the Nile Valley and Nile Delta. It was created by the inundations of the surrounding Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris rivers. Having originated in the study of ancient history, the concept soon developed and today retains meanings in international geopolitics and diplomatic relations.", "Fertile Crescent The westernmost extension of Asia is an irregular region roughly included within the circuit of waters marked out by the Caspian and Black seas on the north, by the Mediterranean and Red seas on the west, and by the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf on the south and east. It is a region consisting chiefly of mountains in the north and desert in the south. The earliest home of men in this great arena of Western Asia is a borderland between the desert and the mountains, a kind of cultivable fringe of the desert, a fertile crescent having the mountains on one side and the desert on the other.\n\nThis fertile crescent is approximately a semicircle, with the open side toward the south, having the west end at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean, the center directly north of Arabia, and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf (see map, p. 100). It lies like an army facing south, with one wing stretching along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the other reaching out to the Persian Gulf, while the center has its back against the northern mountains. The end of the western wing is Palestine; Assyria makes up a large part of the center; while the end of the eastern wing is Babylonia.\n\nThis great semicircle, for lack of a name, may be called the Fertile Crescent.1 It may also be likened to the shores of a desert-bay, upon which the mountains behind look down—a bay not of water but of sandy waste, some eight hundred kilometres across, forming a northern extension of the Arabian desert and sweeping as far north as the latitude of the northeast corner of the Mediterranean. This desert-bay is a limestone plateau of some height—too high indeed to be watered by the Tigris and Euphrates, which have cut cañons obliquely across it. Nevertheless, after the meager winter rains, wide tracts of the northern desert-bay are clothed with scanty grass, and spring thus turns the region for a short time into grasslands. The history of Western Asia may be described as an age-long struggle between the mountain peoples of the north and the desert wanderers of these grasslands—a struggle which is still going on—for the possession of the Fertile Crescent, the shores of the desert-bay.\n\n1 There is no name, either geographical or political, which includes all of this great semicircle (see map, p. 100). Hence we are obliged to coin a term and call it the Fertile Crescent.", "Fertile Crescent Fertile Crescent\nMesopotamia", "Fertile Crescent As crucial as rivers and marshlands were to the rise of civilization in the Fertile Crescent, they were not the only factor in the area's precocity. The area is important as the \"bridge\" between Africa and Eurasia. This \"bridging role\" has allowed the Fertile Crescent to retain a greater amount of biodiversity than either Europe or North Africa, where climate changes during the Ice Age led to repeated extinction events when ecosystems became squeezed against the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Coupled with the Saharan pump theory, this Middle Eastern land-bridge is of extreme importance to the modern distribution of Old World flora and fauna, including the spread of humanity.", "History of the Middle East Fertile Crescent\nMesopotamia", "Fertile Crescent This region, alongside Mesopotamia (which lies to the east of the Fertile Crescent, between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates), also saw the emergence of early complex societies during the succeeding Bronze Age. There is also early evidence from the region for writing and the formation of hierarchical statelevel societies. This has earned the region the nickname \"The cradle of civilization.\"", "Ancient Near East Fertile Crescent\nMesopotamia", "Fertile Crescent Both the Tigris and Euphrates start in the Taurus Mountains of what is today Turkey. Farmers in southern Mesopotamia had to protect their fields from flooding each year, except northern Mesopotamia which had just enough rain to make some farming possible. To protect against flooding, they made levees.[8]", "Fertile Crescent The term \"Fertile Crescent\" was popularized by University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted, beginning with his high school textbooks Outlines of European History in 1914 and Ancient Times, A History of the Early World in 1916.[3] Breasted's 1916 textbook description of the Fertile Crescent:[3]", "Mesopotamia Mesopotamia (/ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiə/, Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία \"[land] between rivers\"; Arabic: بلاد الرافدين‎‎ bilād ar-rāfidayn; Kurdish: میزۆپۆتامیا‎; Persian: میان‌رودان‎‎ miyān rudān; Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ‎ Beth Nahrain \"land of rivers\") was a historical region situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.[1]", "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent has an impressive record of past human activity. As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early modern humans (e.g. at Tabun and Es Skhul caves in Israel), later Pleistocene hunter-gatherers and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers (the Natufians), this area is most famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture. The western zone around the Jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known Neolithic farming settlements (referred to as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)), which date to around 9,000 BCE (and includes sites such as Göbekli Tepe and Jericho).", "Tigris–Euphrates river system The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, and marshes, all surrounded by desert. The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf. Historically, the area is known as Mesopotamia. As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period, for which reason it is often described as a \"Cradle of Civilization\".", "Cradle of civilization The term \"cradle of civilization\" refers to locations where, according to current archeological data, civilization is understood to have emerged. Current thinking is that there was no single \"cradle\", but several civilizations that developed independently, with the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt) understood to be the earliest.[1] Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys, such as Indo-Gangetic Plain in the Indian subcontinent[2][3] and the Yellow River in China.[4] The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed. Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica, mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico in present-day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia.[5]", "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent had many diverse climates, and major climatic changes encouraged the evolution of many \"r\" type annual plants, which produce more edible seeds than \"K\" type perennial plants. The region's dramatic variety of elevation gave rise to many species of edible plants for early experiments in cultivation. Most importantly, the Fertile Crescent was home to the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture (i.e. wild progenitors to emmer wheat, einkorn, barley, flax, chick pea, pea, lentil, bitter vetch), and four of the five most important species of domesticated animals—cows, goats, sheep, and pigs—and the fifth species, the horse, lived nearby.[4] The Fertile Crescent flora comprises a high percentage of plants that can self-pollinate, but may also be cross-pollinated.[5] These plants, called \"selfers\", were one of the geographical advantages of the area because they did not need to be dependent on other plants for their own multiplication.[6]", "Cradle of civilization Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (7600 to 6000 BC) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards.[23] One of the most notable PPNA settlements is Jericho in the Levant region, thought to be the world's first town (settled around 8500 BC and fortified around 6800 BC).[24][25] In Mesopotamia, the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation. The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known non-nomadic agrarian societies. It is because of this that the fertile crescent region, and Mesopotamia in particular, are often referred to as the cradle of civilization.[26] The period known as the Ubaid period (c. 6500 to 3800 BC) is the earliest known period on the alluvial plain, although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the alluvium.[27][28] It was during the Ubaid period that the movement towards urbanization began. Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities, particularly in Northern Mesopotamia, and intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture began to be practiced in the south.[29] Eridu is the oldest Sumerian site settled during this period, around 5300 BC, and the city of Ur also first dates to the end of this period.[30] In the south, the Ubaid period had a very long duration from around 6500 to 3800 BC; when it is replaced by the Uruk period.[31]", "Israel Israel is located in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent region. The country is at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank to the east, and Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the southwest. It lies between latitudes 29째 and 34째 N, and longitudes 34째 and 36째 E.", "Middle East The Middle East generally has a hot, arid climate, with several major rivers providing irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia, and most of what is known as the Fertile Crescent.", "History of the Middle East Historically human populations have tended to settle around bodies of water, which is reflected in modern population density patterns. Irrigation systems were extremely important for the agricultural Middle East: for Egypt that of the lower Nile River, and for Mesopotamia that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Levantine agriculture depended on precipitation rather than on the river-based irrigation of Egypt and Mesopotamia, resulting in preference for different crops. Since travel was faster and easier by sea, civilizations along the Mediterranean, such as Phoenicia and later Greece, participated in intense trade. Similarly, Ancient Yemen, much more conducive to agriculture than the rest of the Arabian Peninsula, sea traded heavily with the Horn of Africa, some of which it lingually Semitized. The Adnanite Arabs, inhabiting the drier desert areas of the Middle East, were all nomadic pastoralists before some began settling in city states, with the geo-linguistic distribution today being divided between Persian Gulf, the Najd and the Hejaz in the Peninsula, as well as the Bedouin areas beyond the Peninsula.", "Fertile Crescent The area has borne the brunt of the tectonic divergence between the African and Arabian plates and the converging Arabian and Eurasian plates, which has made the region a very diverse zone of high snow-covered mountains.", "Mesopotamia Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf.", "Fertile Crescent The region saw the development of some of the earliest human civilizations, which flourished thanks to the water supplies and agricultural resources available in the Fertile Crescent. Technological advances made in the region include the development of writing, glass, the wheel, agriculture, and the use of irrigation.", "North Africa Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile Valley and Delta, and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land. A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as cedar and cork, are grown. Typical Mediterranean crops, such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits, also thrive in these areas. The Nile Valley is particularly fertile, and most of the population in Egypt live close to the river. Elsewhere, irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins.", "Fertile Crescent Since the Bronze Age, the region's natural fertility has been greatly extended by irrigation works, upon which much of its agricultural production continues to depend. The last two millennia have seen repeated cycles of decline and recovery as past works have fallen into disrepair through the replacement of states, to be replaced under their successors. Another ongoing problem has been salination â€” gradual concentration of salt and other minerals in soils with a long history of irrigation.", "Damascus Damascus was built in a strategic site on a plateau 680 m (2,230 ft) above sea level and about 80 km (50 mi) inland from the Mediterranean, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon mountains, supplied with water by the Barada River, and at a crossroads between trade routes: the north-south route connecting Egypt with Asia Minor, and the east-west cross-desert route connecting Lebanon with the Euphrates river valley. The Anti-Lebanon mountains mark the border between Syria and Lebanon. The range has peaks of over 10,000 ft. and blocks precipitation from the Mediterranean sea, so that the region of Damascus is sometimes subject to droughts. However, in ancient times this was mitigated by the Barada River, which originates from mountain streams fed by melting snow. Damascus is surrounded by the Ghouta, irrigated farmland where many vegetables, cereals and fruits have been farmed since ancient times. Maps of Roman Syria indicate that the Barada river emptied into a lake of some size east of Damascus. Today it is called Bahira Atayba, the hesitant lake, because in years of severe drought it does not even exist.[15]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region, in which civilization is believed to have first emerged.", "Fertile Crescent Prehistoric seedless figs were discovered at Gilgal I in the Jordan Valley, suggesting that fig trees were being planted some 11,400 years ago.[9] Cereals were already grown in Syria as long as 9,000 years ago.[10] Small cats (Felis silvestris) also were domesticated in this region.[11]", "Jewish history The history of the early Jews, and their neighbors, centers on the Fertile Crescent and east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It begins among those people who occupied the area lying between the river Nile and Mesopotamia. Surrounded by ancient seats of culture in Egypt and Babylonia, by the deserts of Arabia, and by the highlands of Asia Minor, the land of Canaan (roughly corresponding to modern Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Jordan and Lebanon) was a meeting place of civilizations.", "Continent Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC, noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them \"islands\". Others divided the continents by isthmuses, calling the continents \"peninsulas\". These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the Red Sea and the mouth of Lake Bardawil on the Mediterranean Sea.[46]", "Middle East The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia) and ancient Egypt, originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. These were followed by the Hittite, Greek and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor, Elam in pre-Iranian Persia, as well as the civilizations of the Levant (such as Ebla, Ugarit, Canaan, Aramea, Phoenicia and Israel), Persian and Median civilizations in Iran, North Africa (Carthage/Phoenicia) and the Arabian Peninsula (Magan, Sheba, Ubar). The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire, then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires (namely the Parthian and Sassanid Empires), the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire. However, it would be the later Arab Caliphates of the Middle Ages, or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Arab conquest of the region in the 7th century AD, that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic ethnic identity that largely (but not exclusively) persists today. The Mongols, the Kingdom of Armenia, the Seljuks, the Safavids, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire also dominated the region.", "Syria Syria lies between latitudes 32째 and 38째 N, and longitudes 35째 and 43째 E. It consists mostly of arid plateau, although the northwest part of the country bordering the Mediterranean is fairly green. The Northeast of the country \"al-Jazira\" and the South \"Hawran\" are important agricultural areas.[103] The Euphrates, Syria's most important river, crosses the country in the east. It is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called \"Cradle of civilization\".[104] Its land straddles the \"northwest of the Arabian plate\".[105]", "Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.[3][4] It is an endorheic basin (a basin without outflows) located between Europe and Asia.[5] It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast.", "Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means \"(Land) between two rivers\" in ancient Greek. The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BCE, when it was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria.[1] In modern times it has been more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris,[citation needed] thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey.[2] The neighboring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia.[3][4][5] A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia.[6] Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jazirah, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad.[3] Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf.[6] In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also has a chronological connotation. In modern Western historiography of the region, the term \"Mesopotamia\" is usually used to designate the area from the beginning of time, until the Muslim conquest in the 630s, with the Arabic names Iraq and Jazirah being used to describe the region after that event. [2][7]", "Cradle of civilization The earliest signs of a process leading to sedentary culture can be seen in the Levant to as early as 12,000 BC, when the Natufian culture became sedentary; it evolved into an agricultural society by 10,000 BC.[10] The importance of water to safeguard an abundant and stable food supply, due to favourable conditions for hunting, fishing and gathering resources including cereals, provided an initial wide spectrum economy that triggered the creation of permanent villages.[11]", "Middle-Eastern cuisine The Middle East includes the region formerly known as the Fertile Crescent (the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers - Sumeria, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia), where wheat was first cultivated, followed by barley, pistachios, figs, pomegranates, dates and other regional staples. Fermentation was also discovered here to leaven bread and make beer in Mesopotamia, and the earliest written recipes come from that region also.", "Ancient Near East The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, northeastern Syria and Kuwait),[1] ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor and Armenian Highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan),[2] the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan), Cyprus and the Arabian Peninsula. The ancient Near East is studied in the fields of Near Eastern archaeology and ancient history.", "Water Civilization has historically flourished around rivers and major waterways; Mesopotamia, the so-called cradle of civilization, was situated between the major rivers Tigris and Euphrates; the ancient society of the Egyptians depended entirely upon the Nile. Rome was also founded on the banks of the Italian river Tiber. Large metropolises like Rotterdam, London, Montreal, Paris, New York City, Buenos Aires, Shanghai, Tokyo, Chicago, and Hong Kong owe their success in part to their easy accessibility via water and the resultant expansion of trade. Islands with safe water ports, like Singapore, have flourished for the same reason. In places such as North Africa and the Middle East, where water is more scarce, access to clean drinking water was and is a major factor in human development.", "Cradle of civilization Scholars have defined civilization using various criteria such as the use of writing, cities, a class-based society, agriculture, animal husbandry, public buildings, metallurgy, and monumental architecture.[6][7] The term cradle of civilization has frequently been applied to a variety of cultures and areas, in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic (Ubaid period) and Fertile Crescent, Ancient India and Ancient China. It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia, the Levant and Iran, and used to refer to culture predecessors—such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western Civilization[8]—even when such sites are not understood as an independent development of civilization, as well as within national rhetoric.[9]", "Jerome You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers (ch. 34): as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina, between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh-barnea, [which is located with the Arabah to the east] and continues to the west, as far as the river of Egypt, that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine, Phoenicia, Coele‑Syria, and Cilicia; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains[37] and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath, called Epiphany‑Syria; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret, now called Tiberias, and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea, now called the Dead Sea.[38][39]", "Mesopotamia The Aramaic term biritum/birit narim corresponded to a similar geographical concept.[3] Later, the term Mesopotamia was more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey.[4] The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia.[5][6][7]", "History of ancient Israel and Judah The eastern Mediterranean seaboard – the Levant – stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai Peninsula, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian Desert.[2] The coastal plain of the southern Levant, broad in the south and narrowing to the north, is backed in its southernmost portion by a zone of foothills, the Shfela; like the plain this narrows as it goes northwards, ending in the promontory of Mount Carmel. East of the plain and the Shfela is a mountainous ridge, the \"hill country of Judah\" in the south, the \"hill country of Ephraim\" north of that, then Galilee and Mount Lebanon. To the east again lie the steep-sided valley occupied by the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, and the wadi of the Arabah, which continues down to the eastern arm of the Red Sea. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian desert, separating the Levant from Mesopotamia. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeast Mesopotamia. The location and geographical characteristics of the narrow Levant made the area a battleground among the powerful entities that surrounded it.[3]", "Dead Sea Approximately two million years ago,[citation needed] the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake. The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km (30 mi) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea, and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin.[18]", "Fertile Crescent It is in this region where the first libraries appeared, some 5,000 years ago. The oldest known library was found in northern Syria, in the ruins of Eblaâ€” a major commercial center that was destroyed around 1650 BCE.[7]", "River valley civilization Civilization first began in 3500 BC, which along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means \"land between the rivers\". The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BC, but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BC. A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BC, in parts of what are now India and Pakistan. The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BC along the Yellow River in China, also known as the Huang-He River Civilization.[1][2]", "Jordan Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads of the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe,[7] in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent, a cradle of civilization.[85] It is 89,341 square kilometres (34,495 sq mi) large, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) long between its northernmost and southernmost points; Umm Qais and Aqaba respectively.[86] The kingdom lies between 29° and 34° N, and 34° and 40° E. The east is an arid plateau irrigated by oases and seasonal water streams.[86] Major cities are overwhelmingly located on the north-western part of the kingdom due to its fertile soils and relatively abundant rainfall.[87] These include Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa in the northwest, the capital Amman and Al-Salt in the central west, and Madaba, Al-Karak and Aqaba in the southwest.[87] Major towns in the eastern part of the country are the oasis towns of Azraq and Ruwaished.[85]", "Assyria Centered on the Tigris in Upper Mesopotamia (modern northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey and the northwestern fringes of Iran), the Assyrians came to rule powerful empires at several times. Making up a substantial part of the greater Mesopotamian \"cradle of civilization\", which included Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, and Babylonia, Assyria was at the height of technological, scientific and cultural achievements for its time. At its peak, the Assyrian empire stretched from Cyprus and the East Mediterranean to Iran, and from what is now Armenia and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus, to the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt and eastern Libya.[5]", "Middle East Various concepts are often being paralleled to Middle East, most notably Near East, Fertile Crescent and the Levant. Near East, Levant and Fertile Crescent are geographic concepts, which refer to large sections of the modern defined Middle East, with Near East being the closest to Middle East in its geographic meaning.", "Nile The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt, then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks.", "Mesopotamia A further distinction is usually made between Northern or Upper Mesopotamia and Southern or Lower Mesopotamia.[8] Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jazira, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad.[5] Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf and includes Kuwait and parts of western Iran.[8]", "Euphrates The early occupation of the Euphrates basin was limited to its upper reaches; that is, the area that is popularly known as the Fertile Crescent. Acheulean stone artifacts have been found in the Sajur basin and in the El Kowm oasis in the central Syrian steppe; the latter together with remains of Homo erectus that were dated to 450,000 years old.[63][64] In the Taurus Mountains and the upper part of the Syrian Euphrates valley, early permanent villages such as Abu Hureyra – at first occupied by hunter-gatherers but later by some of the earliest farmers, Jerf el-Ahmar, Mureybet and Nevalı Çori became established from the eleventh millennium BCE onward.[65] In the absence of irrigation, these early farming communities were limited to areas where rainfed agriculture was possible, that is, the upper parts of the Syrian Euphrates as well as Turkey.[66] Late Neolithic villages, characterized by the introduction of pottery in the early 7th millennium BCE, are known throughout this area.[67] Occupation of lower Mesopotamia started in the 6th millennium and is generally associated with the introduction of irrigation, as rainfall in this area is insufficient for dry agriculture. Evidence for irrigation has been found at several sites dating to this period, including Tell es-Sawwan.[68] During the 5th millennium BCE, or late Ubaid period, northeastern Syria was dotted by small villages, although some of them grew to a size of over 10 hectares (25 acres).[69] In Iraq, sites like Eridu and Ur were already occupied during the Ubaid period.[70] Clay boat models found at Tell Mashnaqa along the Khabur indicate that riverine transport was already practiced during this period.[71] The Uruk period, roughly coinciding with the 4th millennium BCE, saw the emergence of truly urban settlements across Mesopotamia. Cities like Tell Brak and Uruk grew to over 100 hectares (250 acres) in size and displayed monumental architecture.[72] The spread of southern Mesopotamian pottery, architecture and sealings far into Turkey and Iran has generally been interpreted as the material reflection of a widespread trade system aimed at providing the Mesopotamian cities with raw materials. Habuba Kabira on the Syrian Euphrates is a prominent example of a settlement that is interpreted as an Uruk colony.[73][74]", "Cradle of civilization A traditional theory of the spread of civilization is that it began in the Fertile Crescent and spread out from there by influence.[14] Scholars more generally now believe that civilizations arose independently at several locations in both hemispheres. They have observed that sociocultural developments occurred along different timeframes. \"Sedentary\" and \"nomadic\" communities continued to interact considerably; they were not strictly divided among widely different cultural groups. The concept of a cradle of civilization has a focus where the inhabitants came to build cities, to create writing systems, to experiment in techniques for making pottery and using metals, to domesticate animals, and to develop complex social structures involving class systems.[5]", "Mesopotamia The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained. This irrigation is aided by a high water table and by melting snows from the high peaks of the northern Zagros Mountains and from the Armenian Highlands, the source of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that give the region its name. The usefulness of irrigation depends upon the ability to mobilize sufficient labor for the construction and maintenance of canals, and this, from the earliest period, has assisted the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political authority.", "Canaan During the 2nd millennium BC, Ancient Egyptian texts use the term Canaan to refer to an Egyptian-ruled colony, whose boundaries generally corroborate the definition of Canaan found in the Hebrew Bible, bounded to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the north in the vicinity of Hamath in Syria, to the east by the Jordan Valley, and to the south by a line extended from the Dead Sea to around Gaza. Nevertheless, the Egyptian and Hebrew uses of the term are not identical: the Egyptian texts also identify the coastal city of Qadesh in north west Syria near Turkey as part of the \"Land of Canaan\", so that the Egyptian usage seems to refer to the entire Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea, making it a synonym of another Egyptian term for this coastland, Retjenu.", "Fertile Crescent The evidence which does exist suggests that by the third millennium BCE and into the second, several language groups already existed in the region. These included:[12][13]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands[5] of eastern Turkey they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf.[6] The system is part of the Palearctic Tigrisâ€“Euphrates ecoregion, which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan.", "Geography of Mesopotamia In contrast with the arid plateau of Mesopotamia stretched the rich alluvial plain of Chaldea, formed by the deposits of the two great rivers that encircled it. The soil was extremely fertile, and teemed with an industrious population. Eastward rose the mountains of Elam, southward were the sea-marshes and the Kaldy or Chaldeans and other Arameans, while on the west the civilization of Babylonia encroached beyond the banks of the Euphrates, upon the territory of the nomadic ancient Semitic-speaking peoples (or Suti). Here stood Ur (Mugheir, more correctly Muqayyar) the earliest capital of the country; and Babylon, with its suburb, Borsippa (Birs Nimrud), as well as the two Sippars (the Sepharvaim of Scripture, now Abu Habba), occupied both the Arabian and Chaldaean sides of the river. The Arakhtu, or \"river of Babylon,\" flowed past the southern side of the city, and to the southwest of it on the Arabian bank lay the great inland freshwater sea of Najaf, surrounded by red sandstone cliffs of considerable height, 40 miles (64 km) in length and 35 in breadth in the widest part. Above and below this sea, from Borsippa to Kufa, extend the famous Chaldaean marshes, where Alexander the Great was nearly lost (Arrian, Eup. Al. vii. 22; Strabo xvi. I, § 12); but these depend upon the state of the Hindiya canal, disappearing altogether when it is closed.", "List of modern conflicts in the Middle East This is a list of modern conflicts in the Middle East ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the Middle East. The \"Middle East\" is traditionally defined as the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia), Levant, and the Delta of the Nile and neighboring areas of Arabia, Anatolia and Iran. It currently encompasses the area from Egypt, Turkey and Cyprus in the west to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the east,[1] and from Turkey and Iran in the north, to Yemen and Oman in the south.", "History of the Middle East Thereafter, civilization quickly spread through the Fertile Crescent to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea and throughout the Levant, as well as to ancient Anatolia. Ancient Levantine kingdoms and city states included Ebla City, Ugarit City, Kingdom of Aram-Damascus, Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Judah, Kingdom of Ammon, Kingdom of Moab, Kingdom of Edom, and the Nabatean kingdom. The Phoenician civilization, encompassing several city states, was a maritime trading culture that established colonial cities in the Mediterranean Basin, most notably Carthage, in 814 BC.", "Iranian Plateau The headwaters of major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras River, which empties into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates and Tigris join in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains. The Indus River begins in the highlands of Tibet and flows the length of Pakistan almost tracing the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau. The Indus River forms the Iranian plateau's eastern boundary.[citation needed]", "Mesopotamia The geography of southern Mesopotamia is such that agriculture is possible only with irrigation and good drainage, a fact which has had a profound effect on the evolution of early Mesopotamian civilization. The need for irrigation led the Sumerians, and later the Akkadians, to build their cities along the Tigris and Euphrates and the branches of these rivers. Major cities, such as Ur and Uruk, took root on tributaries of the Euphrates, while others, notably Lagash, were built on branches of the Tigris. The rivers provided the further benefits of fish (used both for food and fertilizer), reeds, and clay (for building materials). With irrigation, the food supply in Mesopotamia was compabale to the Canadian prairies.[42] The Tigris and Euphrates River valleys form the northeastern portion of the Fertile Crescent, which also included the Jordan River valley and that of the Nile. Although land nearer to the rivers was fertile and good for crops, portions of land farther from the water were dry and largely uninhabitable. This is why the development of irrigation was very important for settlers of Mesopotamia. Other Mesopotamian innovations include the control of water by dams and the use of aqueducts. Early settlers of fertile land in Mesopotamia used wooden plows to soften the soil before planting crops such as barley, onions, grapes, turnips, and apples. Mesopotamian settlers were some of the first people to make beer and wine. As a result of the skill involved in farming in the Mesopotamian, farmers did not depend on slaves to complete farm work for them, but there were some exceptions. There were too many risks involved to make slavery practical (i.e. the escape/mutiny of the slave). Although the rivers sustained life, they also destroyed it by frequent floods that ravaged entire cities. The unpredictable Mesopotamian weather was often hard on farmers; crops were often ruined so backup sources of food such as cows and lambs were also kept. Over time the southernmost parts of Sumerian Mesopotamia suffered from increased salinity of the soils, leading to a slow urban decline and a centring of power in Akkad, further north.", "Assyria At its peak, the Assyrian empire ruled over the what the ancient Mesopotamian religion referred to as the \"Four Corners of the World\": as far north as the Caucasus Mountains within the lands of what is today called the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, as far east as the Zagros Mountains within the territory of present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as far south as the Arabian Desert of today's Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as far west as the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea, and even further to the west in Egypt and eastern Libya.[5]", "Ancient Egyptian agriculture The civilization of ancient Egypt developed in the arid climate of northern Africa. This region is distinguished by the Arabian and Libyan deserts,[3] and the River Nile. The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world, flowing northward from Lake Victoria and eventually emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile has two main tributaries: the Blue Nile which originates in Ethiopia, and the White Nile that flows from Rwanda. While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse, the Blue Nile actually carries about two thirds of the water volume of the river. The names of the tributaries derive from the color of the water that they carry. The tributaries come together in Khartoum and branches again when it reaches Egypt, forming the Nile delta.[4]", "History of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia literally means \"(Land) between rivers\" in ancient Greek. The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BC, when it was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria.[1] Later it was more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey.[2] The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia.[3][4][5] A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia.[6]", "Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world and accounts for 40 to 44% of the total lacustrine waters of the world.[15] The coastlines of the Caspian are shared by Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. The Caspian is divided into three distinct physical regions: the Northern, Middle, and Southern Caspian.[16] The Northern–Middle boundary is the Mangyshlak Threshold, which runs through Chechen Island and Cape Tiub-Karagan. The Middle–Southern boundary is the Apsheron Threshold, a sill of tectonic origin between the Eurasian continent and an oceanic remnant,[17] that runs through Zhiloi Island and Cape Kuuli.[18] The Garabogazköl Bay is the saline eastern inlet of the Caspian, which is part of Turkmenistan and at times has been a lake in its own right due to the isthmus that cuts it off from the Caspian.", "Caucasus The Caucasus /ˈkɔːkəsəs/ or Caucasia /kɔːˈkeɪʒə/ is a region located at the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.[1] A less common definition includes also portions of northwestern Iran and northeastern Turkey.[1][2][3]", "Fertile Crescent Linguistically, the Fertile Crescent was a region of great diversity. Historically, Semitic languages generally prevailed in the lowlands, whilst in the mountainous areas to the east and north a number of generally unrelated languages were found including Elamite, Kassite, and Hurro-Urartian. The precise affiliation of these, and their date of arrival, remain topics of scholarly discussion. However, given lack of textual evidence for the earliest era of prehistory, this debate is unlikely to be resolved in the near future.", "Middle East The Middle East lies at the juncture of Eurasia and Africa and of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Bahá'í Faith. Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive area.", "Neolithic Revolution Early agriculture is believed to have originated and become widespread in Southwest Asia around 10,000â€“9,000 BP, though earlier individual sites have been identified. The Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia is the centre of domestication for three cereals (einkorn wheat, emmer wheat and barley), four legumes (lentil, pea, bitter vetch and chickpea) and flax.[34] The Mediterranean climate consists of a long dry season with a short period of rain, which may have favored small plants with large seeds, like wheat and barley.[citation needed] The Fertile Crescent also had a large area of varied geographical settings and altitudes and this variety may have made agriculture more profitable for former hunter-gatherers in this region in comparison with other areas with a similar climate .[citation needed]", "Cradle of civilization The developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (10,200 BC) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (7600 to 6000 BC) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards.[23] Contemporaneously, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering people using stone tools along the Nile. Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies also suggest that natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of northern Africa, eventually forming the Sahara. Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle.[49] By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of inter-related cultures as far south as Sudan, demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badari, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and use of copper.[50] The oldest known domesticated bovine in Africa are from Fayum dating to around 4400 BC.[51] The Badari cultures was followed by the Naqada culture, which brought a number of technological improvements.[52] As early as the first Naqada Period, Amratia, Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes.[53] By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper Egypt to the south, and Lower Egypt to the north.[54]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system The general climate of the region is subtropical, hot and arid. At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, featuring huge permanent lakes, marshes, and forest. The aquatic vegetation includes reeds, rushes, and papyrus, which support numerous species. Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile. Marshy land is home to water birds, some stopping here while migrating, and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo, two endemic rodent species, antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals.", "Mediterranean Sea The term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning \"amid the earth (note: earth in the sense \"soil\", not Planet Earth)\" or \"between land\" (medi-; adj. medius, -um -a \"middle, between\" + terra f., \"land, earth\"): as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios (Μεσόγειος), is similarly from μέσο, \"between\" + γη, \"land, earth\").[6] It can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia (Μεσοποταμία), meaning \"between rivers\".", "Black Sea The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.[1] It is supplied by a number of major rivers, such as the Danube, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester, Don, and the Rioni. About a third of Europe drains into the Black Sea,[2] including the countries of Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey and Ukraine.", "Syria The area designated by the word has changed over time. Classically, Syria lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, between Arabia to the south and Asia Minor to the north, stretching inland to include parts of Iraq, and having an uncertain border to the northeast that Pliny the Elder describes as including, from west to east, Commagene, Sophene, and Adiabene.[23]", "Crescent The term crescent may also refer to objects with a shape reminiscent of the crescent shape, such as houses forming an arc, a type of solitaire game, Crescent Nebula, glomerular crescent (crescent shaped scar of the glomeruli of the kidney).,[28][29] the Fertile Crescent (the fertile area of land between Mesopotamia and Egypt roughly forming a crescent shape), and the croissant (the French form of the word) for the crescent-shaped pastry.", "History of Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent was inhabited by several distinct, flourishing cultures between the end of the last ice age (c. 10,000 BC) and the beginning of history. One of the oldest known Neolithic sites in Mesopotamia is Jarmo, settled around 7000 BC and broadly contemporary with Jericho (in the Levant) and Çatal Hüyük (in Anatolia). It as well as other early Neolithic sites, such as Samarra and Tell Halaf were in northern Mesopotamia; later settlements in southern Mesopotamia required complicated irrigation methods. The first of these was Eridu, settled during the Ubaid period culture by farmers who brought with them the Samarran culture from the north. This was followed by Uruk period and the emergence of the Sumerians.", "Tigris–Euphrates river system From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia, the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq. The rivers flow in a south-easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al-Qurnah to form the Shatt al-Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf.[5]", "Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf (Persian: خلیج فارس‎, translit. Xalij-e Fârs, lit. 'Gulf of Fars'), is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest.[1] The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline.", "Egypt Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, the Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a transcontinental nation, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, traversed by a navigable waterway (the Suez Canal) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea.", "Red Sea The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.", "Mediterranean Sea Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the west to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins:", "Land of Israel A slightly more detailed definition is given in Exodus 23:31, which describes the borders as \"from the sea of reeds (Red Sea) to the Sea of the Philistines (Mediterranean sea) and from the desert to the Euphrates River\", though the Hebrew text of the Bible uses the name, \"the River\", to refer to the Euphrates.", "Land of Israel Only the \"Red Sea\" (Exodus 23:31) and the Euphrates are mentioned to define the southern and eastern borders of the full land promised to the Israelites. The \"Red Sea\" corresponding to Hebrew Yam Suf was understood in ancient times to be the Erythraean Sea, as reflected in the Septuagint translation. Although the English name \"Red Sea\" is derived from this name (\"Erythraean\" derives from the Greek for red), the term denoted all the waters surrounding Arabiaâ€”including the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf, not merely the sea lying to the west of Arabia bearing this name in modern English. Thus, the entire Arabian peninsula lies within the borders described. Modern maps depicting the region take a reticent view and often leave the southern and eastern borders vaguely defined. The borders of the land to be conquered given in Numbers have a precisely defined eastern border which included the Arabah and Jordan.", "Ancient Egypt The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history.[9] The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.[10] Nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region.", "Sahara The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions including: the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert.", "History of the Mediterranean region The cultural stage of civilization (organised society structured around urban centers) first arises in Southwest Asia, as an extension of the Neolithic trend, from as early as the 8th millennium BCE, of proto-urban centers such as Çatal Hüyük. Urban civilizations proper begin to emerge in the Chalcolithic, in 5th to 4th millennium Egypt and in Mesopotamia. The Bronze Age arises in this region during the final centuries of the 4th millennium. The urban civilizations of the Fertile Crescent now have writing systems and develop bureaucracy, by the mid-3rd millennium leading to the development of the earliest Empires. In the 2nd millennium, the eastern coastlines of the Mediterranean are dominated by the Hittite and Egyptian empires, competing for control over the city states in the Levant (Canaan).", "Geography of Syria Syria is located in Southwestern Asia, north of the Arabian Peninsula, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Lebanon and Israel to the west and southwest, Iraq to the east, and Jordan to the south. It consists of mountain ranges in the west and a steep area inland. In the east is the Syrian Desert and in the south is the Jabal al-Druze Range. The former is bisected by the Euphrates valley. A dam built in 1973 on the Euphrates created a reservoir named Lake Assad, the largest lake in Syria. The highest point in Syria is Mount Hermon (2,814 m; 9,232Â ft) on the Lebanese border. Between the humid Mediterranean coast and the arid desert regions lies a semiarid steep zone extending across three-quarters of the country, which receives hot, dry winds blowing across the desert. Syria is extensively depleted,[clarification needed] with 28 percent of the land arable, 4 percent dedicated to permanent crops, 46 percent utilized as meadows and pastures, and only 3 percent forest and woodland.", "Mediterranean Sea The geologic history of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by oceanic crust, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the Neotethys, which was first formed by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of evaporites. The Messinian salinity crisis started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometresâ€”in some places more than three kilometres thick.[42][43]", "Caspian Sea Over 130 rivers provide inflow to the Caspian, with the Volga River being the largest. A second affluent, the Ural River, flows in from the north, and the Kura River flows into the sea from the west. In the past, the Amu Darya (Oxus) of Central Asia in the east often changed course to empty into the Caspian through a now-desiccated riverbed called the Uzboy River, as did the Syr Darya farther north. The Caspian also has several small islands; they are primarily located in the north and have a collective land area of roughly 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi). Adjacent to the North Caspian is the Caspian Depression, a low-lying region 27 metres (89 ft) below sea level. The Central Asian steppes stretch across the northeast coast, while the Caucasus mountains hug the western shore. The biomes to both the north and east are characterized by cold, continental deserts. Conversely, the climate to the southwest and south are generally warm with uneven elevation due to a mix of highlands and mountain ranges; the drastic changes in climate alongside the Caspian have led to a great deal of biodiversity in the region.[3]", "Dead Sea Around 3.7 million years ago,[citation needed] what is now the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea. The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long-scale climate change. The Sedom Lagoon[17] deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km (1.55 mi) thick.", "Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea, like the Black Sea, Namak Lake, and Lake Urmia, is a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to tectonic uplift and a fall in sea level. During warm and dry climatic periods, the landlocked sea almost dried up, depositing evaporitic sediments like halite that were covered by wind-blown deposits and were sealed off as an evaporite sink when cool, wet climates refilled the basin. (Comparable evaporite beds underlie the Mediterranean.) Due to the current inflow of fresh water, the Caspian Sea is a freshwater lake in its northern portions, and is most saline on the Iranian shore, where the catchment basin contributes little flow.[14] Currently, the mean salinity of the Caspian is one third that of Earth's oceans. The Garabogazköl embayment, which dried up when water flow from the main body of the Caspian was blocked in the 1980s but has since been restored, routinely exceeds oceanic salinity by a factor of 10.[3]", "Garden of Eden Although the Garden of Eden is considered to be mythological by most scholars,[19][20][21][22][23][24] there have been other suggestions for its location:[25] for example, at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea;[26] and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau.[27][28][29][30] British archaeologist David Rohl claims it may have been located in Iran, and in the vicinity of Tabriz, but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources.[31]", "River valley civilization Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization, starting to form around 3500 BC. The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamian cities became self-run civil governments. One of the cities within this civilization, Uruk, was the first literate society in history. Eventually, they all joined together to irrigate the two rivers in order to make their dry land fertile for agricultural growth. The increase in successful farming in this civilization allowed population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia.[6]", "Mediterranean Sea TheÂ Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually identified as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.", "Zanclean flood The geologic history of the Mediterranean is governed by plate tectonics involving the African Plate, the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate which shrank the previously existing Tethys until its western part became the present-day Mediterranean.[5] For reasons not clearly established, during the latest Miocene the Mediterranean was severed from the Atlantic Ocean and partly dried up when the Guadalhorce and Rifian corridors that had previously connected the Mediterranean to the Atlantic closed,[6] triggering the Messinian Salinity Crisis with the formation of thick salt deposits on the former seafloor[7] and erosion of the continental slopes.[8] The Nile and Rhône carved deep canyons during this time.[9] Water levels in the Mediterranean during this time dropped by kilometres;[10] the exact magnitude of the drop and whether it was symmetric between the Western Mediterranean and the Eastern Mediterranean is unclear;[11] it is possible that interconnected seas remained on the floor of the Mediterranean.[12]", "Geography of Syria Northeast of the Euphrates, which originates in the mountains of Turkey and flows diagonally across Syria into Iraq, is the fertile Jazira region. This region is watered by two tributaries to the Euphrates, the Balikh and the Khabur. The area underwent irrigation improvements during the 1960s and 1970s, and it provides substantial cereal and cotton crops. Oil and natural gas discoveries in the extreme northeastern portion of the Jazira have significantly enhanced the region's economic potential.", "River valley civilization Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river, the Nile River, more intricate than previous systems. The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt buildup from the fresh water and enhance the fertility of their fields. The Nile River also allowed easier travel among the civilization, eventually resulting in the creation of two kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one society by 3000 BC.[7]", "Sumer Their known world extended from The Upper Sea or Mediterranean coastline, to The Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf and the land of Meluhha (probably the Indus Valley) and Magan (Oman), famed for its copper ores.", "History of geography The known world of Ancient Egypt saw the Nile as the centre, and the world as based upon \"the\" river. Various oases were known to the east and west, and were considered locations of various gods (e.g. Siwa, for Amon)12 . To the South lay the Kushitic region, known as far as the 4th cataract. Punt was a region south along the shores of the Red Sea. Various Asiatic peoples were known as Retenu, Kanaan, Que, Harranu, or Khatti (Hittites). At various times especially in the Late Bronze Age Egyptians had diplomatic and trade relationships with Babylonia and Elam. The Mediterranean was called \"the Great Green\" and was believed to be part of a world encircling ocean. Europe was unknown although may have become part of the Egyptian world view in Phoenician times. To the west of Asia lay the realms of Keftiu, possibly Crete, and Mycenae (thought to be part of a chain of islands, that joined Cyprus, Crete, Southern Italy, Sicily and later perhaps Sardinia, Corsica and the Balarics to Africa.[2]", "Nile The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that \"Egypt was the gift of the Nile\". An unending source of sustenance, it provided a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization. Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually. The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat, flax, papyrus and other crops around the Nile. Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine-plagued Middle East. This trading system secured Egypt's diplomatic relationships with other countries, and contributed to economic stability. Far-reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times." ]	[ "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent includes Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; and the Levant, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern-day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran.[1][2]" ]
test684	where is the movie only the brave filmed	[ "doc24405", "doc24409" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc24409", "doc24406", "doc24405", "doc24407", "doc24411", "doc1957927", "doc24412", "doc24408", "doc24410", "doc24415", "doc24416", "doc24413", "doc24414", "doc1907249", "doc110851", "doc1427145", "doc1789810", "doc482426", "doc866014", "doc1308586", "doc2208709", "doc367497", "doc1927264", "doc2291271", "doc165182", "doc1927261", "doc84125", "doc1597366", "doc1907243", "doc264100", "doc315887", "doc1734951", "doc681749", "doc713398", "doc1456858", "doc1762842", "doc1614106", "doc41808", "doc1435534", "doc1430649", "doc482425", "doc2389546", "doc1092391", "doc2291261", "doc254855", "doc459390", "doc2622940", "doc1348402", "doc2617580", "doc523066", "doc1927263", "doc488898", "doc1407155", "doc1346686", "doc2057920", "doc749844", "doc301352", "doc724076", "doc2241566", "doc2540212", "doc1029757", "doc2183843", "doc169105", "doc1851901", "doc1760329", "doc233800", "doc1161790", "doc2378343", "doc682518", "doc2561258", "doc1287614", "doc1488258", "doc8441", "doc1429124", "doc645367", "doc799369", "doc1015477", "doc2269475", "doc545285", "doc983755", "doc1637827", "doc20508", "doc2483434", "doc1239", "doc600798", "doc24541", "doc341181", "doc1231349", "doc2605292", "doc115702", "doc2023862", "doc193734", "doc1957917", "doc1460336", "doc19004", "doc520639", "doc1927268", "doc2163667", "doc367494", "doc241732" ]	[ "Only the Brave (2017 film) Principal photography on the film began on June 13, 2016, in New Mexico at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos.[9][10][11]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) Principal photography began in June 2016 in New Mexico. Only the Brave was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 20, 2017. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at the cast and the film's touching tribute to its subjects.[6]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) Only the Brave is a 2017 American biographical action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski and written by Ken Nolan and Eric Warren Singer, based on the GQ article \"No Exit\" by Sean Flynn. The film tells the true story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots,[1] an elite crew of firefighters who fought the Yarnell Hill Fire in June 2013, and is dedicated in their memory. It features an ensemble cast, including Josh Brolin, Miles Teller, Jeff Bridges, Taylor Kitsch, James Badge Dale, Jennifer Connelly, Alex Russell, and Ben Hardy.", "Only the Brave (2017 film) A drama based on the elite crew of firefighters battling the Yarnell Hill Fire, a wildfire in Yarnell, Arizona in June 2013.", "Only the Brave (2017 film) Only the Brave, originally titled Granite Mountain, was originally scheduled to be released on October 20, 2017, by Sony Pictures. Before that the film was set a release date for September 22, 2017, but a disagreement between Lionsgate and production company Black Label Media saw the distribution rights change to Sony.[13] Lionsgate will retain international rights in select countries for the film.[3] The trailer came out on July 19, and the film was retitled Only the Brave.[14]", "Yarnell Hill Fire Sony's Columbia Pictures released a film adaptation of the Yarnell Hill Fire, titled Only the Brave, in October 2017. Miles Teller portrays McDonough, the fire's lone survivor. Josh Brolin, Jeff Bridges, Jennifer Connelly, Taylor Kitsch, and James Badge Dale also feature in the film.", "Only the Brave (2017 film) As of December 17, 2017[update], Only the Brave has grossed $18 million in the United States and Canada, and $5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $23 million, against a production budget of $38 million.[5]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) On March 1, 2016, Josh Brolin and Miles Teller joined the cast of the film.[7] Jeff Bridges and Taylor Kitsch also joined the cast.[8]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) Joseph Trapanese composed the film's score. Dierks Bentley released a single called \"Hold The Light\", featuring S. Carey. The single and the music video was released on October 6, 2017.[12]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) Bilge Ebiri of Village Voice wrote, \"Only the Brave is a visually splendid, spellbinding, and surreal movie that also happens to be an emotionally shattering, over-the-top ugly-cry for the ages.\"[20] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film \"an engaging account of a tragic real-life story.\"[21]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying: \"The blending of practical effects and CGI is impressive, and we come to understand the risks these men are taking, but some of the techniques and approaches they take remain a mystery, up to and through the climactic fire. Not that we need a manual to understand these men were working-class, everyday heroes.\"[22] Scott Menzel of We Live Entertainment, also praised the film, saying, \"Only the Brave is without question the best firefighter film since Backdraft and one that pays tribute to the brave men that sacrificed their own lives to protect thousands of others.\"[23]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) In the United States and Canada, Only the Brave was released alongside Boo 2! A Madea Halloween, The Snowman and Geostorm, and was expected to gross around $7 million from 2,575 theaters in its opening weekend.[15] It made $305,000 from Thursday night previews and $2.1 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $6 million, finishing 5th at the box office.[16] In its second week the film dropped 42.5% to $3.4 million, finishing 7th.[17]", "Only the Brave (2017 film) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 131 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Only the Brave's impressive veteran cast and affecting fact-based story add up to a no-frills drama that's just as stolidly powerful as the real-life heroes it honors.\"[18] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.[16]", "12 Strong Principal photography began in early January 2017 in New Mexico.[12] Mines near Orogrande, New Mexico, were used. Later the shooting took place in Socorro, where it ended on January 26 after eight days of filming.[19][20] The film was also shot in Alamogordo, using the White Sands National Monument as shooting location.[21][22] The scenes involving military encampments were filmed using 20 structures leased from AKS Military, a private manufacturer of military shelters.[23]", "Prescott Fire Department The Granite Mountain Hotshots were a group within the department whose mission was to fight wildfires. Founded in 2002 as a fuels mitigation crew, it transitioned to a handcrew (Type 2 I/A) in 2004, and ultimately to a hotshot crew in 2008.[5] The crew had their own fire station, station 7, where equipment, including two 10-person crew carriers, was housed.[6] The 2017 film Only the Brave was based on the Granite Mountain Hotshots and the Yarnell Fire.", "The Car Parts of the film were shot in St. George, Hurricane-LaVerkin Bridge, Zion, Kanab, Crazy Horse Canyon and Glen Canyon in Utah.[2]", "Sully (film) Principal photography on the film began on September 28, 2015, in New York City.[21] On October 15, filming started in Atlanta, where a building in downtown Atlanta was transformed into a NYC hotel.[22] Most of the film's budget was spent in Los Angeles, where the crash sequence and water evacuation scenes were filmed at Warner Bros. Studios and Universal Studios.[23] Filming also took place in North Carolina, Holloman AFB, New Mexico and Kearny, New Jersey and concluded on April 29, 2016. The film was shot almost entirely with Arri Alexa IMAX cameras.[24]", "The Mountain Between Us (film) Most of the filming took place in Canada, on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. Abu-Assad has described the locations as having very cold temperatures, and tough and harsh filming conditions. Many scenes were shot on a mountaintop, and he and the crew had to drive 40 minutes before reaching the film's base camp. When the weather was okay, they could board the helicopter to reach their destination along with their supplies.[12]", "Hell or High Water (film) Although the film's plot takes place in West Texas, filming took place in Eastern New Mexico. Principal photography on the film began on May 26, 2015, in Clovis, New Mexico.[12][13] Filming also took place in other New Mexico communities such as Portales and Tucumcari.[14][15][16] Some rural scenes were filmed in the vast and sparsely populated ranch country of Quay and Guadalupe counties of New Mexico, including scenic shots of Alamogordo Valley south of Luciano Mesa. Filming wrapped on July 8, 2015.[17]", "Shot Caller (film) Principal photography on the film began on May 26, 2015 in Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mexico.[15][16]", "Hold the Dark Principal photography began on February 27, 2017, and concluded on April 26, 2017. Filming took place in and around the areas surrounding Calgary and Kananaskis Country, Alberta, which were used to substitute for Alaska.[5][6]", "Longmire (TV series) In 2013, massive wildfires scorched the Valles Caldera National Preserve, which disrupted the series production. Three fires started over a three-week period, two at the same time. The Prescott Fire Department's Granite Mountain Hotshots assisted in preventing the destruction of the area around where Walt's house is filmed.[28] Nineteen of the Hotshots' 20 members were later killed battling the 2013 Yarnell Hill Fire in Arizona.[29] The second season's finale honored them in the closing credits.[28][citation needed]", "Lone Survivor Production moved to Chilili, New Mexico for two weeks of filming. The location's wooded areas were used to film several battle scenes, and the art department built sets to create an Afghan village occupied by Ahmad Shah (Yousuf Azami) and his Taliban insurgents, as well as a Pashtun village where Luttrell (Mark Wahlberg) is rescued.[3]:26 Filming then moved to Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico, which doubled for scenes set in Bagram Airfield, a U.S. military base in Afghanistan.[3]:27 Principal photography concluded on soundstages at I-25 Studios in Albuquerque.[3]:28 The production occupied two 26,000-square-foot (2,400Â m2) stages in the facility[39] for interior scenes and bluescreen work.[3]:28 The art department built the character Gulab's house, as well as interiors for Bagram Airfield's patrol base Camp Ouellette. The bluescreen work involved scenes depicting a CH-47 Chinook in a gimbal, and a 4-foot scale model of a Hindu Kush mountain cliff built by the art department team in Los Angeles.[3]:28[31]:1", "Patriots Day (film) Principal photography on the film began on March 29, 2016, in New York City, Quincy, Boston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Philadelphia[26][27][28][29] with production offices and a soundstage set up in one of the Centennial Park warehouses in Beverly Hills, California and Peabody, Massachusetts. All interior scenes at the FBI warehouse headquarters, as well as exterior 'command tent' scenes, were shot there.[30] Filming was previously scheduled to take place on Laurel Street in Newark, New Jersey, Watertown, One World Trade Center, Upper West Side, Fenway Park, Fenway Park South, Santa Monica High School, Mount St. Mary's University (Los Angeles) and Shreveport, Louisiana to recreate the shootout that took place between police and the Tsarnaev brothers on the actual location, but after objections by residents, town officials denied permission for the film to be shot there.[31][32] The City of Malden was approached to stand in for Laurel Street Watertown, and ended up with eight locations in the film.[33] The film crew then approached Santa Monica, California and University of Massachusetts Dartmouth officials for permission to shoot some scenes at the campus, a request that was denied by its chancellor, Gerry Kavanaugh.[34][35]", "Legends of the Fall Legends of the Fall was primarily filmed on location in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Principal photography began in mid-September 1993.[4] The World War I battlefield scenes took two weeks to film and were shot near Morley, Alberta, with hundreds of locals and a few Canadian Forces soldiers recruited as extras.[5] The Ghost River Wilderness Area in Alberta served as the filming location for the Ludlow ranch; additional outdoor scenes, as well as the funeral and cemetery scenes, were shot at the Bow River near Banff National Park. A historic harbour area in Vancouver called Gastown was augmented with period building facades for the Helena, Montana street scenes. Hotel scenes were shot at the Hotel Europe at 43 Powell Street in Vancouver. Additional scenes were shot at Maple Leaf Square in Gastown, Vancouver, and Ocho Rios in Saint Ann, Jamaica. Filming wrapped up around January 1994.[6]", "Lone Survivor Filming was scheduled to start on September 15, 2012.[20] Principal photography commenced in October 2012 and concluded in November after 42 days; filming took place in New Mexico.[3]:25–28[15][21] The production received a 25% tax credit for filming in the state.[34] Berg shot Lone Survivor with creative autonomy as Universal did not fully oversee the film's production. \"Not having the studio there every day … I respect Universal and get along great with them, but we were on our own completely, and in many ways, it was a more autonomous experience\".[14]", "Thank You for Your Service (2017 film) Principal photography on the film began on February 9, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia.[18] In March 2016, it filmed at the Gwinnett Place Mall in Duluth, Georgia.[19]", "Logan (film) From June 14 to 28, 2016,[153] production was scheduled to take place in Natchez, Mississippi, to film a scene that required the casting of truck drivers.[154] On July 12, 2016, production moved to its third major filming location – New Mexico – which ran through August in Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, Abiquiú, Tierra Amarilla and Chama.[155][156][157][158][159][160] According to the New Mexico Film Office, production employed about 130 New Mexican crew members and two New Mexican cast members, as well as 600 extras.[161] Scenes were shot at the Northern Meadows neighborhood of Rio Rancho, while a few miles further down King Boulevard, an elaborate set was built with a toppled water tower[157] that was used for exterior shots.[162][163] Principal photography concluded in New Mexico on August 13, 2016.[164][165][166]", "12 Strong Principal photography began in January 2017 in New Mexico. The film was released in the United States on January 19, 2018 by Warner Bros. Pictures, in standard and IMAX theaters. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the cast and action but criticized the by-the-numbers execution and lack of hindsight of the War in Afghanistan.[4]", "McLintock! The film was shot at Old Tucson Studios, west of Tucson, Arizona and also at San Rafael Ranch House - San Rafael State Natural Area South of Patagonia, Arizona and Nogales.[4][2]", "Yellowstone (U.S. TV series) Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[29][30]", "Always (1989 film) Principal photography began on May 15, 1989. Production took place in Kootenai National Forest, Montana, with some scenes filmed in and around Libby, Montana. Some 500 people from nearby Libby were recruited for the film as extras to act as wildland firefighters. The scenes where the plane flies over the lake at the beginning and lands in the lake at the end of the movie was filmed at Bull Lake. The scenes set in \"Flat Rock, Colorado\" were filmed at and around the Ephrata airport in eastern Washington. The scene where Pete and Hap are walking through the wheat field was filmed at Sprague, Washington where they spent two weeks filming in June. Footage of The Yellowstone National Park's 1988 fires was used for the fire sequences. Sound stages were also used at Universal Studios in Los Angeles, California. Production wrapped in August 1989.", "A River Runs Through It (film) Although both the book and movie are set in Missoula and on the Blackfoot River, it was filmed in late June, early July 1991 in south central Montana in Livingston and Bozeman,[2] and on the nearby upper Yellowstone, Gallatin, and Boulder Rivers. The waterfall shown is Granite Falls in Wyoming.[3][4] Filming was completed in early September 1991.", "Arizona Several major Hollywood films, such as Billy Jack, U Turn, Waiting to Exhale, Just One of the Guys, Can't Buy Me Love, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, The Scorpion King, The Banger Sisters, Used Cars, and Raising Arizona have been made there (as have many Westerns). The 1993 science fiction movie Fire in the Sky, based on a reported alien abduction in the town of Snowflake, was set in Snowflake. It was filmed in the Oregon towns of Oakland, Roseburg, and Sutherlin.", "Sicario (2015 film) Principal photography began on June 30, 2014, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[18][19]", "A Home of Our Own Parts of the film were shot in Heber, Wasatch Mountain State Park and Midvale, Utah.[1]", "Sicario: Day of the Soldado Principal photography on the film began in New Mexico on November 8, 2016.[22]", "The Glass Castle (film) Principal photography began on May 20, 2016, in Welch, West Virginia.[12][13]", "Alpha (film) Filming took place in Drumheller, Burnaby, and Vancouver,[10] where a large set was built in Boundary Road near East Kent Avenue. Filming in Vancouver took place from February to May 2016, and at Dinosaur Provincial Park near Patricia, Alberta in April 2016,[11] and in Iceland.[12]", "Cliffhanger (film) The large majority of the film's scenes were shot in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Dolomites, Italy. For example, the bridge scene was shot on Monte Cristallo in the via ferrata VF Ivano Dibona, which was reconstructed immediately after the movie. The climbing was mostly on the Tofane cliffs, and in some scenes toward the end of the movie the audience clearly sees the three Tofane, the Croda da Lago, the village of Cortina; the location of this is on top of mount Faloria, at the arrival of the funivia Faloria. In other scenes viewers may recognize the sentiero ferrato Astaldi, over the Rifugio Dibona. The small house has been constructed on the sand of the river Boite, in Fiames, close to the heliport. Little filming took place in Durango, Colorado. The credits of the film also thank the Ute Tribe for filming in the Ute Mountain reservation.[13]", "The Mountain Between Us (film) Filming resumed around Invermere and Panorama Mountain Village on January 4, 2017.[23] Winslet was spotted filming scenes at Eagle Ridge Hospital in Port Moody on February 8, 2017.[24]", "Cowboys & Aliens On a budget of $163 million,[2] principal photography for Cowboys & Aliens began[36] at Albuquerque Studios in New Mexico on June 30, 2010.[37] One of the filming locations was Plaza Blanca, \"The White Place\", where Western films like The Missing, 3:10 to Yuma, City Slickers, Young Guns, and The Legend of the Lone Ranger had been filmed.[26] Sound stage work took place in Los Angeles, with additional location shooting at Randsburg, California.[36] Filming finished on September 30.[38]", "The Good Guys and the Bad Guys The movie was filmed on location in Chama, New Mexico, and other locations in New Mexico, Thousand Oaks, California, Silverton, Colorado, and the Warner Bros. Burbank Studios, California.", "Patriots Day (film) Principal photography began on March 29, 2016, in New York City, and also filmed in Boston, Los Angeles, New Orleans and Philadelphia. The film premiered on November 17, 2016, at the AFI Fest. Distributed by CBS Films and Lionsgate, Patriots Day was released in Boston, New York and Los Angeles on December 21, 2016, followed by a nationwide expansion on January 13, 2017. It was a box office disappointment, grossing just $50 million worldwide against its budget of $45 million, but received positive reviews for Berg's direction and the performances of its cast,[3] and was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2016.[4]", "The Space Between Us (film) Principal photography on the film began on September 14, 2015, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[12][6]", "Brain on Fire (film) Principal photography on the film began on July 13, 2015 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[12][11][5] Moretz was spotted filming at the Vancouver General Hospital.[13] On July 18, Moretz was filming a scene of a near-miss by a taxicab and the Vancouver street was transformed into Manhattan.[14] Production on the film concluded on August 10, 2015.[15]", "USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage Principal photography on the film began on June 19, 2015 in Mobile, Alabama with many scenes shot aboard the battleship USS Alabama.[13][14] Filming was also to take place in San Francisco and Kyoto, Japan,[9] but the producers later opted to double Mobile for both San Francisco and Japan. On June 27, 2015, filming was underway in Orange Beach.[15] A World War II-era vintage PBY-6A Catalina amphibious seaplane was being used for the filming on June 29, 2015, when it took on water and beached near the Flora-Bama lounge, Orange Beach.[16] There were no injuries during the incident, and the rescue team secured the pilot and co-pilot.[17] Producers had to put the production on hold temporarily to save the plane, but \"the salvage company was unable to save the aircraft,\" which was broken apart, according to the producers.[17][18] The plane was provided by firefighters from Washington and was being piloted by Fred and Jayson Owen.[19] After filming on JulyÂ 14 in downtown Mobile, Cage met a real Navy veteran named Richard Stephens on a bench at Bienville Square, Stephens was one of the survivors of the ship, so Cage and Stephens had a long talk about the disaster.[20]", "An Unfinished Life While set in Wyoming, the movie was actually filmed in the Canadian towns of Ashcroft, Savona, and Kamloops, British Columbia. [3]", "Waco (miniseries) In March 2017, it was reported that the series was set to be filmed in Santa Fe County, New Mexico.[18] On April 10, 2017, the New Mexico Film Office issued a press release stating that principal photography would begin in mid-April and last through the end of June.[19]", "American Sniper Principal photography began on March 31, 2014 in Los Angeles;[28] it was also shot in Morocco.[29] On April 23, the Los Angeles Times reported that ten days of filming set in an Afghan village was set to begin at the Blue Cloud Movie Ranch in the Santa Clarita area.[30] On May 7, shooting of the film was spotted around El Centro; a milk factory was used as the abandoned date factory which insurgents close in on from all directions at the climax of the film.[31][32] Later on May 14, Cooper was spotted filming some scenes in Culver City, California,[33] and then he followed by shooting scenes again in Los Angeles on May 16.[34] On May 30, Cooper and Miller were spotted during the filming of their characters' wedding scenes; they were filming aboard a yacht in Marina del Rey.[35] On June 3, Cooper was spotted in the uniform of a Navy SEAL marksman aiming during the filming of some scenes at a Los Angeles shooting range.[36] The pier and bar scenes were filmed in Seal Beach, California.[37]", "Lone Survivor Filming first took place at the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of the Santa Fe National Forest. Eight days were spent on mountains ranging from 11,000 to 12,000 feet (3,400–3,700 m). In recreating the Hindu Kush mountain range that stretches between Afghanistan and Pakistan, the film crew shot at 10 separate locations in the national forest.[3]:22 Stunt coordinator and second unit director Kevin Scott was tasked with depicting the four Navy SEALs tumbling down rugged terrain with sixty-degree inclines. Scott did not choreograph the stunt work, nor did he have the stunt performers use wires or dummies;[28][36] he told them to fall 15 to 20 feet (4.6–6.1 m) off cliffs and avoid looking at the ground until right before impact.[37] \"We had to say, ‘Jump off the rock, land however you land, and go with it,’\" he said. \"When you’re doing that on a true hillside, you don’t have a choice. Gravity takes over. The only thing stopping the stunt people from dropping another thousand feet down the hillside was padding set up just outside of the shot.\"[28] Several stunt performers were injured after falling from the mountains, as the falls proved too difficult to control.[36] Berg recalled, \"Some guys got hurt, some guys got bumped up and ribs were broken, a lung was punctured, some concussions, but these guys were determined to try and do everything they could to capture what Marcus described in the book.\"[38]", "Megan Leavey (film) Principal photography on the film began on October 12, 2015 in Charleston, South Carolina.[10][11]", "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (film) On February 3, 2015, the Albuquerque Journal reported that filming was underway in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[17] Fey was spotted filming in the Santa Fe University of Art and Design.[18] On February 11, 2015, Paramount also confirmed that principal photography had commenced on the film in New Mexico.[19] It was filmed in part at the historic Scottish Rite Temple in Santa Fe.[20] Production on the film concluded on April 10, 2015.[21]", "Bone Tomahawk Principal photography began on October 6, 2014, in Malibu, California, where it was filmed for 21 days at the Paramount Ranch.[10]", "Murphy's Romance Filming took place on location in Florence, Arizona and the town's preserved Main Street appears throughout the movie.[10]", "A Quiet Place (film) Production took place from May to November 2017 in Dutchess and Ulster counties in upstate New York. Filmmakers spent their budget locally, including a purchase of 20 tons of corn, which they hired local farmers to grow. Some filming took place on a soundstage in the town of Pawling in Dutchess County, as well as on-location in the county's city of Beacon.[19] Filming also took place on the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail in New Paltz of Ulster County, using the Springtown Truss Bridge.[20] Outside Dutchess and Ulster counties, filming took place on Main Street in Little Falls in Herkimer County, New York.[21]", "A Million Ways to Die in the West Principal photography began on May 6, 2013.[26][27] Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque, New Mexico,[28] also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe.[29] Principal photography ended on August 9, 2013.[30] The film shoot was difficult, as the cast and crew navigated rough weather: \"everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms.\"[14]", "The Revenant (2015 film) The film was shot in twelve locations in three countries: Canada, the United States, and Argentina.[33] In Canada, filming took place in Calgary and Fortress Mountain in Alberta, in Kananaskis Country west of Calgary, the Badlands near Drumheller, and at Squamish and Mammoth Studios, Burnaby, in British Columbia.[33] The scenes in the waterfall were filmed at the Kootenai Falls near Libby, Montana. While the initial plan was to film entirely in Canada, the weather was ultimately too warm, leading the filmmakers to locations near the Rio Olivia at the tip of Argentina with snow on the ground, to shoot the film's ending.[28][34]", "Silverado (film) The film was shot primarily on location at the Cook Ranch in New Mexico.[3] In 1984, Lawrence and Mark Kasdan and crew were out scouting a remote area of New Mexico by helicopter, hoping to find the most suitable place to build the town of Silverado.[4] The location manager appeared at the property of local natives Bill and Marian Cook. At that time they wanted to build only two to three structures, offering Cook a \"casual number\" as a location fee. \"There wasn't any great motivation for me one way or another, but I said okay. It just grew from that into a big budget movie and the Silverado set was built,\" Cook recalled. The set was appropriately dressed and filmed for towns in four different states, depending on the view from the streets - mountains or prairie or the Galisteo River.[4]", "Days of Heaven Production began in the fall of 1976.[11] Although the film was set in Texas, the exteriors were shot in Whiskey Gap, Alberta, a ghost town, and a final scene was shot on the grounds of Heritage Park Historical Village, Calgary.[12]", "Act of Valor Filming took place in Cambodia where an explosion was shot in Phnom Penh with 300 children as extras.[10] Scenes were shot in San Diego at Blue Foot Bar and in a house in the North Park area.[11] Other locations included Mexico, Puerto Rico,[11] Ukraine, Florida,[11] and at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi.[12]", "Yellowstone Kelly Filming took place in April and June 1959, partly on location in Flagstaff, Arizona. \"I felt miserable and lost ten pounds in one month\" said Byrnes.[12] Ray Danton was signed to a long term contract at Warners after the film.[13]", "The Magnificent Seven (2016 film) Principal photography on the film lasted 64 days, from May 18 to August 18, 2015, in the north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[35][36][37] Other locations include St. Francisville; Zachary, Louisiana; Ridgway, Colorado; and New Mexico.[8][36][37] Filming in St. Francisville was completed between May 18 and May 29, 2015.[38]", "BlacKkKlansman Filming began in October 2017.[15] Ossining, New York was one location used in October.[16]", "Unbroken (film) Some of the scenes were shot at sea in Moreton Bay on October 16, 2013.[12] On December 14, four days of filming were completed in Werris Creek, New South Wales.[13] Other scenes were shot at Cockatoo Island (New South Wales).[14]", "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Most of the movie was shot on the MGM sound stages. One exterior sequence not filmed at the studio was shot on location at Corral Creek Canyon in Sun Valley, Idaho. It was here that the escape following the brothers' kidnapping their future brides and the avalanche that closed the pass was filmed.[13]", "Coyote Ugly (film) Principal photography took place in Manhattan and small towns in New Jersey including South Amboy and Sea Bright for a month. Production then moved to California and shooting took place in Los Angeles, West Hollywood, Pasadena, and San Pedro.[5]", "8 Seconds Filming took place in Texas and Pendleton, Oregon.[2]", "Albuquerque, New Mexico A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), directed by Seth MacFarlane, was filmed in various areas in and around Albuquerque and Santa Fe.[102]", "Highway to Hell (film) The film was shot in Phoenix and Page in Arizona. Antelope Canyon was also used as a location.[2] Parts of the film were also shot at Glen Canyon in Utah.[3]", "A Monster Calls (film) Principal photography began on September 30, 2014,[14] in Spain and Britain.[13][15] On October 9, the filming began on location in Preston, Lancashire, Rivington Pike (Chorley/Horwich), Blackpool Pleasure Beach and Marsden, West Yorkshire[16]", "Wild Wild West Much of the 'Wild West' footage was shot around Santa Fe, New Mexico, particularly at the western town set at the Cook Movie Ranch. During the shooting of a sequence involving stunts and pyrotechnics, a planned building fire grew out of control and quickly overwhelmed the local fire crews that were standing by. Much of the town was destroyed before the fire was contained.[12]", "Hacksaw Ridge Principal photography started on September 29, 2015,[21] and lasted for 59 days,[33] ending in December of that year.[10] Filming took place entirely in Australia.[15] The film was based at Fox Studios in Sydney, after producers vigorously scouted for locations around the country.[34] Filming took place mostly in the state of New South Wales — where Gibson spent much of his early years — in and around Sydney such as in Richmond,[35] Bringelly,[36] and Oran Park.[37] Gibson moved to the state in July 2015, two months before filming began.[38] The graveyard scene was shot at a set-constructed cemetery in Sydney's Centennial Park.[39] The grounds of Newington Armory at Sydney Olympic Park were used as Fort Jackson. Filming in Bringelly required the team to clear and deforest over 500 hectares of land, which evoked the ire of some environmentalists. However, the producers had complete approval and clearance to do so. Also conditions were imposed to replant and rehabilitate part of the land after filming ceased.[40] According to Troy Grant, New South Wales' deputy premier and minister for the arts, the film brought 720 jobs and US$19 million to regional and rural New South Wales.[41]", "The Young Riders Filming of the original pilot for the series took place in California. After the ABC network picked it up, the series production moved to Tucson, Arizona, with filming in \"Mescal\", a western-themed movie town operated by Old Tucson Studios.[2]", "Open Range (2003 film) The movie was filmed on location on the Stoney Indian Reserve in Alberta, Canada.[2] Clayton Lefthand of the Stoney Sioux First Nation worked as a film liaison.[citation needed]", "Station 19 Filming for the series began on October 18, 2017,[35] and concluded on April 2, 2018.[citation needed] Filming for the series takes place primarily in Los Angeles;[26] additional filming for the series takes place in Seattle. The Station in Station 19 is based off of Seattle's Station 20 located in the Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle, WA[36]", "The Last Samurai Filming took place in New Zealand, mostly in the Taranaki region, with Japanese cast members and an American production crew. This location was chosen due to the fact that Egmont/Mount Taranaki resembles Mount Fuji, and also because there is a lot of forest and farmland in the Taranaki region. American Location Manager, Charlie Harrington, saw the mountain in a travel book and encouraged the producers to send him to Taranaki to scout the locations. This acted as a backdrop for many scenes, as opposed to the built up cities of Japan. Several of the village scenes were shot on the Warner Bros. Studios backlot in Burbank, California. Some scenes were shot in Kyoto and Himeji, Japan. There were 13 filming locations altogether.[3] Tom Cruise did his own stunts for the film.", "Message from the King (film) The film was shot in Glendale, California.[7]", "A Star Is Born (1976 film) The filming locations included many in Arizona such as downtown Tucson, Tucson Community Center, Sonoita and Tempe.[3]", "Once Upon a Time in the West Most of the film was shot in Cinecittà studios, Rome. The brick arch where Bronson's character flashbacks to his youth and the original lynching incident was built near a small airport fifteen miles north of Monument Valley, in Utah and two miles from U.S. Route 163 (which links Gouldings Lodge and Mexican Hat). The opening sequence with the three gunmen meeting the train was one of the sequences filmed in Spain. Shooting for scenes at Cattle Corner Station, as the location was called in the story, was scheduled for four days and was filmed at the 'ghost' train station in the municipality of La Calahorra, county of Gaudix, near Guadix, in the Province of Granada, Spain, as were the scenes of Flagstone, and shooting for the scenes in the middle of the railway were filmed along the Guadix - Hernan Valle railway line.[11][12][13]", "The Grey (film) Filming began in January 2011 and ended in March. The film was shot in forty days.[6] Though set in Alaska, the film was shot in Vancouver and Smithers, British Columbia, with several scenes being shot at the Smithers Regional Airport.[7] According to Empire magazine, in the climactic scene in which Neeson's character pens a letter to his wife, Carnahan urged Neeson to \"channel his grief\" over the death of his own wife, Natasha Richardson.[8] Carnahan disclosed, in a Q&A session following an early screening at the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica, that he had shot an alternative ending (that he'd never intended to use) showing Neeson battling the alpha wolf. It was supposed to be included in deleted cuts,[9] however, no extras were included on the Blu-ray.", "Pete's Dragon (2016 film) Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand, with Lowery directing.[16] Rehearsals began early January 2015,[17] while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26, 2015, set to last through April.[8][18] Live-action filming locations included Bay of Plenty, Taupo and Wellington, while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios.[19] On February 10, 2015, a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced.[9] Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua, before transferring to Tapanui, where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film, and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks.[20][21] Production concluded on April 30, 2015.[22]", "Everest (2015 film) In November 2013, the film was set for a 13 January 2014 production start date in Italy. Co-financier Brian Oliver told Variety they would shoot in Ötztal Alps in Italy for six weeks, a month in Iceland, and then move to Nepal for another month's shoot.[18] In early January 2014, actors Gyllenhaal and Brolin were practicing for climbing mountains in the Santa Monica Mountains, to train for their roles.[22]", "Jeremiah Johnson (film) After Warner Bros. advanced Redford $200,000 to secure him for the film, they decided that it had to be shot on its backlot due to cost constraints. Insisting that it must be shot on location in Utah, Redford and Pollack convinced the studio that this could be done at the same cost.[8] To prepare for production, art director Ted Haworth drove over 26,000 miles to find locations.[4] Ultimately, it was shot in nearly 100 locations across Utah, including: Mount Timpanogos, Ashley National Forest, Leeds, Snow Canyon State Park, St. George, Sundance Resort, Uinta National Forest, Wasatch-Cache National Forest, and Zion National Park.[10]", "The Shallows (film) Principal photography on the film began on October 28, 2015 in New South Wales, Australia.[14][15] Filming also took place at Lord Howe Island,[16][17] Mount Tamborine, Queensland and Village Roadshow Studios. It originally was going to be filmed on the Gulf Coast of Texas near Galveston, but the filmmakers got denied a film permit for safety reasons.[18]", "New Mexico The various seasons of the A&E/Netflix series Longmire have been filmed in several locations in New Mexico, including Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Eagle Nest, and Red River.[154]", "True Grit (1969 film) Filming took place mainly in Ouray County, Colorado, in the vicinity of Ridgway (now the home of the True Grit Cafe), around the town of Montrose (Montrose County), and the town of Ouray.[2][3][4] (The script maintains the novel's references to place names in Arkansas and Oklahoma, in dramatic contrast to the Colorado topography.) The courtroom scenes were filmed at Ouray County Courthouse in Ouray.[5][6]", "The A-Team (film) The entire film was shot at various locations in Canada including Kamloops, Vancouver, Cache Creek and Ashcroft,[13] British Columbia, with much of the studio works being done at Mammoth Studios.[11][14][15][16] Other footage was included as well, such as aerial shots of the Cologne train station (though referred to as Frankfurt in the movie) as well as an aerial shot of the Frankfurt skyline.[17] Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake is also featured in the German escape scene where a number of base buildings and landmarks are clearly visible, as is the false canopy painted under the CF-18s. The Royal Canadian Air Force along with some USMC squadrons are the only Hornet users to have the false canopy painted on the bottom. American markings were digitally added later. The Hawaii Mars Martin Mars water bomber, based at Sproat Lake, British Columbia, is also used in one scene of the movie to cross the Atlantic.", "Last Flag Flying Principal photography began in November 2016 in Pittsburgh.[7]", "Den of Thieves (film) Production began in January of 2017. Director of photography, Terry Stacey, shot the movie using the Arri Alexa XT Plus digital motion picture camera. Although set in Los Angeles, California, Den of Thieves was primarily filmed in and around Atlanta, Georgia. Aerial shots of Los Angeles included the Vincent Thomas Bridge, the Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island and the skyline of Downtown Los Angeles.", "Chisum It was filmed in 1969 in Durango, Mexico.[4][5] The picturesque vistas of the area were captured by cinematographer William H. Clothier.", "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri On May 3, 2016, it was reported that principal photography on Three Billboards had begun in Sylva, North Carolina.[16] Filming lasted 33 days.[17]", "Yarnell Hill Fire The lone survivor from the 20-man crew was 21-year-old Brendan McDonough.[19] He had been serving as a lookout when the fire threatened to overtake his position. McDonough was hiking out on foot when he was located by Brian Frisby, the Superintendent of the Blue Ridge Hotshots, who was monitoring the radio communications between McDonough and the Granite Mountain IHC Captain.[15] Frisby and McDonough moved the crew's vehicles to a safer location, which they were doing at the time of Granite Mountain crew entrapment.[5][20] After moving the vehicles, Frisby and other members of the Blue Ridge Hotshots attempted to rescue the entrapped Granite Mountain Hotshots but were forced back by the intense flames and heat of the fire. Driving through the streets of Yarnell, the Blue Ridge Hotshots evacuated several residents who had failed to evacuate earlier. Frisby and his assistant eventually made their way to the entrapment site and were some of the first individuals to find the deployment site and the remains of the Granite Mountain crew.[5]", "13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi Principal photography began on April 27, 2015 in Malta and Morocco.[10][16] A large film set was built in March 2015 in Ta' Qali, Malta.[17]", "Maze Runner (film series) Principal photography commenced in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in October 2014 and ended in January 2015.[7][8] It was released on September 18, 2015.[9]", "The Flintstones (film) Parts of the film were shot at Glen Canyon in Utah as well as Los Angeles County, California.[11]", "Lone Survivor The Santa Fe National Forest's rocky terrain and steep inclines proved difficult for conventional camera equipment—such as cranes and dollies—which resulted in much of the film's scenes being shot by the camera operators, who were rigged to aerial ski lifts above the action.[3]:26 \"The location we picked was on top of the ski area above 12,000 feet in Santa Fe, and the high altitude made it extremely physically demanding\", Schleissler explained. \"All our equipment had to be hand-carried into some of our remote locations, which meant we had to limit ourselves to the bare minimum…No one ever hiked to the set empty-handed, including our producers. It was one big team effort that made us a close film family.\"[40]:2", "Legion (2010 film) Principal photography took place in New Mexico in the spring of 2008.[5]", "Longmire (TV series) The story is set in northern Wyoming, but the series has been filmed in several locations in New Mexico, including Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Eagle Nest, Espanola, and Red River.[22]", "The Grapes of Wrath (film) Production on the film began on October 4, 1939, and was completed on November 16, 1939. Some of the filming locations include: McAlester, Sayre both in Oklahoma; Gallup, Laguna Pueblo, and Santa Rosa, all in New Mexico; Lamont, Needles, San Fernando Valley, all in California; Topock, Petrified Forest National Park, all in Arizona.[14]" ]	[ "Only the Brave (2017 film) Only the Brave is a 2017 American biographical action drama film directed by Joseph Kosinski and written by Ken Nolan and Eric Warren Singer, based on the GQ article \"No Exit\" by Sean Flynn. The film tells the true story of the Granite Mountain Hotshots,[1] an elite crew of firefighters who fought the Yarnell Hill Fire in June 2013, and is dedicated in their memory. It features an ensemble cast, including Josh Brolin, Miles Teller, Jeff Bridges, Taylor Kitsch, James Badge Dale, Jennifer Connelly, Alex Russell, and Ben Hardy.", "Only the Brave (2017 film) Principal photography on the film began on June 13, 2016, in New Mexico at different locations in and around Santa Fe and Los Alamos.[9][10][11]" ]
test2641	where did the cultivation of agriculture first arise	[ "doc90378", "doc90385" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc1415392", "doc209300", "doc1158759", "doc2486810", "doc90382", "doc90387", "doc90384", "doc90383", "doc90378", "doc90385", "doc90386", "doc100583", "doc1415388", "doc100587", "doc2088427", "doc2307488", "doc1415393", "doc1321341", "doc100593", "doc1562360", "doc874288", "doc100584", "doc100591", "doc209293", "doc100592", "doc926137", "doc90388", "doc1158757", "doc1822207", "doc101295", "doc209291", "doc100590", "doc1822201", "doc806933", "doc2258302", "doc90394", "doc1206042", "doc57066", "doc316185", "doc209301", "doc101293", "doc209296", "doc1321340", "doc212156", "doc209304", "doc209297", "doc874314", "doc90377", "doc294639", "doc2031228", "doc209288", "doc90389", "doc77511", "doc1936186", "doc288380", "doc101300", "doc1206050", "doc865829", "doc2258305", "doc209311", "doc865860", "doc100611", "doc915188", "doc2408690", "doc1441173", "doc1158741", "doc1060630", "doc90390", "doc1206041", "doc515899", "doc1562355", "doc2088428", "doc1802770", "doc1060627", "doc1441170", "doc915252", "doc61225", "doc1206056", "doc101285", "doc915277", "doc1206046", "doc2010104", "doc1812639", "doc100589", "doc1060624", "doc1206059", "doc1459188", "doc1459239", "doc1459244", "doc101286", "doc2171155", "doc90391", "doc100596", "doc1206044", "doc1060626", "doc1822202", "doc90397", "doc209308", "doc1701895", "doc1812638" ]	[ "Agriculture The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.[7] Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin.[5] Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.[8] Rye was cultivated by at least 11,050 BC.[9] From around 11,500 years ago, the eight Neolithic founder crops, emmer and einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax were cultivated in the Levant. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC,[10] followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago.[11] Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago.[12] Domestic pigs had multiple centres of origin in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia,[13] where wild boar were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago.[14] In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago,[15] and was independently domesticated in Eurasia. In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 6,000 years ago.[16]\nScholars have developed a number of hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing sedentism; examples are the Natufian culture in the Levant, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated.[17][18]", "Neolithic Revolution Early agriculture is believed to have originated and become widespread in Southwest Asia around 10,000â€“9,000 BP, though earlier individual sites have been identified. The Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia is the centre of domestication for three cereals (einkorn wheat, emmer wheat and barley), four legumes (lentil, pea, bitter vetch and chickpea) and flax.[34] The Mediterranean climate consists of a long dry season with a short period of rain, which may have favored small plants with large seeds, like wheat and barley.[citation needed] The Fertile Crescent also had a large area of varied geographical settings and altitudes and this variety may have made agriculture more profitable for former hunter-gatherers in this region in comparison with other areas with a similar climate .[citation needed]", "Domestication Cereal crops were first domesticated around 9000 BCE in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East. The first domesticated crops were generally annuals with large seeds or fruits. These included pulses such as peas and grains such as wheat. The Middle East was especially suited to these species; the dry-summer climate was conducive to the evolution of large-seeded annual plants, and the variety of elevations led to a great variety of species. As domestication took place humans began to move from a hunter-gatherer society to a settled agricultural society. This change would eventually lead, some 4000 to 5000 years later, to the first city states and eventually the rise of civilization itself.", "Agrarian society Agrarian societies were preceded by hunter and gatherer and horticultural societies and transition into industrial society. The transition to agriculture, called the Neolithic Revolution, has taken place independently multiple times. Horticulture and agriculture as types of subsistence developed among humans somewhere between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East.[1] The reasons for the development of agriculture are debated but may have included climate change, and the accumulation of food surplus for competitive gift-giving.[2] Most certainly there was a gradual transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural economies after a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted and other foods were gathered from the wild. In addition to the emergence of farming in the Fertile Crescent, agriculture appeared in: by at least 6,800 B.C.E. in East Asia (rice) and, later, in Central and South America (maize and squash). Small-scale agriculture also likely arose independently in early Neolithic contexts in India (rice) and Southeast Asia (taro).[3] However, full dependency on domestic crops and animals, when wild resources contributed a nutritionally insignificant component to the diet, did not occur until the Bronze Age.", "History of agriculture Scholars have developed a number of hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an antecedent period of intensification and increasing sedentism; examples are the Natufian culture in southwest Asia, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Current models indicate that wild stands that had been harvested previously started to be planted, but were not immediately domesticated.[1][2]", "History of agriculture By 7,000 BC, sowing and harvesting reached the fertile soil of Mesopotamia, where Sumerians systematized it and scaled it up. By 8,000 BC, farming was entrenched on the banks of the River Nile. About this time, agriculture was developed independently in the Far East, probably in China, with rice rather than wheat as the primary crop. Maize was domesticated from the wild grass teosinte in West Mexico by 6,700 BC.[18] The potato (8,000 BC), tomato,[19] pepper (4,000 BC), squash (8,000 BC) and several varieties of bean (8,000 BC onwards) were domesticated in the New World.[20] Agriculture was independently developed on the island of New Guinea.[21] In Greece from c. 11,000 BC lentils, vetch, pistachios, and almonds were cultivated, while wild oats and wild barley appear in quantity from c. 7,000 BC alongside einkorn wheat, barley, sheep, goats and pigs,[22][23] while emmer was used on Cyprus between 9,100 and 8,600 BC.[24][25] Banana cultivation of Musa acuminata, including hybridization, dates back to 5,000 BC, and possibly to 8,000 BC, in Papua New Guinea.[26][27] Bees were kept for honey in the Middle East around 7,000 BC.[28] Archaeological evidence from various sites on the Iberian peninsula suggest the domestication of plants and animals between 6,000 and 4,500 BC.[25] Céide Fields in Ireland, consisting of extensive tracts of land enclosed by stone walls, date to 3,500 BC and are the oldest known field systems in the world.[29][30] The horse was domesticated in the Pontic steppe around 4,000 BC.[31] In Siberia, Cannabis was in use in China in Neolithic times and may have been domesticated there; it was in use both as a fibre for ropemaking and as a medicine in Ancient Egypt by about 2,350 BC.[32]", "History of agriculture Early people began altering communities of flora and fauna for their own benefit through means such as fire-stick farming and forest gardening very early.[6][7][8] Exact dates are hard to determine, as people collected and ate seeds before domesticating them, and plant characteristics may have changed during this period without human selection. An example is the semi-tough rachis and larger seeds of cereals from just after the Younger Dryas (about 9,500 BC) in the early Holocene in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent. Monophyletic characteristics were attained without any human intervention, implying that apparent domestication of the cereal rachis could have occurred quite naturally.[9]", "History of agriculture Localised climate change is the favoured explanation for the origins of agriculture in the Levant.[3] When major climate change took place after the last ice age (c. 11,000 BC), much of the earth became subject to long dry seasons.[4] These conditions favoured annual plants which die off in the long dry season, leaving a dormant seed or tuber. An abundance of readily storable wild grains and pulses enabled hunter-gatherers in some areas to form the first settled villages at this time.[5]", "History of agriculture Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC. From around 9,500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops—emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas, and flax—were cultivated in the Levant. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC, followed by sheep between 11,000 and 9,000 BC. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7,000 BC. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 5,000 BC. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 8,000 and 5,000 BC, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Bananas were cultivated and hybridized in the same period in Papua New Guinea. In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 4,000 BC. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3,000 BC.", "History of agriculture Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin.[10] Some of the earliest known domestications were of animals. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC.[11] Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 11,000 and 9,000 BC.[12] Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC.[13] Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3,000 BC.[14]", "History of agriculture It was not until after 9,500 BC that the eight so-called founder crops of agriculture appear: first emmer and einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax. These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) sites in the Levant, although wheat was the first to be grown and harvested on a significant scale. At around the same time (9400 BC), parthenocarpic fig trees were domesticated.[16][17]", "Cradle of civilization The term \"cradle of civilization\" refers to locations where, according to current archeological data, civilization is understood to have emerged. Current thinking is that there was no single \"cradle\", but several civilizations that developed independently, with the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt) understood to be the earliest.[1] Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys, such as Indo-Gangetic Plain in the Indian subcontinent[2][3] and the Yellow River in China.[4] The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed. Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica, mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico in present-day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia.[5]", "Agriculture Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.[1] Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years; people gathered wild grains at least 105,000 years ago and began to plant them around 11,500 years ago before they became domesticated. Pigs, sheep, and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. Crops originate from at least 11 regions of the world. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has in the past century come to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people worldwide still depend on subsistence agriculture.", "Cradle of civilization The earliest signs of a process leading to sedentary culture can be seen in the Levant to as early as 12,000 BC, when the Natufian culture became sedentary; it evolved into an agricultural society by 10,000 BC.[10] The importance of water to safeguard an abundant and stable food supply, due to favourable conditions for hunting, fishing and gathering resources including cereals, provided an initial wide spectrum economy that triggered the creation of permanent villages.[11]", "Cereal Early Neolithic villages show evidence of the development of processing grain. The Levant is the ancient home of the ancestors of wheat, barley and peas, in which many of these villages were based. There is evidence of the cultivation of figs in the Jordan Valley as long as 11,300 years ago, and cereal (grain) production in Syria approximately 9,000 years ago. During the same period, farmers in China began to farm rice and millet, using man-made floods and fires as part of their cultivation regimen.[3] Fiber crops were domesticated as early as food crops, with China domesticating hemp, cotton being developed independently in Africa and South America, and Western Asia domesticating flax.[4] The use of soil amendments, including manure, fish, compost and ashes, appears to have begun early, and developed independently in several areas of the world, including Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley and Eastern Asia.[5]", "Vegetable Before the advent of agriculture, humans were hunter-gatherers. They foraged for edible fruit, nuts, stems, leaves, corms, and tubers, scavenged for dead animals and hunted living ones for food.[10] Forest gardening in a tropical jungle clearing is thought to be the first example of agriculture; useful plant species were identified and encouraged to grow while undesirable species were removed. Plant breeding through the selection of strains with desirable traits such as large fruit and vigorous growth soon followed.[11] While the first evidence for the domestication of grasses such as wheat and barley has been found in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East, it is likely that various peoples around the world started growing crops in the period 10,000 BC to 7,000 BC.[12] Subsistence agriculture continues to this day, with many rural farmers in Africa, Asia, South America, and elsewhere using their plots of land to produce enough food for their families, while any surplus produce is used for exchange for other goods.[13]", "Agriculture In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in pictographs around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs.[19] Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the Paleolithic, after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus.[20][21] In India, wheat, barley, and jujube were domesticated by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats.[22] Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in Mehrgarh culture by 8,000–6,000 BC.[23][24][24][25] Cotton was cultivated by the 5th-4th millennium BC.[26] There is archeological evidence of an animal-drawn plough from 2,500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization.[27]\nIn China, from the 5th century BC there was a nationwide granary system and widespread silk farming.[28] Water-powered grain mills were in use by the 1st century BC,[29][30] followed by irrigation.[31] By the late 2nd century, heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards.[32][33] These slowly spread westwards across Eurasia.[34] Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 years ago in China, with a single genetic origin from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon.[35][36] In ancient Greece and Rome, the major cereals were wheat, emmer, and barley, alongside vegetables including peas, beans, and olives. Sheep and goats were kept mainly for dairy products.[37][38]", "History of Earth Agriculture had a major impact; humans began to affect the environment as never before. Surplus food allowed a priestly or governing class to arise, followed by increasing division of labor. This led to Earth's first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East, between 4000 and 3000 BC.[175]:15 Additional civilizations quickly arose in ancient Egypt, at the Indus River valley and in China. The invention of writing enabled complex societies to arise: record-keeping and libraries served as a storehouse of knowledge and increased the cultural transmission of information. Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival, enabling the first specialized occupations (e.g. craftsmen, merchants, priests, etc...). Curiosity and education drove the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, and various disciplines, including science (in a primitive form), arose. This in turn led to the emergence of increasingly larger and more complex civilizations, such as the first empires, which at times traded with one another, or fought for territory and resources.", "Cradle of civilization Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (7600 to 6000 BC) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards.[23] One of the most notable PPNA settlements is Jericho in the Levant region, thought to be the world's first town (settled around 8500 BC and fortified around 6800 BC).[24][25] In Mesopotamia, the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation. The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known non-nomadic agrarian societies. It is because of this that the fertile crescent region, and Mesopotamia in particular, are often referred to as the cradle of civilization.[26] The period known as the Ubaid period (c. 6500 to 3800 BC) is the earliest known period on the alluvial plain, although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the alluvium.[27][28] It was during the Ubaid period that the movement towards urbanization began. Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities, particularly in Northern Mesopotamia, and intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture began to be practiced in the south.[29] Eridu is the oldest Sumerian site settled during this period, around 5300 BC, and the city of Ur also first dates to the end of this period.[30] In the south, the Ubaid period had a very long duration from around 6500 to 3800 BC; when it is replaced by the Uruk period.[31]", "Wheat Cultivation of wheat began to spread beyond the Fertile Crescent after about 8000 BCE. Jared Diamond traces the spread of cultivated emmer wheat starting in the Fertile Crescent sometime before 8800 BCE. Archaeological analysis of wild emmer indicates that it was first cultivated in the southern Levant, with finds dating back as far as 9600 BCE.[16][17] Genetic analysis of wild einkorn wheat suggests that it was first grown in the Karacadag Mountains in southeastern Turkey. Dated archeological remains of einkorn wheat in settlement sites near this region, including those at Abu Hureyra in Syria, suggest the domestication of einkorn near the Karacadag Mountain Range.[18] With the anomalous exception of two grains from Iraq ed-Dubb, the earliest carbon-14 date for einkorn wheat remains at Abu Hureyra is 7800 to 7500 years BCE.[19]", "Civilization The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally associated with the final stages of the Neolithic Revolution, culminating in the relatively rapid process of urban revolution and state formation, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. The earlier neolithic technology and lifestyle was established first in the Middle East (for example at Göbekli Tepe, from about 9,130 BCE), and later in the Yellow River and Yangtze basins in China (for example the Pengtoushan culture from 7,500 BCE), and later spread. Similar pre-civilized \"neolithic revolutions\" also began independently from 7,000 BCE in such places as northwestern South America (the Norte Chico civilization)[11] and Mesoamerica. These were among the six civilizations worldwide that arose independently.[12] Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BCE, with civilizations developing from 6,500 years ago. This area has been identified as having \"inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy and agriculture.\"[13]", "Cradle of civilization Scholars have defined civilization using various criteria such as the use of writing, cities, a class-based society, agriculture, animal husbandry, public buildings, metallurgy, and monumental architecture.[6][7] The term cradle of civilization has frequently been applied to a variety of cultures and areas, in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic (Ubaid period) and Fertile Crescent, Ancient India and Ancient China. It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia, the Levant and Iran, and used to refer to culture predecessors—such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western Civilization[8]—even when such sites are not understood as an independent development of civilization, as well as within national rhetoric.[9]", "Cradle of civilization A traditional theory of the spread of civilization is that it began in the Fertile Crescent and spread out from there by influence.[14] Scholars more generally now believe that civilizations arose independently at several locations in both hemispheres. They have observed that sociocultural developments occurred along different timeframes. \"Sedentary\" and \"nomadic\" communities continued to interact considerably; they were not strictly divided among widely different cultural groups. The concept of a cradle of civilization has a focus where the inhabitants came to build cities, to create writing systems, to experiment in techniques for making pottery and using metals, to domesticate animals, and to develop complex social structures involving class systems.[5]", "Neolithic Revolution The beginning of this process in different regions has been dated from 10,000 to 8,000 BC in the Fertile Crescent[5][13] and perhaps 8000 BC in the Kuk Early Agricultural Site of Melanesia.[14][15] This transition everywhere seems associated with a change from a largely nomadic hunter-gatherer way of life to a more settled, agrarian-based one, with the inception of the domestication of various plant and animal speciesâ€”depending on the species locally available, and probably also influenced by local culture. Recent archaeological research suggests that in some regions such as the Southeast Asian peninsula, the transition from hunter-gatherer to agriculturalist was not linear, but region-specific.[16]", "Cradle of civilization Current scholarship generally identifies six sites where civilization emerged independently: Mesopotamia, the Nile River, the Indus River, the Yellow River, the Central Andes, and Mesoamerica.[7][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]", "River valley civilization Civilization first began in 3500 BC, which along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means \"land between the rivers\". The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BC, but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BC. A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BC, in parts of what are now India and Pakistan. The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BC along the Yellow River in China, also known as the Huang-He River Civilization.[1][2]", "History of agriculture In China, rice and millet were domesticated by 8,000 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. In the Sahel region of Africa, local rice and sorghum were domesticated by 5,000 BC. Kola nut and coffee were domesticated in Africa.[33] In New Guinea, ancient Papuan peoples began practicing agriculture around 7,000 BC, domesticating sugarcane and taro.[34] In the Indus Valley from the eighth millennium BC onwards at Mehrgarh, 2-row and 6-row barley were cultivated, along with einkorn, emmer, and durum wheats, and dates. In the earliest levels of Merhgarh, wild game such as gazelle, swamp deer, blackbuck, chital, wild ass, wild goat, wild sheep, boar, and nilgai were all hunted for food. These are successively replaced by domesticated sheep, goats, and humped zebu cattle by the fifth millennium BC, indicating the gradual transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.[35] Maize and squash were domesticated in Mesoamerica; potato in South America, and sunflower in the Eastern Woodlands of North America.[36]", "Domestication The earliest human attempts at plant domestication occurred in the Middle East. There is early evidence for conscious cultivation and trait selection of plants by pre-Neolithic groups in Syria: grains of rye with domestic traits have been recovered from Epi-Palaeolithic (c. 11,050 BCE) contexts at Abu Hureyra in Syria,[49] but this appears to be a localised phenomenon resulting from cultivation of stands of wild rye, rather than a definitive step towards domestication.[49]", "History of the world The Neolithic Revolution, beginning around 10,000 BCE, saw the development of agriculture, which fundamentally changed the human lifestyle. Farming developed around 10,000 BCE in the Middle East, around 7000 BCE in what is now China, about 6000 BCE in the Indus Valley and Europe, and about 4000 BCE in the Americas.[29] Cultivation of cereal crops and the domestication of animals occurred around 8500 BCE in the Middle East, where wheat and barley were the first crops and sheep and goats were domesticated.[30] In the Indus Valley, crops were cultivated by 6000 BCE, along with domesticated cattle. The Yellow River valley in China cultivated millet and other cereal crops by about 7000 BCE, but the Yangtze River valley domesticated rice earlier, by at least 8000 BCE. In the Americas, sunflowers were cultivated by about 4000 BCE, and corn and beans were domesticated in Central America by 3500 BCE. Potatoes were first cultivated in the Andes Mountains of South America, where the llama was also domesticated.[29] Metal-working, starting with copper around 6000 BCE, was first used for tools and ornaments. Gold soon followed, with its main use being for ornaments. The need for metal ores stimulated trade, as many of the areas of early human settlement were lacking in ores. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, is first known from about 2500 BCE, but did not become widely used until much later.[31]", "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent has an impressive record of past human activity. As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early modern humans (e.g. at Tabun and Es Skhul caves in Israel), later Pleistocene hunter-gatherers and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers (the Natufians), this area is most famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture. The western zone around the Jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known Neolithic farming settlements (referred to as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)), which date to around 9,000 BCE (and includes sites such as Göbekli Tepe and Jericho).", "Neolithic Revolution The relationship of the above-mentioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture, their sequence of emergence, and empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate, and varies from place to place, rather than being the outcome of universal laws of social evolution.[8][9] The Levant saw the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC, followed by sites in the wider Fertile Crescent. The Neolithic Revolution \"inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy and agriculture.\"[10][11]", "Cradle of civilization In the absence of written documents, most aspects of the rise of early civilizations are contained in archaeological assessments that document the development of formal institutions and the material culture. A \"civilized\" way of life is ultimately linked to conditions coming almost exclusively from intensive agriculture. Gordon Childe defined the development of civilization as the result of two successive revolutions: the Neolithic Revolution, triggering the development of settled communities, and the Urban Revolution, which enhanced tendencies towards dense settlements, specialized occupational groups, social classes, exploitation of surpluses, monumental public buildings and writing. Few of those conditions, however, are unchallenged by the records: dense settlements were not attested in Egypt's Old Kingdom and were absent in the Maya area;[citation needed] the Incas lacked writing altogether; and often monumental architecture preceded any indication of village settlement. For instance, in present-day Louisiana, researchers have determined that cultures that were primarily nomadic organized over generations to build earthwork mounds at seasonal settlements as early as 3400 BC. Rather than a succession of events and preconditions, the rise of civilization could equally be hypothesized as an accelerated process that started with incipient agriculture and culminated in the Oriental Bronze Age.[13]", "History of the world Humanity's written history was preceded by its prehistory, beginning with the Palaeolithic Era (\"Early Stone Age\"), followed by the Neolithic Era (\"New Stone Age\"). The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin, between 8000 and 5000 BCE, in the Near East's Fertile Crescent. The Agricultural Revolution marked a fundamental change in history, with humans beginning the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.[2] As agriculture advanced, most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation.", "List of food origins The Neolithic founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Holocene (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region of southwest Asia, and which formed the basis of systematic agriculture in the Middle East, North Africa, India, Persia and (later) Europe. They consist of flax, three cereals and four pulses, and are the first known domesticated plants in the world. Although domesticated rye (Secale cereale) occurs in the final Epi-Palaeolithic strata at Tell Abu Hureyra (the earliest instance of a domesticated plant species), it was insignificant in the Neolithic Period of southwest Asia and only became common with the spread of farming into northern Europe several millennia later.", "Agriculture in Mesoamerica Agriculture in Mesoamerica dates to the Archaic period of Mesoamerican chronology (8000–2000 BC).[1] At the beginning of the Aztec period, the Early Hunters of the late Pleistocene era (50,000–10,000 BC) led nomadic lifestyles, relying on hunting and gathering for sustenance. However, the nomadic lifestyle that dominated the late Pleistocene and the early Archaic slowly transitioned into a more sedentary lifestyle as the hunter gatherer micro-bands in the region began to cultivate wild plants. The cultivation of these plants provided security to the Mesoamericans, allowing them to increase surplus of \"starvation foods\" near seasonal camps; this surplus could be utilized when hunting was bad, during times of drought, and when resources were low. The cultivation of plants could have been started purposefully, or by accident. The former could have been done by bringing a wild plant closer to a camp site, or to a frequented area, so it was easier access and collect. The latter could have happened as certain plant seeds were eaten and not fully digested, causing these plants to grow wherever human habitation would take them.", "History of agriculture Asian rice was domesticated 8,200â€“13,500 years ago in China, with a single genetic origin from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon,[58] in the Pearl River valley region of China. Rice cultivation then spread to South and Southeast Asia.[59]", "Neolithic By 10,200–8800 BC, farming communities arose in the Levant and spread to Asia Minor, North Africa and North Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC.", "Stone Age The Neolithic, or New Stone Age, was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture. The shift from food gathering to food producing, in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history, was accompanied by the so-called Neolithic Revolution: the development of pottery, polished stone tools, and construction of more complex, larger settlements such as Göbekli Tepe and Çatal Hüyük. Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier, in the transitional Mesolithic. The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BCE in the fertile crescent and spread concentrically to other areas of the world; however, the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture, the cultivation of maize in Meso-America and of rice in the Far East being others.", "Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. It has been identified as having \"inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy and agriculture.\"[2]", "Neolithic Revolution Finds of large quantities of seeds and a grinding stone at the paleolithic site of Ohalo II in the vicinity of the Sea of Galilee, dated to around 19,400 BP has shown some of the earliest evidence for advanced planning of plant food consumption and suggests that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption.[35][36] Tell Aswad is oldest site of agriculture with domesticated emmer wheat dated to 8800 BC.[37][38] Soon after came hulled, two-row barley found domesticated earliest at Jericho in the Jordan valley and Iraq ed-Dubb in Jordan.[39] Other sites in the Levantine corridor that show the first evidence of agriculture include Wadi Faynan 16 and Netiv Hagdud.[5] Jacques Cauvin noted that the settlers of Aswad did not domesticate on site, but \"arrived, perhaps from the neighbouring Anti-Lebanon, already equipped with the seed for planting\".[40] The Heavy Neolithic Qaraoun culture has been identified at around fifty sites in Lebanon around the source springs of the River Jordan, however the dating of the culture has never been reliably determined.[41][42]", "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent had many diverse climates, and major climatic changes encouraged the evolution of many \"r\" type annual plants, which produce more edible seeds than \"K\" type perennial plants. The region's dramatic variety of elevation gave rise to many species of edible plants for early experiments in cultivation. Most importantly, the Fertile Crescent was home to the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture (i.e. wild progenitors to emmer wheat, einkorn, barley, flax, chick pea, pea, lentil, bitter vetch), and four of the five most important species of domesticated animals—cows, goats, sheep, and pigs—and the fifth species, the horse, lived nearby.[4] The Fertile Crescent flora comprises a high percentage of plants that can self-pollinate, but may also be cross-pollinated.[5] These plants, called \"selfers\", were one of the geographical advantages of the area because they did not need to be dependent on other plants for their own multiplication.[6]", "Neolithic Revolution Several plant species, the \"pioneer crops\" or Neolithic founder crops, were identified by Daniel Zohary, who highlighted the importance of the three cereals, and suggested that domestication of flax, peas, chickpeas, bitter vetch and lentils came a little later. Based on analysis of the genes of domesticated plants, he preferred theories of a single, or at most a very small number of domestication events for each taxon that spread in an arc from the Levantine corridor around the Fertile Crescent and later into Europe.[29][30] Gordon Hillman and Stuart Davies carried out experiments with wild wheat varieties to show that the process of domestication would have occurred over a relatively short period of between 20 and 200 years.[31] Some of these pioneering attempts failed at first and crops were abandoned, sometimes to be taken up again and successfully domesticated thousands of years later: rye, tried and abandoned in Neolithic Anatolia, made its way to Europe as weed seeds and was successfully domesticated in Europe, thousands of years after the earliest agriculture.[32] Wild lentils presented a different problem: most of the wild seeds do not germinate in the first year; the first evidence of lentil domestication, breaking dormancy in their first year, was found in the early Neolithic at Jerf el Ahmar (in modern Syria), and quickly spread south to the Netiv HaGdud site in the Jordan Valley.[32] This process of domestication allowed the founder crops to adapt and eventually become larger, more easily harvested, more dependable[clarification needed] in storage and more useful to the human population.", "History of Earth Throughout more than 90% of its history, Homo sapiens lived in small bands as nomadic hunter-gatherers.[175]:8 As language became more complex, the ability to remember and communicate information resulted, according to a theory proposed by Richard Dawkins, in a new replicator: the meme.[180] Ideas could be exchanged quickly and passed down the generations. Cultural evolution quickly outpaced biological evolution, and history proper began. Between 8500 and 7000 BC, humans in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture.[181] This spread to neighboring regions, and developed independently elsewhere, until most Homo sapiens lived sedentary lives in permanent settlements as farmers. Not all societies abandoned nomadism, especially those in isolated areas of the globe poor in domesticable plant species, such as Australia.[182] However, among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture, the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand.[citation needed]", "Guns, Germs, and Steel The crucial trap for the development of agriculture is the availability of wild edible plant species suitable for domestication. Farming arose early in the Fertile Crescent since the area had an abundance of wild wheat and pulse species that were nutritious and easy to domesticate. In contrast, American farmers had to struggle to develop corn as a useful food from its probable wild ancestor, teosinte.", "Neolithic Revolution On the African continent, three areas have been identified as independently developing agriculture: the Ethiopian highlands, the Sahel and West Africa.[47] By contrast, Agriculture in the Nile River Valley is thought to have developed from the original Neolithic Revolution in the Fertile Crescent. Many grinding stones are found with the early Egyptian Sebilian and Mechian cultures and evidence has been found of a neolithic domesticated crop-based economy dating around 7,000 BP.[48][49] Unlike the Middle East, this evidence appears as a \"false dawn\" to agriculture, as the sites were later abandoned, and permanent farming then was delayed until 6,500 BP with the Tasian and Badarian cultures and the arrival of crops and animals from the Near East.", "Neolithic Revolution Selectively propagated figs, wild barley and wild oats were cultivated at the early Neolithic site of Gilgal I, where in 2006[33] archaeologists found caches of seeds of each in quantities too large to be accounted for even by intensive gathering, at strata datable to c. 11,000 years ago. Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in the Ancient Near East, at sites like Gilgal, were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world.", "Civilization The process of sedentarization is first thought to have occurred around 12,000 BCE in the Levant region of southwest Asia though other regions around the world soon followed. The emergence of civilization is generally associated with the Neolithic, or Agricultural Revolution, which occurred in various locations between 8,000 and 5,000 BCE, specifically in southwestern/southern Asia, northern/central Africa and Central America.[45] At first, the Neolithic was associated with shifting subsistence cultivation, where continuous farming led to the depletion of soil fertility resulting in the requirement to cultivate fields further and further removed from the settlement, eventually compelling the settlement itself to move. In major semi-arid river valleys, annual flooding renewed soil fertility every year, with the result that population densities could rise significantly. This encouraged a secondary products revolution in which people used domesticated animals not just for meat, but also for milk, wool, manure and pulling ploughs and cartsâ€”a development that spread through the Eurasian Oecumene. The 8.2 Kiloyear Arid Event and the 5.9 Kiloyear Interpluvial saw the drying out of semiarid regions and a major spread of deserts.[46] This climate change shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities, which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities, associated with the first civilizations. This \"urban revolution\" marked the beginning of the accumulation of transferrable surpluses, which helped economies and cities develop. It was associated with the state monopoly of violence, the appearance of a soldier class and endemic warfare, rapid development of hierarchies, the appearance of human sacrifice[47] and a fall in the status of women.[citation needed]", "History of agriculture The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin.", "Ancient Near East The ancient Near East is considered[3] one of the cradles of civilization. It was here that intensive year-round agriculture was first practiced, leading to the rise of the first dense urban settlements and the development of many familiar institutions of civilization, such as social stratification, centralized government and empires, organized religion and organized warfare. It also saw the creation of the first writing system and law codes, early advances that laid the foundations of astronomy and mathematics, and the invention of the wheel.", "History of genetic engineering The first evidence of plant domestication comes from emmer and einkorn wheat found in pre-Pottery Neolithic A villages in Southwest Asia dated about 10,500 to 10,100 BC.[6] The Fertile Crescent of Western Asia, Egypt, and India were sites of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas.[7] The eight Neolithic founder crops (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax) had all appeared by about 7000 BC.[8] Horticulture first appears in the Levant during the Chalcolithic period about 6 800 to 6,300 BC.[9] Due to the soft tissues, archeological evidence for early vegetables is scarce. The earliest vegetable remains have been found in Egyptian caves that date back to the 2nd millennium BC.[10]", "Neolithic Revolution Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals happened in separate locations worldwide, starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene[4] around 12,500 years ago.[5] It was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available, with a switch to agriculture which led to a downturn in human nutrition.[6]", "History of agriculture Sumerian farmers grew the cereals barley and wheat, starting to live in villages from about 8,000 BC. Given the low rainfall of the region, agriculture relied on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Irrigation canals leading from the rivers permitted the growth of cereals in large enough quantities to support cities. The first ploughs appear in pictographs from Uruk around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs that funneled seed into the ploughed furrow appear on seals around 2300 BC. Vegetable crops included chickpeas, lentils, peas, beans, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. They grew fruits including dates, grapes, apples, melons, and figs. Alongside their farming, Sumerians also caught fish and hunted fowl and gazelle. The meat of sheep, goats, cows and poultry was eaten, mainly by the elite. Fish was preserved by drying, salting and smoking.[37][38]", "Prehistoric technology The Neolithic Revolution was the first agricultural revolution, representing a transition from hunting and gathering nomadic life to an agriculture existence. It evolved independently in six separate locations worldwide circa 10,000–7000 years BP (8,000–5,000 BC). The earliest known evidence exists in the tropical and subtropical areas of southwestern/southern Asia, northern/central Africa and Central America.[30]", "Barley Barley was one of the first domesticated grains in the Fertile Crescent, an area of relatively abundant water in Western Asia, and near the Nile river of northeast Africa.[23] The grain appeared in the same time as einkorn and emmer wheat.[24] Wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) ranges from North Africa and Crete in the west, to Tibet in the east.[3] The earliest evidence of wild barley in an archaeological context comes from the Epipaleolithic at Ohalo II at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee. The remains were dated to about 8500 BCE.[3] The earliest domesticated barley occurs at aceramic (\"pre-pottery\") Neolithic sites, in the Near East such as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B layers of Tell Abu Hureyra, in Syria. By 4200 BCE domesticated barley occurs as far as in Eastern Finland.[25] Barley has been grown in the Korean Peninsula since the Early Mumun Pottery Period (circa 1500â€“850 BCE) along with other crops such as millet, wheat, and legumes.[26]", "Agriculture in Mexico The territory of Mexico roughly corresponds with that of Mesoamerica, which was one of the cradles of plant domestication.[1][2] Archeological research in the Gulf coast of Tabasco shows the earliest evidence of corn cultivation in Mexico. The first fields were along the Grijalva River delta with fossilized pollen evidence showing forest clearing around 5100 BCE. The domestication of corn is followed by that of sunflower seeds and cotton.[2]", "Fertile Crescent Prehistoric seedless figs were discovered at Gilgal I in the Jordan Valley, suggesting that fig trees were being planted some 11,400 years ago.[9] Cereals were already grown in Syria as long as 9,000 years ago.[10] Small cats (Felis silvestris) also were domesticated in this region.[11]", "Neolithic In 2006, remains of figs were discovered in a house in Jericho dated to 9400Â BC. The figs are of a mutant variety that cannot be pollinated by insects, and therefore the trees can only reproduce from cuttings. This evidence suggests that figs were the first cultivated crop and mark the invention of the technology of farming. This occurred centuries before the first cultivation of grains.[8]", "Ancient history The 10th millennium BC is the earliest given date for the invention of agriculture and the beginning of the ancient era. Göbekli Tepe was erected by hunter-gatherers in the 10th millennium BC (c. 11,500 years ago), before the advent of sedentism. Together with Nevalı Çori, it has revolutionized understanding of the Eurasian Neolithic. In the 7th millennium BC, Jiahu culture began in China. By the 5th millennium BC, the late Neolithic civilizations saw the invention of the wheel and the spread of proto-writing. In the 4th millennium BC, the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in the Ukraine-Moldova-Romania region develops. By 3400 BC, \"proto-literate\" cuneiform is spread in the Middle East.[33] The 30th century BC, referred to as the Early Bronze Age II, saw the beginning of the literate period in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Around the 27th century BC, the Old Kingdom of Egypt and the First Dynasty of Uruk are founded, according to the earliest reliable regnal eras.", "Agriculture in Mesoamerica Richard S. MacNeish completed an extensive archaeological survey of Mesoamerica, during which he found the maize cobs in caves in Tehuacan, Puebla. It was originally suspected that these cobs date back to circa 5000 BC, however after radiocarbon dating it was determined that these finds date to 3500 BC.[1] The earliest dated maize cob was discovered in GuilÃ¡ Naquitz cave in Oaxaca and dates back to 4300 BC.[1] Maize arrived at this point through the catastrophic sexual transmutation of Teosinte,[2] the ancestor of maize. It became the single most important crop in all of Mesoamerica. Maize is storable for long periods of time, it can be ground into flour, and it easily turns into surplus for future use. Maize became vital to the survival of the people of Mesoamerica; this is reflected in their origin myths, artwork, and rituals. The Maize God is depicted throughout Mesoamerica in stone figurines, carvings on altars, and even on temples, further signifying the importance of maize to the Mesoamerican peoples.", "Neolithic Revolution The Middle East served as the source for many animals that could be domesticated, such as sheep, goats and pigs. This area was also the first region to domesticate the dromedary. Henri Fleisch discovered and termed the Shepherd Neolithic flint industry from the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon and suggested that it could have been used by the earliest nomadic shepherds. He dated this industry to the Epipaleolithic or Pre-Pottery Neolithic as it is evidently not Paleolithic, Mesolithic or even Pottery Neolithic.[42][55] The presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development. As the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier, many of the farmers were forced to leave, taking their domesticated animals with them. It was this massive emigration from the Middle East that would later help distribute these animals to the rest of Afroeurasia. This emigration was mainly on an east-west axis of similar climates, as crops usually have a narrow optimal climatic range outside of which they cannot grow for reasons of light or rain changes. For instance, wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates, just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates. Some authors, like Jared Diamond, have postulated that this East-West axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the Fertile Crescent to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa, while it did not reach through the North-South axis of Africa to reach the Mediterranean climates of South Africa, where temperate crops were successfully imported by ships in the last 500 years.[56] Similarly, the African Zebu of central Africa and the domesticated bovines of the fertile-crescent — separated by the dry sahara desert — were not introduced into each other's region.", "Ancient history The Ancient Near East is considered the cradle of civilization. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; created the first coherent writing system, invented the potter's wheel and then the vehicular- and mill wheel, created the first centralized governments, law codes and empires, as well as introducing social stratification, slavery and organized warfare, and it laid the foundation for the fields of astronomy and mathematics.", "Cradle of civilization The Coxcatlan caves in the Valley of Tehuacán provide evidence for agriculture in components dated between 5000 and 3400 BC.[121] Similarly, sites such as Sipacate in Guatemala provide maize pollen samples dating to 3500 BC.[122] It is estimated that fully domesticated maize developed in Mesoamerica around 2700 BC.[123] Mesoamericans during this period likely divided their time between small hunting encampments and large temporary villages.[124] What would become the Olmec civilization had its roots in early farming cultures of Tabasco, which began around 5100 to 4600 BC.[125]", "Sumer Sumer (/ˈsuːmər/)[note 1] was the first urban civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the first civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley.[1] Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC.[2]", "Ficus Figs have figured prominently in some human cultures. There is evidence that figs, specifically the common fig (F. carica) and sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus), were among the first – if not the very first – plant species that were deliberately bred for agriculture in the Middle East, starting more than 11,000 years ago. Nine subfossil F. carica figs dated to about 9400–9200 BCE were found in the early Neolithic village Gilgal I (in the Jordan Valley, 13 km north of Jericho). These were a parthenogenetic type and thus apparently an early cultivar. This find predates the first known cultivation of grain in the Middle East by many hundreds of years.[10]", "Hunter-gatherer As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.", "Domestication The domestication of plants began at least 12,000 years ago with cereals in the Middle East, and the bottle gourd in Asia. Agriculture developed in at least 11 different centres around the world, domesticating different crops and animals.", "History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent Wild rice cultivation appeared in the Belan and Ganges valley regions of northern India as early as 4530 BCE and 5440 BCE respectively.[36] Rice was cultivated in the Indus Valley Civilisation.[37] Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the Kashmir and Harrappan regions.[36] Mixed farming was the basis of the Indus valley economy.[37] Denis J. Murphy (2007) details the spread of cultivated rice from India into South-east Asia:[38]", "History of agriculture The civilization of Ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians were among the first peoples to practice agriculture on a large scale, starting in the pre-dynastic period from the end of the Paleolithic into the Neolithic, between around 10,000 and 4,000 BC.[39] This was made possible with the development of basin irrigation.[40] Their staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus.[39]", "Neolithic The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200–8800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period lasted between 12,500 and 9,500 BC, and the so-called \"proto-Neolithic\" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.", "Agriculture in China Excavations at Kuahuqiao, the earliest known Neolithic site in eastern China, have documented rice cultivation 7,700 years ago.[5] Approximately half of the plant remains belonged to domesticated japonica species, whilst the other half were wild types of rice. It is possible that the people at Kuahuqiao also cultivated the wild type.[3] Finds at sites of the Hemudu Culture (c.5500-3300 BCE) in Yuyao and Banpo near Xi'an include millet and spade-like tools made of stone and bone. Evidence of settled rice agriculture has been found at the Hemudu site of Tianluoshan (5000-4500 BCE), with rice becoming the backbone of the agricultural economy by the Majiabang culture in southern China.[6]", "Wheat The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600Â BCE. Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis.", "Cereal The first cereal grains were domesticated by early primitive humans.[6] About 8,000 years ago, they were domesticated by ancient farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region. Emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley were three of the so-called Neolithic founder crops in the development of agriculture. Around the same time, millets and rices were starting to become domesticated in East Asia. Sorghum and millets were also being domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa.", "New World crops The new world developed agriculture about 1500 years after it was first practiced in part of the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East. The following table illustrates the crops that were grown and the chronology of domestication.", "History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India.[15][16][note 1] Yet, Jean-Francois Jarrige argues for an independent origin of Mehrgarh. Jarrige notes the similarities between Neolithic sites from eastern Mesopotamia and the western Indus valley, which are evidence of a \"cultural continuum\" between those sites. Nevertheless, Jarrige concludes that Mehrgarh has an earlier local background,\" and is not a \"'backwater' of the Neolithic culture of the Near East.\"[31] Singh et al. (2016) investigated the distribution of J2a-M410 and J2b-M102 in South Asia, which \"suggested a complex scenario that cannot be explained by a single wave of agricultural expansion from Near East to South Asia,\"[16] but also note that \"regardless of the complexity of dispersal, NW region appears to be the corridor for entry of these haplogroups into India.\"[16]", "Hunter-gatherer Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as; fishing nets, hooks, and bone harpoons.[7] The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.", "Sumer The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as c. 5000 BC â€“ 4500 BC. The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques, including organized irrigation, large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping involving the use of plough agriculture, and the use of an agricultural specialized labour force under bureaucratic control. The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC).", "History of sustainability Archeological evidence suggests that the first civilizations arose in Sumer, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and Egypt, both dating from around 3000 BCE. By 1000 BCE, civilizations were also established in India, China, Mexico, Peru and in parts of Europe.[14][15] Sumer illustrates issues central to the sustainability of human civilization.[16] Sumerian cities practised intensive, year-round agriculture from c. 5300 BCE. The surplus of storable food created by this economy allowed the population to settle in one place instead of migrating in search of wild foods and grazing land. It also allowed for a much greater population density. The development of agriculture in Mesopotamia required many labourers to build and maintain its irrigation system. This, in turn, led to political hierarchy, bureaucracy, and religious sanction, along with standing armies to protect the emergent civilization. Intensified agriculture allowed for population increase, but also led to deforestation in upstream areas with resultant flooding and over-irrigation, which raised soil salinity. While there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, yields still diminished. Eventually, decreasing agricultural production and other factors led to the decline of the civilization. From 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population was reduced by nearly sixty percent.[16][17] Civilizations similarly thought to have eventually fallen because of poor management of resources include the Mayans, Anasazi and Easter Islanders, among many others.[18][19] In contrast, stable communities of shifting cultivators and horticulturists existed in New Guinea and South America, and large agrarian communities in China, India and elsewhere have farmed in the same localities for centuries. Some Polynesian cultures have maintained stable communities for between 1,000 and 3,000 years on small islands with minimal resources using rahui[20] and kaitiakitanga[21] to control human pressure on the environment. In Sri Lanka nature reserves established during the reign of king Devanampiyatissa and dating back to 307 BC were devoted to sustainability and harmonious living with nature.[22]", "Neolithic Around 10,000 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the Fertile Crescent.[2] Around 10,700–9400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles (16 km) north of Aleppo. The settlement included two temples dating to 9650 BC.[11] Around 9000 BC during the PPNA, one of the world's first towns, Jericho, appeared in the Levant. It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2,000–3,000 people and a massive stone tower.[12] Around 6400 BC the Halaf culture appeared in Lebanon, Israel and Palestine, Syria, Anatolia, and Northern Mesopotamia and subsisted on dryland agriculture.", "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent (also known as the cradle of civilization) is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile areas of what is an otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia, the Nile Valley and Nile Delta. It was created by the inundations of the surrounding Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris rivers. Having originated in the study of ancient history, the concept soon developed and today retains meanings in international geopolitics and diplomatic relations.", "Sumer Finally, the Sumerians ushered in domestication with intensive agriculture and irrigation. Emmer wheat, barley, sheep (starting as mouflon), and cattle (starting as aurochs) were foremost among the species cultivated and raised for the first time on a grand scale.", "Neolithic In the Middle East, cultures identified as Neolithic began appearing in the 10th millennium BC.[2] Early development occurred in the Levant (e.g., Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) and from there spread eastwards and westwards. Neolithic cultures are also attested in southeastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia by around 8000Â BC.[citation needed]", "Center of origin World centers of origin of cultivated plants[7][8]", "History of Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent was inhabited by several distinct, flourishing cultures between the end of the last ice age (c. 10,000 BC) and the beginning of history. One of the oldest known Neolithic sites in Mesopotamia is Jarmo, settled around 7000 BC and broadly contemporary with Jericho (in the Levant) and Çatal Hüyük (in Anatolia). It as well as other early Neolithic sites, such as Samarra and Tell Halaf were in northern Mesopotamia; later settlements in southern Mesopotamia required complicated irrigation methods. The first of these was Eridu, settled during the Ubaid period culture by farmers who brought with them the Samarran culture from the north. This was followed by Uruk period and the emergence of the Sumerians.", "Cradle of civilization Historic times are marked apart from prehistoric times when \"records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations\";[12] which may be in written or oral form. If the rise of civilization is taken to coincide with the development of writing out of proto-writing, the Near Eastern Chalcolithic, the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age during the 4th millennium BC, and the development of proto-writing in Harappa in the Indus Valley of South Asia around 3300 BC are the earliest incidences, followed by Chinese proto-writing evolving into the oracle bone script, and again by the emergence of Mesoamerican writing systems from about 2000 BC.", "History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent Indian agriculture began by 9000 BCE as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals.[2] Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture.[3][4] Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year.[5] Indian products soon reached the world via existing trading networks and foreign crops were introduced to India.[5][6] Plants and animals—considered essential to their survival by the Indians—came to be worshiped and venerated.[7]", "Neolithic Alluvial plains (Sumer/Elam). Little rainfall makes irrigation systems necessary. Ubaid culture from 6,900 BC.[citation needed]", "Maize Most historians believe maize was domesticated in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico.[4] Recent research in the early 21st century has modified this view somewhat; scholars now indicate the adjacent Balsas River Valley of south-central Mexico as the center of domestication.[5]", "Maize A primitive corn was being grown in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America 7,000 years ago. Archaeological remains of early maize ears, found at Guila Naquitz Cave in the Oaxaca Valley, date back roughly 6,250 years; the oldest ears from caves near Tehuacan, Puebla, date ca. 3,450 BC.[12]", "Maize Around 2500 BC, maize began to spread to the north; it was first cultivated in what is now the United States at several sites in New Mexico and Arizona, about 2100 BC.[70]", "Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent includes Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; and the Levant, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern-day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran.[1][2]", "History of Iraq Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. It has been identified as having \"inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script, Mathematics, Astronomy and Agriculture.\"[3]", "History of agriculture Wheat, barley, and jujube were domesticated in the Indian subcontinent by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats.[41] Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the domestication of cattle, primarily sheep and goats—followed in Mehrgarh culture by 8,000–6,000 BC.[42][43] This period also saw the first domestication of the elephant.[41] Pastoral farming in India included threshing, planting crops in rows—either of two or of six—and storing grain in granaries.[43][44] Cotton was cultivated by the 5th-4th millennium BC.[45] By the 5th millennium BC, agricultural communities became widespread in Kashmir.[43] Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4,500 BC.[46] The size and prosperity of the Indus civilization grew as a result of this innovation, leading to more thoroughly planned settlements which used drainage and sewers.[46] Archeological evidence of an animal-drawn plough dates back to 2,500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization.[47]", "Cradle of civilization The developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (10,200 BC) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (7600 to 6000 BC) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards.[23] Contemporaneously, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering people using stone tools along the Nile. Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies also suggest that natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of northern Africa, eventually forming the Sahara. Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle.[49] By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of inter-related cultures as far south as Sudan, demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badari, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and use of copper.[50] The oldest known domesticated bovine in Africa are from Fayum dating to around 4400 BC.[51] The Badari cultures was followed by the Naqada culture, which brought a number of technological improvements.[52] As early as the first Naqada Period, Amratia, Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes.[53] By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper Egypt to the south, and Lower Egypt to the north.[54]", "Neolithic Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independently of those in Europe and Southwest Asia.", "History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent In the period of the Neolithic revolution, roughly 8000-4000 BCE, agriculture was far from the dominant mode of support for human societies.[12] Agro pastoralism in India included threshing, planting crops in rows—either of two or of six—and storing grain in granaries.[3][13] Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the rearing of cattle, sheep and goat—was visible in Mehrgarh by 8000-6000 BCE.[3][14]", "History of the world Whether in prehistoric or historic times, people always had to be near reliable sources of potable water. Cities developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE, when some of the first well-developed settlements arose in Mesopotamia,[3] on the banks of Egypt's Nile River,[4][5] in the Indus River valley,[6] and along China's rivers.[7][8] As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons. Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities, which provided the foundation for civilization. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing.", "History of agriculture In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was transformed through human selection into the ancestor of modern maize, more than 6,000 years ago. It gradually spread across North America and was the major crop of Native Americans at the time of European exploration.[63] Other Mesoamerican crops include hundreds of varieties of locally domesticated squash and beans, while cocoa, also domesticated in the region, was a major crop.[34] The turkey, one of the most important meat birds, was probably domesticated in Mexico or the U.S. Southwest.[64]", "Neolithic Revolution Maize (corn), beans and squash were among the earliest crops domesticated in Mesoamerica, with maize beginning about 7500 BC, squash, as early as 8000 to 6000 BC and beans by no later than 4000 BC. Potatoes and manioc were domesticated in South America. In what is now the eastern United States, Native Americans domesticated sunflower, sumpweed and goosefoot around 2500 BC. At Guilá Naquitz cave in the Mexican highlands, fragments of maize pollen, bottle gourd and pepo squash were recovered and variously dated between 8000 and 7000 BC. In this area of the world people relied on hunting and gathering for several millennia to come. Sedentary village life based on farming did not develop until the second millennium BC, referred to as the formative period.[50]", "Rye Claims of much earlier cultivation of rye, at the Epipalaeolithic site of Tell Abu Hureyra in the Euphrates valley of northern Syria[8] remain controversial. Critics point to inconsistencies in the radiocarbon dates, and identifications based solely on grain, rather than on chaff.[9]", "History of Mesopotamia The early Neolithic human occupation of Mesopotamia is, like the previous Epipaleolithic period, confined to the foothill zones of the Taurus and Zagros Mountains and the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period (10,000–8700 BC) saw the introduction of agriculture, while the oldest evidence for animal domestication dates to the transition from the PPNA to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB, 8700–6800 BC) at the end of the 9th millennium BC. This transition has been documented at sites like Abu Hureyra and Mureybet, which continued to be occupied from the Natufian well into the PPNB.[18][19] The so-far earliest monumental sculptures and circular stone buildings from Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey date to the PPNA/Early PPNB and represent, according to the excavator, the communal efforts of a large community of hunter-gatherers.[20][21]" ]	[ "History of agriculture Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC. From around 9,500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops—emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas, and flax—were cultivated in the Levant. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC, followed by sheep between 11,000 and 9,000 BC. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7,000 BC. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 5,000 BC. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 8,000 and 5,000 BC, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Bananas were cultivated and hybridized in the same period in Papua New Guinea. In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 4,000 BC. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3,000 BC.", "History of agriculture Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin.[10] Some of the earliest known domestications were of animals. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC.[11] Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 11,000 and 9,000 BC.[12] Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC.[13] Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3,000 BC.[14]" ]
test1204	when does part 5 of jojo take place	[ "doc42970" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc2389368", "doc2389342", "doc42968", "doc2389358", "doc1867195", "doc1867193", "doc396536", "doc2595908", "doc2389366", "doc2389371", "doc42969", "doc2389345", "doc2389373", "doc42970", "doc1360306", "doc2389362", "doc1867194", "doc2389361", "doc2389334", "doc2389335", "doc2595910", "doc2389385", "doc2595907", "doc1358557", "doc2389343", "doc2389367", "doc42973", "doc396550", "doc396535", "doc1358549", "doc2389386", "doc2389369", "doc2389360", "doc396540", "doc457120", "doc2389339", "doc2389353", "doc2389375", "doc2389350", "doc2002811", "doc396534", "doc541188", "doc2389354", "doc2389365", "doc2389337", "doc2389344", "doc2595912", "doc1360305", "doc396547", "doc396545", "doc2389356", "doc2389341", "doc2389357", "doc396548", "doc2389388", "doc2067077", "doc255489", "doc1358552", "doc2389383", "doc2036577", "doc396537", "doc2389349", "doc2389338", "doc135089", "doc1358566", "doc396543", "doc2389363", "doc1444771", "doc1971928", "doc396541", "doc396551", "doc2389381", "doc2389355", "doc2389351", "doc2595906", "doc42974", "doc1360304", "doc2408357", "doc396544", "doc2389372", "doc396546", "doc289834", "doc1358550", "doc2339802", "doc396542", "doc2389377", "doc1713489", "doc2067075", "doc139679", "doc1358560", "doc2189363", "doc135083", "doc135082", "doc2389340", "doc1358548", "doc183150", "doc565382", "doc1358577", "doc1182918", "doc396539" ]	[ "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 5, Golden Wind, was confirmed for an anime adaptation on June 21, 2018. The series will air in October of 2018. [45]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 5 Golden Wind (黄金の風, Ōgon no Kaze)", "Vento Aureo Vento Aureo (Japanese: 黄金の風, Hepburn: Ōgon no Kaze, lit. \"Golden Wind\") is the fifth story arc of the Japanese manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki. It was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from the November 20, 1995 issue[1] to the April 5, 1999 issue.[2] In its original publication, it was referred to as JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 5 Giorno Giovanna: Golden Heritage.[a] Within Vento Aureo, the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure title is rendered in Italian, as Le Bizzarre Avventure di GioGio.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure began serialization in Weekly Shōnen Jump in its combined issue #1-2 of 1987, which was published on January 1, 1987.[17] The chapters are collected and published into tankōbon volumes by Shueisha, with the first released on August 10, 1987.[18] The series is broken into arcs or parts, each of which stars a different descendant of the Joestar family. During Part 5, which takes place in Italy, the series' title was occasionally written in Italian as Le Bizzarre Avventure di GioGio. After volume 63, each parts' tankōbon have started the number count back at one; see Stone Ocean, Steel Ball Run and JoJolion. The series was switched to the magazine Ultra Jump in 2005, during Steel Ball Run, with the chapters now published monthly. JoJolion, the current arc, began on May 19, 2011. A sōshūhen edition that aims to recreate the manga as it was originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump with color pages, promotional text, and next chapter previews, began being published in October 2012.[19] That same year, the first three Parts of the series were digitally colored and released as digital downloads for smartphones and tablet computers. A hardcover re-release of the first three Parts, including colored pages from their original serialization, was collected under the title JoJonium (ジョジョニウム, Jojoniumu) between December 4, 2013, and March 4, 2015.[20]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind The Golden Wind pilot debuted at Anime Expo on July 6, 2018. The series formally premiered on October 5, 2018, on Tokyo MX and other channels.[4][a] The series is simulcast by Crunchyroll. Like previous seasons, some names are altered in the official English releases to avoid potential copyright infringement.[5] The opening theme is \"Fighting Gold\" performed by Coda, and the ending theme is \"Freek'n You\" by Jodeci.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind (Japanese: ジョジョの奇妙な冒険黄金の風, Hepburn: JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken Ōgon no Kaze) is the fourth season of the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure anime television series by David Production, adapting Golden Wind, the fifth part of Hirohiko Araki's manga JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. Set in 2001, two years after the events of Diamond is Unbreakable, Koichi Hirose is sent to Italy and tasked by Jotaro Kujo to search for Giorno Giovanna, an aspiring mafia gangster who is a son of Dio Brando. The series follows Giorno as he makes his way through ranks of the mafia organization Passione so he can become its boss.", "Diamond Is Unbreakable In 1999 in the town of Morioh (杜王町, Moriō-chō) located in S-City, M-Prefecture (M県S市, Emu-ken, Esu-shi), Josuke Higashikata (東方仗助, Higashikata Jōsuke, the kanji 助 suke, can also be read as jo) is a popular boy in high school who becomes quick friends with one of his classmates, Koichi Hirose. Josuke is the illegitimate child of Joseph Joestar, born from a relationship with a Japanese woman, making him the uncle of Joseph's grandson Jotaro Kujo. Jotaro's arrival in Morioh pulls Josuke into the world of the supernatural powers known as Stands, as he becomes involved in Jotaro's search for a Stand-creating Bow and Arrow which was brought to Morioh by one of DIO's henchmen. One of these new Stand users is the murderer Anjuro \"Angelo\" Katagiri, who uses his Stand Aqua Necklace to try and kill Josuke for interfering with his criminal activity in Morioh. Aqua Necklace manages to kill Josuke's grandfather, Ryohei Higashikata, in revenge for him being jailed by him. With Jotaro's help, Josuke uses his own Stand, Crazy Diamond, to defeat Angelo.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders Set in 1987, the series follows Jotaro Kujo and his comrades who have developed mysterious powers known as Stands. Jotaro, his grandfather Joseph Joestar and their allies, travel to Egypt in search of the evil and immortal vampire Dio Brando, now known solely as \"DIO\" to save Jotaro's mother Holly whose Stand has awakened and threatens to consume her in 50 days. Meanwhile DIO has commissioned a number of assassins with various types of deadly Stands to destroy them before they can reach him.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Although teased at in the post-credit scenes of the finale,[38] the second season of the anime was officially announced in October 2013 in the November 2013 issue of Ultra Jump and the fifth", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure In April 2011, it was announced that Nisio Isin, Kouhei Kadono, and Ōtarō Maijō were each writing novel adaptations of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure in celebration of the series' 25th anniversary.[51] Kadono's, titled Purple Haze Feedback (恥知らずのパープルヘイズ, Hajishirazu no Pāpuru Heizu), was released on September 16, 2011, and is based on Part 5.[52] Isin's was released on December 16, 2011, based on Part 3 and titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Over Heaven.[53] Maijō's novel, Jorge Joestar, was revealed in July and released on September 19, 2012.[54] It tells the story of George Joestar II, son of Jonathan and father of Joseph, in his childhood growing up on La Palma where he is known as \"Jorge Joestar\" as well as an alternate version living in Japan named \"Joji Joestar\" investigating mysteries behind the appearance of a moving island. It features characters from and inspired by nearly every part of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure.", "Vento Aureo As it is the fifth part of the series, the 155 chapters pick up where the fourth left off and are numbered 440 to 594, with the tankōbon volumes numbered 47 to 63. It was preceded by Diamond Is Unbreakable and followed by Stone Ocean.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 8 JoJolion (ジョジョリオン, Jojorion)", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Araki has released multiple books containing original artwork he has produced for JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. JoJo6251 was released in 1993 and features artwork, story details, and behind the scenes information for Phantom Blood, Battle Tendency, Stardust Crusaders, and Diamond Is Unbreakable. This was followed in 2000 by JoJo A-Go! Go! which features original artwork from Golden Wind and Stone Ocean. In 2013, he released JoJoveller, a multimedia set that includes a book featuring original artwork for Stone Ocean, Steel Ball Run, and JoJolion; a book detailing the history of the publications; and a book detailing every Stand featured since Stardust Crusaders. The limited edition has two Blu-rays showing the 25th anniversary art exhibition in Tokyo and a behind-the-scenes look at Araki's creative process.[58][59]", "Vento Aureo The manga begins in 2001, when the Diamond Is Unbreakable character Koichi Hirose goes to Naples at the request of Jotaro Kujo to find someone known as Haruno Shiobana and get a skin sample of theirs. Shiobana turns out to be a middle school student named Giorno Giovanna—which sounds similar to \"Haruno Shiobana\"—who is the son of Dio Brando. Giorno attempts to steal Koichi's luggage, but is stopped by Koichi's Stand, Echoes Act Three. Giorno recognized his power as being a Stand power similar to his Gold Experience, a Stand that can give life to inanimate objects. The story then follows Giorno as he tries to become a boss of the mafia in order to make Naples a better place and help its people, specifically where availability of drugs to young people are concerned. After an altercation with gang member Leaky Eye Luka, he attempts to join Passione, an organized crime group that employs many Stand users (essentially, his vision for Passione is akin to Robin Hood's band, in contrast to the sheer powerlust of its current leader). He is approached by a member of Passione, Bruno Bucciarati, who suspects him of killing Luka. During the fight readers are introduced to Buciarati's Stand, Sticky Fingers, that can place and open a zipper on any surface. Bucciarati challenges Giorno to complete the rite to join Passione, and therefore visit the Capo, Polpo, in prison.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I Principal photography took place in Japan and in Sitges, Spain.[1]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Araki has also drawn several spin-offs of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. The first being \"Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan. Episode 16: At a Confessional\" published in Weekly Shōnen Jump in 1997, which stars Rohan Kishibe from Part 4 and launched a series, Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan. \"Deadman's Questions\" (デッドマンズQ, Deddomanzu Kuesuchonzu) is a three chapter story starring Yoshikage Kira from Part 4 and was published in the magazine Allman in 1999. Both of these were later collected in Araki's 1999 Under Execution, Under Jailbreak (死刑執行中脱獄進行中, Shikei Shikkōchū Datsugoku Shinkōchū) collection of one-shots. Oingo Boingo Brothers Adventure (オインゴとボインゴ兄弟大冒険, Oingo to Boingo Kyōdai Daibōken) was released in October 2002,[32] features the title characters originally from Part 3 and is drawn in the same art style as Boingo's Stand, which is a fortune-telling comic book. Continuing the series starring Rohan, \"Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe -Mutsu-kabe Hill-\" was published in Jump SQ in 2007. \"Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 5: Millionaire Village~\" was published in the October 6, 2012, issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump.[33] \"Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 6: Poaching Seashore~\" was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump on October 12, 2013.[34] A collected volume of Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan was published by Shueisha on November 19, 2013, collecting the stories \"At a Confessional\", \"Mutsu-kabe Hill\", \"Millionaire Village\", \"Poaching Seashore\", and \"Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci\". \"Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 4: Mochizuki Family Moon Viewing~\" was released for free on September 21, 2014, as part of Shueisha's Shōnen Jump+ website debut. The newest part of the series \"Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe Episode #07 Monday - Sun Shower\" was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump on December 4, 2015.[35]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind The anime adaptation of Golden Wind was personally announced by series creator Hirohiko Araki at the \"Ripples of Adventure\" art exhibition on June 21, 2018.[1] Golden Wind is directed by returning series director Naokatsu Tsuda who is accompanied by the senior writer Yasuko Kobayashi. The character designer for Golden Wind is Takahiro Kishida, and the animation director is Shun'ichi Ishimoto. Yugo Kanno returns as composer from previous seasons.[1] The series will run for 39 episodes.[2][3]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure In 2013, Viz revealed that they planned to release the third part digitally and expressed interest in further material of the series, however, they explained the difficulties due to the numerous blatant references to real-life musicians and fashion designers.[21] Viz Media began publishing the JoJonium edition of Phantom Blood digitally in September 2014, with a three-volume hardcover print edition that includes color pages following throughout 2015. They then licensed the four-volume part 2 Battle Tendency, which they began publishing digitally in March 2015 and in print in November 2015.[28][29] Viz began re-releasing Stardust Crusaders in the hardcover format in fall 2016.[30] At Anime Expo 2016, Viz Media announced they will be publishing part 4 Diamond is Unbreakable.[31]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (Japanese: ジョジョの奇妙な冒険, Hepburn: JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki. It was originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1987 to 2004 before being transferred to the monthly seinen magazine Ultra Jump in 2005. The current story arc, JoJolion, started in 2011. JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is currently Shueisha's second largest manga series with its chapters collected into 121 tankōbon volumes and counting.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure A six-volume original video animation adaptation of the later half of the series' third story arc was released from 1993 to 1994 by studio A.P.P.P., followed by another seven-volume series covering earlier parts of the arc from 2000 to 2002. A.P.P.P. also produced a theatrical film of the first arc in 2007. In 2012, an anime television series produced by David Production began broadcast on Tokyo MX and covered the first two story arcs of the manga in 26 episodes. A second 48-episode season covering the third arc was broadcast in 2014 and 2015, a 39-episode season adapting the fourth aired between April and December 2016, and a new season adapting the fifth will premiere in October 2018.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders Although teased at in the post-credit scenes of the first season's finale, the second season of the JoJo anime was officially announced in October 2013 in the November 2013 issue of Ultra Jump and the fifth tankōbon volume of JoJolion.[10][11] David Production revealed that as with the different art styles they used for the first season, which covered the Phantom Blood and Battle Tendency arcs, they would be attempting a new art style with the Stardust Crusaders season.[12] Takehito Koyasu reprises his role as DIO from the previous season and Daisuke Ono reprises his role as Jotaro Kujo from the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: All Star Battle video game, but all other characters were given new voice actors.[2]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure From September 17 to October 6, 2011, the Gucci store in Shinjuku hosted the Gucci x Hirohiko Araki x Spur \"Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci\" Exhibition, a collaboration between the luxury Italian clothing brand, Araki, and the Japanese fashion magazine Spur.[97] The exhibit celebrated the 90th anniversary of Gucci and featured a life-size figure of Rohan Kishibe, as well as numerous illustrations by Araki; including actual pieces of the brand's own 2011–2012 fall/winter collection and his own original fashion designs.[97] The October 2011 issue of Spur featured another one-shot manga titled Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci (岸辺露伴グッチへ行く, Kishibe Rohan Guchi e Yuku), in which Rohan goes to a Gucci factory to discover the secret behind a magical handbag with the characters wearing and using Gucci products.[98][99] This was followed by another collaboration in the February 2013 issue of Spur with Jolyne, Fly High with Gucci (徐倫、GUCCIで飛ぶ, Jorīn, Gutchi de Tobu), starring Jolyne Cujoh from Part 6.[100][101] A free English translation of the latter was previously available on Gucci's Facebook page. Again, Araki's artwork was featured in Gucci's storefront displays around the world.[102][103]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders The series aired for 48 episodes, split into two parts consisting of 24 episodes each.[1] The first part aired on Tokyo MX between April 4, 2014, and September 12, 2014, also syndicated on MBS, Animax, and other channels,.[2] The second part, subtitled \"Battle in Egypt\" (エジプト編, Ejiputo-hen, lit. \"Egypt Chapter\" or \"Egypt Saga\"), aired between January 9, 2015 and June 19, 2015.[3][4] The series was simulcast outside of Asia on Crunchyroll's streaming services.[5] A preview of the English language dub of the first three episodes was streamed on Crunchyroll on July 5, 2014, tying in with its premiere at Anime Expo 2014.[6] The English dub began airing in North America on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block from July 29, 2017.[7]", "Persona 5 Persona 5 takes place within the Persona universe, revolving around a group of high school students who harness Personas, which are physical manifestations of their inner psyche.[12] Persona 5 is set in modern-day Tokyo in April of the year \"20XX\", with navigable real world locations within the city, such Akihabara, Shinjuku, and Shibuya.[13] Alongside larger environments, there are specific locations that can be entered, such as shops, restaurants, and movie theaters. A major setting throughout the game is Shujin Academy, a high school the protagonist attends.[2][14][15] The second major location is the \"Metaverse\", a supernatural realm consisting of the physical manifestation of humanity's subconscious desires. In the Metaverse, people with large enough desires form their own unique \"Palace\", which is modeled after their own distorted perception of the world, along with a Shadow version of themselves.[14][16][17] Palaces are populated by various types of Shadows, who take their forms after each Palace and become subservient to its leader. At the center of Palaces exists the source of the leader's desires, known as the \"Treasure\". The act of removing a Treasure forces the person in the real world to come to terms with themselves, publicly renouncing their crimes, sins, and vices if they were a criminal. A location that returns from earlier entries is the Velvet Room, a place that exists for the growth of Persona users that shifts appearance depending on the current guest: in Persona 5, it takes the form of a prison.[11]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6 Stone Ocean (ストーンオーシャン, Sutōn Ōshan)", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure With the 2014 premiere of Stardust Crusaders, American-based website Crunchyroll began streaming the anime series for viewers outside Japan an hour after it aired in Japan.[43] Warner Bros. Home Entertainment released Parts 1 and 2 in a DVD set on September 22, 2015, with an English dub.[44] In July 2016, Viz Media announced they acquired the Blu-ray rights to the series and released it with an English dub in July 2017. On October 15, 2016, American cable block Adult Swim began airing the anime on its Toonami block.[44]", "Vento Aureo They travel to the boss's hometown of Sardinia, after Trish informs them that that is where her mother met him. There, Giorno and company are contacted by someone who knows the boss's identity, but will only tell them in person. They travel to Rome to meet him, but the boss follows them there as well and kills him first. In Rome, it is revealed that the person who contacted Giorno and company was Jean Pierre Polnareff, a member of the Joestar group in Part 3: Stardust Crusaders. However, just before Jean Pierre Polnareff dies, he uses a Stand Arrow on his own Stand upgrading it to Silver Chariot Requiem, which gives it the ability to control people's spirits. It exchanges everyone's spirit with another, switching their bodies. Now in the turtle's body, Polnareff explains to the group about the Stand arrows and the boss's identity as Diavolo, which he knows having once fought him some years ago. However, as Polnareff is dead, Silver Chariot Requiem is out of control and will not allow anyone to get the arrow. The group and Diavolo, hidden in Mista's body alongside Trish's spirit because of the switch, chase after it. While Diavolo succeeds in defeating it, thanks to Bucciarati's sacrifice Giorno obtains the arrow and succeeds in upgrading his Stand to Gold Experience Requiem to defeat Diavolo. His new power causes Diavolo to continuously experience death over and over. In the last scene, Giorno is seen, with Mista, having men kneel before him, suggesting he becomes the boss of Passione.", "Diamond Is Unbreakable In October 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Part 4 would receive an anime television adaptation that serves as a continuation of David Production's ongoing anime television of the entire series.[45] The series began airing in April 2016.[3]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable Araki introduced the Bow and Arrow in this arc, which causes characters pierced by it to develop a Stand ability. This was used on DIO at the beginning of Part 3, which not only gave him a Stand but caused Stands to develop in the Joestar bloodline as well. The arc was adapted into an anime television series by David Production, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable, that began in April 2016.[3] A live-action film adaptation by Toho and Warner Bros. titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I was released on August 4, 2017.", "Persona 5 Persona 5 takes place in modern-day Tokyo, and follows the player-named protagonist after his transfer to the fictional Shujin Academy after being put on probation for an assault of which he was falsely accused. During the course of a school year, he and other students awaken to their Persona powers, becoming a group of secret vigilantes known as the Phantom Thieves of Hearts who explore the Metaverse, a supernatural realm consisting of the physical manifestation of humanity's subconscious desires, to change malevolent intent from the hearts of adults. As with previous titles in the series, the party does battle with enemies known as Shadows using physical manifestations of their psyche, called Personas. The game incorporates role-playing and dungeon crawling elements alongside social simulation scenarios.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure There were several art exhibitions in 2012 in Japan for the manga's 25th anniversary. The first was in Araki's birthplace of Sendai, which included a Lawson store remodeled to look like the \"Owson\" store that appears in Diamond Is Unbreakable and JoJolion.[104][105][106][107] The store was opened from July 28 to September 30, and contained exclusive goods with the Owson name. The second exhibition was held in Tokyo from October 6 to November 4 and hangouts were held on Google Plus to allow fans to view the gallery at night through the lens of Remote Romance (リモートロマンス, Rimōto Romansu), an original \"Stand\" Araki and his team created for the event.[108][109] The exhibit was taken to Italy from June 28 to July 14, 2013, and shown at the Gucci showroom in Florence.[108][110]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Several light novels based on the JoJo series have been written, each by a different author, but all including illustrations by Hirohiko Araki. The first, based on Part 3, was simply titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, released on November 4, 1993, and written by Mayori Sekijima and Hiroshi Yamaguchi.[46] Le Bizzarre Avventure di GioGio II: Golden Heart/Golden Ring (ジョジョの奇妙な冒険 II ゴールデンハート/ゴールデンリング, JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken Tsū Gōruden Hāto/Gōruden Ringu) written by Gichi Ōtsuka and Miya Shōtarō, was released on May 28, 2001, and based on Part 5. Both of these novels received Italian translations and releases; the first in 2003,[47] often with the added subtitle of The Genesis of Universe, and the second in 2004.[48]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure JoJo's Bizarre Adventure finally received a North American release in 2005, in the graphic novel format, similar to its Japanese", "Diamond Is Unbreakable Soon afterwards, Koichi and Rohan discover a mysterious alleyway which exhibits supernatural phenomena. While lost in it, they meet the ghost of a young girl named Reimi Sugimoto, who had babysat Rohan during his childhood and was murdered by a serial killer over a decade ago. She begs Koichi and Rohan to find her killer, who has stayed in Morioh and is still preying on innocent people. With her help, the two are able to escape the alley without falling prey to its trap - if one turns back before leaving, they will be sent to the afterlife by the spirits haunting it. When Josuke and Okuyasu's new friend, Shigekiyo \"Shigechi\" Yangu, discovers the killer Reimi spoke of, he is murdered before he can tell anyone. However, Shigechi is able to leave a small clue behind which allows the group to track down the killer, a man named Yoshikage Kira, who kills women using his Stand Killer Queen and keeps their hands as romantic mementos.", "Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown Season 5 aired from April to June 2015.[10]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 2 Battle Tendency (戦闘潮流, Sentō Chōryū)", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 8 JoJolion introduces another method of obtaining a Stand, interaction with the Wall Eyes (壁の目, Kabe no Me), strange fault-like structures that have risen from the ground following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. They disrupt all forms of transportation, communication, and utilities, but all users of Stands have come in contact with the Wall Eyes at some point. A race of Stand-using Rock People (岩人間, Iwa Ningen) also appears in JoJolion. These humans seem to innately possess the ability to turn their body into stone and enter a state of suspended animation.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure In 2016, it was announced that Toho and Warner Bros. were partnering to produce a live-action film based on the fourth arc of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. Takashi Miike directed the film that stars Kento Yamazaki as Josuke and which was released in summer 2017. Both studios were planning for worldwide distribution and are hoping to create sequels.[60][61]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 5 Golden Wind elaborates upon a property of the Arrow to create a \"Requiem\" (鎮魂歌（レクイエム）, Rekuiemu) Stand. If the Arrow hits the Stand instead of the user, the Stand can completely change form and its powers become a Requiem Stand with increased powers. These powers relate to the control over the souls of living beings. In the two instances where this form was achieved, Requiem was added to the end of the Stand's name. Gold Experience has been pierced twice by Arrows but only once did it evolve into a Requiem Stand; this phenomenon may be related to the sentience of Arrows seeking out qualified users.", "5 Centimeters per Second The story is set in Japan, beginning in the 1990s up until the present day (2008[a]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable Diamond Is Unbreakable (Japanese: ダイヤモンドは砕けない, Hepburn: Daiyamondo wa Kudakenai, sometimes translated as Diamond Is Not Crash[2]) is the fourth story arc of the Japanese manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki. It was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1992 to 1995, with the 174 chapters collected into eighteen tankōbon volumes. In its original publication, it was titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 4: Jōsuke Higashikata (ジョジョの奇妙な冒険第4部東方仗助, JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken Dai Yon Bu: Higashikata Jōsuke). It was preceded by Stardust Crusaders and followed by Golden Wind.", "A Place to Call Home (season 5) Season five will time jump to 1958, where four years have passed since we left Sarah and the Bligh family. Those four years have seen ever increasing changes in Australian society. The world of wealth and privilege is being eroded, moral values are fraying and a new young generation is rising, full of disaffection with the world of their elders. To them the War is a matter of the dead past, bringing conflict with those who suffered its pain and deprivation. Economic change and the devious actions of unseen enemies threaten Ash Park. While friends become bitter rivals and former enemies become unlikely allies. And in the midst of the turmoil, love becomes the only sure place anyone can call home.[1]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure For JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Araki wanted to use a classical method as a base and then introduce modern elements in the singular. As an example, he often draws in a realistic style but then uses surreal colors. Araki has been aiming to draw real spirits in JoJo resulting in him going to the Kappa River in Tōno, Iwate, to get a better understanding of the concept.[4] Araki claims getting inspiration from the art of the 1980s, shading techniques in Western art, and classical paintings; the manga coloring is based on calculations rather than consistency, with Araki citing artists like Paul Gauguin as inspiration.[2] He also claims mystery is the central theme of the manga, as he was fascinated by it as a child. Furthermore, Araki wanted to explore superpowers and energy in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure resulting in various concepts such as the Hamon and the Stands.[2] He said that the supernatural basis of the fights in his series evened the battlefield for women and children to match up against strong men.[5] For Stardust Crusaders in particular, Araki was influenced by role-playing games in designing the characters' skills.[2]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure At a July 5, 2012 press conference celebrating the 25th anniversary of the series and promoting an upcoming Hirohiko Araki art exhibition, Araki and his people announced that an anime adaptation of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure was in production and would premiere in October 2012.[36] The 26-episode first season, which covers both the Phantom Blood and Battle Tendency arcs, aired on Tokyo MX between October 5, 2012 and April 5, 2013.[37][38]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure JoJo's Bizarre Adventure tells the story of the Joestar family, a family whose various members discover they are destined to take down supernatural foes using unique powers that they possess. The manga is split up into 8 unique parts, each following the story of one member of the Joestar family, who inevitably has a name that can be abbreviated to the titular \"JoJo\". The first six parts of the series take place within a single continuity, while parts 7 and 8 take place in an alternate continuity.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 7 Steel Ball Run (スティール・ボール・ラン, Sutīru Bōru Ran)", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders Prologue: In 1983, off the coast of the Canary Islands, a coffin with the word \"DIO\" on the front is salvaged from the depths. The crew attempts to open it, but find that it is locked from the inside. Later, their ship is found, mysteriously abandoned with no signs of a struggle.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I In 2016, it was announced that Toho and Warner Bros. were partnering to produce a live-action film based on the fourth arc of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure for release sometime in summer 2017. Both studios are planning for worldwide distribution and, with the \"Chapter I\" in the title, are hoping to create sequels.[4][5]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable In 2009, Araki wrote the full-color story Rohan au Louvre (岸辺露伴ルーヴルへ行く). The short story was displayed at the Musée du Louvre as part of their 2009 Le Louvre invite la bande dessinée exhibit.[42] The story was later republished in Ultra Jump in 2010. In 2012, Rohan au Louvre was released in English by NBM Publishing under the translated title Rohan at the Louvre.", "Diamond Is Unbreakable In 1997, Araki published the Weekly Shōnen Jump one-shot Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 16.. Confessional~, starring Rohan after the events of Part 4. In 1999 he wrote the three-chapter story Dead Man's Questions (デッドマンズQ) in Allman magazine. Dead Man's Questions stars Yoshikage Kira, the main antagonist of Part 4. Both Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe and Dead Man's Questions were later compiled in Araki's one-shot collection, Under Jailbreak, Under Execution, in 1999. The former launched a series starring Rohan, Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Having originally planned the series as a trilogy, Araki thought to have the final confrontation set in present-day Japan. But he did not want it to be a tournament affair, which was popular in", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 4 Diamond Is Unbreakable (ダイヤモンドは砕けない, Daiyamondo wa Kudakenai)", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Araki uses unique onomatopoeia and poses in the series, which he attributes to his love for heavy metal and horror films.[11] The poses, which are known in Japan as JoJo-dachi (ジョジョ立ち, lit. \"JoJo standing\"), are iconic on his book covers and panels, and were inspired by Araki's trip to Italy in his 20s and his studies of Michelangelo's sculptures.[12] The poses are so popular that fans often reenact them in homage to JoJo.[13] A reporter for Rocket News attempted to shop at the special 25th anniversary JoJo-themed Lawson in Sendai in a JoJo-dachi in 2012,[14] and in 2014, singer Shoko Nakagawa remarked that she accidentally broke her coccyx after performing a JoJo-dachi during a concert in Nagoya.[15][16]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable In 2011, Araki collaborated with the renowned Italian fashion brand Gucci for the short story Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci (岸辺露伴グッチへ行く) in the women's fashion magazine Spur.[43]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure To celebrate the release of the All Star Battle video game, created for the 25th anniversary, a special JoJo-themed train traveled the Yamanote Line in Tokyo from August 29 to September 9, 2013. Illustrations and advertisements of the series littered the interior, with videos of the game shown on displays, while the exterior had 33 characters as livery.[113]", "Devil May Cry 5 The story takes place several years after the Devil May Cry 4 (chronologicaly, it is after Devil May Cry 2).[9] In it, Nero has set up his own demon hunting agency based out of a van adorned with a neon \"Devil May Cry\" sign given to him by Dante. Nero also has a new robotic hand called \"Devil Breaker\", which was created by the new agency's engineer Nico as a replacement for Nero's Devil Bringer arm after it had been severed off by a mysterious figure.[10][11]", "Port St. Lucie, Florida A fictional version of Port St. Lucie is the setting for JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6: Stone Ocean.", "Persona 5 Persona 5 is a role-playing game where the player takes on the role of a high school student who lives out a single year while attending school in modern-day Tokyo. The game is governed by a day-night cycle and weather systems that determine general behavior similar to a social simulation game. The year is punctuated by both scripted and random events â€” the protagonist attends school, can perform part-time jobs, and pursue leisure activities or create items for use in battle. These various activities raise character attributes, which in turn grant passive buffing effects during battle.[1][2][3][4] When in the real world, the main protagonist can develop character relationships known as Confidants; an evolution of the Social Link system from Persona 3 and Persona 4. With this system, the main protagonist can converse with and improve his relationship with other characters he meets, with some leading to possible romances. Each relationship is symbolized by one of the Major Arcana of the Tarot card deck. Improving Confidant ranks with party members unlocks various abilities for use in combat, such as the \"Baton Pass\" ability, which allows the player to directly select another character after a critical hit while granting a temporary attack boost.[3] Improving ranks with non-party Confidants grant other bonuses, such as giving access to new items and equipment and boosting experience point and yen gain.[3]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure In 2009, Araki's artwork for JoJo's Bizarre Adventure was one of five artists featured in the Louvre's Le Louvre invite la bande dessinée (\"The Louvre Invites Comic-Strip Art\") exhibition. To commemorate this honor, he wrote Rohan au Louvre (岸辺露伴ルーヴルへ行く, Kishibe Rohan Rūvuru e Iku), a 123-page full color story starring Rohan Kishibe visiting the Louvre and discovering a cursed painting tied to his family.[92][93][94] The following year it was published in France and ran in Ultra Jump, and in February 2012 was translated and released in North America by NBM Publishing.[95]", "Corpse Party The game takes place five years after the events of Corpse Party Heavenly Host Arc, implied to be the consequences of the Book of Shadows' powers starting to bring about the end of the world by allowing the spirit realm and real world to start to converge together. The setting takes place at Amare Patriarcha Crucis Hospital (文月大付属・慈愛十字 (パトリアーカル)病院, Fumizuki Daifuzoku Patoriākaru Byōin, \"July University Patriarchal Hospital\") fallen into a dark abyss. Patient records and clinical charts are scattered all over the hospital, with zombies and a bizarre SWAT team roaming through the hallways. An amnesiac girl, Ayame Itou, wakes up on an operating table and encounters the dark happenings around her.", "Diamond Is Unbreakable A few days later Josuke and his friend Koichi go to investigate a seemingly abandoned house, which is actually occupied by a pair of Stand-using brothers, Okuyasu and Keicho Nijimura. Keicho is revealed to be the one possessing the Bow. Koichi nearly dies, but survives and gains a Stand of his own when healed by Josuke's Crazy Diamond. The two brothers are creating Stand users in the hope that one can kill their father, a former lackey of DIO implanted with a \"flesh bud\" made from Dio's cells which has turned him into a hideous monster following Dio's death. Josuke manages to show the brothers that their father is still at least partially human inside and dissuades them from their activities. However they are attacked by the Stand Red Hot Chili Pepper, which kills Keicho and takes the Bow and Arrow. Okuyasu joins with Josuke, Jotaro, and Koichi to fight the Stand that killed his brother and eventually becomes close friends with Josuke.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 4 Diamond Is Unbreakable introduces a Bow and Arrow (弓と矢, Yumi to Ya), forged from a mysterious meteorite that made its way to Earth after being drawn in by the spiritual powers of the planet's inhabitants. A Stand can be brought forth after one is pierced by the Arrow, however the results can be unpredictable, as it could easily kill an unqualified person, and there is no apparent way to know if a person is qualified ahead of time. The Arrows do, however, tend to seek out qualified people on their own if there is someone to guide them. The Arrows also have the ability to make a Stand even more powerful if its user is hit with the Arrow. However, if a Stand is struck by an Arrow, becomes a brand new", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 1 Phantom Blood (ファントムブラッド, Fantomu Buraddo)", "Samurai Jack (season 5) The full season set will be released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 17, 2017.[44]", "Persona 5 The original story concept was written by Hashino, while the scenario was co-written by Shinji Yamamoto and Yuichiro Tanaka.[32][35] The initial concept was for a storyline that diverged from the established paths of Persona 3 and Persona 4, with \"self-discovery\" and \"journey\" being its keywords.[29] Originally using the frame story of a backpacking trip around the world, Hashino decided to refocus on Japan in the wake of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[26] Following that, and seeing the way people were bonding in the face of the crisis, Hashino decided to have the story take place solely in Japan, with the journeying being through the ever-shifting Palace.[29] According to Hashino, the central theme of the game is freedom and how the characters attain it.[36] He wanted to make the game more \"thematically approachable\" for newcomers to the series, and to be an emotional experience that presents players with a mix of emotions that leaves its audience with a strong sense of catharsis and the inspiration to take on their own modern-day problems.[36][37]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable With Kira dead and the murders solved, Reimi says her last goodbyes to Josuke, Rohan and the other Stand users of Morioh as the two spirits ascend to heaven. Hayato sadly returns to his mother, who remains unaware of the murder and impersonation of her husband by Kira. As Jotaro and Joseph prepare to leave Morioh, Josuke wishes them the best, but not before pranking Joseph by using Crazy Diamond to steal his wallet.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure A 13-episode OVA adaptation of Part 3, Stardust Crusaders, was produced by A.P.P.P.. The first set of six episodes, which begins during the middle of the arc, were released by Pony Canyon on VHS and Laserdisc from November 19, 1993, to November 18, 1994. The series was released by Klock Worx on Region 2 DVD and VHS from May 25, 2000, to October 25, 2002, starting with seven newly produced prequel episodes adapting the beginning of the arc, followed by re-releases of the earlier episodes renumbered from 8 through 13 to take into account their later chronological placement. Super Techno Arts produced an English-language dub of all thirteen episodes in North America as a six-volume DVD series between 2003 and 2005, with the episodes also arranged in chronological order.[13]", "The Conjuring Universe An official timeline for The Conjuring Universe was released within a featurette for The Nun.[13] The featurette established that all five films, including The Conjuring films, the Annabelle films and The Nun, take place between 1952 and 1977, with The Nun taking place first, followed by Annabelle: Creation, Annabelle, The Conjuring and lastly The Conjuring 2. Although the main story in Annabelle: Creation takes place in 1955, the film itself includes flashback sequences from 1943, which takes place before the events of The Nun.[14][15]", "Boardwalk Empire (season 5) The fifth and final season of the HBO television series Boardwalk Empire premiered on September 7, 2014, and concluded on October 26, 2014, consisting of 8 episodes. The series was created by Terence Winter and based on the book Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times and Corruption of Atlantic City by Nelson Johnson. Set in Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition era, the series stars Steve Buscemi as Enoch \"Nucky\" Thompson (based loosely on the historical Enoch \"Nucky\" Johnson),[1] a political figure who rose to prominence and controlled Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition period of the 1920s and early 1930s. The fifth season takes place between April and October 1931, seven years after the previous season, during the Great Depression,[2] with flashbacks to 1884 and 1897 detailing Nucky's childhood and young adulthood.[3] The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on January 13, 2015.[4]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable Jotaro and Koichi eventually fight Kira, but before he can be fully defeated, he flees and forces another Stand user to alter his appearance and kills her before she can tell Josuke what he now looks like. Shortly thereafter, the ghost of Kira's father uses a second Stand-creating Bow and Arrow to create an army of Stand users to protect his son and go after members of Josuke's group. Rohan eventually suspects Kosaku Kawajiri is Kira's new identity and confirms this after reading Kawajiri's son Hayato's memories. However Rohan is immediately killed by Killer Queen's new power, \"Bites the Dust\", which Kira acquired after accidentally being stabbed with his father's Arrow. The ability plants a miniaturized Killer Queen on a person (in this case Hayato) and kills anyone that tries to learn about Kira from them. It then resets the time by one hour, with the victim dying again as soon as the original time of the explosion reoccurs, even if they do not re-activate Bites the Dust. This time loop continues until Kira finds out who the bomb killed. It also protects Hayato from harm, whether from the outside or self-inflicted.", "Diamond Is Unbreakable Toho and Warner Bros. partnered to produce a live-action film based on the fourth arc of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure that was released on August 4, 2017. Takashi Miike directed the film that stars Kento Yamazaki as Josuke. Both studios planned for worldwide distribution and, with a title of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I, are hoping to create sequels.[46][47]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure In May 2008, both Shueisha and studio A.P.P.P. halted manga/OVA shipments of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure after a complaint had been launched against them from Egyptian Islamic fundamentalists, after noticing a scene in the OVAs that has the villain, Dio Brando, reading a book depicting pages from the Qur'an.[22][85] This recall affected the English-language releases as well, causing Viz Media and Shueisha to cease publication for a year. Even though the manga did not feature that specific scene, Shueisha had Araki redraw scenes that depicted characters fighting on top of, and destroying, mosques for later printings of the series.[22] Viz resumed publication a year later, with the eleventh volume being published on April 7, 2009. Jason Thompson later included Shueisha's changes to the manga on a list of \"The Greatest Censorship Fails\" in manga.[86]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure The characters had no models with the exception of Jotaro Kujo who was based on Clint Eastwood. For every part, Araki stated that he wanted to try a different type of main character. For example, whereas Part 1's Jonathan Joestar was a serious person, Part 2's Joseph Joestar was a rude person.[6] Although their personalities are different, the two share a physical resemblance in order to have some continuity because it was unheard of at the time for a main character to die in a", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6 Stone Ocean shows examples of a single person possessing two Stands because of the ability of an extraordinary Stand. Enrico Pucci is able to produce artificial Stand users, by stealing others' Stands and transforming them into Discs (ディスク, Disuku) and then \"inserting\" them into certain individuals. Part 6 also features DIO's bone (DIOの骨, DIO no Hone), the sole remaining part of DIO which is instrumental in Pucci's Way to Heaven (天国へ行く方法, Tengoku e Iku Hōhō). It grants a new and more powerful Stand that ultimately leads to the creation of Made in Heaven メイド・イン・ヘヴン (Meido In Hevun), a powerful Stand that can accelerate the universe to the point of a universal reset.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders (Japanese: ジョジョの奇妙な冒険スターダストクルセイダース, Hepburn: JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken Sutādasuto Kuruseidāsu) is the second season of the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure anime by David Production, based on the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure manga series by Hirohiko Araki. It is the second animated adaptation of the manga's third part, Stardust Crusaders, following an original video animation series by A.P.P.P. that was released first in 1993 and continued later in 2000.", "Vento Aureo The novel Le Bizzarre Avventure di GioGio II: Golden Heart/Golden Ring[v] was written by Gichi Ōtsuka and Miya Shōtarō, and released on May 28, 2001. An Italian translation was released in 2004.[24] A second novel, Purple Haze Feedback,[w] was written by Kouhei Kadono and released on September 16, 2011.[25][26] The PlayStation 2 video game GioGio's Bizarre Adventure was released in Japan in 2002, adapting the arc.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I (Japanese: ジョジョの奇妙な冒険ダイヤモンドは砕けない第一章, Hepburn: JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken Daiyamondo wa Kudakenai Dai-Isshō) is a Japanese film directed by Takashi Miike and based on the Diamond Is Unbreakable story arc of the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki. The film stars Kento Yamazaki, Ryunosuke Kamiki, Nana Komatsu, Masaki Okada, Mackenyu, Takayuki Yamada and Yusuke Iseya. It was released in Japan by Toho and Warner Bros. on 4 August 2017.[1][2]", "Yu-Gi-Oh! Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS is the fifth main spin-off series was announced at Shueisha's Jump Festa event on December 17, 2016 and began airing in Japan in May 10, 2017, following Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V. The series follow a new protagonist named Yusaku Fujiki who engages in duels on a virtual world under the alias \"Playmaker\", determined to take down an elusive group of hackers known as the \"Knights of Hanoi\". The series introduces Link Monsters, which are also added to the trading card game.[52][53]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable In 2000, it was announced that Otsuichi would be writing a novel based on Part 4. The novel proved difficult to complete; in Kono Mystery ga Sugoi 2004, Otsuichi claimed to have written over 2000 pages, but thrown them all out.[40] Intent on writing a novel that lived up to the manga, it took him until 2007 before The Book: JoJo's Bizarre Adventure 4th Another Day was finally released on November 26.[41] It is set after the events in the manga, and includes illustrations by Araki.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure From 1992 to 1993, a drama CD adaptation of Part 3 was released in three volumes, titled JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Volume 1: Meet Jotaro Kujo (ジョジョの奇妙な冒険第1巻空条承太郎見参の巻), JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Volume 2: The Death of Avdol (ジョジョの奇妙な冒険第2巻アヴドゥル死すの巻) and JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Volume 3: The World of Dio (ジョジョの奇妙な冒険第3巻 DIOの世界の巻).[55][56][57] They starred Kiyoyuki Yanada as Jotaro, Kenji Utsumi (volumes 1-2) and Gorō Naya (volume 3) as Joseph Joestar, Akio Ōtsuka as Avdol, Shō Hayami as Kakyoin, Ken Yamaguchi as Polnareff, Keiichi Nanba as Hol Horse, Shigeru Chiba as J. Geil, and Norio Wakamoto as Dio.", "Diamond Is Unbreakable The December 11, 2007 issue of Jump Square featured a second entry into the Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe collection, entitled Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Mutsukabezaka~, set seven years after the events of Part IV.", "Naruto: Shippuden (season 20) The season aired from May 2015 to October 2016.[2] The DVD collection was released on February 3, 2017 under the title of Infinite Tsukuyomi: The Invocation (無限月読・発動の章, Mugen Tsukiyomi: Hatsudō no Shō).", "Persona 5 Preparatory work began around the same time as the development of Persona 4, with full development beginning after the release of Catherine in 2011. The game was developed by P-Studio, an internal development studio within Atlus led by game director and producer Katsura Hashino. Along with Hashino, returning staff from earlier entries included character designer Shigenori Soejima and composer Shoji Meguro. The game's themes revolved around attaining freedom from the limitations of modern society, while its story was strongly inspired by picaresque fiction and the party's initial Personas were based around the theme of outlaws and rebels.", "Parasyte Hollywood's New Line Cinema had acquired the film rights to Parasyte in 2005,[17] and a film adaptation was reported to be in the works, with Jim Henson Studios and Don Murphy allegedly in charge of production.[18] New Line Cinema's option expired in 2013, prompting a bidding war in Japan. Film studio and distributor Toho won the rights, and decided to adapt the manga into a two-part live-action film series directed by Takashi Yamazaki. The first part, Parasyte: Part 1, was released in November 2014 and the second part, Parasyte: Part 2, was released in April 2015.[19]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable When Rohan's death is repeated a second time, Josuke, Koichi, Okuyasu, and Jotaro are there to meet him. They see Hayato and figure out Kira is masquerading as his father, which causes Bites the Dust to kill all of them. This event is repeated again so Kira can learn who was killed, but this time Hayato tricks him into giving his own identity away before Rohan's death. Kira is forced to remove Bites the Dust from Hayato to protect himself as he fights Josuke, resulting in an end to the time-loop so that Rohan and the rest survive. With help from Josuke, Hayato, Okuyasu, and Koichi, Jotaro delivers a blow to Kira that propels him in front of an ambulance, killing him. Kira awakens as a ghost trapped in the same alley as Reimi, who informs him what happened. Kira attempts to attack Reimi once more, but she tricks him into turning around and the alley's phantoms drag him to the underworld.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure The first volume of JoJolion was the second best-selling manga for its debut week, its second volume was number three and its third was number two.[68][69][70] All three volumes were some of the best-selling manga of 2012.[71][72] All three volumes of Viz Media's release of Phantom Blood and all four volumes of Battle Tendency reached the top seven positions on The New York Times Manga Best Seller list.[73]", "Ghost in the Shell: Arise The series takes place in the year 2027, where many people in developed countries have become cyborgs with prosthetic bodies. Primarily set in the fictional Japanese Newport City, the series follows a younger Motoko Kusanagi before the formation of Public Security Section 9. At the start of Arise she is a member of the federal 501 Organization, a group who employs advanced infiltration tactics and espionage in order to attack or neutralize enemy threats. The 501 Organization is also the legal owner of Kusanagi's prosthetic body, which is lent to her in exchange for her services to the group. This debt displeases her and causes a disparity between herself and her employer.", "Devil May Cry 5 Devil May Cry 5[a] is an upcoming action-adventure hack and slash video game developed and published by Capcom. It is a part of the mainline Devil May Cry series, and will be released on 8 March 2019.[4]", "The Americans (season 5) The events of the fifth season take place between February 1984 and August 1984, shown by the reference to the TV broadcasts of the 1984 Winter Olympics in episode 1 and the coverage of Ronald Reagan's \"We begin bombing in five minutes\" joke in episode 13.[3]", "Persona 5 As the number of the Phantom Thieves' members and successes grow, they attract the attention of the public and police, including public prosecutor Sae Nijima and detective prodigy Goro Akechi. The Phantom Thieves learn that a secret group, including a black-masked assassin, are using the Metaverse to murder their targets and are framing them for the killings. In their pursuit of the conspiracy, the group is joined by Akechi, who is subsequently revealed to be the black-masked assassin. Escaping into hiding with Sae's help, the Phantom Thieves deduce that the conspiracy's leader is politician Masayoshi Shido, who has been using Akechi's ability to infiltrate the Metaverse to remove obstacles to becoming Prime Minister and imposing his reforms on Japan, as well as the one who pressed assault charges against the protagonist. When the Phantom Thieves infiltrate Shido's Palace, they face Akechi, who reveals himself to be Shido's illegitimate son, and has been secretly plotting to get revenge on Shido for years of neglect. Once defeated, Akechi sacrifices himself to protect the Phantom Thieves from a group of enemy cognitions, allowing them to escape and reach Shido.", "Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions Creator Kazuki Takahashi published a new one-shot manga called TRANSCEND GAME in Weekly Shōnen Jump. The two-part prologue story is set between the end of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga and the beginning of The Dark Side of Dimensions. Part 1 was released in the 19th issue on April 11, 2016 and Part 2 was released in the 20th issue on April 18, 2016.[5] VIZ Media's digital Weekly Shōnen Jump announced that it will publish Yu-Gi-Oh!: Transcend Game. Part 1 was released in the December 19, 2016 issue.[6] Part 2 was released in the January 2, 2017 issue.[7]", "Samurai Jack (season 5) Created by Genndy Tartakovsky, Samurai Jack originally aired on Cartoon Network from 2001 to 2004, comprising four seasons. The series follows a young samurai (voiced by Phil LaMarr) who is cast into the future by the evil shape-shifting demon Aku (voiced originally by Mako) mere moments before defeating the demon. He adopts the name Jack and continues his fight in the dystopian future ruled by Aku. Jack seeks to find a portal back to his time but is constantly thwarted by the demon's forces. The series was left open-ended after the conclusion of the fourth season.[1] Tartakovsky previously expressed interest in a film adaptation of the series to provide a genuine conclusion, but the project never materialized.[2][3](2:50)", "Samurai Jack (season 5) The story takes place fifty years after Aku cast Jack into the future, although Jack himself hasn't aged at all as a side effect of time travel. Aku has destroyed all time portals, but he is deeply distressed over the prospect of battling Jack forever and has stopped pursuing him directly. Jack's actions have inspired many to oppose Aku's tyranny, among them the elderly Scotsman, who unsuccessfully leads three armies in a battle against Aku. Unknown to Aku, Jack has lost his sword, and he is troubled by hallucinations of his deceased family, his former self, and the victims of Aku, almost to the point of suicide. A set of septuplet girls, the \"Daughters of Aku\", are born into a cult of Aku worshipers and raised as assassins with the sole purpose of killing Jack. They find and overwhelm Jack, but he manages to kill all the Daughters but one, Ashi, whom he eventually spares, and even saves her from various dangers as the two attempt to escape the bowels of a gigantic monster that swallowed them whole. Accompanying Jack on his journey, Ashi comes to see Aku as evil, and helps Jack through his emotional and spiritual journey, talking him out of committing suicide and helping him reclaim his lost sword. The two eventually become romantically involved. Aku is eventually informed that Jack lost his sword and confronts him, not knowing Jack has recovered it in the interim. Before leaving, Aku senses that Ashi has part of him inside her, and possesses her body to attack Jack. Jack refuses to kill Ashi, and lays down his sword in defeat. Aku takes Jack prisoner and prepares to kill him, but the people Jack helped all over the planet rally to his defense. When Jack tells Ashi that he loves her, she regains control of herself. She returns the sword to Jack and uses the powers she gained from Aku to open a time portal to return Jack and herself to the moment Aku sent Jack to the future, whereupon Jack immediately destroys the weakened Aku. With peace restored, Ashi and Jack prepare to marry, but on her way to the altar she suddenly collapses. Jack rushes to her side, and as she fades away she tells Jack that \"without Aku, I would have never existed.\" The series ends with a scene of Jack watching a ladybug fly free in a sunlit grove with trees in bloom.", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 3 Stardust Crusaders (スターダストクルセイダース, Sutādasuto Kuruseidāsu)", "Persona 5 Persona 5[a] is a role-playing video game developed by Atlus for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4. Persona 5 is chronologically the sixth installment in the Persona series, which is part of the larger Megami Tensei franchise. It was released in Japan in September 2016, and worldwide in April 2017, where it was published by Atlus in Japan and North America and by Deep Silver in Europe and Australia.", "The Last of Us Part II The Last of Us Part II was announced at the PlayStation Experience event on December 3, 2016.[8][9] The first trailer revealed the return of Ellie and Joel, whose story takes place five years after the first game; players control Ellie. Whereas the first game centers on love, Druckmann stated Part II centers on hate.[10] Motion capture began in 2017.[citation needed]", "Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu Season 5 was released on February 16, 2016.[24]", "Persona 5 In April 2016, Atlus launched an official countdown relating to the game that counted down to May 5, 2016. Shortly after, a special livestream was announced titled Take Tokyo Tower, which would coincide with the countdown date. During the Take Tokyo Tower livestream on that day, the release date for the game was revealed in a trailer shown during the livestream. The game was released in Japan on September 15, 2016.[66] Along with the standard edition, a 20th Anniversary Edition was released, which features all downloadable content (DLC) based on Persona 3 and Persona 4, a five-CD best-of album set featuring music from all six main games in the series, and the official artbook for the game by Soejima.[67] In honor of the game's Japanese release, the series-focused variety show Persona Stalker Club featured a new programming block titled Persona Stalker Club V.[68] In promotion of the game in Japan, Atlus partnered with AKG Acoustics to release a limited edition wireless headphone based on the one Futaba wears in-game.[69] The headphones came with box art designed by Soejima, as well as a music CD featuring two remixed tracks from the game by Meguro and Kozuka.[69] Certain character apparel from the game were also made and released in Japan, such as jackets and tote bags.[70][71]", "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu (TV series) Season 5 was released on February 16, 2016.[24]", "Diamond Is Unbreakable A month later Koichi meets manga author Rohan Kishibe, whose Heaven's Door ability allows him to both read and rewrite a person's memories, and the two become friends. Yukako and Rohan both become part of Josuke's group of Stand users along with others the group has encountered, such as Tamami Kobayashi, Toshikazu Hazamada, Mikitaka Hazekura, and Yuuya Fungami." ]	[ "Vento Aureo The manga begins in 2001, when the Diamond Is Unbreakable character Koichi Hirose goes to Naples at the request of Jotaro Kujo to find someone known as Haruno Shiobana and get a skin sample of theirs. Shiobana turns out to be a middle school student named Giorno Giovanna—which sounds similar to \"Haruno Shiobana\"—who is the son of Dio Brando. Giorno attempts to steal Koichi's luggage, but is stopped by Koichi's Stand, Echoes Act Three. Giorno recognized his power as being a Stand power similar to his Gold Experience, a Stand that can give life to inanimate objects. The story then follows Giorno as he tries to become a boss of the mafia in order to make Naples a better place and help its people, specifically where availability of drugs to young people are concerned. After an altercation with gang member Leaky Eye Luka, he attempts to join Passione, an organized crime group that employs many Stand users (essentially, his vision for Passione is akin to Robin Hood's band, in contrast to the sheer powerlust of its current leader). He is approached by a member of Passione, Bruno Bucciarati, who suspects him of killing Luka. During the fight readers are introduced to Buciarati's Stand, Sticky Fingers, that can place and open a zipper on any surface. Bucciarati challenges Giorno to complete the rite to join Passione, and therefore visit the Capo, Polpo, in prison." ]
test2555	if i die before i wake feed jake original	[ "doc87874" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc87875", "doc87880", "doc1038641", "doc1038645", "doc1038642", "doc1038648", "doc1038644", "doc1038649", "doc87879", "doc2495452", "doc1038647", "doc1038643", "doc1038646", "doc1038651", "doc87876", "doc457598", "doc87874", "doc189842", "doc2007938", "doc1711749", "doc699305", "doc2333888", "doc1038650", "doc2676792", "doc1647181", "doc2495451", "doc1310695", "doc263091", "doc1993227", "doc2007933", "doc2597477", "doc2007939", "doc2346160", "doc1599158", "doc2346167", "doc1860810", "doc2007976", "doc87877", "doc1583697", "doc179173", "doc1038652", "doc765641", "doc683118", "doc699303", "doc2019379", "doc871163", "doc1310696", "doc2019372", "doc568342", "doc222831", "doc2346163", "doc701998", "doc263105", "doc1254735", "doc1310697", "doc1760630", "doc1974701", "doc574756", "doc1626826", "doc457599", "doc2134081", "doc1933516", "doc2511033", "doc2007928", "doc805623", "doc1477200", "doc1915953", "doc1644160", "doc1222802", "doc1264407", "doc2184818", "doc231023", "doc2007940", "doc88127", "doc972616", "doc2007927", "doc1543807", "doc699304", "doc1734180", "doc442987", "doc2007975", "doc2673457", "doc457601", "doc2019364", "doc269258", "doc2087733", "doc462702", "doc527870", "doc2265298", "doc263092", "doc1387927", "doc2007915", "doc701996", "doc2346171", "doc87878", "doc1395339", "doc972615", "doc2184817", "doc2235712", "doc2599223" ]	[ "Feed Jake \"Feed Jake\" is a mid-tempo accompanied mainly by guitar and synthesized strings.[1] In the chorus, the male narrator reminisces on his childhood friend, a dog named Jake (\"If I die before I wake / Feed Jake...\"). The narrator also addresses societal stereotypes toward homeless people and homosexuals, of whom the latter are addressed in the final verse.[2]", "Feed Jake A live recording appeared on the band's 1995 album Paradise for Giant Records. This version was produced by David Malloy.[8]", "Before I Wake (2016 film) Before I Wake (also known as Somnia) is a 2016 American dark fantasy horror film directed and edited by Mike Flanagan and co-written by Flanagan and Jeff Howard.[3] The film stars Kate Bosworth, Thomas Jane, Jacob Tremblay, Annabeth Gish, and Dash Mihok.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) Jessie steals Cody's social worker's files and talks to the frightened former foster parent of Cody. At the orphanage where Cody is kept, the staff have noticed that Cody has not been sleeping for the past two days. That night, the boy is given a tranquilizer, which he protests against helplessly. Jessie arrives to find the place dark and isolated. She witnesses nightmarish creatures in every room. Finally, she finds where Cody is, but before she can go near him, she is thrown across the hallway by the tall slender nightmare creature. She pulls out a pillow shaped like a blue butterfly, and hugs the creature. As she holds it, it takes the form of Cody and disappears. Before it disappears, she whispers to him and asks him to release all the people the creatures have taken. The nightmare turns into a beautiful dream, and all the people taken by \"the Canker Man\" reappear, though only as dreams themselves. Jessie takes the-still unconscious Cody home.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) A frightened man with a gun enters a child's room nervously. He looks around as if looking for something that he expects to reveal itself in the shadows, then a sudden commotion makes him pull the trigger. The gunfire awakens the child and the man breaks down in tears. Later, Jessie and Mark Hobson adopt a new foster child, eight-year-old Cody Morgan, after their young son Sean dies from accidentally drowning in the bathtub. They soon find out that Cody's dreams become reality, but his nightmares are quite deadly.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) On November 7, 2013, Kate Bosworth and Thomas Jane joined the lead cast of the film as the child's parents, and Jacob Tremblay was set to play as Cody.[4] On November 18, 2013, Annabeth Gish joined the cast of the film to play Natalie, the case worker assigned to young Cody.[7]", "Before I Wake (2016 film) Cody falls asleep at school, and a nightmarish creature that Cody calls \"the Canker Man\" appears before the mean kid, as the girl he's befriended watches in horror. Meanwhile, Jessie goes to a doctor and complains that her foster child has trouble sleeping; the doctor prescribes medication. She mixes it with his drink, unbeknownst to her husband. That night Shawn once again appears before them but turns into a nightmare. Mark attempts to wake Cody up but can not. Jessie confesses that she drugged the boy. The nightmare creature devours Mark as Jessie is thrown across the room and falls unconscious. She wakes up with Cody on the phone calling 911 for help. Suspecting domestic violence and that the boy has been drugged, social services takes Cody away.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) Filming commenced on November 11, 2013, in Fairhope, Alabama.[8][9][10] On December 12, 2013, the crew filmed scenes at Barton Academy.[11] Filming completed on December 16, 2013.[8][9] The music was composed by Danny Elfman and The Newton Brothers.[12]", "Feed Jake \"Feed Jake\" debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 16, 1991. It spent 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, peaking at number 15.", "My Soul to Take The film was unsuccessful at the box office,[6] and was poorly received by critics.[7] The film's title comes from a line in the prayer \"Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep\", which reads \"If I shall die before I wake, I pray the Lord my soul to take.\" The prayer features in the film.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) On September 7, 2013, it was announced that Oculus director Mike Flanagan was set to direct a horror film called Somnia he co-wrote with Jeff Howard for Intrepid Pictures, and that the producers would be Trevor Macy and William D. Johnson, with Demarest Films' Sam Englebardt co-producing and co-financing the film with MICA Entertainment headed by Dale Armin Johnson.[3] Focus Features International initially handled international sales of the film.[3] On November 7, 2013, it was announced that Sierra/Affinity would now handle all international rights which were previously held by FFI.[4] On April 4, 2014, Relativity Media acquired the US distribution rights to the film.[5] In March 2015, the title was changed to ''Before I Wake\", apparently over Flanagan's objections.[6]", "Before I Wake (2016 film) On his first night, the couple are amazed as multicolored butterflies flutter across the living room, emitting a strong glow. Mark tries to capture a blue butterfly to show to Cody, as the boy likes butterflies. However, Cody wakes up and the butterflies disappear. The following day at school, he befriends a girl and antagonizes a mean kid. At home, Cody asks Mark who the child in the picture is, and Mark replies that he is their dead son, Sean. Cody answers that his mom is dead, too. That night, the couple see their deceased child and try to hug him. When Cody wakes up, Shawn disappears. Upon discovering Cody's gift, Jessie takes advantage of it. She lets Cody watch home videos of Sean and, that night, the couple once again sees their beloved child. Days later, Mark notices the addiction that his wife has found and accuses her of abusing Cody for his gift instead of loving him. An argument ends with Mark taking down the pictures of Shawn.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) The following day, Jessie gives Cody the journal his birth mother Andrea had kept, which shows how much she had loved him and his gift. However, she had died of pancreatic cancer when Cody was just three years old. Then she revealed to him that there is more to his recurring nightmares than meets the eye, and Cody begins to learn how to control his gift.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) In June 2016, it was announced that the film would screen at the Fantasia International Film Festival in July.[17] The film had its North American premiere there on July 31, 2016, while still being distributed by Relativity Media.[18] Excluding the United States, Netflix released the movie worldwide on April 28, 2017.[19] In December 2017, it was revealed that Netflix had obtained United States rights to the film from Relativity Media, thus owning worldwide rights.[20] Netflix released the film in the U.S. on January 5, 2018.[21]", "Feed Jake Guitarist Rich Alves said of the song that it \"means something different to everyone who hears it.\"[3]", "List of Hannah Montana characters Jake got his start in acting as a baby, appearing in commercials for \"Wonder Diapers\". He later got his big break in Zombie High (Buffy the Vampire Slayer parody) and went on to star in feature films such as Teen Bigfoot, Teen Gladiator and the Sword of Fire, and Roger Buck: Intergalactic Bounty Hunter (Buck Rogers parody). He claims that his box office appeal is just as big as Shia LaBeouf's.[1] He also makes a brief appearance in the show Gotcha! (Candid Camera and \"Punk'd\" parody).", "Feed Jake \"Feed Jake\" is a song written by Danny \"Bear\" Mayo, and recorded by the American country music band Pirates of the Mississippi. It was released in February 1991 as the third single from the band's self-titled debut album. The song is also the band's highest chart peak, having reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts.", "Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep Ice Nine Kills uses “Now I lay her down to sleep Her soul is mine, and mine to keep If she dies before she wakes, I'll find another soul to take” as an alternative version in their song “Communion of the Cursed”", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters Jacob Daniel Johnson is a child and the son of Alice Johnson and Dan Jordan. After being defeated by his mother in A Nightmare on Elm Street 4, Freddy Krueger returns using Jacob's dreams while he is still a fetus, and feeds the souls of his victims to him to make him like Krueger. The spirit of Jacob as a young boy appears to his mother though she is unaware of his true identity at first. After she is freed by Yvonne, Amanda Krueger's soul informs the spirit of Jacob to use the power that Freddy had given him. After releasing the power, Jacob forces Freddy to revert into an infant form which is then absorbed by Amanda. Months later, the infant Jacob is born.[7] In the original script for Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare, Alice was to be killed by Freddy Krueger, and Jacob was to be the main protagonist.[17] However, the actual film makes no mention of Alice or Jacob, and leaves their fates unknown.", "List of R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour episodes In the sequel to \"The Dead Body,\" a now-human Jake Skinner (Matt Angel) tries to claim another mortal life after Wraith (Dan Payne) causes his mortal body to rot for his trickery. Meanwhile, Will (Brendan Meyer) (who was turned into a ghost and is haunting Jake) returns to claim his old life and save Anna (Tiera Skovbye) from Jake. Eventually, Will and Anna defeat Jake who is dragged to the Underworld by the Wraith. Upon being restored to life by an angel, Will leaves the woods with Anna. The final scene shows Jake's hand rising from the ground to grab his comb.", "Big Jake Fain orders his brother Will to kill the boy but he is shot by Jake. Dog is wounded by the sniper and Jake is wounded in the leg before Michael kills him. Jake tells the boy to escape but Little Jake is hunted by the machete wielding John Goodfellow, who has already hacked Sam to death. Dog comes to the rescue and is himself killed before Big Jake arrives and impales Goodfellow on a pitchfork. Fain rides up and is preparing to finish off the two of them when Michael arrives from where he had been waiting in ambush and blasts him off his horse. Before he dies, Fain asks, \"Who are you?\" When Jake answers, \"Jacob McCandles,\" Fain says, \"I thought you was dead,\" as have other characters during the course of the film. â€œNot hardly,\" Jake replies.", "List of The Haunting Hour: The Series episodes In the sequel to \"The Dead Body,\" a now-human Jake Skinner (Matt Angel) tries to claim another mortal life after Wraith (Dan Payne) causes his mortal body to rot for his trickery. Meanwhile, Will (Brendan Meyer) (who was turned into a ghost and is haunting Jake) returns to claim his old life and save Anna (Tiera Skovbye) from Jake. Eventually, Will and Anna defeat Jake who is dragged to the Underworld by the Wraith. Upon being restored to life by an angel, Will leaves the woods with Anna. The final scene shows Jake's hand rising from the ground to grab his comb.", "Before I Wake (2016 film) On April 4, 2014, Relativity Media acquired the US distribution rights to the film.[5] The film was originally scheduled to be released on May 8, 2015, but was pushed back to September 25, 2015, and later pulled from the schedule due to the company's filing for bankruptcy.[13] The film was rescheduled to April 8, 2016,[14] and then rescheduled to September 9, 2016.[15] It was then pulled from the schedule.[16]", "List of The Following characters Jacob reappears at his parents' lake house near Arrowhead Lake, Pennsylvania and meets his mother, who shows fear towards her own son about the recent events he's done. She tries to reason with him that he's done a lot of bad things and wants to help him, but begs him to open to her. After she looks over Paul's condition, she mentions Paul will die unless he gets him to a hospital. After finding Joe's location, Jacob tries to get Paul to go with him, but Paul knows he has little time and begs Jacob to kill him so he can fulfill his promise to him. Despite Jacob's hesitance over killing his best friend, Paul believes in him and declares his love for Jacob as a tearful Jacob smothers Paul with a pillow as his first kill because Paul wanted his death to mean something. After Paul dies, Jacob lightly kisses him on the head and later reunites with Emma seeming to have a whole new outlook on things in Love Hurts.", "Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates (also known as Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates in the fourth season and associated merchandise[1]) is an Annie Award-winning musical and interactive American children's animated television series shown on Disney Junior. It is based on Disney's Peter Pan franchise, which in turn is based on the famous book and play by British author J. M. Barrie. It is the first Disney Junior original show following the switch from Playhouse Disney. It stars Sean Ryan Fox from Henry Danger, Megan Richie, Jadon Sand, David Arquette, Corey Burton, Jeff Bennett, Loren Hoskins and Dee Bradley Baker. The title character Jake was previously voiced by Colin Ford, and then later by Cameron Boyce, while Izzy was voiced for the first three seasons by Madison Pettis and Cubby was voiced by Jonathan Morgan Heit. The series is created by Disney veteran Bobs Gannaway, whose works include another Disney Junior series, Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, and films such as Secret of the Wings, The Pirate Fairy and Planes: Fire & Rescue. The final episode aired on November 6, 2016.", "My Soul to Take My Soul to Take (originally called 25/8) is a 2010 American supernatural horror film written and directed by Wes Craven.[4] It is his first film since 1994's Wes Craven's New Nightmare that he wrote, produced, and directed.[5] The film stars Max Thieriot as the protagonist Adam \"Bug\" Hellerman, who is one of seven teenagers chosen to die.", "Achy Jakey Heart After Miley reveals her secret, the two share a kiss, only to be nearly caught by paparazzi. Jake and Miley go on a date to the movies, but have no time to themselves because of all of the fans. Whenever Jake and Miley go out in public, Jake Ryan fans flock to them. Noticing Miley's discomfort, he purchases a black wig and disguises himself so that fans will not bother them on dates (he at first talks like Borat). However, \"Milos\" soon realizes that there are some drawbacks to not being recognized as a celebrity. On a dinner date, Jake becomes frustrated and leaves the restaurant.", "Jason Voorhees Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues the story, with a presumed-dead Jason (Ted White) found by the police and taken to the morgue. Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse, and makes his way back to Crystal Lake. A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason's rampage. Jason then seeks out Trish (Kimberly Beck) and Tommy Jarvis (Corey Feldman) next door. While Trish distracts Jason, Tommy kills him.[10] Friday the 13th: A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd), who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter, and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason (Tom Morga) will return. Jason's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him. Roy Burns (Dick Wieand) uses Jason's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved. Jason appears in the film only through Tommy's dreams and hallucinations.[11] In Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986), Tommy (Thom Mathews), who has run away from a mental institution, visits Jason's grave and learns that Jason's body was never actually cremated, but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake. While attempting to destroy his body, Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C. J. Graham) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod. Now possessing superhuman abilities, Jason returns to Crystal Lake, now renamed Forest Green, and begins his killing spree anew. Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor, but almost dies in the process. Tommy's friend, Megan Garris, finishes Jason off by cutting his face with a boat propeller.[12]", "Derek Theler On November 19, 2015, Theler starred in the Funny or Die parody titled Chicago Sanitation.[15] In 2016, Theler starred as Jake Kenman in family movie Secret Summer, which was released on April 2, 2016 on PixL (On Demand and YouTube).[16] He also appeared on short Princess Rap Battle, where he played the role of Huntsman and it was released on YouTube on April 6, 2016.[17] [18]", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters Daniel \"Dan\" Jordan is a Springwood teenager. A star football player, his friendship with Rick Johnson introduces him to Alice Johnson who has a crush on him. Dan teams with Alice to help defeat Freddy Krueger, with Alice saving Dan's life.[6] In A Nightmare on Elm Street 5, Dan and Alice enter into a relationship that results in Alice falling pregnant with their son, Jacob. After Krueger returns using their son's dreams, Dan falls asleep while driving and Krueger is able to kill him: Dan dreams of himself driving a motorcycle and Freddy, having appeared to him in a mechanized version of his own face, murders him by shoving bike's cables up Dan's arms, legs and cranium; therefore, his face is ripped of its skin and flesh and reduced to a skull, with the scalp thrown away. When Dan wakes up, he crushes against a truck and his pickup explodes, causing him to perish instantly. Dan never learns that Alice was pregnant with his son.[7]", "Brendan Fehr In 2008, Fehr starred as Jake Stanton in the ABC mini-series Samurai Girl, and had a recurring role as the character Jared Booth on Bones. In 2011, Fehr played a businessman in A Christmas Kiss and the navigator of a U.S. warship in the movie X-Men First Class. He also guest-starred in two episodes of Nikita (TV series).", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters Jacob's future is explored in the first story-arc of Innovation Publishing's Nightmares on Elm Street comic series. Jacob returns to Springwood with his mother 6 years after he is born due to the death of his grandfather. Freddy attempts to manipulate Jacob to help enter the real world on the promise of resurrecting his father Dan. Jacob eventually learns Freddy's true plans and with help from Alice, Neil Gordon and the spirits of his father Dan and Nancy Thompson, defeats Freddy. Jacob and Alice then reunite with Dan who returns to life by inhabiting Neil Gordon's comatose body.[18][19][20][21] He later appears in the cross-over Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors, where he is kidnapped by Freddy to lure his mother, Alice. Alice, suffering from a terminal illness, allows Freddy to kill her so that she can pass her powers onto her son, who then summons the spirits of Freddy's victims to battle him.", "Jake Weber Jake Weber (born 12 March 1963)[2] is an English actor, known in film for his role as Michael in Dawn of the Dead and for his role as Drew in Meet Joe Black. In television, he is known for playing Joe DuBois, husband of psychic Allison DuBois, in the long running drama series Medium.", "Jake Paul Jake Joseph Paul (born January 17, 1997)[1] is an American actor and YouTube personality who rose to significant fame on the now-defunct video application Vine. Paul is known for playing the role of Dirk on the Disney Channel series Bizaardvark.", "Jake Weber Weber's roles were often bit parts in A-list films, beginning with that of Kyra Sedgwick's character's unnamed boyfriend in the Oliver Stone-directed period saga Born on the Fourth of July (1989) and continuing with work for such directors as Sidney Lumet (A Stranger Among Us, 1992), Alan J. Pakula (The Pelican Brief, 1993) and Martin Brest (Meet Joe Black, 1998). Weber scored one of his premier leads as Dr. Matt Crower, a kindly physician who takes charge of a young boy and protects him from a possessed sheriff in actor-turned-producer Shaun Cassidy's short-lived, but well received, supernatural drama series American Gothic (1995) on CBS. That programme did not last long; and neither did the Mike Binder sitcom The Mind of the Married Man (2001), in which Weber signed on as one of the leads, Chicago newspaper employee Jake Berman.", "List of Six Feet Under characters Jake, played by Michael Weston, is a criminal who appears in seasons four and five. He carjacks David and takes him on a night-long joyride through the city, beating him, forcing him to do drugs, and ultimately putting a gun in his mouth, before driving away in David's car, sparing him. Jake is later arrested and thrown in jail for numerous violent crimes, and David visits him there to try to get closure on his ordeal; however, Jake is completely detached from reality and provides no answers, so David satisfies himself that Jake is visibly miserable in prison and leaves, telling Jake he is never coming back.", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters Jesse Braun is a teenager who experiences horrific nightmares about a disfigured man. While talking with his friend Nancy and ex-girlfriend Kris, he realizes that they are sharing similar dreams but still refuses to admit his own experiences. After Kris' new boyfriend Dean is killed under strange circumstances, Jesse goes to her house to support her where she asks him to stay awake and watch over her. However, Jesse falls asleep and Freddy is able to attack and kill Kris with Jesse unable to see her assailant or save her. Falling under suspicion, Jesse is captured by the police and placed in jail. After falling asleep, Freddy is able to attack him, piercing his heart and killing him.[10]", "Feed Jake Robert Deaton and George J. Flanigen IV, both of whom lead the film and video production team of Deaton Flanigen, directed the song's music video, which was one of the first of its kind in the country music industry to not feature the artist at all.[4] Most of the music video was filmed southwest of Nashville, Tennessee on Tennessee State Route 100 as well as on Highway 70 in White Bluff, Tennessee. It tells the song's story through two men, who are childhood friends, as shown in flashbacks. Later on, one of the men is attending the other's funeral, and the surviving man goes to meet his dog, which he and the deceased friend adopted together, at the cemetery. Upon its release, the music video was believed by some members of the gay community to have a gay theme; the two men were said to be lovers, one of whom dies from AIDS at the end.[2] Kimberly Lansing, then the executive producer of Deaton-Flanigen Productions, said that the video was \"not meant one way or another\" regarding the back story or the one man's death. Lansing also said that the video is about returning home and not fitting in anymore. Additionally, because of the Persian Gulf War, some people have also assumed that the man's death is war-related.[2]", "List of The Dark Tower characters Jake is the second member of the ka-tet to die, when he sacrifices himself to save Stephen King (as a character in the series) from certain death by putting himself between King and the van meant to take his life. By the end of the tale Jake has died a total of three times. An alternate version of Jake is encountered later by Susannah Dean; in this world, he and Eddie are brothers, with the last name Toren.", "Before I Fall (film) On July 15, 2010, Fox 2000 Pictures bought the feature film rights to the teen novel Before I Fall, Lauren Oliver's debut, which was published that year.[5][6] Maria Maggenti was hired to adapt the novel into a screenplay, while Jonathan Shestack was set to produce and Ginny Pennekamp to co-produce. The film is about a high school student who re-lives the same day until she gets everything in her life right.[5] In 2011, the script was listed among the Black List of best unproduced screenplays.[7] Ry Russo-Young was attached as the film's director.[8] On September 15, 2015, it was announced that Zoey Deutch had been cast in the film's lead role, Samantha Kingston.[8] Brian Robbins and Matthew Kaplan produced the film through their Awesomeness Films, along with Shestack, with production starting in late October 2015.[8] On October 27, 2015, more cast was announced, consisting of Halston Sage, Logan Miller, Kian Lawley, Diego Boneta, and Elena Kampouris.[9] Good Universe handled the film's international sales at the American Film Market.[9] On November 3, 2015, Jennifer Beals joined the film's cast, to play Samantha's mother.[10] On November 20, 2015, Liv Hewson was cast in the film to play Anna Cartullo.[11] Adam Taylor composed the film's score.[12]", "Before I Wake (2016 film) On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 61% based on 28 reviews; the average rating is 6.4/10.[22] On Metacritic, it has a score of 68 based on 5 reviews, indicating \"generally positive reviews.\"[23]", "Dylan Minnette Minnette's first role was a single episode of Drake & Josh. He has since appeared in the NBC original film The Year Without a Santa Claus, as an unnamed character in Fred Claus, as Todd Lyons in the film The Clique, and as Noah Framm in Snow Buddies. Notable roles of Minnette on television include the young version of the character Michael Scofield on Prison Break and character Clay Norman on Saving Grace. He played a bully named Kenny in Let Me In, a remake of Swedish, Let the Right One In, released in October 2010. He also played a role as Jerry Grant Jr. on ABC's Scandal as the President's son. Minnette has also appeared in several commercials and in four episodes of Lost as Jack's son in the sideways timeline.[5] Minnette also appeared in \"The Crow & the Butterfly\" video from the rock group Shinedown. In 2017, Minnette starred as Clay Jensen in the Netflix original series 13 Reasons Why. He also starred in another Netflix Original Film, The Open House, which premiered in January 2018.[6]", "List of iCarly characters Jake Krandle (Austin Butler) is Carly's first love interest in \"iLike Jake\". Almost every other girl in Carly's school has a crush on Jake too. When Carly invites him over to sing on iCarly, the iCarly gang realizes he has a terrible voice. Freddie fixes the problem by digitally altering his voice to make it sound better, and Jake gets back together with his girlfriend the next day. He is never seen nor mentioned after this.", "Big Jake That night, Fain rides into their camp to make arrangements for the handover, telling Jake that they will â€œsend the boy's body back in a basket\" if anything should go wrong. Both men deny any personal stake in the business, each claiming to be \"just a messenger boy\". The family party crosses into Mexico the next day and checks into a hotel. Knowing that they have been followed by another gang intent on stealing the strongbox, Jake sets a trap for them and they are all killed. During the attack, the chest is blasted open, revealing clipped bundles of newspaper instead of money. Michael and James become suspicious of Jake and the three slug it out, but Jake assures them that it was both his and Martha's idea. James fears for Little Jake's life, but Jake tells them they'll have to go in anyway.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge The rest of the cast and crew stated that they were unaware of any such themes at the time they made the film, but that a series of creative decisions on the part of director Jack Sholder unintentionally brought Chaskin's themes to the forefront. In his interview, Sholder stated, \"I simply didn't have the self-awareness to realize that any of this might be interpreted as gay\", while \"now-out actor\" Mark Patton stated, \"I don't think that [the character] Jesse was originally written as a gay character. I think it's something that happened along the line by serendipity.\"[14] Patton also wrote Jesse's Lost Journal about Jesse's life after the film and dealing with his homosexuality.[15]", "A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise) The original film, written and directed by Wes Craven and titled A Nightmare on Elm Street, was released in 1984. The story focuses on Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund) attacking Nancy Thompson (Heather Langenkamp) and her friends in their dreams, successfully killing all but Nancy, in fictional Springwood, Ohio. Krueger's back-story is revealed by Nancy's mother, Marge, who explains he was a child murderer. The parents of Springwood killed Krueger after he was acquitted on a technicality. Nancy defeats Freddy by pulling him from the dream world and stripping him of his powers when she stops being afraid of him.[6] Freddy returns to attack the new family, the Walshes, living in Nancy Thompson's house in 1985's A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge. Freddy possesses the body of Jesse Walsh (Mark Patton), using him to kill. Jesse is temporarily saved by his girlfriend Lisa (Kim Myers), who helps him exorcise Krueger's spirit.[7]", "Achy Jakey Heart Jake makes a second attempt to go on a date with Miley as a \"normal person,\" but finds that it's too difficult. He grows impatient after waiting about a minute and a half for his ice-cream, when he finally gets it, he becomes thirsty and steals water from a small girl instead of purchasing it himself. Subsequently, he doesn't stop talking about himself and his fame when they are together. Miley, irritated, wants to break up with him, but fears that he will reveal her secret if she does. She then decides to make Jake break up with her by driving him crazy in public.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge Film commentators have often remarked on the film's perceived homoerotic theme, suggesting its subtext suggests Jesse is a repressed homosexual (never clarified in the movie). They note in particular the scenes where he encounters his gym teacher at a gay bar, and his flight to a male friend's house after he attempts to make out with his girlfriend at her pool party.[10][11] Further, actor Mark Patton, who plays Jesse, played a role so often written as female in the subgenre (such as in the first film) that it has become known as the \"final girl\". At the time of its release, one publication referred to it as \"the gayest horror film ever\". In the 21st century, it has become a cult film for gay audiences.[12]", "Freddy vs. Jason Zack Ward makes an appearance as Bobby Davis, Mark's older brother.[2][3] A then-unknown Evangeline Lilly has a brief walk-on role as a high school student,[4][5] and professional wrestler Óscar Gutiérrez, better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio, briefly serves as Englund's stunt double for a sequence set in Freddy Krueger's iconic boiler room lair.[6] New Line Cinema studio chief Robert Shaye,[7] who served as producer on every preceding A Nightmare on Elm Street film, appears as the school principal, credited as L.E. Moko.", "Friday the 13th (franchise) Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues where Part III leaves off, with Jason (Ted White) found by the police and taken to the local morgue after removing the axe. Upon arrival, Jason kills the coroner and a nurse before returning to Crystal Lake. A group of friends rent a house on Crystal Lake and fall victim to Jason's rampage. After killing the teens, Jason seeks out Trish (Kimberly Beck) and Tommy Jarvis (Corey Feldman), who live next door. While distracted by Trish, Jason is attacked and killed by Tommy.[8] Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985) follows Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd), who was committed to a mental health institution after the events of The Final Chapter and grew up constantly afraid that Jason (Tom Morga) would return. Roy Burns (Dick Wieand) uses Jason's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy has moved. Tommy, supervisor Pam (Melanie Kinnaman), and a young boy named Reggie (Shavar Ross) manage to defeat Roy. They eventually learn that Roy had a son who was murdered by one of the patients at the institution, triggering Roy to take on Jason's likeness and kill everyone there.[9] Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986) begins with Tommy (Thom Mathews) visiting Jason's grave after being released from another mental institution. Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C. J. Graham) with a piece of the fence surrounding the cemetery acting as a lightning rod. Jason immediately heads back to Crystal Lake and kills the people working at the new summer camp. Tommy eventually chains Jason to a boulder that he tosses into the lake, where he leaves Jason to die.[10]", "Jake Weber Weber's mother, Susan, was diagnosed with depression and LSD-induced schizophrenia and died of a drug overdose when Jake was 8 years old and living at the Rolling Stones' Villa Nellcôte. His father, who sold various drugs and utilized both his sons in trafficking the drugs to various international destinations, struggled with drug addiction until his death in 2006.[7]", "Jake T. Austin Austin's career began in 2002 when he appeared in commercials. A year later, he appeared in his first credited acting role as Kid 1698 in a comedy sketch on The Late Show With David Letterman.[3] In 2004, he landed his first major role – voicing Diego, the cousin of Dora, on the hit Nickelodeon animated series Dora the Explorer.[7][8] He continued to voice Diego on the spin-off series, Go, Diego, Go!, for three seasons.[4][7][8] Along with voicing Diego, Austin was cast in multiple voice roles for the feature films The Ant Bully and Everyone's Hero – he was also cast in the Comedy Central special Merry F#%$in’s Christmas.[9] In 2006, Austin landed the lead role of Angel Macias in his first live-action feature film, The Perfect Game, which was based on a true story about the first non-U.S. team to win the 1957 Little League World Series. The film wouldn't be released in the United States until more than three years later due to post-production financing difficulties.[10][11]", "Jason Voorhees Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th, including making the title part of a serialized film series, where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker.[60] It was Phil Scuderi, one of the producers for the original film, which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel. The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series, as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake. Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the \"real Jason\" in her dream, and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up.[60] After killing Jason in The Final Chapter, it was the director Joseph Zito's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist. Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason, but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning.[61] Director and co-screenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer, but decided to use Tommy's fear of Jason as the primary story.[61] This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives, when A New Beginning did not spark the \"creative success\" the studio was looking for. Executive producer Frank Mancuso, Jr. wanted to bring Jason back, and he did not care how it was achieved.[62] In yet another alteration of the series' continuity, Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that Jason had survived his drowning, instead presenting him as always having been some sort of supernatural force.[5] Since A New Beginning, no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist. Miller, who has not seen any of the sequels, took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain. Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son. Miller stated, \"Jason was dead from the very beginning; he was a victim, not a villain.\"[63]", "A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film) Kris Fowles (Katie Cassidy) goes to the Springwood Diner to meet with her ex-boyfriend, Dean Russell (Kellan Lutz), who falls asleep at the table and meets a man covered in burn scars, wearing a red and green sweater, a fedora and a clawed glove on his hand. The burned man cuts Dean's throat in the dream, but in reality it appears that Dean is cutting his own throat as his friend, waitress Nancy Holbrook (Rooney Mara), looks on with Kris. At Dean's funeral, Kris sees a photograph of her and Dean as children, but cannot recall ever knowing Dean before high school. Kris begins to dream about the burned man herself and refuses to go to sleep for fear that she will die in her dreams. Jesse Braun (Thomas Dekker), Kris's ex-boyfriend, shows up at her house to keep her company while she sleeps, but Kris meets the burned man in her dreams and is murdered. Covered in her blood, Jesse runs to Nancy's house to try to explain what happened and he learns that Nancy has been having dreams about the same man: Freddy Krueger (Jackie Earle Haley).", "Achy Jakey Heart On their next date, she behaves inappropriately, wears a ridiculous goose outfit, supposedly Björk's swan dress, and flaunts her fake excessive armpit hair to the public, embarrassing Jake. Jake reveals his belief that the reason behind Miley's behavior is that she is jealous of his fame. Miley hopes that this will make Jake break up with her, but Jake doesn't want to part with her, making Miley even more upset. She finally tells him that he was acting annoying and conceited, and that he apparently cannot be a normal person. She tries to tell him that if they were to break up, she is afraid that Jake would tell her secret, but can't finish her sentence, so Jake says \"What... tell your secret? Well, if that's the kind of person you think I am, then maybe I will tell your secret!\" Miley soon becomes very agitated and upset.", "List of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters Jake Pinkman (played by Ben Petry) is Jesse's younger, over-achieving brother. Jesse accepts the blame for a joint belonging to Jake, which results in Jesse being thrown out of his parents' house. After apologizing to his brother, Jake asks for his joint back; Jesse responds by crushing it on the sidewalk and informing his brother that the marijuana is of poor quality anyway.", "Make Me Wanna Die The official music video, directed by Meiert Avis and Chris LeDoux, was filmed in Brooklyn, New York City in March 2010.[8] Momsen explained the concept of the video to MTV News, saying, \"[T]o try and emulate kind of an epic-y song that's almost like a film, it was a challenge to come up with a treatment. So I guess we sort of decided to make it like a death march. You can't live anymore in this world, and you're on your way to your death, and you're seeing everything you're passing, and stripping yourself of your belongings on your way to your grave.\"[9] According to Momsen, the video was \"held up in legal for a long time because I was 16 when we shot that. We couldn't release it because, yes, I actually got naked.\"[10] The video was ultimately released on September 15, 2010 to the iTunes Store in the US.[11]", "Happy Death Day Waking up in Carter's bed again, Tree convinces Carter of her predicament by showing that she holds foreknowledge of the day's events. In Corky's, Tree admits to Carter that she does not like who she has become as she is distant from her father in the wake of her mother's death three years ago. Tree catches a local news report on John Tombs, a serial killer who is being held in the hospital on her campus. Concluding that Tombs is her killer, Tree rushes to the hospital to warn of his escape. Tombs breaks free and nearly kills Tree, but Carter follows and rescues her. Tombs snaps Carter's neck before chasing Tree to a nearby bell tower where she manages to subdue him with a crowbar. Realizing that Carter will remain dead if she doesn't restart the loop, Tree hangs herself in the tower.", "Alice Johnson (A Nightmare on Elm Street) Alice is the protagonist of Innovation's 1991 A Nightmare on Elm Street comics from issue 3 onwards. In this comic book series, Alice returns to Springwood following the death of her father and is forced to face Freddy after he again tries to use Jacob to kill. In the anthology The Nightmares on Elm Street: Freddy Krueger's Seven Sweetest Dreams,(1991)[5] Alice appears in Philip Nutman's story \"Dead Highway, Lost Roads.\" After having been involved in a major accident, Alice becomes ensnared in the dreamworld by Freddy Krueger. She is trapped in a macabre \"Alice in Wonderland\" setting. With the aid of serial killer Karl Stolenberg and anthropomorphic armadillo Joe Bob, Jacob eventually finds Alice. A deranged Karl attacks Alice, but is returned to his senses by Jacob through physical force. Alice and Karl cooperate to defeat Freddy, though Karl perishes in the battle. With Freddy defeated, Alice and Jacob return to the waking world. She also appears in Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: Nightmare Warriors, where a vision of Freddy causes her to meet with other Freddy and Jason survivors. She reveals that her dream powers have caused a terminal illness, and later sacrifices herself to pass her powers onto her son. The aforementioned comic series is not the only literature that has killed off Alice. Due to Alice having been killed by Freddy Krueger, her son Jacob is the main protagonist in Natasha Rhodes' novel A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream.[6] In the end, Gordon gives up his body so that Dan can take it over and be re-united with Alice and his son.[7]", "List of Hannah Montana characters Jake first meets Miley at Seaview Middle School where he attends as a part-time learner before relocating. Jake's arrival at Seaview causes a big stir among the students who are all big fans of Zombie High and are starstruck at meeting him. Jake basks in the attention, although Miley, who is a superstar herself, fails to be impressed at his star power and believes that Jake should be treated as a normal kid. This is what first attracts Jake to Miley, and with time, Miley begins to realize that she has feelings for him too, even though she refused to admit it at first.", "Tweenies Jake (operated by Samantha Dodd 1999-2002; voiced by Justin Fletcher, Colin O'Meara in the US) is a three-year-old orange-skinned boy with a blonde mohican. Being the youngest Tweenie, he sometimes feels left out and excluded from the other Tweenies' games when he is not big enough to join in. He is sweet and has a close bond with Doodles, but he sometimes shows signs of being homesick and is prone to temper tantrums when frustrated. He often gets words mixed up. His best friend is Milo. Jake has an unnamed brother and his uncle is Jewish.", "Jake Johnson The web series Drunk History, which led to the 2013 TV series Drunk History, was inspired by a 2007 conversation that Johnson had with series creator Derek Waters. Johnson, while drunk, was trying to describe the story of Otis Redding's death to Waters, and Waters was inspired to build a series around history narrated by drunk people. Johnson later appeared in the first episode of the web series (as Aaron Burr), as well as episode 8 of the TV series' first season (as William B. Travis)[11] and episode 9 of the series' third season (as Boris Spassky).", "The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Roland arrives at an abandoned way station and first encounters Jake Chambers, a young boy. Roland collapses from dehydration and Jake brings him water. Jake does not know how long he has been at the way station, nor exactly how he got there and hid when Walter passed through. Roland hypnotizes Jake to determine the details of his death and discovers that he died in a different universe (which appears much closer to our own) when he is pushed in front of a car while walking to school in Manhattan. Before they leave, Roland and Jake search for food in a cellar and encounter a demon. Roland masters it and takes a jawbone from the hole from where it spoke to him.", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters In Nightmares on Elm Street, a six-issue miniseries published by Innovation Comics, Alice returns to Springwood following the death of her father and is forced to face Freddy after he again tries to use a pre-pubescent Jacob to kill.[18][19][20][21] In the anthology The Nightmares on Elm Street: Freddy Krueger's Seven Sweetest Dreams,(1991)[22] Alice appears in Philip Nutman's story \"Dead Highway, Lost Roads.\" After having been involved in a major accident, Alice becomes ensnared in the dreamworld by Freddy Krueger. She is trapped in a macabre \"Alice in Wonderland\" setting. With the aid of serial killer Karl Stolenberg and anthropomorphic armadillo Joe Bob, Jacob eventually finds Alice. A deranged Karl attacks Alice, but is returned to his senses by Jacob through physical force. Alice and Karl cooperate to defeat Freddy, though Karl perishes in the battle. With Freddy defeated, Alice and Jacob return to the waking world. She also appears in Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: Nightmare Warriors, where a vision of Freddy causes her to meet with other Freddy and Jason survivors. She reveals that her dream powers have caused a terminal illness, and later sacrifices herself to pass her powers onto her son. The aforementioned comic series is not the only literature that has killed off Alice. Due to Alice having been killed by Freddy Krueger, her son Jacob is the main protagonist in Natasha Rhodes' novel A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream.[23]", "List of One Tree Hill characters Jake Jagielski, portrayed by Bryan Greenberg is a Ravens basketball player who first appears in the pilot episode.[25] He forms a friendship with Lucas, not joining in on the team's hatred towards him.[26] He is the single father to his daughter Jenny,[27] whom he had kept a secret until Lucas convinces him otherwise.[28] He forms a friendship with Peyton as she first offers to watch Jenny during basketball practice[29] and later babysits while he attends his cousin's wedding.[30] He briefly holds a job at Karen's CafÃ©, allowing him to take Jenny into work with him if unable to find a babysitter.[31] Jenny's mother, Nicki, returns to Tree Hill, hoping to become part of her daughter's life,[30] but Jake wants to have nothing to do with her, considering the fact that she left him and Jenny 9 months ago.[32] Unable to sort their differences, Nicki begins a custody battle for Jenny, causing Jake to leave town with the help of Peyton's dad.[33]", "The Haunting Hour: The Series The official music video for the song premiered on The Hub in February 4, 2011. The video was directed by Neill Fearnley with scenes of the episode \"Wrong Number.\"[17]", "All Hell Breaks Loose (Supernatural) Later, when Ava and Andy are alone together, she lets the Acheri demon into the building, and uses a new ability to command it to kill him. After revealing to Sam that she has actually been in the town all the months she has been missing, killing off other psychic children that Azazel has sent there, she sets the Acheri demon on him. However, Jake sneaks up behind her and uses his superhuman strength to break her neck, prompting the now free Acheri demon to flee. As Sam and Jake then start to leave the town, Jake attacks him out of distrust, but Sam gains the upper hand and apparently knocks him unconscious. However, as Sam is distracted by an arriving Dean and Bobby, Jake regains consciousness and fatally stabs him. Dean assures his brother that he will take care of him, but Sam dies in his arms.", "Jere Burns Burns had a recurring role as Jake Abernathy on the A&E series Bates Motel in 2013. Burns currently appears as Lieutenant Atkins in the TBS series Angie Tribeca.", "Children of General Hospital Jason agrees to let Elizabeth and Lucky Spencer raise the baby to protect him from Jason's mob business. As a baby, Jake is kidnapped by Maureen Harper, but rescued by Jason and returned to Elizabeth. Jake is again kidnapped by Jason's enemies, and is rescued by Sam McCall. In March 2011, Jake is struck by a hit-and-run driver.[47] He is declared brain-dead, and placed on life support. Lucky and Elizabeth agree to give Jake's kidney to Josslyn Jacks, who has cancer. The driver of the hit-and-run is revealed to be Luke Spencer, Lucky's father. In July 2015, it was revealed that he was actually alive after being kidnapped by Helena Cassadine. He is rescued by Lucky, Luke, and Laura, and returns home, where he is now raised by Drew (believed to be Jason) and Elizabeth. When Drew and Elizabeth's engagement ends, Jake is upset, and tries to get Drew to come back home. Elizabeth's house starts getting vandalized, and Drew eventually realizes Jake was the one behind the vandalism in order to try to get his parents back together. Sam tries to help Jake when she figures this out, but Jake panics and runs away. Sam follows him, but she slips and falls down the stairs. Scared that he hurt Sam, Jake runs away on his bike and gets hit by a car. Jake survives, though, and is taken to a children's hospital, where he recovers from his injuries. Jake was unwittingly programmed by Helena. The programming came to fruition at the 2017 Nurses Ball. He received a magic kit from Helena's operatives thinking it was from Spencer. Inside was a dangerous chemical weapon created by the WSB known as the Chimera. He was allowed to do his magic routine after the Nurse's ball was over where he almost opened the chimera which would have exposed and killed all that attended. He was stopped by Drew, Elizabeth and Valentin (who was the person who sold the Chimera to Helena).", "Jack & Diane The Jake Owen song \"I Was Jack (You Were Diane)\" heavily samples the original song and references the original in its lyrics.", "Wes Craven's New Nightmare Dylan's health continues to deteriorate. He becomes increasingly paranoid about going to sleep, and fears Freddy Krueger, even though Heather has never shown Dylan her films. She visits Wes Craven, who suggests that Freddy is a supernatural entity drawn to his films, freed after the film series ended with the release of Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare. It now focuses on Heather, as Nancy, its primary foe. Robert Englund also has a strange knowledge of it, describing the new Freddy to Heather, then disappearing from all contact shortly after. Following another earthquake, Heather takes a traumatized Dylan to the hospital, where Dr. Heffner, suspecting abuse, suggests he remain under observation. Heather returns home for Dylan's stuffed dinosaur while his babysitter Julie tries unsuccessfully to keep the nurses from sedating the sleep-deprived boy. Dylan falls asleep from the sedative. Freddy brutally kills Julie in Dylan's dream. Capable of sleepwalking, Dylan leaves the hospital of his own accord while Heather chases him home across the interstate as Freddy taunts him and dangles him before traffic. On returning home, Heather realizes that John Saxon has established his persona as Don Thompson. When Heather embraces Nancy's role, Freddy emerges completely into reality and takes Dylan to his world. Heather finds a trail of Dylan's sleeping pills and follows him to a dark underworld. Freddy fights off Heather and chases Dylan into an oven. Dylan escapes the oven, doubles back to Heather, and together they push Freddy into the oven and light it. This destroys both the monster and his reality.", "Miley Stewart Leslie \"Jake\" Ryan (played by Cody Linley): Jake is a famous television star. Miley and Jake meet when he briefly attends Seaview Middle School. Jake is attracted to Miley because she is the only person at school who is not starstruck by his arrival. Miley at first denies having feelings for him, but she tries to \"make him jealous\" by using another guy. It works in a fortunate result of her and Jake kissing, but Jake tells Miley he has to go shoot a movie in Romania and she stands him up. Jake then reappears in \"Achy Jakey Heart\" Part 1 and tries to win Miley back. She decides to give him a chance, after Jake revealing feelings for her on live national TV. Miley soon tells Jake that she's Hannah Montana, because Jake told his secret to Miley. Jake tries to play normal like Miley, but when he cannot handle the pressure of not getting what he wants, the two decide to be just friends, although it is revealed to the audience in \"Jake... Another Piece of My Heart,\" that both Jake and Miley still have feelings for each other, but neither one is willing to admit it. In \"He Could Be The One\", Miley chooses Jake over Jesse (her guitarist) because they have so much history and she believes he could be the one. They then officially start dating. It was unknown whether they were still together or not because Jake had never been seen or mentioned since the episode \"He could be the one\". However,in the season 4 episode \"California Screamin\" it is implied that the two are still together as Miley talks about Jake quite often in the episode suggesting that they haven't broken up. In the season 4 episode \"It's the End of Jake As We Know It\" Oliver gets a picture texted to his phone of Jake cheating on Miley, so Miley beats Jake up on the taping of a Christmas special with guest star Sheryl Crow. This ends their relationship for good.", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters In the 1991 anthology The Nightmares on Elm Street: Freddy Krueger's Seven Sweetest Dreams,[22] Jacob is the protagonist in Philip Nutman's \"Dead Highway, Lost Roads.\" He is depicted as a young boy with heterochromia. After Alice is involved in a major accident, Jacob enters the dreamworld in search of his mother. He befriends an anthropomorphic armadillo named Joe Bob, and a serial killer named Karl Stolenberg. Stolenberg was en route to his execution before the accident occurred. The trio eventually find Alice ensnared in a twisted version of the Mad Hatter's tea party from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Joe Bob is disemboweled by Freddy, and Karl begins to attack Alice due to a psychotic rage. Jacob strikes Karl in the back of his head to return him to his senses. After Alice and Karl defeat Freddy (with Karl perishing in the battle), Jacob and his mother return to the waking world. In Natasha Rhodes' novel A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream, (Black Flame) a twenty-one-year-old Jacob Johnson is a Westin Hills patient. Years before the novel takes place, Freddy Krueger murdered Jacob's mother Alice. To protect everyone from Freddy Krueger, Jacob has stopped himself and others from dreaming for an entire month. However, Jacob's ability has created an adverse side-effect in that residents have become violent and paranoid. The novel features Freddy Krueger as Jacob's main adversary, as well as a counselor with nefarious plans.[23]", "Jigsaw (2017 film) Suddenly Logan stands, revealing that he faked his death in order to get Halloran to confess, and that the barn game in fact took place ten years ago. He was the man who appeared to die in the first game, but Kramer, feeling he should not die because of an honest mistake, saved him. John took Logan on as his first apprentice. The bodies that were found were actually the bodies of criminals Halloran allowed to walk free. Logan placed them into the same tests that he was meant to face ten years prior. Logan also reveals that Munsen, one of the criminals Halloran let go, was responsible for murdering his wife. However, because Halloran didn't confess all of his sins, and broke the rules to force Logan to go first, he will die and be framed as the new Jigsaw. Logan reactivates the laser-collar around Halloran's neck and his head is sliced apart, killing him. Having succeeded in his plan, Logan declares that he speaks for the dead.", "Days of Our Lives characters (1980s) Jake was the younger brother of Chris Kositchek (Josh Taylor), shortly after coming to town he fell in love with Angel, the alternate personality of Jessica Blake Fallon (Jean Bruce Scott). Jake was also briefly involved with Jessica's cousin, Hope Williams (Tammy Taylor). When Jake and \"Angel\" got engaged and planned to elope in Las Vegas, Jessica's parents Marie Horton (Lanna Saunders) and Alex Marshall (Quinn Redeker) learned of the elopement after Hope discovered Jessica's illness. Marie and Alex arrived in the nick of time to see Jessica reemerge and the wedding be interrupted. Jake was heartbroken after being rejected by Jessica who was going through psychiatric treatment under Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall). Jessica's rejection became the catalyst for Jake's mental breakdown, leading him to become the Salem Strangler, a serial killer who strangled many women to death including Mary Anderson (Melinda O. Fee) and Marlena's twin Samantha Evans (Andrea Hall), who was killed in a case of mistaken identity.", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters In The Dream Child, Alice has begun dating Dan Jordan and unknowingly becomes pregnant with his child. Freddy returns using her unborn son Jacob's dreams and uses them to murder people including Jacob's father Dan, feeding the souls of his victim to Jacob in an attempt to make him more like himself. Alice manages to again defeat Freddy with the help of the spirit of Amanda Krueger and Jacob.[7] Alice later gives birth to Jacob and moves away from Springwood. In the original script for Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare, Alice was to be killed off by Freddy Krueger early in the film.[17] However, the actual film makes no mention of Alice or Jacob, and leaves their fates unknown.", "Jaws: The Revenge The novelization was written by Hank Searls, who also adapted Jaws 2.[30] While Searls' Jaws 2 novelization was based on an earlier draft of that film and was significantly different from the finished film, his Jaws: The Revenge novelization sticks fairly close to the final film, although it does contain some extra subplots. The novel contains a subplot in which Hoagie is a government agent and he transports laundered money. The only reference to this in the film is when Michael Brody asks \"What do you do when youâ€™re not flying people?\" to which Hoagie replies, \"I deliver laundry.\" In Searls' novel, the character of Jake is ultimately killed by the shark; Jake was originally supposed to die in the film, but the script was changed to allow him to survive.", "Big Jake A thunderstorm breaks and Pop Dawson, one of the outlaws, arrives to give them the details of the exchange. He warns them that a sniper will have a gun trained on the boy in case of a double-cross. Jake arranges for Michael to follow after them to take care of the sharp shooter and convinces Dawson that he had been killed in the fight. At the hideout, Jake is led in alone to where Fain and four other gang members are waiting, one of them holding a shotgun on the boy. Jake tosses the key of the chest to Fain, who opens it up to discover that he has been tricked.", "Dark Night of the Scarecrow Aaron Crowell, Managing Editor for HorrorHound Magazine, wrote: \"With its 1981 release Dark Night of the Scarecrow was the first feature length horror film with a scarecrow as its centerpiece. In the intervening years many have copied this image, but with Dark Night of the Scarecrow writer J. D. Feigelson is credited as creator of the entire 'Killer Scarecrow' horror film subgenre\".[citation needed]", "Jake Lloyd Lloyd began his acting career in 1996, playing Jimmy Sweet in 4 episodes of ER. He was then cast as Jake Warren in Unhook the Stars. He got his big break playing Jamie Langston in Jingle All the Way. He also played Mark Armstrong in Apollo 11. Lloyd gained worldwide fame when he was chosen by George Lucas to play the young Anakin Skywalker in the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, the first film in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. Despite the film's box office success, reception of Lloyd's performance was mixed, and he was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor, though he lost to co-star Ahmed Best.", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters Dean Russell is a teenager who is experiencing strange dreams about an unknown man and suffering from extreme sleep deprivation. While in the Springwood Diner he begins to fall asleep, allowing Freddy to attack him, cutting his hand. Dean wakes up and takes a knife to defend himself but as he falls asleep again, Freddy uses the knife in his dream to cut Dean's throat, killing him.[10]", "The Cell Deane enters the dark dreamscape of Stargher's twisted psyche, filled with doll-like replicas of his victims. Stargher's innocent side manifests as Young Stargher (Jake Thomas) and leads Deane through his memories of abuse he suffered at the hands of his sadistic father. Deane nurtures Young Stargher in hopes of getting Hickson's location but she is thwarted by another manifestation: King Stargher, a demonic idealization of his murderous side that dominates the dreamscape. King Stargher torments Deane until she is mentally at his mercy, making her forget the world is not real. Dr. West discovers this while monitoring Deane's vitals. He warns that what happens to Deane while she is integrated into Stargher's mindscape will inflict neurological damage on her real body. Novak volunteers to enter Stargher's mind to make Deane remember herself.", "List of Hannah Montana characters Jake and Miley first start dating in \"People Who Use People\", but their relationship lasts only a matter of minutes as Jake kisses Miley and then tells her he is going away to Romania for four months. (While he is there, it is extended to six months.) He returns in \"Achy Jakey Heart\" where Miley learns to forgive Jake. They restart their relationship. Jake reveals his real name 'Leslie' to Miley as his biggest secret, and says that he is glad that they don't have to keep any more secrets from each other. This has guilt over Miley until she finally reveals to him that she is Hannah Montana. Their relationship, however, comes to an end again after Miley learns that Jake is too self-centered and they later agree to be just friends. However, in \"That's What Friends Are For?\", Miley realizes that she is not over Jake, as she feels jealous about him spending time with Mikayla. Jake again returns in \"Jake... a Little Piece of My Heart\" where it is revealed that both Jake and Miley still love each other, but won't admit it. The relationship is on again for the third time in \"He Could Be the One\". Robby seems to have second thoughts about Jake because he has broken Miley's heart multiple times, but nevertheless he is supportive of the relationship.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge The following night, Jesse goes to Lisa's pool party and kisses her in the cabana. Afterwards, his body begins to change and he leaves in a panic. He goes to Grady's house, confesses to killing Schneider, and instructs Grady to watch him as he sleeps and to stop him if he tries to leave. When Grady eventually falls asleep, Freddy emerges from Jesse's body and kills Grady. Freddy then changes back to Jesse, who finds himself looking at Freddy's reflection in Grady's mirror. He flees before Grady's parents enter the room.", "Friday the 13th: A New Beginning A few years after the demise of mass murderer Jason Voorhees, the youngest survivor Tommy Jarvis, awakens from a nightmare of him witnessing two grave robbers digging up Jason Voorhees's body. Jason rises from the grave and murders the grave robbers before advancing towards Tommy. Upon arriving at Pinehurst Halfway House, a secluded residential treatment facility, Tommy is introduced to director Pam Roberts and Dr. Matt Letter. In his assigned room, Tommy also meets Reggie, a boy whose grandfather, George, works as the kitchen cook. Other teens introduced are redhead Robin, Goth Violet, shy Jake, short-tempered Vic, and compulsive eater Joey. The sheriff brings in two more residents, Eddie and Tina, after catching them having sex on neighbor Ethel Hubbard's lawn. Ethel Hubbard and her son Junior show up and threaten to have the house closed down if the teens do not stop sneaking onto their property.", "List of Dead Like Me characters Mason (Callum Blue) (1939–1966) claims he was born at a rock and roll concert behind a stack of amplifiers[5] and died drilling a hole in his own head seeking a permanent high.[6] Mason is originally from London (he reaped Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones in 1969) and was transferred to his present location some time ago. He is the only Reaper besides George whose doppelgänger has been depicted, by Canadian actor Jacob Chaos.", "He Never Died Jack (Henry Rollins) has developed a routine for his life that he sticks to in order to avoid giving into the impulse to engage in cannibalism. He stays away from society other than regular trips to a local diner, bingo games, and to the hospital, where he purchases blood from a hospital intern, Jeremy (Booboo Stewart). After returning from one trip, Jack is confronted by mobsters Steve and Short, who are looking for Jeremy.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street Johnny Depp was another unknown when he was cast; he initially went to accompany a friend (Jackie Earle Haley, who went on to play Freddy in the 2010 remake) so he could audition, yet eventually got the part of Glen.[14] Glen Lantz's epic death in this movie is paid homage to by a flashback in Freddy vs. Jason and Depp gets his own nod in a cameo role in Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare as a guy on TV.[26] Craven's daughters picked Depp's headshot from the set he showed them.[21] Other actors such as Charlie Sheen (who wanted too much money[21]), John Cusack, Kiefer Sutherland, Nicolas Cage, and C. Thomas Howell were considered.[citation needed]", "A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors In the original script by Wes Craven and Bruce Wagner the characters were somewhat different from what was eventually filmed. Nancy was not a dream expert nor any kind of mental health professional, Kristen stayed in the institution for only a while and had a father. Also her name was \"Kirsten\" not \" Kristen\". Neil's last name was Guinness and he was much younger, Dr. Simm's last name was Maddalena, Taryn was African-American, Joey was the one who built the model of a house and had trouble getting around (although he did not use a wheelchair), and Philip was a thirteen-year-old. Will's name was originally Laredo, he had long hair, did not use a wheelchair, and was the one who made the clay puppets. This script also showed the ranch house where Krueger was born, and is the house that shows up in their dreams rather than the Elm Street house. Contrary to the film, Lt. Donald Thompson knows from the start that Krueger is real and still alive. He had been missing and Nancy was intent on finding him, she finds him and learns that he was obsessed with finding the Krueger house and burning it down. In the original script, there is a romance between Nancy and Neil and they eventually have sex. There are scenes and lines that are very reminiscent of the first film. There is no talk of Krueger's mother having been a nun or Freddy being \"the bastard son of a hundred maniacs\", and both Joey and Kincaid are killed. The deaths in this script were much more grotesque, with Krueger not as talkative and more vulgar. Freddy is killed by Nancy by using his own glove, not by holy water. In Jeffrey Cooper's novelization The Nightmares on Elm Street Parts 1, 2, 3: The Continuing Story (1987), the original Craven/Wagner version of the Nightmare 3 script is adapted, rather than the Russell/Darabont rewrite. Thus the book version of the story is fairly different from the finished film. One of the most memorable scenes in the film and a fan favorite is the sequence that takes place in the junkyard during the film's climax. The junkyard sequence and the set itself were the product of art director Mick Strawn. Mick also handled some special effects sequences on the film, and became production designer on the sequel.[4] The sequence was so popular that it appeared again in A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master. The junkyard sequence was filmed in Pacoima, California for both films. [5]", "Jason Voorhees Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives. Jason (Kane Hodder) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Shepard (Lar Park Lincoln), who was attempting to resurrect her father. Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake, and after a battle with Tina, is dragged back to the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina's father.[13] Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) sees Jason return from the grave, brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable. He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan, boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc. Upon reaching Manhattan, Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie (Jensen Daggett) and Sean (Scott Reeves); he chases them into the sewers, where he is submerged in toxic waste and dies.[14] Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon. Through an unexplained resurrection, he returns to Crystal Lake, where he is hunted by the FBI. The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason, which proves successful. Through mystical possession, however, Jason survives by passing his demon-infested heart from one being to the next. Though Jason does not physically appear throughout most of the film, it is learned he has a half-sister and a niece, and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body. After resurrecting it, Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble (Kari Keegan) and dragged into Hell.[15]", "Seasons of Melrose Place Jess' death in the fall at the construction site leaves Jake plagued by guilt. He sleeps with Shelly Hanson (Hudson Leick), Jess' ex-wife (in town for his funeral), and hires her at Shooters. She plans to ruin Jake financially as revenge for what she sees as Jake killing her ex-husband. Jake sees the light after she tries to murder him, and she is arrested.", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters Jennifer Caulfield is a teenager and patient at Westin Hills hospital due to her refusal to sleep after experiencing horrific dreams and use of self-harm to stay awake. Aspiring to be a TV star she watches shows to learn techniques but during one session she falls asleep without realizing. She approaches the wall-mounted TV in the hospital after it begins to display strange images, unaware she is dreaming, and as she neared, the TV sprouts arms and Freddy's head. The arms restrain and lift her from the ground before slamming her head into the TV screen, electrocuting her to death.[3]", "Jake T. Austin Jake Austin Szymanski (born December 3, 1994), known professionally as Jake T. Austin, is an American actor. Beginning a career as a child actor at the age of seven, Austin is a five-time Young Artist Award nominee, best known for his role as Max Russo on the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place, and as the voice of Diego on the Nickelodeon animated series Go, Diego, Go!. Austin was also the original actor who portrayed Jesus Foster on the ABC Family family/teen drama series The Fosters.", "Jake Weber Weber was married to actress Diane Oreiro Weber from 2000-02. In 2017, Weber married his longtime partner, Korri Culbertson Weber.[14] Weber also has a son, Waylon.[citation needed]", "Feed Jake In the book The Encyclopedia of Country Music, Tom Roland wrote that the final verse, with its theme of tolerance towards homosexuals, showed a shift in political beliefs for the typically conservative country music audience.[5]", "A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child Alice tells her friends about Freddy and his lineage, but Yvonne refuses to hear it while Mark and Greta are more supportive. That afternoon, at a dinner party at home, Greta falls asleep at the table; she snaps at her mother, going on a rant over her controlling nature before Freddy arrives and literally forces Greta to eat herself alive before choking her in front of a laughing audience. In the real world, she falls down dead to the surprise of her mother and guests. Yvonne and Alice visit Mark, who is grieving Greta's death and a rift forms between them. Mark falls asleep and is nearly killed by Freddy, but Alice saves him at the last minute before seeing Jacob again. Jacob hints that she is his mother. Alice requests that Yvonne gets her an early ultrasound and discovers Freddy is feeding Jacob his victims to make him like himself.", "Days of Our Lives characters (1980s) Jake Kositchek was played by Jack Coleman from June 10, 1981, until June 1, 1982, when the character was written out of the show. After Days, Coleman would later be known as the second actor to play Steven Carrington in the ABC prime time soap opera Dynasty and as Noah Bennet in the NBC science-fiction drama series Heroes and its spin-off Heroes Reborn.", "Wes Craven's New Nightmare Heather receives a call from an obsessed fan who quotes Freddy Krueger's nursery rhyme in an eerie, Freddy-like voice. This coincides with a meeting she has with New Line Cinema where she is pitched the idea to reprise her role as Nancy in a new Nightmare film which, unbeknownst to her, Chase has been working on. When she returns home, she sees Dylan watching her original film. When she interrupts him, he has a severely traumatizing episode where he screams at her. The frequent calls, and Dylan's strange behavior, cause her to call Chase. He agrees to rush home from his workplace as the two men from the opening dream did not report in for work. But Chase falls asleep while driving and is slashed by Freddy's claw and dies. His death seems to affect Dylan even further, which causes concern for Heather's long-time friend and former costar John Saxon. He suggests she seek medical attention for Dylan and herself after she has a nightmare at Chase's funeral in which Freddy tries to take Dylan away.", "Jake Bugg Jake Bugg (born Jake Edwin Charles Kennedy;[2][3][4] 28 February 1994) is an English musician, singer, and songwriter. His self-titled debut album, some of which was co-written with songwriter Iain Archer, was released in October 2012 and reached number one on the UK Albums Chart. His second album, Shangri La, was released in November 2013 and his third, largely self-produced album On My One, in June 2016.", "Edward Mordrake Mordrake decides that Twisty is the one he wants, and stabs him to death as Jimmy watches while hiding. Twisty's spirit awakens surrounded by Mordrake's spirit troupe, who put their hands on him in acceptance. It is shown that Twisty's jaw is now normal again. Dandy stumbles across Twisty's dead body and dons his mask, implying that he plans to continue Twisty's murderous spree. Jimmy and Maggie have escaped and notified the police, who call them heroes for saving the captives. Jimmy tell the officers that Meep was a hero, and says that someone will pay for his death." ]	[ "Feed Jake \"Feed Jake\" is a song written by Danny \"Bear\" Mayo, and recorded by the American country music band Pirates of the Mississippi. It was released in February 1991 as the third single from the band's self-titled debut album. The song is also the band's highest chart peak, having reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts." ]
test3009	whose new political ideas of natural rights influenced the declaration of independence	[ "doc103205", "doc103215" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc1166140", "doc1166124", "doc103239", "doc23739", "doc4848", "doc18324", "doc1018312", "doc305463", "doc1018329", "doc113474", "doc148144", "doc103225", "doc305461", "doc1659374", "doc103211", "doc305459", "doc132219", "doc1050830", "doc18322", "doc882844", "doc103205", "doc1688822", "doc18320", "doc182522", "doc1018347", "doc113557", "doc1593159", "doc32930", "doc1166150", "doc103214", "doc122161", "doc1018327", "doc367195", "doc1018332", "doc1882980", "doc476071", "doc103241", "doc1018343", "doc834358", "doc975483", "doc4845", "doc80280", "doc1166151", "doc1166132", "doc367193", "doc1728971", "doc583555", "doc1485870", "doc432245", "doc834355", "doc2230580", "doc426290", "doc103243", "doc1882971", "doc2598447", "doc426288", "doc882786", "doc4869", "doc882843", "doc2598451", "doc1018342", "doc103215", "doc103230", "doc426278", "doc882809", "doc1958040", "doc23740", "doc23738", "doc1985527", "doc1166165", "doc103221", "doc426287", "doc2362399", "doc18326", "doc1067148", "doc579536", "doc122167", "doc4847", "doc1018316", "doc305465", "doc103233", "doc522724", "doc4849", "doc2081954", "doc18321", "doc305460", "doc80270", "doc103200", "doc705052", "doc2282677", "doc426279", "doc2093212", "doc476073", "doc426281", "doc103204", "doc32928", "doc18325", "doc2488372", "doc589444", "doc426280" ]	[ "John Locke Locke exercised a profound influence on political philosophy, in particular on modern liberalism. Michael Zuckert has argued that Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism and clearly separating the realms of Church and State. He had a strong influence on Voltaire who called him \"le sage Locke\". His arguments concerning liberty and the social contract later influenced the written works of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other Founding Fathers of the United States. In fact, one passage from the Second Treatise is reproduced verbatim in the Declaration of Independence, the reference to a \"long train of abuses\". Such was Locke's influence that Thomas Jefferson wrote: \"Bacon, Locke and Newton... I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences\".[18][19][20]", "John Locke John Locke FRS (/lɒk/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the \"Father of Liberalism\".[1][2][3] Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.[4]", "Natural and legal rights John Locke (1632 – 1704) was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke believed in a natural right to life, liberty, and property. It was once conventional wisdom that Locke greatly influenced the American Revolutionary War with his writings of natural rights, but this claim has been the subject of protracted dispute in recent decades. For example, the historian Ray Forrest Harvey declared that Jefferson and Locke were at \"two opposite poles\" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson’s use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase \"pursuit of happiness\" instead of \"property.\"[28] More recently, the eminent[29] legal historian John Phillip Reid has deplored contemporary scholars’ \"misplaced emphasis on John Locke,\" arguing that American revolutionary leaders saw Locke as a commentator on established constitutional principles.[30][31] Thomas Pangle has defended Locke's influence on the Founding, claiming that historians who argue to the contrary either misrepresent the classical republican alternative to which they say the revolutionary leaders adhered, do not understand Locke, or point to someone else who was decisively influenced by Locke.[32] This position has also been sustained by Michael Zuckert.[33][34][35]", "American Revolution John Locke's (1632â€“1704) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution, especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, and Benjamin Hoadly, whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries.[103] Locke is often referred to as \"the philosopher of the American Revolution\" due to his work in the Social Contract and Natural Rights theories that underpinned the Revolution's political ideology.[104] Locke's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential. He argued that all humans were created equally free, and governments therefore needed the \"consent of the governed.\"[105] In late eighteenth-century America, belief was still widespread in \"equality by creation\" and \"rights by creation\".[106]", "United States Declaration of Independence Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration.[89] English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences, a man whom Jefferson called one of \"the three greatest men that have ever lived\".[90] In 1922, historian Carl L. Becker wrote, \"Most Americans had absorbed Locke's works as a kind of political gospel; and the Declaration, in its form, in its phraseology, follows closely certain sentences in Locke's second treatise on government.\"[91] The extent of Locke's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars, however. Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at \"two opposite poles\" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase \"pursuit of happiness\" instead of \"property\".[92] Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke's classical liberalism.[93] Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment, particularly Francis Hutcheson, rather than Locke,[94] an interpretation that has been strongly criticized.[95]", "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it (4 July 1776).", "Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution.[8] Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, René Descartes, John Locke and Baruch Spinoza.[9] The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant. Some European rulers, including Catherine II of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia, tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance, which became known as enlightened absolutism.[10] Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence (1776). One of his peers, James Madison, incorporated these ideals into the United States Constitution during its framing in 1787.[11]", "Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it (4 July 1776).", "Age of Enlightenment Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\" and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: \"There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especially in those two free Nations of England and Holland; on whom the Affairs of Europe now turn\".[49] Locke's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.", "Thomas Jefferson Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. The document's social and political ideals were proposed by Jefferson before the inauguration of Washington.[43] At age 33, he was one of the youngest delegates to the Second Continental Congress beginning in 1775 at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, where a formal declaration of independence from Britain was overwhelmingly favored.[44] Jefferson chose his words for the Declaration in June 1775, shortly after the war had begun, where the idea of independence from Britain had long since become popular among the colonies. He was inspired by the Enlightenment ideals of the sanctity of the individual, as well as by the writings of Locke and Montesquieu.[45]", "Two Treatises of Government Locke's influence during the American Revolutionary period is disputed. While it is easy to point to specific instances of Locke's Two Treatises being invoked, the extent of the acceptance of Locke's ideals and the role they played in the American Revolution are far from clear. The Two Treatises are echoed in phrases in the Declaration of Independence and writings by Samuel Adams that attempted to gain support for the rebellion. Of Locke's influence Thomas Jefferson wrote: \"Bacon, Locke and Newton I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences\".[26][27] The colonists frequently cited Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, which synthesised Lockean political philosophy with the common law tradition. Louis Hartz, writing at the beginning of the 20th century, took it for granted that Locke was the political philosopher of the revolution.", "Natural and legal rights Meanwhile, in America, Thomas Jefferson \"took his division of rights into alienable and unalienable from Hutcheson, who made the distinction popular and important\",[24] and in the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence, famously condensed this to:", "Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment.[5]\nThe key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson.[6][7] In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[8]", "Calvinism In England, Baptists Thomas Helwys and John Smyth influenced the liberal political thought of Presbyterian poet and politician John Milton and philosopher John Locke, who in turn had both a strong impact on the political development in their home country (English Civil War, Glorious Revolution) as well as in North America.[162][163] The ideological basis of the American Revolution was largely provided by the radical Whigs, who had been inspired by Milton, Locke, James Harrington, Algernon Sidney, and other thinkers. The Whigs' \"perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a Protestantism that had always verged on Puritanism.\"[164] The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution and (American) Bill of Rights initiated a tradition of human and civil rights that was continued in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen and the constitutions of numerous countries around the world, e. g. Latin America, Japan, India, Germany, and other European countries. It is also echoed in the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[165]", "Natural and legal rights One of the first Western thinkers to develop the contemporary idea of natural rights was French theologian Jean Gerson, whose 1402 treatise De Vita Spirituali Animae is considered one of the first attempts to develop what would come to be called modern natural rights theory.[12]", "Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 The Declaration was drafted by General Lafayette, Thomas Jefferson, and Honoré Mirabeau.[2] Influenced by the doctrine of \"natural right\", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.[3]", "Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (or Pain;[1] February 9, 1737 [O.S. January 29, 1736][Note 1] â€“ June 8, 1809) was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary. One of the Founding Fathers of the United States, he authored the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, and he inspired the rebels in 1776 to declare independence from Britain.[2] His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era rhetoric of transnational human rights.[3] He has been called \"a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination.\"[4]", "Liberty The social contract theory, most influentially formulated by Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau (though first suggested by Plato in The Republic), was among the first to provide a political classification of rights, in particular through the notion of sovereignty and of natural rights. The thinkers of the Enlightenment reasoned that law governed both heavenly and human affairs, and that law gave the king his power, rather than the king's power giving force to law. This conception of law would find its culmination in the ideas of Montesquieu. The conception of law as a relationship between individuals, rather than families, came to the fore, and with it the increasing focus on individual liberty as a fundamental reality, given by \"Nature and Nature's God,\" which, in the ideal state, would be as universal as possible.", "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment.[5] The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson.[6][7] In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[8]", "Natural law While Locke spoke in the language of natural law, the content of this law was by and large protective of natural rights, and it was this language that later liberal thinkers preferred. Political philosopher Jeremy Waldron has pointed out that Locke's political thought was based on \"a particular set of Protestant Christian assumptions.\"[119] To Locke, the content of natural law was identical with biblical ethics as laid down especially in the Decalogue, Christ's teaching and exemplary life, and St. Paul's admonitions.[120] Locke derived the concept of basic human equality, including the equality of the sexes (\"Adam and Eve\"), from Genesis 1, 26â€“28, the starting-point of the theological doctrine of Imago Dei.[121] One of the consequences is that as all humans are created equally free, governments need the consent of the governed.[122] Thomas Jefferson, arguably echoing Locke, appealed to unalienable rights in the Declaration of Independence, \"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\"[123] The Lockean idea that governments need the consent of the governed was also fundamental to the Declaration of Independence, as the American Revolutionaries used it as justification for their separation from the British crown.[124]", "Natural and legal rights Likewise, different philosophers and statesmen have designed different lists of what they believe to be natural rights; almost all include the right to life and liberty as the two highest priorities. H. L. A. Hart argued that if there are any rights at all, there must be the right to liberty, for all the others would depend upon this. T. H. Green argued that “if there are such things as rights at all, then, there must be a right to life and liberty, or, to put it more properly to free life.”[7] John Locke emphasized \"life, liberty and property\" as primary. However, despite Locke's influential defense of the right of revolution, Thomas Jefferson substituted \"pursuit of happiness\" in place of \"property\" in the United States Declaration of Independence.", "Self-determination The revolt of New World British colonists in North America, during the mid-1770s, has been seen as the first assertion of the right of national and democratic self-determination, because of the explicit invocation of natural law, the natural rights of man, as well as the consent of, and sovereignty by, the people governed; these ideas were inspired particularly by John Locke's enlightened writings of the previous century. Thomas Jefferson further promoted the notion that the will of the people was supreme, especially through authorship of the United States Declaration of Independence which inspired Europeans throughout the 19th century.[9] The French Revolution was motivated similarly and legitimatized the ideas of self-determination on that Old World continent.[12][13]", "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: DÃ©claration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.[1] The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it.[2] Influenced also by the doctrine of \"natural right\", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.[3]", "Protestantism Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment – Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau – had Protestant backgrounds.[181] For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on \"a set of Protestant Christian assumptions\",[182] derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders (\"Adam and Eve\"), from Genesis 1, 26–28. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed \"the consent of the governed.\"[183] These Lockean ideas were fundamental to the United States Declaration of Independence, which also deduced human rights from the biblical belief in creation: \"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.\"", "Age of Enlightenment Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers.[92] Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics.[93][94] The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom.[95] The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu.[96] As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733). During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, republicanism and religious tolerance. There was no respect for monarchy or inherited political power. Deists reconciled science and religion by rejecting prophecies, miracles and Biblical theology. Leading deists included Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible – from which all supernatural aspects were removed.[97]", "Thomas Jefferson Jefferson subscribed to the political ideals expounded by John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton, whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived.[253][254] He was also influenced by the writings of Gibbon, Hume, Robertson, Bolingbroke, Montesquieu, and Voltaire.[255] Jefferson thought that the independent yeoman and agrarian life were ideals of republican virtues. He distrusted cities and financiers, favored decentralized government power, and believed that the tyranny that had plagued the common man in Europe was due to corrupt political establishments and monarchies. He supported efforts to disestablish the Church of England[256] wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and he pressed for a wall of separation between church and state.[257] The Republicans under Jefferson were strongly influenced by the 18th-century British Whig Party, who believed in limited government.[258] His Democratic-Republican Party became dominant in early American politics, and his views became known as Jeffersonian democracy.[259][260]", "Jean-Jacques Rousseau The first sign of [Rousseau's] political influence was in the wave of public sympathy that supported active French aid to the American Revolution. Jefferson derived the Declaration of Independence from Rousseau as well as from Locke and Montesquieu. As ambassador to France (1785â€“89) he absorbed much from both Voltaire and Rousseau...The success of the American Revolution raised the prestige of Rousseau's philosophy.[124][125]", "United States Constitution British political philosopher John Locke following the Glorious Revolution (1688) was a major influence expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by Thomas Hobbes. Locke advanced the principle of consent of the governed in his Two Treatises of Government. Government's duty under a social contract among the sovereign people was to serve the people by protecting their rights. These basic rights were life, liberty and property.", "John Locke Locke's political theory was founded on social contract theory. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance. Like Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature allowed people to be selfish. This is apparent with the introduction of currency. In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his \"Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions\".[35] Most scholars trace the phrase \"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,\" in the American Declaration of Independence, to Locke's theory of rights,[36] though other origins have been suggested.[37]", "Natural and legal rights 17th-century English philosopher John Locke discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being \"life, liberty, and estate (property)\", and argued that such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract. Preservation of the natural rights to life, liberty, and property was claimed as justification for the rebellion of the American colonies. As George Mason stated in his draft for the Virginia Declaration of Rights, \"all men are born equally free,\" and hold \"certain inherent natural rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity.\"[15] Another 17th-century Englishman, John Lilburne (known as Freeborn John), who came into conflict with both the monarchy of King Charles I and the military dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell governed republic, argued for level human basic rights he called \"freeborn rights\" which he defined as being rights that every human being is born with, as opposed to rights bestowed by government or by human law.", "History of Western civilization In 1690 John Locke wrote that people have certain natural rights like life, liberty and property and that governments were created in order to protect these rights. If they did not, according to Locke, the people had a right to overthrow their government. The French philosopher Voltaire criticized the monarchy and the Church for what he saw as hypocrisy and for their persecution of people of other faiths. Another Frenchman, Montesquieu, advocated division of government into executive, legislative and judicial branches. The French author Rousseau stated in his works that society corrupted individuals. Many monarchs were affected by these ideas, and they became known to history as the enlightened despots. However, most only supported Enlightenment ideas that strengthened their own power.[citation needed]", "Age of Enlightenment John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers,[45] based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be \"representative\" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.[46]", "American philosophy Thomas Paine, the English intellectual, pamphleteer, and revolutionary who wrote Common Sense and Rights of Man was an influential promoter of Enlightenment political ideas in America, though he was not a philosopher. Common Sense, which has been described as \"the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era\",[45] provides justification for the American revolution and independence from the British Crown. Though popular in 1776, historian Pauline Maier cautions that, \"Paine's influence was more modest than he claimed and than his more enthusiastic admirers assume.\"[46]", "Age of Enlightenment Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise, when he introduces the state of nature. For Locke, the law of nature is grounded on mutual security or the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights, as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights. These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom, as well as the right to preserve life and property. Locke also argued against slavery on the basis that enslaving yourself goes against the law of nature because you cannot surrender your own rights, your freedom is absolute and no one can take it from you. Additionally, Locke argues that one person cannot enslave another because it is morally reprehensible, although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights.", "Political philosophy During the Enlightenment period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies (especially in the wake of the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution), and the Haitian Revolution led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.", "Human rights 17th-century English philosopher John Locke discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being \"life, liberty, and estate (property)\", and argued that such fundamental rights could not be surrendered in the social contract. In Britain in 1689, the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right each made illegal a range of oppressive governmental actions.[21] Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States (1776) and in France (1789), leading to the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen respectively, both of which articulated certain human rights. Additionally, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental civil rights and civil freedoms.", "Natural and legal rights In developing his concept of natural rights, Locke was influenced by reports of society among Native Americans, whom he regarded as \"natural peoples\" who lived in a state of liberty and \"near prefect freedom\", but not license.[37] It also informed his conception of social contract.", "Age of Enlightenment These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution.[78] Thomas Jefferson called for a \"wall of separation between church and state\" at the federal level. He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia[79] and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.[80] Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton[81] whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived.[82]", "History of liberalism Isolated strands of liberal thought had existed in Western philosophy since the Ancient Greeks and in Eastern philosophy since the Song and Ming period,[5] but the first major signs of liberal politics emerged in modern times. Many of the liberal concepts of Locke were foreshadowed in the radical ideas that were freely aired at the time.[6] The pamphleteer Richard Overton wrote: \"To every Individuall in nature, is given an individuall property by nature, not to be invaded or usurped by any...; no man hath power over my rights and liberties, and I over no mans\".[7] These ideas were first unified as a distinct ideology by the English philosopher John Locke, generally regarded as the father of modern liberalism.[8][9] Locke developed the radical notion that government acquires consent from the governed, which has to be constantly present for a government to remain legitimate.[10] His influential Two Treatises (1690), the foundational text of liberal ideology, outlined his major ideas.[11] His insistence that lawful government did not have a supernatural basis was a sharp break from previous theories of governance.[12][13] Locke also defined the concept of the separation of church and state.[14] Based on the social contract principle, Locke argued that there was a natural right to the liberty of conscience, which he argued must therefore remain protected from any government authority.[15] He also formulated a general defence for religious toleration in his Letters Concerning Toleration.[16] Locke was influenced by the liberal ideas of John Milton, who was a staunch advocate of freedom in all its forms.[17]", "Women's rights 17th century natural law philosophers in Britain and America, such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, developed the theory of natural rights in reference to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle and the Christian theologist Aquinas. Like the ancient philosophers, 17th century natural law philosophers defended slavery and an inferior status of women in law.[132] Relying on ancient Greek philosophers, natural law philosophers argued that natural rights were not derived from god, but were \"universal, self-evident, and intuitive\", a law that could be found in nature. They believed that natural rights were self-evident to \"civilised man\" who lives \"in the highest form of society\".[133] Natural rights derived from human nature, a concept first established by the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Citium in Concerning Human Nature. Zenon argued that each rational and civilized male Greek citizen had a \"divine spark\" or \"soul\" within him that existed independent of the body. Zeno founded the Stoic philosophy and the idea of a human nature was adopted by other Greek philosophers, and later natural law philosophers and western humanists.[134] Aristotle developed the widely adopted idea of rationality, arguing that man was a \"rational animal\" and as such a natural power of reason. Concepts of human nature in ancient Greece depended on gender, ethnic, and other qualifications[135] and 17th century natural law philosophers came to regard women along with children, slaves and non-whites, as neither \"rational\" nor \"civilised\".[133] Natural law philosophers claimed the inferior status of women was \"common sense\" and a matter of \"nature\". They believed that women could not be treated as equal due to their \"inner nature\".[132] The views of 17th century natural law philosophers were opposed in the 18th and 19th century by evangelical natural theology philosophers such as William Wilberforce and Charles Spurgeon, who argued for the abolition of slavery and advocated for women to have rights equal to that of men.[132] Modern natural law theorists, and advocates of natural rights, claim that all people have a human nature, regardless of gender, ethnicity or other qualifications, therefore all people have natural rights.[135]", "United States Declaration of Independence Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence. By Jefferson's own admission, the Declaration contained no original ideas, but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution. As he explained in 1825:", "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness The 17th-century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the \"pursuit of our own happiness\".[27] Locke never associated natural rights with happiness, but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium.[28] William Wollaston's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the \"truest definition\" of \"natural religion\" as being \"The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth\".[29] An English translation of Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the \"noble pursuit\" of \"true and solid happiness\" in the opening chapter discussing natural rights.[30] Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as the inspiration for Jefferson's phrase.[31]", "John Locke Like Hobbes, Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough, so people established a civil society to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government in a state of society. However, Locke never refers to Hobbes by name and may instead have been responding to other writers of the day.[38] Locke also advocated governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances. These ideas would come to have profound influence on the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.", "John Locke Shaftesbury, as a founder of the Whig movement, exerted great influence on Locke's political ideas. Locke became involved in politics when Shaftesbury became Lord Chancellor in 1672. Following Shaftesbury's fall from favour in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling across France as tutor and medical attendant to Caleb Banks.[10] He returned to England in 1679 when Shaftesbury's political fortunes took a brief positive turn. Around this time, most likely at Shaftesbury's prompting, Locke composed the bulk of the Two Treatises of Government. While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date.[11] The work is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy (particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes) and for individual consent as the basis of political legitimacy. Although Locke was associated with the influential Whigs, his ideas about natural rights and government are today considered quite revolutionary for that period in English history.", "American philosophy Although the Declaration of Independence does contain references to the Creator, the God of Nature, Divine Providence, and the Supreme Judge of the World, the Founding Fathers were not exclusively theistic. Some professed personal concepts of deism, as was characteristic of other European Enlightenment thinkers, such as Maximilien Robespierre, François-Marie Arouet (better known by his pen name, Voltaire), and Rousseau.[26] However, an investigation of 106 contributors to the Declaration of Independence between September 5, 1774 and July 4, 1776 found that only two men (Franklin and Jefferson), both American Practical Idealists in their moral philosophy, might be called quasi-deists or non-denominational Christians;[27] all the others were publicly members of denominational Christian churches. Even Franklin professed the need for a \"public religion\"[28] and would attend various churches from time to time. Jefferson was vestryman at the evangelical Calvinistical Reformed Church of Charlottesville, Virginia, a church he himself founded and named in 1777,[29] suggesting that at this time of life he was rather strongly affiliated with a denomination and that the influence of Whitefield and Edwards reached even into Virginia. But the founders who studied or embraced Johnson, Franklin, and Smith's non-denominational moral philosophy were at least influenced by the deistic tendencies of Wollaston's Natural Religion, as evidenced by \"the Laws of Nature, and Nature's God\" and \"the pursuit of Happiness\" in the Declaration.[30]", "History of human rights Several 17th- and 18th-century European philosophers, most notably John Locke, developed the concept of natural rights, the notion that people are naturally free and equal.[39][40] Though Locke believed natural rights were derived from divinity since humans were creations of God, his ideas were important in the development of the modern notion of rights. Lockean natural rights did not rely on citizenship nor any law of the state, nor were they necessarily limited to one particular ethnic, cultural or religious group. Around the same time, in 1689, the English Bill of Rights was created which asserted some basic human rights, most famously freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.[41]", "Republicanism in the United States A second stream of thought growing in significance was the classical liberalism of John Locke, including his theory of the \"social contract\". This had a great influence on the revolution as it implied the inborn right of the people to overthrow their leaders should those leaders betray the agreements implicit in the sovereign-follower relationship. Historians find little trace of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influence in America.[33] In terms of writing state and national constitutions, the Americans used Montesquieu's analysis of the ideally \"balanced\" British Constitution. But first and last came a commitment to republicanism, as shown by many historians such as Bernard Bailyn and Gordon S. Wood.", "All men are created equal George Mason was an elder-planter who had originally stated John Locke's theory of natural rights:", "History of Europe The political ideals of the Enlightenment influenced the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polishâ€“Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791.[69]", "History of liberalism Liberalism, the belief in freedom and human rights, is historically associated with such thinkers as John Locke and Montesquieu. It is a political movement which spans the better part of the last four centuries, though the use of the word \"liberalism\" to refer to a specific political doctrine did not occur until the 19th century. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England laid the foundations for the development of the modern liberal state by constitutionally limiting the power of the monarch, affirming parliamentary supremacy, passing the Bill of Rights and establishing the principle of \"consent of the governed\". The 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States of America founded the nascent republic on liberal principles without the encumbrance of hereditary aristocracy—the declaration stated that \"all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, among these life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\",[1] echoing John Locke's phrase \"life, liberty, and property\". A few years later, the French Revolution overthrew the hereditary aristocracy, with the slogan \"liberty, equality, fraternity\" and was the first state in history to grant universal male suffrage. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, first codified in 1789 in France, is a foundational document of both liberalism and human rights. The intellectual progress of the Enlightenment, which questioned old traditions about societies and governments, eventually coalesced into powerful revolutionary movements that toppled what the French called the Ancien Régime, the belief in absolute monarchy and established religion, especially in Europe, Latin America and North America.", "History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom The Diggers' radical ideas influenced thinkers in Poland, Holland, and England, playing an especially important role in the philosophy of John Locke. Locke, in turn, profoundly impacted the development of political ideas regarding liberty, which would later influence the Founding Fathers of the United States.", "American Enlightenment The United States Declaration of Independence, which was primarily written by Jefferson, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The text of the second section of the Declaration of Independence reads:", "Natural and legal rights Thomas Paine (1731â€“1809) further elaborated on natural rights in his influential work Rights of Man (1791), emphasizing that rights cannot be granted by any charter because this would legally imply they can also be revoked and under such circumstances they would be reduced to privileges:", "Political philosophy Aquinas was an incredibly influential thinker in the Natural Law tradition.", "Civil and political rights In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights. The Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. It was one of the influences drawn on by George Mason and James Madison when drafting the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776. The Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U.S. Bill of Rights (1789).", "American Enlightenment The Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was written by George Mason and adopted by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12, 1776, a few days before Jefferson's draft, in part, reads:", "Natural law Historically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature to deduce binding rules of moral behavior from nature's or God's creation of reality and mankind. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle,[2] and was referred to in Roman philosophy by Cicero. References to natural law are also found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The School of Salamanca made notable contributions during the Renaissance. Modern natural law theories were greatly developed in the Age of Enlightenment, combining inspiration from Roman law with philosophies like social contract theory. Key proponents were Alberico Gentili, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, Matthew Hale, John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Emmerich de Vattel, Cesare Beccaria and Francesco Mario Pagano. It was used to challenge the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law, and government—and thus legal rights—in the form of classical republicanism. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments.", "United States Declaration of Independence Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence[145] but were also interested in the new American state constitutions.[146] The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution.[147] Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson. It also borrowed language from George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights.[148][149] The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire. The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers.", "Natural law John Locke incorporated natural law into many of his theories and philosophy, especially in Two Treatises of Government. There is considerable debate about whether his conception of natural law was more akin to that of Aquinas (filtered through Richard Hooker) or Hobbes' radical reinterpretation, though the effect of Locke's understanding is usually phrased in terms of a revision of Hobbes upon Hobbesian contractarian grounds. Locke turned Hobbes' prescription around, saying that if the ruler went against natural law and failed to protect \"life, liberty, and property,\" people could justifiably overthrow the existing state and create a new one.[118]", "Civil and political rights Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected, although most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil and political rights. Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that \"a free people [claim] their rights as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate.\"", "Age of Enlightenment The \"Radical Enlightenment\"[74][75] promoted the concept of separating church and state,[76] an idea that is often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632â€“1704).[77] According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority.", "Natural and legal rights The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by Francis Hutcheson. In his Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence, stating: “For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights, there must arise either a perfect, or external Right to Resistance. . . . Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments.” Hutcheson, however, placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights, declaring that “there can be no Right, or Limitation of Right, inconsistent with, or opposite to the greatest publick Good.\"[16] Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his A System of Moral Philosophy (1755), based on the Reformation principle of the liberty of conscience. One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment (e.g., about religious questions) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is \"unalienable.\" Hutcheson wrote: \"Thus no man can really change his sentiments, judgments, and inward affections, at the pleasure of another; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart. The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable.\"[17]", "Natural and legal rights The signers of the Declaration of Independence deemed it a \"self-evident truth\" that all men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights\". In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau claims that the existence of inalienable rights is unnecessary for the existence of a constitution or a set of laws and rights. This idea of a social contract – that rights and responsibilities are derived from a consensual contract between the government and the people – is the most widely recognized alternative.", "American Enlightenment Sources of the American Enlightenment are many and vary according to time and place. As a result of an extensive book trade with Great Britain, the colonies were well acquainted with European literature almost contemporaneously. Early influences were English writers, including James Harrington, Algernon Sidney, the Viscount Bolingbroke, John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon (especially the two's Cato's Letters), and Joseph Addison (whose tragedy Cato was extremely popular). A particularly important English legal writer was Sir William Blackstone, whose Commentaries on the Laws of England served as a major influence on the American Founders and is a key source in the development Anglo-American common law. Although John Locke's Two Treatises of Government has long been cited as a major influence on American thinkers, historians David Lundberg and Henry F. May demonstrate that Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding was far more widely read than were his political Treatises.[15]", "Natural law The British polemicist Thomas Gordon \"incorporated Cicero into the radical ideological tradition that travelled from the mother country to the colonies in the course of the eighteenth century and decisively shaped early American political culture.\"[33] Cicero's description of the immutable, eternal, and universal natural law was quoted by Burlamaqui[34] and later by the American revolutionary legal scholar James Wilson.[35] Cicero became John Adams's \"foremost model of public service, republican virtue, and forensic eloquence.\"[36] Adams wrote of Cicero that \"as all the ages of the world have not produced a greater statesman and philosopher united in the same character, his authority should have great weight.\"[37] Thomas Jefferson \"first encountered Cicero as a schoolboy while learning Latin, and continued to read his letters and discourses throughout his life. He admired him as a patriot, valued his opinions as a moral philosopher, and there is little doubt that he looked upon Cicero's life, with his love of study and aristocratic country life, as a model for his own.\"[38] Jefferson described Cicero as \"the father of eloquence and philosophy.\"[39]", "Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty in its modern sense, is an idea that dates to the social contracts school (mid-17th to mid-18th centuries), represented by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), John Locke (1632–1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), author of The Social Contract, a prominent political work that clearly highlighted the ideals of \"general will\" and further matured the idea of popular sovereignty. The central tenet is that legitimacy of rule or of law is based on the consent of the governed. Popular sovereignty is thus a basic tenet of most Republics, and in some monarchies. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were the most influential thinkers of this school, all postulating that individuals choose to enter into a social contract with one another, thus voluntarily giving up some of their natural freedom in return for protection from dangers derived from the freedom of others. Whether men were seen as naturally more prone to violence and rapine (Hobbes) or cooperation and kindness (Rousseau), the idea that a legitimate social order emerges only when the liberties and duties are equal among citizens binds the social contract thinkers to the concept of popular sovereignty.", "American Revolution The theory of the \"social contract\" influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the \"natural rights\" of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders, should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen.[107][108] In terms of writing state and national constitutions, the Americans heavily used Montesquieu's analysis of the wisdom of the \"balanced\" British Constitution (mixed government).", "American Revolution The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution. Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law, Natural Rights, Consent of the Governed, Individualism, Property Rights, Self-Ownership, Self-Determination, liberalism, republicanism and fear of corruption. Collectively, the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity.[101]", "Right to property The revolutionary ideas on property and civil and political rights were further developed by the English philosopher John Locke (1632â€“1704). In Second Treatise on Civil Government (1689), Locke proclaimed that \"everyman has a property in his person; this nobody has a right to but himself. The labor of his body and the work of his hand, we may say, are properly his\".[27] He argued that property ownership derives from one's labor, though those who do not own property and only have their labor to sell should not be given the same political power as those who owned property. Labourers, small scale property owners and large scale property owners should have civil and political rights in proportion to the property they owned. According to Locke, the right to property and the right to life were inalienable rights and that it was the duty of the state to secure these rights for individuals. Locke argued that the safeguarding of natural rights, such as the right to property, along with the separation of powers and other check and balances, would help to curtail political abuses by the state.[22][28]", "John Locke Following Locke, the American Declaration of Independence founded human rights partially on the biblical belief in creation: \"All men are created equal, (…) they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, (…) life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.\" Locke's doctrine that governments need the consent of the governed is also central to the Declaration of Independence.[68]", "Natural and legal rights These themes converged in the debate about American Independence. While Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence, Richard Price in England sided with the Americans' claim \"that Great Britain is attempting to rob them of that liberty to which every member of society and all civil communities have a natural and unalienable title.\"[21]:67 Price again based the argument on the de facto inalienability of \"that principle of spontaneity or self-determination which constitutes us agents or which gives us a command over our actions, rendering them properly ours, and not effects of the operation of any foreign cause.\"[21]:67â€“68 Any social contract or compact allegedly alienating these rights would be non-binding and void, wrote Price:", "American Enlightenment Many historians[25] find that the origin of this famous phrase derives from Locke's position that \"no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.\"[26] Others suggest that Jefferson took the phrase from Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.[27] Others note that William Wollaston's 1722 book The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the \"truest definition\" of \"natural religion\" as being \"The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth.\"[28]", "History of political thought During the Enlightenment period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies (especially in the wake of the English Civil War, the American Revolution and the French Revolution) led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu and John Locke.", "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places. For example, \"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.\"[13] They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty, and to life. According to this theory, the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. Furthermore, government should be carried on by elected representatives.[12]", "Bill of rights In America, the English Bill of Rights was one of the influences on the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, which in turn influenced the United States Declaration of Independence later that year.[3]", "Separation of church and state The concept of separating church and state is often credited to the writings of English philosopher John Locke (1632â€“1704).[13] According to his principle of the social contract, Locke argued that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he argued must therefore remain protected from any government authority. These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with his social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution.[14]", "History of Western civilization After Britain's King George III refused to seriously consider colonial grievances raised at the first Continental Congress, some colonists took up arms. Leaders of a new pro-independence movement were influenced by Enlightenment ideals and hoped to bring an ideal nation into existence. On 4 July 1776, the colonies declared independence with the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. Drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the document's preamble eloquently outlines the principles of governance that would come to increasingly dominate Western thinking over the ensuing century and a half:", "United States Declaration of Independence Jefferson's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776: his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia, and George Mason's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights. Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence.[85] They were, in turn, directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights, which formally ended the reign of King JamesÂ II.[86] During the American Revolution, Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king.[87] The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath (1320) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration (1581) have also been offered as models for Jefferson's Declaration, but these models are now accepted by few scholars.[88]", "Age of Enlightenment In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution.[16]", "Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places. For example, \"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.\"[13] They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty, and to life. According to this theory, the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. Furthermore, government should be carried on by elected representatives.[12]", "Natural and legal rights Thomas Hobbes (1588â€“1679) included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and political philosophy. Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a \"state of nature\". Thus he argued that the essential natural (human) right was \"to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life; and consequently, of doing any thing, which in his own judgement, and Reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto.\" (Leviathan. 1, XIV)", "Progress The intellectual leaders of the American Revolution, such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, were immersed in Enlightenment thought and believed the idea of progress meant that they could reorganize the political system to the benefit of the human condition; both for Americans and also, as Jefferson put it, for an \"Empire of Liberty\" that would benefit all mankind.[17]", "United States Declaration of Independence Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced. The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights, argues Reid, but is instead a legal documentâ€”an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists.[96] Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel's The Law of Nations, the dominant international law treatise of the period, and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was \"continually in the hands of the members of our Congress\".[97] Armitage writes, \"Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood\"; therefore, the primary purpose of the Declaration was \"to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States\". If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers, the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain.[98] The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically, but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws.[99][100][101][102]", "Cicero While Cicero the humanist deeply influenced the culture of the Renaissance, Cicero the republican inspired the Founding Fathers of the United States and the revolutionaries of the French Revolution.[103] John Adams said, \"As all the ages of the world have not produced a greater statesman and philosopher united than Cicero, his authority should have great weight.\"[104] Jefferson names Cicero as one of a handful of major figures who contributed to a tradition \"of public right\" that informed his draft of the Declaration of Independence and shaped American understandings of \"the common sense\" basis for the right of revolution.[105] Camille Desmoulins said of the French republicans in 1789 that they were \"mostly young people who, nourished by the reading of Cicero at school, had become passionate enthusiasts for liberty\".[106]", "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The Declaration, together with Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[4]", "Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 The Declaration, together with Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[4]", "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness A number of possible sources or inspirations for Jefferson's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. Jefferson declared himself an Epicurean during his lifetime: this is a philosophical doctrine that teaches the pursuit of happiness and proposes autarchy, which translates as self-rule, self-sufficiency or freedom. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from John Locke and those who identify some other source.[citation needed]", "Natural and legal rights The concept of natural law is related to the concept of natural rights. Natural law first appeared in ancient Greek philosophy,[1] and was referred to by Roman philosopher Cicero. It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, and was then developed in the Middle Ages by Catholic philosophers such as Albert the Great and his pupil Thomas Aquinas. During the Age of Enlightenment, the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law, and government – and thus legal rights – in the form of classical republicanism. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments.", "American literature In the post-war period, Thomas Jefferson's United States Declaration of Independence, his influence on the United States Constitution, his autobiography, the Notes on the State of Virginia, and his many letters solidify his spot as one of the most talented early American writers. The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay presented a significant historical discussion of American government organization and republican values. Fisher Ames, James Otis, and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and orations.", "Egalitarianism The Declaration of Independence of the United States might be an example of an assertion of equality of men, but not of women[citation needed] under natural rights, with its language \"all men are created equal\". This assertion may be understood by the use of \"man\" or \"men\" as a proper noun in the sense of \"mankind\". John Locke is sometimes considered the founder of this form.", "American Enlightenment The Scottish Enlightenment also influenced American thinkers. David Hume's Essays and his History of England were widely read in the colonies,[16] and Hume's political thought had a particular influence on James Madison and the Constitution.[17] Another important Scottish writer was Francis Hutcheson. Hutcheson's ideas of ethics, along with notions of civility and politeness developed by the Earl of Shaftesbury, and Addison and Richard Steele in their Spectator, were a major influence on upper-class American colonists who sought to emulate European manners and learning.", "Hugo Grotius Grotius' concept of natural law had a strong impact on the philosophical and theological debates and political developments of the 17th and 18th centuries. Among those he influenced were Samuel Pufendorf and John Locke, and by way of these philosophers his thinking became part of the cultural background of the Glorious Revolution in England and the American Revolution.[18] In Grotius' understanding, nature was not an entity in itself, but God's creation. Therefore, his concept of natural law had a theological foundation.[19] The Old Testament contained moral precepts (e.g. the Decalogue), which Christ confirmed and therefore were still valid. They were useful in interpreting the content of natural law. Both biblical revelation and natural law originated in God and could therefore not contradict each other.[20]", "Human rights These were followed by developments in philosophy of human rights by philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and G.W.F. Hegel during the 18th and 19th centuries. The term human rights probably came into use some time between Paine's The Rights of Man and William Lloyd Garrison's 1831 writings in The Liberator, in which he stated that he was trying to enlist his readers in \"the great cause of human rights\". Although the term had been used by at least one author as early as 1742.[22]", "American Enlightenment Since the 1960s, historians have debated the Enlightenment's role in the American Revolution. Before 1960 the consensus was that liberalism, especially that of John Locke, was paramount; republicanism was largely ignored.[18] The new interpretations were pioneered by J.G.A. Pocock who argued in The Machiavellian Moment (1975) that, at least in the early eighteenth-century, republican ideas were just as important as liberal ones. Pocock's view is now widely accepted.[19] Bernard Bailyn and Gordon Wood pioneered the argument that the Founding Fathers of the United States were more influenced by republicanism than they were by liberalism. Cornell University Professor Isaac Kramnick, on the other hand, argues that Americans have always been highly individualistic and therefore Lockean.[20]", "Natural and legal rights The existence of natural rights has been asserted by different individuals on different premises, such as a priori philosophical reasoning or religious principles. For example, Immanuel Kant claimed to derive natural rights through reason alone. The United States Declaration of Independence, meanwhile, is based upon the \"self-evident\" truth that \"all men are â€¦ endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights\".[6]", "United States Constitution Among the most prominent political theorists of the late eighteenth century were William Blackstone, John Locke, and Montesquieu.[40]", "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The declaration is in the spirit of \"secular natural law\", which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority, in contrast with traditional natural law theory, which does.[12]", "Right of revolution Morton White writes of the American revolutionaries, \"The notion that they had a duty to rebel is extremely important to stress, for it shows that they thought they were complying with the commands of natural law and of nature's God when they threw off absolute despotism.\"[12] The U.S. Declaration of Independence states that \"when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government\" (emphasis added). The phrase \"long train of abuses\" is a reference to John Locke's similar statement in Second Treatise of Government, where he explicitly established overthrow of a tyrant as an obligation. Martin Luther King likewise held that it is the duty of the people to resist unjust laws.", "Individualism In the 17th century, liberal ideas began to influence governments in Europe, in nations such as The Netherlands, Switzerland, England and Poland, but they were strongly opposed, often by armed might, by those who favored absolute monarchy and established religion. In the 18th century, in America, the first modern liberal state was founded, without a monarch or a hereditary aristocracy.[32] The American Declaration of Independence includes the words (which echo Locke) \"all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to insure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.\"[33]", "American Enlightenment By far the most important French sources to the American Enlightenment, however, were Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws and Emer de Vattel's Law of Nations. Both informed early American ideas of government and were major influences on the Constitution. Voltaire's histories were widely read but seldom cited. Rousseau's influence was marginal. Noah Webster used Rousseau's educational ideas of child development to structure his famous Speller. A German influence includes Samuel Pufendorf, whose writings were also commonly cited by American writers." ]	[ "Natural and legal rights Likewise, different philosophers and statesmen have designed different lists of what they believe to be natural rights; almost all include the right to life and liberty as the two highest priorities. H. L. A. Hart argued that if there are any rights at all, there must be the right to liberty, for all the others would depend upon this. T. H. Green argued that “if there are such things as rights at all, then, there must be a right to life and liberty, or, to put it more properly to free life.”[7] John Locke emphasized \"life, liberty and property\" as primary. However, despite Locke's influential defense of the right of revolution, Thomas Jefferson substituted \"pursuit of happiness\" in place of \"property\" in the United States Declaration of Independence.", "Natural and legal rights The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by Francis Hutcheson. In his Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence, stating: “For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights, there must arise either a perfect, or external Right to Resistance. . . . Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments.” Hutcheson, however, placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights, declaring that “there can be no Right, or Limitation of Right, inconsistent with, or opposite to the greatest publick Good.\"[16] Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his A System of Moral Philosophy (1755), based on the Reformation principle of the liberty of conscience. One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment (e.g., about religious questions) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is \"unalienable.\" Hutcheson wrote: \"Thus no man can really change his sentiments, judgments, and inward affections, at the pleasure of another; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart. The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable.\"[17]" ]
test2871	chronemics is a temporal factor that considers issues of time	[ "doc98219", "doc98222" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc98219", "doc98222", "doc98221", "doc98237", "doc98226", "doc98220", "doc98246", "doc98227", "doc98224", "doc98223", "doc98225", "doc98244", "doc98232", "doc98228", "doc98230", "doc98248", "doc98251", "doc98234", "doc98229", "doc98252", "doc98240", "doc98250", "doc98247", "doc98249", "doc98243", "doc98238", "doc98253", "doc2625246", "doc98233", "doc661590", "doc98255", "doc98236", "doc661619", "doc98241", "doc98235", "doc1489103", "doc98245", "doc98239", "doc98242", "doc35704", "doc837806", "doc98254", "doc35708", "doc1995546", "doc35665", "doc98231", "doc504068", "doc35620", "doc35619", "doc2179688", "doc661614", "doc165803", "doc35660", "doc504042", "doc1639959", "doc2179694", "doc2179687", "doc35709", "doc286135", "doc661643", "doc35616", "doc1489101", "doc35615", "doc1995548", "doc2625245", "doc2625247", "doc661591", "doc1403168", "doc1403189", "doc1179728", "doc1838876", "doc816641", "doc661595", "doc165798", "doc35713", "doc941014", "doc2028508", "doc2028509", "doc504043", "doc160514", "doc1403153", "doc1851004", "doc514043", "doc987035", "doc504070", "doc1995547", "doc2179690", "doc254119", "doc661598", "doc504056", "doc1851005", "doc1532413", "doc376777", "doc2179693", "doc1838878", "doc35684", "doc504044", "doc1874684", "doc816627", "doc837807" ]	[ "Chronemics Chronemics is the study of the role of time in communication. It is one of several subcategories of the study of nonverbal communication. Other prominent subcategories include haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and proxemics (the use of space).[1]", "Chronemics Chronemics can be defined as \"the interrelated observations and theories of man's use of time\"[this quote needs a citation] â€“ the way in which one perceives and values time, structures time, and reacts to time frames communication. Time perception plays a large role in the nonverbal communication process. Time perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyle, daily agendas, speed of speech, movements, and how long people are willing to listen.", "Chronemics Chronemics can be briefly and generally defined as the study of human tempo as it related to human communication. More specifically, chronemics involves the study of both subjective and objective human tempos as they influence and are interdependent with human behavior. Further, chronemics involves the study of human communication as it relates to interdependent and integrated levels of time-experiencing. Previously, these interdependent and integrated levels have been outlined and discussed as: biological time; psychological time; social time; and cultural time. A number of classification systems exist in the literature of time. However, such systems are not applied to human interaction directly.[2]", "Chronemics The use of time as a communicative channel can be a powerful, yet subtle, force in face-to-face interactions. Some of the more recognizable types of interaction that use time are:", "Chronemics The United States considers itself a monochronic society. This perception came about during the Industrial Revolution, when \"factory life required the labor force to be on hand and in place at an appointed hour\" (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p.Â 238). Many Americans like to think that to them, time is a precious resource not to be wasted or taken lightly. \"We buy time, save time, spend time and make time. Our time can be broken down into years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds and even milliseconds. We use time to structure both our daily lives and events that we are planning for the future. We have schedules that we must follow: appointments that we must go to at a certain time, classes that start and end at certain times, work schedules that start and end at certain times, and even our favorite TV shows, that start and end at a certain time.\"[3]", "Chronemics Thomas J. Bruneau of Radford University coined the term \"chronemics\" in the late 1970s to help define the function of time in human interaction:", "Chronemics More polychronic-oriented cultures come to diplomatic situations with no particular importance placed on time. Chronemics is one of the channels of nonverbal communication preferred by a High context Polychronic negotiator over verbal communication.The polychronic approach to negotiations will emphasis building trust between participants, forming coalitions and finding consensus. High context Polychronic negotiators might be charged with emotion toward a subject thereby obscuring an otherwise obvious solution.", "Chronemics As communication scholar Edward T. Hall wrote regarding the American's viewpoint of time in the business world, \"the schedule is sacred.\" Hall says that for monochronic cultures, such as the American culture, \"time is tangible\" and viewed as a commodity where \"time is money\" or \"time is wasted.\" The result of this perspective is that monochronic cultures, place a paramount value on schedules, tasks and \"getting the job done.\"[full citation needed] These cultures are committed to regimented schedules and may view those who do not subscribe to the same perception of time as disrespectful, inefficient or unreliable.", "Chronemics Cultures are sometimes[when?] considered monochronic or polychronic.", "Chronemics Time can be used as an indicator of status. For example, in most companies the boss can interrupt progress to hold an impromptu meeting in the middle of the work day, yet the average worker would have to make an appointment to see the boss. The way in which different cultures perceive time can influence communication as well.", "Chronemics A monochronic time system means that things are done one at a time and time is segmented into precise, small units. Under this system, time is scheduled, arranged and managed.", "Chronemics Depending upon where an individual is from, their perception of time might be that \"the clock rules the day\" or that \"we'll get there when we get there.\"[this quote needs a citation] Improving prospects for success in the global community requires understanding cultural differences, traditions and communication styles.[according to whom?]", "Chronemics Conflicting attitudes between the monochronic and polychronic perceptions of time can interfere with cross-cultural relations, and similar challenges can occur within an otherwise assimilated culture. One example in the United States is the Hawaiian culture, which employs two time systems: Haole time and Hawaiian time.", "Chronemics A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and wider view of time is exhibited and time is perceived in large fluid sections. Examples of polychronic behaviors include: typing while answering telephones or taking notes while sitting participating in meetings. Polychronicity is in contrast to those who prefer monochronicity (doing one thing at a time).[4]", "Chronemics Polychronic culture is more focused on relationships, rather than watching the clock. Polychronic societies have no problem being \"late\" for an appointment if they are deeply focused on some work or in a meeting that ran past schedule, because the concept of time is fluid and can easily expand or contract as need be. As a result, polychronic cultures have a much less formal perception of time. They are not ruled by precise calendars and schedules. Rather, \"cultures that use the polychronic time system often schedule multiple appointments simultaneously so keeping on schedule is an impossibility.\"[3]", "Chronemics For example, in the workplace, those in a leadership or management position treat time and – by virtue of position – have their time treated differently from those who are of a lower stature position. Anderson and Bowman have identified three specific examples of how chronemics and power converge in the workplace – waiting time, talk time and work time.", "Chronemics The time of high status individuals is perceived as valuable, and they control their own time. On the other hand, a subordinate with less power has their time controlled by a higher status individual and are in less control of their time – making them likely to report their time to a higher authority. Such practices are more associated with those in non-supervisory roles or in blue collar rather than white collar professions. Instead, as power and status in an organization increases, the flexibility of the work schedule also increases. For instance, while administrative professionals might keep a 9 to 5 work schedule, their superiors may keep less structured hours. This does not mean that the superior works less. They may work longer, but the structure of their work environment is not strictly dictated by the traditional work day. Instead, as Koehler and their associates note \"individuals who spend more time, especially spare time, to meetings, to committees, and to developing contacts, are more likely to be influential decision makers\" (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p. 327).", "Chronemics The way an individual perceives time and the role time plays in their lives is a learned perspective. As discussed by Alexander Gonzalez and Phillip Zimbardo, \"every child learns a time perspective that is appropriate to the values and needs of his society\" (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p.Â 227).", "Chronemics Polychronic cultures are much less focused on the preciseness of accounting for each and every moment. As Raymond Cohen notes, polychronic cultures are more focused on tradition and relationships rather than on tasks—a clear difference from their monochronic counterparts. Cohen notes that \"Traditional societies have all the time in the world. The arbitrary divisions of the clock face have little saliency in cultures grounded in the cycle of the seasons, the invariant pattern of rural life, community life, and the calendar of religious festivities\" (Cohen, 1997, p. 34).", "Chronemics A specific example of the way power is expressed through work time is scheduling. As Yakura and others have noted in research shared by Ballard and Seibold, \"scheduling reflects the extent to which the sequencing and duration of plans activities and events are formalized\" (Ballard and Seibold, p. 6). Higher-status individuals have very precise and formal schedules – indicating that their stature requires that they have specific blocks of time for specific meetings, projects and appointments. Lower status individuals however, may have less formalized schedules. Finally, the schedule and appointment calendar of the higher status individual will take precedence in determining where, when and the importance of a specific event or appointment.", "Chronemics Just as monochronic and polychronic cultures have different time perspectives, understanding the time orientation of a culture is critical to becoming better able to successfully handle diplomatic situations. Americans think they have, a future orientation. Hall indicates that for Americans \"tomorrow is more important\" and that they \"are oriented almost entirely toward the future\" (Cohen, 2004, p. 35). The future-focused orientation attributes to at least some of the concern that Americans have with \"addressing immediate issues and moving on to new challenges\" (Cohen, 2004, p. 35).", "Chronemics There is a direct correlation between the power of an individual in an organization and conversation. This includes both length of conversation, turn-taking and who initiates and ends a conversation. Extensive research indicates that those with more power in an organization will speak more often and for a greater length of time. Meetings between superiors and subordinates provide an opportunity to illustrate this concept. A superior – regardless of whether or not they are running the actual meeting – lead discussions, ask questions and have the ability to speak for longer periods of time without interruption. Likewise, research shows that turn-taking is also influenced by power. Social psychologist Nancy Henley notes that \"Subordinates are expected to yield to superiors and there is a cultural expectation that a subordinate will not interrupt a superior\" (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p. 326). The length of response follows the same pattern. While the superior can speak for as long as they want, the responses of the subordinate are shorter in length. Albert Mehrabian noted that deviation from this pattern led to negative perceptions of the subordinate by the superior. Beginning and ending a communication interaction in the workplace is also controlled by the higher-status individual in an organization. The time and duration of the conversation are dictated by the higher-status individual.", "Chronemics Time has a definite relationship to power. Though power most often refers to the ability to influence people (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p. 314), power is also related to dominance and status (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p. 315).", "Chronemics Researchers Insel and Lindgren (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p.Â 325) write that the act of making an individual of a lower stature wait is a sign of dominance. They note that one who \"is in the position to cause another to wait has power over him. To be kept waiting is to imply that one's time is less valuable than that of the one who imposes the wait.\"", "Chronemics Different perceptions of time across cultures can influence global communication. When writing about time perspective, Gonzalez and Zimbardo comment that \"There is no more powerful, pervasive influence on how individuals think and cultures interact than our different perspectives on time—the way we learn how we mentally partition time into past, present and future.\" (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p. 227)", "Chronemics Facilitating service and task goals", "Chronemics Developed by Judee Burgoon, expectancy violations theory (EVT) sees communication as the exchange of information which is high in relational content and can be used to violate the expectations of another which will be perceived as either positively or negatively depending on the liking between the two people.", "Proxemics Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of nonverbal communication, including haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and chronemics (structure of time).[2]", "Chronemics \"When you hear someone say, 'See you at two o'clock haole time,' they mean they will just that. Haole time is when the person will meet when they say they will meet. But if you were to hear someone say, 'I'll be there at two o'clock Hawaiian time,' then something different is implied. Hawaiian time is very lax and it basically means 'when you get there.'\" â€”Nick Lewis[3]", "Nonverbal communication It includes the use of visual cues such as body language (kinesics), distance (proxemics) and physical environments/appearance, of voice (paralanguage) and of touch (haptics).[1] It can also include chronemics (the use of time) and oculesics (eye contact and the actions of looking while talking and listening, frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate).", "Chronemics The interpersonal adaptation theory (IAT), founded by Judee Burgoon, states that adaptation in interaction is responsive to the needs, expectations, and desires of communicators and affects how communicators position themselves in relation to one another and adapt to one another's communication. For example, they may match each other's behavior, synchronize the timing of behavior, or behave in dissimilar ways. It is also important to note that individuals bring to interactions certain requirements that reflect basic human needs, expectations about behavior based on social norms, and desires for interaction based on goals and personal preferences (Burgoon, Stern & Dillman, 1995).", "Chronemics Each orientation affects the structure, content, and urgency of communication (Burgoon, 1989). The past orientation has a hard time developing the notion of elapsed time and these individuals often confuse present and past happenings as all in the same. People oriented with time-line cognitivity are often detail oriented and think of everything in linear terms. These individuals also often have difficulty with comprehending multiple events at the same time. Individuals with a present orientation are mostly characterized as pleasure seekers who live for the moment and have a very low risk aversion. Those individuals who operate with future orientation are often thought of as being highly goal oriented and focused on the broad picture.", "Nonverbal communication While not traditionally thought of as \"talk,\" nonverbal communication has been found to contain highly precise and symbolic meanings, similar to verbal speech. However the meanings in nonverbal communication are conveyed through the use of gesture, posture changes, and timing.[34] Nuances across different aspects of nonverbal communication can be found in cultures all around the world. These differences can often lead to miscommunication between people of different cultures, who usually do not mean to offend. Differences can be based in preferences for mode of communication, like the Chinese, who prefer silence over verbal communication.[35]:69 Differences can even be based on how cultures perceive the passage of time. Chronemics, how people handle time, can be categorized in two ways: polychronic which is when people do many activities at once and is common in Italy and Spain, or monochronic which is when people do one thing at a time which is common in America.[36]:422 Because nonverbal communication can vary across many axes—gestures, gaze, clothing, posture, direction, or even environmental cues like lighting—there is a lot of room for cultural differences.[37]:8 In Japan, a country which prides itself on the best customer service, workers tend to use wide arm gestures to give clear directions to strangers—accompanied by the ever-present bow to indicate respect.", "Chronemics On the other hand, many polychronic cultures have a past-orientation toward time.", "Chronemics There are four basic psychological time orientations:", "Intercultural communication Object language or material culture refers to how people communicate through material artifactsâ€”e.g., architecture, office design and furniture, clothing, cars, cosmetics, and time. In monochronic cultures, time is experienced linearly and as something to be spent, saved, made up, or wasted. Time orders life, and people tend to concentrate on one thing at a time. In polychronic cultures, people tolerate many things happening simultaneously and emphasize involvement with people. In these cultures, people may be highly distractible, focus on several things at once, and change plans often.", "Chronemics The monochronic-oriented approach to negotiations is direct, linear and rooted in the characteristics that illustrate low context tendencies. The low context culture approaches diplomacy in a lawyerly, dispassionate fashion with a clear idea of acceptable outcomes and a plan for reaching them. Draft arguments would be prepared elaborating positions. A monochronic culture, more concerned with time, deadlines and schedules, tends to grow impatient and want to rush to \"close the deal.\"", "Chronemics Time orientation has also revealed insights into how people react to advertising. Martin, Gnoth and Strong (2009) found that future-oriented consumers react most favorably to ads that feature a product to be released in the distant future and that highlight primary product attributes. In contrast, present-oriented consumers prefer near-future ads that highlight secondary product attributes. Consumer attitudes were mediated by the perceived usefulness of the attribute information.[5]", "Chronemics These time perspectives are the seeds for communication clashes in diplomatic situations. Trade negotiators have observed that \"American negotiators are generally more anxious for agreement because \"they are always in a hurry\" and basically \"problem solving oriented.\" In other words, they place a high value on resolving an issue quickly calling to mind the American catchphrase \"some solution is better than no solution\" (Cohen, 2004, p. 114). Similar observations have been made of Japanese-American relations. Noting the difference in time perceptions between the two countries, former ambassador to Tokyo, Mike Mansfield commented \"We're too fast, they're too slow\" (Cohen, 2004, p. 118).", "Time Mental chronometry is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations.", "Sense Chronoception refers to how the passage of time is perceived and experienced. Although the sense of time is not associated with a specific sensory system, the work of psychologists and neuroscientists indicates that human brains do have a system governing the perception of time,[19][20] composed of a highly distributed system involving the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia. One particular component, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is responsible for the circadian (or daily) rhythm, while other cell clusters appear to be capable of shorter-range (ultradian) timekeeping.", "Chronemics When our expectations are violated, we will respond in specific ways. If an act is unexpected and is assigned favorable interpretation, and it is evaluated positively, it will produce more favorable outcomes than an expected act with the same interpretation and evaluation.", "Time In sociology and anthropology, time discipline is the general name given to social and economic rules, conventions, customs, and expectations governing the measurement of time, the social currency and awareness of time measurements, and people's expectations concerning the observance of these customs by others. Arlie Russell Hochschild[91][92] and Norbert Elias[93] have written on the use of time from a sociological perspective.", "Chronology Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, \"time\"; and -λογία, -logia)[2] is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also \"the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events\".[3]", "Time The Greek language denotes two distinct principles, Chronos and Kairos. The former refers to numeric, or chronological, time. The latter, literally \"the right or opportune moment\", relates specifically to metaphysical or Divine time. In theology, Kairos is qualitative, as opposed to quantitative.[citation needed]", "Chronemics Researchers have developed the following questionnaires to measure polychronicity:", "Time discipline The isochronous clock changed lives. Appointments are rarely \"within the hour,\" but at quarter hours (and being five minutes late is often considered being tardy). People often eat, drink, sleep, and even go to the bathroom in adherence to some time-dependent schedule.", "Time Generally speaking, methods of temporal measurement, or chronometry, take two distinct forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organising intervals of time,[22] and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day. Increasingly, personal electronic devices display both calendars and clocks simultaneously. The number (as on a clock dial or calendar) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epochâ€”a central reference point.", "Time Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value (\"time is money\") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.", "Chronotope In the philosophy of language and philology, Bakhtin scholars Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist state that the chronotope is \"a unit of analysis for studying language according to the ratio and characteristics of the temporal and spatial categories represented in that language\". Specific chronotopes are said to correspond to particular genres, or relatively stable ways of speaking, which themselves represent particular worldviews or ideologies. To this extent, a chronotope is both a cognitive concept and a narrative feature of language.", "Nonverbal communication According to Edward T. Hall, the amount of space we maintain between ourselves and the persons with whom we are communicating shows the importance of the science of proxemics. In this process, it is seen how we feel towards the others at that particular time. Within American culture Hall defines four primary distance zones: (i) intimate (touching to eighteen inches) distance, (ii) personal (eighteen inches to four feet) distance, (iii) social (four to twelve feet) distance, and (iv) public (more than twelve feet) distance. Intimate distance is considered appropriate for familiar relationships and indicates closeness and trust. Personal distance is still close but keeps another \"at arm's length\" the most comfortable distance for most of our interpersonal contact, social distance is used for the kind of communication that occurs in business relationships and, sometimes, in the classroom. Public distance occurs in situations where two-way communication is not desirable or possible.[25]:137", "Social ecological model The final element of the PPCT model is time. Time plays a crucial role in human development. In the same way that both context and individual factors are divided into sub-factors or sub-systems, Bronfenbrenner and Morris wrote about time as constituting micro-time (what is occurring during the course of some specific activity or interaction), meso-time (the extent to which activities and interactions occur with some consistency in the developing person's environment), and macro-time (the chronosystem). Time and timing are equally important because all aspects of the PPCT model can be thought of in terms of relative constancy and change.[24]", "Time Another form of time measurement consists of studying the past. Events in the past can be ordered in a sequence (creating a chronology), and can be put into chronological groups (periodization). One of the most important systems of periodization is the geologic time scale, which is a system of periodizing the events that shaped the Earth and its life. Chronology, periodization, and interpretation of the past are together known as the study of history.", "Time discipline In sociology and anthropology, time discipline is the general name given to social and economic rules, conventions, customs, and expectations governing the measurement of time, the social currency and awareness of time measurements, and people's expectations concerning the observance of these customs by others.", "Sociological theory Synchrony and diachrony, or statics and dynamics, within social theory are terms that refer to a distinction emerging out of the work of Levi-Strauss who inherited it from the linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure.[10] The former slices moments of time for analysis, thus it is an analysis of static social reality. Diachrony, on the other hand, attempts to analyze dynamic sequences. Following Saussure, synchrony would refer to social phenomena as a static concept like a language, while diachrony would refer to unfolding processes like actual speech. In Anthony Giddens' introduction to Central Problems in Social Theory, he states that, \"in order to show the interdependence of action and structure...we must grasp the time space relations inherent in the constitution of all social interaction.\" And like structure and agency, time is integral to discussion of social reproduction. In terms of sociology, historical sociology is often better position to analyze social life as diachronic, while survey research takes a snapshot of social life and is thus better equipped to understand social life as synchronic. Some argue that the synchrony of social structure is a methodological perspective rather than an ontological claim.[10] Nonetheless, the problem for theory is how to integrate the two manners of recording and thinking about social data.", "Chronotope More recently chronotopicity has been adopted into the analysis of classroom events and conversations; for example, by Raymond Brown and Peter Renshaw in order to view \"student participation in the classroom as a dynamic process constituted through the interaction of past experience, ongoing involvement, and yet-to-be-accomplished goals\" (Brown&Renshaw 2006: 247–259). In their study, Kumpulainen, Mikkola, and Jaatinen (2013) examined the chronotopes, that is, the space–time configurations of elementary school students’ technology-mediated creative learning practices over a year long school musical project in a Finnish elementary school community. The findings of their study illuminate \"blended practices appeared to break away from traditional learning practices, allowing students to navigate in different time zones, spaces, and places with diverse tools situated in their formal and informal lives\" (Kumpulainen, Mikkola & Jaatinen, 2013, 53).", "Chronotope In literary theory and philosophy of language, the chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse. The term was taken up by Russian literary scholar M.M. Bakhtin who used it as a central element in his theory of meaning in language and literature.[1] The term itself comes from the Russian xронотоп, which in turn is derived from the Greek χρόνος ('time') and τόπος ('space'); it thus can be literally translated as \"time-space.\" Bakhtin developed the term in his 1937 essay \"Формы времени и хронотопа в романе\", published in English as \"Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel.\" Here Bakhtin showed how different literary genres operated with different configurations of time and space, which gave each genre its particular narrative character. For example, the chronotopic frame of the epic differed from that of the hero adventure or the comedy.[2]", "Time The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20â€“30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.", "Sociology Synchrony and diachrony, or statics and dynamics, within social theory are terms that refer to a distinction emerging out of the work of Levi-Strauss who inherited it from the linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure.[100] The former slices moments of time for analysis, thus it is an analysis of static social reality. Diachrony, on the other hand, attempts to analyse dynamic sequences. Following Saussure, synchrony would refer to social phenomena as a static concept like a language, while diachrony would refer to unfolding processes like actual speech. In Anthony Giddens' introduction to Central Problems in Social Theory, he states that, \"in order to show the interdependence of action and structure ... we must grasp the time space relations inherent in the constitution of all social interaction.\" And like structure and agency, time is integral to discussion of social reproduction. In terms of sociology, historical sociology is often better positioned to analyse social life as diachronic, while survey research takes a snapshot of social life and is thus better equipped to understand social life as synchronized. Some argue that the synchrony of social structure is a methodological perspective rather than an ontological claim.[100] Nonetheless, the problem for theory is how to integrate the two manners of recording and thinking about social data.", "Nonverbal communication Proxemics is the study of the cultural, behavioral, and sociological aspects of spatial distances between individuals.[56] Every person has a particular space that they keep to themselves when communicating, like a personal bubble. When used as a type of nonverbal signal in communication, proxemics helps to determine the space between individuals while they interact. There are four types of proxemics with different distances depending on the situation and people involved.[57] Intimate distance is used for close encounters like embracing, touching, or whispering. Personal distance is for interactions with close friends and family members. Social distance is for interactions among acquaintances. It is mostly used in workplace or school settings where there is no physical contact. Public distance is for strangers or public speaking.", "Time Time has long been an important subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars.[2][6][7][9][10][11] Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems.[12][13][14]", "Intercultural communication Proxemics concern the influence of proximity and space on communication (e.g., in terms of personal space and in terms of office layout). For example, space communicates power in the US and Germany.", "Time Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.[1][2][3] Time is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience.[4][5][6][7] Time is often referred to as a fourth dimension, along with three spatial dimensions.[8]", "Chronology Chronology is the science of locating historical events in time. It relies upon chronometry, which is also known as timekeeping, and historiography, which examines the writing of history and the use of historical methods. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotope in their carbon content. Dendrochronology estimates the age of trees by correlation of the various growth rings in their wood to known year-by-year reference sequences in the region to reflect year-to-year climatic variation. Dendrochronology is used in turn as a calibration reference for radiocarbon dating curves.", "Proxemics Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, communication, and social interaction.[1]", "Proxemics Edward T. Hall, the cultural anthropologist who coined the term in 1963, defined proxemics as \"the interrelated observations and theories of humans use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture\".[3] In his foundational work on proxemics, The Hidden Dimension, Hall emphasized the impact of proxemic behavior (the use of space) on interpersonal communication. According to Hall, the study of proxemics is valuable in evaluating not only the way people interact with others in daily life, but also \"the organization of space in [their] houses and buildings, and ultimately the layout of [their] towns\".[4] Proxemics remains a hidden component of interpersonal communication that is uncovered through observation and strongly influenced by culture.", "Nonverbal communication Just as speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress, so written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on interaction between individuals,[2] where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.", "Expectancy violations theory Introduced by Edward Hall in 1966, Proxemics deals with the amount of distance between people as they interact with one another.[30] Spatial distance during an interaction can be an indication of what type of relationship exists between the people involved.", "Expectancy violations theory Chronemic studies on email have shown that in organizations, responder status played a large part in how individuals reacted to various lapses in response to the previously sent email.[51] Long pauses between responses for high-status responders produced positive expectancy violation valence and long pauses from low-status responders produced a negative expectancy violation valence.[51][52] However, in the case of job interviews, long pauses between email for high-status candidates reflected negatively on their reviews. Expectations for email recipients to respond within a normative time limit illustrate the medium's capacity for expectancy violations to occur.[52]", "Rhythm In linguistics, rhythm or isochrony is one of the three aspects of prosody, along with stress and intonation. Languages can be categorized according to whether they are syllable-timed, mora-timed, or stress-timed. Speakers of syllable-timed languages such as Spanish and Cantonese put roughly equal time on each syllable; in contrast, speakers of stressed-timed languages such as English and Mandarin Chinese put roughly equal time lags between stressed syllables, with the timing of the unstressed syllables in between them being adjusted to accommodate the stress timing.", "Interpersonal communication Culture has influenced Verbal communication in a variety of ways. Linguistics is a large factor in relation to this because different cultures have different language barriers.[23] When communicating verbally with individuals of different cultures it is important to respond appropriately and withhold any judgment. If there is a language barrier between the sender and receiver attempt to seek clarification, do not try not to interpret the meanings of the message.[23] There must be sensitivity present for individuals who are expressing opinions on culture and language. We live in a multicultural time, and this plays an important factor in considering that each individual has their own languages, beliefs and values that are allowed to be expressed.[6] When a verbal response is cultivated, it must be sensitive to another individuals culture.[24]", "Body language Another notable area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships, which is also known as Proxemics. Introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966, proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact with one another.[24] In the book, Body Language,[25] Julius Fast mentioned that the signals that we send or receive to others through body language are reactions to othersâ€™ invasions of our personal territories, which links Proxemics an important part of Body Language.", "Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of all communications.[4][dubious â€“ discuss] Nonverbal communication can portray a message both vocally and with the correct body signals or gestures. Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious gestures and signals, and the mediation of personal space.[4] The wrong message can also be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message. Nonverbal communication strengthens a first impression in common situations like attracting a partner or in a business interview: impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact.[4] First encounters or interactions with another person strongly affect a person's perception.[5] When the other person or group is absorbing the message, they are focused on the entire environment around them, meaning the other person uses all five senses in the interaction: 83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste.[6] Many indigenous cultures use nonverbal communication in the integration of children at a young age into their cultural practices. Children in these communities learn through observing and pitching in through which nonverbal communication is a key aspect of observation.", "Social ecological model The chronosystem encompasses the dimension of time as it relates to a child's environment.[9] Elements within this system can be either external, such as the timing of a parent's death, or internal, such as the physiological changes that occur with the aging of a child. Family dynamics need to be framed in the historical context as they occur within each system.[9] Specifically, the powerful influence that historical influences in the macrosystem have on how families can respond to different stressors. Bronfenbrenner[16] suggests that, in many cases, families respond to different stressors within the societal parameters existent in their lives.", "Time Although time is regarded as an abstract concept, there is increasing evidence that time is conceptualized in the mind in terms of space.[100] That is, instead of thinking about time in a general, abstract way, humans think about time in a spatial way and mentally organize it as such. Using space to think about time allows humans to mentally organize temporal events in a specific way.", "Pragmatics Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology.[1] Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or \"coded\" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance,[2] any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.[3] In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time, etc. of an utterance.[1][4]", "Kinesics Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole. The equivalent popular culture term is body language, a term Ray Birdwhistell, considered the founder of this area of study,[1] neither used nor liked (on the grounds that what can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist's definition of language).", "Kinesics Kinesics was first used in 1952 by an anthropologist named Ray Birdwhistell. Birdwhistell wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance and movement.[2] His ideas over several decades were synthesized and resulted in the book Kinesics and Context.[3] Interest in kinesics specifically and nonverbal behavior generally was popularized in the late 1960s and early 1970s by such popular mass market (nonacademic) publications as How to Read a Person Like a Book.[4] Part of Birdwhistell's work involved filming people in social situations and analyzing them to show elements of communication that were not clearly seen otherwise. One of his most important projects was The Natural History of an Interview, a long-term interdisciplinary collaboration including Gregory Bateson, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Norman A. McQuown, Henry W. Brosin and others.[5]", "Time discipline The concept of \"time discipline\" as a field of special attention in sociology and anthropology was pioneered by E. P. Thompson in Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism, published in 1967. Coming from a Marxist viewpoint, Thompson argued that observance of clock-time is a consequence of the European industrial revolution, and that neither industrial capitalism nor the creation of the modern state would have been possible without the imposition of synchronic forms of time and work discipline. The new clock time imposed by government and capitalist interests replaced earlier, collective perceptions of time that Thompson believed flowed from the collective wisdom of human societies. While in fact it appears likely that earlier views of time were imposed instead by religious and other social authorities prior to the industrial revolution, Thompson's work identified time discipline as an important concept for study within the social sciences.[citation needed]", "Anthropology Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture.[37] It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.[38]", "Expectancy violations theory These factors later evolved into communicator characteristics, relational characteristics, and context.[9] Communicator characteristics include personal features such as an individual's appearance, personality and communication style.[9] It also includes factors such as age, sex and ethnic background.[9][15] Relational characteristics refer to factors such as similarity, familiarity, status and liking.[9] The type of relationship one individual shares within another (e.g. romantic, business or platonic), the previous experiences shared between the individuals, and how close they are with one another are also relational characteristics that influence expectations.[15] Context encompasses both environment and interaction characteristics.[15] Communicator characteristics lead to distinctions between males and females in assessing the extent to which their nonverbal expressions of power and dominance effect immediacy behaviors.[16] Immediacy cues such as conversational distance, lean, body orientation, gaze, and touch may differ between the genders as they create psychological closeness or distance between the interactants.[16]", "Time and motion study Time study is a direct and continuous observation of a task, using a timekeeping device (e.g., decimal minute stopwatch, computer-assisted electronic stopwatch, and videotape camera) to record the time taken to accomplish a task[3] and it is often used when:[4]", "Horology Horology (\"the study of time\", related to Latin horologium from Greek ὡρολόγιον, \"instrument for telling the hour\", from ὥρα hṓra \"hour; time\" and -o- interfix and suffix -logy)[1][2] is the study of the measurement of time. Clocks, watches, clockwork, sundials, hourglasses, clepsydras, timers, time recorders, marine chronometers and atomic clocks are all examples of instruments used to measure time. In current usage, horology refers mainly to the study of mechanical time-keeping devices, while chronometry more broadly includes electronic devices that have largely supplanted mechanical clocks for the best accuracy and precision in time-keeping.", "Situation awareness SA also involves both a temporal and a spatial component. Time is an important concept in SA, as SA is a dynamic construct, changing at a tempo dictated by the actions of individuals, task characteristics, and the surrounding environment. As new inputs enter the system, the individual incorporates them into this mental representation, making changes as necessary in plans and actions in order to achieve the desired goals. SA also involves spatial knowledge about the activities and events occurring in a specific location of interest to the individual. Thus, the concept of SA includes perception, comprehension, and projection of situational information, as well as temporal and spatial components.", "Time discipline Paul Glennie and Nigel Thrift posit an alternative perspective on the development of time-consciousness in \"Reworking E. P. Thompson's 'Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism'\" (1996).[4] According to Glennie and Thrift, Thompson and subsequent theorists on modern time competence in England have theorized that industrial work-discipline centered on the clock is responsible for spreading a unitary concept of time rooted in materialist realities. In contrast, Glennie and Thrift explore the role of symbolic, qualitative, and multiple time-senses in the West. Different kinds of work and multiple means of measuring time problematize the centrality of factory work and the clock. Generally, they argue that time-discipline was evident before the spread of industrialization and that it did not trigger a significant change in time-sense. Because it rests on the argument that disparate, spatial temporalities can not be unified, critics have argued that their analysis seems incomplete.[5] In short, they offer poignant critiques of the dominant theory without positing a stronger theory in its place.", "Chronology Chronology is part of periodization. It is also part of the discipline of history, including earth history, the earth sciences, and study of the geologic time scale.", "Chronotope We will give the name chronotope (literally, \"time space\") to the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature. This term [space-time] is employed in mathematics, and was introduced as part of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The special meaning it has in relativity theory is not important for our purposes; we are borrowing it for literary criticism almost as a metaphor (almost, but not entirely). What counts for us is the fact that it expresses the inseparability of space and time (time as the fourth dimension of space). We understand the chronotope as a formally constitutive category of literature; we will not deal with the chronotope in other areas of culture.' In the literary artistic chronotope, spatial and temporal indicators are fused into one carefully thought-out, concrete whole. Time, as it were, thickens, takes on flesh, becomes artistically visible; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time, plot and history. This intersection of axes and fusion of indicators characterizes the artistic chronotope.", "Linguistic relativity A study published by the American Psychological Association’s Journal of Experimental Psychology claimed that language can influence how you estimate time. The study focused on three groups, those who spoke only Swedish, those who spoke only Spanish and bilingual speakers who spoke both of those languages. Swedish speakers describe time using distance terms like \"long\" or \"short\" while Spanish speakers do it using volume related terms like \"big\" or \"small\". The researchers asked the participants to estimate how much time had passed while watching a line growing across a screen, or a container being filled, or both. The researches stated that \"When reproducing duration, Swedish speakers were misled by stimulus length, and Spanish speakers were misled by stimulus size/quantity.\" When the bilinguals where prompted with the word “duración” (the Spanish word for duration) they based their time estimates of how full the containers were, ignoring the growing lines. When prompted with the word “tid” (the Swedish word for duration) they estimated the time elapsed solely by the distance the lines had traveled.[67][68]", "Nonverbal communication While most psychology researchers were exploring behaviorism, the study of nonverbal communication began in 1955 by Adam Kendon, Albert Scheflen, and Ray Birdwhistell. They analyzed a film using an analytic method called context analysis.[8] Context analysis is the method of transcribing observed behaviors on to a coding sheet. This method was later used in studying the sequence and structure of human greetings, social behaviors at parties, and the function of posture during interpersonal interaction.[8] Birdwhistell pioneered the original study of nonverbal communication, which he called kinesics. He estimated that humans can make and recognize around 250,000 facial expressions.", "Time discipline When one speaks about the intellectual history of time, one essentially is stating that changes have occurred in the way humans experience and measure time. Our conceived abstract notions of time have presumably developed in accordance with our art, our science, and our social infrastructure. (See also horology.)", "Time and motion study The Industrial Engineering Terminology Standard, defines time study as \"a work measurement technique consisting of careful time measurement of the task with a time measuring instrument, adjusted for any observed variance from normal effort or pace and to allow adequate time for such items as foreign elements, unavoidable or machine delays, rest to overcome fatigue, and personal needs.\"[5]", "History of anthropology He borrows terms from linguistics: just as a phon-etic system is a description of sounds developed without regard to the meaning and structure of the language, while a phon-emic system describes the meaningful sounds actually used within the language, so anthropological data can be emic and etic. Only trained observers can avoid eticism, or description without regard to the meaning in the culture: “... etics are in part observers’ emics incorrectly applied to a foreign system ....”[18] He makes a further distinction between synchronic and diachronic.[19] Synchronic (“same time”) with reference to anthropological data is contemporaneous and cross-cultural. Diachronic (“through time”) data shows the development of lines through time. Cultural materialism, being a “processually holistic and globally comparative scientific research strategy” must depend for accuracy on all four types of data.[20] Cultural materialism differs from the others by the insertion of culture as the effect. Different material factors produce different cultures.", "Clock The timekeeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator, a physical object (resonator) that vibrates or oscillates at a particular frequency.[4] This object can be a pendulum, a tuning fork, a quartz crystal, or the vibration of electrons in atoms as they emit microwaves. Analog clocks usually indicate time using angles. Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numeric display formats are commonly used on digital clocks: 24-hour notation and 12-hour notation. Most digital clocks use electronic mechanisms and LCD, LED, or VFD displays. For convenience, distance, telephony or blindness, auditory clocks present the time as sounds. There are also clocks for the blind that have displays that can be read by using the sense of touch. Some of these are similar to normal analog displays, but are constructed so the hands can be felt without damaging them. The evolution of the technology of clocks continues today. The study of timekeeping is known as horology.", "Chronotope Linguistic anthropologist Keith Basso invoked \"chronotopes\" in discussing Western [Apache] stories linked with places. At least in the 1980s when Basso was writing about the stories, geographic features reminded the Western Apache of \"the moral teachings of their history\" by recalling to mind events that occurred there in important moral narratives. By merely mentioning \"it happened at [the place called] 'men stand above here and there,'\" storyteller Nick Thompson could remind locals of the dangers of joining \"with outsiders against members of their own community.\" Geographic features in the Western Apache landscape are chronotopes, Basso says, in precisely the way Bakhtin defines the term when he says they are “points in the geography of a community where time and space intersect and fuse. Time takes on flesh and becomes visible for human contemplation; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time and history and the enduring character of a people. ...Chronotopes thus stand as monuments to the community itself, as symbols of it, as forces operating to shape its members' images of themselves” (1981:84, as cited by Basso 1984:44–45).", "Interpersonal communication Culture has an influence on our Nonverbal communication in a variety of different factors. For example, in some cultures eye contact is not essential, therefore those who do use eye contact may find it hard to talk or listen to someone who is not looking at them.[6] Another example is touching as a form of greeting may be perceived as impolite to some cultures whereas it is seen as a norm to others.[21] It is important to acknowledge these cultural differences, and be understanding of them so better non verbal communication can be established.[25]", "Time In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.", "Time discipline In societies based around agriculture, hunting, and other pursuits that involve human interaction with the natural world, time discipline is a matter governed by astronomical and biological factors. Specific times of day or seasons of the year are defined by reference to these factors, and measured, to the extent that they need measuring, by observation. Different peoples' needs with respect to these things mean sharply differing cultural perceptions of time. For example, it surprises many non-Muslims that the Islamic calendar is entirely lunar and makes no reference at all to the seasons; the desert-dwelling Arabs who devised it were nomads rather than agriculturalists, and a calendar that made no reference to the seasons was no inconvenience for most of them.", "Ray Birdwhistell Ray Birdwhistell (September 28, 1918 â€“ October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research.[1] Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics, meaning \"facial expression, gestures, posture and gait, and visible arm and body movements\".[2] He estimated that \"no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words.\" [3] Stated more broadly, he argued that \"words are not the only containers of social knowledge.\"[4] He proposed other technical terms, including kineme, and many others less frequently used today.[5] Birdwhistell had at least as much impact on the study of language and social interaction generally as just nonverbal communication because he was interested in the study of communication more broadly than is often recognized.[6] Birdwhistell understood body movements to be culturally patterned rather than universal.[7] His students were required to read widely, sources not only in communication but also anthropology and linguistics.[8] Collaborations with others, including initially Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, and later, Erving Goffman and Dell Hymes had huge influence on his work. For example, the book he is best known for, Kinesics and Context, \"would not have appeared if it had not been envisaged by Erving Goffman\" [9] and he explicitly stated \"the paramount and sustaining influence upon my work has been that of anthropological linguistics\",[10] a tradition most directly represented at the University of Pennsylvania by Hymes.[11]", "Body language Oculesics, a subcategory of body language, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. As a social or behavioral science, oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication focusing on deriving meaning from eye behavior.[15] It is also crucial to note that Oculesics is culturally dependent. For example, in traditional Anglo-Saxon culture, avoiding eye contact usually portrays a lack of confidence, certainty, or truthfulness.[16] However, in the Latino culture, direct or prolonged eye contact means that you are challenging the individual with whom you are speaking or that you have a romantic interest in the person.[16] Also, in many Asian cultures, prolonged eye contact may be a sign of anger or aggression.", "Sense One or more dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system appear to have a strong modulatory influence on mental chronometry, particularly interval timing.[21]" ]	[ "Chronemics Chronemics is the study of the role of time in communication. It is one of several subcategories of the study of nonverbal communication. Other prominent subcategories include haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and proxemics (the use of space).[1]", "Chronemics Chronemics can be defined as \"the interrelated observations and theories of man's use of time\"[this quote needs a citation] â€“ the way in which one perceives and values time, structures time, and reacts to time frames communication. Time perception plays a large role in the nonverbal communication process. Time perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyle, daily agendas, speed of speech, movements, and how long people are willing to listen." ]
test2049	when did teenage mutant ninja turtles come out	[ "doc71325" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1663662", "doc1878959", "doc71325", "doc156961", "doc71342", "doc465406", "doc71332", "doc71324", "doc465378", "doc71353", "doc71380", "doc71352", "doc465401", "doc1878962", "doc1663668", "doc465405", "doc1878960", "doc1663663", "doc71331", "doc71345", "doc156981", "doc465403", "doc71329", "doc71323", "doc1878963", "doc156960", "doc1878994", "doc1284209", "doc71328", "doc465380", "doc156969", "doc71358", "doc465402", "doc71376", "doc465391", "doc1878995", "doc212854", "doc212860", "doc156984", "doc465379", "doc71344", "doc1673296", "doc1284230", "doc71366", "doc898053", "doc1663669", "doc71351", "doc1663666", "doc465396", "doc1663672", "doc71326", "doc1878997", "doc71337", "doc465393", "doc71374", "doc719777", "doc465404", "doc156992", "doc1878993", "doc156982", "doc465388", "doc1879003", "doc1284241", "doc800723", "doc71327", "doc465381", "doc71354", "doc1878990", "doc156991", "doc71370", "doc1284210", "doc156973", "doc465397", "doc1284245", "doc785552", "doc71360", "doc156972", "doc71339", "doc1879004", "doc465400", "doc719781", "doc1878998", "doc465389", "doc156970", "doc1879002", "doc1879000", "doc785537", "doc71333", "doc1990412", "doc719770", "doc1878982", "doc1284211", "doc724353", "doc1878961", "doc465390", "doc156986", "doc1878983", "doc1878991", "doc1878988", "doc156978" ]	[ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a film series based on the comic book characters of the same name created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. The first film in the series, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released in 1990 at the height of the franchise's popularity and was a commercial success. The success of the film garnered two direct sequels, respectively released in 1991 and 1993, and a CGI animated film in 2007 billed as TMNT building on the success of the 2003â€“09 TV series. The series was rebooted in a new film made by Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies, released on August 8, 2014. The sequel was released on June 3, 2016.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (initially known as Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles in some European countries due to controversy at the time, and also known as TMNT 1987) is an American animated television series produced by the studio Murakami-Wolf-Swenson and the French company IDDH. The pilot was shown during the week of December 28, 1987 in syndication as a five-part miniseries and the show began its official run on October 1, 1988. Since then the show and franchise has become a worldwide phenomenon. The series featured the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters created in comic book form by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. The property was changed considerably from the darker-toned comic, to make it more suitable for children and the family.[3]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover, New Hampshire. The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird.[3] Using money from a tax refund, together with a loan from Eastman’s uncle, the young artists self-published a single-issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s: Marvel Comics’ Daredevil and New Mutants, Dave Sim’s Cerebus, and Frank Miller’s Ronin.[4] The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) The film was released on August 8, 2014,[5] and received generally negative reviews from critics. However, it was a box office success, earning $493.3 million on a $125 million budget and it became the highest grossing film in the series. It was also nominated at the 28th Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie, Favorite Movie Actor and Favorite Movie Actress. A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, was released on June 3, 2016.[6][7]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles When little-known Playmates Toys, Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line, they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first.[13][14] On December 28, 1987, the TMNT's first cartoon series began, starting as a five-part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday-morning syndicated series on October 1, 1988, with 13 more episodes. The series was produced by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson Film Productions, Inc. (later Fred Wolf Films). Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series. The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do. Here, the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise-cracking, pizza-obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout, and they make their first appearance in masks color-coded to each turtle, where previously they had all worn red.[15]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office, several sequels were created. A year later, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters, and was a commercial success. In 1993, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters, to a smaller box office take. After a 14-year absence from theaters, a fourth film, TMNT, was released in 2007, though unlike the first three, this was a CGI animated film. Seven years later, a reboot, also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released in 2014, and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3, 2016.[21]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Eastman and Laird's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984, at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine-style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint, limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies.[10] Through a clever media kit that included a press release in Comic Buyer's Guide #542 and a full-page ad placed in Comic Buyer's Guide #547, the public's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon. The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items, and within months, they were trading for over 50 times their cover price. The name \"Mirage Studios\" was chosen because of Eastman and Laird's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career, before their creation made them both multimillionaires.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series, films, video games, toys, and other merchandise.[2] During the peak of the franchise's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it gained worldwide success and fame.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 1990 American superhero film directed by Steve Barron, based on the comic book characters of the same name. The story follows Splinter and the turtles, their meeting April O'Neil and Casey Jones, and their confrontation with Shredder and his Foot Clan. It stars Judith Hoag, Elias Koteas, and the voices of Brian Tochi, Robbie Rist, Corey Feldman, and Josh Pais.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles A reboot, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes, Nickelodeon Movies, and Paramount Pictures, directed by Jonathan Liebesman, and produced by Michael Bay, was released on August 8, 2014.[8] A sequel, Out of the Shadows was released on June 3, 2016.[25]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and was released on August 8, 2014. A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, was released on June 3, 2016, with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones. Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Turtles have appeared in six feature films. The first three are live-action features produced in the early 1990s: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991), and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (1993). The Turtles were played by various actors in costumes featuring animatronic heads, initially produced by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The fourth film is a CGI-animated film titled simply TMNT and released in 2007.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) The film opened in North America on March 30, 1990, coming in at #1 at the box office over the weekend, with more than $25 million.[16] The film turned out to be a huge success at the box office, eventually making over $135 million in North America, and over $66 million outside North America, for a worldwide total of over $200 million, making it the ninth highest-grossing film of 1990 worldwide.[2] The film was also nominated for awards by The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.[17]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) The show was in Saturday morning syndication from October 1, 1988 to September 9, 1989, and became an instant hit. The show was expanded to five days a week and aired weekday afternoons in syndication in most markets from September 25, 1989 to September 17, 1993.[2] Starting on September 8, 1990 (with a different opening sequence), the show began its secondary run on CBS's Saturday morning lineup, beginning as a 60-minute block from 1990 to 1993, initially airing a couple of Saturday exclusive episodes back to back. There would also be a brief \"Turtle Tips\" segment in between the two episodes which served as PSA about the environment or other issues. There were a total of 20 \"Turtle Tips\" segments produced and aired. Beginning in 1994, the show began airing as a 30-minute block until the series ended. The series ran until November 2, 1996, when it aired its final episode.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series) A new feature film, rebooting the film franchise, was originally scheduled to be released in December 2013 as part of the acquisition of the franchise by Viacom. It was announced on May 27, 2010, that Michael Bay's Platinum Dunes production company had landed the rights to the new film. The film is a co-production between Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies.[2] The first film was directed by Jonathan Liebesman and stars Megan Fox as April O'Neil, Will Arnett, William Fichtner, and features motion capture CGI for the Turtles and Splinter, the film was released on August 8, 2014.[3] The film became a box office success.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) Warner Home Video released the film along with Secret of the Ooze and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III as part of a \"Triple Feature\" on Blu-ray in June 2012, minus the fourth film TMNT. Warner Home Video released the film separately on Blu-ray on December 18, 2012.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) The initial motivation behind the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series was that, upon being approached to create a toy line, Playmates Toys was uneasy with the comic-book characters' small cult following.[4] They requested that a television deal be acquired first, and after the initial five-episode series debuted, the California toy company released their first series of Ninja Turtles action figures in the summer of 1988.[5] The two media would correspond in marketing style and popularity for many years to come.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series) The first film, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, closely follows the storyline from the Mirage comic books, in addition to some of the more lighthearted elements of the cartoons. The film tells the origin story of Splinter and the Turtles, their initial encounters with April O'Neil (Judith Hoag) and Casey Jones (Elias Koteas), and their first confrontation with The Shredder and his Foot Clan. Directed by Steve Barron and released by New Line Cinema, the film showcases the innovative puppetry techniques of Jim Henson's Creature Shop.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On October 21, 2009, it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon (a subsidiary of Viacom) had purchased all of Mirage's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property. Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year, though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown.[6] Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI-animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters. The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29, 2012.[7] The live-action film, produced by Platinum Dunes, Nickelodeon Movies, and Paramount Pictures, directed by Jonathan Liebesman, and produced by Michael Bay, was released on August 8, 2014.[8]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Starting on September 8, 1990 (with a different opening sequence), the show began its run on CBS. The CBS weekend edition ran for a full hour until 1994, initially airing a few Saturday-exclusive episodes back-to-back. Also, a brief \"Turtle Tips\" segment aired between the two episodes, which served as public-service announcement about the environment or other issues. After 1994, the show was reduced to just a half-hour and only eight episodes per season were produced, grouped into a \"CBS Action Zone\" block that also featured WildC.A.T.s. and Skeleton Warriors, both of which were canceled after one season; though TMNTs retained their \"Action Zone\" introduction. The two shows in the block were also produced by Fred Wolf Films. The series ran until November 2, 1996, when it aired its final episode. Its enormous popularity gave rise to its numerous imitators, including the Battletoads, Cheetahmen, Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa, Road Rovers, Street Sharks, Extreme Dinosaurs, and Biker Mice from Mars. Currently, all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) The release date was moved around several times until it was set for August 8, 2014.[5] The film premiered on July 29, 2014, in Mexico City.[1][74][75] Premiere events also occurred in Los Angeles and New York City.[76][77] On September 12, 2014, the film was released in IMAX 3D for a one-week limited engagement.[78]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) On August 11, 2009, the film was included in a special 25th anniversary box set (25th anniversary of the original comic book, not the movie), released to both DVD and Blu-Ray formats. It also contained Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, and 2007's animated release, TMNT. No additional features, other than theatical trailers, were included.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles While the animated TV series, which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996, was more light-hearted, the comic-book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone. In 1990, a live-action feature film was released, with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels, as well as inspiring a three-dimensional animated film set in the same continuity, which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT. After the end of the cartoon series, a live-action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment. The series was called Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth, female turtle called Venus de Milo. However, the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance. They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu. From their home in the sewers of New York City, they battle petty criminals, evil overlords, mutated creatures, and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society. They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) The show helped launch the characters into mainstream popularity and became one of the most popular animated series in television history. Breakfast cereal, plush toys, and all manner of products featuring the characters appeared on the market during the late 1980s and early 1990s.[6] A successful Archie Comics comic book based on the animated show instead of the original black-and-white comics was published throughout the early 1990s and late 2000s. Action figures were top-sellers around the world. In 1990, the cartoon series was being shown daily on more than 125 television stations, and the comic books sold 125,000 copies a month.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 2014 American action adventure film based on the Mirage Studios characters of the same name. It is the fifth film in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film series, and is also a reboot that features the main characters portrayed by a new cast, as the first in the reboot series. The film was directed by Jonathan Liebesman, written by Josh Appelbaum, André Nemec and Evan Daugherty, and stars Megan Fox, Will Arnett, William Fichtner, Minae Noji, Whoopi Goldberg, Abby Elliott and Tohoru Masamune, and featuring the voices of Johnny Knoxville, Alan Ritchson, Noel Fisher, Jeremy Howard and Tony Shalhoub. The film was announced shortly before Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles co-creator Peter Laird sold the rights to the characters to Nickelodeon in October 2009.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) At the time, the series was criticised for its commercialism and violent content.[31][32][33][34][35]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (also known as Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for its fifth season) is an American 3D rendered computer animated television series. It aired on Nickelodeon in the United States from September 29, 2012 to November 12, 2017. [2] It is the third animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles television series. It is produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio.[2] Composer Sebastian Evans provides the show's score.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience.[clarification needed] Once the product started selling, the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W, which funded the next round of animation. The show then went network, on CBS. Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series, and the subsequent action figure line, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success. At the height of the frenzy, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Turtles' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children's merchandise, from Pez dispensers to skateboards, breakfast cereal, video games, school supplies, linens, towels, cameras, and toy shaving kits.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became the highest-grossing independent film at the time,[3] the ninth-highest-grossing film worldwide of 1990, and the most successful film in the series until the 2014 reboot. It was followed by two sequels, The Secret of the Ooze in 1991 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III in 1993.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) In October 2009, following the news of Nickelodeon purchasing all of Mirage's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property, it was announced that Nickelodeon would produce a new film through corporate sibling Paramount Pictures with an expected release date sometime in 2012.[9] In late May 2010, it was announced that Paramount and Nickelodeon had brought Michael Bay and his Platinum Dunes partners Bradley Fuller and Andrew Form on to produce the next film that will reboot the film series. Bay, Fuller, and Form would produce alongside Walker and Mednick.[10] For the script, the studio originally hired Art Marcum and Matt Holloway to write the film for close to a million dollars. According to TMNT co-creator Kevin Eastman, the John Fusco version was a little too edgy for what Paramount wanted.[11] A year later, the studio turned to writers Josh Appelbaum and André Nemec to rewrite the script.[12][13] In February 2012, Jonathan Liebesman began negotiations to direct the film, beating out Brett Ratner.[14] Later in March, it was announced that Paramount had pushed back film's release date to Christmas Day 2013.[15] In early March 2012, Bay revealed at Nickelodeon's 2012 upfront presentation that the film will be simply titled Ninja Turtles and that the turtles would be \"from an alien race\".[16][17] News of Bay's creative change was met with criticism from within the fan community.[18]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The first console video game based on the franchise, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) by Konami under their \"Ultra Games\" label in 1989 and later ported to home computers and eventually for the Wii on the Virtual Console. Also released by Konami in 1989 was an arcade game, also titled simply Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, later ported to the NES as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game, leading to an NES-only sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: The Manhattan Project, which used the look of the arcade game, as opposed to the first NES game. The next Turtles game, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time, was released in 1991 as an arcade game, and was later ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Super NES) in 1992. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Hyperstone Heist was also created for the Sega Genesis in the same year, and used many of the art assets from TMNT IV. There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami, consisting of: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fall of the Foot Clan, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: Back from the Sewers, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: Radical Rescue. As the video game series progressed, and the Ninja Turtles' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s, the video games changed direction. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Tournament Fighters was released as a set of one-on-one fighting game similar to the Street Fighter series; versions were released for the NES, SNES, and Genesis, each a distinct game.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) In 1990, the film was released to VHS[18] and reached No. 4 in the home video market.[19] The film was released to DVD in Region 1 on September 3, 2002; it includes only minor special features, such as a trailer and interactive menus. The film was also released in the MiniDVD format.[citation needed]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The original animated series (1987â€“1996) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin (as Murakami Wolf Swenson (MWS) and Murakami Wolf Dublin (MWD) during earlier seasons), and syndicated by Group W. The series itself is owned by Wolf Films, with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment, and until recently, syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution.[citation needed] The initial five-part miniseries (retroactively considered the first season) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys, although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) Many major studios, such as Walt Disney Pictures, Columbia Pictures, MGM/UA, Orion Pictures, Paramount (whose parent company Viacom would acquire the TMNT property in 2009), and Warner Bros. turned down the film for distribution; they were worried that despite the popularity of the cartoon and the toy line, the film could potentially be a box office disappointment, like Masters of the Universe was just a couple years prior.[3] The film found distribution roughly halfway through the initial production, via the then small and independent production company New Line Cinema, which had been known for distributing low budget B movies and arthouse fare.[3]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) Originally, the series was released to VHS tapes and laserdisc between 1988 and 1996 by Family Home Entertainment while airing back in the late 1980s-early 1990s. Meanwhile, the UK, videotapes were released using the \"Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles\" censoring title.[36] Starting in April 2004, DVD releases began in region 1.", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an upcoming American 2D-animated action-comedy science fiction television series. It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise, originally created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird, and is set to debut in September 2018.[1] The series was announced by Nickelodeon in a press release on March 2, 2017 and is initially scheduled to run for at least 26 episodes.[2] This re-imagined series will have the Turtles go on new adventures as they seek to unlock the mystical secrets of New York City.[3]", "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On March 23, 2018, the first trailer for the series was released by Nickelodeon.[22]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was released on Digital HD on November 25, 2014, and was released on DVD and 2D and 3D Blu-ray on December 16, 2014.[107][108] The film topped the home video sales charts in its first week and achieved the highest ratio of disc sales to theatrical tickets sales its first week in stores.[109] It retained the top spot on the home video sales chart in its second weekend.[110]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) The film is an adaptation of the early Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics, with several elements taken from the animated TV series airing at the time. The turtle costumes were developed by Jim Henson's Creature Shop, one of Henson's last projects before his death shortly after the premiere.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Starting on September 25, 1989, the series was expanded to weekdays and it had 47 more episodes for the new season. There were 28 new syndicated episodes for season 4 and only 13 of those episodes aired in 1990. The \"European Vacation\" episodes were not seen in the United States until USA Network started showing reruns in late 1993 and the \"Awesome Easter\" episodes were not seen until 1991. These episodes were delayed because of animation or scheduling problems.[16] The turtles are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time, especially by Michelangelo. Words and phrases included \"bummer\", \"dude\", \"bogus\", \"radical\", \"far-out\", \"tubuloso\", \"bodacious\", and possibly the most recognized, \"cowabunga\".[17] On April 21, 1990, a drug-prevention television special was broadcast on ABC, NBC, and CBS named Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue that featured some of the most popular cartoons at the time; representing TMNT was Michelangelo, voiced by Townsend Coleman.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the licensed soundtrack to the 1990 New Line Cinema film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. It was released by SBK Records and Geffen Records on March 16, 1990. The collection is made up mostly of hip-hop and new jack swing styled tracks with several film score cues at the end.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) On October 21, 2009, a press release was made indicating that Viacom had bought the complete rights of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise from Peter Laird for $60 million, and would be developing a CGI animated TV series for its Nickelodeon family of channels for broadcast in 2012. A feature film, released by Paramount Pictures (also a division of Viacom), debuted in 2014.[10]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles To capitalize on the Turtles' popularity, a concert tour was held in 1990, premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17.[38][39] The \"Coming Out of Their Shells\" tour featured live-action turtles playing music as a band (Donatello, keyboards; Leonardo, bass guitar; Raphael, drums and sax; Michelangelo, guitar) on stage around a familiar plotline: April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder, and the turtles have to rescue her.[40] The story had a very Bill-n'-Ted-esque feel, with its theme of the power of rock n' roll literally defeating the enemy, in the form of the Shredder (who only rapped about how he hates music) trying to eliminate all music. A pay-per-view special highlighting the concert was shown, and a studio album was also released.[41] The track listing is as follows:", "List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) episodes The following is an episode list for the animated television series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles which premiered in 1987. In total, 193 episodes aired between 1987 and 1996. The first three seasons were aired in syndication. CBS aired the rest of the series on Saturday mornings.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series) A sequel, Out of the Shadows was announced for June 3, 2016 with Dave Green directing.[4][5] The sequel was announced on August 10, 2014, two days after the first film was released. The original cast (with the exception of Johnny Knoxville) returns with Stephen Amell, Brian Tee, Tyler Perry, and Gary Anthony Williams joining as Casey Jones, Shredder, Baxter Stockman, and Bebop respectively.[6][7][8] WWE wrestler Sheamus was later confirmed to portray Rocksteady.[9]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise, which will debut in September 2018.[23][24]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series) A 2007 feature film, titled simply TMNT and written and directed by Kevin Munroe, was released March 23, 2007. Unlike the previous films, it used 100% computer-generated imagery, produced by Imagi Animation Studios and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and The Weinstein Company. It was the final Ninja Turtle movie to be distributed by Time Warner due to the franchise being purchased by Viacom.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) On the film's initial release, Owen Gleiberman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the movie an F rating, finding that none of the four turtles or Splinter had any personality, and felt that a young audience might enjoy the film, noting that the reviewer might have \"gone for it too had I been raised on Nintendo games and the robotic animation that passes for entertainment on today's Saturday-morning TV.\"[10] Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that he found the characters reminiscent of the early '70s Godzilla film series, describing the turtles as \"loveable monsters in baggy foam rubber suits\" who \"befriended lost children and smashed things up in orgies of destruction that somehow never hurt anyone,\"[11] and that the turtles \"drop the occasional teenage buzzword but are never remotely convincing as teenagers, mutants, ninjas or turtles, leaving them stranded on the screen as big green Muppets with different coloured headbands.\"[11]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series) In late April 2009, it was announced a new live-action film would be in the works for a 2011 release. Mirage Studios was partnering with producers Scott Mednick and Galen Walker, with Peter Laird, Gary Richardson, Frederick Fierst, Eric Crown would serve as executive producers, and 4Kids Entertainment would handle the film's merchandising.[18] The film would have used animatronic suits whose facial expressions would be digitally enhanced in post-production.[16] It was stated that the story would focus on the Turtles origin.[19] In July 2009, an open casting call was made for extras to play as members of the Foot Clan, with Ernie Reyes, Jr. as an acting judge.[20] \"Ninja Turtles\" co-creator Peter Laird said \"there are a lot of positive feelings about a 'Batman Begins'-style 'reboot,[21] while producer Galen Walker said the film would be headed in a darker direction.[22] In July, 2009 it was announced that John Fusco would be the films writer.[23] His version was to be inspired by the original dark and gritty black and white comics that Eastman created with Peter Laird, but Paramount wasn't on board. Kevin Eastman described the script as being \"too edgy for what Paramount wanted\".[citation needed] Peter Laird revealed the film would have been a direct sequel to the 1990 film ignoring its sequels.[24] However, in mid October 2009, it was announced that Viacom's subsidiary network Nickelodeon had purchased all of Mirage's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property for $9.75 million, thus terminating all deals with 4Kids and Time Warner.[25][26][27]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent, Mark Freedman, sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise. In 1986, Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15-mm (approximately 0.6 inch) lead figurines. In January 1987, Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys, a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action-figure market. Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals: Jerry Sachs, advertising agent of Sachs-Finley Agency, brought together the animators at Murakami-Wolf-Swenson headed by Fred Wolf. Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew, headed by Karl Aaronian, vice president (VP) of sales Richard Sallis, and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson.[5]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) On November 13, 2012, Lionsgate released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete Classic Series on DVD in Region 1.[40] The 23-disc set features all 193 episodes of the series as well as bonus features. It also contains special collectors edition packaging.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic-book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics. The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series, but with the fifth issue, Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy, who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all-new original adventures, including the uniting of several of the series' recurring characters as a separate team, the Mighty Mutanimals.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) Live Entertainment Inc. announced that the film would go to VHS via its Family Home Entertainment label on October 4,[citation needed] 1990. The suggested price was $24.99 per cassette. Pizza Hut engaged in a $20 million marketing campaign tied into the film (despite the fact that Domino's Pizza was used as product placement in the film itself). Items included advertising in print, radio and television, and several rebate coupons.[8]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles However, when the live-action movie came out in 1990, the Ninja of the title was kept even in the UK. In time, nunchaku scenes were retained in previously-censored movies such as those of Bruce Lee. The same went for the PAL releases of the early video games, which had Michelangelo's weapon of choice fully visible and usable. By the time of the 2003 TV series, these censorship policies had been abolished, and no changes have occurred in the content of the show. The name \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" remained unchanged for the 2003 TV series. As a result, in the UK, the 1987 TV series is still called Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and the 2003 TV series is called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In 2009, Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition on Region 2 DVD in the UK. This 3-Disc set contains all the episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 and 4 episodes from the final season, as well as a 1-Disc DVD with the first few episodes of Season 1. This release features the original, unedited episodes under the \"Ninja Turtles\" title, and also marks the first time the show has been released and left uncensored in the UK.[citation needed]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows After the 2014 film exceeded box office expectations, Paramount and Nickelodeon officially announced a sequel was greenlit, and set to be released in theatres on June 3, 2016,[18] with plans to incorporate the characters Casey Jones and Bebop and Rocksteady.[19] Jonathan Liebesman and Bradley Fuller were also interested in doing a storyline that involved Dimension X and Krang.[20] In December 2014, it was revealed Paramount was in early negotiations with Earth to Echo director Dave Green to helm the sequel, also revealing Jonathan Liebesman was no longer a part of the project.[21] Known briefly as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Half Shell,[22] Paramount revealed in December 2015 that the title had officially been changed to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows.[23][24]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) In Germany, however, a \"Special Edition\" was released on March 12, 2010 with additional features, including an audio commentary by director Steve Barron, an alternate ending, and alternate takes from the original German release, where Michelangelo's nunchaku had been edited out.[20]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) Magic Pockets released a Nintendo 3DS game based on the film on August 8, 2014, to coincide with the movie.[144] A mobile game, also based on the film, was released on July 24, 2014.[145]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) IGN named TMNT as the 55th best show in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows.[29] While the story diverged heavily from the original conception of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles with the universe of the original Mirage comics, the 1987 television series is largely the most notable and popular incarnation and drove the franchise to the phenomenal status it would achieve in pop culture. Co-creator, Peter Laird, has publicly shared his distaste with the show on numerous occasions but has also acknowledged that it was extremely successful with and beloved by its audience and, while he would've preferred a different approach to the material, it might not have been as popular as what was produced.[30] Retroactively, the cross-over film Turtles Forever established a common multiverse continuity between all Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles variations that existed at the time of the 25th anniversary of the original Mirage comicbooks, primarily focusing on this series, and those of the 2003 animated series. Therefore, while not part of the original canon of the Mirage Turtles, the series can be considered part of the wider official turtles canon.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) A teaser trailer for the film was shown at Cinema Con on March 24, 2014,[79] before its public release on March 27.[80] The trailer reached over 31.4 million views on YouTube in its first week.[81] On April 13, 2014, the first TV spot for the movie was released.[82] A second version of the teaser trailer was released on April 30, 2014.[83] Footage of the film was shown at CineEurope with an introduction from Megan Fox.[84] On June 18, 2014, Playmates Toys announced they have a new product line of toys based entirely on the film, including action figures, vehicles and role play gear.[85] Nickelodeon Consumer Products also announced a complete merchandise lineup of movie-based products that will be available in all major retailers from July 2014 through the holiday season.[86] On June 23, 2014, Paramount gave fans the opportunity to see new posters and a new trailer by voting for their favorite turtle on Twitter.[87] The following day, Paramount released a new trailer which includes the single \"Reptile's Theme Song\" by Skrillex.[88][89] A second TV spot for the film was released on July 3, 2014.[90] On July 7, 2014, Pizza Hut announced a new advertising campaign for the film, which included the return of the chainâ€™s Cheesy Bites Pizza, social media contests themed around the film, and a television advertisement featuring the new movie incarnations of the characters.[91] On July 10, 2014, four motion posters of the turtles were released and new TV spot debuted that day as well.[92][93] Another new TV spot was released on July 15, 2014.[94] An extended behind-the-scenes featurette was shown after the 2014 Kids' Choice Sports Awards.[95] On July 21, 2014, a single titled \"Shell Shocked\" by Juicy J, Wiz Khalifa, and Ty Dolla $ign featuring Kill the Noise and Madsonik was released, as it is part of the movie's soundtrack.[96] An extended TV spot debuted the following day.[97] Paramount promoted the film on July 24, 2014, at San Diego Comic-Con International.[98][99] Five new TV spots were released that day as well.[100] The music video for the song, \"Shell Shocked\" debuted on July 28, 2014.[101] On August 1, 2014, Paramount debuted eleven new TV spots for the film.[102] On August 4, 2014, Pentatonix released a new song titled \"We Are Ninjas\" and a music video as part of the promotion for the film.[103][104]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) The script is based mainly on the early Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics, including the stories of the turtles' origins, rooftop battle, sojourn to the farmhouse, and battle with Shredder.[4] Elements were taken from the 1980s animated series, such as the Turtles' colored bandanas and love of pizza, elements of Michelangelo's character, and April O'Neil as a television reporter instead of a lab assistant.[4]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Magazine was a children's magazine published quarterly by Welsh Publishing Group, Inc during the height of TMNT popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was officially licensed by Eastman and Laird and available by subscription.[63]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) The Lego Group released a Lego theme of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in 2013.[67]", "April O'Neil April made her first appearance in the Mirage comic series in 1984 as a computer programmer. She was later portrayed as a strong-willed news reporter in the Turtles' first animated series, as a warrior in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures comic produced by Archie Comics, and various other personas in different TMNT media.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte, and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show.[5] Sachs called the high concept pitch \"Green Against Brick\". The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami-Wolf-Swenson animation firm's writers. Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell-in the toy action figures. Phrases like \"Heroes in a half shell\" and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries (\"Turtle power!\") came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team. As the series developed, veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter. David Wise, Michael Charles Hill, and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) As a crime wave rises in New York City, reporter April O'Neil covers the mysterious ninja Foot Clan. The Shredder, the Foot leader, orders April silenced. She is attacked by the Foot in a subway and knocked unconscious. Raphael, one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, emerges from the shadows, defeats the Foot, and carries her to the turtles' hideout, unaware that one of the Foot is following him. Splinter, their rat master, explains to April that he and the turtles were once ordinary animals, but were mutated into intelligent creatures by toxic waste. After the turtles escort April home, they find their hideout ransacked and Splinter kidnapped. They return to April's apartment and spend the night there.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Among the first licensed products to feature the TMNT was a tabletop role-playing game titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness, published by Palladium Books in 1985, and featuring original comics and illustrations by Eastman and Laird. The game features a large list of animals, including elephants and sparrows, that are available as mutant player characters. Several more titles were in this genre, including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures, Truckin' Turtles, Turtles Go Hollywood, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guide to the Universe, and Transdimensional Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) On April 6, 2012 reruns of the series broadcast weekly on Teletoon Retro in Canada until the channel was shutdown on September 1, 2015. There are no other TV reruns of the original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series currently airing in North America. Although the last episode broadcast on CBS on November 2, 1996, reruns of Seasons 8, 9 and 10 continued to air until August 30, 1997.[25] The series previously reran in North America in Quebec on Super Écran, who rebroadcast the entire series from 2006 to 2008. Episodes from Seasons 1-7 were reran on the USA Network's USA Cartoon Express from September 13, 1993 to September 15, 1996 (which was the last time to date any episode from prior to Seasons 8-10 aired on television in the United States). Lionsgate Home Entertainment and Fred Wolf Films own the rights to the show, and they have been responsible for the DVD releases.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) Adam Graham of The Detroit News gave the film a B-, saying \"There's enough turtle power to please kids and fans of the original series.\"[138] Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two out of four stars, saying \"The kind of cliched, misfit crimefighters-versus-demented villains scenario that Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird happily parodied when they came up with the original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic books way back in the 1980s.\"[139] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying \"The repartee, as ever, is weak. Even with all the extra layers of digital detail, it's still tough to keep these four straight.\"[140] Cliff Lee of The Globe and Mail gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying \"For having gone to the trouble of making a self-descriptive movie called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, its producers seem ultimately unsure about its most basic concept.\"[141] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles doesn't so much provide brainless enjoyment as it pummels the viewer into submission. \"Shell-shocked\" is a reasonable description of the experience.\"[142] Chris Cabin of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars, saying Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles only leaves one with the dim afterglow of forced normalcy, of a film so overworked to ensure mass-market appeal that it loses the charming oddness and loose goofiness that has allowed these characters, and their \"frothy\" appeal, to endure.\"[143]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird. As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream, they were radically redesigned. In issue #19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this. It stated, in part: \"We've allowed the wacky side to happen, and enjoy it very much. All the while, though, we've kept the originals very much ours – forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books, whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with.\"[43] In the film Turtles Forever, the original Mirage Turtles refer to their descendants as \"sell-outs\", in reference to their colorful accessories (the originals are conveyed in black and white).", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) On October 2, 2012 and February 26, 2013, Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second and third season, respectively.[3][4]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) In August 2012, an early version of the script, dated January 30, 2012, titled \"The Blue Door\" and written by Appelbaum and Nemec, was leaked online. It featured major changes to the origins: the Turtles hail from another dimension that consists of turtle warriors, Splinter is an alien from the same dimension as well, Shredder is \"Colonel Schrader\", a government agent who is secretly an alien who can grow blades from his body, \"The Foot Clan\" is just \"The Foot\", an elite Black Ops unit led by Col. Schrader, Casey Jones is an 18-year-old security guard/amateur ice hockey player that finds the Turtles and is the focus of the film, April is also 18 and is having relationship troubles with Casey because she is moving to New York City due to an internship at CBS, Raphael is the comic relief instead of Michelangelo, and Michelangelo falls in love with a turtle woman from his home planet.[34] A cease and desist order was sent by Paramount Pictures to a website that was hosting the script.[35] Peter Laird read the script and commented on his blog that \"all true TMNT fans should be grateful to the new 'powers that be' that they did not allow this wretched thing to go any further.\"[36] In response to The Blue Door, Bay stated that the draft had been written before he and Platinum Dunes joined the project and was promptly rejected some time before.[37] On January 12, 2013, Production Weekly revealed the film would start filming in April 2013 in New York.[38][39] The following month, the studio pushed back the film's release date until June 6, 2014, and a new writer, Evan Daugherty, was brought on board.[40] On August 15, 2013, Paramount postponed the release date to August 8, 2014, in order to avoid competition with family-friendly films released in June 2014 as well as one of Paramount and Michael Bay's other releases, Transformers: Age of Extinction.[41]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) Voth Gleiberman and Maslin praised the work of Jim Henson's Creature Shop, with Maslin stating \"without which there would have been no film at all\".[10][12] Variety praised the film's tongue-in-cheek humor and the \"amusingly outlandish\" martial arts sequences.[13] Roger Ebert concluded that the film is \"nowhere near as bad as it might have been, and probably is the best possible Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle movie. It supplies, in other words, more or less what Turtle fans will expect.\"[14]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) On August 28, 2013, Activision released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, a downloadable 3D beat 'em up game, for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows.[69] On April 15, 2014, a version was released for the PlayStation 3.[70] The game features an online multiplayer co-op for up to four players.[71]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III Despite most of the reviews from critics, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III debuted at No.1 at the box office.[7][8] Although it made twice its production budget, returns were barely more than half that of the previous film and roughly one-fifth that of the first; thus, it was considered a disappointment. There would not be another live-action adaptation until the 2014 reboot.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles In 2006, Ubisoft acquired the rights for TMNT games, beginning with a game based on the 2007 animated feature film, along with a distinct game for the Game Boy Advance similar in style to the Konami arcade games.[29][30] A beat 'em up game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Arcade Attack was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009, to coincide with the series' 25th anniversary.[31] In 2013, Activision released the downloadable game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, based on the 2012 TV series and developed by Red Fly Studio for the Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network and Steam.[32]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) In late March 2012, Bay posted on his website explaining the title change and stressing that nothing had changed regarding the Turtles. He stated the reason the title was shortened was a request by Paramount to make the title \"simple\". He continued that the Turtles were the same as fans remember and regardless of the title change they still act like teenagers. He urged everyone to give everybody who was involved a chance, as they had the fans interest at top priority and would not let anybody down.[27] On June 12, 2012, Eastman revealed some of the things for the film stating that April would not be 16 years old like in the 2012 cartoon series, he feels Ken Watanabe would make a great Shredder, he would like to bring Reyes back as a Foot lieutenant, and martial arts wise they are looking at Fist of Legend and The Raid: Redemption.[28] Three days later, it was reported that production for this project had been shut down. While the release date had been pushed back five months, the work stoppage for the film was said to be \"indefinite\".[29] However, other sources said that the film would be released on May 16, 2014, due to problems in that script that need to be corrected.[30][31] In July 2012, Eastman called it \"easily the best Turtle movie yet\".[32] Kevin Eastman stated that the movie is creating its own story but has to be true to the source material or else they will get \"murdered\".[33]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles In April 2011, IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series.[12] The first issue of the new series was released on August 24, 2011. Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write, with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) The $1.95, 32-page magazine featured articles about the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and a variety of other subjects, including an article on the last page of each issue spotlighting a real life turtle species. Mirage Studios staff artists such as Dan Berger and Jim Lawson provided a majority of the covers and spot illustrations. A pullout poster was available in every issue and was painted by Mirage Studios artist Michael Dooney.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) The film has a 40% rating on the rotten tomatoes rating aggregator website, making it the highest rated film in the series.[15]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows The film premiered in New York City on May 22, 2016,[50] and was released in the United Kingdom on May 30, 2016, and the United States on June 3, 2016.[51]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) On July 23, 2013, Lionsgate re-released all 47 episodes of season 3 together in a 4-disc box set.[41]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) The film's budget was $13.5Â million.[2] Much of the production took place in North Carolina, with a couple of location shoots in New York City during the summer of 1989 to capture famous landmark areas, such as Times Square, the Empire State Building, and the Hudson River.[3] Filming in North Carolina took place at the North Carolina Film Studios, where New York rooftop sets were created. Production designer Roy Forge Smith and his art director, Gary Wissner, went to New York City four months prior to filming and took still photographs of rooftops and other various locations. While in NYC, Smith and Wissner were allowed to explore an abandoned Brooklyn subway line, as they could not gain access to a city sewer, but the structure of the subway had the same principle as a sewer. They also went to a water tunnel which had large pipes running through it.[5]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) In response to the announcement, actor Robbie Rist, who voiced Michelangelo in the first three films, wrote to Bay accusing him of \"sodomizing\" the franchise. Rist later remarked that he could have been out of line since Bay makes more money than he does.[19] In response to the feedback, Bay issued a statement asking fans to calm down since a script had not been revealed, his team was working closely with the creators, and would include all the elements that made them fans to begin with.[20] Both Brian Tochi, who voiced Leonardo in the first three films, and Judith Hoag, who played April O'Neil in the first film, have voiced their support towards the creative change.[21] TMNT co-creator Peter Laird expressed his thoughts on the change asking fans to take Bay's advice and wait until more of Bay's plan is made available. Laird also stated that he felt the \"ill-conceived plan\" could be a \"genius notion,\" as it would allow fans to have the multitude of bipedal anthropomorphic turtles that they have been asking for. He would point out that while the concept of a turtle-planet backstory made for a great run-of-the-mill science fiction story, it had no real place in the Ninja Turtles universe.[22]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) The show was released in Australia by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. The first six DVDs are more or less duplicated from the Region 1 discs released in America, however unlike the American release, Season 4 was broken down into several separate volumes (7 to 9). The discs are in Region 4, but they are in NTSC picture format, instead of PAL, reflecting the changes in television technology since the original airing of the series in 1990. All episodes from the 1987 series have now been released in Region 4, in Volumes 1-16.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) 4 DVDs containing 3 episodes each based around Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael and Michelango were released on May 19, 2014.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, also known as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: Turtles In Time,[2] is a 1993 American fantasy action comedy film written and directed by Stuart Gillard, based on the comic book characters the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. It is the second sequel to the 1990 live-action Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film. It was produced by Clearwater Holdings Ltd. and Golden Harvest. This was the last Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film released by New Line Cinema and released on VHS along with Columbia TriStar Home Video. It was internationally distributed by 20th Century Fox.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, featuring art by Ryan Brown and Jim Lawson, which was designed to fill in the gaps of continuity in the TMNT universe. This put the original series and Tales in the same mainstream continuity, and the two are thus canon to each other. The title's first volume was from 1987â€“1989, released in alternating months with the regular Eastman and Laird book. All seven issues of volume one have been collected in trade paperback form twice, and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze Unlike the first film, this entry rarely showed the use of the Turtles' weapons. They instead fight bare-fisted for much of the film, as part of an attempt to tone down the violence of the previous installment.[3] The film was released on March 22, 1991, and received mixed to negative reviews from critics who felt it departed from the much darker tone of the original 1990 film, and was more light-hearted. Despite this, the film was financially successful, and became the 13th highest-grossing film domestically in the year of its release.[4] The film is a tribute to Muppets creator Jim Henson, who died less than a year before this film's release. Henson's Creature Shop created the animatronic creature costumes for the film, like the first film.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Principal photography on the film began on April 27, 2015, in New York City. It was released on June 3, 2016, in 3D, RealD 3D, 4DX and in IMAX 3D. It received mixed reviews from critics, being considered by many an improvement over its predecessor, but was not as successful, grossing $245 million against a $135 million budget.[4][5]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) In the United Kingdom, TMNT was released under the name Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles (TMHT). This was due to the controversy surrounding ninjas and related weapons such as nunchaku at the time.[22] The intro sequence was heavily edited because of this, replacing the word ninja with hero or fighting, using a digitally faded logo instead of the animated blob, and removing any scenes in which Michelangelo wields his nunchaku, replacing them with random clips from the show with the grapple tortoiseshell weapon.[23]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) On June 17, 2014, Nickelodeon ordered a fourth season of the show.[5] On July 10, 2015, a fifth and final season was announced.[6]", "List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) episodes Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' first season originally aired between February 8, 2003 and November 1, 2003, beginning with the \"Things Change\" episode.[1] The episodes were released in two separate volumes, the first on May 22, 2007 with twelve episodes, and the second on September 18, 2007 with fourteen episodes.[2][3]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) David Wise and Patti Howeth wrote the screenplay for the first five-part miniseries.[1] When the series continued in the second season, comic artist Jack Mendelsohn joined the show as the executive story editor. Wise went on to write over seventy episodes of the series, and was executive story editor for four later seasons as well. Wise left the series partway through the ninth season, and Jeffrey Scott took over as the story editor and chief writer for the rest of the show's run.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) After design sketches were created, the construction team used the studios' backlot to create some of the sets. There were problems with the manholes that led to the turtles' home, in that an eight-foot square room had to be constructed beneath them, but found water at about five-feet, and thus had to pour concrete into the underground rooms to keep the water out. In order to make the sewer authentic, a tide-mark was given, and it was covered with brick, plaster and stucco paint to give the walls a realistic look. The turtles were created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop in London.[3] Jim Henson said that the creatures were the most advanced that he had ever worked with. The creatures were first made out of fiberglass, and then remolded out of clay.[6] They were produced as molds to cast the whole body in foam rubber latex. The work at the Shop was completed within 18 weeks.[5]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) On its opening day, the film grossed $25.6 million, including $4.6 million from Thursday night showings.[112][113] In its first weekend, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles opened in first place with $65.6 million,[114] which exceeded Paramount and box office analysts's predictions of a $40 to $45 million opening,[115] and achieved the fourth highest weekend debut for the month of August.[114] The movie remained at the number one spot in its second weekend by grossing $28.5 million (down 56.5%),[116] but slipped to number two for its third weekend (grossing $16.7 million, down 41.4%), as Guardians of the Galaxy reclaimed the top spot.[117]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) The TMHT version was aired in other European countries, including Ireland (except series 1, which had the original title), Belgium, Germany, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, in local dubs (the Finnish version was in English with subtitles, while Polish was in English with a voice-over translation). In Denmark, the English censored version was aired on the national broadcaster TV2. It had subtitles as well, however, only seasons 2 and 3 were aired in this fashion. Season 1 was aired as one spliced feature, instead of the original five-part miniseries. The movie was titled The Epic Begins, and included heavy edits from each of the five episodes, and was also released to VHS in the USA in 1988.[24]", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) Neither Mirage Studios nor Viacom, the current owner of the franchise, own the rights to the 1987 television series, so Lionsgate and Fred Wolf are not under any obligation to inform them of future releases.[26] Some reruns were shown for UK audiences on BBC weekday mornings (although they were mostly all from seasons two and three). In the Republic of Ireland, the series ended its original run on August 9, 1998,[27] but the show was regularly rerun on RTÉ Two until 2008.[28] In Yugoslavia the series was broadcast on RTS from 1991 - 1994 and on RTV Pink from 1998 - 2002. In Denmark, the show is aired every weekday at 6.00 am on TV 2.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) When shown on the BBC, phrases such as \"Let's kick some shell!\" and \"Bummer!\" were removed from the episodes (the latter may relate to a British slang term for anal sex). The series Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation was also referred to as Hero Turtles, possibly using the term hero to separate the television series from the live action movies. The 2003 television series, however, remained intact when shown in the UK and Ireland. This led the UK and Ireland to have a disambiguation between the two animated series, using Hero Turtles to separate the 1987 television series from the other incarnations of the franchise. In 2009, a DVD of the first two seasons was released under the Ninja Turtles branding, thus bringing this version of the franchise into line with the later versions.", "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film) Principal photography commenced March 22, 2013, in Tupper Lake, New York.[61] Shooting began in April in New York City and at Jones Beach State Park in Wantagh on Long Island, New York under the code words \"four squared\" (4SQ).[62] On April 20, 2013, the film was renamed Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.[63] On April 29, 2013, Michael Bay retracted comments that the turtles would be aliens.[64] Early set photos were made public showing the turtles' actors in black and grey motion capture suits, complete with life-sized turtle shells, with each actor wearing arm bands and accents of their corresponding turtle's signature color.[65] Brazilian cinematographer Lula Carvalho, who was invited to work in the film during production of the 2014 remake of RoboCop, described the process as \"demanding much imagination and participation of the visual effects supervisor\", given that despite their presence on the set the actors would effectively be replaced by computer-generated creatures.[66] Production for the film wrapped on August 6, 2013.[67] Additional filming occurred in January and April 2014.[68][69][70]" ]	[ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover, New Hampshire. The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird.[3] Using money from a tax refund, together with a loan from Eastman’s uncle, the young artists self-published a single-issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s: Marvel Comics’ Daredevil and New Mutants, Dave Sim’s Cerebus, and Frank Miller’s Ronin.[4] The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984." ]
test2609	what song is played while raising the american flag	[ "doc89403" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc89403", "doc68809", "doc89417", "doc68812", "doc1121240", "doc1915154", "doc141930", "doc1981393", "doc1017494", "doc1121236", "doc68826", "doc18412", "doc151088", "doc658213", "doc658193", "doc1915156", "doc68822", "doc1915155", "doc68821", "doc68811", "doc778317", "doc863635", "doc549956", "doc1824761", "doc561792", "doc68828", "doc336042", "doc68838", "doc68844", "doc68825", "doc1236792", "doc1773875", "doc79958", "doc68843", "doc2056754", "doc655862", "doc1773868", "doc83641", "doc2499445", "doc1801963", "doc33984", "doc68834", "doc2514780", "doc1522146", "doc168570", "doc958343", "doc68840", "doc394742", "doc68832", "doc89418", "doc1017499", "doc50546", "doc333672", "doc168575", "doc68810", "doc591515", "doc68823", "doc1049405", "doc438236", "doc68815", "doc333676", "doc958330", "doc273348", "doc68836", "doc68835", "doc50575", "doc141932", "doc122444", "doc561799", "doc2497934", "doc276482", "doc151089", "doc42729", "doc151099", "doc42712", "doc838339", "doc68824", "doc609522", "doc655891", "doc292577", "doc1801980", "doc2499419", "doc995434", "doc89415", "doc1981394", "doc168579", "doc556402", "doc1433856", "doc168580", "doc658188", "doc1801965", "doc1104282", "doc1180920", "doc1076452", "doc946657", "doc295584", "doc151097", "doc1824733", "doc22206", "doc1065486" ]	[ "Reveille In modern times, the U.S. military plays (or sounds) \"Reveille\" in the morning, generally near sunrise, though its exact time varies from base to base. On U.S. Army posts and Air Force bases, \"Reveille\" is played by itself or followed by the bugle call \"To the Colors\" at which time the national flag is raised and all U.S. military personnel outdoors are required to come to attention and present a salute in uniform, either to the flag or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible. While in formation, soldiers are brought to the position of parade rest while \"Reveille\" plays then called to attention and present arms as the national flag is raised. On board U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard facilities, the flag is generally raised at 0800 (8 am) while \"The Star Spangled Banner\" or the bugle call \"To the Colors\" is played. On some U.S. military bases, \"Reveille\" is accompanied by a cannon shot.", "The Star-Spangled Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\",[2] a poem written on September 14, 1814, by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory.", "Reveille To the U.S. tune:", "The Star-Spangled Banner Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom. \"Hail, Columbia\" served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\", whose melody is identical to \"God Save the Queen\", the United Kingdom national anthem,[3] also served as a de facto anthem.[4] Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", as well as \"America the Beautiful\".", "The Stars and Stripes Forever [First Strain]\nLet martial note in triumph float\nAnd liberty extend its mighty hand\nA flag appears 'mid thunderous cheers,\nThe banner of the Western land.\nThe emblem of the brave and true\nIts folds protect no tyrant crew;\nThe red and white and starry blue\nIs freedom's shield and hope.\n\n[Second Strain]\nOther nations may deem their flags the best\nAnd cheer them with fervid elation\nBut the flag of the North and South and West\nIs the flag of flags, the flag of Freedom's nation.\n\n(repeats) Other nations may deem their flags the best\nAnd cheer them with fervid elation,\nBut the flag of the North and South and West\nIs the flag of flags, the flag of Freedom's nation.\n\n[Trio]\nHurrah for the flag of the free!\nMay it wave as our standard forever,\nThe gem of the land and the sea,\nThe banner of the right.\nLet despots remember the day\nWhen our fathers with mighty endeavor\nProclaimed as they marched to the fray\nThat by their might and by their right\nIt waves forever.\n\n\nLet eagle shriek from lofty peak\nThe never-ending watchword of our land;\nLet summer breeze waft through the trees\nThe echo of the chorus grand.\nSing out for liberty and light,\nSing out for freedom and the right.\nSing out for Union and its might,\nO patriotic sons.\n\n[Grandioso]\nHurrah for the flag of the free.\nMay it wave as our standard forever\nThe gem of the land and the sea,\nThe banner of the right.\nLet despots remember the day\nWhen our fathers with mighty endeavor\nProclaimed as they marched to the fray,\nThat by their might and by their right\nIt waves forever.", "You're a Grand Old Flag \"You're a Grand Old Flag\" is an American patriotic march. The song, a spirited march written by George M. Cohan, is a tribute to the American flag. In addition to obvious references to the flag, it incorporates snippets of other popular songs, including one of his own. Cohan wrote it in 1906 for George Washington, Jr., his stage musical.[1]", "My Country, 'Tis of Thee \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\", also known as \"America\", is an American patriotic song, whose lyrics were written by Samuel Francis Smith.[2] The melody used is the same as that of the national anthem of the United Kingdom, \"God Save the Queen\", arranged by Thomas Arne. The song served as one of the de facto national anthems of the United States (along with songs like \"Hail, Columbia\") before the adoption of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" as the official U.S. national anthem in 1931.[3]", "Flag Hoisting the flag is the act of raising the flag on the flagpole. Raising or lowering flags, especially national flags, usually involves ceremonies and certain sets of rules, depending on the country, and usually involve the performance of a national anthem.", "Hail to the Chief \"Hail to the Chief\" is the official Presidential Anthem of the United States. The song's playing accompanies the appearance of the President of the United States at many public events. For major official occasions, the United States Marine Band and other military ensembles are generally the performers, so directives of the United States Department of Defense have, since 1954, been the main basis for according it official status.[1] It is preceded by four ruffles and flourishes when played for the President. The song is also played during a former President's state funeral, though it can also be played even if the funeral is not a state funeral, such as the funeral of Richard Nixon. The song is in the public domain.", "The Stars and Stripes Forever \"The Stars and Stripes Forever\" is a patriotic American march widely considered to be the magnum opus of composer John Philip Sousa. By a 1987 act of the U.S. Congress, it is the official National March of the United States of America.[1]", "The Star-Spangled Banner In 1899, the US Navy officially adopted \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".[16] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" be played at military[16] and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game,[17] though evidence shows that the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II.[18]", "Remember the Titans It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech, and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election.[6]", "America the Beautiful \"America the Beautiful\" is an American patriotic song. The lyrics were written by Katharine Lee Bates, and the music was composed by church organist and choirmaster Samuel A. Ward at Grace Episcopal Church in Newark, New Jersey.[1] The two never met.[2]", "The Star-Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording) \"America the Beautiful\"", "The Star-Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording) Houston wears a white tracksuit with a red and blue print and hairband, an athletic uniform that refers to the national tricolor red, white and blue. The announcer asks the audience to join in the honoring of \"America\" and \"especially the brave men and women serving our nation in the Persian Gulf and throughout the world.\" While the athletes are notably absent on the field, the military personnel, dressed in various uniforms to signify the solidarity among different branches of service, display the flags of the different American states. Two male members of the military are singled out through the use of close-ups: an African-American officer and a white officer. The close-up of the African-American officer raising his hand in salute overlaps with the close-up of the audience. And the close-up of Houston dissolves into the close-up of the white officer, and back again. For a second, both Houston and the white officer are captured within the same frame. The American flag is omnipresent in all shots, either explicitly in the form of an actual American flag, or implicitly through the use of its colors red, white and blue. In addition to the waving American flags, best visible when shot from a distance. On several occasions, the presence of the flag is emphasized through the use of close-ups in connection to the words Whitney Houston sings. When she sings, \"...see, by the dawn's early light,\" a close-up of an American flag dissolves in and out of the close-up of Houston. Houston does not leave the frame, but for a second, the image of American flag is transparently placed over her image. At the point when Houston sings \"through the night that our flag was still there,\" the camera cuts to a close-up of the American flag waving at the top of the stadium. Throughout the performance, there are medium shots and close-ups of the audience waving small American flags. With Houston throwing her arms into the air, the scene is made complete with four F-16 fighter jets from the 56th Tactical Training Wing at MacDill Air Force Base flying over as the performance's grand finale.[8]", "You're a Grand Old Flag The original lyric for this perennial George M. Cohan favorite came, as Cohan later explained, from an encounter he had with a Civil War veteran who fought at Gettysburg. The two men found themselves next to each other and Cohan noticed the vet held a carefully folded but ragged old flag. The man reportedly then turned to Cohan and said, \"She's a grand old rag.\" Cohan thought it was a great line and originally named his tune \"You're a Grand Old Rag.\" So many groups and individuals objected to calling the flag a \"rag,\" however, that he \"gave 'em what they wanted\" and switched words, renaming the song \"You're a Grand Old Flag\".[1]", "The Star-Spangled Banner On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note \"Tune: Anacreon in Heaven\". The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title \"The Star Spangled Banner\", although it was originally called \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\". Thomas Carr's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from \"The Anacreontic Song\".[12] The song's popularity increased, and its first public performance took place in October, when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the song in November 1814.", "You're a Grand Old Flag The song was first publicly performed on February 6, the play's opening night, at Herald Square Theater in New York City. \"You're a Grand Old Flag\" quickly became the first song from a musical to sell over a million copies of sheet music.[1] The title and first lyric comes from someone Cohan once met; the Library of Congress website notes:", "The Star-Spangled Banner Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody \"The Anacreontic Song\", by English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.", "The Star-Spangled Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889, and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover.", "In Plenty and In Time of Need The National Anthem shall be played:", "Flag of Argentina Lyrics by Luigi Illica and Héctor Cipriano Quesada, music by Héctor Panizza, it is sung during flag raising ceremonies.", "Battle Hymn of the Republic At a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Warren, near Boston, Massachusetts on Sunday May 12, 1861, the John Brown song, using the well known \"Oh! Brothers\" tune and the \"Glory, Hallelujah\" chorus, was publicly played \"perhaps for the first time.\" The American Civil War had begun the previous month.", "Flag Day (United States) The National Flag Day Foundation holds an annual observance for Flag Day on the second Sunday in June (June 11, 2017; June 10, 2018; June 09, 2019). The program includes a ceremonial raising of the national flag, the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, the singing of the national anthem, a parade and other events.[1]", "Taps \"Taps\" is a bugle call played at dusk, during flag ceremonies, and at military funerals by the United States Armed Forces. The official military version is played by a single bugle or trumpet, although other versions of the tune may be played in other contexts (e.g., the U.S. Marine Corps Ceremonial Music site has recordings of two bugle and one band version[1]). It is also performed often at Boy Scout, Girl Scout, and Girl Guide meetings and camps. The tune is also sometimes known as \"Butterfield's Lullaby\", or by the first line of the lyric, \"Day Is Done\". The duration may vary to some extent; the typical recording below is 59 seconds long.", "The Star-Spangled Banner In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" as the national anthem.[21] Five million people signed the petition.[21] The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930.[22] On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.[23] The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote.[24] The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year.[25] The Senate passed the bill on March 3, 1931.[25] President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" as the national anthem of the United States of America.[1] As currently codified, the United States Code states that \"[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem.\"[26]", "Eternal Father, Strong to Save United States Marines", "The Star-Spangled Banner O say can you see, by the dawn's early light,\nWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,\nWhose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,\nO'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?\nAnd the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,\nGave proof through the night that our flag was still there;\nO say does that star-spangled banner yet wave\nO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?\n\nOn the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,\nWhere the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,\nWhat is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,\nAs it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?\nNow it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,\nIn full glory reflected now shines in the stream:\n'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave\nO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.\n\nAnd where is that band who so vauntingly swore\nThat the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,\nA home and a country, should leave us no more?\nTheir blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.\nNo refuge could save the hireling and slave\nFrom the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:\nAnd the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,\nO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.\n\nO thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand\nBetween their loved homes and the war's desolation.\nBlest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land\nPraise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!\nThen conquer we must, when our cause it is just,\nAnd this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'\nAnd the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave\nO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave![40]", "The Star-Spangled Banner Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note. The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.[60][61]", "The Star-Spangled Banner A plaque displayed at Fort Meade, South Dakota, claims that the idea of making \"The Star Spangled Banner\" the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, Post Commander, established the tradition that the song be played \"at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts.\" Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who \"promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia.\" Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War, Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it \"be played at every Army post every evening at retreat.\" [15]", "Irving Berlin The song was heard after September 11, 2001, as U.S. senators and congressmen stood on the capitol steps and sang it after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. It is often played by sports teams such as major league baseball. The Philadelphia Flyers hockey team started playing it before crucial contests. When the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team pulled off the \"greatest upset in sports history,\" referred to as the \"Miracle on Ice\", the players spontaneously sang it as Americans were overcome by patriotism.[36][37]", "John Stafford Smith In 1814, Francis Scott Key wrote the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\" (later re-titled, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\"), which came to be sung to the tune of Stafford Smith's \"Anacreon\". Congress officially designated the song the national anthem of the United States in 1931.[4]", "Independence Day (United States) Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", \"God Bless America\", \"America the Beautiful,\" \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee,\" \"This Land Is Your Land,\" \"Stars and Stripes Forever,\" and, regionally, \"Yankee Doodle\" in northeastern states and \"Dixie\" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.", "The Star-Spangled Banner When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. (The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem, but not if the flag was not present.) On December 23, 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the law was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On August 12, 1998, the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions, but differentiating between \"those in uniform\" and \"members of the Armed Forces and veterans\" who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem, throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal. [57][58][59]", "John Brown's Body At a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Warren, near Boston, on Sunday May 12, 1861, the \"John Brown\" song was publicly played \"perhaps for the first time\".[13] The American Civil War had begun the previous month.", "Pledge of Allegiance The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—\"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.\"[11]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[4]", "John Stafford Smith Stafford Smith is best known for writing the music for \"The Anacreontic Song\", which became the tune for the American patriotic song \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" following the War of 1812, and in 1931 was adopted as the national anthem of the United States.", "Flag of Mexico My flag rises in the mast\nlike a sun between winds and warbles\nvery inside in the temple of my veneration,\nI hear and feel happily my heart beating\nIt's my flag, the national standard,\nThese notes are its martial canticle.\nFrom childhood we'll know how to venerate it\nand also for its love, to live!\nVenerable and sacred banner of our yearning\nlike a ray of light rises to the sky\nflooding through its three-colored canvas\nour immortal being of fervour and homeland ardour.\nIt's my flag, the national standard,\nthese notes are its martial canticle.\nSince children we'll know how to venerate it\nand also for its love, to die!", "To Anacreon in Heaven Francis Scott Key wrote \"Defence of Fort McHenry\" during the War of 1812, while detained on a British ship during the night of September 13, 1814, as the British forces bombarded the American fort. Key specifically wrote the lyrics with this familiar patriotic tune in mind, just as he had done with an earlier set of his lyrics, \"When the Warrior Returns\", in which he had made similar use of \"star-spangled banner\" imagery.[36] Later retitled \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", Key's lyrics, set to Stafford Smith's music, became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, and was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem on March 3, 1931.[37] The setting of new lyrics to an existing tune is called a contrafactum.[38]", "God Bless America \"God Bless America\" is an American patriotic song written by Irving Berlin during World War I in 1918 and revised by him in the run up to World War II in 1938. The later version has notably been recorded by Kate Smith, becoming her signature song.[1][2]", "Flag of Venezuela Out of respect for the flag, popular culture holds that upon raising the flag, the national anthem should be played and all civilians present should stand still, straight, with closed hands at the sides and without any headgear, while military and police personnel out of formation must salute.[citation needed]", "The Star-Spangled Banner The 200th anniversary of the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10â€“16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender's Day, September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.[32] In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration[33] including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler.", "National anthem of Russia The anthem is mandatory at the swearing-in of the President of Russia, for opening and closing sessions of the Duma and the Federation Council, and for official state ceremonies. It is played on television and radio at the beginning and end of the broadcast day. If programming is continuous, the anthem is played once at 0600 hours and again at midnight. The anthem is also played on New Year's Eve after the New Year Address by the President. It is played at sporting events in Russia and abroad, according to the protocol of the organisation hosting the games. According to the law, when the anthem is played officially, everybody must stand up (in case the national flag is raising, facing to the flag), men must remove their headgear (in practice, excluding those in military uniform and clergymen). Uniformed personnel must give a military salute when the anthem plays.[1]", "The U.S. Air Force (song) \"The U.S. Air Force\" is the official song of the United States Air Force.", "Star-Spangled Banner (flag) The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. Seeing the flag during the battle inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", which, retitled with the flag's name from the closing lines of the first stanza and set to the tune of \"To Anacreon in Heaven\" by John Stafford Smith, later became the national anthem of the United States.", "National anthem The use of a national anthem outside of its country, however, is dependent on the international recognition of that country. For instance, the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) has not been recognized by the Olympics as a separate nation since 1979 and must compete as Chinese Taipei; its National Banner Song is used instead of its national anthem.[10] In the Republic of China, the National Anthem is sung before instead of during flag-rising and flag-lowering, followed by the National Banner Song during the actual flag-rising and flag-lowering.", "The Star-Spangled Banner When our land is illumined with Liberty's smile,\nIf a foe from within strike a blow at her glory,\nDown, down with the traitor that dares to defile\nThe flag of her stars and the page of her story!\nBy the millions unchained who our birthright have gained,\nWe will keep her bright blazon forever unstained!\nAnd the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave\nWhile the land of the free is the home of the brave.", "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Then Ira started drinkin' hard\nJail was often his home\nThey'd let him raise the flag and lower it\nLike you'd throw a dog a bone!\nHe died drunk early one mornin'\nAlone in the land he fought to save\nTwo inches of water in a lonely ditch\nWas a grave for Ira Hayes.", "The Star-Spangled Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States, as well as other public gatherings. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the \"away\" anthem being performed first) .[28][better source needed] It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors (respectively), the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL, which play in a city on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.[29]", "Reveille An alternate rendition to the U.S. tune above:", "Hail to the Chief Association with the President first occurred in 1815, when it was played to honor both George Washington and the end of the War of 1812 (under the name \"Wreaths for the Chieftain\").[1] On July 4, 1828, the U.S. Marine Band performed the song at a ceremony for the formal opening of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which was attended by President John Quincy Adams.[3] Andrew Jackson was the first living President to have the song used to honor his position in 1829, and it was played at Martin Van Buren's inauguration in 1837.[1] Julia Tyler, second wife of John Tyler, requested its use to announce the arrival of the President.[1] Her successor as First Lady, Sarah Childress Polk, encouraged its regular use in this manner after it was used at James Polk's inauguration; William Seale says, \"Polk was not an impressive figure, so some announcement was necessary to avoid the embarrassment of his entering a crowded room unnoticed. At large affairs the band...rolled the drums as they played the march...and a way was cleared for the President.\"[1] Under the term of Harry Truman the Department of Defense made it the official tribute to the President.[1][4]", "Pledge of Allegiance (United States) The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—\"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.\"[9]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[2]", "Battle Cry of Freedom Yes we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll rally once again,[5]\nShouting the battle cry of freedom,\nWe will rally from the hillside, we'll gather from the plain,\nShouting the battle cry of freedom!", "Star-Spangled Banner (flag) The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers and a fleet of 19 ships attacked Baltimore on September 12, 1814. The bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. When the British ships were unable to pass the fort and penetrate the harbor, the attack was ended, and on the morning of September 14, when the battered flag still flew above the ramparts, it was clear that Fort McHenry remained in American hands. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer and amateur poet. Being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, he composed a poem he originally titled \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\". The poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts.", "The Star-Spangled Banner The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London. \"To Anacreon in Heaven\" (or \"The Anacreontic Song\"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Key's poem and renamed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", it soon became a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of 19 semitones, it is known for being difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today.", "God Bless the U.S.A. \"God Bless the U.S.A.\" is an American patriotic song written and recorded by country music artist Lee Greenwood, and is considered to be his signature song. The first album it appears on is 1984's You've Got a Good Love Comin'. It reached No. 7 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart when originally released in the spring of 1984, and was played at the 1984 Republican National Convention with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan in attendance, but the song gained greater prominence during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991, as a way of boosting morale.", "The Star-Spangled Banner By the early 20th century, there were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Crusade. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.[13] An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men's votes tallied, measure by measure.[14]", "Marines' Hymn The \"Marines' Hymn\" is the official hymn of the United States Marine Corps, introduced by the first Director of USMC Band, Francesco Maria Scala. It is the oldest official song in the United States Armed Forces.[1] The \"Marines' Hymn\" is typically sung at the position of attention as a gesture of respect. However, the third verse is also used as a toast during formal events, such as the birthday ball and other ceremonies. Western Illinois University uses the hymn prior to all football games. They are the only non-military academy allowed to use the hymn. The university has had permission to use the official nickname, mascot, and hymn of the Corps since 1927.", "Memorial Day On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon.[66] It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.[67]", "The Star-Spangled Banner During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller \"storm flag\" continued to fly, but once the shell and Congreve rocket[5] barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September 14, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised.", "Battle Cry of Freedom Our flag is proudly floating on the land and on the main,\nShout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!\nBeneath it oft we've conquered, and we'll conquer oft again!\nShout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!", "National anthem A national anthem (also state anthem, national hymn, national song, etc.) is generally a patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions, and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. The countries of Latin America, Central Asia and Europe tend towards more operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa and the Caribbean use a simple fanfare.[1]", "O Canada \"O Canada\" (French: Ô Canada) is the national anthem of Canada. The song was originally commissioned by Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Théodore Robitaille for the 1880 Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony; Calixa Lavallée composed the music, after which, words were written by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The lyrics were originally in French; an English version was created in 1906.[1] Robert Stanley Weir wrote in 1908 another English version, which is the official and most popular version, one that is not a literal translation of the French. Weir's lyrics have been revised twice, taking their present form in 1980, but the French lyrics remain unaltered. \"O Canada\" had served as a de facto national anthem since 1939, officially becoming Canada's national anthem in 1980 when the Act of Parliament making it so received royal assent and became effective on July 1 as part of that year's Dominion Day (now known as Canada Day) celebrations.[1][2]", "The Star-Spangled Banner Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano, the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100). In 1993, Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album, Alive III. Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix's version, which was a set-list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970, including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969. Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the \"rockets' red glare\", and \"bombs bursting in air\", it became a late-1960s emblem. Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. President, George H. W. Bush.[37] Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" in live sets, replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today. David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song, \"Yankee Rose\" on his 1986 solo album, Eat 'Em and Smile. Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.[38] A version of Aerosmith's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\" on the Rockin' the Joint album. The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album. The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel (2000).", "The Star-Spangled Banner The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues-style rendition of the song[34] at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series, between Detroit and St. Louis.[35] This rendition started contemporary \"Star-Spangled Banner\" controversies. The response from many in the Vietnam War-era U.S. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" heard in the years since.[36] One week after Feliciano's performance, the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" played at a medal ceremony.", "Pledge of Allegiance (United States) A musical setting for \"The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag\" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase \"under God\" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[33]", "My Country, 'Tis of Thee Smith gave Mason the lyrics he had written and the song was first performed in public on July 4, 1831,[4] at a children's Independence Day celebration at Park Street Church in Boston. First publication of \"America\" was in 1832.[4]", "Flag of Peru The Marcha de Banderas (Spanish: March of Flags) is a military march sung during the flag raising. It was created in 1897 by SM Jose Sabas Libornio Ibarra who said President Nicolás de Piérola, he disagreed with the indiscriminate interpretation of the National Anthem at all official events that were derived from civic events. In December of that year was officially recognized to be executed in any official act.", "Taps \"Taps\" is sounded during each of the military wreath ceremonies conducted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every year, including the ones held on Memorial Day. The ceremonies are viewed by many people, including veterans, school groups, and foreign officials. \"Taps\" also is sounded nightly in military installations at non-deployed locations to indicate that it is \"lights out\", and often by Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and Girl Guides to mark the end of an evening event such as a campfire.", "Flag of Norway When raising the Norwegian flag on festive or ceremonial occasions, the hoisting will often be accompanied by a bugle call, fanfare, or the national anthem (Ja, vi elsker). For civilian use on ceremonial occasions, there are no written rules concerning this. The Norwegian armed forces have a unified bugle call for hoisting and lowering the flag, known as \"flaggappell\" (Attention to the flag)[12] (cf.Bugle calls of the Norwegian Army).", "United States Flag Code The Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Sec. 595.) allows the military salute for the flag during the national anthem by members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and by veterans.", "America the Beautiful Bates originally wrote the words as a poem, \"Pikes Peak\", first published in the Fourth of July edition of the church periodical The Congregationalist in 1895. At that time, the poem was titled \"America\" for publication. Ward had originally written the music, \"Materna\", for the hymn \"O Mother dear, Jerusalem\" in 1882, though it was not first published until 1892.[3] Ward's music combined with the Bates poem was first published in 1910 and titled America the Beautiful. The song is one of the most popular of the many U.S. patriotic songs.[4]", "Flag of the United States In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", later known as \"The Star Spangled Banner\", which is now the American national anthem. The flag is currently on display in the exhibition, \"The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem\" at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two-story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view.[43]", "America the Beautiful 1911 version[12]\nÂ \nO beautiful for spacious skies,\nFor amber waves of grain,\nFor purple mountain majesties\nAbove the fruited plain!\nAmerica! America!\nGod shed His grace on thee\nAnd crown thy good with brotherhood\nFrom sea to shining sea!\n\nO beautiful for pilgrim feet,\nWhose stern, impassioned stress\nA thoroughfare for freedom beat\nAcross the wilderness!\nAmerica! America!\nGod mend thine every flaw,\nConfirm thy soul in self-control,\nThy liberty in law!\n\nO beautiful for heroes proved\nIn liberating strife,\nWho more than self their country loved\nAnd mercy more than life!\nAmerica! America!\nMay God thy gold refine,\nTill all success be nobleness,\nAnd every gain divine!\n\nO beautiful for patriot dream\nThat sees beyond the years\nThine alabaster cities gleam\nUndimmed by human tears!\nAmerica! America!\nGod shed His grace on thee\nAnd crown thy good with brotherhood\nFrom sea to shining sea!", "Flag of the United States The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S.[1] Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes,[2] Old Glory,[3] and the Star-Spangled Banner.", "Land of Hope and Glory In the United States, Canada and the Philippines the instrumental version of this song is traditionally associated with high school and college (university) graduation ceremonies. It is played as a processional or recessional. During ceremonies for larger schools this piece is played repeatedly. It may be played for as long as the graduates are walking, which can be longer than some symphonies.", "The Star-Spangled Banner The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events, such as July 4th celebrations.", "Lupang Hinirang Under the American period, the Flag Act of 1907 prohibited the public display of flags, banners, emblems, or devices used by revolutionaries in the Philippine–American War.[1] Under this law, the colonial government banned the song from being played.[2] The Flag Law was repealed in 1919. Under the Commonwealth, Commonwealth Act № 382, approved on September 5, 1938, officially adopted the musical arrangement and composition by Julián Felipe as the national anthem.", "Pledge of Allegiance A musical setting for \"The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag\" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase \"under God\" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[35]", "America (Neil Diamond song) The song's theme is a positive interpretation of the history of immigration to the United States, both during the early 1900s and today. Combining Diamond's typically powerful melody, dynamic arrangement, and bombastic vocal, it ends with an interpolation of the traditional patriotic song \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\". In Diamond's concerts, the song is a very popular number both home and abroad, with a large United States flag often displayed from the rafters on cue to the lyric, \"Every time that flag's unfurled / They're coming to America.\"[citation needed] The song was featured at the Stone Mountain Laser Show near Atlanta, Georgia.[3]", "God Bless America Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, \"God Bless America\" is commonly sung during the seventh-inning stretch in Major League Baseball games, most often on Sundays,[17] Opening Day,[18] Memorial Day,[19] Independence Day, All-Star Game, Labor Day, September 11,[20] and all post-season Major League Baseball games. Following the attacks, John Dever, then the Assistant Media Relations Director with the San Diego Padres, suggested the song replace \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\", the more traditional 7th inning anthem.[21] MLB quickly followed the Padres lead and instituted it league-wide for the rest of the season; presently, teams decide individually when to play the song. Yankee Stadium[22] and Turner Field[18] are currently the only Major League ballparks to play \"God Bless America\" in every game during the seventh-inning stretch. The Yankees' YES Network televises its performance during some (mainly home) games before going to a commercial. During major games (playoff contests, Opening Day, national holidays, or games against Boston or the Mets), the Yankees will often have Irish tenor Ronan Tynan perform the song.[23]", "To Anacreon in Heaven \"The Anacreontic Song\", also known by its incipit \"To Anacreon in Heaven\", was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Composed by John Stafford Smith, the tune was later used by several writers as a setting for their patriotic lyrics. These included two songs by Francis Scott Key, most famously his poem \"Defence of Fort McHenry\". The combination of Key's poem and Smith's composition became known as \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", which was adopted as the national anthem of the United States of America in 1931.", "Stand Up (For the Champions) In the United States, the song has been used by some National Football League teams.[1]", "Reveille Get out of bed,\nYou lazy bastards! (repeat)", "Flag A flag-raising squad is a group of people, usually troops, cadets, or students, that marches in and brings the flags for the flag-hoisting ceremony. Flag-hoisting ceremonies involving flag-raising squads can be simple or elaborate, involving large numbers of squads. Elaborate flag-hoisting ceremonies are usually performed on national holidays.", "Star-Spangled Banner (flag) Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a two-story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10-degree angle in dim light. The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag's history and significance, called \"The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem\". Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag, while it remains protected in a controlled environment.[15][16][17]", "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American) The song was the last song aired by the Armed Forces Radio Network in Baghdad prior to ceasing operations in Baghdad during the drawdown from Iraq. It was selected by servicemembers who were polled.", "Yankee Doodle \"Yankee Doodle\" is a well-known American song, the early versions of which date to before the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution (1775â€“83)[1] It is often sung patriotically in the United States today and is the state anthem of Connecticut.[2] Its Roud Folk Song Index number is 4501. The melody is thought to be much older than both the lyrics and the subject, going back to folk songs of Medieval Europe.[3][4]", "Star-Spangled Banner (flag) The National Museum of American History produced an online exhibition in conjunction with the reopening of Flag Hall in 2008. An interactive component allows site visitors to closely explore features of the flag in detail, download an audiodescriptive tour of the exhibition for the visually-impaired, and hear the song performed on original instruments from the National Museum of American History's collection.[18]", "The Star-Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording) \"The Star Spangled Banner\" is a charity single recorded by American singer Whitney Houston to raise funds for soldiers and families of those involved in the Persian Gulf War. Written by Francis Scott Key, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the National Anthem of the United States. The musical arrangement for Whitney Houston's rendition was by conductor John Clayton. The recording was produced by music coordinator Rickey Minor, along with Houston herself. The recording was included in the 2014 CD/DVD release, Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances[1] and the US edition of the 2000 release, Whitney: The Greatest Hits.", "God Bless America Irving Berlin wrote the song in 1918 while serving the U.S. Army at Camp Upton in Yaphank, New York, but decided that it did not fit in a revue called Yip Yip Yaphank, so he set it aside.[3] The lyrics at that time included the line \"Make her victorious on land and foam, God bless America...\"[2] as well as \"Stand beside her and guide her to the right with the light from above\".[4]", "Deep in the Heart of Texas Country music singer and native Texan George Strait has the song played before he gets on stage.[citation needed]", "Pomp and Circumstance Marches In the United States, the Trio section \"Land of Hope and Glory\" of March No. 1 is often known simply as \"Pomp and Circumstance\" or as \"The Graduation March\" and is played as the processional tune at virtually all high school and some college graduation ceremonies.[11] It was first played at such a ceremony on 28 June 1905, at Yale University, where the Professor of Music Samuel Sanford had invited his friend Elgar to attend commencement and receive an honorary doctorate of music. Elgar accepted, and Sanford made certain he was the star of the proceedings, engaging the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, the College Choir, the Glee Club, the music faculty members, and New York musicians to perform two parts from Elgar's oratorio The Light of Life and, as the graduates and officials marched out, \"Pomp and Circumstance\" March No. 1. Elgar repaid the compliment by dedicating his Introduction and Allegro to Sanford later that year.[12] The tune soon became de rigueur at American graduations, used primarily as a processional at the opening of the ceremony.[13]", "Music of the United States The patriotic lay songs of the American Revolution constituted the first kind of mainstream popular music. These included \"The Liberty Tree\" by Thomas Paine. Cheaply printed as broadsheets, early patriotic songs spread across the colonies and were performed at home and at public meetings.[44] Fife songs were especially celebrated, and were performed on fields of battle during the American Revolution. The longest lasting of these fife songs is \"Yankee Doodle\", still well known today. The melody dates back to 1755 and was sung by both American and British troops.[45] Patriotic songs were based mostly on English melodies, with new lyrics added to denounce British colonialism; others, however, used tunes from Ireland, Scotland or elsewhere, or did not utilize a familiar melody. The song \"Hail, Columbia\" was a major work[46] that remained an unofficial national anthem until the adoption of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". Much of this early American music still survives in Sacred Harp. Although relatively unknown outside of Shaker Communities, Simple Gifts was written in 1848 by Elder Joseph Brackett and the tune has since become internationally famous.[47]", "Times Square Ball From 2001-02 until 2004-05, the song played immediately before the drop was Lee Greenwoodâ€™s God Bless the U.S.A.. It was sung originally in remembrance of 9/11, but the practice was retained for another three years.", "Flag of Ireland In raising or lowering, the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground. When being hoisted to half-mast, the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half-mast position.[59] It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered.[60] On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered, or when it is passing by in a parade, all present should face it, stand to attention and salute. Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute. Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention. The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by. Where more than one national flag is carried, the salute should be given only to the leading flag.[61] When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag, all present should face the national flag, stand to attention and salute it, remaining at the salute until the last note of the music.[61]", "America the Beautiful Original poem (1893)[11]\n\nO beautiful for halcyon skies,\nFor amber waves of grain,\nFor purple mountain majesties\nAbove the enameled plain!\nAmerica! America!\nGod shed His grace on thee,\nTill souls wax fair as earth and air\nAnd music-hearted sea!\n\nO beautiful for pilgrim feet\nWhose stern, impassioned stress\nA thoroughfare for freedom beat\nAcross the wilderness!\nAmerica! America!\nGod shed His grace on thee\nTill paths be wrought through wilds of thought\nBy pilgrim foot and knee!\n\nO beautiful for glory-tale\nOf liberating strife,\nWhen once or twice, for man's avail,\nMen lavished precious life!\nAmerica! America!\nGod shed His grace on thee\nTill selfish gain no longer stain,\nThe banner of the free!\n\nO beautiful for patriot dream\nThat sees beyond the years\nThine alabaster cities gleam\nUndimmed by human tears!\nAmerica! America!\nGod shed His grace on thee\nTill nobler men keep once again\nThy whiter jubilee!", "Flag Day (United States) In the United States, Flag Day is celebrated on June 14. It commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States on June 14, 1777 by resolution of the Second Continental Congress.[1] The United States Army also celebrates the U.S. Army Birthdays on this date; Congress adopted \"the American continental army\" after reaching a consensus position in the Committee of the Whole on June 14, 1775.[2][3]", "Leo Arnaud For the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, composer John Williams wrote \"Olympic Fanfare and Theme\", which is played in a medley with \"Bugler's Dream.\" It consists of Williams's arrangement of \"Bugler's Dream\" which is similar to Arnaud's original but with a repeat of the theme with a full orchestra, followed by Williams's composition.[6] Williams's arrangement of Arnaud's \"Bugler's Dream\" as well as \"Olympic Fanfare and Theme\" are both commonly used in recent Olympic coverage by NBC. It is also commonly played during graduation ceremonies in the United States.", "Dallas Stars Since the 2005â€“06 season, the national anthems are performed by Celena Rae, a Fort Worth native and former semi-finalist on American Idol. During The Star-Spangled Banner, the fans yell the word \"stars\" in the lines \"whose broad stripes and bright stars\" and \"O say does that star spangled banner yet wave.\"[38] At games, as part of the entertainment, a Kahlenberg KDT-123 fog horn sounds after every Stars goal.[39]" ]	[ "Reveille In modern times, the U.S. military plays (or sounds) \"Reveille\" in the morning, generally near sunrise, though its exact time varies from base to base. On U.S. Army posts and Air Force bases, \"Reveille\" is played by itself or followed by the bugle call \"To the Colors\" at which time the national flag is raised and all U.S. military personnel outdoors are required to come to attention and present a salute in uniform, either to the flag or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible. While in formation, soldiers are brought to the position of parade rest while \"Reveille\" plays then called to attention and present arms as the national flag is raised. On board U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard facilities, the flag is generally raised at 0800 (8 am) while \"The Star Spangled Banner\" or the bugle call \"To the Colors\" is played. On some U.S. military bases, \"Reveille\" is accompanied by a cannon shot." ]
test2454	what is novichok and what does it do	[ "doc84651", "doc84674" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc84651", "doc84674", "doc1577594", "doc84652", "doc84669", "doc84666", "doc84656", "doc84654", "doc84670", "doc84682", "doc84672", "doc84677", "doc84687", "doc84664", "doc84686", "doc84679", "doc84673", "doc84667", "doc84676", "doc84653", "doc84659", "doc84660", "doc84655", "doc84684", "doc2500127", "doc84668", "doc84665", "doc84661", "doc84662", "doc1577621", "doc84678", "doc84683", "doc84685", "doc84681", "doc1577596", "doc1577575", "doc1577582", "doc84675", "doc84657", "doc84663", "doc84671", "doc1577578", "doc84680", "doc1577595", "doc1577593", "doc84658", "doc1577576", "doc2112256", "doc1577585", "doc1577579", "doc1577587", "doc1577586", "doc2500109", "doc1577620", "doc1577584", "doc673182", "doc1577597", "doc1577577", "doc1726210", "doc1577588", "doc1577601", "doc2500154", "doc656927", "doc1160179", "doc596677", "doc2500050", "doc2255798", "doc369961", "doc1845295", "doc2112271", "doc1677043", "doc1577583", "doc1736797", "doc371678", "doc2500052", "doc1088431", "doc1577618", "doc2112258", "doc673175", "doc371676", "doc1160155", "doc467607", "doc267350", "doc1160153", "doc2500173", "doc2084941", "doc1625007", "doc1577599", "doc1577580", "doc1577603", "doc2500108", "doc2112260", "doc1577600", "doc596679", "doc1577591", "doc1845294", "doc467621", "doc369964", "doc371713", "doc596666" ]	[ "Novichok agent Novichok (Russian: Новичо́к, \"newcomer\") is a series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993.[a][2][3] Russian scientists who developed the agents claim they are the deadliest nerve agents ever made, with some variants possibly five to eight times more potent than VX,[4][5] and others up to ten times more potent than soman.[6]", "Novichok agent As nerve agents, the Novichok agents belong to the class of organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These chemical compounds inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the normal breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine concentrations then increase at neuromuscular junctions to cause involuntary contraction of all skeletal muscles (cholinergic crisis). This then leads to respiratory and cardiac arrest (as the victim's heart and diaphragm muscles no longer function normally) and finally death from heart failure or suffocation as copious fluid secretions fill the victim's lungs.[60]", "Nerve agent The Novichok (Russian: Новичо́к, \"newcomer\") agents, a series of organophosphate compounds, were developed in the Soviet Union and in Russia from the mid-1960s to the 1990s. The Novichok program aimed to develop and manufacture highly deadly chemical weapons that were unknown to the West. The new agents were designed to be undetectable by standard NATO chemical-detection equipment and to defeat chemical-protective gear.", "Novichok agent They were designed as part of a Soviet program codenamed \"FOLIANT\".[1][7] Five Novichok variants are believed to have been adapted for military use.[8] The most versatile is A-232 (Novichok-5).[9] Novichok agents have never been used on the battlefield. Theresa May, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and many heads of state, said that one such agent was used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in England in March 2018.[10] Russia denies producing or researching agents \"under the title novichok\".[11]", "Novichok agent The agent A-234 is also supposedly around five to eight times more potent than VX.[56][51]", "Novichok agent Mirzayanov provided the first description of these agents.[24] Dispersed in an ultra-fine powder instead of a gas or a vapor, they have unique qualities. A binary agent was then created that would mimic the same properties but would either be manufactured using materials which are not controlled substances under the CWC,[26] or be undetectable by treaty regime inspections.[37] The most potent compounds from this family, Novichok-5 and Novichok-7, are supposedly around five to eight times more potent than VX.[51] The \"Novichok\" designation refers to the binary form of the agent, with the final compound being referred to by its code number (e.g. A-232). The first Novichok series compound was in fact the binary form of a known V-series nerve agent, VR,[51] while the later Novichok agents are the binary forms of compounds such as A-232 and A-234.[52]", "Novichok agent The Soviet Union and Russia reportedly developed extremely potent fourth-generation chemical weapons from the 1970s until the early 1990s, according to a publication by two chemists, Lev Fyodorov and Vil Mirzayanov in Moskovskiye Novosti weekly in 1992.[21][22][b] The publication appeared just on the eve of Russia's signing of the Chemical Weapons Convention. According to Mirzayanov, the Russian Military Chemical Complex (MCC) was using defense conversion money received from the West for development of a chemical warfare facility.[4][5] Mirzayanov made his disclosure out of environmental concerns. He was the head of a counter-intelligence department and performed measurements outside the chemical weapons facilities to make sure that foreign spies could not detect any traces of production. To his horror, the levels of deadly substances were 80 times greater than the maximum safe concentration.[5][24]", "Novichok agent These agents were designed to achieve four objectives:[15][16]", "Novichok agent The agents are reportedly capable of being delivered as a liquid, aerosol or gas via a variety of systems, including artillery shells, bombs, missiles and spraying devices.[35]", "Novichok agent On 12 March 2018, the UK government said that a Novichok agent had been used in an attack in the English city of Salisbury on 4 March 2018 in an attempt to kill former GRU officer Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia.[74] British Prime Minister Theresa May said in Parliament: \"Either this was a direct action by the Russian state against our country, or the Russian government lost control of its potentially catastrophically damaging nerve agent and allowed it to get into the hands of others.\"[74] On 14 March 2018, the UK expelled 23 Russian diplomats after the Russian government refused to meet the UK's deadline of midnight on 13 March 2018 to give an explanation for the use of the substance.[75]", "Novichok agent A wide range of potential structures have been reported. These all feature the classical organophosphorus core (sometimes with the P=O replaced with P=S or P=Se), which is most commonly depicted as being a phosphoramidate or phosphonate, usually fluorinated (cf. monofluorophosphate). The organic groups are subject to more variety; however, a common substituent is phosgene oxime or analogues thereof. This is a potent chemical weapon in its own right, specifically as a nettle agent, and would be expected to increase the harm done by the Novichok agent. Many claimed structures from this group also contain cross-linking agent motifs which may covalently bind to the acetylcholinesterase enzyme's active site in several places, perhaps explaining the rapid denaturing of the enzyme that is claimed to be characteristic of the Novichok agents.", "Novichok agent As can be seen with other organophosphate poisonings, novichok agents may cause lasting nerve damage, resulting in permanent disablement of victims, according to Russian scientists.[61] Their effect on humans was demonstrated by the accidental exposure of Andrei Zheleznyakov, one of the scientists involved in their development, to the residue of an unspecified Novichok agent while working in a Moscow laboratory in May 1987. He was critically injured and took ten days to recover consciousness after the incident. He lost the ability to walk and was treated at a secret clinic in Leningrad for three months afterwards. The agent caused permanent harm, with effects that included \"chronic weakness in his arms, a toxic hepatitis that gave rise to cirrhosis of the liver, epilepsy, spells of severe depression, and an inability to read or concentrate that left him totally disabled and unable to work.\" He never recovered and died in July 1992 after five years of deteriorating health.[62]", "Novichok agent On April 12, 2018 the OPCW announced that their investigations agreed with the conclusions made by the UK about the identity of the chemical used.[80]", "Novichok agent Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, a British chemical weapons expert and former commanding officer of the UK's Joint Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear Regiment and its NATO equivalent, \"dismissed\" suggestions that Novichok agents could be found in other places in the former Soviet Union such as Uzbekistan and has asserted that Novichok agents were produced only at Shikhany in Saratov Oblast, Russia.[42] Mirzayanov also says that it was at Shikhany, in 1973, that scientist Pyotr Petrovich Kirpichev first produced Novichok agents; Vladimir Uglev joined him on the project in 1975.[43] According to Mirzayanov, while production took place in Shikhany, the weapon was tested at Nukus between 1986 and 1989.[4]", "Novichok agent On April 3, 2018, the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory announced that it was \"completely confident\" that the agent used was Novichok, although they still did not know the \"precise source\" of the agent. Experts said that their findings did not challenge the conclusions by UK government: \"We provided that information to the Government who have then used a number of other sources to come to the conclusions that they have.\"[79]", "Novichok agent The forerunner of Novichok agents, substance-33 (frequently also referred to simply as \"Novichok\")[64] has been reportedly used in 1995 to poison Russian banker Ivan Kivelidi (ru), the head of the Russian Business Round Table, and Zara Ismailova, his secretary.[65][66][67][68][69] According to historians Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky, the murder became \"one of the first in the series of poisonings organized by Russia's security services\". The Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs analyzed the substance and announced that it was \"a phosphorus-based military-grade nerve agent\"[70] \"whose formula was strictly classified\".[70] According to Nesterov, the administrative head of Shikhany, he did not know of \"a single case of such poison being sold illegally\" and noted that the poison \"is used by professional spies\".[70]", "Novichok agent Zoran RadiÄ‡, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, performed an in silico docking study with Mirzayanov's version of the A-232 structure against the active site of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The model predicted a tight fit with high binding affinity and formation of a covalent bond to a serine residue in the active site, with a similar binding mode to established nerve agents such as sarin and soman.[59]", "Novichok agent According to a classified (secret) report by the US Army National Ground Intelligence Center in Military Intelligence Digest dated 24 January 1997,[53] agent designated A-232 and its ethyl analog A-234 developed under the Foliant program \"are as toxic as VX, as resistant to treatment as soman, and more difficult to detect and easier to manufacture than VX\". The binary versions of the agents reportedly uses acetonitrile and an organic phosphate \"that can be disguised as a pesticide precursor.\"", "Novichok agent In the treatment of nerve agent poisoning, atropine is most often administered along with a Hagedorn oxime such as pralidoxime, obidoxime, TMB-4, or HI-6, which reactivates acetylcholinesterase which has been inactivated by phosphorylation by an organophosphorus nerve agent and relieves the respiratory muscle paralysis caused by some nerve agents. Pralidoxime is not effective in reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by some older nerve agents such as soman[60] or the Novichok nerve agents, described in the literature as being up to eight times more toxic than nerve agent VX.[48]", "Novichok agent In 2016, Iranian chemists synthesised five Novichok agents for analysis and produced detailed mass spectral data which was added to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Central Analytical Database.[12][13] Previously there had been no detailed descriptions of their spectral properties in open scientific literature.[12][14]", "Novichok agent Further disclosures followed when Vladimir Uglev, one of Russia's leading binary weapons scientists, revealed the existence of A-232/Novichok-5 in an interview with the magazine Novoye Vremya in early 1994.[27] In his 1998 interview with David E. Hoffman for The Washington Post the chemist claimed that he helped invent the A-232 agent, that it's more frostproof, and confirmed that a binary version has been developed from it.[28] Uglev revealed more details in 2018 following the poisoning of the Skripals, stating that \"several hundred\" compounds were synthesised during the Foliant research but only four agents were weaponised (presumably the Novichok-5, -7, -8 and -9 mentioned by other sources), the first three were liquids and only the last, which was not developed until 1980, could be made into a powder. Unlike the interview 20 years earlier, he denied any binary agents were developed successfully, at least up until his involvement in the research ceased in 1994.[29]", "Novichok agent Novichok was referred to in a patent filed in 2008 for an organophosphorus poisoning treatment. The University of Maryland, Baltimore research was part funded by the U.S. Army.[30]", "Novichok agent Some of these agents are binary weapons, in which precursors for the nerve agents are mixed in a munition to produce the agent just prior to its use. Because the precursors are generally significantly less hazardous than the agents themselves, this technique makes handling and transporting the munitions a great deal simpler. Additionally, precursors to the agents are usually much easier to stabilize than the agents themselves, so this technique also made it possible to increase the shelf life of the agents. This has the disadvantage that careless preparation may produce a non-optimal agent. During the 1980s and 1990s, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and are designated as \"Novichok\" agents. The FOLIANT program may have been influenced by information on a secret American nerve agent code named \"GJ\" fed to the Soviet Union by a double agent as part of Operation Shocker.[18][19][20]", "Novichok agent Daniel Gerstein, a former senior official at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, said it was possible that Novichok nerve agents had been used before in Britain to assassinate Kremlin targets, but had not been detected: \"It's entirely likely that we have seen someone expire from this and not realized it. We realized in this case because they were found unresponsive on a park bench. Had it been a higher dose, maybe they would have died and we would have thought it was natural causes.\"[77]", "Chemical warfare Additionally, precursors to the agents are usually much easier to stabilize than the agents themselves, so this technique also made it possible to increase the shelf life of the agents a great deal. During the 1980s and 1990s, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and are designated as \"Novichok\" agents (after the Russian word for \"newcomer\").[89] Together with Lev Fedorov, he told the secret Novichok story exposed in the newspaper The Moscow News.[90]", "Novichok agent Mirzayanov gives somewhat different structures for Novichok agents in his autobiography to those which have been identified by Western experts.[54] He makes clear that a large number of compounds were made, and many of the less potent derivatives were reported in the open literature as new organophosphate insecticides,[55] so that the secret chemical weapons program could be disguised as legitimate pesticide research.", "Novichok agent Following the poisoning of the Skripals, former head of the GosNIIOKhT security department Nikolay Volodin confirmed in an interview to Novaya Gazeta that there have been tests at Nukus, and said that dogs were used.[44]", "Novichok agent Leonid Rink, who said he had done his doctoral dissertation research on the Novichok agents, [31] confirmed that the structures leaked by Mirzayanov were the correct ones.[32] Leonid Rink himself was convicted in Russia in 1994 for illegally selling the agent.[33][34]", "Novichok agent Stephanie Fitzpatrick, an American geopolitical consultant, has claimed that the Chemical Research Institute in Nukus, Soviet Uzbekistan,[35] produced Novichok agents and The New York Times has reported that U.S. officials said the site was the major research and testing site for Novichok agents.[36][37] Small, experimental batches of the weapons may have been tested on the nearby Ustyurt Plateau.[37] Fitzpatrick also writes that the agents may have been tested in a research centre in Krasnoarmeysk near Moscow.[35] Precursor chemicals were made at the Pavlodar Chemical Plant in Soviet Kazakhstan, which was also thought to be the intended Novichok weapons production site, until its still-under-construction chemical warfare agent production building was demolished in 1987 in view of the forthcoming 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord and the Chemical Weapons Convention.[38][39]", "Nerve agent On 4 March 2018, a former Russian agent (who was convicted of high treason but allowed to live in the United Kingdom via a spy swap agreement), Sergei Skripal and his daughter who were visiting from Moscow were both poisoned by a nerve agent. They remained in a critical condition in hospital as of mid-March, 2018.[37] In addition, a Wiltshire Police officer, Nick Bailey, was exposed to the substance. He was one of the first to respond to the incident. Twenty-one members of the public received medical treatment following exposure to the nerve agent. Despite this, only Bailey and the Skripals remained in critical conditions.[38] On 11 March 2018, Public Health England issued advice for the other people believed to have been in The Mill Pub (location where the attack is believed to have been carried out) or the nearby Zizzi Restaurant.[39] On 12 March 2018, British Prime Minister Theresa May stated that the substance used was a Novichok nerve agent.[40]", "Novichok agent The US Army has funded studies of the use of galantamine along with atropine in the treatment of a number of nerve agents, including soman and the Novichok agents. An unexpected synergistic interaction was seen to occur between galantamine (given between five hours before to thirty minutes after exposure) and atropine in an amount of 6 mg/kg or higher. Increasing the dose of galantamine from 5 to 8 mg/kg decreased the dose of atropine needed to protect experimental animals from the toxicity of soman in dosages 1.5 times the LD50 (lethal dose in half the animals studied).[30]", "Novichok agent After the attack, 21 members of the emergency services and public were checked for possible exposure, and three were hospitalised. As of 12 March, one police officer remained in hospital.[74] Five hundred members of the public were advised to decontaminate their possessions to prevent possible long-term exposure, and 180 members of the military and 18 vehicles were deployed to assist with decontamination at locations in and around Salisbury. Up to 38 people in Salisbury have been affected by the agent to an undetermined extent.[76] Addressing the United Nations Security Council, Vassily Nebenzia, the Russian envoy to the UN, responded to the British allegations by denying that Russia had ever produced or researched the agents, stating: \"No scientific research or development under the title Novichok were carried out.\"[11]", "Novichok agent On 20 March 2018, Ahmet Üzümcü, Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), said that it will take \"another two to three weeks to finalize the analysis\" of samples taken from the poisoning of Skripal.[78]", "Novichok agent The employee of GosNIIOKhT Leonard Rink received a one-year suspended sentence for selling Novichok agents to unnamed buyers \"of Chechen ethnicity\" soon after the poisoning of Kivelidi and Izmailova.\"[72][73]", "Nerve agent Contrary to what is sometimes claimed,[21][22] not all nerve agents are organophosphates. A large group of them are carbamates like EA-3990 and EA-4056, both of which have been claimed to be about 3 times more toxic than VX. Both the USA[19] and the Soviet Union[23] developed carbamate nerve agents during the Cold War, these are sometimes grouped as \"fourth generation\" agents along with the Novichok agents due to their falling outside the definitions of controlled substances under the CWC.", "Nerve agent Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.", "Nerve agent Nerve agents disrupt the nervous system by inhibiting the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase by forming a covalent bond with its active site, where acetylcholine would normally be broken down (undergo hydrolysis). Acetylcholine thus builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. This same action also occurs at the gland and organ levels, resulting in uncontrolled drooling, tearing of the eyes (lacrimation) and excess production of mucus from the nose (rhinorrhea).", "Novichok agent The use of a fast-acting peripheral anticholinergic drug such as atropine can block the receptors where acetylcholine acts to prevent poisoning (as in the treatment for poisoning by other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors). Atropine, however, is difficult to administer safely, because its effective dose for nerve agent poisoning is close to the dose at which patients suffer severe side effects such as changes in heart rate and thickening of the bronchial secretions which fill the lungs of someone suffering nerve agent poisoning, so that suctioning of these secretions and other advanced life support techniques may be necessary in addition to administration of atropine to treat nerve agent poisoning.[60]", "Novichok agent Russian military industrial complex authorities admitted the existence of Novichok agents when they brought a treason case against Mirzayanov. According to expert witness testimonies that three scientists prepared for the KGB, Novichok and other related chemical agents had indeed been produced and therefore Mirzayanov's disclosure represented high treason.[c]", "Novichok agent Since its independence in 1991, Uzbekistan has been working with the government of the United States to dismantle and decontaminate the sites where the Novichok agents and other chemical weapons were tested and developed.[35][37] Between 1999[40] and 2002 the United States Department of Defense dismantled the major research and testing site for Novichok at the Chemical Research Institute in Nukus, under a $6 million Cooperative Threat Reduction program.[36][41]", "Novichok agent According to chemical weapons expert Jonathan Tucker, the first binary formulation developed under the Foliant program was used to make Substance 33 (VR), very similar to the more widely-known VX, differing only in the alkyl substituents on its nitrogen and oxygen atoms. \"", "Nerve agent Nerve agents attack the nervous system of the human body. All such agents function the same way resulting in cholinergic crisis: they inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synapses between nerves that control muscle contraction. If the agent cannot be broken down, muscles are prevented from relaxing and they are effectively paralyzed.[2]:131â€“139 This includes the heart and the muscles used for breathing. Because of this, the first symptoms usually appear within seconds of exposure and death can occur via asphyxiation or cardiac arrest in a few minutes.[1]", "Novichok agent Vladimir Khutsishvili, a former business partner of the banker, was subsequently convicted for the killings.[65] According to The Independent, \"A closed trial found that his business partner had obtained the substance via intermediaries from an employee of the State Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (ru) (GosNIIOKhT),[71] which was involved in the development of Novichoks. However, Khutsishvilli, who claimed that he was innocent, had not been detained at the time of the trial and freely left the country. He was arrested only in 2006 after he returned to Russia, believing that the ten-year old case was closed.[70] According to Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky, Khutsishvilli was framed for the murder by Russia's security services which had access to the chemical agent and used it to organize the murder on the orders of a senior Russian state official.[70]", "Nerve agent In addition to the newly-developed \"third generation\" weapons, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and were designated as \"Novichok\" agents.", "Nerve agent The most studied agent in this family, VX, was invented in the 1950s at Porton Down in the United Kingdom. Ranajit Ghosh, a chemist at the Plant Protection Laboratories of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was investigating a class of organophosphate compounds (organophosphate esters of substituted aminoethanethiols). Like Schrader, Ghosh found that they were quite effective pesticides. In 1954, ICI put one of them on the market under the trade name Amiton. It was subsequently withdrawn, as it was too toxic for safe use. The toxicity did not go unnoticed and some of the more toxic materials had been sent to the British Armed Forces research facility at Porton Down for evaluation. After the evaluation was complete, several members of this class of compounds became a new group of nerve agents, the V agents (depending on the source, the V stands for Victory, Venomous, or Viscous). The best known of these is probably VX, with VR (\"Russian V-gas\") coming a close second (Amiton is largely forgotten as VG). All of the V-agents are persistent agents, meaning that these agents do not degrade or wash away easily and can therefore remain on clothes and other surfaces for long periods. In use, this allows the V-agents to be used to blanket terrain to guide or curtail the movement of enemy ground forces. The consistency of these agents is similar to oil; as a result, the contact hazard for V-agents is primarily – but not exclusively – dermal. VX was the only V-series agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets, artillery shells, airplane spray tanks, and landmines.[18][20]", "Novichok agent Mirzayanov was arrested on 22 October 1992 and sent to Lefortovo prison for divulging state secrets. He was released later because \"not one of the formulas or names of poisonous substances in the Moscow News article was new to the Soviet press, nor were locations ... of testing sites revealed.\"[5] According to Yevgenia Albats, \"the real state secret revealed by Fyodorov and Mirzayanov was that generals had lied—and were still lying—to both the international community and their fellow citizens.\"[5] Mirzayanov now lives in the U.S.[26]", "Nerve agent Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to constriction of pupils, profuse salivation, convulsions, and involuntary urination and defecation, with the first symptoms appearing in seconds after exposure. Death by asphyxiation or cardiac arrest may follow in minutes due to the loss of the body's control over respiratory and other muscles. Some nerve agents are readily vaporized or aerosolized, and the primary portal of entry into the body is the respiratory system. Nerve agents can also be absorbed through the skin, requiring that those likely to be subjected to such agents wear a full body suit in addition to a respirator.", "Douma chemical attack On 7 April 2018, a chemical attack in the Syrian city of Douma reportedly killed at least 70 people.[5] On-site medics said a mixture of chlorine gas and sarin was used in the attack.[6] The attack was attributed to the Syrian Army by rebel forces in Douma, non-governmental aid and medical workers there, and by a number of countries, including the United States, most NATO members, and the European Union.[7][8] Syria and Russia's defense ministries stated that \"the attack did not happen and video evidence for it was staged and directed by British intelligence.\"[9][10]", "Nerve agent Pralidoxime chloride, also known as 2-PAM chloride, is also used as an antidote.[10] Rather than counteracting the initial effects of the nerve agent on the nervous system as does atropine, pralidoxime chloride reactivates the poisoned enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) by scavenging the phosphoryl group attached on the functional hydroxyl group of the enzyme.[12] Though safer to use than atropine, it takes longer to act.", "Nerve agent Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve agents (like sarin) are a runny nose, tightness in the chest, and constriction of the pupils. Soon after, the victim will have difficulty breathing and will experience nausea and salivation. As the victim continues to lose control of bodily functions, involuntary salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal pain and vomiting will be experienced. Blisters and burning of the eyes and/or lungs may also occur.[3][4] This phase is followed by initially myoclonic jerks (muscle jerks) followed by status epilepticus -type epileptic seizure. Death then comes via complete respiratory depression, most likely via the excessive peripheral activity at the neuromuscular junction of the diaphragm.[2]:147â€“149", "Nerve agent Butyrylcholinesterase is under development by the U.S. Department of Defense as a prophylactic countermeasure against organophosphate nerve agents. It binds nerve agent in the bloodstream before the poison can exert effects in the nervous system. [13]", "Nerve agent Revival of acetylcholinesterase with pralidoxime chloride works more effectively on nicotinic receptors while blocking acetylcholine receptors with atropine is more effective on muscarinic receptors. Often, severe cases of poisoning are treated with both drugs.[10]", "Chemical warfare The toxicity did not go unnoticed, and samples of it were sent to the research facility at Porton Down for evaluation. After the evaluation was complete, several members of this class of compounds were developed into a new group of much more lethal nerve agents, the V agents. The best-known of these is probably VX, assigned the UK Rainbow Code Purple Possum, with the Russian V-Agent coming a close second (Amiton is largely forgotten as VG).[79]", "Nerve agent On 13 February 2017, the nerve agent VX was used in the assassination of Kim Jong-nam, half-brother of the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia.[36]", "Nerve agent Atropine and related anticholinergic drugs act as antidotes to nerve agent poisoning because they block acetylcholine receptors, but they are poisonous in their own right.[10] Some synthetic anticholinergics, such as biperiden,[11] may counteract the central symptoms of nerve agent poisoning better than atropine, since they pass the blood–brain barrier better than atropine.[citation needed] While these drugs will save the life of a person affected by nerve agents, that person may be incapacitated briefly or for an extended period, depending on the extent of exposure. The endpoint of atropine administration is the clearing of bronchial secretions. Atropine for field use by military personnel is often loaded in an autoinjector (e.g. ATNAA), for ease of use in stressful conditions.[10]", "Acetylcholinesterase Irreversible inhibitors of AChE may lead to muscular paralysis, convulsions, bronchial constriction, and death by asphyxiation. Organophosphates (OP), esters of phosphoric acid, are a class of irreversible AChE inhibitors.[22] Cleavage of OP by AChE leaves a phosphoryl group in the esteratic site, which is slow to be hydrolyzed (on the order of days) and can become covalently bound. Irreversible AChE inhibitors have been used in insecticides (e.g., malathion) and nerve gases for chemical warfare (e.g., Sarin and Soman). Carbamates, esters of N-methyl carbamic acid, are AChE inhibitors that hydrolyze in hours and have been used for medical purposes (e.g., physostigmine for the treatment of glaucoma). Reversible inhibitors occupy the esteratic site for short periods of time (seconds to minutes) and are used to treat of a range of central nervous system diseases. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and donepezil are FDA-approved to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Rivastigmine is also used to treat Alzheimer's and Lewy body dementia, and pyridostigmine bromide is used to treat myasthenia gravis.[23][24][25][26][27][28]", "Nerve agent Some insecticides, including carbamates and organophosphates such as dichlorvos, malathion and parathion, are nerve agents. The metabolism of insects is sufficiently different from mammals that these compounds have little effect on humans and other mammals at proper doses, but there is considerable concern about the effects of long-term exposure to these chemicals by farm workers and animals alike. At high enough doses, acute toxicity and death can occur through the same mechanism as other nerve agents. Some insecticides such as demeton, dimefox and paraoxon are sufficiently toxic to humans that they have been withdrawn from agricultural use, and were at one stage investigated for potential military applications. Paraoxon was allegedly used as an assassination weapon by the apartheid South African government as part of Project Coast. Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is a major cause of disability in many developing countries and is often the preferred method of suicide.[24]", "Nerve agent Nerve agents are generally colorless to amber-colored, tasteless liquids that may evaporate to a gas. Agents sarin and VX are odorless; tabun has a slightly fruity odor and soman has a slight camphor odor.[1]", "Tear gas Tear gas, formally known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (from the Latin lacrima, meaning \"tear\"), sometimes colloquially known as mace,[NB 1] is a chemical weapon that causes severe eye, respiratory, and skin irritation, pain, bleeding, and even blindness. In the eye, it stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland to produce tears. Common lachrymators include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray (nonivamide), CS gas, CR gas, CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone, xylyl bromide, syn-propanethial-S-oxide (from onions), and Mace (a branded mixture).", "Nerve agent Both purified acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase have demonstrated success in animal studies as \"biological scavengers\" (and universal targets) to provide stoichiometric protection against the entire spectrum of organophosphate nerve agents.[14][15] Butyrylcholinesterase currently is the preferred enzyme for development as a pharmaceutical drug primarily because it is a naturally circulating human plasma protein (superior pharmacokinetics) and its larger active site compared with acetylcholinesterase may permit greater flexibility for future design and improvement of butyrylcholinesterase to act as a nerve agent scavenger.[16]", "Nerve agent In experiments, tabun was extremely potent against insects: as little as 5 ppm of tabun killed all the leaf lice he used in his initial experiment. In January 1937, Schrader observed the effects of nerve agents on human beings first-hand when a drop of tabun spilled onto a lab bench. Within minutes he and his laboratory assistant began to experience miosis (constriction of the pupils of the eyes), dizziness and severe shortness of breath. It took them three weeks to recover fully.", "Chemical warfare In an anti-terrorist attack on October 26, 2002, Russian special forces used a chemical agent (presumably KOLOKOL-1, an aerosolized fentanyl derivative), as a precursor to an assault on Chechen terrorists, meant to incapacitate them with minimal harm to the hostages, ending the Moscow theater hostage crisis. All 42 of the terrorists and 120 out of 850 hostages were killed during the raid. Of the hostages who died, all but one or two died from the effects of the agent.", "Cold War (1979–1985) These chemicals were believed to be either supplied or delivered by the Soviets and were used in at least some of over 400 attacks and contributed to at least a fraction of over ten thousand deaths during these attacks.[49] This chemical agent had many severe symptoms including but not limited to: vomiting, damage to the nervous system, skin and eye irritation, vision impairment or loss, and diarrhea.", "Acetylcholine They are examples of enzyme inhibitors, and increase the action of acetylcholine by delaying its degradation; some have been used as nerve agents (Sarin and VX nerve gas) or pesticides (organophosphates and the carbamates). Many toxins and venoms produced by plants and animals also contain cholinesterase inhibitors. In clinical use, they are administered in low doses to reverse the action of muscle relaxants, to treat myasthenia gravis, and to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (rivastigmine, which increases cholinergic activity in the brain).", "Atropine Atropine is not an actual antidote for organophosphate poisoning. However, by blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, atropine also serves as a treatment for poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases, such as tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD) and VX. Troops who are likely to be attacked with chemical weapons often carry autoinjectors with atropine and obidoxime, for rapid injection into the muscles of the thigh. In a developed case of nerve-gas poisoning, maximum atropinization is desirable. Atropine is often used in conjunction with pralidoxime chloride.", "Chemical warfare Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered \"weapons of mass destruction\" (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. With proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.", "Organophosphorus compound Organophosphorus compounds are organic compounds containing phosphorus.[1] They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. These compounds are highly effective insecticides, though some are also lethal to humans at minuscule doses (nerve gas) and include some of the most toxic substances ever created by man, including sarin and VX nerve agents.[2]", "Insecticide Organophosphates are another large class of contact insecticides. These also target the insect's nervous system. Organophosphates interfere with the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and other cholinesterases, disrupting nerve impulses and killing or disabling the insect. Organophosphate insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (such as sarin, tabun, soman, and VX) work in the same way. Organophosphates have a cumulative toxic effect to wildlife, so multiple exposures to the chemicals amplifies the toxicity.[12] In the US, organophosphate use declined with the rise of substitutes.[13]", "Modern warfare Chemical warfare is warfare (associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to incapacitate or kill enemy combatants.", "Douma chemical attack Russian officialsâ€² statements were interpreted by Nic Robertson of CNN as an indication that the chemical attack in Douma had been planned by Russia in advance as an asymmetric warfare tactic in response to reactions by the West after the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal.[72]", "Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme inhibitors are found in nature and are also designed and produced as part of pharmacology and biochemistry. Natural poisons are often enzyme inhibitors that have evolved to defend a plant or animal against predators. These natural toxins include some of the most poisonous compounds known. Artificial inhibitors are often used as drugs, but can also be insecticides such as malathion, herbicides such as glyphosate, or disinfectants such as triclosan. Other artificial enzyme inhibitors block acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme which breaks down acetylcholine, and are used as nerve agents in chemical warfare.", "Nerve agent The reaction products of the most important nerve agents, including soman, sarin, tabun and VX, with acetylcholinesterase were solved by the U.S. Army using X-ray crystallography in the 1990s.[8][9] The reaction products have been confirmed subsequently using different sources of acetylcholinesterase and the closely related target enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase. The X-ray structures clarify important aspects of the reaction mechanism (e.g., stereochemical inversion) at atomic resolution and provide a key tool for antidote development.", "Biological warfare Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed \"bio-weapons\", \"biological threat agents\", or \"bio-agents\") are living organisms or replicating entities (viruses, which are not universally considered \"alive\") that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. Entomological (insect) warfare is also considered a type of biological weapon. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and chemical warfare, which together with biological warfare make up NBC, the military initialism for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare using weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these is a conventional weapon, which are deployed primarily for their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential.", "Botulinum toxin There are eight types of botulinum toxin, named type A–H. Type A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically.[3] Types C–G are less common; types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals.[4] Type H is considered the deadliest substance in the world – an injection of only 2-billionths of a gram (2 ng) can cause death to an adult.[5] Botulinum toxin types A and B are used in medicine to treat various muscle spasms and diseases characterized by overactive muscle. The commercial form is marketed under the brand name Botox, among others.[6][7]", "Chemical warfare Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force. The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax) is considered biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; however, the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (e.g. toxins such as botulinum toxin, ricin, and saxitoxin) is considered chemical warfare under the provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Under this Convention, any toxic chemical, regardless of its origin, is considered a chemical weapon unless it is used for purposes that are not prohibited (an important legal definition known as the General Purpose Criterion).[2]", "UN investigation of chemical weapons use in Ghouta A Russian defence expert Ruslan Pukhov, said that the code found by the UN investigators on the M-14 munition showed it had been produced in 1967 by the Sibselmash plant in Novosibirsk for a BM-14-17 multiple rocket launcher. He said that these weapons had been taken out of service by Syria and replaced with BM-21s. The second projectile identified by weapons inspectors, he thought, looked to be ‘home made’.[32] An Iranian chemical weapons expert, Abbas Foroutan, said in October 2013 that the UN should publish more details about the investigation than were provided in the report, including victims' pulse rates and blood pressure and their response to the atropine treatment, the victims' levels of acetylcholinesterase (sarin is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor), and more technical details on the lab testing process.[33]", "Nerve agent In the Gulf War, no nerve agents (nor other chemical weapons) were used, but a number of U.S. and UK personnel were exposed to them when the Khamisiyah chemical depot was destroyed. This and the widespread use of anticholinergic drugs as a protective treatment against any possible nerve gas attack have been proposed as a possible cause of Gulf War syndrome.[33] A widely publicized use of nerve agents was the 1995 terrorist attack in which operatives of the Aum Shinrikyo religious group released sarin into the Tokyo subway system.[34]", "Douma chemical attack The Syrian Arab Republic's forces have used chemical weapons many times before - according to Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and United Nations investigations.[11][12][13] Human Rights Watch has documented 85 chemical weapons attacks in Syria since 2013.[14] People reported incidents of chemical weapons use specifically in Douma in January 2018; Russia vetoed a potential United Nations mission to investigate.[15][16] The Arms Control Association reported two smaller chlorine gas attacks in Douma on 7 March and 11 March.[17]", "Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE), also known as AChE or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.", "Botulinum toxin Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis. Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used commercially in medicine, cosmetics and research.", "Acetylcholine Partly because of its muscle-activating function, but also because of its functions in the autonomic nervous system and brain, a large number of important drugs exert their effects by altering cholinergic transmission. Numerous venoms and toxins produced by plants, animals, and bacteria, as well as chemical nerve agents such as Sarin, cause harm by inactivating or hyperactivating muscles via their influences on the neuromuscular junction. Drugs that act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, such as atropine, can be poisonous in large quantities, but in smaller doses they are commonly used to treat certain heart conditions and eye problems. Scopolamine, which acts mainly on muscarinic receptors in the brain, can cause delirium and amnesia. The addictive qualities of nicotine are derived from its effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.", "Chemical Weapons Convention The convention distinguishes three classes of controlled substance,[14][15] chemicals that can either be used as weapons themselves or used in the manufacture of weapons. The classification is based on the quantities of the substance produced commercially for legitimate purposes. Each class is split into Part A, which are chemicals that can be used directly as weapons, and Part B, which are chemicals useful in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Separate from the precursors, the convention defines toxic chemicals as \"[a]ny chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere.\"[16]", "Action potential A special case of a chemical synapse is the neuromuscular junction, in which the axon of a motor neuron terminates on a muscle fiber.[ae] In such cases, the released neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to the acetylcholine receptor, an integral membrane protein in the membrane (the sarcolemma) of the muscle fiber.[af] However, the acetylcholine does not remain bound; rather, it dissociates and is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, located in the synapse. This enzyme quickly reduces the stimulus to the muscle, which allows the degree and timing of muscular contraction to be regulated delicately. Some poisons inactivate acetylcholinesterase to prevent this control, such as the nerve agents sarin and tabun,[ag] and the insecticides diazinon and malathion.[ah]", "Acetylcholine Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells.[1] Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic. Substances that interfere with acetylcholine activity are called anticholinergics. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction—in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles. This property means that drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions. Acetylcholine is also used as a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system.[1]", "Chemical warfare Chemical weapons are inert agents that come in four categories: choking, blister, blood and nerve.[130] The agents are organized into several categories according to the manner in which they affect the human body. The names and number of categories varies slightly from source to source, but in general, types of chemical warfare agents are as follows:", "Nicotine poisoning It is sometimes reported that people poisoned by organophosphate insecticides experience the same symptoms as nicotine poisoning. Organophosphates inhibit an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, causing a buildup of acetylcholine, excessive stimulation of all types of cholinergic neurons, and a wide range of symptoms. Nicotine is specific for nicotinic cholinergic receptors only and has some, but not all of the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning.", "Botulism Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram positive, spore-forming rod. Botulinum toxin is one of the most powerful known toxins: about one microgram is lethal to humans when inhaled.[13] It acts by blocking nerve function (neuromuscular blockade) through inhibition of the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine's release from the presynaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions in the somatic nervous system. This causes paralysis. Advanced botulism can cause respiratory failure by paralysing the muscles of the chest; this can progress to respiratory arrest.[14] Furthermore, acetylcholine release from the presynaptic membranes of muscarinic nerve synapses is blocked. This can lead to a variety of autonomic signs and symptoms described above.", "Nerve agent The method chosen will depend on the physical properties of the nerve agent(s) used, the nature of the target, and the achievable level of sophistication.[25]", "Nerve agent The effects of nerve agents are long lasting and increase with continued exposure. Survivors of nerve agent poisoning almost invariably suffer chronic neurological damage and related psychiatric effects.[5] Possible effects that can last at least up to 2â€“3 years after exposure include blurred vision, tiredness, declined memory, hoarse voice, palpitations, sleeplessness, shoulder stiffness and eye strain. In people exposed to nerve agents, serum and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in the long-term are noticeably lower than normal and tend to be lower the worse the persisting symptoms are.[6][7]", "Nerve agent Sarin was discovered by Schrader and his team in 1938 and named in honor of its discoverers: Schrader, Ambros, Gerhard Ritter, and von der Linde.[26] It was codenamed T-144 or Trilon-46. It was found to be more than ten times as potent as tabun.", "Chemical warfare Ranajit Ghosh, a chemist at the Plant Protection Laboratories of Imperial Chemical Industries was investigating a class of organophosphate compounds (organophosphate esters of substituted aminoethanethiols),[78] for use as a pesticide. In 1954, ICI put one of them on the market under the trade name Amiton. It was subsequently withdrawn, as it was too toxic for safe use.", "Douma chemical attack The chemical attack in Douma reportedly happened on 7 April 2018. The Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations, a humanitarian organization that supervises medical services in the region, attributed seventy deaths to the attack. On-site medics reported chlorine gas and sarin nerve agent caused the deaths.[6] A video from the scene showed dead men, women, and children with foam at their mouths.[30] The Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS) reported over 500 injured people at Douma \"were brought to local medical centers with symptoms indicative of exposure to a chemical agent.\"[31] SAMS also said a chlorine bomb struck a Douma hospital, killing six people, and that another attack with \"mixed agents\" affected a building nearby.[32] According to the Syrian opposition groups, witnesses also reported a strong smell of chlorine and said effects appeared stronger than in previous similar attacks.[33] Syrian opposition activists also posted videos of yellow compressed gas cylinders that they said were used during the attack.[33] Based on the symptoms and the speed with which the victims were affected, medical workers and experts suggested either a combination of chlorine with another gas or a nerve agent was used.[33] Several medical,[34] monitoring, and activist groups[5]—including the White Helmets—reported Syrian Army helicopters dropped barrel bombs on the city of Douma.[35][36][37][38][39] The bombs, suspected to be filled with chemical munitions such as chlorine gas and sarin,[40][41] caused severe convulsions in some residents and suffocated others.[30]", "Nerve agent This first class of nerve agents, the G-series, was accidentally discovered in Germany on December 23, 1936, by a research team headed by Gerhard Schrader working for IG Farben. Since 1934, Schrader had been working in a laboratory in Leverkusen to develop new types of insecticides for IG Farben. While working toward his goal of improved insecticide, Schrader experimented with numerous compounds, eventually leading to the preparation of tabun.", "Atropine Some of the nerve agents attack and destroy acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylation, so the action of acetylcholine becomes excessive and prolonged. Pralidoxime (2-PAM) can be effective against organophosphate poisoning because it can re-cleave this phosphorylation. Atropine can be used to reduce the effect of the poisoning by blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which would otherwise be overstimulated, by excessive acetylcholine accumulation.", "Nerve agent This series is the first and oldest family of nerve agents. The first nerve agent ever synthesised was GA (tabun) in 1936. GB (sarin) was discovered next in 1939, followed by GD (soman) in 1944, and finally the more obscure GF (cyclosarin) in 1949. GB was the only G agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets, aerial bombs, and artillery shells.[18]", "Modern warfare Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. It is meant to incapacitate or kill enemy combatants. It may also be defined as the employment of biological agents to produce casualties in man or animals and damage to plants or material; or defense against such employment.", "Chemical Weapons Convention Following the August 2013 Ghouta chemical attack,[46] Syria, which had long been suspected of possessing chemical weapons, acknowledged them in September 2013 and agreed to put them under international supervision.[47] On 14 September Syria deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC with the United Nations as the depositary and agreed to its provisional application pending entry into force effective 14 October.[48][49] An accelerated destruction schedule was devised by Russia and the United States on 14 September,[50] and was endorsed by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118[51] and the OPCW Executive Council Decision EC-M-33/DEC.1.[52] Their deadline for destruction was the first half of 2014.[52] Syria gave the OPCW an inventory of its chemical weapons arsenal[53] and started its destruction in October 2013, 2 weeks before its formal entry into force, while applying the convention provisionally.[54][55] All declared Category 1 materials were destroyed by August 2014.[32] However, the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack in April 2017 revealed that undeclared stockpiles likely remained in the country. A suspected chemical attack on Douma took place on 7 April 2018 that killed at least 49 civilians with scores injured, and which has been blamed on the Assad government.[56][57]", "Insecticide Neonicotinoids are synthetic analogues of the natural insecticide nicotine (with much lower acute mammalian toxicity and greater field persistence). These chemicals are acetylcholine receptor agonists. They are broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, with rapid action (minutes-hours). They are applied as sprays, drenches, seed and soil treatments. Treated insects exhibit leg tremors, rapid wing motion, stylet withdrawal (aphids), disoriented movement, paralysis and death.[15] Imidacloprid may be the most common. It has recently come under scrutiny for allegedly pernicious effects on honeybees[16] and its potential to increase the susceptibility of rice to planthopper attacks.[17]", "Botulinum toxin The Japanese doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo produced botulinum toxin and spread it as an aerosol in downtown Tokyo during the 1990s, but the attacks caused no fatalities.[64]", "Atropine Atropine is a medication to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate and to decrease saliva production during surgery.[3] It is typically given intravenously or by injection into a muscle.[3] Eye drops are also available which are used to treat uveitis and early amblyopia.[4] The intravenous solution usually begins working within a minute and lasts half an hour to an hour.[2] Large doses may be required to treat some poisonings.[3]" ]	[ "Novichok agent Novichok (Russian: Новичо́к, \"newcomer\") is a series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993.[a][2][3] Russian scientists who developed the agents claim they are the deadliest nerve agents ever made, with some variants possibly five to eight times more potent than VX,[4][5] and others up to ten times more potent than soman.[6]", "Novichok agent As nerve agents, the Novichok agents belong to the class of organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These chemical compounds inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the normal breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine concentrations then increase at neuromuscular junctions to cause involuntary contraction of all skeletal muscles (cholinergic crisis). This then leads to respiratory and cardiac arrest (as the victim's heart and diaphragm muscles no longer function normally) and finally death from heart failure or suffocation as copious fluid secretions fill the victim's lungs.[60]" ]
test1417	what is the processor for google nexus 5	[ "doc50490" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc50490", "doc50485", "doc50501", "doc50487", "doc50488", "doc870178", "doc50489", "doc50492", "doc50499", "doc303223", "doc50493", "doc50496", "doc296388", "doc50500", "doc50491", "doc2604732", "doc50486", "doc50495", "doc50494", "doc50497", "doc1198092", "doc303231", "doc2445008", "doc296385", "doc732756", "doc78224", "doc732757", "doc78235", "doc1198093", "doc2126558", "doc2126563", "doc2126587", "doc870171", "doc1017361", "doc303224", "doc2126569", "doc50498", "doc2126618", "doc2658220", "doc733968", "doc732758", "doc188205", "doc1167072", "doc1167070", "doc1630273", "doc1741682", "doc1017371", "doc132854", "doc732755", "doc1313137", "doc1237591", "doc2257920", "doc2126579", "doc732762", "doc1898591", "doc100323", "doc2126602", "doc2126604", "doc2126608", "doc2126599", "doc1699054", "doc1090441", "doc1090434", "doc2126606", "doc732779", "doc1198094", "doc2126566", "doc296384", "doc296386", "doc1938950", "doc2126617", "doc2126615", "doc1037016", "doc132840", "doc2325404", "doc425788", "doc386660", "doc132843", "doc303225", "doc78218", "doc1167071", "doc1167073", "doc2126590", "doc625250", "doc2126578", "doc1894446", "doc1894447", "doc2126581", "doc2126575", "doc2126572", "doc315841", "doc2126626", "doc2126624", "doc2325402", "doc898235", "doc315840", "doc2126613", "doc2126555", "doc2257913", "doc610158" ]	[ "Nexus 5 Its hardware contains similarities to the LG G2; it is powered by a 2.26 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 800 processor with 2 GB of RAM, either 16 or 32 GB of internal storage, and a 2300 mAh battery. The Nexus 5 uses a 4.95-inch (marketed as 5-inch) 445 PPI 1080p IPS display, and includes an 8-megapixel rear-facing camera with optical image stabilization (OIS), and a 1.3-megapixel front-facing camera. The Nexus 5 supports LTE networks where available, unlike the Nexus 4 which unofficially supported LTE on AWS Band 4 only with a hidden software option, but was not formally approved or marketed for any LTE use.[20][21] There are two variants of the Nexus 5, with varying support for cellular frequency bands; one is specific to North America (LG-D820), and the other is designed for the rest of the world (LG-D821).[20]", "Nexus 5 Nexus 5 (codenamed Hammerhead)[12] is an Android smartphone manufactured by LG Electronics for Google. Co-developed with and marketed by Google Inc. as part of its Nexus line of flagship devices and unveiled on October 31, 2013, it is a successor to the Nexus 4. Nexus 5 served as the launch device for Android 4.4 \"KitKat\", which introduced a refreshed interface, performance improvements, increased Google Now integration, better battery life and other features.", "Nexus 5 Compared to the LG G2 which was released earlier and shares the same manufacturer and much of the same hardware, the Nexus 5 has a lower-quality rear camera and smaller battery to hit a cheaper price point. However, Nexus 5 has been touted as a clean Android software alternative with the added advantage of running the latest Android 4.4 \"KitKat\".[47][48][49][50][51][5]", "Nexus 5 The device was unveiled on October 31, 2013; it was made available for pre-order from Google Play Store the same day in 16 GB and 32 GB models.[13][14] When released, the Nexus 5 was priced at US$349 (16 GB version) and US$399 (32 GB version) in the US.[15][16] This was much lower than comparable smartphones, which would cost around $649.[17]", "Nexus 5 As of 11 March 2015[update], the NexusÂ 5 is no longer available from Google Play Store.[1]", "Samsung Galaxy S5 The S5 is powered by a 2.5 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 801 system-on-chip with 2 GB of RAM. Although not mentioned during the keynote presentation, a variant (SM-G900H) with an octa-core Exynos 5422 system-on-chip was also released in multiple markets.[24] Like the previous model, it uses two clusters of four cores; four Cortex-A15 cores at 2.1 GHz, and four Cortex-A7 cores at 1.5 GHz.[25][26] Depending on resource usage, the SoC can use the power-efficient A7 cores for lighter processing loads, and switch to the A15 cores for more demanding loads. Unlike previous iterations, however, the Exynos 5422 can run both sets of cores at the same time instead of only one at a time.[27][28]", "Nexus 5 The exterior of the NexusÂ 5 is made from a polycarbonate shell with similarities to the 2013 version of Nexus 7, unlike its predecessor that uses a glass-based construction. Three exterior colors are available: black, white and red.[18][19]", "Nexus 5 The Nexus 5 was the first Android device to ship with Android 4.4 \"KitKat\", which had a refreshed interface, improved performance, improved NFC support (such as the ability to emulate a smart card), a new \"HDR+\" camera shooting mode, native printing functionality, a screen recording utility, and other new and improved functionality.", "Nexus 5 The NexusÂ 5 received mostly positive reviews; critics felt that the device provided a notable balance between performance and pricing.[45][46] Although noting nuances with its display, such as its color reproduction and low maximum brightness in comparison to competitors, CNET praised software features such as the new phone dialer interface and Google Now integration on the home screen, but did not believe KitKat provided many major changes over its predecessors. Hangouts as the default text messaging app was criticized for its user interface and for attempting to force the use of a Google service, while the quality of photos taken with the device was described as being \"great, but it didn't particularly blow me away.\" In conclusion, the Nexus 5 was given a 4 out of 5, concluding that \"to even compare this $400 phone to those that cost upward of $650 unlocked (like the Samsung Galaxy S4, HTC One, and Apple iPhone 5S) speaks volumes about the Nexus 5's massive appeal and affordability\", and that the device \"extends the allure of the Nexus brand to anyone simply looking for an excellent yet inexpensive handset.\"[46]", "Samsung Galaxy S4 GT-I9500 (Chipset - Exynos 5 Octa 5410 CPU - Quad-core 1.6 GHz Cortex-A15 & quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 GPU - PowerVR SGX 544MP3)[2]\nGT-I9505 (Quad-core Snapdragon 600, LTE)\nGT-I9506 (Quad-core Snapdragon 800, LTE-A)\nGT-I9515 value edition (Quad-core Snapdragon 600, LTE)", "Nexus 5 The device also shipped with Google Now Launcher, a redesigned home screen which allows users to quickly access Google Now on a dedicated page, and allows voice search to be activated on the home screen with a voice command. Unlike the stock home screen, Google Now Launcher is not a component of Android itself; it is implemented as part of the Google Search application. Until 26 February 2014, when it was released on Google Play Store for selected Android 4.4 devices, Google Now Launcher was exclusively shipped by default on the NexusÂ 5, and was not enabled in Android 4.4 updates for any other Nexus device. While an update to the Google Search application containing Google Now Launcher (which itself was tweaked to improve compatibility with other devices as well) was publicly released shortly after the Nexus 5's release, the launcher itself could not at the time be enabled without installing a second shim application.[23][24][25]", "Nexus 5 A developer preview of the Android 5.0 \"Lollipop\" system image was released for the Nexus 5 after the annual Google I/O conference held on June 26, 2014.[34] The release version of Android 5.0 \"Lollipop\" was made available on November 12, 2014, in form of factory operating system images.[35] On December 15, 2014 Android 5.0.1 \"Lollipop\" update began rolling out to Nexus 5 with build number LRX22C, the update was listed as being “miscellaneous Android updates.”[36] In March 2015, the Nexus 5 began receiving the Android 5.1 \"Lollipop\" update, which addresses performance issues and other user interface tweaks;[37] however, it is known to introduce certain camera issues.[38][39] In June 2015, Google made the Android 5.1.1 \"Lollipop\" update available for Nexus 5 aiming to fix the bugs that were not fixed by Android 5.1 update.[40]", "Nexus 7 (2013) The Nexus 7 (ASUS-1A005A) is both thinner and lighter than its predecessor. It is manufactured by Asus, and comes with a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro APQ8064–1AA SoC, (1.5 GHz quad-core Krait 300 and an Adreno 320 GPU, clocked at 400 MHz). The new Nexus 7's SoC is believed to be a variation of Qualcomm's Snapdragon 600 processor (branded as \"S4 Pro\") underclocked to 1.5 GHz.[19] It has 2 GB of RAM (doubling that of the previous generation) and is available with either 16 GB or 32 GB of internal flash memory storage. Like all other current-generation Google Nexus devices, there is no option for additional storage via micro SD expansion card. The Nexus 7 2013 natively supports OTG cable micro USB to USB flash drives, and USB SD card readers via the Nexus Media Importer for read/write (including NTFS formats).[20][21] The battery is reported to last up to 9 hours of HD video playback and 10 hours of web browsing or e-reading. The battery's capacity has been lowered from 4,325 mAh in the 2012 Nexus 7, to 3,950 mAh in the 2013 version. Despite this reduction, battery life typically exceeds that of the original due to hardware and software optimizations.[22]", "Nexus 5 Engadget was similarly positive, but noted that the device's LTE support was lacking, as its supported bands are segregated across two model variants, and does not support Verizon Wireless. While praised for its crisp quality, it was noted that the display did not render colors (particularly black and white) as richly as the Galaxy S4, but added that \"if you think saturated colors are overrated anyway, you're going to love the display here.\" While considered an improvement over the Nexus 4, the device's battery life was criticized for not being as good as its competitors, and the quality of its camera was considered to be inconsistent. In conclusion, Engadget argued that \"whether or not it was the company's intent, Google is sending a message to smartphone makers that it's possible to make high-quality handsets without costing consumers the proverbial arm and leg. Now we just wait and see if that message will be warmly received.\"[45]", "Nexus 5 Notable new hardware features also include two new composite sensors: a step detector and a step counter. These new sensors allow applications to easily track steps when the user is walking, running, or climbing stairs. Both sensors are implemented in hardware for low power consumption.[6] Like its predecessors, the NexusÂ 5 does not have a microSD card slot,[22] while it features a multi-color LED notification light.[10] There are two grills present on the lower edge of the Nexus 5: one is for the mono speaker and the other is for the microphone.[7][9]", "Samsung Galaxy Alpha International models of the Alpha utilize an octa-core, Exynos 5430 system-on-chip; consisting of a bank of four 1.8 GHz Cortex-A15 cores, and four 1.3 GHz Cortex-A7 cores. The Exynos 5430 is the first ever mobile system-on-chip to use a 20 nanometer HKMG manufacturing process.[1][17][18] The international model was the first device to incorporate Intel's XMM7260 modem for category 6 LTE Advanced support.[19] U.S. models include a 2.5 GHz Snapdragon 801 processor instead; both models will include 2 GB of RAM.[19]", "Nexus 5 The NexusÂ 5 received mostly positive reviews, praising the device's balance of overall performance and cost in comparison to other \"flagship\" phones, along with the quality of its display and some of the changes introduced by Android 4.4. The display was, however, criticized for being too dim in comparison to other devices, and the camera was criticized for having inconsistent quality.", "Nexus 5 In December 2013, the Nexus 5 began receiving the AndroidÂ 4.4.1 update, which fixed issues with auto focus, white balance, HDR+ and other camera issues,[27][28] while introducing some other camera issues for low-light scenes.[29] It also fixes low speaker volume output in certain applications.[30] Android 4.4.2 update followed in a few days, providing further bugfixes and security improvements.[31] In early June 2014, the Nexus 5 received Android 4.4.3 update that included dozens of bug fixes,[32] while another mid-June 2014 Android 4.4.4 update included a fix for an OpenSSL man-in-the-middle vulnerability.[33]", "Nexus 5 Hangouts, which now supports text messaging, is used as the default text messaging application.[6][26]", "Nexus 5 In May 2015, a developer preview of Android Marshmallow was made available for the NexusÂ 5.[41]", "Samsung Galaxy Mega 2 Exynos 4415 (SM-G750F) Qualcomm MSM8916 Snapdragon 410 (SM-G7508) Exynos 4415 (SM-G7508Q)", "Samsung Galaxy S4 Galaxy S4 models use one of two processors, depending on the region and network compatibility. The S4 version for North America, most of Europe, parts of Asia, and other countries contains Qualcomm's Snapdragon 600 system-on-chip, containing a quad-core 1.9 GHz Krait 300 CPU and an Adreno 320 GPU. The chip also contains a modem which supports LTE.[24][25] Other models include Samsung's Exynos 5 Octa system-on-chip with a heterogeneous CPU. The octa-core CPU comprises a 1.6 GHz quad-core Cortex-A15 cluster and a 1.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7 cluster.[12][26] The chip can dynamically switch between the two clusters of cores based on CPU usage; the chip switches to the A15 cores when more processing power is needed, and stays on the A7 cores to conserve energy on lighter loads. Only one of the clusters is used at any particular moment, and software sees the processor as a single quad-core CPU.[24][26][27] The SoC also contains an IT tri-core PowerVR SGX 544 graphics processing unit (GPU). Regional models of the S4 vary in support for LTE; for Exynos 5-based models, while the E300K/L/S versions support LTE, with the Cortex-A15 also clocked at 1.6 GHz.[28][29][30] the GT-I9500 model does not.[31] The S4 GT-I9505 includes a multiband LTE transceiver.[8]", "Droid Turbo The Droid Turbo comes with a Snapdragon 805 quad-core processor clocked at 2.7 GHz, an Adreno 420 GPU, natural language processor for the phone's contextual features, and is backed by a 3,900 mAh battery. The Droid Turbo also has a 5.2-inch Quad HD display with a 565 pixels per inch pixel density at a 1440×2560 resolution.[3]", "Nexus 7 (2013) The second iteration of the 7 in (180 mm) tablet, code named \"Razor\",[11] has various upgrades from the previous generation, including a 1.5 GHz quad-core Snapdragon S4 Pro processor, 2 GB of memory, a 1920×1200 pixel display (323 pixels per inch; 127 ppcm), dual cameras (1.2 MP front, 5 MP rear), stereo speakers, built-in inductive Qi wireless charging, and a SlimPort (via micro USB connector) capable of full high-definition video output to an external display.", "MediaTek MediaTek announced the high-end MT6595 platform for smartphones in February 2014. The MT6595 is an octa-core SoC in a big.LITTLE configuration with LTE network connectivity powered by four Cortex-A17 cores and four Cortex-A7 cores with heterogeneous multi-processing capabilities.[34][35] This chip became commercially available in devices in the second half of 2014.[36] In July 2014, MediaTek announced a new product targeting the high-end, with a feature set largely similar to the MT6595, but instead of a heterogeneous multi-processing architecture, the MT6795 features eight symmetrical 64-bit Cortex-A53 cores in a true octa-core configuration.[37]", "iPhone 5S The iPhone 5S is powered by the Apple A7 system-on-chip, the first 64-bit processor ever used on a smartphone. The device's operating system and pre-loaded software were optimized to run in 64-bit mode, promising increased performance, although third-party app developers would need to optimize their apps to take advantage of these enhanced capabilities.[45] The A7 processor is designed by Apple and manufactured by Samsung.[46] The A7 processor is accompanied by a new M7 \"motion co-processor\", a dedicated processor for processing motion data from the iPhone's accelerometer and gyroscopes without requiring the attention of the main processor, which integrates with iOS 7's new CoreMotion APIs.[47][48][49][50][51] The same A7 SoC and M7 motion co-processor are also found in the iPad Air and iPad Mini 2 which were released in the same quarter as the iPhone 5S.", "MediaTek In July 2013, MediaTek became the first system-on-chip (SoC) supplier to announce the development of an octa-core mobile device SoC capable of processing tasks with eight CPU cores concurrently, a solution the company refers to as \"True Octa-Core\".[38] On November 20, 2013, in a press event held in Beijing MediaTek officially announced the MT6592 SoC. It's a 'true octa core' chip with eight ARM Cortex-A7 application processor clocked up to 1.7–2.0 GHz and Mali-450 MP4 GPU clocked at 700 MHz. There is no on-board LTE modem but it includes NFC radio. It also supports UltraHD or 4K video playback.", "iPhone 5S Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch who praised the iPhone 5S as the best smartphone available said \"looks may not be different from the iPhone 5, but the internal components have a dramatic impact on day-to-day activities normal for a smartphone user,\" and went into detail explaining the impact of the improved camera and specifications on the phone. Etherington suggested that the 64-bit A7 processor will not reach its full potential until developers create applications supporting it.[77] Myriam Joire of Engadget found that the iPhone 5S could benefit significantly from the A7 if developers created applications optimized for the 64-bit processor.[78] Anand Lal Shimpi of AnandTech praised the phone's A7 processor, describing it as \"seriously impressive\", and stated that it was the most \"futureproof of any iPhone ever launched. As much as it pains me to use the word futureproof, if you are one of those people who likes to hold onto their device for a while - the iPhone 5S is as good a starting point as any.\"[79] Scott Lowe of IGN also speaking highly of its 64-bit processor, \"which has a substantial lead in processing power over the HTC One and Samsung Galaxy S4, accounting for a graphics boost of up to 32% and 38% in CPU benchmarks.\" The debut of Apple's 64-bit A7 processor took rival Android smartphone makers by surprise, particularly Qualcomm whose own 64-bit system-on-chip was not released until 2015.[80][81]", "Samsung Galaxy Mega 2 Quad-core 1.5 GHz (SM-G750F) Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A53 (SM-G7508) Quad-core 1.5 GHz (SM-G7508Q)", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 4004x 1.6Â GHz ARM cortex-A7", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 4104x 1.2Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 6258x 2.0Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Samsung Galaxy S5 In August 2015, following the release of its latest flagship, the Galaxy S6, Samsung released an updated version called the \"Galaxy S5 Neo\" which has a Exynos 7 Octa (7580) processor clocked at 1.6Â GHz. It has 2 GB of RAM, 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 5.1.1 \"Lollipop\". The Canadian Samsung Galaxy S5 Neo has 7.0 \"Nougat\" with Samsung Experience. [9]", "Moto E (2nd generation) Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 - 3G modelARM", "Samsung Galaxy S4 1.6 GHz quad-core Cortex-A15 and 1.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7 (big.LITTLE)(3G & South Korea LTE Versions)", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 6164x 1.5 GHz ARM cortex-A53 & 4x 1.2 GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Nexus 5 In November 2015, Nexus 5 started receiving Android 6.0 \"Marshmallow\" update across the world.[42] Following which Nexus 5 became one of the first devices to get an Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow update in December 2015.[43] In August 2016, Google confirmed that, the Nexus 5 will not receive an official Android 7.0 Nougat update,[44] meaning that Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow is the last officially supported Android version for the device.", "Xiaomi Redmi 2x 2.3Â GHz &", "Droid MAXX Droid Maxx is powered by the proprietary Motorola X8 system-on-chip. It includes a total of 8 cores with various functions: 2-core Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro applications processor clocked at 1.7Â GHz, 4-core Adreno 320 graphics processor, and 2 low-power cores: for natural language processing and for contextual awareness processing.[11] The X8 system is designed to conserve power by utilizing low-power cores for the language and contextual processing. The device's battery is 3500 mAh, which provides a claimed 48 hours of \"typical\" usage.[10] The phone comes with either 16 or 32 gigabytes of on board storage as well as NFC capability and Qi wireless charging.", "Pixel 2 The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are both powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, coupled with 4Â GB LPDDR4X RAM. They both come in storage options of 64 or 128 GB.", "MediaTek MediaTek has subsequently introduced additional products using a \"true octa-core\" CPU configuration using Cortex-A53 cores, with support for ARM's 64-bit ARMv8-A architecture, including the MT6752 clocked at 1.7 GHz and the high-end MT6795 clocked up to 2.2 GHz. Devices using the MT6795 were expected to be commercially available by the end of 2014.[37]", "Amazon Fire TV 2x ARM Cortex A53 @1.573Â GHz", "Moto G4 (4x 1.5GHz ARM Cortex-A53,", "Moto G4 (4x 1.5GHz ARM Cortex-A53,", "Samsung Galaxy Note 7 2.3 GHz Mongoose & 1.6 GHz Cortex-A53 Octa-core", "iPhone 5C The iPhone 5C uses a system on chip (SoC), called the Apple A6, the same chip that powered the iPhone 5.[24] The SoC comprises a 1.3 GHz dual-core processor, 1 GB of RAM and a tri-core PowerVR SGX543MP3 running at 266 MHz.[25][26]", "Moto E (2nd generation) 4G/LTE - Surnia - with a Snapdragon 410", "Android (operating system) The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures), with x86, MIPS and MIPS64, and x86-64 architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android.[99][100][101] The unofficial Android-x86 project provided support for the x86 architectures ahead of the official support.[102][103] MIPS architecture was also supported before Google did. Since 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[104] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64. Since AndroidÂ 5.0 \"Lollipop\", 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.[99]", "MediaTek With the announcement and sampling of its MT8135 system-on-chip (SoC) for tablets in July, 2013, MediaTek became the worldâ€™s first company to demonstrate ARM big.LITTLE chipsets with heterogeneous multi-processing capabilities.[31][32] By concurrently allocating tasks to individual CPU cores, the MT8135 could in theory offer significant power saving advantages over competing mobile device solutions.[31] A variant of the MT8135 was used by Amazon in new Kindle Fire HD tablet models in the second half of 2014.[33]", "BlackBerry Modern LTE based phones such as the BlackBerry Z10 have a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Plus, a proprietary Qualcomm SOC which is based on ARMv7-A architecture, featuring two 1.5 GHz Qualcomm Krait CPU cores, and a 400 MHz Adreno 225 GPU. GSM-based BlackBerry phones incorporate an ARM 7, 9 or 11 processor.[73] Some of the BlackBerry models (Torch 9850/9860, Torch 9810, and Bold 9900/9930) have a 1.2 GHz MSM8655 Snapdragon S2 SOC, 768 MB system memory, and 8 GB of on-board storage.[73][74] Entry-level models, such as the Curve 9360, feature a Marvell PXA940 clocked at 800 MHz.", "Samsung Galaxy S6 Rumours surrounding the Galaxy S5's successor began to surface in January 2015, it was reported that Samsung would be using an in-house Exynos system-on-chip rather than the Qualcomm Snapdragon 810 on the S6 due to concerns surrounding overheating.[8][9] Later that month, Qualcomm affirmed in an earnings report that its products would not be included in \"[a] large customer's flagship device\".[8] Fellow competitor LG Electronics disputed the allegations surrounding the 810; although demo units of the 810-equipped LG G Flex 2 at Consumer Electronics Show experienced signs of possible overheating, the company emphasized that they were pre-release models.[8][9]", "Pixel (smartphone) Pixel uses an aluminium chassis, with a glass panel on the portion of the rear housing the camera and \"Pixel Imprint\" fingerprint sensor. The phones have a USB-C connector supporting USB 3.0, for power and data exchange. The phone features a 3.5 mm headphone jack, which received media attention for being a contrast to competing smartphone Apple iPhone 7, which does not feature the port.[17] The Pixel and Pixel XL both use the Qualcomm Snapdragon 821 system-on-chip, with 4 GB of RAM.[18][19] They are offered with either 32 GB or 128 GB of UFS 2.0 internal storage.[7]", "Xiaomi Redmi 4x 2.1 GHz ARM cortex-A53 & 4x 2.3 GHz ARM cortex-A53 & 2x 2.5 GHz ARM cortex-A72", "MediaTek At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2015, MediaTek announced its collaboration with Google on the worldâ€™s first Ultra HD TV platform solution for Android TV, the MT5595, a new digital television SoC.[43] It has been adopted by Sony for new LCD TV models.[44]", "Samsung Galaxy J5 The phone is powered by Qualcomm's Snapdragon 410 chipset, a 1.2 GHz processor, Adreno 306 GPU and 1.5 GB RAM with 8 GB of internal storage and a 2600 mAh battery.The Samsung Galaxy J5 is fitted with a 5-inch HD Super AMOLED display.[2] The South Korean variant adds support for T-DMB & Smart DMB. The phone has a metallic chassis and a plastic back cover.[3]", "Oppo On 23 September 2013, OPPO announced the N1, which has a 5.9″ 1080p display (373 ppi), 1.7 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 processor, 3,610mAh battery, 16GB or 32GB of storage, 2GB RAM, and a 13MP camera that can rotate, touch-panel on the back, and option to flash CyanogenMod.[16] It was released in December 2013.", "Xiaomi Redmi 8x 2.0Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Xiaomi Redmi 8x 2.0Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Xiaomi Redmi 8x 2.0Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Xiaomi Redmi 8x 2.0Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Meltdown (security vulnerability) A large portion of the current mid-range Android handsets use the Cortex-A53 or Cortex-A55 in an octa-core arrangement and are not affected by either the Meltdown or Spectre vulnerability as they do not perform out-of-order execution. This includes devices with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 630, Snapdragon 626, Snapdragon 625, and all Snapdragon 4xx processors based on A53 or A55 cores.[62] Also, no Raspberry Pi computers are vulnerable to either Meltdown or Spectre.[63]", "LG G5 The LG G5's overall design was praised for its shift to a metal construction.[14][15] The Next Web was critical of its design, arguing that the rear of the phone looked too \"boring\" because it was simply a rounded rectangle with a camera enclosure and power button that \"protrude in an oddly wart-like manner\" and a visible seam for the chin, and noting that the lack of curvature and its \"hollow\" feel made the design of the G5 \"less premium\" than that of the G4.[16] Techradar was also mixed on LG's decision to re-locate the volume keys back to the bezel but maintain the rear-mounted power button as a fingerprint reader, noting that front and side-mounted fingerprint readers were easier to useâ€”especially if the device is sitting flat.[14] Due to its use of the Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 system-on-chip, the G5's specifications were considered to be more competitive in comparison to other flagships, unlike the G4, which used a model with reduced core count to avoid the overheating issues of the Snapdragon 810.[14] Techradar felt that the G5's performance was on par with the Snapdragon 820-based version of the Samsung Galaxy S7 sold in the United States, and that \"in day-to-day use, and when not directly compared to its rivals' performance in a lab, it feels super slick.\"[14]", "LG G5 The G5 utilizes a Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 system-on-chip accompanied by 4 GB of LPDDR4 RAM, and has 32 GB of internal storage expandable via micro SD card.[2] The G5 includes a 5.3-inch 1440p IPS display.[3][4] The G5 features two rear-facing cameras; a 16-megapixel primary camera, as well as an 8-megapixel 135 degree wide-angle camera. As with the G4, the rear camera also provides color spectrum sensor and infrared autofocus features.[4][6]", "Xiaomi Redmi 4x 2.0Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "MediaTek At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2015, MediaTek announced the MT5595, a new digital television SoC with support for Google's Android TV platform.[43] It has been adopted by Sony for new LCD TV models.[44]", "Samsung Galaxy Mega 2 Mali-400 (SM-G750F) Adreno 306 (SM-G7508) Mali-400 (SM-G7508Q)", "Xiaomi Redmi LC1860C4x 1.5Â GHz ARM cortex-A7", "Nexus 7 (2013) The second generation NexusÂ 7 is a mini tablet computer co-developed by Google and Asus that runs the Android operating system. It is the third tablet in the Google Nexus series, a family of Android consumer devices marketed by Google and built by an original equipment manufacturer partner. Following the success of the original Nexus 7, a second generation of the device was released on July 26, 2013, four days earlier than the originally scheduled date due to early releases from various retailers.[6][7][8][9] The tablet was the first device to ship with version 4.3 of Android.[10]", "Nexus 7 (2013) Nexus 7 was the first device to have been shipped with Android version 4.3 (\"Jelly Bean\"). All Nexus devices, including the Nexus 7, run a version of Android free of manufacturer or wireless carrier modifications (e.g., custom graphical user interfaces or 'skins' such as TouchWiz and HTC Sense) commonly included on other Android devices. Nexus products also feature an unlockable bootloader, which enabled \"rooting\" the device, thereby enabling user access to privileged control over the Android environment, which in turn enables further development or modification of the operating system or replacement of the device's firmware.[12][13][14] An update to Android 4.4 was released in November 2013, followed by another update to Android 4.4.2 one month later and eventually an update to Android 4.4.3 in June 2014 and 4.4.4 in July. The Wi-Fi only variant of the Nexus 7 was one of the two devices of which the Android L developer preview was officially available for, with the other being the Nexus 5.[15] Android 5.0 \"Lollipop\" was released in November 2014 for The Wi-Fi only version. In July 2015, Android 5.1.1 was rolled out to the Nexus 7, containing a fix for the Stagefright bug.", "Asus ZenFone The ZenFone 5 is the mid range of the series and includes a 5-inch 1280Ã—720 HD IPS display protected with Corning Gorilla Glass 3. This Zenfone features either a dual-core hyper-threaded (dubbed Multicore) Intel Atom or a quad-core Qualcomm Snapdragon processor, an 8 MP rear and 2 MP front camera.", "Xiaomi Redmi 2x 1.8Â GHz", "Xiaomi Redmi 2x 1.8Â GHz", "Redmi Note 5 The Redmi Note 5 (Redmi 5 Plus Global) runs on Snapdragon 636 processor. It is a 64 bit architecture based chipset that has 8x Qualcomm® Kryo™ 260 CPUs with clock speed up to 1.8 GHz that supports Qualcomm® Adreno™ 509 GPU. This chipset is able to render FHD+ (18:9) display screen.\nIt comes with 5.99\" full HD+ display, that has an 18:9 aspect ratio, the screen on the Redmi Note 5 has a screen-to-body ratio of 77%. The screen on the device comes with multi-touch support and uses a 2.5 curved glass screen for ultra clarity. The Redmi Note 5 has a ppt rating of 403 and a maximum resolution of 1080x2160, the LCD IPS screen allows for smooth & accurate scrolling. [4]", "Android (operating system) In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions. The series was described as having \"played a pivotal role in Android's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board\", and became known for its \"bloat-free\" software with \"timely [...] updates\".[32] At its developer conference in May 2013, Google announced a special version of the Samsung Galaxy S4, where, instead of using Samsung's own Android customization, the phone ran \"stock Android\" and was promised to receive new system updates fast.[33] The device would become the start of the Google Play edition program, and was followed by other devices, including the HTC One Google Play edition,[34] and Moto G Google Play edition.[35] In 2015, Ars Technica wrote that \"Earlier this week, the last of the Google Play edition Android phones in Google's online storefront were listed as \"no longer available for sale\"\" and that \"Now they're all gone, and it looks a whole lot like the program has wrapped up\".[36][37]", "OnePlus 5 The device comes with a Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 chipset clocked at 2.45Â GHz, with up to 8 GB RAM and 128 GB storage.[8] It has a 3300 mAh battery with OnePlus' proprietary Dash Charge technology and a 1080p AMOLED display[2] with DCI-P3 wide colour gamut.[9]", "ARM architecture Announced in October 2011,[7] ARMv8-A (often called ARMv8 while the ARMv8-R is also available) represents a fundamental change to the ARM architecture. It adds an optional 64-bit architecture (e.g. Cortex-A32 is a 32-bit ARMv8-A CPU[105] while most ARMv8-A CPUs support 64-bit, unlike all ARMv8-R), named \"AArch64\", and the associated new \"A64\" instruction set. AArch64 provides user-space compatibility with ARMv7-A, the 32-bit architecture, therein referred to as \"AArch32\" and the old 32-bit instruction set, now named \"A32\". The Thumb instruction sets are referred to as \"T32\" and have no 64-bit counterpart. ARMv8-A allows 32-bit applications to be executed in a 64-bit OS, and a 32-bit OS to be under the control of a 64-bit hypervisor.[1] ARM announced their Cortex-A53 and Cortex-A57 cores on 30 October 2012.[48] Apple was the first to release an ARMv8-A compatible core (Apple A7) in a consumer product (iPhone 5S). AppliedMicro, using an FPGA, was the first to demo ARMv8-A.[106] The first ARMv8-A SoC from Samsung is the Exynos 5433 used in the Galaxy Note 4, which features two clusters of four Cortex-A57 and Cortex-A53 cores in a big.LITTLE configuration; but it will run only in AArch32 mode.[107]", "Nokia 8 Nokia 8 comes with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU, backed by either 4 or 6 GB of RAM and 64 GB of internal storage (Tempered Blue, Steel and Polished Copper-coloured models), or 6 GB of RAM and 128 GB of internal storage (Polished Blue). Both are expandable with microSD cards. The QHD display is protected by Gorilla Glass 5. The device includes the USB-C 3.1 Gen 1 port for charging and data transfer (up to 5 Gbit/s).[citation needed]", "Android (operating system) Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones in October 2016, marketed as being the first phones made by Google,[57][58] and exclusively featured certain software features, such as the Google Assistant, before wider rollout.[59][60] The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series,[61] with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October 2017.[62]", "Samsung Galaxy S4 IT tri-core PowerVR SGX 544 GPU(3G & South Korea LTE Versions)", "iPhone 5S This is the first-ever 64-bit processor in a phone of any kind. I donâ€™t think the other guys are even talking about it yet. Why go through all this? The benefits are huge. The A7 is up to twice as fast as the previous-generation system at CPU tasks, and up to twice as fast at graphics tasks, too.", "Moto G4 4x 1.2GHz ARM Cortex-A53 )", "Moto G4 4x 1.2GHz ARM Cortex-A53 )", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 4358x 1.4Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Samsung Galaxy Note 3 The LTE version sold in the European Union and North America of the Galaxy Note 3 (N9005) uses a 2.3 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 800 chip, while the GSM-only model (N9000/N9006) sold outside aforementioned regions uses an octa-core Exynos 5420, consisting of four 1.9 GHz Cortex-A15 cores and four 1.3 GHz Cortex-A7 cores. Testing has shown similar performance for both models.\"[20]\". The device also includes 3 GB of RAM, a 5.7-inch 1080p Super AMOLED display, a 13-megapixel rear-facing camera capable of filming videos in 1080p at 60 fps and 4K resolution at 30 fps (capped at 5 minutes), 16, 32 or 64 GB of internal storage, and a 3200 mAh battery.[3][6][7]", "Xiaomi Redmi Helio X20 / X25", "Fire HDX Both the 7 inch and 8.9 inch LCD models contain a Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 processor that has an Adreno 330 GPU. The models also have a 1.2 megapixel front camera that shoots 720p HD video. The 8.9 inch model has an 8 megapixel rear camera that shoots HD 1080p video. The exterior surface has angular, raised plastic edges with the power and volume buttons located on the backside. The Fire HDX features Dolby Digital Plus audio engine powering the two attached speakers. A normal user will get about 12 hours of battery life from a full charge.[1]", "Fire HDX The Fire HDX 8.9\" refresh in 2014 uses a Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 processor with an Adreno 420 GPU.[2] The sound system features Dolby Atmos speaker technology and the Wi-Fi version weighs 13.2 ounces (375 grams).", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 4308x 1.4Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 4308x 1.4Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Xiaomi Redmi Snapdragon 4308x 1.4Â GHz ARM cortex-A53", "Android version history Unofficial Android-x86 project used to provide support for the x86 and MIPS architectures ahead of the official support.[242][243]\nIn 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[244] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[245][246] Since AndroidÂ 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.", "Xiaomi Redmi 4x 1.8Ghz Kryo 260 Gold", "Xiaomi Redmi 4x 1.8Ghz Kryo 260 Gold", "OnePlus 5 The Verge announced in May 2017 that the upcoming device would be known as the OnePlus 5. It was said that this decision was due to the number four being considered unlucky (tetraphobia) in China.[3] OnePlus confirmed that the handset would feature a Snapdragon 835 processor prior to the launch.[4] OnePlus also noted its work with the image processing firm DxO to improve the camera on the device.[5]", "Mobile processor A mobile processor is found in mobile computers and cellphones.", "Android version history The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures; formerly also ARMv5), with x86[c] and MIPS[d] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android, but MIPS support has since been deprecated and support was removed in NDK r17.[241]", "Xiaomi Redmi 8x 2 GHz or 2.2 GHz", "Xiaomi Redmi 4x 1.5Â GHz ARM cortex-A7", "Pixel (smartphone) Pixel and Pixel XL are Android smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Google. They were announced during a press event on October 4, 2016, and serve as the first smartphones in the Google Pixel hardware line, succeeding the Nexus line of smartphones. On October 4, 2017, they were succeeded by the second-generation Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL.", "Samsung Galaxy S The Samsung Galaxy S used the Samsung S5PC110 processor.[23] This processor combined a 45 nm 1 GHz ARM Cortex-A8 based CPU core with a PowerVR SGX 540 GPU made by Imagination Technologies which supported OpenGL ES 1.1/2.0[24] and is capable of up to 20 million triangles per second.[25] The CPU core, code-named \"Hummingbird\", was co-developed by Samsung and Intrinsity.[26] This processor was subsequently renamed to the Samsung Exynos 3110 in October 2011.[citation needed]" ]	[ "Nexus 5 Its hardware contains similarities to the LG G2; it is powered by a 2.26 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 800 processor with 2 GB of RAM, either 16 or 32 GB of internal storage, and a 2300 mAh battery. The Nexus 5 uses a 4.95-inch (marketed as 5-inch) 445 PPI 1080p IPS display, and includes an 8-megapixel rear-facing camera with optical image stabilization (OIS), and a 1.3-megapixel front-facing camera. The Nexus 5 supports LTE networks where available, unlike the Nexus 4 which unofficially supported LTE on AWS Band 4 only with a hidden software option, but was not formally approved or marketed for any LTE use.[20][21] There are two variants of the Nexus 5, with varying support for cellular frequency bands; one is specific to North America (LG-D820), and the other is designed for the rest of the world (LG-D821).[20]" ]
test2286	where are haploid cells found in the human body	[ "doc79246", "doc79264" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc2425101", "doc79264", "doc1049423", "doc563", "doc90793", "doc589858", "doc861898", "doc79246", "doc349589", "doc349571", "doc1049425", "doc583331", "doc349572", "doc567", "doc79268", "doc338157", "doc2191365", "doc79263", "doc583330", "doc164817", "doc349583", "doc2125804", "doc1901957", "doc861896", "doc986245", "doc208815", "doc583332", "doc79247", "doc349590", "doc2125813", "doc753714", "doc1371797", "doc2425105", "doc1873175", "doc1501645", "doc1049078", "doc1788088", "doc1205193", "doc79265", "doc1049424", "doc2125817", "doc861935", "doc861899", "doc1205181", "doc1029904", "doc1143524", "doc208832", "doc102186", "doc1049082", "doc79261", "doc1947211", "doc623466", "doc1049069", "doc349585", "doc861886", "doc753711", "doc349575", "doc104599", "doc79250", "doc579125", "doc104218", "doc102209", "doc87044", "doc2489052", "doc986244", "doc861884", "doc1788087", "doc2489041", "doc631872", "doc2269853", "doc1029908", "doc4949", "doc1029894", "doc79280", "doc366689", "doc861937", "doc1683642", "doc1087360", "doc90792", "doc1873172", "doc660805", "doc198656", "doc861938", "doc1029897", "doc267385", "doc2425100", "doc589863", "doc2207670", "doc578", "doc1143525", "doc349576", "doc79251", "doc1218522", "doc1143526", "doc1122870", "doc79244", "doc1788085", "doc579119", "doc1683643", "doc1557095" ]	[ "Somatic cell In contrast, gametes are cells that fuse during sexual reproduction, germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes, and stem cells are cells that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. For example, in mammals, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue, while mammalian germ cells give rise to spermatozoa and ova which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, which divides and differentiates into the cells of an embryo. There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in the human body.[1]", "Ploidy Gametes (sperm and ova) are haploid cells. The haploid gametes produced by most organisms combine to form a zygote with n pairs of chromosomes, i.e. 2n chromosomes in total. The chromosomes in each pair, one of which comes from the sperm and one from the egg, are said to be homologous. Cells and organisms with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid. For example, most animals are diploid and produce haploid gametes. During meiosis, sex cell precursors have their number of chromosomes halved by randomly \"choosing\" one member of each pair of chromosomes, resulting in haploid gametes. Because homologous chromosomes usually differ genetically, gametes usually differ genetically from one another.[citation needed]", "Cellular differentiation Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem cells. Each of the approximately 100 trillion (1014) cells in an adult human has its own copy or copies of the genome except certain cell types, such as red blood cells, that lack nuclei in their fully differentiated state. Most cells are diploid; they have two copies of each chromosome. Such cells, called somatic cells, make up most of the human body, such as skin and muscle cells. Cells differentiate to specialize for different functions.[7]", "Sperm Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) sperma (meaning \"seed\"). In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy, there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the \"male\" or sperm cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon, whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a totipotent zygote. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell. In mammals, sperm develops in the testicles, stored in the epididymis, and is released from the penis.", "Chromosome Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes, reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves (crossover), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge (fertilization), a new diploid organism is formed.", "Gamete A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein \"to marry\"[1]) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce. In species that produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller tadpole-like type—called a sperm. In short a gamete is an egg (female gamete) or a sperm (male gamete). This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy, the condition in which females and males produce gametes of different sizes (this is the case in humans; the human ovum has approximately 100,000 times the volume of a single human sperm cell[2][3]). In contrast, isogamy is the state of gametes from both sexes being the same size and shape, and given arbitrary designators for mating type. The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel. Gametes carry half the genetic information of an individual, one ploidy of each type, and are created through meiosis.", "Meiosis In the gametic life cycle or \" diplontic life cycle\", of which humans are a part, the organism is diploid, grown from a diploid cell called the zygote. The organism's diploid germ-line stem cells undergo meiosis to create haploid gametes (the spermatozoa for males and ova for females), which fertilize to form the zygote. The diploid zygote undergoes repeated cellular division by mitosis to grow into the organism.", "Ploidy The number of chromosomes found in a single complete set of chromosomes is called the monoploid number (x). The haploid number (n) is unique to gametes (sperm or egg cells), and refers to the total number of chromosomes found in a gamete, which under normal conditions is half the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.", "Germ cell Mammalian spermatogenesis is representative for most animals. In human males, spermatogenesis begins at puberty in seminiferous tubules in the testicles and go on continuously. Spermatogonia are immature germ cells. They proliferate continuously by mitotic divisions around the outer edge of the seminiferous tubules, next to the basal lamina. Some of these cells stop proliferation and differentiate into primary spermatocytes. After they proceed through the first meiotic division, two secondary spermatocytes are produced. The two secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to form four haploid spermatids. These spermatids differentiate morphologically into sperm by nuclear condensation, ejection of the cytoplasm and formation of the acrosome and flagellum.[citation needed]", "Germ cell A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. In many animals, the germ cells originate in the primitive streak and migrate via the gut of an embryo to the developing gonads. There, they undergo meiosis, followed by cellular differentiation into mature gametes, either eggs or sperm. Unlike animals, plants do not have germ cells designated in early development. Instead, germ cells can arise from somatic cells in the adult (such as the floral meristem of flowering plants).[1][2][3]", "Cellular differentiation Development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical cells. In humans, approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a blastocyst.[8] The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells, and inside this hollow sphere, there is a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass. The cells of the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues of the human body. Although the cells of the inner cell mass can form virtually every type of cell found in the human body, they cannot form an organism. These cells are referred to as pluripotent.[9]", "Human reproductive system In males, this process is known as spermatogenesis and takes place only after puberty in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The immature spermatozoon or sperm are then sent to the epididymis where they gain a tail and motility. Each of the original diploid germs cells or primary spermatocytes forms four functional gametes which is each forever young. The production and survival of sperms require a temperature that is lower than the normal core body temperature. Since the scrotum, where the testes is present, is situated outside the body cavity, it provides a temperature about 3 °C below normal body temperature.", "Germ cell Multicellular eukaryotes are made of two fundamental cell types. Germ cells produce gametes and are the only cells that can undergo meiosis as well as mitosis. These cells are sometimes said to be immortal because they are the link between generations. Somatic cells are all the other cells that form the building blocks of the body and they only divide by mitosis. The lineage of germ cells is called germ line. Germ cell specification begins during cleavage in many animals or in the epiblast during gastrulation in birds and mammals. After transport, involving passive movements and active migration, germ cells arrive at the developing gonads. In humans, sexual differentiation starts approximately 6 weeks after conception. The end-products of the germ cell cycle are the egg or sperm.[4]", "Sperm The spermatozoa of animals are produced through spermatogenesis inside the male gonads (testicles) via meiotic division. The initial spermatozoon process takes around 70 days to complete. The spermatid stage is where the sperm develops the familiar tail. The next stage where it becomes fully mature takes around 60 days when it is called a spermatozoan.[3] Sperm cells are carried out of the male body in a fluid known as semen. Human sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus.[4] Semen is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and urethral glands.", "Ploidy Diploid cells have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father. All or nearly all mammals are diploid organisms. The suspected tetraploid (possessing four chromosome sets) plains viscacha rat (Tympanoctomys barrerae) and golden vizcacha rat (Pipanacoctomys aureus)[29] have been regarded as the only known exceptions (as of 2004).[30] However, some genetic studies have rejected any polyploidism in mammals as unlikely, and suggest that amplification and dispersion of repetitive sequences best explain the large genome size of these two rodents.[31] All normal diploid individuals have some small fraction of cells that display polyploidy. Human diploid cells have 46 chromosomes (the somatic number, 2n) and human haploid gametes (egg and sperm) have 23 chromosomes (n). Retroviruses that contain two copies of their RNA genome in each viral particle are also said to be diploid. Examples include human foamy virus, human T-lymphotropic virus, and HIV.[32]", "Zygote In human fertilization, a released ovum (a haploid secondary oocyte with replicate chromosome copies) and a haploid sperm cell (male gamete)â€”combine to form a single 2n diploid cell called the zygote. Once the single sperm enters the oocyte, it completes the division of the second meiosis forming a haploid daughter with only 23 chromosomes, almost all of the cytoplasm, and the sperm in its own pronucleus. The other product of meiosis is the second polar body with only chromosomes but no ability to replicate or survive. In the fertilized daughter, DNA is then replicated in the two separate pronuclei derived from the sperm and ovum, making the zygote's chromosome number temporarily 4n diploid. After approximately 30 hours from the time of fertilization, fusion of the pronuclei and immediate mitotic division produce two 2n diploid daughter cells called blastomeres.[2]", "Polar body A polar body is a small haploid cell that is formed concomitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis, but which generally does not have the ability to be fertilized. When certain diploid cells in animals undergo cytokinesis after meiosis to produce egg cells, they sometimes divide unevenly. Most of the cytoplasm is segregated into one daughter cell, which becomes the egg or ovum, while the smaller polar bodies only get a small amount of cytoplasm. They frequently die (apoptosis) and disappear, but in some cases they remain and can be important in the life cycle of the organism.[1]", "Ploidy The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is haploid if it has a single set of chromosomes, each one not being part of a pair. By extension a cell may be called haploid if its nucleus is haploid, and an organism may be called haploid if its body cells (somatic cells) are haploid. The number of chromosomes in a single set is called the haploid number, given the symbol n. If the number of chromosomes in the set is 1 (n=1) then the nucleus (or cell, organism) may be called monoploid.", "Human reproductive system The production of gametes takes place within the gonads through a process known as gametogenesis. Gametogenesis occurs when certain types of germ cells undergo meiosis to split the normal diploid number of chromosome(n=46) into haploids cells containing only 23 chromosomes.[3]", "Cell growth After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA (Z) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA. These two types of cell reproduction produced two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction. After meiotic cell reproduction the four daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes that the parental cell originally had. This is the haploid amount of DNA, often symbolized as N. Meiosis is used by diploid organisms to produce haploid gametes. In a diploid organism such as the human organism, most cells of the body have the diploid amount of DNA, 2N. Using this notation for counting chromosomes we say that human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes (2N = 46) while human sperm and eggs have 23 chromosomes (N = 23). Humans have 23 distinct types of chromosomes, the 22 autosomes and the special category of sex chromosomes. There are two distinct sex chromosomes, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. A diploid human cell has 23 chromosomes from that person's father and 23 from the mother. That is, your body has two copies of human chromosome number 2, one from each of your parents.", "Germ cell Gametogenesis, the development of diploid germ cells into either haploid eggs or sperm (respectively oogenesis and spermatogenesis) is different for each species but the general stages are similar. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis have many features in common, they both involve:", "Polyploid Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomesâ€”one set inherited from each parent. However, polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common in plants. In addition, polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues.[1] This is known as endopolyploidy. Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, Prokaryotes, may be polyploid organisms, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopiscium fishelsoni [1]. Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Male bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.", "Gonad A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland[1] is a mixed gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism. In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells, and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm.[2] The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa. The female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes, are haploid germ cells.", "Meiosis Meiosis occurs in eukaryotic life cycles involving sexual reproduction, consisting of the constant cyclical process of meiosis and fertilization. This takes place alongside normal mitotic cell division. In multicellular organisms, there is an intermediary step between the diploid and haploid transition where the organism grows. At certain stages of the life cycle, germ cells produce gametes. Somatic cells make up the body of the organism and are not involved in gamete production.", "Spermatozoon The human sperm cell is the reproductive cell in males and will only survive in warm environments; once it leaves the male body the sperm's survival likelihood is reduced and it may die, thereby decreasing the total sperm quality. Sperm cells come in two types, \"female\" and \"male\". Sperm cells that give rise to female (XX) offspring after fertilization differ in that they carry an X-chromosome, while sperm cells that give rise to male (XY) offspring carry a Y-chromosome.", "Stem cell Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.", "Human reproductive system In females, gametogenesis is known as oogenesis which occurs in the ovarian follicles of the ovaries. This process does not produce mature ovum until puberty. In contrast with males, each of the original diploid germ cells or primary oocytes will form only one mature ovum, and three polar bodies which are not capable of fertilization It has long been understood that in females, unlike males, all of the primary oocytes ever found in a female will be created prior to birth, and that the final stages of ova production will then not resume until puberty.[3] However, recent scientific data has challenged that hypothesis.[4] This new data indicates that in at least some species of mammal oocytes continue to be replenished in females well after birth.[5]", "Ploidy The haploid number for humans (half of 46) is 23; and the monoploid number equals 46 divided by the ploidy level of 2, which is also 23. When a human germ cell undergoes meiosis the two sets of 23 chromosomes are split in half to form gametes. After fusion of a male and a female gamete (fertilization) both containing 1 set of 23 chromosomes, the resulting zygote has 46 chromosomes: 2 sets of 23 chromosomes (22 autosomes, and 1 allosome).", "Germ cell The developing male germ cells do not complete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis. Consequently, cytoplasmic bridges assure connection between the clones of differentiating daughter cells to form a syncytium. In this way the haploid cells are supplied with all the products of a complete diploid genome. Sperm that carry a Y chromosome, for example, is supplied with essential molecules that are encoded by genes on the X chromosome.[citation needed]", "Polyploid True polyploidy rarely occurs in humans, although polyploid cells occur in highly differentiated tissue, such as liver parenchyma and heart muscle, and in bone marrow.[21] Aneuploidy is more common.", "Genetics Eukaryotic organisms often use sexual reproduction to generate offspring that contain a mixture of genetic material inherited from two different parents. The process of sexual reproduction alternates between forms that contain single copies of the genome (haploid) and double copies (diploid).[38] Haploid cells fuse and combine genetic material to create a diploid cell with paired chromosomes. Diploid organisms form haploids by dividing, without replicating their DNA, to create daughter cells that randomly inherit one of each pair of chromosomes. Most animals and many plants are diploid for most of their lifespan, with the haploid form reduced to single cell gametes such as sperm or eggs.", "Mendelian inheritance Of the 46 chromosomes in a normal diploid human cell, half are maternally derived (from the mother's egg) and half are paternally derived (from the father's sperm). This occurs as sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid gametes (the egg and sperm) to produce a new organism having the full complement of chromosomes. During gametogenesis—the production of new gametes by an adult—the normal complement of 46 chromosomes needs to be halved to 23 to ensure that the resulting haploid gamete can join with another gamete to produce a diploid organism. An error in the number of chromosomes, such as those caused by a diploid gamete joining with a haploid gamete, is termed aneuploidy.", "Somatic cell Like all cells, somatic cells contain DNA arranged in chromosomes. If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs, it is called diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism. (The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid.) Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes. In humans, this is 23 unpaired chromosomes. When two gametes (i.e. a spermatozoon and an ovum) meet during conception, they fuse together, creating a zygote. Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes (i.e. 23 pairs).", "Aneuploidy Most cells in the human body have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46 chromosomes. (The sperm and egg, or gametes, each have 23 unpaired chromosomes, and red blood cells have no nucleus and no chromosomes.)", "Eukaryote Cell division generally takes place asexually by mitosis, a process that allows each daughter nucleus to receive one copy of each chromosome. Most eukaryotes also have a life cycle that involves sexual reproduction, alternating between a haploid phase, where only one copy of each chromosome is present in each cell and a diploid phase, wherein two copies of each chromosome are present in each cell. The diploid phase is formed by fusion of two haploid gametes to form a zygote, which may divide by mitosis or undergo chromosome reduction by meiosis. There is considerable variation in this pattern. Animals have no multicellular haploid phase, but each plant generation can consist of haploid and diploid multicellular phases.", "Polyploidy True polyploidy rarely occurs in humans, although polyploid cells occur in highly differentiated tissue, such as liver parenchyma and heart muscle, and in bone marrow.[22] Aneuploidy is more common.", "Biological life cycle In the whole cycle, gametes are usually the only haploid cells, and mitosis usually occurs only in the diploid phase.", "Cell potency Multipotent cells are found in many, but not all human cell types. Multipotent cells have been found in cord blood,[34] adipose tissue,[35] cardiac cells,[36] bone marrow, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are found in the third molar.[37]", "Ploidy All plants and many fungi and algae switch between a haploid and a diploid state, with one of the stages emphasized over the other. This is called alternation of generations. Most fungi and algae are haploid during the principal stage of their lifecycle, as are plants like mosses. Most animals are diploid, but male bees, wasps, and ants are haploid organisms because they develop from unfertilized, haploid eggs, while females (workers and queens) are diploid, making their system haplodiploid.", "Cellular differentiation Germ line cells are any line of cells that give rise to gametes—eggs and sperm—and thus are continuous through the generations. Stem cells, on the other hand, have the ability to divide for indefinite periods and to give rise to specialized cells. They are best described in the context of normal human development.[citation needed]", "Polyploid Mixoploidy is quite commonly observed in human preimplantation embryos and includes haploid/diploid as well as diploid/tetraploid mixed cell populations. It is unknown whether these embryos fail to implant and are therefore rarely detected in ongoing pregnancies or if there is simply a selective process favoring the diploid cells.", "Meiosis In females, meiosis occurs in cells known as oocytes (singular: oocyte). Each primary oocyte divides twice in meiosis, unequally in each case. The first division produces a daughter cell, and a much smaller polar body which may or may not undergo a second division. In meiosis II, division of the daughter cell produces a second polar body, and a single haploid cell, which enlarges to become an ovum. Therefore, in females each primary oocyte that undergoes meiosis results in one mature ovum and one or two polar bodies.", "Meiosis In the zygotic life cycle the organism is haploid instead, spawned by the proliferation and differentiation of a single haploid cell called the gamete. Two organisms of opposing sex contribute their haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis immediately, creating four haploid cells. These cells undergo mitosis to create the organism. Many fungi and many protozoa utilize the zygotic life cycle.[citation needed]", "Cell potency The human development model is one which can be used to describe how totipotent cells arise.[9] Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and the resulting fertilized egg creates a single totipotent cell, a zygote.[10] In the first hours after fertilization, this zygote divides into identical totipotent cells, which can later develop into any of the three germ layers of a human (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm), into cells of the cytotrophoblast layer or syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. After reaching a 16-cell stage, the totipotent cells of the morula differentiate into cells that will eventually become either the blastocyst's Inner cell mass or the outer trophoblasts. Approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells begin to specialize. The inner cell mass, the source of embryonic stem cells, becomes pluripotent.", "Oogonium Recent research, however, has identified that renewable oogonia may be present in the lining of the female ovaries of humans, primates and mice.[2][7][8] It is thought that these germ cell might be necessary for the upkeep of the reproductive follicles and oocyte development, well into adulthood. It has also been discovered, that some stem cells may migrate from the bone marrow to the ovaries as a source of extra-genial germ cells. These mitotically active germ cells found in mammalian adults were identified by tracking several markers that were common in oocytes. These potential renewable germs cells were identified as positive for these essential oocyte markers.[2]", "Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process starts with the mitotic division of the stem cells located close to the basement membrane of the tubules. These cells are called spermatogonial stem cells. The mitotic division of these produces two types of cells. Type A cells replenish the stem cells, and type B cells differentiate into spermatocytes. The primary spermatocyte divides meiotically (Meiosis I) into two secondary spermatocytes; each secondary spermatocyte divides into two equal haploid spermatids by Meiosis II.The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa(sperm) by the process called Spermiogenesis.These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells.[1] Thus, the primary spermatocyte gives rise to two cells, the secondary spermatocytes, and the two secondary spermatocytes by their subdivision produce four spermatozoa.[2]", "Stem cell Adult stem cells, also called somatic (from Greek σωματικóς, \"of the body\") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.[23] They can be found in children, as well as adults.[24]", "Mitosis Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission. Mitosis varies between organisms.[6] For example, animal cells undergo an \"open\" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, whereas fungi undergo a \"closed\" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus.[7] Most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Most human cells are produced by mitotic cell division. Important exceptions include the gametes – sperm and egg cells – which are produced by meiosis.", "Polyploidy Mixoploidy is quite commonly observed in human preimplantation embryos and includes haploid/diploid as well as diploid/tetraploid mixed cell populations. It is unknown whether these embryos fail to implant and are therefore rarely detected in ongoing pregnancies or if there is simply a selective process favoring the diploid cells.", "Ploidy Ploidy can also differ with life cycle.[19][20] In some insects it differs by caste. In humans, only the gametes are haploid, but in the Australian bulldog ant, Myrmecia pilosula, a haplodiploid species, haploid individuals of this species have a single chromosome, and diploid individuals have two chromosomes.[21] In Entamoeba, the ploidy level varies from 4n to 40n in a single population.[22] Alternation of generations occurs in many plants.", "Spermatocyte Primary spermatocytes are diploid (2N) cells. After Meiosis I, two secondary spermatocytes are formed. Secondary spermatocytes are haploid (N) cells that contain half the number of chromosomes.[1]", "Telomerase Embryonic stem cells express telomerase, which allows them to divide repeatedly and form the individual. In adults, telomerase is highly expressed only in cells that need to divide regularly especially in male sperm cells but also in epidermal cells,[22] in activated T cell[23] and B cell[24] lymphocytes, as well as in certain adult stem cells, but in the great majority of cases somatic cells do not express telomerase.[25]", "Polyploidy Polyploidy is the state of a cell or organism having more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomesâ€”one set inherited from each parent. However, polyploidy is found in some organisms and is especially common in plants. In addition, polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues.[1] This is known as endopolyploidy. Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, prokaryotes, may be polyploid, as seen in the large bacterium Epulopiscium fishelsoni.[2] Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Male bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis, the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.", "Germ cell After migration primordial germ cells will become oogonia in the forming gonad (ovary). The oogonia proliferate extensively by mitotic divisions, up to 5-7 million cells in humans. But then many of these oogonia die and about 50,000 remain. These cells differentiate into primary oocytes. In week 11-12 post coitus the first meiotic division begins (before birth for most mammals) and remains arrested in prophase I from a few days to many years depending on the species. It is in this period or in some cases at the beginning of sexual maturity that the primary oocytes secrete proteins to form a coat called zona pellucida and they also produce cortical granules containing enzymes and proteins needed for fertilization. Meiosis stands by because of the follicular granulosa cells that send inhibitory signals through gap junctions and the zona pellucida. Sexual maturation is the beginning of periodic ovulation. Ovulation is the regular release of one oocyte from the ovary into the reproductive tract and is preceded by follicular growth. A few follicle cells are stimulated to grow but only one oocyte is ovulated. A primordial follicle consists of an epithelial layer of follicular granulosa cells enclosing an oocyte. The pituitary gland secrete follicle-stimulating hormones (FSHs) that stimulate follicular growth and oocyte maturation. The thecal cells around each follicle secrete estrogen. This hormone stimulates the production of FSH receptors on the follicular granulosa cells and has at the same time a negative feedback on FSH secretion. This results in a competition between the follicles and only the follicle with the most FSH receptors survives and is ovulated. Meiotic division I goes on in the ovulated oocyte stimulated by luteinizing hormones (LHs) produced by the pituitary gland. FSH and LH block the gap junctions between follicle cells and the oocyte therefore inhibiting communication between them. Most follicular granulosa cells stay around the oocyte and so form the cumulus layer. Large non-mammalian oocytes accumulate egg yolk, glycogen, lipids, ribosomes, and the mRNA needed for protein synthesis during early embryonic growth. These intensive RNA biosynthese are mirrored in the structure of the chromosomes, which decondense and form lateral loops giving them a lampbrush appearance (see Lampbrush chromosome). Oocyte maturation is the following phase of oocyte development. It occurs at sexual maturity when hormones stimulate the oocyte to complete meiotic division I. The meiotic division I produces 2 cells differing in size: a small polar body and a large secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte undergoes meiotic division II and that results in the formation of a second small polar body and a large mature egg, both being haploid cells. The polar bodies degenerate.[8] Oocyte maturation stands by at metaphase II in most vertebrates. During ovulation, the arrested secondary oocyte leaves the ovary and matures rapidly into an egg ready for fertilization. Fertilization will cause the egg to complete meiosis II. In human females there is proliferation of the oogonia in the fetus, meiosis starts then before birth and stands by at meiotic division I up to 50 years, ovulation begins at puberty.[citation needed]", "Meiosis Because the number of chromosomes is halved during meiosis, gametes can fuse (i.e. fertilization) to form a diploid zygote that contains two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Thus, alternating cycles of meiosis and fertilization enable sexual reproduction, with successive generations maintaining the same number of chromosomes. For example, diploid human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes including 1 pair of sex chromosomes (46 total), half of maternal origin and half of paternal origin. Meiosis produces haploid gametes (ova or sperm) that contain one set of 23 chromosomes. When two gametes (an egg and a sperm) fuse, the resulting zygote is once again diploid, with the mother and father each contributing 23 chromosomes. This same pattern, but not the same number of chromosomes, occurs in all organisms that utilize meiosis.", "Genetics While haploid organisms have only one copy of each chromosome, most animals and many plants are diploid, containing two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene.[38] The two alleles for a gene are located on identical loci of the two homologous chromosomes, each allele inherited from a different parent.", "Germ cell The second way is found in birds and mammals, where germ cells are not specified by such determinants but by signals controlled by zygotic genes. In mammals, a few cells of the early embryo are induced by signals of neighboring cells to become primordial germ cells. Mammalian eggs are somewhat symmetrical and after the first divisions of the fertilized egg, the produced cells are all totipotent. This means that they can differentiate in any cell type in the body and thus germ cells. Specification of primordial germ cells in the laboratory mouse is initiated by high levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, which activates expression of the transcription factors Blimp-1/Prdm1 and Prdm14.[6]", "Cell division For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction â€“ an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.[3] The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime.[4]", "Ploidy Because the chromosome number is generally reduced only by the specialized process of meiosis, the somatic cells of the body inherit and maintain the chromosome number of the zygote. However, in many situations somatic cells double their copy number by means of endoreduplication as an aspect of cellular differentiation. For example, the hearts of two-year-old children contain 85% diploid and 15% tetraploid nuclei, but by 12 years of age the proportions become approximately equal, and adults examined contained 27% diploid, 71% tetraploid and 2% octaploid nuclei.[6]", "Gametogenesis Fungi, algae, and primitive plants form specialized haploid structures called gametangia, where gametes are produced through mitosis. In some fungi, such as the Zygomycota, the gametangia are single cells, situated on the ends of hyphae, which act as gametes by fusing into a zygote. More typically, gametangia are multicellular structures that differentiate into male and female organs:", "Gene The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene.[2]:20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.[2]:20", "Mitosis Errors can occur during mitosis, especially during early embryonic development in humans.[49] Mitotic errors can create aneuploid cells that have too few or too many of one or more chromosomes, a condition associated with cancer.[50][51] Early human embryos, cancer cells, infected or intoxicated cells can also suffer from pathological division into three or more daughter cells (tripolar or multipolar mitosis), resulting in severe errors in their chromosomal complements.[4]", "Animal Nearly all animals undergo some form of sexual reproduction.[20] They produce haploid gametes by meiosis (see Origin and function of meiosis). The smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova.[21] These fuse to form zygotes, which develop via multiple successive mitoses and differentiation into new individuals[22] (see Allogamy).", "Egg cell Nearly all land plants have alternating diploid and haploid generations. Gametes are produced by the gametophyte, which is the haploid generation. The female gametophyte produces structures called archegonia, and the egg cells form within them via mitosis. The typical bryophyte archegonium consists of a long neck with a wider base containing the egg cell. Upon maturation, the neck opens to allow sperm cells to swim into the archegonium and fertilize the egg. The resulting zygote then gives rise to an embryo, which will grow into a new diploid individual (sporophyte). In seed plants, a structure called ovule, which contains the female gametophyte. The gametophyte produces an egg cell. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed containing the embryo.[10]", "Spermatozoon Sperm cells contribute approximately half of the nuclear genetic information to the diploid offspring (excluding, in most cases, mitochondrial DNA). In mammals, the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm cell: a spermatozoon bearing a X chromosome will lead to a female (XX) offspring, while one bearing a Y chromosome will lead to a male (XY) offspring. Sperm cells were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1677.[1]", "Meiosis Meiosis (from Greek μειώσεις, meiosis, which means lessening) /maɪˈoʊsɪs/ ( listen) is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.[1] This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and fungi.[2][3][4][5] Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities.[6]", "Biological life cycle In gametic meiosis, instead of immediately dividing meiotically to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid individual or a group of more unicellular diploid cells. Cells from the diploid individuals then undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells or gametes. Haploid cells may divide again (by mitosis) to form more haploid cells, as in many yeasts, but the haploid phase is not the predominant life cycle phase. In most diplonts, mitosis occurs only in the diploid phase, i.e. gametes usually form quickly and fuse to produce diploid zygotes.", "Egg cell While the non-mammalian animal egg was obvious, the doctrine ex ovo omne vivum (\"every living [animal comes from] an egg\"), associated with William Harvey (1578â€“1657), was a rejection of spontaneous generation and preformationism as well as a bold assumption that mammals also reproduced via eggs. Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the mammalian ovum in 1827, and Edgar Allen discovered the human ovum in 1928. The fusion of spermatozoa with ova (of a starfish) was observed by Oskar Hertwig in 1876.[1][2]", "Haematopoiesis Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the medulla of the bone (bone marrow) and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types and tissues.[1] HSCs are self-renewing cells: when they proliferate, at least some of their daughter cells remain as HSCs, so the pool of stem cells is not depleted.This phenomenon is called asymmetric division.[4] The other daughters of HSCs (myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells) can follow any of the other differentiation pathways that lead to the production of one or more specific types of blood cell, but cannot renew themselves. The pool of progenitors is heterogeneous and can be divided into two groups; long-term self-renewing HSC and only transiently self-renewing HSC, also called short-terms.[5] This is one of the main vital processes in the body.", "Human Like all mammals, humans are a diploid eukaryotic species. Each somatic cell has two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set received from one parent; gametes have only one set of chromosomes, which is a mixture of the two parental sets. Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes there are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Like other mammals, humans have an XY sex-determination system, so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and males have XY.[102]", "Oogonium In many algae (e.g., Chara), the main plant is haploid; oogonia and antheridia form and produce haploid gametes. The only diploid part of the life cycle is the spore (fertilized egg cell), which undergoes meiosis to form haploid cells that develop into new plants. This is a haplontic life cycle (with zygotic meiosis).", "Cell nucleus An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is, therefore, incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells. The best-known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell, or erythrocyte, which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria, and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, where they lose their nuclei, organelles, and ribosomes. The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte, which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte.[63] The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature \"micronucleated\" erythrocytes into the bloodstream.[64][65] Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei.", "Oogonium Normal oogonia in human ovaries are spherical or ovoid in shape and are found amongst neighboring somatic cells and oocytes at different phases of development. Oogonia can be distinguished from neighboring somatic cells, under an electron microscope, by observing their nuclei. Oogonial nuclei contain randomly dispersed fibrillar and granular material whereas the somatic cells have a more condensed nucleus that creates a darker outline under the microscope. Oogonial nuclei also contain dense prominent nucleoli. The chromosomal material in the nucleus of mitotically dividing oogonia shows as a dense mass surrounded by vesicles or double membranes.[1]", "Ploidy Dihaploid and polyhaploid cells are formed by haploidisation of polyploids, i.e., by halving the chromosome constitution.", "Egg All sexually reproducing life, including both plants and animals, produces gametes. The male gamete cell, sperm, is usually motile whereas the female gamete cell, the ovum, is generally larger and sessile. The male and female gametes combine to produce the zygote cell. In multicellular organisms the zygote subsequently divides in an organised manner into smaller more specialised cells, so that this new individual develops into an embryo. In most animals the embryo is the sessile initial stage of the individual life cycle, and is followed by the emergence (that is, the hatching) of a motile stage. The zygote or the ovum itself or the sessile organic vessel containing the developing embryo may be called the egg.", "Meiosis In males, meiosis occurs during spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles. Meiosis during spermatogenesis is specific to a type of cell called spermatocytes, which will later mature to become spermatozoa. Meiosis of primordial germ cells happens at the time of puberty, much later than in females. Tissues of the male testis suppress meiosis by degrading retinoic acid, a stimulator of meiosis. This is overcome at puberty when cells within seminiferous tubules called Sertoli cells start making their own retinoic acid. Sensitivity to retinoic acid is also adjusted by proteins called nanos and DAZL.", "Human body The body contains trillions of cells, the fundamental unit of life.[4] At maturity, there are roughly 30[5]–37[6] trillion cells in the body, an estimate arrived at by totalling the cell numbers of all the organs of the body and cell types. The body is also host to about the same number of non-human cells[5] as well as multicellular organisms which reside in the gastrointestinal tract and on the skin.[7] Not all parts of the body are made from cells. Cells sit in an extracellular matrix that consists of proteins such as collagen, surrounded by extracellular fluids. Of the 70 kg weight of an average human body, nearly 25 kg is non-human cells or non-cellular material such as bone and connective tissue.[5]", "Plant reproduction The gametophyte is the multicellular structure (plant) that is haploid, containing a single set of chromosomes in each cell. The gametophyte produces male or female gametes (or both), by a process of cell division called mitosis. In vascular plants with separate gametophytes, female gametophytes are known as mega gametophytes (mega=large, they produce the large egg cells) and the male gametophytes are called micro gametophytes (micro=small, they produce the small sperm cells).", "Chromosome Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid.", "Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.[1][2] It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a euploid cell.[1] An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of genetic disorders, including some human birth defects. Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes.[3] Aneuploidy originates during cell division when the chromosomes do not separate properly between the two cells. Most cases of aneuploidy result in miscarriage and the most common extra autosomal chromosomes among live births are 21, 18 and 13.[4]", "Cell (biology) Cell division involves a single cell (called a mother cell) dividing into two daughter cells. This leads to growth in multicellular organisms (the growth of tissue) and to procreation (vegetative reproduction) in unicellular organisms. Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, while eukaryotic cells usually undergo a process of nuclear division, called mitosis, followed by division of the cell, called cytokinesis. A diploid cell may also undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells, usually four. Haploid cells serve as gametes in multicellular organisms, fusing to form new diploid cells.", "Interphase In interphase, the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of the body, go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division, whereas diploid germ cells (i.e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes (i.e., sperm and ova) for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Chromosomes are copied.", "Meiosis In female mammals, meiosis begins immediately after primordial germ cells migrate to the ovary in the embryo. It is retinoic acid, derived from the primitive kidney (mesonephros) that stimulates meiosis in ovarian oogonia. Tissues of the male testis suppress meiosis by degrading retinoic acid, a stimulator of meiosis. This is overcome at puberty when cells within seminiferous tubules called Sertoli cells start making their own retinoic acid.[28][29]", "Oogonium In the blastocyst of the mammalian embryo, primordial germ cells arise from proximal epiblasts under the influence of extra-embryonic signals. These germ cells then travel, via amoeboid movement, to the genital ridge and eventually into the undifferentiated gonads of the fetus.[2] During the 4th or 5th week of development, the gonads begin to differentiate. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonads will differentiate into ovaries. As the ovaries differentiate, ingrowths called cortical cords develop. This is where the primordial germ cells collect.[3][4]", "Male reproductive system Specialized primordial germ cells are forming and migrating from the yolk sac to the embryonic gonads during week eight and nine. These are the spermatagonia in the developing male. Before seven weeks after fertilization, the gonads have the potential to become either testes or ovaries. Reproductive sex organs for both male and female are derived from the same embryonic tissues and are considered homologous tissues or organs.[2]", "Somatic cell A somatic cell (from the Greek σῶμα sôma, meaning \"body\") or vegetal cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.[1]", "Gamete Plants which reproduce sexually also have gametes. However, since plants have an alternation of diploid and haploid generations some differences exist. In flowering plants the flowers use meiosis to produce a haploid generation which produce gametes through mitosis. The female haploid is called the ovule and is produced by the ovary of the flower. When mature the haploid ovule produces the female gamete which are ready for fertilization. The male haploid is pollen and is produced by the anther, when pollen lands on a mature stigma of a flower it grows a pollen tube down into the flower. The haploid pollen then produces sperm by mitosis and releases them for fertilization.", "Development of the gonads During early embryonic development, cells from the dorsal endoderm of the yolk sac migrate along the hindgut to the gonadal ridge. These primordial germ cells (PGCs) multiply by mitosis and once they have reached the gonadal ridge they are called oogonia (diploid stem cells of the ovary).", "Sperm Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophytes are produced in male gametangia (antheridia) via mitotic division. In flowering plants, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen.[citation needed]", "Spermatogenesis Spermatozoa are the mature male gametes in many sexually reproducing organisms. Thus, spermatogenesis is the male version of gametogenesis, of which the female equivalent is oogenesis. In mammals it occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the male testes in a stepwise fashion. Spermatogenesis is highly dependent upon optimal conditions for the process to occur correctly, and is essential for sexual reproduction. DNA methylation and histone modification have been implicated in the regulation of this process.[3] It starts at puberty and usually continues uninterrupted until death, although a slight decrease can be discerned in the quantity of produced sperm with increase in age (see Male infertility).", "Germ cell Primordial germ cells, germ cells that still have to reach the gonads, also known as PGCs, precursor germ cells or gonocytes, divide repeatedly on their migratory route through the gut and into the developing gonads.[citation needed]", "Ploidy When a germ cell with an uneven number of chromosomes undergoes meiosis, the chromosomes can't be evenly divided between two cells resulting in aneuploid gametes. Triploid organisms for instance are usually sterile. Because of this, triploidy is a common way of making seedless fruit such as bananas and watermelons. If the fertilization of human gametes results in 3 sets of chromosomes the condition is called triploid syndrome.", "Ageing Even within humans and other mortal species, there are cells with the potential for immortality: cancer cells which have lost the ability to die when maintained in a cell culture such as the HeLa cell line,[9] and specific stem cells such as germ cells (producing ova and spermatozoa).[10] In artificial cloning, adult cells can be rejuvenated to embryonic status and then used to grow a new tissue or animal without ageing.[11] Normal human cells however die after about 50 cell divisions in laboratory culture (the Hayflick Limit, discovered by Leonard Hayflick in 1961).[9]", "Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis produces mature male gametes, commonly called sperm but more specifically known as spermatozoa, which are able to fertilize the counterpart female gamete, the oocyte, during conception to produce a single-celled individual known as a zygote. This is the cornerstone of sexual reproduction and involves the two gametes both contributing half the normal set of chromosomes (haploid) to result in a chromosomally normal (diploid) zygote.", "Karyotype So, in normal diploid organisms, autosomal chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes. Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies.", "Ploidy Somatic cells, tissues and individuals can be described according to the number of sets present (the ploidy level): monoploid (1 set), diploid (2 sets), triploid (3 sets), tetraploid (4 sets), pentaploid (5 sets), hexaploid (6 sets), heptaploid[1] or septaploid[2] (7 sets), etc. The generic term polyploid is used to describe cells with three or more chromosome sets.[3][4]", "Biological life cycle In the whole cycle, zygotes are the only diploid cell; mitosis occurs only in the haploid phase.", "Gametogenesis Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into various gametes, or by mitosis. For example, plants produce gametes through mitosis in gametophytes. The gametophytes grow from haploid spores after sporic meiosis. The existence of a multicellular, haploid phase in the life cycle between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as alternation of generations.", "Human body Cells in the body function because of DNA. DNA sits within the nucleus of a cell. Here, parts of DNA are copied and sent to the body of the cell via RNA.[8] The RNA is then used to create proteins which form the basis for cells, their activity, and their products. Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression, a cell is able to self-regulate by the amount of proteins produced.[9] However, not all cells have DNA â€“ some cells such as mature red blood cells lose their nucleus as they mature.", "Flowering plant Pollen is also produced by meiosis in the male anther (microsporangium). During meiosis, a diploid microspore mother cell undergoes two successive meiotic divisions to produce 4 haploid cells (microspores or male gametes). Each of these microspores, after further mitoses, becomes a pollen grain (microgametophyte) containing two haploid generative (sperm) cells and a tube nucleus. When a pollen grain makes contact with the female stigma, the pollen grain forms a pollen tube that grows down the style into the ovary. In the act of fertilization, a male sperm nucleus fuses with the female egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote that can then develop into an embryo within the newly forming seed. Upon germination of the seed, a new plant can grow and mature." ]	[ "Ploidy The number of chromosomes found in a single complete set of chromosomes is called the monoploid number (x). The haploid number (n) is unique to gametes (sperm or egg cells), and refers to the total number of chromosomes found in a gamete, which under normal conditions is half the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.", "Ploidy Gametes (sperm and ova) are haploid cells. The haploid gametes produced by most organisms combine to form a zygote with n pairs of chromosomes, i.e. 2n chromosomes in total. The chromosomes in each pair, one of which comes from the sperm and one from the egg, are said to be homologous. Cells and organisms with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid. For example, most animals are diploid and produce haploid gametes. During meiosis, sex cell precursors have their number of chromosomes halved by randomly \"choosing\" one member of each pair of chromosomes, resulting in haploid gametes. Because homologous chromosomes usually differ genetically, gametes usually differ genetically from one another.[citation needed]" ]
test3223	how did the dominican republic get its name	[ "doc110258" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc110258", "doc2353246", "doc110255", "doc1099133", "doc110263", "doc798683", "doc110259", "doc2353247", "doc798681", "doc307779", "doc307778", "doc2353248", "doc110254", "doc315030", "doc2353254", "doc2353276", "doc307776", "doc307777", "doc1099131", "doc323129", "doc2648041", "doc2351547", "doc110278", "doc110260", "doc110264", "doc323160", "doc2353251", "doc1099134", "doc323127", "doc110271", "doc2353275", "doc2353253", "doc647611", "doc2353268", "doc561262", "doc110308", "doc2353270", "doc307780", "doc323130", "doc2353256", "doc110277", "doc2353285", "doc2353260", "doc2353266", "doc1099139", "doc2648042", "doc110261", "doc315024", "doc2353262", "doc901995", "doc307809", "doc77481", "doc110266", "doc315037", "doc2353269", "doc1099130", "doc1383512", "doc110268", "doc110408", "doc1099140", "doc2353259", "doc110295", "doc2353284", "doc2247961", "doc2353264", "doc1099138", "doc2648061", "doc307787", "doc110405", "doc110270", "doc2353258", "doc110391", "doc77476", "doc307816", "doc1099136", "doc110334", "doc77489", "doc2353261", "doc1654136", "doc2353272", "doc307788", "doc2648074", "doc2353293", "doc798682", "doc77486", "doc110406", "doc110281", "doc2353314", "doc798685", "doc2353267", "doc2353271", "doc145123", "doc2353255", "doc2353287", "doc2353263", "doc2353273", "doc1099135", "doc2353289", "doc2353249", "doc561248" ]	[ "Dominican Republic For most of its history, up until independence, the country was known as Santo Domingo[29]—the name of its present capital and patron saint, Saint Dominic—and continued to be commonly known as such in English until the early 20th century.[30] The residents were called Dominicanos (Dominicans), which is the adjective form of \"Domingo\", and the revolutionaries named their newly independent country La República Dominicana.", "History of the Dominican Republic The recorded history of the Dominican Republic began when the Genoa-born navigator Christopher Columbus, working for the Spanish Crown, happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. It was inhabited by the Taíno, an Arawakan people, who variously called their island Ayiti, Bohio, or Quisqueya (Kiskeya). Columbus promptly claimed the island for the Spanish Crown, naming it La Isla Española (\"the Spanish Island\"), later Latinized to Hispaniola. What would become the Dominican Republic was the Spanish Captaincy General of Santo Domingo until 1821 except for a time as a French colony from 1795 to 1809. It was then part of a unified Hispaniola with Haiti from 1822 until 1844. In 1844, Dominican independence was proclaimed and the republic, which was often known as Santo Domingo until the early 20th century, maintained its independence except for a short Spanish occupation from 1861 to 1865 and occupation by the United States from 1916 to 1924.", "Dominican Republic Christopher Columbus landed on the island on December 5, 1492, which the native Taíno people had inhabited since the 7th century. The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, the oldest continuously inhabited city, and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World. After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821. The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres, intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia, but no longer under Spain's custody the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822. Independence came 22 years later after victory in the Dominican War of Independence in 1844. Over the next 72 years the Dominican Republic experienced mostly internal conflicts and a brief return to colonial status before permanently ousting Spanish rule during the Dominican War of Restoration of 1865.[15][16][17] A United States occupation lasted eight years between 1916 and 1924, and a subsequent calm and prosperous six-year period under Horacio Vásquez Lajara was followed by the dictatorship of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo until 1961. A civil war in 1965, the country's last, was ended by U.S. military occupation and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer, 1966–1978. Since then, the Dominican Republic has moved toward representative democracy[5] and has been led by Leonel Fernández for most of the time since 1996. Danilo Medina, the Dominican Republic's current president, succeeded Fernandez in 2012, winning 51% of the electoral vote over his opponent ex-president Hipólito Mejía.[18]", "Santo Domingo Prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the native Taíno people populated the island which they called Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains), and which Columbus later named Hispaniola, including the territory of today's Republic of Haiti. At the time, the island's territory consisted of five chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.[8] These were ruled respectively by caciques (chiefs) Guacanagarix, Guarionex, Caonabo, Bohechío, and Cayacoa.", "Dominican Republic Christopher Columbus arrived on the island in December 5, 1492, during the first of his four voyages to the Americas. He claimed the land for Spain and named it La EspaÃ±ola due to its diverse climate and terrain which reminded him of the Spanish landscape.[48] Traveling further east Columbus came across the Yaque del Norte River in the Cibao region, which he named Rio de Oro after discovering gold deposits nearby.[49] On Columbus' return during his second voyage he established the settlement of La Isabela in what is now Puerto Plata on Jan. 1494, while he sent Alonso de Ojeda to search for gold in the region.", "Dominica The precolonial inhabitants were the Island Caribs. Its pre-Columbian name by the Caribs was Waiâ€˜tu kubuli, which means \"Tall is her body\".[10] The island was named from the Latin word dies Dominica for Sunday, the day on which the island was spotted by Christopher Columbus in November 1493. Some Spanish settled here. But, as European explorers and settlers entered the region, indigenous refugees from surrounding islands settled Dominica and pushed out the Spanish settlers. They went to other areas that were easier to control and had more natural resources.", "Dominican Republic In the national anthem of the Dominican Republic (Himno Nacional) the term \"Dominican\" does not appear. The author of its lyrics, Emilio Prud'Homme, consistently uses the poetic term Quisqueyanos, that is, \"Quisqueyans\". The word \"Quisqueya\" derives from a native tongue of the Taino Indians and means \"Mother of all Lands\". It is often used in songs as another name for the country. The name of the country is often shortened to \"the D.R.\"[31]", "History of the Dominican Republic The Taíno people called the island Quisqueya (mother of all lands) and Ayiti (land of high mountains). At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey. These were ruled respectively by caciques Guacanagarix, Guarionex, Caonabo, Bohechío, and Cayacoa.", "Dominica The island was originally inhabited by the Kalinago and later colonised by Europeans, predominantly by the French from the 1690s to 1763. Columbus is said to have passed the island on Sunday, 3 November 1493, and the island's name is derived from the Latin for \"Sunday\". Great Britain took possession in 1763 after its defeat of France in the Seven Years' War, and it gradually established English as the official language. The island republic gained independence in 1978.", "Hispaniola The name HaÃ¯ti was adopted by Haitian revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1804, as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors. It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo, as the Republic of Spanish Haiti, a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by Haiti in February 1822.[11][12]", "Hispaniola Due to TaÃno, Spanish and French influences on the island, historically the whole island was often referred to as Haiti, Hayti, Santo Domingo, St. Domingue, or San Domingo. The colonial terms Saint-Domingue and Santo Domingo are sometimes still applied to the whole island, though these names refer, respectively, to the colonies that became Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[9] Since Anghiera's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written, the name \"Hispaniola\" became the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works. In 1918, the United States occupation government, led by Harry Shepard Knapp, obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island, and recommended the use of that name to the National Geographic Society.[10]", "History of the Dominican Republic Christopher Columbus reached the island of Hispañola on his first voyage, in December 1492. On Columbus' second voyage in 1493 the colony of La Isabela was built on the northeast shore. Isabela nearly failed because of hunger and disease. In 1496 Santo Domingo was built and became the new capital. Here the New World's first cathedral was erected, and for a few decades Santo Domingo was also the administrative heart of the expanding empire. Before they embarked on their prosperous endeavors, men like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro lived and worked in Santo Domingo.", "Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic (Spanish: República Dominicana [reˈpuβliˌka ðoˌminiˈkana]) is a sovereign state located in the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with the nation of Haiti,[11][12] making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that are shared by two countries. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest Caribbean nation by area (after Cuba) at 48,445 square kilometers (18,705 sq mi), and third by population with approximately 10 million people, of which approximately three million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city.[13][14]", "Dominican Republic–Haiti relations On November 9, 1821 the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo was overthrown by a group of rebels at the command of José Núñez de Cáceres, the colony's former administrator,[1][17] as they proclaimed independence from the Spanish crown on December 1, 1821.[18] The new nation was known as Republic of Spanish Haiti (Spanish: República del Haití Español), as Haiti had been the indigenous name of the island.[17][contradictory]", "History of the Dominican Republic In 1510, the first sizable shipment, consisting of 250 Black Ladinos, arrived in Hispaniola from Spain. Eight years later African-born slaves arrived in the West Indies. Many of the Africans brutally jammed into the slave ships had been the losers in Africa's endemic and endless wars. Others were kidnapped from the coast or taken from villages inland.[4] The Colony of \"La EspaÃ±ola\" was organized as the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo in 1511. Sugar cane was introduced to Hispaniola from the Canary Islands, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516, on Hispaniola.[5] The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in the importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite, and convinced the Spanish king to allow them to elect the members of the Real Audiencia from their ranks. Poorer colonists subsisted by hunting the herds of wild cattle that roamed throughout the island and selling their hides. The enslaved population numbered between twenty and thirty thousand in the mid-sixteenth century and included mine, plantation, cattle ranch, and domestic laborers. A small Spanish ruling class of about twelve hundred monopolized political and economic power, and it used ordenanzas (laws) and violence to control the population of color.", "History of the Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic's first constitution was adopted on November 6, 1844. The state was commonly known as Santo Domingo in English until the early 20th century.[22] It featured a presidential form of government with many liberal tendencies, but it was marred by Article 210, imposed by Pedro Santana on the constitutional assembly by force, giving him the privileges of a dictatorship until the war of independence was over. These privileges not only served him to win the war, but also allowed him to persecute, execute and drive into exile his political opponents, among which Duarte was the most important. In Haiti after the fall of Boyer, black leaders had ascended to the power once enjoyed exclusively by the mulatto elite.[23]", "Hispaniola The island was called by various names by its native people, the Taíno Amerindians. No known Taíno texts exist, hence, historical evidence for those names comes to us through three European historians: the Italian Pietro Martyr d‘Anghiera, and the Spaniards Bartolomé de las Casas and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. Fernández de Oviedo and de las Casas both recorded that the island was called Quizqueia (supposedly \"Mother of all Lands\") by the Taíno. D'Anghiera added another name, Haiti (\"Mountainous Land\"), but later research shows that the word does not seem to derive from the original Arawak Taíno language.[3] (Quisqueya is today mostly used in the Dominican Republic.) Although the Taínos' use of Quizqueia is verified, and the name was used by all three historians, evidence suggests that it probably was the Taíno name of the whole island, and for a region (now known as Los Haitises) in the northeastern section of the present-day Dominican Republic.", "Hispaniola When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it Insula Hispana in Latin[7] and La Isla Española in Spanish,[8] with both meaning \"the Spanish island\". De las Casas shortened the name to \"Española\", and when d‘Anghiera detailed his account of the island in Latin, he rendered its name as Hispaniola.[8] In the oldest documented map of the island, created by Andrés de Morales, Los Haitises is labeled Montes de Haití (\"Haiti Mountains\"), and de las Casas apparently named the whole island Haiti on the basis of that particular region,[4] as d'Anghiera states that the name of one part was given to the whole island.[3]", "Santo Domingo Founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1496, on the east bank of the Ozama River and then moved by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502 to the west bank of the river, the city is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, and was the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World. Santo Domingo is the site of the first university, cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress in the New World. The city's Colonial Zone was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[6][7] Santo Domingo was called Ciudad Trujillo (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað tɾuˈxiʝo]), from 1936 to 1961, after the Dominican Republic's dictator, Rafael Trujillo, named the capital after himself. Following his assassination, the city resumed its original designation.", "Saint-Domingue The French called their portion of Hispaniola Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of Santo Domingo. The Spanish colony on Hispaniola remained separate, and eventually became the Dominican Republic, the capital of which is still named Santo Domingo.[3]", "Culture of the Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic was the site of the first European settlement in the Western Hemisphere, namely Santo Domingo founded in 1493. As a result of three centuries of colonization by the Spanish empire, the core of Dominican culture is derived from the culture of Spain. The European inheritances include ancestry, language, traditions, law, the predominant religion and the colonial architectural styles. Soon after the arrival of Europeans, African people were imported to the island to serve as slave labor. The fusion of European, native Taino, and African traditions and customs contributed to the development of present-day Dominican culture.", "French West Indies Dominica is a former French and British colony in the Eastern Caribbean, located about halfway between the French islands of Guadeloupe (to the north) and Martinique (to the south). Christopher Columbus named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it, a Sunday (domingo in Latin), 3 November 1493. In the hundred years after Columbus's landing, Dominica remained isolated. At the time it was inhabited by the Island Caribs, or Kalinago people, and over time more settled there after being driven from surrounding islands, as European powers entered the region. In 1690, French woodcutters from Martinique and Guadeloupe begin to set up timber camps to supply the French islands with wood and gradually become permanent settlers. France had a colony for several years, they imported slaves from West Africa, Martinique and Guadeloupe to work on its plantations. In this period, the Antillean Creole language developed. France formally ceded possession of Dominica to Great Britain in 1763. Great Britain established a small colony on the island in 1805. As a result, Dominicans speak English as an official language while Antillean creole is spoken as a secondary language and is well maintained due to its location between the French-speaking departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique.", "Dominican Republic On February 27, 1844, the Trinitarios (the members of La Trinitaria), declared the independence from Haiti. They were backed by Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle rancher from El Seibo, who became general of the army of the nascent republic. The Dominican Republic's first Constitution was adopted on November 6, 1844, and was modeled after the United States Constitution.[33]", "Dominican Republic The Arawakan-speaking Taíno moved into Hispaniola from the north east region of what is now known as South America, displacing earlier inhabitants,[32] c. AD 650. They engaged in farming and fishing[33] and hunting and gathering.[32] The fierce Caribs drove the Taíno to the northeastern Caribbean during much of the 15th century.[34] The estimates of Hispaniola's population in 1492 vary widely, including one hundred thousand,[35] three hundred thousand,[32] and four hundred thousand to two million.[36] Determining precisely how many people lived on the island in pre-Columbian times is next to impossible, as no accurate records exist.[37] By 1492 the island was divided into five Taíno chiefdoms.[38][39] The Taíno name for the entire island was either Ayiti or Quisqueya.[40]", "Dominican Republic In 1496 Bartholomew Columbus, Christopher's brother, built the city of Santo Domingo, Western Europe's first permanent settlement in the \"New World.\" The colony thus became the springboard for the further Spanish conquest of America and for decades the headquarters of Spanish colonial power in the hemisphere. Soon after the largest discovery of gold in the island was made in the cordillera central region, which led to a mining boom. By 1501, Columbus' cousin Giovanni Columbus, had also discovered gold near Buenaventura, the deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas. Two major mining areas resulted, one along San Cristobal-Buenaventura, and another in Cibao within the La Vega-Cotuy-Bonao triangle, while Santiago de los Caballeros, Concepcion, and Bonao became mining towns. The gold rush of 1500–1508 ensued.[50] Ferdinand II of Aragon \"ordered gold from the richest mines reserved for the Crown.\" Thus, Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504, as pit mines became royal mines, though placers were open to private prospectors. Furthermore, Ferdinand wanted the \"best Indians\" working his royal mines, and kept 967 in the San Cristobal mining area supervised by salaried miners.[50]:68,71,78,125–127", "Saint-Domingue In the 19th and early 20th centuries, American and British authors often referred to Saint-Domingue period as \"Santo Domingo\" or \"San Domingo.\"[7]:2 This led to confusion with the earlier Spanish colony, and later the contemporary Spanish colony established at Santo Domingo during the colonial period; in particular, in political debates on slavery previous to the American Civil War, \"San Domingo\" was used to express fears of Southern whites of a slave rebellion breaking out in their own region. Today, the former Spanish possession contemporary with the early period of the French colony corresponds mostly with the Dominican Republic, whose capital is Santo Domingo. The name of Saint-Domingue was changed to Hayti (HaÃ¯ti) when Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared the independence of all Hispaniola from the French in 1804.[29] Like the name Haiti itself, Saint-Domingue may be used to refer to all of Hispaniola, or the western part in the French colonial period, while the Spanish version Hispaniola or Santo Domingo is often used to refer to the Spanish colonial period or the Dominican nation.", "History of the Dominican Republic 100,000 Tainos died from 1494–96, half of them by their own hand through self-starvation, poison, leaps from cliffs, etc.[1] The conquistador-turned-priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote an eyewitness history of the Spanish incursion into the island of Hispaniola that reported the conquistadors' almost feral misconduct:", "Santo Domingo Dating from 1496, when the Spanish settled on the island, and officially from 5 August 1498, Santo Domingo became the oldest European city in the Americas. Bartholomew Columbus founded the settlement and named it La Nueva Isabela, after an earlier settlement in the north named after the Queen of Spain Isabella I.[9] In 1495 it was renamed \"Santo Domingo\", in honor of Saint Dominic. Santo Domingo came to be known as the \"Gateway to the Caribbean\" and the chief town in Hispaniola from then on.[10] Expeditions which led to Ponce de León's colonization of Puerto Rico, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar's colonization of Cuba, Hernando Cortes' conquest of Mexico, and Vasco Núñez de Balboa's sighting of the Pacific Ocean were all launched from Santo Domingo.", "Saint-Domingue Spain controlled the entire island of Hispaniola from the 1490s until the 17th century, when French pirates began establishing bases on the western side of the island. The official name was La EspaÃ±ola, meaning \"The Spanish (Island)\". It was also called Santo Domingo or San Domingo, after Saint Dominic.[3]", "Dominican Republic After a dozen years of discontent and failed independence plots by various opposing groups, Santo Domingo's former Lieutenant-Governor (top administrator), José Núñez de Cáceres, declared the colony's independence from the Spanish crown as Spanish Haiti, on November 30, 1821. This period is also known as the Ephemeral independence.[54]", "History of the Dominican Republic On July 16, 1838 white Creole Juan Pablo Duarte together with Pedro Alejandrino Pina, Juan Isidro Pérez, Felipe Alfau, Benito González, Félix María Ruiz, Juan Nepumoceno Ravelo and Jacinto de la Concha founded a secret society called La Trinitaria to win independence from Haiti. A short time later, they were joined by Ramón Matías Mella, and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez. In 1843 they allied with a Haitian movement in overthrowing Boyer. Because they had revealed themselves as revolutionaries working for Dominican independence, the new Haitian president, Charles Rivière-Hérard, exiled or imprisoned the leading Trinitarios (Trinitarians). At the same time, Buenaventura Báez, an Azua mahogany exporter and deputy in the Haitian National Assembly, was negotiating with the French Consul-General for the establishment of a French protectorate. In an uprising timed to preempt Báez, on February 27, 1844, the Trinitarios declared independence from Haiti, backed by Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle-rancher from El Seibo who commanded a private army of peons who worked on his estates.", "History of the Dominican Republic Hundreds of thousands Tainos living on the island were enslaved to work in gold mines. As a consequence of disease, forced labor, famine, and mass killings, by 1508, only 60,000 were still alive.[2] In 1501, the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand I and Isabella, first granted permission to the colonists of the Caribbean to import African slaves, which began arriving to the island in 1503. The first enslaved blacks were purchased in Lisbon, Portugal. Some had been transported there from the West African Guinea coast, and others had been born and raised in Portugal or Spain. Southern Spain and Portugal were multiethnic and multiracial regions long before the “discovery” of the New World, and many Africans, free and enslaved, participated in the Iberian Peninsula's conquest and colonization of the Americas.[3]", "Taíno At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, there were five Taíno chiefdoms and territories on Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), each led by a principal Cacique (chieftain), to whom tribute was paid. Ayiti (\"land of high mountains\") was the indigenous Taíno name for the island of Hispaniola, which (on the Western side) has retained its name as Haïti in French.", "History of the Dominican Republic Although the Spanish military effort went well on Hispaniola, it did not so in Europe. The Spanish colony was ceded first to France in 1795 as part of the Treaty of Basel between the defeated Spanish and the French, then it was invaded by the British in 1796.[2] Five years later, black slaves in rebellion invaded from Saint-Domingue. The devastated Spanish-speaking colony was then occupied by the French in 1802, in spite of the dramatic defeat of Napoleon's forces at the hands of the former French slaves who proclaimed the independent Republic of Haiti in 1804. Santo Domingo was invaded again by Haitians in 1805 and then yet again by the British in 1809.[2] The Spanish reclaimed it later that year, but found the colony in economic ruins and demographic decline.[2]", "Haiti France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of Santo Domingo, the Spanish colony of Hispaniola and the name of its patron saint, Saint Dominic.[51]", "Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is situated on the eastern part of the second largest island in the Greater Antilles, Hispaniola. It shares the island roughly at a 2:1 ratio with Haiti. The country's area is reported variously as 48,442 km2 (18,704 sq mi) (by the embassy in the United States)[3] and 48,730 km2 (18,815 sq mi),[5] making it the second largest country in the Antilles, after Cuba. The Dominican Republic's capital and largest metropolitan area Santo Domingo is on the southern coast.", "History of the Dominican Republic Spain's hold over Santo Domingo remained precarious. The arrival of the fugitive Simón Bolívar and his followers in Haiti in 1815 alarmed the Spanish authorities in Santo Domingo. Following the rebellion of the Army in Spain during 1820, which restored the liberal constitution, some of the colonial administrators in Santo Domingo broke with the mother country; and on December 1, 1821, the Spanish Lieutenant Governor, José Núñez de Cáceres, proclaimed the independence of \"Spanish Haiti.\"", "Hispaniola Christopher Columbus inadvertently landed on the island during his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, where his flagship, the Santa Maria, sank after running aground on December 25. A contingent of men were left at an outpost christened La Navidad, on the north coast of present-day Puerto Plata. On his return the following year,[13] following the destruction of La Navidad by the local population, Columbus quickly established a second compound farther east in present-day Dominican Republic, La Isabela.", "Saint-Domingue When Christopher Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it Insula Hispana, meaning \"the Spanish island\" in Latin[4] As Spain conquered new regions on the mainland of the Americas ( Spanish Main ), its interest in Hispaniola waned, and the colony's population grew slowly. By the early 17th century, the island and its smaller neighbors, notably Tortuga, became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates. In 1606, the king of Spain ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo, to avoid interaction with pirates. Rather than secure the island, however, this resulted in French, English and Dutch pirates establishing bases on the now-abandoned north and west coasts of the island.", "History of the Dominican Republic The first known armed rebellion of enslaved Africans occurred in 1521. On Christmas Eve two hundred enslaved workers fled the plantation of Diego Columbus, located on the Isabela River near Santo Domingo, and headed south toward Azua. Others from plantations in Nigua, San Cristóbal, and Baní joined them on the march, burning plantations and killing several Spaniards. According to official records, they stopped next at the Ocoa plantation, with the intention of killing more whites and recruiting more enslaved blacks and Indians, then moved on to Azua. After being informed of the insurrection, Columbus recruited a small army, which, mounted on horseback and shouting their battle cry “Santiago,” headed south in pursuit.[6] In the meantime, the rebels entered the plantation of Melchor de Castro near the Nizao River where they killed one Spaniard, sacked the house, and freed more enslaved persons, including Indians. Columbus's army confronted the rebels at the Nizao, the Spanish shooting at them with guns and the rebels responding by throwing stones and logs. Five days later the Spanish attacked again. They caught several rebels, whom they executed by lynching along the colonial road, but many more had escaped to face later attacks, in which more were killed or apprehended.", "Dominican Republic In 1838 Juan Pablo Duarte founded a secret society called La Trinitaria, which sought the complete independence of Santo Domingo without any foreign intervention.[58]:p147–149 Matías Ramón Mella and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, despite not being among the founding members of La Trinitaria, were decisive in the fight for independence. Duarte, Mella, and Sánchez are considered the three Founding Fathers of the Dominican Republic.[59]", "History of the Dominican Republic Santana initially was named Capitan-General of the new Spanish province, but it soon became obvious that Spanish authorities planned to deprive him of his power, leading him to resign in 1862. Dominicans were divided. Some fought for the reserve forces alongside Spanish troops.[Note 1] Santana returned to lead them.[Note 2] Restrictions on trade, discrimination against the mulatto majority, and an unpopular campaign by the new Spanish Archbishop against extramarital unions, which were widespread after decades of abandonment by the Catholic Church, all fed resentment of Spanish rule.", "History of the Dominican Republic In 1586, Sir Francis Drake captured the city of Santo Domingo, collecting a ransom for its return to Spanish rule. A third of the city lay in ruins and almost all of its civic, military and religious buildings had been either damaged or destroyed. During his occupation of Santo Domingo, Drake sent a black boy with a message to the governor. A Hidalgo who was standing by considered this an insult and ran the boy through with his sword.[7] The English commander, infuriated, proceeded to the spot where the murder had been committed and had two friars hanged. He told the governor that he would hang two more friars every day until the murderer had been executed. The murderer was hanged by his own countrymen.", "History of the Dominican Republic The House of Bourbon replaced the House of Habsburg in Spain in 1700 and introduced economic reforms that gradually began to revive trade in Santo Domingo. The crown progressively relaxed the rigid controls and restrictions on commerce between Spain and the colonies and among the colonies. The last flotas sailed in 1737; the monopoly port system was abolished shortly thereafter. By the middle of the century, the population was bolstered by emigration from the Canary Islands, resettling the northern part of the colony and planting tobacco in the Cibao Valley, and importation of slaves was renewed. The population of Santo Domingo grew from about 6,000 in 1737 to approximately 125,000 in 1790. Of this number, about 40,000 were white landowners, about 25,000 were mulatto freedmen, and some 60,000 were slaves. However, it remained poor and neglected, particularly in contrast with its western, French neighbor Saint-Domingue, which became the wealthiest colony in the New World and had half a million inhabitants.[13] The 'Spanish' settlers, whose blood by now was mixed with that of Tainos, Africans and Canary Guanches, said to themselves: 'It does not matter if the French are richer than us, we are still the true inheritors of this island. In our veins runs the blood of the heroic conquistadores who won this island of ours with sword and blood.'[14]", "Santo Domingo On 27 February 1844 Santo Domingo was again the capital of a free nation, when it gained its independence from Haiti, led by Dominican nationalist Juan Pablo Duarte. The city was a prize fought over by various political factions over the succeeding decades of instability. In addition, the country had to fight multiple battles with Haiti; the Battle of 19 March, Battle of 30 March, Battle of Las Carreras, and Battle of Beler, are a few of the most prominent encounters, mentioned in the national anthem and with city streets named after them.[18] In 1861 Spain returned to the country, having struck a bargain with Dominican dictator Pedro Santana whereby the latter was granted several honorific titles and privileges, in exchange for annexing the young nation back to Spanish rule. The Dominican Restoration War began in 1863 however, and in 1865 the country was free again after Spain withdrew.", "Culture of the Dominican Republic Spanish is the predominant language in the Dominican Republic. The country has a variety of accents most of which derive from the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands and western Andalusia of southern Spain. The accent spoken in the Cibao region is a mixture of two dialects: that of the 16th- and 17th-century Portuguese colonists in the Cibao valley, and that of the 18th-century Canarian settlers. Dominican Spanish also has borrowed vocabularies from the Arawak language. Some common words derived from the Taino natives include: barbecue, canoe, caribbean, hammock, hurricane, iguana, manatee, mangrove, savannah, and tobacco among others.", "Dominican Republic The Spaniards arrived in 1492. After initially friendly relationships, the Taínos resisted the conquest, led by the female Chief Anacaona of Xaragua and her ex-husband Chief Caonabo of Maguana, as well as Chiefs Guacanagaríx, Guamá, Hatuey, and Enriquillo. The latter's successes gained his people an autonomous enclave for a time on the island. Within a few years after 1492 the population of Taínos had declined drastically, due to smallpox,[41] measles, and other diseases that arrived with the Europeans,[42] and from other causes discussed below.", "Dominican Republic–Haiti relations Though having vast demographic and cultural differences since colonial times, the inhabitants of modern-day Dominican Republic and Haiti have at times been allies and foes, constantly vying for dominance of Hispaniola. The conflicts began during the colonial era which developed into military and political conflicts between the two governments.[1] The political division of the island of Hispaniola is due in part to the European struggle for control of the New World during the 17th century, when France and Spain began fighting for control of the island. They resolved their dispute in 1697 by splitting the island into two countries.[2] It was not until the 19th century that Haiti became independent from France on January 1, 1804. Spanish Haiti, the predecessor of the Dominican Republic, became independent from Spain on December 1, 1821, after more than 300 years of Spanish rule.", "History of the Dominican Republic In 1605, Spain was infuriated that Spanish settlements on the northern and western coasts of the island were carrying out large scale and illegal trade with the Dutch, who were at that time fighting a war of independence against Spain in Europe, and the English, a very recent enemy state, and so decided to forcibly resettle their inhabitants closer to the city of Santo Domingo.[9] This action, known as the Devastaciones de Osorio, proved disastrous; more than half of the resettled colonists died of starvation or disease, over 100,000 cattle were abandoned, and many slaves escaped.[10] Five of the existing thirteen settlements on the island were brutally razed by Spanish troops â€“ many of the inhabitants fought, escaped to the jungle, or fled to the safety of passing Dutch ships. The settlements of La Yaguana, and Bayaja, on the west and north coasts respectively of modern-day Haiti were burned, as were the settlements of Monte Cristi and Puerto Plata on the north coast and San Juan de la Maguana in the south western area of the modern day Dominican Republic.", "Carnival in the Dominican Republic Though it is not known for certain, it is thought that the colony of Santo Domingo was the first place in the Americas to have a pre-Lenten costume. The celebration became a way to escape from the rigid religious traditions brought from the old world. By the late 1700s, the carnival had become a major celebration in the colony. Then on February 27, 1844, when the Dominican Republic won its independence from Haiti, the celebration grew even greater in popularity, as the country's Independence Day celebrations were combined into the pre-existing carnival celebrations.", "Hispaniola The Dominican Republic is a Hispanophone nation of approximately 10 million people. Spanish is spoken by all Dominicans as a primary language. Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant religion.", "Dominican War of Independence Late in 1821 the leader José Núñez de Cáceres proclaimed Santo Domingo's adhesion to the new “Republic of Gran Colombia”, created by Simón Bolívar, but the determination of the island elite to perpetuate their privileged status by maintaining intact all colonial-era institutions such as social hierarchy, land titles, and slavery doomed this limited experiment in liberty to failure two months later.[3]", "Dominican Republic After its conquest of the Aztecs and Incas, Spain neglected its Caribbean holdings. English and French buccaneers settled in northwestern Hispaniola coast and, after years of struggles with the French, Spain ceded the western coast of the island to France with the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, whilst the Central Plateau remained under Spanish domain. France created a wealthy colony Saint-Domingue there, while the Spanish colony suffered an economic decline.[52]", "Dominican Republic–Haiti relations In the Dominican War of Independence[21] Dominicans fought against the Haitian occupation.[22] On February 27, 1844 the Dominicans gained freedom from Haitian rule, thus giving birth to the Dominican Republic, a self-sufficient nation established on the liberal ideals of a democratic government. After winning the war and ousting the Haitian occupying force from the country, Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted invasions at the command of Haitian \"emperor\" Faustin Soulouque from 1844 to 1856. Haitian soldiers tried to regain control of lost territory, but these efforts were to no avail as the Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. Since then, Dominicanâ€“Haitian relations have been unstable.[23]", "History of the Dominican Republic The population of the new Spanish colony stood at approximately 104,000. Of this number, about 30,000 were slaves, and the rest a mixture of white, Indian, and black. The European Spaniards were few, and consisted principally of Catalans.[17] In 1812, a group of blacks and mulattoes staged a rebellion, with the goal of annexation to the Republic of Haiti. On August 15 and 16, mulattoes José Leocadio, Pedro Seda, and Pedro Henriquez, with other conspirators, attacked the Mendoza hacienda in Mojarra in the municipality of Guerra near the capital. Seda and Henriquez were apprehended and executed; Leocadio was captured within days, hanged, dismembered, and boiled in oil. A year later enslaved laborers in the rural community El Chavón also rebelled, but they were quickly caught and executed.", "Santo Domingo Santo Domingo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsanto ðoˈmiŋɡo] meaning \"Saint Dominic\"), officially Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population.[5] In 2010, its population was counted as 965,040,[1] rising to 2,908,607 when its surrounding metropolitan area was included.[4] The city is coterminous with the boundaries of the Distrito Nacional (\"D.N.\", \"National District\"), itself bordered on three sides by Santo Domingo Province.", "Dominic Dominic is a name common among Roman Catholics and other Latin-Romans as a boys name. Originally from the late Roman-Italic name \"Dominicus\" its translation means, \"Lordly\", \"Belonging to God\" or \"of the Master\". Variations include: Dominicus, Dominik, Dominick, Domenic, Domenico (Italian rendition), Domanic, Domonic, Domingo, Domingos, Dominggus; the feminine forms Dominika, Dominica, Domenica, Dominga, Domingas; and the French unisex form Dominique. Dominic name mean live and care Saint Dominic founded a well-known order of monks. The name, meaning Lord, is sometimes used to reference Sunday (the Lord's day). The feminine variation of Dominique (French) is used as a unisex name.[1]", "Dominican Republic France came to own Hispaniola in 1795 when by the Peace of Basel Spain ceded Santo Domingo as a consequence of the French Revolutionary Wars. The recently freed Africans led by Toussaint Louverture in 1801, took over Santo Domingo in the east, thus gaining control of the entire island. In 1802 an army sent by Napoleon captured Toussaint Louverture and sent him to France as prisoner. Toussaint Louvertureâ€™s lieutenants and the spread of yellow fever succeeded in driving the French again from Saint-Domingue, which in 1804 the rebels made independent as the Republic of Haiti. Eastwards, France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo.", "Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic celebrates Dia de la Altagracia on January 21 in honor of its patroness, Duarte's Day on January 26 in honor of one of its founding fathers, Independence Day on February 27, Restoration Day on August 16, Virgen de las Mercedes on September 24, and Constitution Day on November 6.", "Santo Domingo Over the next two-thirds of a century Santo Domingo and the Dominican Republic went through many revolutions, power changes, and occupation by the United States, 1916–24. The city was struck by hurricane San Zenón in 1930, which caused major damage.[19] After its rebuilding, Santo Domingo was known officially as Ciudad Trujillo in honor of dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, who governed from 1930. Following his assassination in 1961 the city was renamed back to Santo Domingo. It was the scene of street fighting during the 1965 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic.", "History of the Dominican Republic With the conquest of the American mainland, Hispaniola quickly declined. Most Spanish colonists left for the silver-mines of Mexico and Peru, while new immigrants from Spain bypassed the island. Agriculture dwindled, new imports of slaves ceased, and white colonists, free blacks, and slaves alike lived in poverty, weakening the racial hierarchy and aiding intermixing, resulting in a population of predominantly mixed Spaniard, African, and TaÃno descent. Except for the city of Santo Domingo, which managed to maintain some legal exports, Dominican ports were forced to rely on contraband trade, which, along with livestock, became the sole source of livelihood for the island dwellers.", "Dominican Republic This was accompanied by absolute repression and the copious use of murder, torture, and terrorist methods against the opposition. Trujillo renamed Santo Domingo to \"Ciudad Trujillo\" (Trujillo City),[33] the nation's – and the Caribbean's – highest mountain La Pelona Grande (Spanish for: The Great Bald) to \"Pico Trujillo\" (Spanish for: Trujillo Peak), and many towns and a province. Some other places he renamed after members of his family. By the end of his first term in 1934 he was the country's wealthiest person,[58]:p360 and one of the wealthiest in the world by the early 1950s;[73] near the end of his regime his fortune was an estimated $800 million.[69]:p111", "History of the Dominican Republic Pedro Santana inherited a bankrupt government on the brink of collapse. Having failed in his initial bids to secure annexation by the U.S. or France, Santana initiated negotiations with Queen Isabella II of Spain and the Captain-General of Cuba to have the island reconverted into a Spanish colony. The American Civil War rendered the United States incapable of enforcing the Monroe Doctrine. In Spain, Prime Minister Don Leopoldo O'Donnell advocated renewed colonial expansion, waging a campaign in northern Morocco that conquered the city of Tetuan. In March 1861, Santana officially restored the Dominican Republic to Spain. This move was widely rejected and on August 16, 1863, a national war of restoration began in Santiago, where the rebels established a provisional government. “Before God, the entire world, and the throne of Castile, just and legal reasons have obliged us to take arms to restore the Dominican Republic and reconquer our liberty,” the provisional government's declaration of independence read.[28]", "Martinique When Columbus landed on the island in 1502, he christened the island as Martinica. The name then evolved into Madinina (\"Island of Flowers\"), Madiana, and Matinite.[citation needed] Finally, through the influence of the neighboring island of Dominica (La Dominique), it came to be known as Martinique.[vague]", "History of the Dominican Republic In 1655, Oliver Cromwell dispatched a fleet, commanded by Admiral Sir William Penn, to conquer Santo Domingo. A Spanish defending force of perhaps 400-600 men, mostly militia, repulsed a landing force of 9,000 men.[11] Yet although the English had failed to overrun the island, they nevertheless seized nearby Jamaica, and other foreign strongholds subsequently began multiplying throughout the West Indies. Madrid sought to contest such encroachments by using Santo Domingo as an advance military base, but Spanish power was by now too depleted to expel the rival colonies. The city itself was furthermore subjected to a smallpox epidemic, cacao blight, and hurricane in 1666; another storm two years later; a second epidemic in 1669; a third hurricane in September 1672; plus an earthquake in May 1673 that killed two dozen residents.[12]", "Santo Domingo From 1795 to 1822 the city changed hands several times along with the colony it headed. The city was ceded to France in 1795 after years of struggles, it was briefly captured by Haitian rebels in 1801, recovered by France in 1802, and was once again reclaimed by Spain in 1809. In 1821 Santo Domingo became the capital of an independent nation after the Criollo bourgeois within the country, led by José Núñez de Cáceres, overthrew the Spanish crown. The nation was unified with Haiti just two months later. The city and the colony lost much of their Spanish-born peninsular population as a result of these events which caused a great deal of instability and unrest.[14][16][17]", "Culture of the Dominican Republic The architecture in the Dominican Republic represents a complex blend of diverse cultures. The deep influence of the European colonists is the most evident throughout the country. Characterized by ornate designs and baroque structures, the style can best be seen in the capital city of Santo Domingo, which is home to the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress in all of the Americas, located in the city's Colonial Zone, an area declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[14][15] The designs carry over into the villas and buildings throughout the country. It can also be observed on buildings that contain stucco exteriors, arched doors and windows, and red tiled roofs.", "Hispaniola In 1665, French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King LouisÂ XIV. The French colony was given the name Saint-Domingue. In the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France.[22][23] Saint-Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population. Nicknamed the \"Pearl of the Antilles,\" it became the richest and most prosperous colony in the West Indies, with a system of human enslavement used to grow and harvest sugar cane, during a time when demand for sugar was high in Europe. Slavery kept prices low and profit was maximized at the expense of human lives. It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe.", "Dominican Republic Some of the Dominican Republic's important symbols are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem, titled Himno Nacional. The flag has a large white cross that divides it into four quarters. Two quarters are red and two are blue. Red represents the blood shed by the liberators. Blue expresses God's protection over the nation. The white cross symbolizes the struggle of the liberators to bequeath future generations a free nation. An alternate interpretation is that blue represents the ideals of progress and liberty, whereas white symbolizes peace and unity among Dominicans.[197]", "Dominican Republic In 1808, following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the criollos of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule and, with the aid of the United Kingdom (Spain's ally) returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control.[53]", "History of the Dominican Republic While sugar cane dramatically increased Spain's earnings on the island, large numbers of the newly imported slaves fled into the nearly impassable mountain ranges in the island's interior, joining the growing communities of cimarrónes—literally, 'wild animals'. By the 1530s, cimarrón bands had become so numerous that in rural areas the Spaniards could only safely travel outside their plantations in large armed groups. Beginning in the 1520s, the Caribbean Sea was raided by increasingly numerous French pirates. In 1541 Spain authorized the construction of Santo Domingo's fortified wall, and in 1560 decided to restrict sea travel to enormous, well-armed convoys. In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola's sugar industry, in 1561 Havana, more strategically located in relation to the Gulf Stream, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant flotas, which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas. In 1564, the island's main inland cities Santiago de los Caballeros and Concepción de la Vega were destroyed by an earthquake. In the 1560s English pirates joined the French in regularly raiding Spanish shipping in the Americas.", "Dominican Republic The architecture in the Dominican Republic represents a complex blend of diverse cultures. The deep influence of the European colonists is the most evident throughout the country. Characterized by ornate designs and baroque structures, the style can best be seen in the capital city of Santo Domingo, which is home to the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress in all of the Americas, located in the city's Colonial Zone, an area declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[189][190] The designs carry over into the villas and buildings throughout the country. It can also be observed on buildings that contain stucco exteriors, arched doors and windows, and red tiled roofs.", "Dominican War of Independence The Dominican Independence War gave the Dominican Republic autonomy from Haiti on February 27, 1844. Before the war, the island of Hispaniola had been united under the Haitian government for a period of 22 years when the newly independent nation, then known as the Republic of Spanish Haiti, was invaded by Haiti in 1822. Previously known as the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the criollo class within the country overthrew the Spanish crown in 1821 before unifying with Haiti a year later.", "Hispaniola Christopher Columbus, noting \"the land and trees resembled those of Spain, and that the sailors caught in their nets many fish like those of Spain...named it Espanola on Sunday, December 9th.\" One of the first inhabitants he came across on this island was \"a girl wearing only a gold nose plug.\" Columbus later learned that the \"land of gold was farther east.\" Soon the Tainos were trading pieces of gold for hawk's bells with their cacique declaring the gold came from Cibao. Traveling further east from Navidad, Columbus came across the Yaque del Norte River, which he named Rio de Oro because its \"sands abound in gold dust.\"[39]", "Santo Domingo Diego Colon arrived in 1509, assuming the powers of Viceroy and admiral. In 1512, Ferdinand established a Real Audiencia with Juan Ortiz de Matienzo, Marcelo de Villalobos, and Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon appointed as judges of appeal. In 1514, Pedro Ibanez de Ibarra arrived with the Laws of Burgos. Rodrigo de Alburquerque was named repartidor de indios and soon named visitadores to enforce the laws.[13]:143â€“144,147", "Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is divided into 31 provinces. Santo Domingo, the capital, is designated Distrito Nacional (National District). The provinces are divided into municipalities (municipios; singular municipio). They are the second-level political and administrative subdivisions of the country. The president appoints the governors of the 31 provinces. Mayors and municipal councils administer the 124 municipal districts and the National District (Santo Domingo). They are elected at the same time as congressional representatives.[84]", "Dominican War of Independence On February 27, 1844, some 100 Dominicans seized the fortress of Puerta del Conde in the city of Santo Domingo, and the following day the Haitian garrison surrendered.[4] As these Haitian troops withdrew to the west side of the island, they pillaged and burned.[4] Mella headed the provisional governing junta of the new Dominican Republic. On March 14, Duarte finally returned after recovering from his illness and was greeted in celebration. Haitian Commander, Charles Rivière-Hérard, sent three columns totaling 30,000 men to crush the Dominican uprising.[6] In the south, Hérard was checked by Dominican forces led by Pedro Santana at Azua on March 19. In the north, General Jean-Louis Pierrot and 15,000 Haitians were repelled in an attack on Santiago by the garrison commanded by José María Imbert.[6] As the Haitians retreated, they laid waste to land.[4]", "History of the Dominican Republic In 1592, Christopher Newport attacked the town of Azua on the bay of Ocoa, which was taken and plundered.[8] In 1595 the Spanish, frustrated by the twenty-year rebellion of their Dutch subjects, closed their home ports to rebel shipping from the Netherlands cutting them off from the critical salt supplies necessary for their herring industry. The Dutch responded by sourcing new salt supplies from Spanish America where colonists were more than happy to trade. So large numbers of Dutch traders/pirates joined their English and French brethren on the Spanish main.", "Colombia The name \"Colombia\" is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish: Cristóbal Colón). It was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, and northwest Brazil).[18]", "History of the Dominican Republic The twenty-two-year Haitian occupation that followed is recalled by Dominicans as a period of brutal military rule, though the reality is more complex. It led to large-scale land expropriations and failed efforts to force production of export crops, impose military services, restrict the use of the Spanish language, and eliminate traditional customs such as cockfighting. It reinforced Dominicans' perceptions of themselves as different from Haitians in \"language, race, religion and domestic customs.\"[18] Yet, this was also a period that definitively ended slavery as an institution in the eastern part of the island.", "Hispaniola With the treaty of Peace of Basel, revolutionary France emerged as a major European power. In the second 1795 Treaty of Basel (July 22), Spain ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, later to become the Dominican Republic. French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory.", "Culture of the Dominican Republic Although he settled in New York, de la Renta also marketed his work in Latin America where it became very popular. He remained active in his native Dominican Republic, where his charitable activities and personal achievements earned him the Juan Pablo Duarte Order of Merit and the Order of Cristóbal Colón.[18]", "History of the Dominican Republic The Ten Years' War in Cuba brought Cuban sugar planters to the country in search of new lands and security from the insurrection that freed their slaves and destroyed their property. Most settled in the southeastern coastal plain, and, with assistance from Luperón’s government, built the nation's first mechanized sugar mills. They were later joined by Italians, Germans, Puerto Ricans and Americans in forming the nucleus of the Dominican sugar bourgeoisie, marrying into prominent families to solidify their social position. Disruptions in global production caused by the Ten Years' War, the American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War allowed the Dominican Republic to become a major sugar exporter. Over the following two decades, sugar surpassed tobacco as the leading export, with the former fishing hamlets of San Pedro de Macorís and La Romana transformed into thriving ports. To meet their need for better transportation, over 300 miles of private rail-lines were built by and serving the sugar plantations by 1897.[38] An 1884 slump in prices led to a wage freeze, and a subsequent labor shortage was filled by migrant workers from the Leeward Islands—the Virgin Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla, and Antigua (referred to by Dominicans as cocolos).[39] These English-speaking blacks were often victims of racism, but many remained in the country, finding work as stevedores and in railroad construction and sugar refineries.", "Dominica Its name is pronounced with stress falling either on second syllable of the word, after the Latin word dŏmĭnĭcă \"lordly\", or on the third syllable, after the French name Dominique. Dominica has been nicknamed the \"Nature Isle of the Caribbean\" for its natural environment.[9] It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest hot spring, called Boiling Lake. The island has lush mountainous rainforests, and is the home of many rare plants, animals, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall occurs inland. The Sisserou parrot, also known as the imperial amazon and found only on Dominica, is the island's national bird and featured on the national flag. Dominica's economy depends on tourism and agriculture.", "Dominican War of Independence In 1838 Juan Pablo Duarte, an educated nationalist, founded a resistance movement called La Trinitaria (\"The Trinity\") along with Ramón Matías Mella and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez. It was so named because its original nine members had organized themselves into cells of three. The cells went on to recruit as separate organizations, maintaining strict secrecy, with little or no direct contact among themselves, in order to minimize the possibility of detection by the Haitian authorities. Many recruits quickly came to the group, but it was discovered and forced to change its name to La Filantrópica (\"The Philanthropic\"). The Trinitarios won the loyalty of two Dominican-manned Haitian regiments.[4]", "Dominican Republic In the center of the cross is the Dominican coat of arms, in the same colors as the national flag. The coat of arms pictures a red, white, and blue flag-draped shield with a Bible, a gold cross, and arrows; the shield is surrounded by an olive branch (on the left) and a palm branch (on the right). The Bible traditionally represents the truth and the light. The gold cross symbolizes the redemption from slavery, and the arrows symbolize the noble soldiers and their proud military. A blue ribbon above the shield reads, \"Dios, Patria, Libertad\" (meaning \"God, Fatherland, Liberty\"). A red ribbon under the shield reads, \"RepÃºblica Dominicana\" (meaning \"Dominican Republic\"). Out of all the flags in the world, the depiction of a Bible is unique to the Dominican flag.", "Dominican Republic In 1861, after imprisoning, silencing, exiling, and executing many of his opponents and due to political and economic reasons, Santana signed a pact with the Spanish Crown and reverted the Dominican nation to colonial status, the only Latin American country to do so. His ostensible aim was to protect the nation from another Haitian annexation.[61] Opponents launched the War of Restoration in 1863, led by Santiago Rodríguez, Benito Monción, and Gregorio Luperón, among others. Haiti, fearful of the re-establishment of Spain as colonial power on its border, gave refuge and supplies to the revolutionaries.[61] The United States, then fighting its own Civil War, vigorously protested the Spanish action. After two years of fighting, Spain abandoned the island in 1865.[61]", "History of the Dominican Republic In February, a revolution was proclaimed in Santiago by a lawyer named Rafael Estrella Ureña. When the commander of the Guardia Nacional Dominicana (the new designation of the armed force created under the Occupation), Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, ordered his troops to remain in their barracks, the sick and aging Vásquez was forced into exile and Estrella proclaimed provisional president. In May, Trujillo was elected with 95% of the vote, having used the army to harass and intimidate electoral personnel and potential opponents. After his inauguration in August, at his request, the Dominican Congress proclaimed the beginning of the 'Era of Trujillo'.[64]", "Dominica In 1660, the French and English agreed that Dominica and St. Vincent should not be settled, but left to the Caribs as neutral territory. But its natural resources attracted expeditions of English and French foresters, who began harvesting timber.[11] In 1690, the French established their first permanent settlements. French woodcutters from Martinique and Guadeloupe began to set up timber camps to supply the French islands with wood, and they gradually became permanent settlers. They brought the first enslaved Africans from West Africa to Dominique, as they called it.", "History of the Dominican Republic When the War of Jenkins' Ear between Spain and Britain broke out in 1739, Spanish privateers, particularly from Santo Domingo, began to troll the Caribbean Sea, a development that lasted until the end of the eighteenth century. During this period, Spanish privateers from Santo Domingo sailed into enemy ports looking for ships to plunder, thus harming commerce with Britain and New York. As a result, the Spanish obtained stolen merchandise—foodstuffs, ships, enslaved persons—that were sold in Hispaniola's ports, with profits accruing to individual sea raiders. These practices of human traffic and terror facilitated capital accumulation. The revenue acquired in these acts of piracy was invested in the economic expansion of the colony and led to repopulation from Europe.[15] As restrictions on colonial trade were relaxed, the colonial elites of St. Domingue offered the principal market for Santo Domingo's exports of beef, hides, mahogany, and tobacco. With the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791, the rich urban families linked to the colonial bureaucracy fled the island, while most of the rural hateros (cattle ranchers) remained, even though they lost their principal market. Although the population of Spanish Santo Domingo was perhaps one-fourth that of French Saint-Domingue, this did not prevent the Spanish king from launching an invasion of the French side of the island in 1793, attempting to take advantage of the chaos sparked by the French Revolution.[16] French forces checked Spanish progress toward Port-au-Prince in the south, but the Spanish pushed rapidly through the north, most of which they occupied by 1794.", "History of the Dominican Republic Dominican leaders—recognizing their vulnerability both to Spanish and to Haitian attack and also seeking to maintain their slaves as property—attempted to annex themselves to Gran Colombia. While this request was in transit, Jean-Pierre Boyer, the ruler of Haiti, invaded Santo Domingo on February 9 with a 10,000-man army. Having no capacity to resist, Núñez de Cáceres surrendered the capital on February 9, 1822.", "Flag of the Dominican Republic As described by Article 21 of the Dominican Constitution, the flag features a centered white cross that extends to the edges and divides the flag into four rectangles; the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue. The national coat of arms, featuring a shield with the flag design and supported by a bay laurel branch (left) and a palm frond (right), is at the center of the cross. Above the shield, a blue ribbon displays the national motto Dios, Patria, Libertad (English: God, Fatherland, Liberty). Below the shield, the words República Dominicana appear on a red ribbon (this red ribbon is depicted in more recent versions as having its tips pointing upward). In the center of the shield, flanked by three spears (two of them holding Dominican banners) on each side, is a Bible with a small cross above it and said to be opened to the Gospel of John, chapter 8, verse 32, which reads Y la verdad os hará libres (And the truth shall make you free).[citation needed]", "History of the Dominican Republic In 1517, a guerrilla war between the colonizers and Taino and African forces was initiated by the Taino leader Enriquillo. Descending from the Bahoruco Mountains with his troops, Enriquillo killed Spaniards, devastated farms and property, and took Africans back with him. The crown appointed General Francisco Barrionuevo, a veteran of many battles in Spain, as captain to lead the war against Enriquillo. Barrionuevo opted to negotiate, realizing that violence had not worked and that resources for more armed actions were scarce. In 1533 he met Enriquillo on what is today's Cabrito Island, in the middle of Lake Jaragua (now Enriquillo Lake) and reached a peace agreement that granted Enriquillo and his troops freedom and land.", "History of the Dominican Republic As the fighting continued, racist incidents became more acute. Spanish soldiers were openly hostile to Dominicans of color, and incidents of unprovoked violence against black Dominicans and migrants in the towns proliferated.[30] Perhaps because of the fright that Spain would seek to make Santo Domingo an enslaved twin of Cuba, Dominicans were said to fight like “supernatural fiends” with a “desperate” intensity.[31] By early 1864, the Spanish army, unable to contain guerrilla resistance, had suffered 1,000 killed in action and 9,000 dead from disease.[32] Spanish colonial authorities encouraged Queen Isabella II to abandon the island, seeing the occupation as a nonsensical waste of troops and money. However, the rebels were in a state of political disarray, and proved unable to present a cohesive set of demands. The first president of the provisional government, Pepillo Salcedo (allied with Báez) was deposed by General Gaspar Polanco in September 1864, who, in turn, was deposed by General Antonio Pimentel three months later. The rebels formalized their provisional rule by holding a national convention in February 1865, which enacted a new constitution, but the new government exerted little authority over the various regional guerrilla caudillos, who were largely independent of one another.", "History of the Dominican Republic The withdrawal of the colonial government from the northern coastal region opened the way for French buccaneers, who had a base on Tortuga Island, off the northwest coast of present-day Haiti, to settle on Hispaniola in the mid-seventeenth century. Although the Spanish destroyed the buccaneers' settlements several times, the determined French would not be deterred or expelled. The creation of the French West India Company in 1664 signalled France's intention to colonize western Hispaniola. Intermittent warfare went on between French and Spanish settlers over the next three decades; however, Spain, hard-pressed by warfare in Europe, could not maintain a garrison in Santo Domingo sufficient to secure the entire island against encroachment. In 1697, under the Treaty of Ryswick, Spain ceded the western third of the island to France.", "History of the Dominican Republic Haiti's constitution forbade whites from owning land, and the major landowning families were forcibly deprived of their properties. Most emigrated to the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico, or to independent Gran Colombia, usually with the encouragement of Haitian officials, who acquired their lands. The Haitians, who associated the Catholic Church with the French slave-masters who had exploited them before independence, confiscated all church property, deported all foreign clergy, and severed the ties of the remaining clergy to the Vatican. Santo Domingo’s university, the oldest in the Western Hemisphere, lacking students, teachers, and resources, closed down. In order to receive diplomatic recognition from France, Haiti was forced to pay an indemnity of 150 million francs to the former French colonists, which was subsequently lowered to 60 million francs, and Haiti imposed heavy taxes on the eastern part of the island. Since Haiti was unable to adequately provision its army, the occupying forces largely survived by commandeering or confiscating food and supplies at gunpoint.", "Santo Domingo In June 1502,[11] Santo Domingo was destroyed by a major hurricane, and the new Governor Nicolás de Ovando had it rebuilt on a different site on the other side of the Ozama River.[12][13] The original layout of the city and a large portion of its defensive wall can still be appreciated today throughout the Colonial Zone, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.", "History of the Dominican Republic By the time the Spanish departed, most of the main towns lay in ruins and the island was divided among several dozen caudillos. José María Cabral controlled most of Barahona and the southwest with the support of Báez's mahogany-exporting partners, while cattle rancher Cesáreo Guillermo assembled a coalition of former Santanista generals in the southeast, and Gregorio Luperón controlled the north coast. Once the Spanish were vanquished, the numerous military and guerrilla leaders began to fight among themselves. From the Spanish withdrawal to 1879, there were twenty-one changes of government and at least fifty military uprisings.[35] Haiti served as a haven for Dominican political exiles and a base of operations for insurgents, often with the support of the Haitian government, during the frequent civil wars and revolutions of the period.", "History of the Dominican Republic CaonaboÂ (es), the cacique, (leader or chief), of Maguana, one of five Taino geographical divisions on Hispaniola, attacked Columbus on January 13, 1493. Shooting arrows and wounding a few Spaniards, the Tainos halted the invaders' collection of provisions for Columbus's return trip to Spain. Caonabo struck again when his forces attacked and burned a fort built by Columbus, killing forty Spaniards. During the last trip of Christopher Columbus, in 1495, the Taino leader Guarionex, supported by Caonabo and other Taino leaders, staged the battle of La Vega Real against the Spanish in 1495. But while more than ten thousand Tainos fought against the Spanish, they succumbed to the power of the Spanish weaponry.", "Haiti Haiti (/ˈheɪti/ ( listen); French: Haïti [a.iti]; Haitian Creole: Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (French: République d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Repiblik Ayiti)[9] and formerly called Hayti,[note 1] is a sovereign state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[12][13] Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) in size and has an estimated 10.8 million people,[4] making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean as a whole. The region was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people. Spain landed on the island on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus across the Atlantic. When Columbus initially landed in Haiti, he had thought he had found India or Asia.[14] On Christmas Day 1492, Columbus' flagship the Santa Maria ran aground north of what is now Limonade.[15][16][17][18] As a consequence, Columbus ordered his men to salvage what they could from the ship, and he created the first European settlement in the Americas, naming it La Navidad after the day the ship was destroyed." ]	[ "Dominican Republic For most of its history, up until independence, the country was known as Santo Domingo[29]—the name of its present capital and patron saint, Saint Dominic—and continued to be commonly known as such in English until the early 20th century.[30] The residents were called Dominicanos (Dominicans), which is the adjective form of \"Domingo\", and the revolutionaries named their newly independent country La República Dominicana." ]
test839	who sings summer wine with lana del rey	[ "doc30337" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc30337", "doc30327", "doc30330", "doc30332", "doc30335", "doc914561", "doc1805193", "doc1428539", "doc30338", "doc914580", "doc30328", "doc1438236", "doc1428536", "doc1428534", "doc30333", "doc914606", "doc914603", "doc30329", "doc1805192", "doc914613", "doc30334", "doc914602", "doc1574472", "doc914591", "doc30336", "doc30331", "doc914582", "doc1438239", "doc914562", "doc914563", "doc1805191", "doc914620", "doc1805189", "doc1805190", "doc1428537", "doc1438238", "doc914601", "doc1438241", "doc724806", "doc914632", "doc914595", "doc1428538", "doc914599", "doc2542617", "doc1438237", "doc1428540", "doc914596", "doc914610", "doc61873", "doc724810", "doc1917905", "doc526379", "doc914572", "doc724808", "doc914592", "doc914588", "doc2638206", "doc1438243", "doc914590", "doc914608", "doc1805188", "doc914570", "doc724818", "doc914600", "doc914564", "doc1275401", "doc1438242", "doc1299813", "doc724812", "doc912409", "doc1386404", "doc914569", "doc1782727", "doc914586", "doc1438244", "doc914581", "doc1917921", "doc914615", "doc914607", "doc1939287", "doc1386402", "doc896779", "doc1917914", "doc1275406", "doc914573", "doc914614", "doc1428541", "doc2574510", "doc2542618", "doc914585", "doc2574508", "doc914594", "doc1105279", "doc914611", "doc1939284", "doc914579", "doc914604", "doc939699", "doc914619", "doc914625" ]	[ "Summer Wine On April 18, 2013, Lana Del Rey released a music video for her and Barrie-James O'Neill's (from Kassidy) cover of \"Summer Wine\" by Lee Hazlewood.[8]", "Summer Wine \"Summer Wine\" is a song written by Lee Hazlewood. It was originally sung by Suzi Jane Hokom and Lee Hazlewood in 1966, but it was made famous by Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood in 1967. The Nancy & Lee version was originally released on Sinatra's Nancy in London album in late 1966 and later as the B-side of her \"Sugar Town\" single in December 1966. The song itself became a hit, reaching #49 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart in April 1967. In early 1968 \"Summer Wine\" was included on Sinatra and Hazlewood's album of duets, Nancy & Lee LP. It was the first of Sinatra and Hazlewood's string hit duets.", "Summer Wine The song was later covered by Demis Roussos with Nancy Boyd, The Corrs featuring Bono of U2, Ultima Thule, Gry with FM Einheit and his Orchestra, Anna Hanski & Lee Hazlewood, Scooter (on the 2000 album Sheffield), Jack Grace and Moimir Papalescu and The Nihilists (with the male and female parts switched). A cover version by Ville Valo & Natalia Avelon, recorded for the soundtrack of Das Wilde Leben, was the 4th best-selling single of 2007 in Germany[3] and was certified Platinum by the BVMI.[4]", "Summer Wine A French cover called \"Le Vin de l'été\" was released by Marie Laforêt and Gérard Klein in 1969 (french lyrics by Eddy Marnay).[6]", "Summer Wine Two different German cover versions were released by Roland Kaiser (with Nancy Sinatra) in 1996 and by Claudia Jung & Nik P. in 2011.[citation needed]", "Lana Del Rey Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born June 21, 1985),[1] known professionally as Lana Del Rey, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and model. Her music has been noted by critics for its stylized cinematic quality, its preoccupation with themes of tragic romance, glamour, and melancholia, and its references to pop culture, particularly 1950s and 1960s Americana.[2][3]", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey Del Rey provided uncredited backing vocals on \"Party Monster\" and was featured on an interlude entitled \"Stargirl Interlude\" from The Weeknd's Starboy released in 2016. Del Rey released her fifth studio album Lust for Life on July 21 2017, preceded by the singles \"Love\" and \"Lust for Life\". Del Rey collaborated with artists The Weeknd, ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Stevie Nicks and Sean Ono Lennon on various songs on the album. Rick Nowels returns to the album, having writing credits in fourteen out of sixteen songs on the album. Benjamin Levin and Emilie Haynie have writing credits on the lead single from the album, \"Love\". The Weeknd has writing and vocal credits on the titular song of the album. Canadian record producer Boi-1da, ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti, Tyler Williams, Jahaan Sweet and Andrew Joseph Gradwohl Jr. all have writing credits on the sixth song from the album, \"Summer Bummer\". ASAP Rocky returns on seventh track on the album, \"Groupie Love\", with writing and vocal credits. Justin Parker and Stevie Nicks both have writing credits on the song \"Beautiful People Beautiful Problems\", with Nicks also having vocal credits. Sean Ono Lennon has writing and vocal credits on the thirteenth song on the album, \"Tomorrow Never Came\".", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) On May 15, Del Rey released \"Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind\" as the album's first promotional single.[24] On July 12, she premiered the songs \"Summer Bummer\", featuring A$AP Rocky and Playboi Carti, and \"Groupie Love\", featuring A$AP Rocky, as the second and third promotional singles.[25] \"Summer Bummer\" and \"Groupie Love\" were subsequently released to UK and Italian radio airplay, respectively.[26][27]", "Summer Wine The Canadian singer Cœur de pirate made a cover for \"Summer Wine\", which was used on the \"Trauma\" TV Series soundtrack.[citation needed]", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey's seventh single, \"Dark Paradise\", was released as a single in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland on March 1, 2013. Del Rey won the ECHO Awards for Best International Newcomer and Best International Pop/Rock Artist on March 21, 2013.[84] A music video for Del Rey's cover of Leonard Cohen's \"Chelsea Hotel#2\" was released on March 27, 2013.[85] The following month, in April 2013, another self-produced video was released; it showed Del Rey and her boyfriend, Barrie-James O'Neil, covering \"Summer Wine\", by Lee Hazlewood. \"Burning Desire\" became available for purchase as a stand-alone download on March 19, 2013 as the second promotional single from Paradise; its music video was premiered the previous month on Valentine's Day of 2013.[86]", "Summer Wine In May 2017, retail clothier, H&M, used Nancy & Lee's version in their \"The Summer Shop 2017\" ad campaign[1] and as a result, the track debuted at #1 on Billboard magazine and Clio's Top TV Commercials chart for May 2017.[2]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) \"Lust for Life\" is a song by American singer Lana Del Rey featuring Canadian singer The Weeknd. It was released on April 19, 2017, through Polydor Records and Interscope Records, as the second single from her fifth studio album of the same name (2017).[1][2] The song was written and produced by Del Rey and Rick Nowels, with additional writing from The Weeknd and Max Martin and additional production from Dean Reid and Kieron Menzies.[3] It is her first released song to feature another artist.", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) On February 18, 2017, the album's lead single, \"Love\" was released. On April 18, in an interview with Courtney Love for Dazed, Del Rey confirmed a collaboration on the album with The Weeknd called \"Lust for Life\", and a collaboration with Sean Lennon called \"Tomorrow Never Came\".[7] She claimed to have worked with Max Martin for the title track, and was inspired by The Shangri-Las for the record's sound. A collaboration with Stevie Nicks entitled \"Beautiful People, Beautiful Problems\" was also confirmed to be featured on the album.[8][9] The second single, \"Lust for Life\", was released on April 19. The title of the album was announced on March 29, 2017, when Del Rey released a trailer for the album,[10] and the album's cover art was released by Del Rey on social media on April 11, 2017.[11] The album was released on July 21, 2017.[1]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) Lust for Life is the fifth studio album and fourth major-label record by American singer Lana Del Rey, released on July 21, 2017.[1] The lead single, titled \"Love\", was released worldwide on February 18, 2017, and the album title was announced on March 29, 2017, through a trailer on Del Rey's official Vevo channel on YouTube.[2] The title track, which features Canadian singer The Weeknd, was released on April 19 as the second single.[3] The album also features guest appearances from A$AP Rocky, Stevie Nicks, Sean Lennon, and Playboi Carti.[4]", "Summer Wine A Hebrew cover called also \"Yen Kayitz\" (=Summer Wine) was released by Chava Alberstein and Dani Litani in 1976 to the translation of Ehud Manor.[citation needed]", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey is set to feature on a track from Jonathan Wilson's upcoming album Rare Birds. The track is entitled \"Living with Myself\".[157]", "Lana Del Rey On July 12, BBC Radio 1 aired \"Summer Bummer\", which features A$AP Rocky and Playboi Carti, and \"Groupie Love\" which features Rocky as well.[153] Lust for Life received widespread critical acclaim and became Del Rey's third album number-one in the United Kingdom, and second album number-one album in the United States.[154][155]", "Summer Wine Lyrically, \"Summer Wine\" describes a man, voiced by Hazlewood, who meets a woman, Sinatra, who notices his silver spurs and invites him to have wine with her. After heavy drinking, the man awakens hungover to find his spurs and money have been stolen by the mysterious woman; the subtext of which being they experienced intercourse and as payment she took his \"silver spurs, a dollar and a dime\". He then declares a longing for more of her \"wine\". One interpretation is that the man singing the song was seduced by the woman in order to steal his money and belongings. Another interpretation, sometimes cited, is that the song contains an allegorical description of drug use and that the lyric \"she reassured me with an unfamiliar line\" specifically refers to cocaine though that is anomalous for the apparent period setting.", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey Del Rey is featured on \"Prisoner\" from The Weeknd's Beauty Behind the Madness, which was released in August 2015. Her fourth studio album, Honeymoon was released in September 2015 and was preceded by the release of the singles \"High by the Beach\", \"Music To Watch Boys To\" and \"Terrence Loves You\".[10] Twelve of the album's tracks were collaborations between Del Rey and Rick Nowels. \"High by the Beach\" has additional writing credits from Kieron Menzies. A cover of \"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood\", originally recorded by Nina Simone and written by Bennie Benjamin, Gloria Caldwell and Sol Marcus, is included in the album, and \"Burnt Norton (Interlude)\" features Del Rey reciting T. S. Eliot's 1936 poem Burnt Norton.[11][12]", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey cites a wide array of musical artists as influences, including numerous performers from the mid-twentieth century, including Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Nina Simone, Billie Holiday, Bobby Vinton, The Crystals, Miles Davis, The Shangri-Las, Janis Joplin, Axl Rose, The Eagles, Lou Reed, and Bruce Springsteen.[194] \"[I really] just like the masters of every genre\", she told BBC radio presenter Jo Whiley.[195] Her favorite artists include Bob Dylan, Frank Sinatra, Jeff Buckley, Joan Baez and Leonard Cohen. She covered Cohen's \"Chelsea Hotel #2\" in 2013.[85] Janis Joplin's live version of \"Summertime\" from the Cheap Thrills album is one of Del Rey's favorite songs. Del Rey has also cited \"Time of the Season\" by The Zombies and \"Hotel California\" by The Eagles as favorites and inspirations.[196]", "Summer Wine A Flemish cover called Toverdrank (English: Potion) (on the album Een man zoals ik (English: A man like me)) was performed by Guido Belcanto and An Pierlé in 2011.[7]", "Lana Del Rey During a livestream in February 2017, Del Rey described the aesthetic of the album as having a \"retro sensibility with a futuristic flair\". She released the official cover art for Lust for Life on April 11, 2017. Her first collaboration, \"Lust for Life\" featuring The Weeknd, was released on April 19, 2017 as the second single from the album.[151] Del Rey released the song \"Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind\" on May 15, 2017.[152]", "Why Don't You Do Right? The American singer, Lana Del Rey, covered the song during her Endless Summer Tour.", "Lana Del Rey In December 2014, Del Rey announced she would be headlining a tour in Summer 2015, deemed \"The Endless Summer Tour\". Eight of the shows featured Courtney Love,[111] and ten of the shows featured Grimes. Also in December 2014, in an interview with Galore Magazine, Del Rey revealed she began working on a new album, which she said would be released sometime in 2015.[112] She told Grazia Magazine about how she wanted to introduce orchestrations with monumental choruses with a touch of subdued grunge for the album, \"I played Mark Ronson ten songs that I have composed for this next album. It explores a sound close to the golden age of jazz\", she said.[113] Earlier that month, Del Rey also mentioned to Galore Magazine that she is already at the recording stage for the album and that \"[she's] also always writing small pieces for independent films etc. Dan Heath and Rick Nowels are two of my dearest friends and producers and we are always up to something.\"[114] In January 2015, Del Rey stated in an interview with the LA Times that a song on her new record would be titled \"Music to Watch Boys To\".[115] The same month, a song she recorded for Emile Haynie's album titled Wait for Life was released.[116] She also recorded \"Life is Beautiful\", a song featured in the trailer for the movie The Age of Adaline.", "Summer Wine An Icelandic cover called Sumarást (Summer love) was released by Hljómsveit Ingimars Eydal in 1968 and by Helgi Björnsson og Ragnhildur Steinunn Jónsdóttir in 2007 for the movie Astrópía.[citation needed]", "Summer Wine \"Summer Wine\" was also covered by Ed Kuepper and Clare Bowditch on the cult Australian music game show RocKwiz.[5]", "Lana Del Rey Following the song's release, it peaked at 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Del Rey's highest peak on the chart.[88] However, shortly after its release to contemporary hit radio, the label prematurely pulled it and decided to send a different song to that format; on July 2, 2013, a Cedric Gervais remix of Del Rey's \"Summertime Sadness\" was sent there; a sleeper hit, the song proved to be a success, surpassing \"Young and Beautiful\", reaching number 6 and becoming her first American top ten hit.[89] The remix won the Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical in 2013.[90]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) On August 25, 2017, two official remixes for the song were released, alongside remixes for Del Rey's other single \"Summer Bummer\".", "Lana Del Rey Raised in northern New York state, Del Rey embarked on a music career in 2005 after moving to New York City, and first received widespread attention in 2011, when the music video for her single \"Video Games\" became a viral Internet sensation.[4] Del Rey received further recognition after her major-label debut Born to Die peaked at number two on the United States charts and was the fifth best-selling album of 2012. A remix of its single \"Summertime Sadness\", produced by Cedric Gervais, peaked at number six in the United States, and her extended play Paradise followed that November, garnering Del Rey her first Grammy nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album. Three of the EP's tracks were featured in her short film Tropico (2013).[5]", "Lana Del Rey In 2014, Del Rey released her third studio album, Ultraviolence, which became her first album to reach number one in the United States. In 2015, following a North American tour with Courtney Love and Grimes, Del Rey released her fourth studio album, Honeymoon. Both albums received positive critical response. Her fifth studio album, Lust for Life, was released in 2017. It received critical acclaim, and also became Del Rey's second album to reach number one in the United States, while also reaching the top ten in almost every other country in which it charted.[6] Lust for Life also earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[7]", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey Del Rey's third studio album, Ultraviolence, was released in the summer of 2014. Debuting at number one in twelve countries, as of June 2014, it has been certified Gold in Canada, and Silver in the United Kingdom.[7][8][9] The album featured a cover of the song \"The Other Woman\", written by Jessie Mae Robinson. The other songs on the album were written by Del Rey in collaboration with Blake Stranathan, Dan Heath, Rick Nowels, Barrie Oâ€™Neill, Greg Kurstin, Robbie Fitzsimmons, Dan Auerbach, and Harmony Korine. In the same year, she also contributed the songs \"Big Eyes\" and \"I Can Fly\" to the soundtrack of Tim Burton's biographical film Big Eyes, which focuses on the American artist Margaret Keane. The songs were co-written by Dan Heath and Rick Nowels, respectively. Del Rey collaborated with Emile Haynie on the song \"Wait for Life\" for his debut album We Fall in 2015.", "Lana Del Rey On January 4, 2012, it was reported she had signed a deal with Next Model Management agency.[218] H&M confirmed that Del Rey would be modeling and recording a cover version of the popular 1950s prom anthem \"Blue Velvet\" for their 2012 Autumn Campaign.[219][220] H&M's 2012 Winter campaign, featuring Lana Del Rey, was released on October 12. This is the second H&M campaign Lana Del Rey is featured in.[221][222][223]", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey Grant, who by this point had adopted her current stage name Lana Del Rey, signed a recording contract with Stranger Records in 2011; she released her debut single \"Video Games\", which she co-wrote with Justin Parker, that year.[3] After the commercial success of the track, Del Rey signed a recording contract with Interscope Records and Polydor Records for the release of her major-label debut Born to Die (2012).[4] The album reached number one in eleven countries and was certified Platinum in eighteen.[5][6] The songs on Born to Die were written by Del Rey in collaboration with Justin Parker, Tim Larcombe, Emile Haynie, Dan Heath, Mike Daly, The Nexus, Rick Nowels, Chris Braide, Jim Irvin, Sacha Skarbek, Liam Howe, and Hannah Robinson.", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey Del Rey followed Born to Die with an EP called Paradise in November 2012. The EP featured a cover of the song \"Blue Velvet\", written by Bernie Wayne and Lee Morris, and a re-recording of \"Yayo\". The rest of the songs were written by Del Rey with contributions by Justin Parker, Rick Nowels, Emile Haynie, Tim Larcombe and Dan Heath. In 2013, Del Rey contributed the song \"Young and Beautiful\" to the soundtrack of Baz Luhrmann's 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby. She also recorded a cover of the song \"Once Upon a Dream\", originally written by Sammy Fain and Jack Lawrence, for the soundtrack of the dark fantasy film Maleficent (2014).", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) Lust for Life features recurring trap rhythms, classic rock references, \"sepia-toned\" orchestral backings, and Del Rey singing with a \"hip-hop affectation\".[12] The Daily Telegraph stated that the album \"lets a bit of light into the darkness of Del Rey's moody past works,\" noting that \"there's a sense of heightened drama in punchy Phil Spector style sixties back beats and the way the heavy timpani criss-crosses with echoing digital trap beats, all swathed in a gauzy haze of Shangri Las style girl group harmonies.\"[13] The Guardian described the album's sound as \"sleek contemporary-sounding soundscapes,\" and noted \"Summer Bummer\"'s \"eerie production and futuristic melancholy sounding closer to a track from Frank Ocean's Blonde than her usual 50s and 60s enthralled shtick.\"[14] The A.V. Club praised its modern simplicity, noting that \"its beats are subtle hip-hop twitches or electro-pop swells, with percussion redolent of faraway fireworks booms or mellifluous melodic washes.\"[15]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) \"Lust for Life\" was released on April 19, 2017 following the preview on MistaJam's BBC Radio 1 show.[8] The official audio was released to iTunes and other streaming services a few hours later.[2] It is the fourth collaboration between Del Rey and The Weeknd, after she featured on \"Prisoner\" from his second studio album, Beauty Behind the Madness (2015), and then two collaborations on his follow-up record Starboy (2016): a feature on \"Stargirl Interlude\" and a co-writing credit and background vocals on \"Party Monster\".[4][9] This is her first song to feature another artist on any of her studio albums.[10]", "Lana Del Rey Soon after, Lust for Life was officially announced on March 29, 2017, when a trailer for the album was uploaded to Del Rey's Vevo channel.[142] The album includes collaborations with Stevie Nicks[147] and other artists,[148] and was released on July 21, 2017.[149] About the album, Del Rey stated \"I made my first 4 albums for me, but this one is for my fans and about where I hope we are all headed.\"[150]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) Idolator characterized \"Lust for Life\" as a \"witchy dream pop\" song,[12] as well as describing it as a \"throwback to the wall of sound production of the '60s with the lush, beautiful harmonies associated with acts like The Shangri-Las\".[13]", "Born to Die Born to Die is the second studio album and major label debut by American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey. It was released on January 27, 2012 by Interscope Records, Polydor Records and Stranger Records. Del Rey collaborated with producers including Patrik Berger, Jeff Bhasker, Chris Braide, Emile Haynie, Justin Parker, Rick Nowels, Robopop and Al Shux to achieve her desired sound. Their efforts resulted in a primarily baroque pop record, which sees additional influences from alternative hip hop, indie pop and trip hop music.", "Lana Del Rey She was in a relationship with Kassidy member Barrie-James O'Neill from August 2011 until June 2014.[237][238][239] Previously, she was in a relationship with alternative rock and antifolk musician Steven Mertens, who produced her debut album, Lana Del Ray, before it was re-recorded by David Kahne.[15]", "Lana Del Rey On August 4, 2015, Del Rey revealed the first single \"High by the Beach\", which was released on August 10, 2015.[123] On August 4, 2015, The Weeknd also revealed the track listing for his upcoming second studio album Beauty Behind the Madness which features a collaboration with Del Rey, entitled \"Prisoner\".[124] On August 21, 2015, she released \"Terrence Loves You\" as a promotional single, available instantly with the pre-order of the album.[125][126] The title track was later released as a promotional single on September 7, 2015.[127] Honeymoon was released on September 18, 2015[128] to general acclaim from music critics,[129] who praised the music and Del Rey's sophistication and vocal performance.", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) In January 2017, the lead single from the record, \"Love\", was registered online on Harry Fox Agency under the alternate title, \"Young in Love\".[16] Fans began the speculate that the song would be featured on Del Rey's upcoming record, and on February 17, 2017, promotional posters for the \"Love\" music video directed by Rich Lee were put on display across Los Angeles.[17] Later that day, the song leaked online, forcing Del Rey to officially release the song earlier than she had expected. The song was officially released worldwide on February 18, and the music video on February 20.[18][19] \"Love\" debuted at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on Hot Rock Songs.[20][21] On April 19, BBC Radio 1 premiered Del Rey's new song, \"Lust for Life\" featuring singer The Weeknd.[22] The official audio was released to the iTunes Store and streaming services a few hours later as the second single from the album.[23]", "Lana Del Rey In 2016, Del Rey performed on two songs on The Weeknd's third studio album Starboy.[140] She provided uncredited backing vocals on \"Party Monster\" and was featured on an interlude entitled \"Stargirl Interlude\".[141]", "Brooklyn Baby \"Brooklyn Baby\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey for her third studio album Ultraviolence (2014). It was written by Del Rey, and Barrie O'Neill, while production was handled by Dan Auerbach.[2] The song was released on June 8, 2014, by Polydor Records and Interscope Records, as the fourth single from Ultraviolence.[3]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) In an interview with Courtney Love for Dazed magazine, Del Rey revealed that \"Lust for Life\" was the first song she wrote for the album and got an assist from Max Martin for it. She traveled to his Sweden compound where he encouraged her to turn what had previously been a verse into the song's chorus. Upon returning to her main producer Rick Nowels' place, she realized the one extra element she needed for the track. That's when she felt she \"really wanted\" to hear Canadian singer The Weeknd sing the chorus, so he came down and \"rewrote a little bit of it,\" but then she stated she felt like it was missing something, so she went back for a fourth time and layered it up with harmonies.[4] \"Lust for Life\" was first registered at ASCAP under Del Rey's name during March 2017, with The Weeknd credited as a co-writer under his real name Abel Tesfaye.[5] Later, Del Rey teased the collaboration on March 26, 2017 via Twitter, with Tesfaye's signature logo.[6] The logo, which is also the logo of his record label XO, was also included in the Lust for Life album trailer.[7]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) On July 24, 2017, Del Rey began a small promotional tour at the Brixton Academy in London in promotion of Lust for Life.[28] Other stops on the promotional tour include San Diego, Anaheim,[29] Glasgow, Liverpool,[30] San Francisco,[31] Santa Barbara[32] and New York City.[33] Aside from these select side shows, Del Rey plans to embark on an official world tour to further promote the album, as her first official headlining concert tour since The Endless Summer Tour in 2015.[34]", "Lana Del Rey In November 2015, Del Rey executive produced a short film Hi How Are You Daniel Johnston, documenting the life of Daniel Johnston. For the film, she also covered one of Johnston's songs, called \"Some Things Last a Long Time\", from his album 1990. For the cover, she collaborated with producer Justin Parker.[130] Also in November 2015, Del Rey received the Trailblazer Award at the Billboard Women in Music ceremony[131] and won the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Alternative.[132]", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey's subsequent releases would introduce variant styles, particularly Ultraviolence, which employed a guitar-based sound akin to psychedelic and desert rock.[184] Kenneth Partridge of Billboard noted this shift in style, writing: \"She sings about drugs, cars, money, and the bad boys she's always falling for, and while there remains a sepia-toned mid-century flavor to many of these songs, [Del Rey] is no longer fronting like a thugged-out Bette Davis.\"[185] Upon the release of Honeymoon, one reviewer characterized Del Rey's body of work as being \"about music as a time warp, with her languorous croons over molasses-like arrangements meant to make clock hands seem to move so slowly that it feels possible, at times, they might go backwards.\"[186]", "Young and Beautiful (Lana Del Rey song) \"Young and Beautiful\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey used for the soundtrack to the drama film The Great Gatsby (2013). It was released on April 23, 2013 through Interscope Records as the lead single from the soundtrack. \"Young and Beautiful\" was written by Del Rey and Rick Nowels, who also produced the song. The music video features an orchestralÂ version of the song, produced by Dan Heath, which is included on the deluxe edition of the soundtrack.", "Born to Die After settling with her current stage name, Del Rey signed a recording contract with Stranger Records in June 2011, and released the track \"Video Games\".[7] Initially, she had released the song because it was her \"favorite\" and had no intentions of releasing it as a single, although the video went viral on YouTube after its premiere.[8] During an appearance on the French television series Taratata in November 2011, Del Rey announced that her second studio album would be titled Born to Die.[9]", "Ultraviolence (album) Ultraviolence is the third studio album and second major-label record by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey, released on June 13, 2014 by UMG Recordings. Despite originally dismissing the possibility of releasing another record after her major-label debut Born to Die (2012), Del Rey began planning its follow-up in 2013. Production continued into 2014, at which time she heavily collaborated with Dan Auerbach to revamp what she initially considered to be the completed record. The project saw additional contributions from producers including Paul Epworth, Greg Kurstin, Daniel Heath, and Rick Nowels, and features a more guitar-based sound than Del Rey's previous releases.[a]", "Swan song Swan Song is one of the last tracks on singer Lana Del Reys album Honeymoon", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey met her current managers, Ben Mawson and Ed Millett, three months after Lana Del Ray and they helped her to get out of her contract with 5 Points Records, where, in her opinion, \"nothing was happening.\" Shortly after, she moved to London, England and moved in with Mawson \"for a few years.\"[15] When choosing her stage name, she said: \"I wanted a name I could shape the music towards. I was going to Miami quite a lot at the time, speaking a lot of Spanish with my friends from Cuba â€“ Lana Del Rey reminded us of the glamour of the seaside. It sounded gorgeous coming off the tip of the tongue.\"[47] She has said her lawyers and managers made up the name Lana Del Rey and persuaded her to adopt the stage name.[48] On September 1, 2010, Del Rey was featured by Mando Diao in their MTV Unplugged concert at Union Film-Studios in Berlin.[49]", "Born to Die After attaining online success after its initial premiere on June 29, 2011, \"Video Games\" was released as the lead single from Born to Die on October 17, 2011; it peaked at number ninety-one on the US Billboard Hot 100. Its follow-up singles \"Born to Die\", \"Off to the Races\", \"Blue Jeans\", \"Summertime Sadness\", \"National Anthem\", and \"Dark Paradise\" performed sporadically across Billboard component charts and international record charts. The Cedric Gervais remix of \"Summertime Sadness\" was released on July 11, 2013 and became Del Rey's highest-charting single in the United States, reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100. Del Rey additionally promoted Born to Die with several televised performances, including a widely criticized appearance on Saturday Night Live. It was reissued on November 9, 2012 as an expanded version subtitled The Paradise Edition, which was packaged with her third extended play Paradise (2012). Born to Die has sold 7 million copies worldwide as of June 2014.[5]", "Lana Del Rey In June 2014, she said \"I have this idea for this record called Music to Watch Boys To, so I'm just kind of thinking about that and what that would mean.\"[117] Del Rey later confirmed in an interview with Billboard that her new record would be entitled Honeymoon.[118]", "Lana Del Rey On May 23, Del Rey performed three songs at Kim Kardashian and Kanye West's pre-wedding celebration at the Palace of Versailles.[102] West had previously played Del Rey's \"Young & Beautiful\" during his proposal to Kardashian in October 2013.[103] \"Shades of Cool\", the second single, was released on May 26, 2014.[104] The third single and title track, \"Ultraviolence\", was released on June 4.[105] June 8 saw the release of the fourth single, \"Brooklyn Baby\".[106]", "Video Games (song) \"Video Games\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey for her second studio album and major label debut, Born to Die (2012). It was first released to the Internet on June 29, 2011, was later released on her extended play, Lana Del Rey, and re-released as the lead single from her second studio album, Born to Die on October 10, 2011, through Interscope Records. The song was produced by Robopop while the lyrics were written by Del Rey and Justin Parker. \"Video Games\" is a baroque pop ballad that speaks of the protagonist who, despite being ignored by her significant other, resolves to love him regardless.", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) The official music video was released on May 22 and was uploaded to Del Rey's Vevo channel. The video was directed by Rich Lee who also directed the \"Love\" music video.[16] Billboard says that the video kicks off with Del Rey \"in a turquoise TV studio wearing a red dress and performing simply choreographed moves with 2 dancers in the background, it all leads to an adventure on, of course, the Hollywood sign. As the track moves into the chorus, Del Rey climbs up a set of stairs that lead to the top of the \"H\" on the famed California sign, where Abel is there to pull her to the top. The duo make the sign their playground, sitting on the edge of the letters and running all the way across, until Del Rey slides down the \"D\" and lands in a field of orange flowers.\"[17] The camera zooms out, showing the Earth, with lights forming a peace sign, in space. The video is loosely inspired by actress Peg Entwistle who infamously jumped to her death in 1932.[18]", "Lana Del Rey A Rolling Stone article revealed that Del Rey would be a guest on Brian Wilson's forthcoming studio album No Pier Pressure.[109] Two new songs by Del Rey, \"Big Eyes\" and \"I Can Fly\", featured in Tim Burton's 2014 biographical film Big Eyes, which focused on the American artist Margaret Keane. \"Big Eyes\" was co-written by Daniel Heath, while \"I Can Fly\" was co-written by Rick Nowels.[110]", "Lana Del Rey Associated with several styles, Del Rey's music has been tagged broadly as dream pop[168][169] or baroque pop[170][171][172] linked to various forms of rock,[173][174] indie music,[175] and trip hop,[176][177][178][179] and often touching on styles such as hip hop,[180] trap music,[181] and psychedelic rock on particular releases.[182] Of Born to Die, indie music journal Drowned in Sound wrote, \"She likes that whole hip hop thing though, has this whole swagger thing going that not many girls like her got\", adding that it sounded like a poppier Bond soundtrack.[183]", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey has recorded songs for five studio albums, three extended plays (EPs), as well as guest features. Her debut EP Kill Kill (2008) was released by 5 Points Records under her birth name Elizabeth \"Lizzy\" Grant; its tracks \"Kill Kill\" and \"Yayo\" were written solely by Grant, while the remaining song \"Gramma (Blue Ribbon Sparkler Trailer Heaven)\" was co-written by Grant and David Kahne.[1] She assumed the stage name Lana Del Ray for her debut studio album Lana Del Ray (2010) and wrote the majority of the record by herself, although Kahne is credited with co-writing four tracks on the project.[2]", "Lana Del Rey At her first performance in 2006 for the Williamsburg Live Songwriting Competition, Del Rey met Van Wilson, an A&R representative for 5 Points Records,[40][41] an independent label owned by David Nichtern.[41] In 2007, while a senior in college, Del Rey submitted a demo tape of acoustic tracks titled No Kung Fu to 5 Points Records,[34] who subsequently offered her a recording contract for $10,000.[34] Del Rey used the money to relocate to Manhattan Mobile Home Park, a trailer park in North Bergen, New Jersey,[8][22] and subsequently began working with producer David Kahne,[41] with whom she released a three-track EP titled Kill Kill in October 2008 as Lizzy Grant.[42] She explained that \"David asked to work with me only a day after he got my demo. He is known as a producer with a lot of integrity and who had an interest in making music that wasn't just pop.\"[43] Her album, however, was shelved, causing her to shift her focus. Instead, she began to work in community service. \"Homeless outreach, drug, and alcohol rehabilitation—that's been my life for the past five years\", she told Vogue UK in 2012.[8] Her debut full-length album, titled Lana Del Ray, was released in January 2010.[44] Her father, Robert Grant, helped with the marketing of the album,[44] which was available for purchase on iTunes for a brief period before being withdrawn.", "Born to Die Del Rey announced \"Blue Jeans\" as the third single from the album following \"Video Games\" and \"Born to Die\". It was officially released on April 6, 2012.[55] An accompanying music video, directed by Yoann Lemoine, premiered around the web on March 19, 2012.[56] \"Summertime Sadness\" was released as the fourth single on June 22, 2012. The official music video was released on July 20, 2012. \"National Anthem\" was announced as the fifth single and was released on July 6, 2012. The music video for \"National Anthem\" was released on June 27, 2012. \"Dark Paradise\" was also released as the final single on March 1, 2013 only in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Poland.", "Lana Del Rey \"Love\", the lead single off of Del Rey's fifth studio album, Lust for Life,[142] was released on February 18, 2017.[143][144][145] The music video was directed by Rich Lee.[146]", "Lana Del Rey Elizabeth Woolridge Grant was born in New York City on June 21, 1985[1][8] to Robert England Grant, Jr., a Grey Group copywriter turned entrepreneur, and Patricia Ann \"Pat\" (nÃ©e Hill), a former Grey account executive turned high school teacher.[9][10][11][12] She has one younger sister, Caroline Grant,[13] and one brother, Charlie.[14][15] Her paternal grandfather, Robert England Grant, Sr. was a Kidder, Peabody & Co. investment banker, a vice president for Plough, Inc and Textron, and venture capitalist.[16] She has Scottish ancestry from both her mother and father.[17]", "Summer Breeze (song) \"Summer Breeze\" is a song written and recorded by Seals and Crofts that has been covered by The Isley Brothers, Type O Negative, The Three Tenors, George Benson/Al Jarreau and many other artists. Seals and Crofts' original version, released in 1972, reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US. In 2013, it was ranked No. 13 in Rolling Stoneâ€²s \"Best Summer Songs of All Time\".[2]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) An official audio video was released on Del Rey's Vevo channel on the same day the song was released. It features Tesfaye and Del Rey sitting on the edge of the Hollywood sign while holding hands.[14] The clip features interpolation of shots from the album trailer. It was directed by Clark Jackson, who also directed the Lust for Life album trailer and produced the \"Love\" music video.[15]", "Red Red Wine \"Red Red Wine\" is a song originally written, performed, and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967. It is included on Neil's second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes.", "Born to Die In regards to the use of her lower vocals on the tracks, she stated that \"people weren't taking me very seriously, so I lowered my voice, believing that it would help me stand out. Now I sing quite low... well, for a female anyway\".[14] The singer's first singles, \"Video Games\" and \"Born to Die\" were described variously as \"quasi-cabaret balladry\",[15] \"woozy and sometimes soporific soundtrack soul\",[16] and \"pop\".[17] Her own description of her music is \"Hollywood sadcore\".[18] Tim Lee of musicOMH noted the songs are extremely similar, commenting that \"her (alleged) agents clearly having stumbled upon a formula with which they can (allegedly) print money and (allegedly) further consign Lana's secretive, (allegedly) real debut LP to the annals of history. You didn't hear it from us, right?\".[19] Del Rey has once been described as a \"gangsta Nancy Sinatra\",[20] though she cites Britney Spears, Elvis Presley and Antony and the Johnsons as her musical influences.[21] When asked about her musical style, the singer stated:", "Tiny Dancer On her 2017 studio album Lust for Life, Lana Del Rey referenced the song on her track \"Tomorrow Never Came\" featuring Sean Ono Lennon.", "Born to Die (song) \"Born to Die\" was written and composed by Del Rey and Justin Parker, and produced by Emile Haynie.[4] The song features \"gently apocalyptic\" lyrics,[2] and opens with Del Rey singing \"Feet don't fail me now/ Take me to the finish line/ Oh my heart, it breaks every step that I take/ But I'm hoping at the gates, they'll tell me that you're mine.\"[5] According to the singer, the song is a \"homage to true love and a tribute to living life on the wild side\",[3] theme that is perceived in lines such as \"Let me kiss you hard in the pouring rain, you like your girls insane.\"[6] The original unreleased version of the song featured Del Rey singing \"Let me fuck you hard in the pouring rain\" instead of \"Let me kiss you hard in the pouring rain\"; this version is sung at most of her live shows.[6] Laura Snapes of NME compared the background to \"melted chocolate waterslide, buffeted by impeccable production\",[2] with the John Barry-esque \"whipping strings\" being noted as similar to the music scores of Gone with the Wind (1939) and Western (1997).[2][3] \"Born to Die\" was first released in December 30, 2011 as the second single from the album of the same name.[7] It contains a vocal sample of \"Long Red\" by Mountain.", "Lana Del Rey On April 25, 2005, a seven-track extended play was registered under Elizabeth Woolridge Grant with the United States Copyright Office. The application title was Rock Me Stable with another title Young Like Me also listed.[33] A second extended play, titled From the End, was also recorded under Del Rey's stage name at the time, May Jailer.[34] Between 2005 and 2006, she recorded an acoustic album titled Sirens under the May Jailer project,[34] which later leaked on the internet in mid-2012.[b]", "ASAP Rocky Rocky is featured on \"Blended Family (What You Do for Love)\", a track written with Alicia Keys for her sixth studio album Here in 2016.[81] He is also featured on two tracks in Lust For Life, the 2017 album by Lana Del Rey. The tracks are called \"Summer Bummer\", which also features Playboi Carti, and \"Groupie Love\".[82] He also featured in \"Pick It Up\" by Famous Dex, released in October 2017.[83]", "Lana Del Rey On February 20, Del Rey posted a picture of herself and Dan Auerbach on Twitter with the caption \"Me and Dan Auerbach are excited to present you Ultraviolence\".[100]", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey song) Credits adapted from Tidal.[3]", "Lana Del Rey After the release of Paradise, Del Rey penned the original song \"Young and Beautiful\" for the soundtrack of the 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby with director, co-writer, and co-producer Baz Luhrmann.[87]", "Ultraviolence (album) Prior to the album release, Del Rey announced a North American concert tour, as well as performances at several European festivals.[46][47] Del Rey received attention for taking a \"less is more\" approach to promoting the album. She did not promote the album with television performances or interviews, instead relying on a couple of print interviews, music videos, and social media.[48] In September, she first cancelled two private concerts for Virgin Radio in Paris, and then the remaining dates of her European tour for medical reasons.[49] Del Rey resumed her tour in the beginning of October with a set at the Austin City Limits Music Festival and headlined gigs in Mexico City and Monterrey between October 6 and 9 and at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery on October 17 and 18.[50] Del Rey announced her 2015 Endless Summer Tour on December 1, 2014, which she headlined with punk vocalist Courtney Love, former frontwoman of alternative rock band Hole.[51] Del Rey released the \"Ultraviolence\" music video, produced by then boyfriend Francesco Carrozzini, in August 2014.", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey possesses an expansive contralto vocal range, which spans three-plus octaves and has been described as captivating and highly emotive, ranging from high notes in a girlish timbre to jazzy ornaments in her lower gesture with great ease.[200][201][202][203] Following the release of Ultraviolence, which was recorded live in single takes and lacking Pro Tools vocal editing, critics fell into favor with Del Rey's vocal ability, praising her large range, increased vocal confidence, and uniquely emotive delivery.[204][205][206] When recording in the studio Del Rey is known for vocal multi-layering, which, as it has been noted, is difficult for her to replicate within a live setting, especially with the lack of backing singers to fill out the original vocal style.[200] Stage fright has also been noted as a major contribution to Del Rey's struggles with live performances.[207] However, journalists noted in 2014 that her live performances had increased exponentially in confidence. Billboard deemed the Coachella debut of \"West Coast\" to be a \"star-making performance\" and lauded the singer's vocal abilities.[208][209] Contemporary music critics have called her voice \"smoky\",[210] \"gravelly\",[191] and reminiscent of Marilyn Monroe.[191] Upon the 2015 release of Honeymoon, her voice was compared by Los Angeles Times critic Mikael Wood to those of Julee Cruise and Eartha Kitt.[211]", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey's musical sound has been dubbed \"Hollywood sadcore\" by music critics.[158][159] Her music has been repeatedly noted for its cinematic sound and its references to various aspects of pop culture, particularly that of 1950s and 1960s Americana.[c] Del Rey elaborated on this in an interview with Artistdirect, saying \"I wasn't even born in the '50s but I feel like I was there.\"[167]", "LA to the Moon Tour On January 16, 2018, it was announced that American singer Børns, whom Del Rey had recently collaborated with on two tracks for his second studio album Blue Madonna, would be joining Del Rey as the opening act for the Australian leg of the tour.[18]", "Born to Die (song) \"Born to Die\" is a song by American singer Lana Del Rey, taken from her debut studio album of the same name. The song was released as the singer's second single on December 30, 2011, through Interscope Records. Musically, \"Born to Die\" is a ballad that speaks of a doomed relationship. Critics noted that it features apocalyptic lyrics and strings similar to John Barry compositions. It received mixed to positive reception from contemporary critics, who considered it as haunting as, yet similar to, Del Rey's previous single \"Video Games\". In the United Kingdom, \"Born to Die\" became Del Rey's second top 10 single, when it peaked at No. 9 for the week ending February 4, 2012.[1]", "Marianne Faithfull In 2005, she released Before the Poison. The album was primarily a collaboration with PJ Harvey and Nick Cave, though Damon Albarn and Jon Brion also contributed. Before the Poison received mixed reviews from both Rolling Stone and Village Voice.[17][18] In 2005 she recorded (and co-produced) \"Lola R Forever\", a cover of the Serge Gainsbourg song \"Lola Rastaquouere\" with Sly & Robbie for the tribute album Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited. In 2007, Faithfull collaborated with the British singer-songwriter, Patrick Wolf on the duet \"Magpie\" from his third album The Magic Position and wrote and recorded a new song for the French film Truands called \"A Lean and Hungry Look\" with Ulysse.", "Ultraviolence (album) \"Shades of Cool\" was described by Consequence of Sound as \"a slow and slightly gloomy ballad marked by reverberated guitars, slight atmospherics, and Del Rey's vocals that alternate between a hushed whisper and ephemeral wailing\".[19] The song consists of \"a chiming guitar, slow-burn bass line, and swelling orchestra\" which surround Del Rey's vocals.[20] Del Rey said that she wrote \"Brooklyn Baby\" with Lou Reed in mind. She was supposed to work with him and flew to New York City to meet him, but he died the day she arrived.[2] He is referenced in the line \"And my boyfriend's in a band/He plays guitar while I sing Lou Reed\".[21] In the title track, \"Ultraviolence\", Del Rey directly references The Crystals' \"He Hit Me (and It Felt Like a Kiss)\" in the chorus, which she had also heard a rendition of by Hole.[22]", "Summer Breeze (song) Gothic metal band Type O Negative recorded a slower, doom metal version of the song for their 1993 album Bloody Kisses, and this version was featured during the opening credits of the 1997 horror film I Know What You Did Last Summer. Another version appeared on Bloody Kisses \"Top Shelf\" edition (2009 re-release) which was mixed by American record producer Rick Rubin.", "Lana Del Rey After uploading them to her YouTube channel in 2011, Del Rey's videos for the songs \"Video Games\" and \"Blue Jeans\" became viral internet sensations,[2] and she was signed by Stranger Records to release \"Video Games\" as her debut single.[50] She told The Observer, \"I just put that song online a few months ago because it was my favorite. To be honest, it wasn't going to be the single but people have really responded to it.\"[8] The song earned her a Q award for \"Next Big Thing\" in October 2011[51] and an Ivor Novello for \"Best Contemporary Song\" in 2012.[52] The same month, she signed a joint deal with Interscope Records and Polydor to work on her second studio album Born to Die.[27][53][54][55]", "Lana Del Rey Her favorite films, The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and American Beauty have also inspired her musical style.[197] Inspired by poetry, Del Rey cites Walt Whitman and Allen Ginsberg as instrumental to her songwriting; specifically, she named Leaves of Grass by Whitman and \"Howl\" by Ginsberg. Her song, \"Body Electric\" from her third EP, Paradise, alludes to Whitman in the lyric, \"Whitman is my daddy\". The song's chorus of \"I sing the body electric\" is a direct reference to Whitman's poem \"I Sing The Body Electric\".[196][198] She recited Whitman's poem \"Song of Myself\" for the French fashion magazine, L'Officiel Paris.[83] Del Rey has also cited the surrealist film directors David Lynch and Federico Fellini and the surrealist painters Mark Ryden and Pablo Picasso as influences.[167][199] Lynch's film Blue Velvet (1986) inspired both the imagery and style of Del Rey's \"Blue Velvet\" cover.", "Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 78, based on 27 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[36] Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph said the album is a \"welcome throwback to the hip hop swagger that pushed through her fantastic 2012 debut Born To Die\".[39] Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote a favorable review, saying the album \"in rare moments, hints at a wink behind Ms. Del Rey's somber lullabies.\"[45] In a very positive review from GQ Magazine, Kevin Long wrote that \"Like Lorde's Melodrama, Lust For Life is an accomplished piece of art, an antidote to the banal tunes permeating the charts and one of the best albums released this year so far.\"[46] Billboard named Lust for Life their album of the week, writing \"In a 2017 pop game riddled with thirst, trend-hops and burn-outs, Lana Del Rey has earned a remarkable, singular consistency.\"[47] Writing for The Independent, Roison O'Connor wrote that \"Lust For Life is more of an elaboration on her favourite subjects rather than a repetition, in fact, it's her most expansive album to date,\" concluding that \"Del Rey is far more self-aware than she has been on her previous albums.\"[48] El Hunt of DIY wrote that Lust for Life is \"a record that is prepared to be truly vulnerable, and is all the more impactful for it.\"[49]", "Yayo (Lana Del Rey song) Before signing with a major label, Del Rey produced a video for \"Yayo\". Pop music reviewer Amy Sciarretto said the video featured many shots of the singer herself in Super 8 granulation, juxtaposed with low, somber vocals.[10] \"The result is like a noir short film where nothing is clear and everything is left to the imagination,\" the reviewer added. Finalizing her review, Sciarretto said:", "Brooklyn Baby Miriam Coleman of Rolling Stone described Del Rey's vocals as \"breathy\" and called the melody of the song \"reminiscent of 1960s girl-group hits\".[3] In the song, Del Rey pokes fun at and celebrates hipster subculture, referencing several cliches about them, Brooklyn, and Millennials.[4] Del Rey said that she wrote the song with Lou Reed in mind. She was supposed to work with him and flew to New York City to meet him, but he died the day she arrived.[5] He is referenced in the line \"And my boyfriend's in a band/ He plays guitar while I sing Lou Reed\".[6]", "Lana Del Rey On January 23, 2014, it was announced that Del Rey would be covering the song \"Once Upon a Dream\" (from the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty) for the 2014 dark fantasy film Maleficent. The single was released on January 26.[99]", "Yayo (Lana Del Rey song) \"Yayo\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey. It appears on her first extended play, Kill Kill, her unrealesed debut album, Lana Del Ray, and her third EP, Paradise. After the release of her third EP, the song charted in France. Before signing to a major record label, Del Rey released a self-produced music video for \"Yayo\". Ubiquitously, the song garnered acclaim, many reviewers saying the song was one of the best songs Del Rey has ever written and praising Del Rey's voice. Appearing on three of Del Rey's albums to date, the song is one of few that was authored solely by her. The original version of the song was released through 5 Point Records and produced by David Kahne, later being remastered by Emile Haynie and Dan Heath.", "Lana Del Rey On July 14, 2015, Del Rey released \"Honeymoon\", the first and title track from the album.[120][121] She revealed that the album would contain fourteen tracks, describing the songs with \"a muddy trap energy and some inspired by late-night Miles Davis drives\".[122]", "Bad Romance Singer Lissie posted a cover of the song on YouTube. Her version of \"Bad Romance\" received praise from filmmaker David Lynch[130] and The Washington Post writer David Malitz, who included it on \"Click Track â€“ Singles Files\", the newspaper's weekly playlist.[131] The Grandmono Orchestra also covered the song, with Dutch singer Caro Emerald, on June 1, 2011. This was included as a bonus track on Caro's debut album, Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor, and has received many positive criticisms.[132] Singer Lulu and actor Cuba Gooding, Jr. performed a version of \"Bad Romance\" as a duet during the August 5, 2011 episode of Chris Moyles' Quiz Night on Channel 4 in the UK.[133] At the 46th Annual Songwriters Hall of Fame Awards, Linda Perry sang the song in a slowed down rendition, before Tony Bennett present the Contemporary Icon Award to Gaga.[134] In 2015, actress Meryl Streep recorded the song for her film, Ricki and the Flash.[135]", "Lana Del Rey Del Rey has been described as a \"self-styled gangsta Nancy Sinatra\" and \"Lolita lost in the hood.\"[187]", "LA to the Moon Tour Del Rey's fifth studio album, Lust for Life was officially released worldwide on July 21, 2017. During the months leading up to the album's release, fans and press speculated whether or not Del Rey would embark on a headlining concert tour in support of the album, as she did not for her previous release, Honeymoon. In an interview for Beats 1 on July 12, 2017, Zane Lowe asked Del Rey if she planned to go on a world tour and she seemed unsure,[4] but during the following months Del Rey began to announce various one-off promotional concerts across the United Kingdom and United States. The promotional tour took place from July to October 2017, and consisted of concerts at intimate venues in London,[5] cities in California[6][7][8] and New York City,[9] as well as shows at the Echo Arena Liverpool and the SSE Hydro in the United Kingdom.[10]", "Lana Del Rey At the 2012 MTV Europe Music Awards, Del Rey received nominations in the categories Best Alternative, Best Push, and Best New Act. Winning Best Alternative, Del Rey presented the award for Best Female to Taylor Swift.[81] At the 2013 BRIT Awards, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist, making it her second BRIT Award to date.[82] Her win surprised critics who highly anticipated Taylor Swift to win the award.[82] In March 2013, she recited Walt Whitman's poem \"Song of Myself\" for the French fashion magazine, L'Officiel Paris.[83]", "Lana Del Rey On September 27, 2017, Del Rey announced the LA to the Moon Tour, an official concert tour with Jhené Aiko and Kali Uchis to further promote the album. The tour is scheduled to begin in North America during January 2018.[156] Further dates in South America, Australia, and Europe were also announced.", "Summer of '69 \"Summer of '69\" is a song recorded by Canadian recording artist Bryan Adams, from his fourth album, Reckless (1984). The song was written by Adams and Jim Vallance, a long-time writing partner of Adams. \"Summer of '69\" was produced by Adams and Bob Clearmountain. It was released in June 1985 under A&M Records as the fourth single from Reckless. \"Summer of '69\" is an up-tempo rock song.", "Lana Del Rey In 2010, Del Rey acted in a short film called Poolside, which she made with several friends on a reported budget of $400.[217]", "Lana Del Rey Tony Simon, a producer who had worked with Del Rey in 2009, defended her against the public claims of inauthenticity and allegations that she was a product of her record label: \"To be clear, all the detractors saying she's some made-up-by-the-machine pop star are full of shit. While it's impossible to keep the businesses' hands out the pop when creating a pop star, the roots of where this all comes from are firmly inside of Lizzy Grant.\"[34]" ]	[ "Summer Wine On April 18, 2013, Lana Del Rey released a music video for her and Barrie-James O'Neill's (from Kassidy) cover of \"Summer Wine\" by Lee Hazlewood.[8]" ]
test500	where did remember the titans camp take place	[ "doc18404" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc18408", "doc18404", "doc18400", "doc18403", "doc1389682", "doc1389679", "doc1273275", "doc104631", "doc1485292", "doc76766", "doc2644506", "doc18413", "doc18414", "doc2389224", "doc18401", "doc1485286", "doc104628", "doc844066", "doc18420", "doc18402", "doc18415", "doc1485288", "doc1592486", "doc203651", "doc1389666", "doc1138730", "doc2195118", "doc76764", "doc1418780", "doc18406", "doc1969907", "doc18419", "doc108178", "doc2195120", "doc104632", "doc588246", "doc1273276", "doc18416", "doc1039615", "doc1389683", "doc18417", "doc18412", "doc449658", "doc339232", "doc18418", "doc1229985", "doc2651294", "doc2095244", "doc2524853", "doc1389668", "doc76767", "doc1021503", "doc18410", "doc1396237", "doc1907249", "doc2149226", "doc2656034", "doc727789", "doc1389662", "doc165978", "doc1418778", "doc76755", "doc649680", "doc43636", "doc1389670", "doc1234011", "doc647161", "doc2195173", "doc478039", "doc2128292", "doc743442", "doc142669", "doc2208886", "doc606710", "doc2195121", "doc1783432", "doc2195174", "doc2240504", "doc2256233", "doc1783434", "doc1676249", "doc326291", "doc108179", "doc18409", "doc449656", "doc2453517", "doc588236", "doc203654", "doc1283803", "doc743807", "doc478042", "doc18407", "doc165182", "doc1954527", "doc1954542", "doc1979307", "doc1418781", "doc996404", "doc44422", "doc1644221" ]	[ "Remember the Titans Filming locations for the motion picture included the campus of Berry College in Rome, GA, as well as in Atlanta, Georgia,[2] including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School.", "Remember the Titans The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives, but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt. On August 15, 1971, the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College, where their training camp takes place. As their days of training camp progress, black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts, including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell. But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone, which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery, and a motivational speech, the team achieves racial harmony and success. After returning from football camp, Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game, he will be dismissed. Subsequently, the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice, before slowly gaining support from the community. Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism, following a game where he intentionally missed a block which consequently led to the near-season-ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry \"Rev\" Harris.", "Remember the Titans Remember the Titans is a 2000 American sports film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin. The screenplay, written by Gregory Allen Howard, is based on the true story of African-American coach Herman Boone, portrayed by Denzel Washington, and his attempt to integrate the T. C. Williams High School football team in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1971. Will Patton portrays Bill Yoast, Boone's assistant coach. Real-life athletes Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell are portrayed by Ryan Hurst and Wood Harris, respectively.", "Remember the Titans In July 1971, at the desegregated T. C. Williams High School, a black head coach, Herman Boone, is hired to lead the school's football team. Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast, nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame. In an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are \"white\" only, Boone is assigned the head coach job. He refuses believing it is unfair to Yoast, but relents after seeing what it means to the black community. Yoast is then offered an assistant coach's job by the school board and initially refuses, but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate. Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships, Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone.", "T. C. Williams High School T. C. and its former football coaches, Herman Boone and Bill Yoast, were in the 2000 motion picture Remember the Titans, starring Denzel Washington and Will Patton. The movie was a dramatization of the consolidation of Alexandria's three public high schools into one in the fall of 1971.[8] That year, ACPS consolidated its three four-year high schools into a single two-year school, teaching solely juniors and seniors.[21] As a result, the best of the varsity football squads at George Washington High School (converted to a middle school), Hammond High School (converted to a middle school) and T. C. Williams High School united in what amounted to an all-city, all-star team at T. C. Williams. The city's public schools were legally desegregated in 1959,[22][23][24] but the three high schools had become racially imbalanced during the 1960s, due to housing patterns. Racial tension is one of the themes of the film. Yoast was the head coach at Hammond, who won the state title in 1970, while Boone was a head coach at E.J. Hayes High School in Williamston, North Carolina, with five state championships and a 99â€“8 (.925) record in nine seasons, from 1961 through 1969.[25] He was not retained after a consolidation and integration of two high schools. Boone was hired as an assistant at T.C. Williams, and expected to be to Yoast's assistant after the Alexandria consolidation in 1971.[26]", "T. C. Williams High School T. C. teams play in the AAA Patriot District of the AAA Northern Region. The mascot is a Titan. The school colors are a synthesis of the former colors of the three Alexandria pre-1971 four-year schools: white (from Hammond), blue (G. W.) and red (T. C. W.). The Titans are best known for their football program, which the movie Remember the Titans was based upon. The boys' basketball program, a consistent powerhouse with 12 district, 10 regional, and 2 state championships (most recently in 2008) has also gained statewide recognition. The rowing team has won numerous state and national championships. T. C. has won state championships in football, cross country, indoor and outdoor track. The football program has won three Virginia AAA state championships: 1971, 1984, and 1987, all of which the Titans finished ranked in the top ten nationally, and the 1971 team was made famous in the movie Remember the Titans, released in 2000. T. C. students managed the feat of winning all three boys' state running championships in consecutive school years, winning the 1991 Cross Country, 1992 Indoor Track, 1992 Outdoor Track, 1992 Cross Country, 1993 Indoor Track, and 1993 Outdoor Track State Championships. They were nationally recognized in 1993 when they became the first ever U.S. high school 4 × 100 meter relay team to defeat the Jamaicans at Penn Relays.", "George C. Marshall High School In the movie Remember the Titans (2000), the climax of the movie comes at the end of the 1971 AAA state championship football game between T.C. Williams High School and George Marshall High School. The movie was dramatized from a Washington Post series about race relations in the high school football fishbowl of 1971, as the Hollywood-underdog T.C. Williams Titans took on the powerful Marshall Statesmen (coached by Ed Henry). The most notable dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a regular-season matchup between Marshall and T.C. Williams into a made-for-Hollywood state championship. In reality, the Marshall game was the toughest game T.C. Williams played all year and the actual state championship (against Andrew Lewis High School of the Roanoke Valley) was a 27-0 blowout. The Titans actually did win the Marshall game on a fourth down come-from-behind play at the very end of the game. In addition to the added drama of the Marshall game, there were apparently some legal issues concerning the use of Andrew Lewis High School's name in the movie.", "Dirty Dancing Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure, North Carolina, and Mountain Lake, Virginia. Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp, which is now a private, residential community known as Firefly Cove. These scenes included the interior dancing scenes, Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs, Johnny's cabin, the staff cabins, the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250. Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous \"water lift\" scene, dining scenes, Kellerman's Hotel, the beach games, Penny crying in the kitchen, and the Houseman family's cabins.[citation needed]", "Gerry Bertier Gerry Bertier was portrayed in the Disney film Remember the Titans by actor Ryan Hurst. While most of the film is historically accurate, there are certain aspects of Bertier's portrayal that are not completely factual. The name of Bertier's girlfriend[6] and Bertier and Campbell's relationship, for example, were misrepresented.[7] Bertier's on-the-field portrayal in the film, however, is almost entirely correct. As the team's defensive captain, Bertier was a dominating force on the linebacking corps and received All-American honors following the team's championship season. Although heralded as an exceptional leader on and off the football field, Bertier's duties never included cutting fellow players from the team as he was shown doing in the film.[6]", "Training camp (National Football League) For example, the Lions' camp was long held at Saginaw Valley State College, the Broncos trained at the University of Northern Colorado, the Patriots at Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island, and the Redskins moved in from Dickinson College, the former site of Carlisle Indian School. Tampa Bay used to train at the University of Tampa, then at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex before moving permanently back to their headquarters. Similarly, after many years on the road, the Jets (SUNY Cortland) and the Giants (Albany) both recently moved back to team headquarters.", "Earl Lloyd On December 1, 2007, the newly constructed basketball court at T. C. Williams High School in Lloyd's home town of Alexandria, Virginia, was named in his honor. Lloyd actually attended Parker-Gray High School, as Alexandria's schools were racially-segregated at the time. T.C. Williams—the subject of the motion picture Remember the Titans—was created as a combined, desegregated school two decades later.[9]", "Remember the Titans Following its release in theaters, the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20, 2001.[7] A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20, 2001, along with a widescreen Director's cut on March 14, 2006.[8]", "Remember the Titans A restored widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4, 2007. Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin, producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard, feature audio commentary with real-life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast, \"Remember The Titans: An inspirational journey behind the scenes\" hosted by Lynn Swann, \"Denzel Becomes Boone,\" \"Beating The Odds\"; Deleted scenes; Movie Showcase and seamless menus.[9]", "Alexandria, Virginia In 1965 the city integrated schools.[33]:69 In 1971 the city consolidated all high school students into T. C. Williams High School.[33]:69 The same year that head coach Herman Boone joined the school and lead the football team to at 13–0 season, state championship, and national championship runner-up; the basis for the 2000 film Remember the Titans were Boone was portrayed by Denzel Washington.[34] In 1972 Clifford T. Cline purchased the 1890 Victorian house at 219 King Street and converted it into the Creole serving Two-Nineteen Restaurant.[35]:167 In 1973 Nora Lamborne and Beverly Beidler became the first women elected to the city council.[23]:63 In 1974 the Torpedo Factory Art Center opened.[27] In 1983 the King Street–Old Town Station and Eisenhower Avenue Station both opened.[32] In 1984 the Islamic Saudi Academy opened.[36] and Parker-Gray historic district[27] In 1991 Patricia Ticer became the first women elected mayor.[23]:63", "Remember the Titans The film was co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films and released by Buena Vista Pictures. On September 29, 2000, the film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records. It features songs by several recording artists including Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Hollies, Marvin Gaye, James Taylor, The Temptations, and Cat Stevens.", "Gerry Bertier Gerry Bertier (pronounced with a hard V\" sound (like Vinny); August 20, 1953) was a prominent Plainsboro, New Jersey high school American football player.[1] He is best known for his participation on the 1971 New Jersey State Champion for football and wrestling and being the nephew of Howard Livingston T. C. Williams High School team and their portrayal in the Disney film Remember the Titans. Also attends Springfield College. After the conclusion of the 1971 season, Bertier was involved in an automobile accident, that left him paralyzed from the waist down. Despite this injury, Bertier remained an active athlete, participating in the Paralympics and winning multiple medals,including a gold in shot-put.[2] Today, the Gerry Bertier #42 Foundation is dedicated to raising money for research on spinal cord injuries. There is also a gymnasium at T. C. Williams which bears his name.", "Dirty Dancing For choreographer, Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega, who had been trained by Gene Kelly.[12] For a location, they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills (as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point), so they decided on a combination of two locations: Lake Lure, North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Newport, Virginia, and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area.[13]", "Forrest Gump Filming began in August 1993 and ended in December of that year.[20] Although most of the film is set in Alabama, filming took place mainly in and around Beaufort, South Carolina, as well as parts of coastal Virginia and North Carolina,[8] including a running shot on the Blue Ridge Parkway.[21] Downtown portions of the fictional town of Greenbow were filmed in Varnville, South Carolina.[22] The scene of Forrest running through Vietnam while under fire was filmed on Fripp Island, South Carolina.[23] Additional filming took place on the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina, and along the Blue Ridge Parkway near Boone, North Carolina. The most notable place was Grandfather Mountain where a part of the road is named \"Forrest Gump Curve\".[24] The Gump family home set was built along the Combahee River near Yemassee, South Carolina, and the nearby land was used to film Curran's home as well as some of the Vietnam scenes.[25] Over 20Â palmetto trees were planted to improve the Vietnam scenes.[25] Forrest Gump narrated his life's story at the southern edge of Chippewa Square in Savannah, Georgia, as he sat at a bus stop bench. There were other scenes filmed in and around the Savannah area as well, including a running shot on the Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge in Beaufort while he was being interviewed by the press, and on West Bay Street in Savannah.[25] Most of the college campus scenes were filmed in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California. The lighthouse that Forrest runs across to reach the Atlantic Ocean the first time is the Marshall Point Lighthouse in Port Clyde, Maine. Additional scenes were filmed in Arizona, Utah's Monument Valley, and Montana's Glacier National Park.[citation needed]", "Remember the Titans In the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that \"it's possible to make a sentimental drama that isn't sickening — and a sports movie that transcends cliches.\"[19] Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review, somewhat praised the film, writing, \"The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter, but Washington and company make it watchable.\"[20] Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, \"Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans, but you can see why he wanted to do the movie: He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough-love saint.\"[21] Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was \"corny, clichéd, and downright cheesy at times,\" as well as how it relayed its message in one of the \"most predictable, heavy-handed manners we've seen in a movie in years\", the film \"serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people, just waiting for the right person to bring it out.\" He also viewed the casting as top-notch, saying that it helped to have a \"rock-solid foundation in the form of leading-man Denzel Washington\" at the helm.[22]", "Remember the Titans Remember the Titans had a budget of $30 million and premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on September 29, 2000. It has grossed an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S., and $136,706,683 worldwide.", "Remember the Titans Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office, grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks.[10] It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S., and $136,706,684 worldwide.[1]", "Gerry Bertier Bertier began his high school career at Hammond High School and joined the football team. He became a key player, soon becoming the backbone of the defense. As a sophomore, he was starting linebacker, a position for which he won many honors.[3] However, he was only able to play three seasons, when Hammond H.S. was merged with two other Alexandria high schools to form T.C. Williams High School.[3] The consolidation meant there were many new faces on the football team as well as on the coaching staff, which caused racial tension between team members. This new mixture of Titans was forced to come together as a single successful team, dealing with the issue of racial prejudice, a difficult battle for many members of the team. As a captain, Bertier, along with friend and teammate defensive end Julius Campbell, supported their teammates through this time of struggle.[3] Even though the team was still struggling with prejudice as the season opener rolled around, the strife was not evident in the way the T.C. Titans began the 1971 season. The Titans went 13-0, including nine shut outs, and went on to win the Virginia State Championship.[3] During the Titans' undefeated season, they also outscored their opponents by a 357-45 margin.[3] Bertier's stats during the season included 142 tackles, 42 sacks. Bertier was named team Defensive Most Valuable Player.[3] He was named National Prep School Football Player of the Year, and received First Team All-Region, All-State, and All-American honors. As he prepared to move to the next level, Bertier received many football scholarship offers from prominent colleges like Notre Dame and University of Alabama.[3]", "Gods and Generals (film) The movie was filmed in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, western Maryland and in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia.[5] Actual historic locations in the film include Virginia Military Institute and Washington & Lee University, known as Washington College during the Civil War.", "Pittsburgh Steelers The Steelers hold training camp east of the city at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. The site is one of the most storied in the league with Peter King of SI.com describing it as: \"... I love the place. It's the perfect training-camp setting, looking out over the rolling hills of the Laurel Highlands in west-central Pennsylvania, an hour east of Pittsburgh. On a misty or foggy morning, standing atop the hill at the college, you feel like you're in Scotland. Classic, wonderful slice of Americana. If you can visit one training camp, this is the one to see.[38]", "T. C. Williams High School The school's football team was the subject of the 2000 film Remember the Titans.", "Kennesaw, Georgia Camp MacDonald, a training camp, was located there from 1861 to 1863.[8]", "Virginia Tech Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, commonly known as Virginia Tech and by the initialisms VT and VPI,[8] is an American public, land-grant, research university with a main campus in Blacksburg, Virginia, educational facilities in six regions statewide, and a study-abroad site in Lugano, Switzerland. Through its Corps of Cadets ROTC program, Virginia Tech is also designated as one of six senior military colleges in the United States.[9]", "Training camp (National Football League) Unlike Major League Baseball spring training, where teams congregate at locations in two states (Arizona and Florida), NFL teams train all over the United States. However, an increasing number of teams do so in the same facilities at which they practice all year long - 19 teams in 2014, and 20 in 2015, up from five in 2000.[2] Most teams have abandoned remote locations to \"come home\" for training camp, largely for practicality reasons. Many clubs have recently constructed state-of-the-art practice facilities, replete with amenities (practice fields, indoor practice fields, weightlifting rooms, meeting rooms, film study rooms, cafeteria, medical facilities, IT infrastructure, etc.) that can not be provided or matched at other distant locations (colleges, parks, etc.) In addition, the cost of temporarily relocating and accommodating the entire team organization to another location is substantial.[3]", "The Waterboy Coach Klein's (Henry Winkler's) office was a stage built inside of the Florida Army National Guard Armory in DeLand, Florida. It is home of Btry B 1st Bn 265th ADA. If one was to look closely, in the background of the practice field scenes, they can see the Armory and some military vehicles.", "Remember the Titans While celebrating the victory, Bertier is severely injured in a car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection. Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down, the team goes on to win the state championship. Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life. Ten years later, Bertier dies in another automobile accident caused by a drunk driver, after winning the gold medal in shot put in the Paralympic Games. Coaches and other former teammates reunite to attend his funeral.", "Heartbreak Ridge Beginning in summer 1986, Heartbreak Ridge was filmed at Camp Talega (the location of the barracks), Chappo Flats (the location of the parachute rigging scene) and Mainside (the 1st Marine Division headquarters) on California's Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base, the former campus of the San Diego Military Academy, SDMA Solana Beach and Puerto Rico's Vieques Island.[1]", "Remember the Titans Todd McCarthy, writing in Variety, said, \"As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is, it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an 'if only it could be like this' fantasy, as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film, albeit a PG-rated one with all the cuss words removed.\"[18] Roger Ebert, in the Chicago Sun-Times, viewed the film as \"a parable about racial harmony, yoked to the formula of a sports movie,\" adding, \"Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we're not sure if we're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns. Real life is never this simple, but then that's what the movies are for\".[17]", "An Officer and a Gentleman The film was shot in late 1981 on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, at Port Townsend and Fort Worden. The U.S. Navy did not permit filming at NAS Pensacola in the Florida panhandle, the site of the actual Aviation Officer Candidate School[4] in 1981. Deactivated U.S. Army base Fort Worden stood in for the location of the school, an actual Naval Air Station in the Puget Sound area, NAS Whidbey Island. However, that installation, which is still an operating air station today, was and is a \"fleet\" base for operational combat aircraft and squadrons under the cognizance of Naval Air Force Pacific, not a Naval Air Training Command installation.", "Virginia Tech In 1872, with federal funds provided by the Morrill Act of 1862, the Virginia General Assembly purchased the facilities of Preston and Olin Institute, a small Methodist school in Southwest Virginia's rural Montgomery County. That same year, 250 acres (100Â ha) of the Solitude Farm including the house and several farm buildings on the estate were acquired for $21,250[11][12] The commonwealth incorporated a new institution on the site, a state-supported land-grant military institute named Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.[13]", "Dirty Dancing The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming, as it was already the tail end of summer. The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke, Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure, N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member, even non-dancers such as Jack Weston.[citation needed]", "October Sky Filming began on February 23, 1998, almost a year before the movie's release. Although the film takes place in West Virginia, Tennessee was the location of choice for filming in part because of the weather and area terrain. Film crews reconstructed the sites to look like the 1957 mining town setting the movie demanded. The weather of east Tennessee gave the filmmakers trouble and delayed production of the film. Cast and Crew recalled the major weather shifts and tornadoes in the area during the filming months but Joe Johnston claims, \"ultimately, the movie looks great because of it. It gave the film a much more interesting and varied look.\"[3][4] The crews also recreated a mine for the underground scenes. Director Joe Johnston expressed that he felt that the looks of the mine in the film gave it an evil look, like the mine was the villain in the film. And felt it ironic because that is what gave the town its nourishment. More than 2000 extras were used in the movie. A small switching yard allowed the filmmakers and actors to film the scenes with the boys on the rail road and gave them freedom to do as they pleased, even tear apart tracks, the train used in the scene was former Southern Railway 4501 relettered as Norfolk and Western 4501. Filming concluded on April 30, 1998.[3]", "George C. Marshall High School Ignored in both the original newspaper articles and the movie is the fact that in 1971, the city of Alexandria consolidated three four-year high schools into a single two-year school, with only juniors and seniors.[36] As a result, the best of the varsity football squads at George Washington High School (converted to a middle school), Hammond High School (converted to a middle school) and T.C Williams High School united in what amounted to an all-city, all-star team at T.C. Williams.", "Remember the Titans Among mainstream critics in the U.S., Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews.[11] Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73% of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 6.3 out of 10.[12] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews.[11] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare \"A+\" grade.[13]", "The Patriot (2000 film) The film was shot entirely on location in South Carolina, including Charleston, Rock Hill—for many of the battle scenes, and Lowrys—for the farm of Benjamin Martin, as well as nearby Fort Lawn.[7] Other scenes were filmed at Mansfield Plantation, an antebellum rice plantation in Georgetown, Middleton Place in Charleston, South Carolina, at the Cistern Yard on the campus of College of Charleston, and Hightower Hall and Homestead House at Brattonsville, South Carolina, along with the grounds of the Brattonsville Plantation in McConnells, South Carolina.[8] Producer Mark Gordon said the production team \"tried their best to be as authentic as possible\" because \"the backdrop was serious history,\" giving attention to details in period dress.[6] Producer Dean Devlin and the film's costume designers examined actual Revolutionary War uniforms at the Smithsonian Institution prior to shooting.[6]", "T. C. Williams High School The climax of the movie is the fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T. C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School. The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season matchup between T. C. Williams and Marshall into a made-for-Hollywood state championship. In reality, the Marshall game was the toughest game T. C. Williams played all year and the actual state championship (against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem) was a 27â€“0 blowout. As depicted in the movie, the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come-from-behind play at the very end of the game.[26]", "Remember the Titans Writing for The New York Times, A. O. Scott said that \"aside from a handful of tense showdowns at the line of scrimmage, there's not much else to see â€” is washed in on the flood tide of a thousand violins.\"[14] James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews, called the film \"relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable\" but noted that it was \"a notch above the average entry in part because its social message (even if it is soft-peddled) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut.\"[15] Describing some pitfalls, Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that \"beneath its rah-rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing, it's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or, for that matter, a Hallmark greeting card. Its heart is in the right place, but it has no soul.\"[16] Wilonsky however was quick to admit \"The film's intentions are noble, but its delivery is ham-fisted and pretentious; you can't deny the message, but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it.\"[16]", "Remember the Titans It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech, and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election.[6]", "Wet Hot American Summer Principal photography lasted 28 days, and, according to director David Wain, it rained on every day of shooting.[1] Exterior shots were filmed when possible, sometimes under covers or umbrellas, but some scenes were moved indoors instead. In many interior scenes, rain seen outside turns into sun as soon as characters step outside. Due to the cold, the actors' breath can be seen in some outdoor scenes.[1] The film was shot at Camp Towanda in Honesdale, Pennsylvania.[8]", "A Walk to Remember It was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina, at the same time that Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002) and the TV show Dawson's Creek were being filmed there. Many of the sets were from Dawson's Creek (1998) â€“ particularly the school, hospital and Landon's home.[4] The total shooting time was only 39 days, despite Moore being able to only work 10 hours a day because she was a minor.[4] Daryl Hannah, who wore a brown wig as her character, had received a collagen injection in her lips, which went awry and caused noticeable swelling. By the end of filming, however, the symptoms were less obvious.[5]", "Remember the Titans â€”Roger Ebert, writing in the Chicago Sun-Times[17]", "Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois Navy recruit training is now exclusively conducted at Naval Station Great Lakes' Recruit Training Command. Prior to the mid-1990s, recruit training facilities included Naval Training Center Orlando and Naval Training Center San Diego. Female recruit training was previously limited to the Orlando facility. The Base Realignment and Closure Commission of 1993 resulted in the consolidation of recruit training to Great Lakes. Following the consolidation, the Navy undertook a massive recapitalization (recap) program to upgrade the Great Lakes Recruit Training facility.[5] The recap included the construction of Camp John Paul Jones, a 48-acre (190,000Â m2) site on land formerly owned by the Veterans Administration Hospital adjacent to Camp Porter.[6] New barracks were also constructed and are referred to as \"ships\" by the recruits. Each \"ship\" was also named after an important ship in naval history, such as USS John F. Kennedy and USS Enterprise. Each \"ship\" can house up to 1,300 recruits during training.", "Never Back Down Filming took place entirely in south Orlando, Sanford and Clermont, Florida. All school scenes were shot at Cypress Creek High School except the football scene in the beginning of the film and the courtyard scene 10 minutes in, which were shot at East Ridge High School. It was originally entitled \"Get Some\", but believed by the producers to have a sexual connotation then changed to its current title.", "Central Intelligence Agency For later stage training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at Camp Peary, near Williamsburg, Virginia. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services.[29] Additional mission training is conducted at Harvey Point, North Carolina.[30]", "Camp David Camp David is the country retreat of the President of the United States. It is located in wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, about 62 miles (100Â km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C..[1][2][3] It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps.", "T. C. Williams High School In 1965 the city integrated schools.[6]:69 In 1971 the city consolidated all high school students into T. C. Williams, so that the school became Alexandria's only public senior high school serving 11th and 12th graders.[6]:69[7][8] The city's freshmen and sophomores attended Francis C. Hammond and George Washington, the other former four-year schools involved in the three school consolidation.[9] While T. C. Williams and George Washington were already integrated in 1971, Hammond was nearly all white, while the city was about one-fifth black.[7][10] Currently, \"T. C.\" serves 10th through 12th grades while freshmen go to the T. C. Williams Minnie Howard Campus, located 0.6 miles (1.0Â km) from the main building. Two middle schools, Francis C. Hammond Middle School (1.8 miles west), and George Washington Middle School (2.0 miles south east), serve 6th through 8th grade students and are housed in the former high schools.", "Training camp (National Football League) There are still a handful of teams that use somewhat distant locations at the fringes of their markets to promote their team. For instance, the Buffalo Bills moved their training camp from SUNY Fredonia to Saint John Fisher College in suburban Rochester; as a team representing one of the smallest cities in the NFL, the holding of training camp in the nearby city of Rochester allows the Bills to lay claim to a larger portion of upstate New York and thus take advantage of a market closer in size to other teams in the NFL (similar rationale was used for the Bills' games in Toronto, Ontario, Canada prior to 2014). The Dallas Cowboys have historically hosted their training camp in locales very distant from their home market, even before they were given the moniker \"America's Team\" in the late 1970s; from 2001 to 2015, the Cowboys held their training camp at the River Ridge Playing Fields in Oxnard, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. The Cowboys' arrangement with Oxnard ended when the Los Angeles Rams returned to southern California and the Cowboys constructed their own facility closer to Dallas.", "Over the Top (film) The military academy scenes, portrayed as being in Colorado, were filmed at Pomona College in Claremont, California in 1986.[4] The Kirkeby mansion at 750 Bel Air Road, Los Angeles (also the home of the Clampett family on the CBS comedy The Beverly Hillbillies) was used to portray the Cutler estate.[5] Parts of the film were also shot in Monument Valley, Utah.[6]", "Remember the Titans On September 19, 2000, the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records. The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists. From the instrumental score, Rabin's track \"Titans Spirit\", was the only cue (of the 12 composed) added to the soundtrack. It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released.", "A Soldier's Story A Soldier's Story was shot entirely in Arkansas. The \"Tynin\" exterior scenes were shot in three days in Clarendon. The baseball sequence was filmed in Little Rock at the historic Lamar Porter Field.[4]", "12 Strong Principal photography began in early January 2017 in New Mexico.[12] Mines near Orogrande, New Mexico, were used. Later the shooting took place in Socorro, where it ended on January 26 after eight days of filming.[19][20] The film was also shot in Alamogordo, using the White Sands National Monument as shooting location.[21][22] The scenes involving military encampments were filmed using 20 structures leased from AKS Military, a private manufacturer of military shelters.[23]", "Seabee Recruits would receive three weeks of training at Camp Allen, Norfolk, Virginia, later Camp Bradford, Little Creek, Virginia and later still Camp Peary NTC, in Williamsburg, Virginia. The first five battalions were sent directly overseas because of the urgent need of immediate construction of war dictated infra-structure. The newly formed battalions that followed, would be sent to one of the Advance Base Depots and Naval Training Centers (NTC) at Davisville, RI., Gulfport, MS., or Port Hueneme, CA. The Davisville Advanced Base Depot became operational in June 1942, and on 11 August 1942, the Naval Construction Training Center (NTC), known as Camp Endicott, was commissioned. That Camp trained over 100,000 Seabees during World War II. Camp Thomas, a personnel-receiving station on the base, was established in October. Camp Rousseau at Port Hueneme became operational in May 1942. This base was responsible for staging about 175,000 Seabees directly to the efforts in the Pacific.[13] The other CB Camps were: Camp Hollyday, Gulfport MS, Camp Parks, Livermore, CA, and Camp Lee-Stephenson, Quoddy, Maine.", "Stomp the Yard Sony Pictures held a national high school stepping competition in conjunction with the release of the film. The winning team was from North Stafford High School in the suburb of Stafford, Virginia.", "The Parent Trap (1961 film) The film was shot mostly at various locales in California. The summer camp scenes were filmed at Bluff Lake Camp (then owned by the Pasadena YMCA, now by Habonim Dror's Camp Gilboa) and the family camping scenes later in the movie at Cedar Lake Camp, both in the San Bernardino Mountains near the city of Big Bear Lake in Southern California. The Monterey scenes were filmed in various California locations, including millionaire Stuyvesant Fish's 5,200 acres (21Â km2) ranch in Carmel and Monterey's Pebble Beach golf course. The scenes at the Monterey house were shot at the studio's Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon, where Mitch's ranch was built.[5] It was the design of this set that proved the most popular, and to this day the Walt Disney Archives receives requests for plans of the home's interior design.[6] In fact, there never was such a house; the set was simply various rooms built on a sound stage. Camp Inch was based on a real girls' camp called Camp Crestridge for Girls at the Ridgecrest Baptist Conference Center near Asheville, North Carolina.", "T. C. Williams High School T. C. Williams High School is a public high school in Alexandria, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. The school has an enrollment of about 3,800 students.", "Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys training camp locations:[38]", "The Waterboy The Mud Dogs home games were filmed at Spec Martin Stadium in DeLand, Florida, home of the local high school team (the DHS Bulldogs). The classrooms and gym where Bobby takes the GED are part of Stetson University, also located in DeLand. Stetson's Carlton Student Union building is featured in the scene where Bobby is told his mother has been hospitalized.", "Training camp (National Football League) In the National Football League, training camp refers to the time before the season commences. During this time, teams will sometimes congregate at an outside location, usually a university, to conduct training camp for at least the first few weeks. This is similar to baseball's spring training.", "Glory Road (film) Several scenes in this movie were filmed at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), which is the former Texas Western College, and El Paso High School in El Paso, Texas. Other scenes were filmed at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana, Jesuit High School and Douglas High School, formerly F. T. Nicholls High School, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Chalmette High School in Chalmette, Louisiana. The IHOP scene was filmed in the old Airline Motors Diner on Airline Highway just west of New Orleans. The school shown for the girls' basketball game in Fort Worth, Texas at the beginning of the film is actually the front of El Paso High School, as shown by the engraving on the top of the columns. The lunchroom basketball trash can scene was filmed at Booker T. Washington High School, the first high school built in New Orleans for African-Americans. Towards the beginning of the film for the shot of Texas Western College, the Wells Fargo Plaza and the Chase Bank Building in downtown El Paso can be seen in the top left corner. The Wells Fargo Plaza was not completed until 1971, and the Chase Bank Building was still the Texas Commerce Bank building until the early 1990s. In addition, Ralph Strangis (the former Dallas Stars play-by-play announcer) had a small speaking role as a courtside broadcaster. Ben Affleck was the original choice for the role of coach Don Haskins, but had to drop out of the filming due to prior commitments. NBA point guard Kirk Hinrich was offered a role in the film, but chose not to participate \"because of time constraints\".[7]", "Dead Poets Society The script was written by Tom Schulman, based on his experiences at the Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee, particularly with his inspirational teacher Samuel Pickering.[6][7] A scene in the original script showing Keating dying in a hospital was removed by film director Peter Weir.[8] Filming took place at St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware, and at locations in New Castle, Delaware, and in nearby Wilmington, Delaware.[9]", "T. C. Williams High School The gym of the original T. C. Williams building was named after Gerry Bertier, a member of the Titans' 1971 state championship football team who was paralyzed in a car crash and died 10 years later in a second auto accident near Charlottesville, VA. The newly constructed basketball court was named in honor of the late Earl Lloyd on December 1, 2007. Lloyd attended Parker-Gray High School, which was Alexandria's all-black high school at the time. Lloyd was the first African-American to play in the NBA.[13]", "The Dirty Dozen Exteriors were shot throughout southeast England. The credit scenes at the American military prison – alluded in the movie to be Shepton Mallett – were shot in the ancillary courtyard of Ashridge House in Hertfordshire. The jump school scene was at the former entrance to RAF Hendon in London. The wargame was filmed in and around the village of Aldbury. Bradenham Manor was the Wargames' Headquarters. Beechwood Park School in Markyate was also used as a location during the school's summer term, where the training camp and tower were built and shot in the grounds and the village itself as parts of \"Devonshire\". The main house was also used, appearing in the film as a military hospital.[12]", "Friday the 13th (1980 film) The film was shot in and around the townships of Hardwick, Blairstown and Hope, New Jersey in September 1979. The camp scenes were shot on a working Boy Scout camp, Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco which is located in Hardwick, New Jersey. The camp is still standing and still works as a summer camp.[7][8]", "Virginia Tech In the center of the Blacksburg campus lies the Drillfield, a large oval field running northeast to southwest, encircled by a one-way street that is known as Drillfield Drive. The Drillfield's name, coined in 1926 after the completion of Virginia Tech's first real stadium, stems from its use by the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets to conduct military drills. A waterway, Stroubles Creek, runs beneath the Drillfield on the south side. A three-sided conduit for the creek that retains the natural bed of the creek was installed in 1934, and, in 1971, the first two asphalt walks were added. The urban legend that the Drillfield is sinking at the rate of an inch per year, however, has no basis in fact.[94][95] In the summer of 2014, three dirt paths were paved as part of the university's master plan to improve the landscaping and pathways, add seating areas, and enhance path entrances around the Drillfield.[96]", "Saving Private Ryan Before filming began, several of the film's stars, including Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, Giovanni Ribisi, and Tom Hanks, endured ten days of \"boot camp\" training led by Marine veteran Dale Dye and Warriors, Inc., a California-based company that specializes in training actors for realistic military portrayals.[5] Matt Damon was intentionally not brought into the camp, to make the rest of the group feel resentment towards the character.[6] Spielberg had stated that his main intention in forcing the actors to go through the boot camp was not to learn the proper techniques but rather \"because I wanted them to respect what it was like to be a soldier.\"[4]", "What About Bob? The scenes of Bob arriving in town on the bus with his goldfish were filmed in downtown Moneta, which was spruced-up and repainted for the movie. The local institute which Leo tries to commit Bob in is actually the local Elks National Home for retirees in the nearby town of Bedford, Virginia.[17]", "We Are Marshall Filming of We Are Marshall commenced on April 3, 2006, in Huntington, West Virginia, and was completed in Atlanta, Georgia. The premiere for the film was held at the Keith Albee Theater on December 12, 2006, in Huntington; other special screenings were held at Pullman Square. The movie was released nationwide on December 22, 2006.", "A Different World Hillman College is a fictional, historically Black college, founded in 1881 and located in the commonwealth of Virginia. The exact locality of the school is never revealed, but several geographic references are made which allude to the campus either being located somewhere in the Hampton Roads area or in the Roanoke Metropolitan Area. The school's motto is Deus Nondum Te Confecit, which literally translates from Latin to: God has not yet finished. The school colors are maroon and gray. Visual shots of the Hillman campus that were used in the series were actually filmed at two real-life Black colleges, Clark Atlanta University and Spelman College, both in Atlanta, Georgia.", "Coach Carter Filming locations for the motion picture included, Long Beach, California and Los Angeles.[6]", "The Blue and the Gray (miniseries) Although the series is largely set in Virginia, it was filmed entirely on location in Arkansas, except for the segment representing the Elmira, N. Y. Federal prison camp which was filmed in the stockade at nearby Fort Gibson State Park, Oklahoma.[1]", "Virginia Tech Virginia Tech's first student, Addison \"Add\" Caldwell registered on October 1, 1872, after hiking over 25 miles from his home in Craig County, Virginia. A statue, located in the Upper Quad of campus commemorates Add's journey to enroll.[14] First-year cadets and their training cadre re-enact Addison Caldwell's journey every year in the Caldwell March. They complete the first half of the 26-mile march in the fall and the second half in the spring.[15]", "Camp Randall Camp Randall is an historic U.S. Army site in Madison, Wisconsin, named after Wisconsin Governor Alexander Randall, who served from 1858-1861. It was a training facility of the Union army during the Civil War, where more than 70,000 recruits were trained. The Army also established a hospital and prisoner-of-war camp here.", "Virginia Tech On the northwestern side of the Drillfield stands the majority of the university's academic and administrative buildings, including Burruss and McBryde halls. On the southeastern side of the Drillfield stands the majority of the residential buildings, including students' residence halls, dining halls, and War Memorial Gym. Newman Library is located on the eastern side of campus and connects to Torgersen Bridge, which spans the main road into campus, Alumni Mall. North of the Drillfield and northwest of Alumni Mall lies the Upper Quad, known to many students as military campus. The Upper Quad is home to the Corps of Cadets' barracks.", "Major Payne Payne arrives at Madison Preparatory School in Virginia, and is informed by the principal that his job is to train the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps \"green boys\", a disorderly group of delinquents and outcasts who have placed last in the Virginia Military Games eight years running. When Payne sees his company, he immediately tells them that, under his direction, they will win the games at all costs, regardless of their various shortcomings: being overweight, sickly, deaf, cross-eyed, orphaned, or from a dysfunctional home; they are all pushed equally. He clashes with Emily Walburn, the Academy counselor who tries to soften Payne's discipline with understanding and feelings, particularly towards six-year old orphan Tiger.", "Mountain Lake (Virginia) Mountain Lake Hotel was the site for much of the on-location filming of the 1987 hit movie Dirty Dancing which starred Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey.[6] The Stone Lodge stood in for \"Kellerman's Resort\", a fictional mountain retreat in the Catskill Mountains of upstate New York. Like Kellerman's, the real Mountain Lake Hotel Resort also offers many indoor and outdoor activities for guests such as games like table tennis and billiards, water activities like paddle boating, canoeing, and fishing, and dry activities like mountain biking and hiking.", "Camp Randall The camp was a training facility of the Union Army during the Civil War, with more than 70,000 recruits receiving training there. The 6th Regiment, Wisconsin Infantry, was organized here in 1861. Later, a hospital and a stockade for Confederate prisoners of war were located at the camp.[2]. The 140 prisoners of war who died at Camp Randall are buried at Confederate Rest.[3]", "My One and Only (film) Filming took place in the Baltimore area beginning on June 9, 2008. Part of this filming took place in the Institute of Notre Dame private high school.[5] Other locations included Mount Vernon, Baltimore, and the 26-acre (110,000Â m2) estate Tyrconnell near Lake Roland. For several weeks in early August 2008, further filming took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "Louisiana Training sites in the state include Camp Beauregard near Pineville, Camp Villere near Slidell, Camp Minden near Minden, England Air Park (formerly England Air Force Base) near Alexandria, Gillis Long Center near Carville, and Jackson Barracks in New Orleans.", "An Officer and a Gentleman A motel room in Port Townsend, The Tides Inn on Water Street (48°06′38″N 122°45′54″W / 48.1105°N 122.765°W / 48.1105; -122.765), was used for the film.[5] Today, there is a plaque outside the room commemorating this (although the room has been extensively refurbished in the interim). Some early scenes of the movie were filmed in Bremerton, with ships of the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in the background.", "Remember the Titans As with any movie that is not a documentary film but is rather \"based on a true story\", it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork, commitment, and friendship to the film.", "Wet Hot American Summer The film is based on the experiences Wain had while attending Camp Modin, a Jewish camp, located in Belgrade, Maine, and Showalter had at Camp Mohawk in the Berkshires in Cheshire, Massachusetts.[4] During one scene, the counselors take a trip into Waterville, Maine, which is not far from the camp. It is also a parody of, and homage to, other films about summer camp such as Meatballs (1979), Sleepaway Camp (1983),[5] and Indian Summer (1993). According to Wain, they wanted to make a film structured like films such as Nashville, Dazed and Confused and Do the Right Thingâ€”\"films that take place in one contained time period that have lots of different characters.\"[1]", "Montford Point Marine Association Recruiting for the \"Montford Marines\" began on June 1, 1942. Thousands of African American men, eager to serve, flocked to recruiting offices. The first black recruits received basic training at the segregated Camp Montford Point in Jacksonville, North Carolina. The 1,200 men in the quota were housed in prefabricated huts. Racism continued in the Marine Corps after the issuance of Executive Order 9981, reflecting that in the society. Railroad tracks divided white residents from the camp for African American troops, and the black recruits were not allowed to enter the main base of nearby Camp Lejeune unless accompanied by a white Marine. By 1945, all drill instructors and many NCOs at Montford Point were African Americans.", "October Sky \"October Sky\" is based on the lives of four young men who grew up in Coalwood, West Virginia.[1] Most of the film was shot in rural East Tennessee, including Oliver Springs, Harriman and Kingston in Morgan and Roane counties. The movie received a positive critical reception and is still celebrated in the regions of its setting and filming.[citation needed]", "Pittsburgh Steelers In the 1970s and 1980s, the team had season scrimmages at South Park in the suburban south hills of Pittsburgh. During various seasons including the strike season of 1987, the Steelers used Point Stadium in nearby Johnstown, Pennsylvania for game week practices.[41] During the 1950s St. Bonaventure University[42] and suburban Ligonier[43] also served as a pre-season training camp sites.", "Newport News, Virginia Established during World War I at historic Mulberry Island, the large base at Fort Eustis in modern times hosts the U.S. Army's Transportation Corps and other important activities.[46] In adjacent localities, other U.S. military facilities include Fort Monroe, Langley Air Force Base, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, and Camp Peary. Across the harbor in South Hampton Roads, the world's largest naval base, the Naval Station Norfolk and other installations are also located.[47][48][49]", "Military cadence A variant of that cadence was used in the 1949 movie, Battleground, in the 1981 movie Taps filmed in Valley Forge Military Academy and College in Wayne, Pennsylvania in 1980-1981. It appears in two versions in the film, both ending in the same cadence.", "Saving Private Ryan Spielberg wanted an almost exact replica of the Omaha Beach landscape for the movie, including similar sand and a bluff similar to the one where German forces were stationed and a near match was found in Ireland. The D-Day scenes were shot in Ballinesker Beach, Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, just east of Curracloe, County Wexford, Ireland.[8][9][10] Hanks recalled to Roger Ebert that although he realized it was a movie, the experience still hit him hard, stating, \"The first day of shooting the D-Day sequences, I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was.\"[11] Filming began June 27, 1997, and lasted for two months.[12][13][14] Some shooting was done in Normandy, for the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer and Calvados. Other scenes were filmed in England, such as a former British Aerospace factory in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Thame Park, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. Production was due to also take place in Seaham, County Durham, but government restrictions disallowed this.[15]", "Remember the Titans In the epilogue, descriptions show the players and coaches activities after the events in 1971.", "Legends of the Fall Legends of the Fall was primarily filmed on location in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Principal photography began in mid-September 1993.[4] The World War I battlefield scenes took two weeks to film and were shot near Morley, Alberta, with hundreds of locals and a few Canadian Forces soldiers recruited as extras.[5] The Ghost River Wilderness Area in Alberta served as the filming location for the Ludlow ranch; additional outdoor scenes, as well as the funeral and cemetery scenes, were shot at the Bow River near Banff National Park. A historic harbour area in Vancouver called Gastown was augmented with period building facades for the Helena, Montana street scenes. Hotel scenes were shot at the Hotel Europe at 43 Powell Street in Vancouver. Additional scenes were shot at Maple Leaf Square in Gastown, Vancouver, and Ocho Rios in Saint Ann, Jamaica. Filming wrapped up around January 1994.[6]", "Full Metal Jacket During the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, a group of new U.S. Marine Corps recruits arrive at Parris Island, South Carolina, for basic training. After having their heads shaved, they meet Senior Drill Instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, who employs forceful methods to turn the recruits into combat-ready Marines. Among the recruits are Privates \"Joker\", \"Cowboy\", and the overweight and slow-witted Leonard Lawrence, who earns the nickname \"Gomer Pyle\" after incurring Hartman's wrath.", "Full Metal Jacket Kubrick shot the film in England: in Cambridgeshire, on the Norfolk Broads, and at the former Millennium Mills, Beckton Gas Works, Newham (east London) and the Isle of Dogs.[17] A former RAF and then British Army base, Bassingbourn Barracks doubled as the Parris Island Marine boot camp.[9] A British Army rifle range near Barton, outside Cambridge, was used in the scene where Hartman congratulates Private Pyle for his shooting skills. Kubrick worked from still photographs of Huế, taken in 1968, and found an area owned by British Gas that closely resembled it and was scheduled to be demolished. The disused Beckton Gas Works, a few miles from central London, were filmed to represent Huế after attacks.[12] Kubrick had buildings blown up, and the film's art director used a wrecking ball to knock specific holes in certain buildings over the course of two months.[12] Originally, Kubrick had a plastic replica jungle flown in from California, but once he looked at it he was reported to have said, \"I don't like it. Get rid of it\".[18] The open country was filmed in the Cliffe marshes,[19] and along the River Thames, supplemented with 200 imported Spanish palm trees[8] and 100,000 plastic tropical plants from Hong Kong.[12]", "Virginia Peninsula York County is home to the U.S. Navy's Yorktown Naval Weapons Station and a supply depot at nearby Cheatham Annex. Camp Peary and Coast Guard Training Center Yorkown[5] are also located in York County.", "The Waterboy The initial exterior shot of the University of Louisiana stadium was EverBank Field in Jacksonville; the interior of the stadium is actually the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida. The Citrus Bowl was also the filming location for the climatic Bourbon Bowl game, while the flyover shot at the beginning of the game is of Williams-Brice Stadium at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, South Carolina.", "Lincoln (film) Filming took place in Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Petersburg, Virginia. In reference to Petersburg, according to location manager Colleen Gibbons, \"one thing that attracted the filmmakers to the city was the 180-degree vista of historic structures\" which is \"very rare\".[44]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship, a beach soccer tournament. It is also home to several state parks, several long-protected beach areas, three military bases, a number of large corporations, two universities, International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Edgar Cayce's Association for Research and Enlightenment, and numerous historic sites. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists, who eventually settled in Jamestown, on April 26, 1607.", "Fort Bragg Camp Bragg was established in 1918 as an artillery training ground. The Chief of Field Artillery, General William J. Snow, was seeking an area having suitable terrain, adequate water, rail facilities and a climate for year-round training, and he decided that the area now known as Fort Bragg met all of the desired criteria.[4] Camp Bragg was named to honor a native North Carolinian, Braxton Bragg, who commanded Confederate States Army forces in the Civil War." ]	[ "Remember the Titans The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives, but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt. On August 15, 1971, the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College, where their training camp takes place. As their days of training camp progress, black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts, including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell. But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone, which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery, and a motivational speech, the team achieves racial harmony and success. After returning from football camp, Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game, he will be dismissed. Subsequently, the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice, before slowly gaining support from the community. Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism, following a game where he intentionally missed a block which consequently led to the near-season-ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry \"Rev\" Harris." ]
test3360	who was the first person to successfully introduce a device exclusively designed for data processing	[ "doc114683" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1619168", "doc94748", "doc361546", "doc566680", "doc566706", "doc566673", "doc1822166", "doc1575739", "doc1418135", "doc1871971", "doc1784767", "doc94754", "doc1822173", "doc2140266", "doc905446", "doc566699", "doc566670", "doc905445", "doc94755", "doc304511", "doc710323", "doc1679177", "doc361565", "doc585825", "doc334536", "doc566669", "doc1871961", "doc539981", "doc710306", "doc94753", "doc867994", "doc1822168", "doc1478407", "doc566698", "doc2140267", "doc1784766", "doc710309", "doc2377060", "doc1871980", "doc1390585", "doc1127635", "doc1478410", "doc495195", "doc540013", "doc566671", "doc1871972", "doc334537", "doc539977", "doc566668", "doc1410763", "doc94762", "doc710327", "doc1554820", "doc209519", "doc1418136", "doc566709", "doc710312", "doc1688389", "doc1871960", "doc1575738", "doc1129299", "doc2630603", "doc1418154", "doc566704", "doc1688382", "doc304518", "doc304535", "doc566678", "doc1478409", "doc126280", "doc566726", "doc1442203", "doc566684", "doc1418150", "doc585826", "doc566729", "doc108721", "doc905507", "doc108723", "doc94750", "doc1871981", "doc1418134", "doc489541", "doc710308", "doc379708", "doc868000", "doc905518", "doc69826", "doc2152781", "doc539997", "doc2378573", "doc905519", "doc1784772", "doc379705", "doc867996", "doc1784771", "doc1504042", "doc94763", "doc1680075", "doc2358479" ]	[ "Computer science Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623.[4] In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner.[5] He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons, documenting the binary number system. In 1820, Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry[note 1] when he released his simplified arithmometer, which was the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. Charles Babbage started the design of the first automatic mechanical calculator, his Difference Engine, in 1822, which eventually gave him the idea of the first programmable mechanical calculator, his Analytical Engine.[6] He started developing this machine in 1834, and \"in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer\".[7] \"A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom\"[7] making it infinitely programmable.[note 2] In 1843, during the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first computer program.[8] Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM. In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business[9] to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit. When the machine was finished, some hailed it as \"Babbage's dream come true\".[10]", "Computer Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\",[15] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.[16][17]", "Mechanical calculator Charles Babbage designed two new kinds of mechanical calculators, which were so big that they required the power of a steam engine to operate, and that were too sophisticated to be built in his lifetime. The first one was an automatic mechanical calculator, his difference engine, which could automatically compute and print mathematical tables. In 1855, Georg Scheutz became the first of a handful of designers to succeed at building a smaller and simpler model of his difference engine.[9] The second one was a programmable mechanical calculator, his analytical engine, which Babbage started to design in 1834; \"in less than two years he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer. A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom\"[10] making it infinitely programmable.[11] In 1937, Howard Aiken convinced IBM to design and build the ASCC/Mark I, the first machine of its kind, based on the architecture of the analytical engine;[12] when the machine was finished some hailed it as \"Babbage's dream come true\".[13]", "History of computing hardware Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\",[37] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. It employed ordinary base-10 fixed-point arithmetic.", "History of computing hardware In the US, in the period summer 1937 to the fall of 1939 Arthur Dickinson (IBM) invented the first digital electronic computer.[70] This calculating device was fully electronic – control, calculations and output (the first electronic display).[71] John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942,[72] the first binary electronic digital calculating device.[73] This design was semi-electronic (electro-mechanical control and electronic calculations), and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory. However, its paper card writer/reader was unreliable and the regenerative drum contact system was mechanical. The machine's special-purpose nature and lack of changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers.[74] The tests of the ABC computer in June 1942 were not successful. Instead of solving system of equations with 29 unknowns, the computer could solve system of equations with no more than three to five unknowns. The ABC computer was not completed and was abandoned.[75] In 1942 – 1943 Joseph Desch from NCR developed with the help from Allan Turing the first mass-produced electronic computer N530 for breaking the four-wheel Enigma. From August 1943 to the end of the WWII 180 machines were manufactured, and one third of them were sent to Bletchley Park, UK.[76]", "History of computing hardware In the late 1880s, the American Herman Hollerith invented data storage on punched cards that could then be read by a machine.[24] To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machine. His machines used electromechanical relays and counters.[25] Hollerith's method was used in the 1890 United States Census. That census was processed two years faster than the prior census had been.[26] Hollerith's company eventually became the core of IBM.", "Herman Hollerith Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 â€“ November 17, 1929) was an American inventor who developed an electromechanical punched card tabulator to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that was amalgamated (via stock acquisition) in 1911 with three other companies to form a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company later renamed IBM. Hollerith is regarded as one of the seminal figures in the development of data processing.[2] His invention of the punched card tabulating machine marks the beginning of the era of semiautomatic data processing systems, and his concept dominated that landscape for nearly a century.[3][4]", "Computer programming In the 1880s Herman Hollerith invented the concept of storing data in machine-readable form.[5] Later a control panel (plugboard) added to his 1906 Type I Tabulator allowed it to be programmed for different jobs, and by the late 1940s, unit record equipment such as the IBM 602 and IBM 604, were programmed by control panels in a similar way; as were the first electronic computers. However, with the concept of the stored-program computers introduced in 1949, both programs and data were stored and manipulated in the same way in computer memory.", "Atanasoff–Berry computer Conceived in 1937, the machine was built by Iowa State College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff with the help of graduate student Clifford Berry. It was designed only to solve systems of linear equations and was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was not perfected, and when John Vincent Atanasoff left Iowa State College for World War II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued.[2] The ABC pioneered important elements of modern computing, including binary arithmetic and electronic switching elements, [3] but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers. The computer was designated an IEEE Milestone in 1990.[4]", "History of computer science Charles Babbage is often regarded as one of the first pioneers of computing. Beginning in the 1810s, Babbage had a vision of mechanically computing numbers and tables. Putting this into reality, Babbage designed a calculator to compute numbers up to 8 decimal points long. Continuing with the success of this idea, Babbage worked to develop a machine that could compute numbers with up to 20 decimal places. By the 1830s, Babbage had devised a plan to develop a machine that could use punched cards to perform arithmetical operations. The machine would store numbers in memory units, and there would be a form of sequential control. This means that one operation would be carried out before another in such a way that the machine would produce an answer and not fail. This machine was to be known as the “Analytical Engine”, which was the first true representation of what is the modern computer.[21]", "John Vincent Atanasoff Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College. Challenges to his claim were resolved in 1973 when the Honeywell v. Sperry Rand lawsuit ruled that Atanasoff was the inventor of the computer.[1][2][3][4] His special-purpose machine has come to be called the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.", "Computer In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer.[20][21] The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz.[22] Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage's earlier design), using a binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time.[23] The Z3 was Turing complete.[24][25]", "Herman Hollerith He invented the first automatic card-feed mechanism and the first keypunch. The 1890 Tabulator was hardwired to operate on 1890 Census cards. A control panel in his 1906 Type I Tabulator simplified rewiring for different jobs. The 1920s removable control panel supported prewiring and near instant job changing. These inventions were among the foundations of the data processing industry and Hollerith's punched cards (later used for computer input/output) continued in use for almost a century.[17]", "Programmer British countess and mathematician Ada Lovelace is often considered the first computer programmer, as she was the first to publish an algorithm intended for implementation on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, in October 1842, intended for the calculation of Bernoulli numbers.[7] Because Babbage's machine was never completed to a functioning standard in her time, she never saw this algorithm run.", "Charles Babbage Considered by some to be a \"father of the computer\",[2][3][4][5] Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex electronic designs, though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's analytical engine.[2][6] His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as \"pre-eminent\" among the many polymaths of his century.[1]", "History of computing hardware In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3,[58] the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer.[59] The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz.[60] Program code and data were stored on punched film. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. Replacement of the hard-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage's earlier design) by the simpler binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time.[61] The Z3 was probably a complete Turing machine. In two 1936 patent applications, Zuse also anticipated that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data—the key insight of what became known as the von Neumann architecture, first implemented in Britain in the Manchester Baby of 1948.[62]", "History of computing hardware Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the stepped reckoner and his famous stepped drum mechanism around 1672. He attempted to create a machine that could be used not only for addition and subtraction but would utilise a moveable carriage to enable long multiplication and division. Leibniz once said \"It is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labour of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used.\"[20] However, Leibniz did not incorporate a fully successful carry mechanism. Leibniz also described the binary numeral system,[21] a central ingredient of all modern computers. However, up to the 1940s, many subsequent designs (including Charles Babbage's machines of the 1822 and even ENIAC of 1945) were based on the decimal system.[22]", "Charles Babbage Charles Babbage KH FRS (/ˈbæbɪdʒ/; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath.[1] A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.[2]", "Computer Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation five years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes.[18] In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942,[26] the first \"automatic electronic digital computer\".[27] This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory.[28]", "Analytical Engine The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage.[2][3] It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer.[4] The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.[5][6] In other words, the logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era.[3]", "Harvard Mark I In 1928 L.J. Comrie was the first to turn IBM “punched-card equipment to scientific use: computation of astronomical tables by the method of finite differences, as envisioned by Babbage 100 years earlier for his Difference Engine”.[15] Very soon after, IBM started to modify its tabulators to facilitate this kind of computation. One of these tabulators, built in 1931, was The Columbia Difference Tabulator[16]", "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) The tabulating machine is an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. The results of a tabulation are electrically coupled with a sorter while displayed on clock-like dials. The concept of automated data processing had been born. In 1890, Herman Hollerith invented the mechanical tabulating machine, a design used during the 1890 Census which stored and processed demographic and statistical information on punched cards.[14][15]", "Mechanical calculator The 19th century also saw the designs of Charles Babbage calculating machines, first with his difference engine, started in 1822, which was the first automatic calculator since it continuously used the results of the previous operation for the next one, and second with his analytical engine, which was the first programmable calculator, using Jacquard's cards to read program and data, that he started in 1834, and which gave the blueprint of the mainframe computers built in the middle of the 20th century.[60]", "Bit The encoding of data by discrete bits was used in the punched cards invented by Basile Bouchon and Jean-Baptiste Falcon (1732), developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard (1804), and later adopted by Semen Korsakov, Charles Babbage, Hermann Hollerith, and early computer manufacturers like IBM. Another variant of that idea was the perforated paper tape. In all those systems, the medium (card or tape) conceptually carried an array of hole positions; each position could be either punched through or not, thus carrying oneÂ bit of information. The encoding of text by bits was also used in Morse code (1844) and early digital communications machines such as teletypes and stock ticker machines (1870).", "Stored-program computer In 1936 Konrad Zuse anticipated in two patent applications that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data.[13][14]", "History of computing hardware In 1642, while still a teenager, Blaise Pascal started some pioneering work on calculating machines and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes[14] he invented a mechanical calculator.[15][16] He built twenty of these machines (called Pascal's calculator or Pascaline) in the following ten years.[17] Nine Pascalines have survived, most of which are on display in European museums.[18] A continuing debate exists over whether Schickard or Pascal should be regarded as the \"inventor of the mechanical calculator\" and the range of issues to be considered is discussed elsewhere.[19]", "History of computer science In 1837 Charles Babbage first described his Analytical Engine which is accepted as the first design for a modern computer. The analytical engine had expandable memory, an arithmetic unit, and logic processing capabilities able to interpret a programming language with loops and conditional branching. Although never built, the design has been studied extensively and is understood to be Turing equivalent. The analytical engine would have had a memory capacity of less than 1 kilobyte of memory and a clock speed of less than 10 Hertz .[citation needed]", "ENIAC ENIAC was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania, U.S.[13] The team of design engineers assisting the development included Robert F. Shaw (function tables), Jeffrey Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Thomas Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Frank Mural (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer) and Jack Davis (accumulators).[14] In 1946, the researchers resigned from the University of Pennsylvania and formed the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation.", "Harvard Mark I One of the first programs to run on the Mark I was initiated on 29 March 1944[2] by John von Neumann. At that time, von Neumann was working on the Manhattan project, and needed to determine whether implosion was a viable choice to detonate the atomic bomb that would be used a year later. The Mark I also computed and printed mathematical tables, which had been the initial goal of British inventor Charles Babbage for his \"analytical engine\".", "Computer Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.[19]", "UNIVAC I The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States.[1] It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was started by their company, Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand (which later became part of Sperry, now Unisys). In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I appeared, the machine was simply known as \"the UNIVAC\".[2]", "Herman Hollerith At the urging of John Shaw Billings, Hollerith developed a mechanism using electrical connections to increment a counter, recording information.[8] A key idea was that a datum could be recorded by the presence or absence of a hole at a specific location on a card. For example, if a specific hole location indicates marital status, then a hole there can indicate married while not having a hole indicates single. Hollerith determined that data in specified locations on a card, the now-familiar rows and columns, could be counted or sorted electromechanically. A description of this system, An Electric Tabulating System (1889), was submitted by Hollerith to Columbia University as his doctoral thesis, and is reprinted in Randell's book.[9] On January 8, 1889, Hollerith was issued U.S. Patent 395,782,[10] claim 2 of which reads:", "George Stibitz George Robert Stibitz (April 30, 1904[1] â€“ January 31, 1995) was a Bell Labs researcher internationally recognized as one of the fathers of the modern first digital computer. He was known for his work in the 1930s and 1940s on the realization of Boolean logic digital circuits using electromechanical relays as the switching element.", "History of computing hardware In the same year, electro-mechanical devices called bombes were built by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. The bombes' initial design was created in 1939 at the UK Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park by Alan Turing,[56] with an important refinement devised in 1940 by Gordon Welchman.[57] The engineering design and construction was the work of Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. It was a substantial development from a device that had been designed in 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski, and known as the \"cryptologic bomb\" (Polish: \"bomba kryptologiczna\").", "Programmer The first person to run a program on a functioning modern electronically based computer was computer scientist Konrad Zuse, in 1941.", "John Vincent Atanasoff John Vincent Atanasoff (October 4, 1903 â€“ June 15, 1995) was an American-Bulgarian physicist and inventor, best known for being credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer.", "Harvard Mark I Howard Aiken had started to look for a company to design and build his calculator in early 1937. After two rejections,[4] he was shown a demonstration set that Charles Babbage’s son had given to Harvard university 70 years earlier. This led him to study Babbage and to add references of the Analytical Engine to his proposal; the resulting machine \"brought Babbage’s principles of the Analytical Engine almost to full realization, while adding important new features.\"[5]", "Electrical engineering In 1941, Konrad Zuse presented the Z3, the world's first fully functional and programmable computer using electromechanical parts. In 1943, Tommy Flowers designed and built the Colossus, the world's first fully functional, electronic, digital and programmable computer.[25] In 1946, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) of John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly followed, beginning the computing era. The arithmetic performance of these machines allowed engineers to develop completely new technologies and achieve new objectives, including the Apollo program which culminated in landing astronauts on the Moon.[26]", "History of computer science In 1941, Konrad Zuse developed the world's first functional program-controlled computer, the Z3. In 1998, it was shown to be Turing-complete in principle.[29][30] Zuse also developed the S2 computing machine, considered the first process control computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer. In 1946, he designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül.[31]", "United States Census Bureau The 1890 census was the first to use the electric tabulating machines invented by Herman Hollerith.[37][38] For 1890–1940 details, see Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890-1940: With outlines of actual tabulation programs. US GPO. In 1946, knowing of the Bureau's funding of Hollerith and, later, Powers, John Mauchly approached the Bureau about early funding for UNIVAC development.[39] A UNIVAC I computer was accepted by the Bureau in 1951.[40]", "Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognise the full potential of a \"computing machine\" and the first computer programmer.[1][2][3]", "George Stibitz Bell Labs subsequently authorized a full research program in late 1938 with Stibitz at the helm. Their Complex Number Computer, completed in November 1939, was able to do calculations on complex numbers.[3] In a demonstration to the American Mathematical Society conference at Dartmouth College in September 1940, Stibitz used a teletype to send commands to the Complex Number Computer in New York over telegraph lines.[4][5] It was the first computing machine ever used remotely.[6] (See the commemorative plaque and the hall where this event took place in the photos below.)", "Punched card Starting at the end of the 1800s tabulating machines based on punched cards became widely used for commercial and government data processing. Initially, these machines were purely mechanical, but by the 1930s, most were electromechanical, and had units for carrying out basic arithmetic operations.[12] Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine. Prior uses of machine readable media, such as those above (other than Korsakov, Fenby and Carpentier), had been for control, not data. \"After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards...\", developing punched card data processing technology for the 1890 US census.[13]", "ENIAC For a variety of reasons (including Mauchly's June 1941 examination of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, prototyped in 1939 by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry), U.S. Patent 3,120,606 for ENIAC, applied for in 1947 and granted in 1964, was voided by the 1973 decision of the landmark federal court case Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, putting the invention of the electronic digital computer in the public domain and providing legal recognition to Atanasoff as the inventor of the first electronic digital computer.", "History of computing hardware Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar created what would over the rest of the century become the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas Arithmometer. It could be used to add and subtract, and with a moveable carriage the operator could also multiply, and divide by a process of long multiplication and long division.[23] It utilised a stepped drum similar in conception to that invented by Leibniz. Mechanical calculators remained in use until the 1970s.", "History of computer science Ada Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron) is credited as the pioneer of computer programming and is regarded as a mathematical genius, a result of the mathematically heavy tutoring regimen her mother assigned to her as a young girl. Lovelace began working with Charles Babbage as an assistant while Babbage was working on his “Analytical Engine”, the first mechanical computer. During her work with Babbage, Ada Lovelace became the designer of the first computer algorithm, which had the ability to compute Bernoulli numbers. Moreover, Lovelace’s work with Babbage resulted in her prediction of future computers to not only perform mathematical calculations, but also manipulate symbols, mathematical or not. While she was never able to see the results of her work, as the “Analytical Engine” was not created in her lifetime, her efforts in later years, beginning in the 1840s, did not go unnoticed.[22]", "Stored-program computer The University of Manchester's Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM)[15] is generally recognized as world's first electronic computer that ran a stored programâ€”an event that occurred on 21 June 1948.[16][17] However the SSEM was not regarded as a full-fledged computer, but more a proof of concept predecessor to the Manchester Mark 1 computer, which was first put to research work in April 1949. On 6 May 1949 the EDSAC in Cambridge ran its first program, making it arguably \"the first complete and fully operational regular electronic digital stored-program computer\".[18] It is sometimes claimed that the IBM SSEC, operational in January 1948, was the first stored-program computer;[19] this claim is controversial, not least because of the hierarchical memory system of the SSEC, and because some aspects of its operations, like access to relays or tape drives, were determined by plugging.[20] The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1951.[21]", "ENIAC ENIAC (/ˈini.æk/ or /ˈɛni.æk/; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)[1][2] was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made. It was Turing-complete, digital and able to solve \"a large class of numerical problems\" through reprogramming.[3][4]", "History of computing hardware Wilhelm Schickard, a German polymath, designed a calculating machine in 1623 which combined a mechanised form of Napier's rods with the world's first mechanical adding machine built into the base. Because it made use of a single-tooth gear there were circumstances in which its carry mechanism would jam.[13] A fire destroyed at least one of the machines in 1624 and it is believed Schickard was too disheartened to build another.", "Algorithm Telephone-switching networks of electromechanical relays (invented 1835) was behind the work of George Stibitz (1937), the inventor of the digital adding device. As he worked in Bell Laboratories, he observed the \"burdensome' use of mechanical calculators with gears. \"He went home one evening in 1937 intending to test his idea... When the tinkering was over, Stibitz had constructed a binary adding device\".[80]", "Computer The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948.[37] It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube, the first random-access digital storage device.[38] Although the computer was considered \"small and primitive\" by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer.[39] As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1.", "Harvard Mark I Aiken published a press release announcing the Mark I listing himself as the sole “inventor”. James W. Bryce was the only IBM person mentioned, even though several IBM engineers including Clair Lake and Frank Hamilton had helped to build various elements. IBM chairman Thomas J. Watson was enraged, and only reluctantly attended the dedication ceremony on August 7, 1944.[20][21] Aiken, in turn, decided to build further machines without IBM’s help, and the ASCC came to be generally known as the \"Harvard Mark I\". IBM went on to build its Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) to both test new technology and provide more publicity for the company's own efforts.[20]", "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company Herman Hollerith initially did business under his own name, as The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, specializing in punched card data processing equipment.[11] In 1896 he incorporated as the Tabulating Machine Company and in 1905 reincorporated as The Tabulating Machine Company.[12] Hollerith's series of patents on tabulating machine technology, first applied for in 1884, drew on his work at the U.S. Census Bureau from 1879 to 82. Hollerith was initially trying to reduce the time and complexity needed to tabulate the 1890 Census. His development of punched cards in 1886 set the industry standard for the next 80 years of tabulating and computing data input.[13]", "Personal computer Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Programma 101 was a printing programmable calculator[11][12] described in advertisements as a \"desktop computer\".[13][14][15][16] It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, inventor of the magnetic card system for program storage.[citation needed]", "Atanasoff–Berry computer Atanasoff and Berry's computer work was not widely known until it was rediscovered in the 1960s, amidst conflicting claims about the first instance of an electronic computer. At that time ENIAC, that had been created by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert,[5] was considered to be the first computer in the modern sense, but in 1973 a U.S. District Court invalidated the ENIAC patent and concluded that the ENIAC inventors had derived the subject matter of the electronic digital computer from Atanasoff (see Patent dispute). When, in the mid-1970s, the secrecy surrounding the British World War II development of the Colossus computers that pre-dated ENIAC, was lifted[6][7] and Colossus was described at a conference in Los Alamos, New Mexico in June 1976, John Mauchly and Konrad Zuse were reported to have been astonished.[8]", "History of computing hardware Tommy Flowers, still a senior engineer at the Post Office Research Station[79] was recommended to Max Newman by Alan Turing[80] and spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus.[81][82] After a functional test in December 1943, Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January 1944[83] and attacked its first message on 5 February.[74]", "Harvard Mark I The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Mark I) was the first operating machine that could execute long computations automatically. A project conceived by Harvard University’s Dr. Howard Aiken, the Mark I was built by IBM engineers in Endicott, N.Y. A steel frame 51 feet long and 8 feet high held the calculator, which consisted of an interlocking panel of small gears, counters, switches and control circuits, all only a few inches in depth. The ASCC used 500 miles (800 km) of wire with three million connections, 3,500 multipole relays with 35,000 contacts, 2,225 counters, 1,464 tenpole switches and tiers of 72 adding machines, each with 23 significant numbers. It was the industry’s largest electromechanical calculator.[7]", "Z1 (computer) \"Z1 was a machine of about 1000 kg weight, which consisted from some 20000 parts. It was a programmable computer, based on binary floating-point numbers and a binary switching system. It consisted completely of thin metal sheets, which Zuse and his friends produced using a jigsaw.\"[8] \"The [data] input device was a keyboard...The Z1’s programs (Zuse called them Rechenpläne) were stored on punch tapes by means of an 8-bit code\"[8]", "History of computer science When John Napier discovered logarithms for computational purposes in the early 17th century,[citation needed] there followed a period of considerable progress by inventors and scientists in making calculating tools. In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard designed a calculating machine, but abandoned the project, when the prototype he had started building was destroyed by a fire in 1624 .[citation needed] Around 1640, Blaise Pascal, a leading French mathematician, constructed a mechanical adding device based on a design described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria.[14] Then in 1672 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the Stepped Reckoner which he completed in 1694.[15]", "Computer programming However, the first computer program is generally dated to 1843, when mathematician Ada Lovelace published an algorithm to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, intended to be carried out by Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.[4]", "Digital media Codes and information by machines were first conceptualized by Charles Babbage in the early 1800s. Babbage imagined that these codes would give him instructions for his Motor of Difference and Analytical Engine, machines that Babbage had designed to solve the problem of error in calculations. Between 1822 and 1823, Ada Lovelace, mathematics, wrote the first instructions for calculating numbers on Babbage engines. Lovelace's instructions are now believed to be the first computer program. Although the machines were designed to perform analysis tasks, Lovelace anticipated the possible social impact of computers and programming, writing. \"For in the distribution and combination of truths and formulas of analysis, which may become easier and more quickly subjected to the mechanical combinations of the engine, the relationships and the nature of many subjects in which science necessarily relates in new subjects, and more deeply researched ... there are in all extensions of human power or additions to human knowledge, various collateral influences, in addition to the primary and primary object reached. \"Other old machine readable media include instructions for pianolas and weaving machines.", "History of artificial intelligence Calculating machines were built in antiquity and improved throughout history by many mathematicians, including (once again) philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. In the early 19th century, Charles Babbage designed a programmable computer (the Analytical Engine), although it was never built. Ada Lovelace speculated that the machine \"might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent\".[24] (She is often credited as the first programmer because of a set of notes she wrote that completely detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Engine.)", "Atanasoff–Berry computer Eckert and Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived that subject matter from one Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff.", "History of computing hardware Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. Machines such as the first IBM electronic accounting machine (US 2,580,740), the NCR electronic calculating machine (US 2,595,045), the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, the Colossus computers, and the ENIAC were built by hand, using circuits containing relays or valves (vacuum tubes), and often used punched cards or punched paper tape for input and as the main (non-volatile) storage medium.[69]", "Z1 (computer) The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938.[1][2] It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film.", "Analytical Engine In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published a description of the engine based on a lecture by Babbage in French. In 1843, the description was translated into English and extensively annotated by Ada Lovelace, who had become interested in the engine eight years earlier. In recognition of her additions to Menabrea's paper, which included a way to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine, she has been described as the first computer programmer.", "Analytical Engine Despite this groundwork, Babbage's work fell into historical obscurity, and the Analytical Engine was unknown to builders of electro-mechanical and electronic computing machines in the 1930s and 1940s when they began their work, resulting in the need to re-invent many of the architectural innovations Babbage had proposed. Howard Aiken, who built the quickly-obsoleted electromechanical calculator, the Harvard Mark I, between 1937 and 1945, praised Babbage's work likely as a way of enhancing his own stature, but knew nothing of the Analytical Engine's architecture during the construction of the Mark I, and considered his visit to the constructed portion of the Analytical Engine \"the greatest disappointment of my life\".[36] The Mark I showed no influence from the Analytical Engine and lacked the Analytical Engine's most prescient architectural feature, conditional branching.[36] J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly similarly were not aware of the details of Babbage's Analytical Engine work prior to the completion of their design for the first electronic general-purpose computer, the ENIAC.[37][38]", "History of computing hardware Companies like Friden, Marchant Calculator and Monroe made desktop mechanical calculators from the 1930s that could add, subtract, multiply and divide.[34] In 1948, the Curta was introduced by Austrian inventor Curt Herzstark. It was a small, hand-cranked mechanical calculator and as such, a descendant of Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner and Thomas's Arithmometer.", "George Stibitz In November 1937, George Stibitz, then working at Bell Labs, completed a relay-based calculator he later dubbed the \"Model K\" (for \"kitchen table\", on which he had assembled it), which calculated using binary addition.[2] Replicas of the \"Model K\" now reside in the Computer History Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the William Howard Doane Library at Denison University and the American Computer Museum in Bozeman, Montana, where the George R. Stibitz Computer and Communications Pioneer Awards are granted.", "History of personal computers First produced in 1965, the Programma 101 was a printing programmable calculator[17][18][19] described in advertisements as a \"desktop computer\".[20][21][22] It was designed and produced by the Italian company Olivetti with Pier Giorgio Perotto being the lead developer. The Olivetti Programma 101 was presented at the 1965 New York World's Fair after 2 years work (1962- 1964). Over 44,000 units were sold worldwide; in the US its cost at launch was $3,200. It was targeted to offices and scientific entities for their daily work because of its high computing capabilities in small space and cost; also the NASA was amongst the first owners. Built without integrated circuits or microprocessors, it used only transistors, resistors and condensers for its processing,[23] the Programma 101 had features found in modern personal computers, such as memory, keyboard, printing unit, magnetic card reader/recorder, control and arithmetic unit.[24] HP later copied the Programma 101 architecture for its HP9100 series.[25][26]", "History of computing hardware The other contender for being the first recognizably modern digital stored-program computer[96] was the EDSAC,[97] designed and constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England at the University of Cambridge in 1949. The machine was inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC and was one of the first usefully operational electronic digital stored-program computer.[98]", "Information Age Before the advent of electronics, mechanical computers, like the Analytical Engine in 1837, were designed to provide routine mathematical calculation and simple decision-making capabilities. Military needs during World War II drove development of the first electronic computers, based on vacuum tubes, including the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, Colossus computer, and ENIAC.", "History of computing hardware The machine was about a century ahead of its time. However, the project was slowed by various problems including disputes with the chief machinist building parts for it. All the parts for his machine had to be made by handâ€”this was a major problem for a machine with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing, but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow. Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron's daughter, translated and added notes to the \"Sketch of the Analytical Engine\" by Luigi Federico Menabrea. This appears to be the first published description of programming, so Ada Lovelace is widely regarded as the first computer programmer.[43]", "Atanasoff–Berry computer On June 26, 1947, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly were the first to file for patent on a digital computing device (ENIAC), much to the surprise of Atanasoff. The ABC had been examined by John Mauchly in June 1941, and Isaac Auerbach,[13] a former student of Mauchly's, alleged that it influenced his later work on ENIAC, although Mauchly denied this.[14] The ENIAC patent did not issue until 1964, and by 1967 Honeywell sued Sperry Rand in an attempt to break the ENIAC patents, arguing the ABC constituted prior art. The United States District Court for the District of Minnesota released its judgement on October 19, 1973, finding in Honeywell v. Sperry Rand that the ENIAC patent was a derivative of John Atanasoff's invention.", "Bit Ralph Hartley suggested the use of a logarithmic measure of information in 1928.[6] Claude E. Shannon first used the word bit in his seminal 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication.[7] He attributed its origin to John W. Tukey, who had written a Bell Labs memo on 9 January 1947 in which he contracted \"binary information digit\" to simply \"bit\". Interestingly, Vannevar Bush had written in 1936 of \"bits of information\" that could be stored on the punched cards used in the mechanical computers of that time.[8] The first programmable computer, built by Konrad Zuse, used binary notation for numbers.", "History of computing hardware ENIAC inventors John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert proposed the EDVAC's construction in August 1944, and design work for the EDVAC commenced at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering, before the ENIAC was fully operational. The design implemented a number of important architectural and logical improvements conceived during the ENIAC's construction, and a high speed serial access memory.[102] However, Eckert and Mauchly left the project and its construction floundered.", "Computer program In 1837, Charles Babbage was inspired by Jacquard's loom to attempt to build the Analytical Engine.[2] The names of the components of the calculating device were borrowed from the textile industry. In the textile industry, yarn was brought from the store to be milled. The device would have had a \"store\"—memory to hold 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each. Numbers from the \"store\" would then have then been transferred to the \"mill\" (analogous to the CPU of a modern machine), for processing. It was programmed using two sets of perforated cards—one to direct the operation and the other for the input variables.[2] [3] However, after more than 17,000 pounds of the British government's money, the thousands of cogged wheels and gears never fully worked together.[4]", "Charles Babbage While Babbage's machines were mechanical and unwieldy, their basic architecture was similar to a modern computer. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction-based, the control unit could make conditional jumps, and the machine had a separate I/O unit.[145]", "Computer program In 1936, Alan Turing introduced the Universal Turing machine—a theoretical device that can model every computation that can be performed on a Turing complete computing machine.[6] It is a finite-state machine that has an infinitely long read/write tape. The machine can move the tape back and forth, changing its contents as it performs an algorithm. The machine starts in the initial state, goes through a sequence of steps, and halts when it encounters the halt state.[7] This machine is considered by some to be the origin of the stored-program computer—used by John von Neumann (1946) for the \"Electronic Computing Instrument\" that now bears the von Neumann architecture name.[8]", "Computer During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.[18] The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin.[14]", "History of computer science In 1948, the Manchester Baby was completed, it was the world's first general purpose electronic digital computer that also ran stored programs like almost all modern computers.[23] The influence on Max Newman of Turing's seminal 1936 paper on the Turing Machines and of his logico-mathematical contributions to the project, were both crucial to the successful development of the Manchester SSEM.[23]", "Atanasoff–Berry computer The Atanasoffâ€“Berry Computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer, an early electronic digital computing device that has remained somewhat obscure. The ABC's priority is debated among historians of computer technology, because it was neither programmable, nor Turing-complete.[1]", "Iowa State University While attempting to develop a faster method of computation, mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff conceptualized the basic tenets of what would become the worldâ€™s first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), during a drive to Illinois in 1937. These included the use of a binary system of arithmetic, the separation of computer and memory functions, and regenerative drum memory, among others. The 1939 prototype was constructed with graduate student Clifford Berry in the basement of the Physics Building.[17]", "Harvard Mark I The original concept was presented to IBM by Howard Aiken in November 1937.[3] After a feasibility study by IBM engineers, the company chairman Thomas Watson Sr. personally approved the project and its funding in February 1939.", "Tabulating machine In the late 1880s Herman Hollerith, inspired by conductors using holes punched in different positions on a railway ticket to record traveler details such as gender and approximate age, invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media had been for lists of instructions (not data) to drive programmed machines such as Jacquard looms. \"After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards...\"[3] Hollerith used punched cards with round holes, 12 rows and 24 columns. His tabulator used electromechanical relays (and solenoids) to increment mechanical counters. A set of spring-loaded wires were suspended over the card reader. The card sat over pools of mercury, pools corresponding to the possible hole positions in the card. When the wires were pressed onto the card, punched holes allowed wires to dip into the mercury pools, making an electrical contact[4][5] that could be used for counting, sorting, and setting off a bell to let the operator know the card had been read. The tabulator had 40 counters, each with a dial divided into 100 divisions, with two indicator hands; one which stepped one unit with each counting pulse, the other which advanced one unit every time the other dial made a complete revolution. This arrangement allowed a count up to 10,000. During a given tabulating run, counters could be assigned a specific hole or, using relay logic, a combination of holes, e.g. to count married females.[6] If the card was to be sorted a compartment lid of the sorting box would open for storage of the card, the choice of compartment depending on the data in the card.[7]", "UNIVAC I UNIVAC installations, 1951â€“1954[10]", "Charles Babbage The major innovation was that the Analytical Engine was to be programmed using punched cards: the Engine was intended to use loops of Jacquard's punched cards to control a mechanical calculator, which could use as input the results of preceding computations.[156][157] The machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching and looping. It would have been the first mechanical device to be, in principle, Turing-complete. The Engine was not a single physical machine, but rather a succession of designs that Babbage tinkered with until his death in 1871.[citation needed]", "Central processing unit The idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly's ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner.[6] On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. It was the outline of a stored-program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949.[7] EDVAC was designed to perform a certain number of instructions (or operations) of various types. Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the physical wiring of the computer.[8] This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the considerable time and effort required to reconfigure the computer to perform a new task. With von Neumann's design, the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory. EDVAC, however, was not the first stored-program computer; the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, a small prototype stored-program computer, ran its first program on 21 June 1948[9] and the Manchester Mark 1 ran its first program during the night of 16–17 June 1949.[10]", "Computer architecture The first documented computer architecture was in the correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine. When building the computer Z1 in 1936, Konrad Zuse described in two patent applications for his future projects that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data, i.e. the stored-program concept.[3][4] Two other early and important examples are:", "ENIAC These early programmers were drawn from a group of about two hundred female computers who studied at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. One of the few technical job categories available to women was computing the results of mathematical formulas for science and engineering, usually with a mechanical calculator.[32] Betty Holberton (nÃ©e Snyder) continued on to invent the first sorting algorithm and help design the first commercial electronic computers, the UNIVAC and the BINAC, alongside Jean Jennings.", "Data processing Computerized data processing, or Electronic data processing represents a later development, with a computer used instead of several independent pieces of equipment. The Census Bureau first made limited use of electronic computers for the 1950 United States Census, using a UNIVAC I system,[4] delivered in 1952.", "Charles Babbage Ada Lovelace, who corresponded with Babbage during his development of the Analytical Engine, is credited with developing an algorithm that would enable the Engine to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers.[158] Despite documentary evidence in Lovelace's own handwriting,[158] some scholars[who?] dispute to what extent the ideas were Lovelace's own. For this achievement, she is often described as the first computer programmer;[159] though no programming language had yet been invented.[158][160]", "John Vincent Atanasoff With a grant of $650 received in September 1939 and the assistance of his graduate student Clifford Berry, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was prototyped by November of that year. According to Atanasoff, several operative principles of the ABC were conceived by him during the winter of 1938 after a drive to Rock Island, Illinois.", "Tabulating machine The tabulating machine was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. Later models were widely used for business applications such as accounting and inventory control. It spawned a class of machines, known as unit record equipment, and the data processing industry.", "UNIVAC I The UNIVAC I was the first American computer designed at the outset for business and administrative use with fast execution of relatively simple arithmetic and data transport operations, as opposed to the complex numerical calculations required of scientific computers. As such the UNIVAC competed directly against punch-card machines, though the UNIVAC originally could neither read nor punch cards. That shortcoming hindered sales to companies concerned about the high cost of manually converting large quantities of existing data stored on cards. This was corrected by adding offline card processing equipment, the UNIVAC Card to Tape converter and the UNIVAC Tape to Card converter, to transfer data between cards and UNIVAC magnetic tapes.[6] However, the early market share of the UNIVAC I was lower than the Remington Rand Company wished.", "John Vincent Atanasoff Partly due to the drudgery of using the mechanical Monroe calculator, which was the best tool available to him while he was writing his doctoral thesis, Atanasoff began to search for faster methods of computation. At Iowa State, Atanasoff researched the use of slaved Monroe calculators and IBM tabulators for scientific problems. In 1936 he invented an analog calculator for analyzing surface geometry. The fine mechanical tolerance required for good accuracy pushed him to consider digital solutions.", "Calculator The Olivetti Programma 101 was introduced in late 1965; it was a stored program machine which could read and write magnetic cards and displayed results on its built-in printer. Memory, implemented by an acoustic delay line, could be partitioned between program steps, constants, and data registers. Programming allowed conditional testing and programs could also be overlaid by reading from magnetic cards. It is regarded as the first personal computer produced by a company (that is, a desktop electronic calculating machine programmable by non-specialists for personal use). The Olivetti Programma 101 won many industrial design awards.", "Computer The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer.[40] Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam.[41] In October 1947, the directors of British catering company J. Lyons & Company decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers. The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951[42] and ran the world's first regular routine office computer job.", "IBM 1401 4000 characters of memory)", "J. Lyons and Co. The top management of Lyons, with its background in the use of mechanical adding machines, saw the necessity of new electrical computers for organising the distribution of cakes and other highly perishable goods. They, therefore, substantially financed the University of Cambridge's Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) which was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service, and built their own programmable digital computers and became the first user of these in businesses, with the LEO I digital computer: the Lyons Electronic Office I, designed and built by Dr John Pinkerton under the able leadership of John Simmons. It handled the company's accounts and logistics. Lyons also included the weather forecast to ensure goods carried by their \"fresh produce\" delivery vans were not wasted in large quantities.[citation needed][9] Google chairman Eric Schmidt called this \"the world's first office computer\", built in 1951.[10] A subsidiary LEO Computers Ltd was formed in 1954 and went on to build 11 Leo II and 94 Leo III computers that were sold worldwide.[11]" ]	[ "History of IBM Of the companies amalgamated to form CTR, the most technologically significant was The Tabulating Machine Company, founded by Herman Hollerith, and specialized in the development of punched card data processing equipment. Hollerith's series of patents on tabulating machine technology, first applied for in 1884, drew on his work at the U.S. Census Bureau from 1879â€“82. Hollerith was initially trying to reduce the time and complexity needed to tabulate the 1890 Census. His development of punched cards in 1886 set the industry standard for the next 80 years of tabulating and computing data input.[18]" ]
test1917	who sings ive loved you for a thousand years	[ "doc67309" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc67309", "doc67310", "doc67313", "doc2049427", "doc67312", "doc67314", "doc641945", "doc67311", "doc981175", "doc67315", "doc1694042", "doc1778245", "doc67316", "doc1129953", "doc1416079", "doc1743100", "doc1345398", "doc2049428", "doc2049424", "doc1224474", "doc1416077", "doc1071173", "doc1534738", "doc1778248", "doc446493", "doc2307259", "doc1715004", "doc220677", "doc2270990", "doc193716", "doc899157", "doc588959", "doc1417088", "doc1694022", "doc801832", "doc1572175", "doc441117", "doc205883", "doc1062245", "doc1477411", "doc2307261", "doc1229920", "doc2307260", "doc2499186", "doc1292999", "doc2270991", "doc446492", "doc446477", "doc532261", "doc1534741", "doc223609", "doc2635321", "doc1768695", "doc2307257", "doc598812", "doc199820", "doc664763", "doc664766", "doc685163", "doc1778252", "doc1386308", "doc183228", "doc1062248", "doc866762", "doc2499188", "doc220549", "doc2366453", "doc1390165", "doc2392891", "doc456594", "doc205902", "doc1230264", "doc2568414", "doc194870", "doc353514", "doc85030", "doc641944", "doc205881", "doc337047", "doc1416080", "doc386226", "doc2307267", "doc1478520", "doc2182357", "doc1416095", "doc872523", "doc317361", "doc429174", "doc254899", "doc2211840", "doc1390160", "doc999918", "doc431294", "doc2125009", "doc2307264", "doc2583924", "doc1614305", "doc299103", "doc666960", "doc957713" ]	[ "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) \"A Thousand Years\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri and David Hodges. It is taken from the album The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The song serves as the second single from the album. The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011 worldwide.[1] Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack titled A Thousand Years, Pt. 2.", "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) An official lyric video of the song was premiered on October 17, 2011 via Perri's official Facebook and Twitter pages as well as her official website. On October 26, 2011, she released an official video for the song on her YouTube channel. The video begins with Perri holding a candle. It features a few clips from the movie interspersed between scenes with Perri singing in a room with a floor full of candles. The video may include the voices from Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson saying they love each other while in a wedding and also they can be heard in the background before the bridge. She ends the video singing into a sunset.", "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) By July 2013, the song has sold over 3 million digital downloads in the US.[11] As of June 2014, the song has sold 3,657,000 copies in the US.[12]", "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (soundtrack) Entertainment Weekly critic Kyle Anderson stated of the soundtrack's second single, \"'Jar of Hearts' songstress Christina Perri's fantastically opulent 'A Thousand Years' sets the tone for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawnâ€”Part 1: stark acoustic strums, cascading strings, and a piercing croon expressing undying adoration.\" Despite awarding the album a B grade, Anderson noted, \"If anything, this is the narrowest Twilight soundtrack yet: Even when the volume shifts from quiet to slightly less quiet, these weepy tunes about eternity and erotic mythical beasts grow wearisome.\"[8]", "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) On the week of October 23, 2011, the song debuted at No. 63 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart,[10] and No. 70 on Canadian Hot 100. It has reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Perri her second top 40 hit.", "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) In the United Kingdom, the song reached number 32 on its original release in 2011. The following year, after the release of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, it peaked at number 13. In 2013, after it was performed on The X Factor (UK), it reached a new peak of 11.", "The Twilight Saga (film series) The Breaking Dawn â€“ Part 1 soundtrack saw the release of two singles: \"A Thousand Years\" by Christina Perri and \"It Will Rain\" by Bruno Mars. The former reached number one and the latter of the two number three on the Billboard Hot 100.", "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) It has over 890 million views and 5.5 million likes on YouTube.[2]", "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 It was revealed in January 2012 that the soundtrack for Part 2 had already started production.[12] Confirmed for the soundtrack in advance were \"Heart of Stone\" by Iko, which plays when Edward and Bella are talking in the cottage after finding Alice's note and \"Where I Come From\" by Passion Pit, which will play when Bella wakes up from her transformation.[13] The lead single from the soundtrack is \"The Forgotten\", performed by the American rock band Green Day. \"A Thousand Years, Pt. 2\" by the American singer Christina Perri is also featured on the soundtrack album.", "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone\nsales+streaming figures based on certification alone", "My Immortal An arrangement of the song inspired by Gregorian chant was covered by the group Gregorian on their 2004 album The Dark Side.[75] In 2013, violinist Lindsey Stirling recorded an instrumental version of \"My Immortal\" for the Target edition of her first self-titled studio album.[76] In July 2013 it was uploaded to her personal channel on YouTube along with an accompanying performance video and it was released to the iTunes Store on October 1, 2013.[77] The following year, Andrea Begley covered \"My Immortal\" for her debut studio album The Message. Robert Copsey of Digital Spy wrote that the cover \"range[s] from the excruciating to the offensively inoffensive\".[78] Teenage classical vocalist Jackie Evancho covered \"My Immortal\" in 2014 on her fifth full-length album, Awakening, as a bonus track for Japanese fans.[79]", "Skinny Love \"Skinny Love\" is a song written by American musician and songwriter Justin Vernon. It was originally released by the indie folk band Bon Iver, of which Vernon is a member, in 2007. A cover version by the Bristish vocalist Birdy was released in 2011. Both versions charted internationally and have been featured in multiple television and film soundtracks. The song has since become a popular tune for various singing competition shows around the anglophone world.", "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone", "In Christ Alone In 2010, Owl City's Adam Young recorded a version and offered it through his blog. About the song he wrote: \"I'm twenty four years old, yet something about this song makes me bawl like a baby. The way the melodies and lyrics swirl together is so poignant and beautiful. If I were to count on one hand, the number of songs that have ever deeply moved me, this one would take the cake. Last night I probably spent more time actually crying at the piano than I did recording it. Such are the secret confessions of a shy boy from Minnesota\".[10]", "A Thousand Miles It has been covered by numerous artists including Icarus the Owl, Victoria Justice, David Archuleta, Terry Crews[1] and the Glee Cast, and has been sampled by T.I. and Cheryl Cole.", "I Could Sing of Your Love Forever The song has been covered numerous times, with variations in style and performance, particularly within the CCM genre. The most popular of these covers (most notably within the US) was by worship group Sonicflood. The song, which appears on their self-titled debut album, is a duet with Lisa Kimmey from R&B outfit Out of Eden. Alternately, the cross-over group Switchfoot (made up of Christian members) has also sung this song during various concerts. Christian singer tobyMac has also covered part of this song live after his hit, Lose My Soul. It has also been covered by Christian/Rock band, The Lads, in their Alive in Concert album in 2003. Canadian pop singer Justin Bieber covered this song on a live feed on his Instagram on 16 May 2017.[4]", "Owl City In May 2010, Young collaborated with high-profile British electronic composer, producer, musician, and songwriter Nick Bracegirdle. Under his Chicane alias, Bracegirdle released the single \"Middledistancerunner\" on August 1, 2010, featuring Adam Young on vocals. This is the first single from the fourth Chicane album Giants. He also worked with famed Dutch producer Armin van Buuren, appearing on a track called 'Youtopia' from the van Buuren album Mirage. In September, \"To the Sky\" was officially released via iTunes on the soundtrack for Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'hoole. On October 25, 2010, Young released a cover version of the praise and worship song \"In Christ Alone\" as a streaming MP3 on his website.[35]", "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (soundtrack) In a mixed (two-out-of-four stars) review, Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times said of the featured songs, \"As with all of the installments, half are good, half aren't â€” all depending on your mood and tolerance for soft rock.\" However, Roberts admitted, \"Those uninterested in slow, weepy ballads should avoid like the plague the Imperial Mammoth, Sleeping at Last and Christina Perri songs, each of which will cause the vulnerable to melt.\"[11]", "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (soundtrack) On September 22, it was confirmed that the lead single of the soundtrack would be a song called \"It Will Rain\" by American pop singer Bruno Mars, released exclusively on iTunes on September 27.[2] The track listing of the soundtrack was revealed on September 26, and is the first to not feature a contribution by British rock band Muse, who contributed songs to the past three soundtracks of the saga.[3] The only cast member to appear on the soundtrack after the announcement of the possibility for musical cast members to be included is Mía Maestro, who plays Carmen.", "The Scientist (song) In 2003, \"The Scientist\" was featured on Coldplay's live album Live 2003.[24] The song was covered live by Aimee Mann and released on a special edition of her album Lost in Space.[25] Natasha Bedingfield, Alex Band, Eamon, and Avril Lavigne covered the song on Jo Whiley's Live Lounge radio show.[26][27][28] Also, Belinda Carlisle did a live rendition on the ITV1 reality show Hit Me Baby One More Time.[29][30] The British female quartet All Angels did a choral arrangement of the song on their album Into Paradise which was released in 2007.[31] The chords to this song are replicated by Sum 41 in their song \"Pieces.\"[32] In addition, the American television show MADtv did a parody of the video, called \"The Narcissist.\"[33] Coldplay's original version plus a cover of the track performed by Johnette Napolitano and Danny Lohner were featured in the 2004 film Wicker Park.[34][35] Allison Iraheta and Kris Allen performed an acoustic duet of the song at Oprah Winfrey's \"No Phone Zone\" rally in Los Angeles.[36]", "A Thousand Miles \"A Thousand Miles\" (originally titled \"Interlude\") is the debut single written and recorded by American pop singer Vanessa Carlton. Produced by Curtis Schweitzer and Ron Fair, the song was released as the lead single for Carlton's album Be Not Nobody (2002). Her signature song, it became Carlton's breakthrough hit and one of the most popular songs of the year. To date, it remains Carlton's biggest hit in the United States, and her only single to reach the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100.", "Through the Eyes of Love In the 2010 remake of Ice Castles a new version by artist Britt Nicole is heard several times.", "I See the Light \"I See the Light\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Glenn Slater for Walt Disney Animation Studios' 50th animated feature film Tangled (2010). A duet originally recorded by American recording artist and actress Mandy Moore and American actor Zachary Levi in their respective film roles as main characters Rapunzel and Flynn Rider, the folk-inspired pop ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"I See the Light\" describes the developing romantic relationship between Rapunzel and Flynn, and is featured as the seventh track on the film's soundtrack album.", "Skinny Love British musician Birdy released a cover version of the song in 2011 as her debut single. The single has been B-listed on Xfm and is a particular favourite with listeners of Shak's overnight show. The song was also chosen as \"Record of The Week\"[11] by UK radio DJ Fearne Cotton. This version was used in Season 2 Episode 21 of The Vampire Diaries and in Season 1 Episode 1 of Prisoners' Wives.", "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) Musically, the single, which lasts three minutes and nine seconds,[113] remains a \"Broadway-like\" vocal pop ballad with adult contemporary influences that features the same lyrics, beginning \"I was the one who had it all\".[114][109] Written in the key of A major at moderately slow tempo of 96 beats per minute,[114] Groban's rendition evokes a \"sweeping, operatic quality\",[108] featuring lyrics revolving about pining for true love.[115] At the same time, the single resembles contemporary Disney ballads such as Sarah McLachlan's \"When She Loved Me\" and Phil Collins' \"You'll Be In My Heart\" from the animated films Toy Story 2 and Tarzan, both of which were released in 1999, respectively.[116] According to Golderby's Paul Sheehan, the track is Groban's \"heartbreaking rendition of\" a \"plaintive plea for love.\"[37] The song garnered positive reviews from critics that distinguished it from the mild controversies that had been surrounding the film at the time of its release.[115] Devan Coggan of Entertainment Weekly described the song as a \"gorgeous ballad\",[109] while Den of Geek praised Groban's interpretation as \"immeasurable\".[110] According to Elle writer Alyssa Bailey, Groban's emotional performance will cause listeners to \"feel the Beast's feels\".[63] Dubbing the track \"one of the highlights of the album\", the Daily Bruin's Matthew Fernandez reviewed the ballad as \"a grand uplifting ballad centered on Groban's rich voice\".[85] Vulture.com's Sarah Caldwell admitted to listening to both Groban and Stevens' versions of the song back-to-back with \"zero ounces of shame.\"[81] 34th Street Magazine contributor Haley Weiss preferred Groban's version to Stevens' original, calling it \"breathtaking and downright lovely to listen to\" while dismissing the film version as \"downright mediocre in comparison.\"[117] Weiss questioned why Disney hadn't cast Groban as the Beast instead of Stevens due to the former's acting and musical theatre background.[117]", "Falling Slowly The song also has been covered by the operatic pop group Il Divo on their album Wicked Game as a Spanish rendition, as “Falling Slowly (Te Prometo)”.[13]", "Breath of Life (Florence and the Machine song) \"Breath of Life\" is a song by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine, recorded exclusively for the film Snow White and the Huntsman (2012). The song was co-written and produced by Isabella Summers and orchestrated by James Newton Howard. It was released on 26 April 2012 on iTunes. \"Breath of Life\" peaked at number eighty-seven on the UK Singles Chart and was nominated for the World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film.[1]", "Love Song (Sara Bareilles song) \"Love Song\" is American singer-songwriter Sara Bareilles' debut single, released in June 2007 via Epic Records from her major-label debut album, Little Voice (2007). It was nominated for 2009 Grammy Awards in the categories Song of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.", "Yellow (Coldplay song) \"Yellow\" has been covered by numerous singers worldwide, some in different languages and styles. A Chinese language version of \"Yellow\" was recorded by Chinese rock singer Zheng Jun in 2001, six months after the original release of the single.[21] Singaporean singer Tanya Chua covered the song.[32] The cover band and comedy act Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered this as a Lounge style version on his 2004 album I'd Like a Virgin. The song has also been performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.[33] American musicians Petra Haden and Bill Frisell covered the song, featuring it in their album Petra Haden and Bill Frisell;[34] the cover appears in episode 3.08 of The O.C.. In 2006, Tre Lux covered \"Yellow\" on the cover album A Strange Gathering. Fame Academy winner Alex Parks often performed \"Yellow\" and a cover appears on her debut album. English vocal troupe G4 covered the song for their second album, G4 & Friends, with \"unique harmonies\".[35] American singer-writer Brooke White covered \"Yellow\" on her 2006 album Songs from the Attic. White's manager directed her to cover American hard rock band Aerosmith's 1973 single \"Dream On\", but she wanted to do \"Yellow\". Since they had contradicting ideas, they compromised and ended up producing cover versions of the two.[36] In 2009, Jem performed a cover of \"Yellow\" for Starbucks Entertainment's Valentine's Day compilation Sweetheart: Our Favorite Artists Sing Their Favorite Love Songs. Russian singer Grigory Leps has covered the song, featuring it in his 2006 album V Tsentre Zemli.[37]", "When You Believe The song was recorded by Irish musical ensemble Celtic Woman and released as a single from their fifth studio album Celtic Woman: Songs from the Heart (2010).[109] The song also appears on the Japanese release of their seventh studio album Celtic Woman: Believe (2011).[110] The song features vocals from one of the group's singers Chloë Agnew.\nIn an interview for Chicago Music Magazine, Chloë Agnew described the lyrics of the song as \"really incredible\".[111] She stated that \"It is a songs that I listen to and wish I had written. It’s really so special. I think a lot of people have found strength and hope in the lyrics. It's been really rewarding to meet and talk to people at our meet and greet events come up and tell me how much that song means to them and how it has helped them\".[111] Irish singer Chloë Agnew recorded the track for her debut album Chloë (2002).[112][113] Pentatonix and Maren Morris covered the song for the former's 2018 Christmas album Christmas Is Here!.", "Can You Feel the Love Tonight English pop group S Club, Sara Paxton and Elliott Yamin all covered the song for Disneymania, Disneymania 4 and Disneymania 6, respectively. Filipino soprano Vell Baria covered the song in a classical version as a dedication song for the APEC Philippines 2015 was released in her YouTube channel.[12] Jackie Evancho covered the song for her album Songs from the Silver Screen. Harajuku, a Eurodance band covered a dance version of the song in a 1995 release with singer Stephanie O'Hara, also known as Stefanie Obst, performing vocals.[13][14][15] Italian trio Il Volo covered the song releasing it in the special edition of their album We Are Love.[16] In 2017 D-Metal Stars created a Heavy Metal cover of the song on the album \"Metal Disney\" featuring Mike Vescera and Rudy Sarzo", "We Found Love American singer Tinashe uploaded a music video for her cover on her YouTube account on October 21, 2011.[129] British alternative rock band Coldplay, with whom Rihanna would later collaborate on their song \"Princess of China\", covered \"We Found Love\" on October 27, 2011, during a performance at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[130][131][132][133] Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called the performance \"flawless\", writing \"Lead singer Chris Martin's haunting vocals and the band's acoustic rendition, using drums, piano and guitar, play up the sadness of the track.\"[130] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine also noted that the band used \"piano flourishes, a kick drum and a simple guitar lick to convey the song's romantic declaration\", while making a ballad which was \"reminiscent of Bruno Mars's emotional reworking of Katy Perry's 'California Gurls'\".[131] Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote: \"It may surprise that their rendition is actually pretty good. Whereas Rihanna's version is a thumping rave anthem, Chris Martin and company transform it into a lovely piano ballad nearly indistinguishable from many of their own songs.\"[133] A writer for The Hollywood Reporter said: \"Martin's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story.\"[132] On February 17, 2012, British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1's Live Lounge.[134]", "Lindsey Stirling Stirling has experimented in combining violin playing with hip hop and dubstep.[31] Stirling's collaborations with other musicians and singers have included Shaun Barrowes (\"Don't Carry It All\" – The Decemberists), Jake Bruene and Frank Sacramone (\"Party Rock Anthem\" – LMFAO), Tay Zonday (\"Mama Economy\"), Peter Hollens (\"Skyrim\", \"A Thousand Years\", \"Game of Thrones\" and \"Star Wars\"), Lzzy Hale (\"Shatter Me\"), Alisha Popat (\"We Found Love\"), John Allred (\"Tomb\"), Amiee Proal (\"A Thousand Years\"), Megan Nicole (\"Starships\"), The Piano Guys (\"Mission Impossible\"), Debi Johanson (\"River Flows in You\", \"Phantom of the Opera\"), Sam Tsui (\"Heads Up\"), Tyler Ward (\"I Knew You Were Trouble\", Thrift Shop\"), Kurt Hugo Schneider (\"Pokemón Dubstep Remix\" and \"A Thousand Years\"), John Legend (\"All of Me\"), Chester See (\"I Knew You Were Trouble\"), and Pentatonix (\"Radioactive\", \"Papaoutai\").[32] She has also collaborated with the Salt Lake Pops orchestra and Alex Boye.[33] Stirling's eponymous debut album was released on September 18, 2012 in conjunction with a North American tour that same month.", "My Immortal \"My Immortal\" is a song by American rock band Evanescence from their debut studio album, Fallen (2003). It was released by Wind-up Records on December 8, 2003, as the third single from the album. The song was written by guitarist Ben Moody, lead singer Amy Lee and keyboardist David Hodges, and it was produced by Moody and Dave Fortman. Various versions of \"My Immortal\" were recorded; one of them was included on the demo album Origin (2000) and another on the EP release Mystary (2003). The version originally appearing on Origin was later included on Fallen, featuring piano with backing strings. The version of the song released as a single was dubbed the \"band version\" because of the complete band's performance of the bridge and final chorus of the song.", "Olivia Olson Olivia Rose Olson (born May 21, 1992) is an American actress and singer-songwriter, mostly known for her voice roles as Vanessa Doofenshmirtz in Phineas and Ferb and Marceline the Vampire Queen in Adventure Time. She also played the character of Joanna in the 2003 film Love Actually and its 2017 short sequel Red Nose Day Actually.", "Jar of Hearts \"Jar of Hearts\" is the debut single by American singer Christina Perri. The song was released onto iTunes July 27, 2010, a week after its debut on So You Think You Can Dance. The song was included on Perri's debut EP, The Ocean Way Sessions, and appeared on Perri's debut studio album, Lovestrong (2011). The song was co-written by Perri, Drew Lawrence, and Barrett Yeretsian. Perri drew inspiration for the song from a real-life experience with a love interest who wanted to rekindle a broken relationship. After its debut, the song was released onto iTunes where it later rose to the Top 20 spot in one week.", "You Raise Me Up \"You Raise Me Up\" is a song originally composed by Irish-Norwegian duo Secret Garden. The music was written by Secret Garden's Rolf Løvland and the lyrics by Brendan Graham. After the song was performed early in 2002 by the Secret Garden and their invited lead singer, Brian Kennedy, the song only became a minor UK hit. The song has been recorded by more than a hundred other artists including Josh Groban, who popularized the song in 2003; his rendition became a hit in the United States. The Irish band Westlife then popularized the song in the UK two years later.[1]", "Bring Me to Life The band won in the category for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards where the song was also nominated for Best Rock Song. The accompanying music video was directed by Philipp Stölzl; it shows Lee singing and climbing on a skyscraper while having nightmares in her bedroom. \"Bring Me to Life\" was part of the set list during the Fallen and The Open Door Tour. Many artists recorded cover versions of the song, including the classical singer Katherine Jenkins and American pianist, John Tesh. The song was also used on several television shows.", "How Long Will I Love You? \"How Long Will I Love You?\" is a song by folk-rock band The Waterboys from their fifth studio album, Room to Roam (1990). Written by Mike Scott, it was released as the album's lead single. The song was subsequently covered by English singer Ellie Goulding and released as the second single from her album Halcyon Days (2013). Goulding's version is included on the soundtrack to the 2013 film About Time, which also features a different cover by Jon Boden, Sam Sweeney and Ben Coleman.[1]", "Your Song English singer and songwriter Ellie Goulding covered \"Your Song\" for the reissue of her debut studio album, titled Bright Lights. Produced by Ben Lovett of Mumford & Sons, it was released digitally on 12 November 2010 as the re-release's lead single.[46] The song was featured in the Christmas 2010 television advert for department store chain John Lewis.[47]", "Falling Slowly Josh Groban covered it on his 2013 album All That Echoes.[15]", "I'll Never Find Another You In 2010, the song was performed at a benefit for the homeless youth organization Teen Feed by Death Cab for Cutie frontman Ben Gibbard and his wife, singer/actress Zooey Deschanel.[5]", "Falling Slowly It is covered it on Celtic Thunder's Voyage album in 2012.[14]", "Human (Christina Perri song) \"Human\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri for her second studio album, Head or Heart (2014). The song was written by Perri and Martin Johnson, who also produced the song. It was released on November 18, 2013 as the lead single for the album.[1] Released to generally positive reviews, \"Human\" has since become a Top 10 Adult Pop hit in the United States, as well as her third top 40 entry on the Billboard Hot 100. It was certified Platinum by RIAA in June 2014.[2]", "Iron & Wine Beam's music has appeared in television series such as Grey's Anatomy, The L Word and House M.D. \"Flightless Bird, American Mouth\" was used in the film Twilight. The song was specifically chosen for the film's prom scene by Kristen Stewart, the female lead, and appears on the film's soundtrack.", "Yellow (Coldplay song) The song has also been covered in live performances by various artists. Sara Bareilles gave a rendition of her \"all-time favorite song\" at the iHeartRadio event in January 2011.[38] The progressive bluegrass trio Nickel Creek has played \"Yellow\" in the middle of \"The Lighthouse's Tale\" at their concerts. Boyce Avenue an acoustic rock band from Florida covered \"Yellow\" in their album entitled \"Influential Sessions\". Galway-based musicians Joe Joyce and Oisin Tierney have been known to cover \"Yellow\" as part of their performances, and American band The Almost has often covered \"Yellow\" at their live shows. American alternative rock band Brand New often covers part of the song live at the end of their song \"The Boy Who Blocked His Own Shot\". The X Factor 2008 contestant Diana Vickers covered the song for 'Best of British week'.[39] During their 2010 tour, Limp Bizkit have also covered the song regularly live.[citation needed] U2 performed a snippet of \"Yellow\" during the introduction to their song \"Moment of Surrender\" live at Glastonbury Festival 2011. Alex Turner of Arctic Monkeys also sung the first line of the song at Glastonbury Festival 2013. Renard Queenston made a remix of the song under their alias Furries in a Blender.[40] Country music singer Kacey Musgraves performed an acoustic cover version of the song for the 2015 Royal Variety Performance in London.[41] Australian rock band Tonight Alive performed a version of the song on Annie Mac's BBC Radio 1 show on March 20, 2018.[42]", "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) On January 26, 2017, Disney announced that Groban had recorded a cover of \"Evermore\" – still entitled \"For Evermore\", at the time – and revealed that his version would be included on the remake's soundtrack in addition to being played during the film's end credits.[104] Groban released a statement, saying: \"I am honored to sing this beautiful new song by two of my absolute favorites, Alan Menken and Tim Rice. Beauty and the Beast has been with me since my childhood and to have a musical connection to this new film makes me so happy.\"[105] The announcement coincided with the studio's release of a new promotional poster for the film,[102] which Disney allowed the singer to premiere using his official Twitter account.[106] A 30-second sample of the track was uploaded to SoundCloud on February 14, 2017,[107] which Groban also shared on Twitter.[108] Groban's version was released as the second single from Beauty and the Beast's soundtrack on March 3, 2017,[63] several days before the album, on which Stevens' original rendition appears, was released.[109][110] Groban promoted the song with a performance on Good Morning America on March 14, 2017.[111][112] The occasion marked both the song's first televised performance,[13] as well as the first time an original song from the remake was performed live on television.[14]", "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \"Evermore\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film Beauty and the Beast (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for the film by English actor Dan Stevens, who performs the song in his starring role as the titular Beast, \"Evermore\" was first released as a single by American singer Josh Groban on March 3, 2017. Stevens' version was made available on March 10, 2017 when the film's soundtrack was released online, while Groban's single is played in closing credits.", "Let Her Go British singer Birdy recorded a cover version called \"Let Him Go\" in 2013 on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[9] It was also covered by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation on the album Hydra (iTunes version) in 2014 and The Q-Music Sessions, as well as by Jasmine Thompson on the album Bundle of Tantrums.", "I See the Light In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \"I See the Light\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades. The song was nominated for the Academy and Golden Globe awards for Best Original Song in 2011, losing both, the former to \"We Belong Together\" from Toy Story 3 (2010) and the latter to \"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me\" from Burlesque (2010). Subsequently, \"I See the Light\" won both the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Song and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. Since its release, the song has been recorded and covered by various musical artists, including musical theatre performers David Harris and Lucy Durack, and classical singer Jackie Evancho.", "Emilíana Torrini Emilíana Torrini Davíðsdóttir (born 16 May 1977), better known as Emilíana Torrini, is an Icelandic singer and songwriter. She is best known for her 1999 album Love in the Time of Science, her performance of \"Gollum's Song\" for the 2002 film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and her 2009 single \"Jungle Drum\".", "Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song) Since its release, \"Beautiful\" has been covered by many performers. In 2003, indie rock band Clem Snide released the song as part of their A Beautiful EP recording.[60] Kidz Bop covered the original version for Kidz Bop 4 in 2003, and later recorded a dance edit three years later for Kidz Bop 6.[61][62] Kenny G and Chaka Khan performed the song for the former's 2003 project At Last...The Duets Album.[63] In 2004, it appears on the French girl band L5's live album Le Live, recorded during their concert tour in 2003.[64] In 2012 David Archuleta included his rendition on his fifth studio album Begin.[65] Other performers that have recorded their own versions of the song are G4 in 2005,[66] Girl Authority in 2006,[67] The Lemonheads in 2009,[68] Zebrahead in 2009,[69] The Rebeatles Project in 2010,[70] Insane Clown Posse in 2012,[71] Me First and the Gimme Gimmes in 2014,[72] and Jordan Smith in 2016.[73] Many performers have also played \"Beautiful\" live on shows and concerts. British rock band The Zutons performed the song on their BBC Radio 1 Live Launch show, on May 28, 2008;[74] this version of the song was later released as part of the compilation album Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 3. In 2011, child singer Savannah Robinson performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show,[75] and in 2012 American singer Kelly Clarkson sang \"Beautiful\" during her Stronger Tour, by audience request.[76] Other notable performers that have covered the song are Gloria Gaynor,[77] Jason Mraz,[78] Brett Anderson,[79] and The All-American Rejects.[68]", "Florence and the Machine \"Cosmic Love\" was released on 5 July 2010 as the sixth and final single from Lungs, with a music video having already been shot.[43] The song was featured in several American television shows, including Grey's Anatomy,[44] The Vampire Diaries,[45] V,[46] Nikita[47] and So You Think You Can Dance.[48] The band also made a guest appearance in the 7 February 2011 episode of Gossip Girl, titled \"Panic Roommate\", where they performed an acoustic rendition of \"Cosmic Love\".[49] On 12 May 2010, it was announced that Florence and the Machine would provide a track called \"Heavy in Your Arms\" for the soundtrack to The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, the third film of The Twilight Saga.[50] Eclipse was released in cinemas on 30 June 2010, with \"Heavy in Your Arms\" playing during the end credits. The music video followed on 7 July 2010. An exclusive remix of \"I'm Not Calling You a Liar\" is featured in the 2011 video game Dragon Age II as \"I'm Not Calling You a Liar (Dragon Age II: Varric's Theme)\", produced by the game's composer Inon Zur.[51]", "Falling Slowly It has been covered by synthpop group Joy Electric on their 2009 covers album, Favorites at Play.[11]", "Halo (Beyoncé song) In 2009, \"Halo\" was covered by Florence and the Machine on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[122] Elementary school group PS22 chorus covered \"Halo\" and \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" during the 2009 Billboard Women in Music luncheon held at The Pierre in New York City.[123] At the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards, American singer Katy Perry performed a mash-up of \"Halo\" and the other Best Song nominees.[124][125] American singer Mike Posner also covered the ballad with different lyrics, and placed it on his 2009 album A Matter of Time.[126][127] According to an MTV writer, Posner's rendition was \"a refreshing take on the original\".[127] David Sides also made a piano cover of the song and released it on his album The Collection, Vol. 3.[128] \"Halo\" is featured on the British compilation album Now! 73.[129] The song was blended with \"How to Break a Heart\" by the Irish boy band Westlife, on their 2010 Where We Are Tour.[130] On February 5, 2012, the team on the Australian talent show, Young Talent Time, sang \"Halo\" as the closing song of that night.[131] On April 17, 2013, Angie Miller, a contestant on the 12th season of American Idol covered the song during an episode of the show.[132] Melissa Locker of Rolling Stone magazine commented that she was \"at her best\" and \"managed to tap into that power sans piano\".[132]", "Beneath Your Beautiful Digital download (as an album track)[11]", "Say Something (A Great Big World song) \"Say Something\" is a song by American indie pop duo A Great Big World from their debut album, Is There Anybody Out There? (2013). Written by the duo members—Ian Axel and Chad King—alongside Mike Campbell, the song was originally recorded by Axel for his solo album This Is the New Year (2011). It was later released as a single by the duo on September 3, 2013, by Epic Records. Following its usage on American reality TV show So You Think You Can Dance, the track gained attention from singer Christina Aguilera, who wanted to collaborate with A Great Big World on the song. Soon afterwards, a re-recorded version of \"Say Something\" with Aguilera was released on November 4, 2013.", "Say Something (A Great Big World song) \"Say Something\" was originally released on February 8, 2011 on band member Ian Axel's solo album This Is the New Year with the song featuring harmonies by guest vocalist Jenny Owen Youngs, but the track went largely unnoticed until it received attention after being used on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance on season 10's semi final episode contemporary dance routine by the eventual champion Amy Yakima. This sparked a chain reaction that eventually made its way to Christina Aguilera.[1] \"'Say Something' was danced to on So You Think You Can Dance almost two months ago, and so many people responded to it,\" Axel tells Billboard. \"In that whole process, someone on our team played it for someone on Christina's team, and we got a call that Christina wanted to record it, and then, literally a week later, we were in L.A. recording it with her.\"[1] The pair considers Aguilera as having \"one of the top voices in the world,\" says Chad King, and re-recorded \"Say Something\" with her in two hours. \"We look at Christina as this icon who can say anything and make it sound amazing,\" says King.[1]", "I Knew You Were Trouble In October 2012, Megan & Liz covered the song.[63] Walk Off the Earth recorded an a capella version of the song.[64] Their version has received over 30 million views as of November 2016. Sammy Adams released a remix to the song in November 2012.[65] Tom Odell covered the song for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[66] Ariel Winter also recorded a version of the song.[67] Ed Sheeran also made an acoustic rendition of the song.[68] Jessie J covered the song for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[69] The song has also been covered by rock band The Animal In Me, metal band Past Inhale and metalcore band We Came as Romans, with the latter for Punk Goes Pop 6. The Veronicas covered the song and meshed it with Mad Love when they did their acoustic tour of America.[70]", "Skinny Love There are three music videos for this single. The first music video for the song was uploaded to YouTube on 1 April 2011.[16] It features Birdy playing the piano of walking in a dark house. The second music video was shot in one take and framed on Birdy's face. The camera changes focus as she sings. It was uploaded on 14 October 2011.[17] The third music video was uploaded on 15 January 2014.[18]", "How He Loves \"How He Loves\" is a song by independent artist John Mark McMillan for his second studio album, The Song Inside the Sounds of Breaking Down. The song was successful despite the album's independent release, and has been covered by several well-known artists within the Christian music industry (David Crowder Band, Kim Walker, Todd Agnew, New Breed, Flyleaf, The Glorious Unseen) and Anthony Evans from the popular singing TV Show: The Voice. It has also been covered in Spanish by Christine D'Clario and Seth Condrey.", "I See Fire Irish musical ensemble Celtic Woman performed a cover of the song on their album Destiny, sung by debuting member Mairead Carlin.", "How Long Will I Love You? \"How Long Will I Love You\" was covered by English singer-songwriter Ellie Goulding for Halcyon Days (2013), the reissue of her second studio album, Halcyon (2012). Released on 10 November 2013 as the second single from the reissue, it also served as the official song for the BBC's 2013 Children in Need appeal.[3][4] It is also on the soundtrack to the 2013 Richard Curtis film About Time, although her version is not featured in the film itself.[5] Goulding performed \"How Long Will I Love You\" live in the BBC Children in Need appeal show on BBC One on 15 November 2013.[3]", "One Day I'll Fly Away Dutch symphonic metal band After Forever covered the song and released it on Exordium (2003).[18] Gospel singer Ruben Studdard released a cover as a Wal-Mart-exclusive bonus track on his fourth album, Love Is (2009).[19] The song is performed as an instrumental by Keith Jarrett and Charlie Haden on their 2010 album Jasmine.[20] The opening bars of \"One Day I'll Fly Away\" have also appeared on the 2010 Leaving Certificate Music Listening exam in Ireland, as an unprepared Aural Awareness excerpt on Q6.[21] Italian singer Bianca Atzei covered the songs and released it as a single on December 9, 2013.[22] British soprano Sarah Brightman also covered an operatic version of the song, but it was not included in either CD or digital download until 2015, when her version was included in the first of the 3 volumes of the digital download Rarities (hence her \"Test version\"). British Electronica trio Vaults covered the song to be the soundtrack featured in the John Lewis 2016 Christmas advertisement.", "Human (Christina Perri song) Like previous singles \"Jar of Hearts\" and \"Arms\", \"Human\" is largely built around a piano melody and showcases her voice.[6] It is a pop power ballad written in key Ab major, and features a strong build-up towards the chorus.[7][8] The song features a string arrangement by notable arranger David Campbell. Critics have compared Perri's honest, heart-on-her-sleeve songwriting to that of Taylor Swift.[6] Lyrically, \"Human\" uses relatable yet specific details to describe the vulnerability of being human. The verses find Perri musing the things she would do for love, yet as she sings in the chorus, \"I'm only human / And I bleed when I fall down.\"", "Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song) The song was first covered by Welsh alternative metal band Lostprophets, recorded in a BBC Radio One session. It appears as a b-side of the single Last Train Home, released in 2004.[94] American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift performed a cover of \"Cry Me a River\" in Memphis, Tennessee, during the Speak Now World Tour (2011â€“12).[95] Justin Bieber recorded a cover of the song together with Kanye West's 2007 single \"Stronger\", which he posted on his YouTube account.[96] Canadian rock band The Cliks also covered the song for their 2007 album Snakehouse.[97] British singer Leona Lewis covered \"Cry Me a River\" during her debut concert tour The Labyrinth (2010). The Sheffield Star described the version as a \"beautifully, sitting quietly, almost a capella\".[98] American indie pop duo Jack and White covered the song on their 2012 extended play Undercover.[99] Recording artist Kelly Clarkson covered the song on September 1, 2012, as a fan request during her 2012 Summer Tour with The Fray.[100] In January 2013, American singer Selena Gomez performed an acoustic version of \"Cry Me a River\" at the UNICEF charity concert in New York City.[101] In February 2015, Scottish synthpop band Chvrches performed a cover of \"Cry Me a River\" on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[102] The New Jersey alternative metal band 40 Below Summer performed a cover of the song in their 2015 album Transmission Infrared.", "Juliet Simms CeeLo Green)", "It Will Rain Alexandra Patsavas, music supervisor for the Twilight films, explained the choice of Mars was due to the wedding, in which Part 1 is centered, \"who more appropriate than Bruno Mars to write a timeless, classic wedding song?\"[3] The Breaking Dawn – Part 1 soundtrack was released on November 8, 2011.[1] \"It Will Rain\" is the third song featured in the end credits of, the franchise's fourth movie, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1.[3][4]", "Skylar Grey Through her connections from Machine Shop Records, Grey became closely affiliated with Linkin Park affiliates Styles of Beyond and Apathy. She was even featured on two tracks titled \"Victim\" and \"No Sad Tomorrow\", from Apathy's second studio album, Wanna Snuggle? (2009). Grey toured as part of Duncan Sheik's band and contributed substantially to his 2009 album, Whisper House. In 2009, Grey appeared as a backing vocalist on Eurovision contestant Yohanna's debut album, Butterflies and Elvis. In August 2009, still under the name Holly Brook, she lent both her song \"It's Raining Again\" and her image to a promotional campaign for Ciao Water.[6][7] In early 2010, she performed in the theatrical version of \"Whisper House,\" playing one of the two lead ghost vocalists, along with David Poe.[8] On June 10, 2010, she self-released the seven-song extended play (EP), Oâ€™Dark:Thirty. Production of the EP was handled by Duncan Sheik and Jon Ingoldsby.[9]", "Song Beneath the Song Rhimes, executive producer Betsy Beers and director Tony Phelan selected songs that had become well-known by their use in Grey's Anatomy, and chose \"the most iconic ones, the ones that best suited [their] singers, and the ones that made the most sense.\"[2][7] The multiple cover versions include the program's theme tune, \"Cosy in the Rocket\" by Psapp.[4] The primary vocalists are cast members Ramirez, McKidd, Leigh and Chandra Wilson.[8] The soundtrack also includes \"How to Save a Life\" by The Fray and \"Running on Sunshine\" by Jesus Jackson, performed as ensemble pieces by Ramirez, McKidd, Wilson, Leigh, Daniel Sunjata, Scott Foley, Ellen Pompeo, Justin Chambers, Raver, Dane, and Capshaw.[7][9] Ramirez, McKidd and Wilson also perform together on Snow Patrol's \"Chasing Cars.\"[4] Ramirez is the lead vocalist on \"The Story\" by Brandi Carlile,[7] and \"Grace\" by Kate Havnevik, which also features the other female cast members, including Leigh and Sarah Drew on the chorus.[4][9] Capshaw duets with Ramirez on KT Tunstall's \"Universe & U.\"[7] Wilson is the lead vocalist on \"Wait\" by Get Set Go, McKidd on \"How We Operate\" by Gomez, and Leigh on Anna Nalick's \"Breathe (2 AM).\"[7][9]", "Bring Me to Life Welsh classical singer Katherine Jenkins recorded a cover version of \"Bring Me to Life\" on her 2009 album Believe.[79] Jenkins said: \"I'd mentioned that I wanted to try Evanescence's Bring Me to Life and David [Foster] said 'you can't sing that'. I came out there questioning my vocal abilities. I'm just not used to being told that. I went home that night and I just thought to myself 'you have to pull yourself together, he's worked with so many incredible artists you have to step up the plate.' I did talk myself round and I went in there the next day on a mission. It's good to be pushed sometimes â€“ and I proved him wrong!\"[80] Jenkins decided to change the guitar-led and percussive original version and instead, \"make it more orchestral with the percussion coming from the strings.\"[81] Alfred Hickling of The Guardian gave a mixed review of Jenkins' cover, calling it \"histrionic.\"[82] However, a writer of BBC Online chose her version of the song as a highlight on the album.[81] On October 23, 2009, the song was available for digital download as the second single from Believe.[83] On November 23, 2011, Jenkins sang the song live at the Leicester Square station in London.[84]", "Reflection (song) The group Mannheim Steamroller covered the song on their 1999 album, Mannheim Steamroller Meets the Mouse. Michael Crawford covered this song in The Disney Album. His rendition replaces the word \"girl\" with \"man\" in order to avoid gender confusion. Singer and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks performed the song on the Dedication Week of the sixth season of the show, with the performance she moved forward to the next round.[24] Jackie Evancho also covered the song on her fourth studio album, Songs from the Silver Screen.[25] In La Voz... Argentina (the Argentinian version of The Voice), the Spanish version of the song was covered by Sofia Rangone.[26]", "Hide and Seek (Imogen Heap song) Canadian guitarist Antoine Dufour recorded a solo guitar version of the song. It is featured on his album \"Convergences\". British alternative rock band Fightstar covered the song as a B-Side to their single, \"The English Way\". This is performed mainly by lead singer Charlie Simpson on vocals and piano, and second vocalist Alex Westaway performing backing vocals. The Christian crunkcore band And Then There Were None has also covered the song. Additionally, English rock/folk artists The Dunwells recorded a guitar-only version of the song with three-part harmony featuring vocalists Joseph Dunwell, his brother David Dunwell, and the band's drummer, Jonny Lamb singing counterpoint.[4] It is featured on the band's 2012 EP Leaving of the Rose. British band Amber Run also recorded a cover of the song in 2012.[5]", "Somebody That I Used to Know \"Somebody That I Used To Know\" has been covered by several artists including a cappella group Pentatonix who created a viral YouTube video in February 2012 and released the track on their EP, \"PTX Volume 1\" on 26 June 2012[67] In addition Ingrid Michaelson, The Fergies, and Sam Tsui have covered the song.[68] In February 2012, Rita Ora covered the song at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[69] A cover by Right the Stars featuring Karmina, which was also uploaded to YouTube, was recommended by Miley Cyrus.[70] Dutch DJ Tiësto remixed the song for his album Club Life: Volume Two Miami.[71] Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone covered the song on the eleventh season of American Idol on 11 April 2012.[32]", "Crazy Love (Van Morrison song) \"Crazy Love\" has been performed by many artists. Versions by Brian Kennedy, Aaron Neville and Robbie Robertson were featured in movies. Helen Reddy scored her first Adult Contemporary Billboard Top 10 hit with her cover version.[8][9] Other artists who have recorded the song are Brian McKnight,[9] Paul Carrack,[9] Rita Coolidge,[9] Bryan Ferry,[9] Rod Stewart,[10] Jason Manns with Jensen Ackles, and Cassandra Wilson on Van Morrison's 1994 tribute album, No Prima Donna: The Songs of Van Morrison. Helena Vondráčková recorded the Czech rendering \"To se ti pouze zda\" in 1972. Kirka recorded the Finnish rendering \"Rakkauden sain\" for his 1977 album Kaksi Poulta. Croatian singer Josipa Lisac released a Croatian version of the song on her 1979 album, Made in USA, titled \"Život s njim\" (Croatian for \"Life with him\") and also covered an original English version. In 1995, Emilíana Torrini recorded the song for her first and Iceland only album Crouçie d'Où Là. Michael Bublé covered the song and titled his 2009 album Crazy Love.[11] Michael Bolton covered \"Crazy Love\" on his 2009 album, One World One Love.[12] A cappella versions include Overboard's rendition on their 2008 album, Castaways. American Idol season 3 finalist Jon Peter Lewis included his version on his 2010 EP Jon Peter Lewis. Cara Dillon's live performance of \"Crazy Love\" was featured on the Jools Holland show in April 2010.[13] In 2013, contemporary Christian band The Katinas covered the song on their album Love Chapter. \nGeorga performed a version in Swedish, \"Galet med kärlek\", on his 2016 album Vid Grinden.[14]", "Twenty One Pilots Now going by \"Twenty One Pilots\",[4][5] the group released their debut, self-titled album, Twenty One Pilots, on December 29, 2009, and began touring the rest of Ohio. Their initial marketing was very grassroots; Joseph's mother would stand outside of Ohio State University giving away tickets to his shows.[10] During this time, the band participated in \"Battle of the Band\" contests at The Alrosa Villa and The Basement, important Columbus music venues.[11][12] In 2010, the band posted two officially unreleased tracks to their SoundCloud account.[13] These included a cover of \"Jar of Hearts\" by Christina Perri and a remixed interpretation of \"Con te partirò (Time to Say Goodbye)\" by Andrea Bocelli and Sarah Brightman; the latter would become the first song local drummer Josh Dun heard from the group.[14][14]", "The Twilight Saga (film series) The score for The Twilight Saga: Eclipse was composed by Howard Shore, who composed the scores for The Lord of the Rings trilogy.[88] The film's soundtrack was released on June 8, 2010 by Atlantic Records in conjunction with music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas' Chop Shop label.[89] The lead single from the soundtrack is \"Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)\", performed by the British band Muse.[90] The soundtrack debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart with estimated sales of 144,000 copies.", "Bring Me to Life \"Bring Me to Life\" is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their debut studio album Fallen (2003). Wind-up released it as the lead single from the album on April 22, 2003. The track was written by group members Amy Lee, Ben Moody, and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman. It also features uncredited guest vocals from Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones. \"Bring Me to Life\" is a nu metal, gothic metal and rap rock song. According to Lee, \"Bring Me to Life\" has several meanings and inspirations; its subjects are an incident in a restaurant, open-mindedness, and waking up to the things which are missing in the protagonist's life. Lee later revealed that the song was inspired by her long-time friend and husband Josh Hartzler.", "I Knew I Loved You It was the last song by an Australian artist to reach the top of the Billboard Hot 100 for over twelve years, until Gotye peaked at number one with his single \"Somebody That I Used to Know\" (featuring Kimbra) in 2012. The music video featured then teen actress Kirsten Dunst as Darren Hayes' love interest, and received a heavy rotation on MTV.", "A Thousand Miles \"A Thousand Miles\" is a piano-driven pop song supported by a string orchestral arrangement. Carlton says that the song is about 'lost love', but has not said exactly whom the song may be about.[2] She has also called the song \"a combination of reality and fantasy. It's about a love that so consumes you that you do anything for it. That's how I felt at that time.\"[3]", "There's a Place for Us (song) \"There's a Place for Us\" is a song written by David Hodges, Hillary Lindsey, and co-written and recorded by American country artist Carrie Underwood, and is featured on the soundtrack for the 2010 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The song was featured during the end credits of the film. The song was also performed by other artists for country-specific releases outside the United States. The song received a nomination for \"Best Original Song\" at the 68th Golden Globe Awards.", "Falling Slowly The song was covered by husband and wife duo, actors Nathan West (who performs under the name East of Eli) and Chyler Leigh, who released the song, under the name \"Westleigh\", to their production studio, Modern Machine's Soundcloud.[20] [21] [22]", "Just Like Heaven (song) Katie Melua recorded a cover for the 2005 film Just Like Heaven, which also appeared on her 2005 album Piece by Piece. In the UK the cover was released as a double A-side single with \"I Cried for You\" in late 2005, and in the U.S. it became a minor adult contemporary radio hit in 2006.[18] In 2007, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their video game Alvin and the Chipmunks, which also appeared in the 2011 video game Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked.[19]", "A Twist in My Story The first single from the album \"Fall for You\", was certified 2x Platinum by RIAA.[3] This was released in Japan on Avex Group on October 21, 2009.[4]", "A Thousand Miles The song is Carlton's most successful single, and her only top twenty hit in the U.S.; her next highest peaking single, \"Ordinary Day\", went no higher than the top thirty. Carlton told VH1 in 2004, \"I just sit down and write my songs ... It just kind of happened and it will never happen again like that.\"[25] A writer for the Boston Phoenix said that with the song, Carlton \"won favor with smart but awkward teenage girls who didn't see themselves in more evidently constructed teen-pop personalities like Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera\",[26] and Slant magazine said it \"helped pave the way for an industry beginning to take a turn away from bubblegum pop\".[27] The opening piano melody to the song was used in U.S. jewellery retailer Zales' holiday ad campaign in late 2006 and 2007.[28]", "Chasing Cars \"Chasing Cars\" is a song by Northern Irish-Scottish alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released as the second single from their fourth studio album, Eyes Open (2006). It was recorded in 2005 and released on 6 June 2006 in the United States and 24 July 2006 in the United Kingdom.[1] The song gained significant popularity in the US after being featured in the second season finale of the popular medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which aired on 15 May 2006.[2]", "All I Ask of You 7\" single[1]", "Love the Way You Lie Various musical acts have performed cover versions of \"Love the Way You Lie\". Eric Stanley, an American violinist, remixed the song on the violin.[134] The country music group The Band Perry sang the song at the June 2010 CMT Music Awards.[135] Two months later, Taylor Momsen—the lead singer of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless—performed a cover version for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge as part of a mashup with the song \"Islands\" by the English pop band The xx.[136] Assisted by a guitarist from her band, she began with a section of \"Islands\" and transitioned into the chorus of \"Love the Way You Lie\".[136] Cher Lloyd, a British singer, performed the song in the final five of The X Factor UK's seventh season.[137][138] A writer from The Sun called the performance \"stripped-back\" and \"without any of her usual stage gimmicks.\"[139] Mernie Gilmore of the Daily Express commented that the song is \"a duet for a reason\" as Lloyd performed both Eminem's and Rihanna's parts.[137] In 2010, the Russian guitarist Alex Feather Akimov, released \"Love The Way You Lie (Heavy Remix)\", a recording that was recognized by Billboard.biz (Web Trends).[140] The American post-hardcore band A Skylit Drive recorded a cover of the single for Punk Goes Pop 4, the 2011 release of the Punk Goes... series.[141]", "Zooey Deschanel Deschanel sings \"The Greatest Most Beautiful Love Song in All the Land\" with James Franco in the comedy Your Highness (2011). She also appears with M. Ward in a number of songs on the soundtrack album for Disney's animated version of Winnie the Pooh (2011), earning a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media nomination for \"So Long\".[76] Deschanel wrote and performed the theme song to New Girl.[77] Also, in season three's episode \"Prince\", the song \"Fallinlove2nite\" is sung by Deschanel and Prince.[78] In Rock the Kasbah (2015), she sang a cover of Meredith Brooks' \"Bitch\", which is featured in the soundtrack for the film.[79][80]", "The Man with the Child in His Eyes Scottish duo Hue and Cry released the song in their Violently EP in 1989. Dark Orange added \"The Man with the Child in His Eyes\" as a B-side to their \"Sounds of Silence\" single in 1992. It was also recorded by Natalie Cole for her 2006 album Leavin'. Australian singer and songwriter Tina Arena recorded the song in 2007 for her album Songs of Love & Loss. Lara Fabian covered this song on an acoustic album Every Woman In Me (2009) where she covers English-speaking women that inspired her during her musical career in many ways.[14] Norwegian singer Liv Kristine (former vocalist for the band Theatre of Tragedy and current vocalist for the band Leaves' Eyes) recorded the song in 2012 for her solo album Libertine. Charlotte Church recorded a cover of the song in 2005.[15] Marina Prior covered the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now.", "It Will Rain \"It Will Rain\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars. It was released exclusively on iTunes on September 27, 2011 by Atlantic Records as the lead single from the soundtrack of the film, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1. Mars composed the song with his production team The Smeezingtons, and it was partially written during The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour in the United States, being finished after the singer watched an early version of the movie which inspired him. The soundtrack for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 was a much expected release and Mars' song was chosen as the lead single by the album's executive producer, Alexandra Patsavas, to promote it. Musically, \"It Will Rain\" is a pop and pop-soul ballad. Its lyrics tell the agony and torment of a heartbreak and its various stages.", "Love Story (Taylor Swift song) American pop punk band Forever the Sickest Kids covered \"Love Story\" for the 2009 deluxe edition of their debut studio album Underdog Alma Mater (2008).[102] English singer Joe McElderry, winner of the sixth series of the United Kingdom talent competition The X Factor, performed a live cover of \"Love Story\" on The X Factor Tour in 2010[103]. \"Love Story\" was featured in the romantic comedy Letters to Juliet (2010), as well as its official trailer[104] and in the pilot of the television series Hart of Dixie (2011).[105] The song was covered by post-hardcore band Sky Tells All featuring Chris Motionless.", "Alex & Sierra For '80s Night, the couple took on the Robert Palmer classic \"Addicted to Love\".[12] The performance earned them negative reviews; Kelly wanted them together more, Paulina called them \"Bohemian\" and \"vintage\", Demi felt that Sierra looked uncomfortable in her shoes and wanted the performance more organic, and their mentor Simon expressed disappointment over how the performance went by saying that they lost the melody in the beginning and \"it wasn't as good as it should have been.\"[12] For British Invasion night, Alex & Sierra took on the One Direction hit \"Best Song Ever\". Demi Lovato called it their best performance and said she planned to download the song on iTunes.[13] However, Sierra's vocals were criticized for not being as strong as Alex's. Their version charted on the top 40 of the US iTunes, the first act to do so that season.[13] For Big Band night, Alex & Sierra performed Taylor Swift's hit \"I Knew You Were Trouble\".[14] Demi said that she didn't like the arrangement at first, but Alex & Sierra made her like it by the end. Simon said that their arrangement was clever and cool and not obvious, and also praised Sierra: \"You just shut up the witches of Eastwick here because that was a great, great vocal performance.\" They later faced off against the others in a group performance 'Cry Me A River', in which they received praise from Kelly, who said they \"soared\".[14] For Divas/Unplugged night, the couple sang two songs. Their \"Diva\" song was \"Say My Name\" by Destiny's Child. The song earned them praise from Kelly, who said she adored the new sassy side of Sierra.[15] Their \"Unplugged\" song, \"Say Something\" by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera (thought by many as their best X Factor performance) earned them praise by the judges; Kelly said she felt like she was watching an awards show, Demi felt that the performance was \"magical\", Paulina was impressed with Sierra's talent with the piano, and Simon stated that this was not only their best performance of the night but of the season.[15] Their version of the song hit number one on the US iTunes charts, which was the first time that a song from the US X Factor reached the top position.[16]", "To Where You Are Chloë Agnew from Celtic Woman also recorded this song for her album Walking In The Air, alongside Irish composer David Downes.", "Falling Slowly English boy band Collabro covered the song on the special edition of their Stars album on 15 August 2014.[18]", "If You Asked Me To In 1998, American Balladeer Crooner Johnny Mathis covered his version from his album Because You Loved Me. In 2006, Filipino band MYMP covered this song for their live album MYMP Live at the Music Museum and released it as single. In 2012, Filipino singers Erik Santos and Angeline Quinto recorded their version of the song for the film Unofficially Yours.[27]", "Jonathan and Charlotte Their second album was released on 14 October 2013.[2] Jaconelli described the album as \"an album of covers, some classical songs but also pieces that are less predictable than our first album. There are our interpretations of more modern songs like \"You Got The Love\" by Florence and the Machine and \"Falling Slowly\" from the musical Once.\" She also stated that they recorded some solo songs.[11]", "Linda Perry \"Am I Still the One?\" performed by Daniel Powter with Linda Perry", "Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song) International group Il Divo released a Spanish-language adaptation with different lyrics on their album The Promise (2008), which topped the charts in the UK. The song was performed by recording artist Damien Rice at the 2008 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions when Cohen was inducted. That same year Welsh mezzo-soprano Katherine Jenkins recorded a classical-crossover version for her album Sacred Arias.[134] Kate Voegele performed it in character as Mia Catalano in the U.S. teen drama One Tree Hill. Also appearing on an album, her version made the Hot 100 Billboard charts and reached number 53 in the UK shortly after airing of the episode there.[136] Also in 2008, the Welsh band Brigyn released a version in Welsh.[137]", "If I Die Young \"If I Die Young\" is a song written by Kimberly Perry, and recorded by American country music group The Band Perry. It was released on June 8, 2010 as the second single from the group's self-titled debut album, which was released on October 12, 2010." ]	[ "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song) \"A Thousand Years\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri and David Hodges. It is taken from the album The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The song serves as the second single from the album. The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011 worldwide.[1] Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack titled A Thousand Years, Pt. 2." ]
test857	what is the next movie after percy jackson and the sea of monsters	[ "doc30706" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc73890", "doc30686", "doc80484", "doc30694", "doc780660", "doc30688", "doc866188", "doc780666", "doc866180", "doc30695", "doc1610041", "doc73870", "doc30705", "doc30687", "doc30706", "doc780665", "doc780664", "doc30697", "doc30696", "doc73862", "doc643183", "doc73891", "doc73868", "doc80467", "doc780661", "doc30701", "doc73879", "doc2514001", "doc73895", "doc80466", "doc73896", "doc2538984", "doc866178", "doc30700", "doc780662", "doc780663", "doc1610039", "doc73889", "doc30703", "doc780667", "doc80479", "doc80474", "doc30699", "doc1351810", "doc1610005", "doc30707", "doc30689", "doc331561", "doc73894", "doc73871", "doc73867", "doc866184", "doc30693", "doc73866", "doc30702", "doc1222048", "doc643187", "doc1632825", "doc80475", "doc866179", "doc73898", "doc1034578", "doc866190", "doc1034577", "doc73888", "doc866185", "doc80478", "doc80477", "doc30692", "doc238989", "doc30691", "doc1610013", "doc1610012", "doc1610035", "doc73884", "doc30698", "doc30704", "doc1610009", "doc97025", "doc30690", "doc1610014", "doc1609999", "doc241506", "doc73897", "doc1562184", "doc1034583", "doc73875", "doc866187", "doc923921", "doc331547", "doc1610040", "doc73893", "doc73861", "doc1222047", "doc643173", "doc80483", "doc1351797", "doc1034584", "doc1222043", "doc50831" ]	[ "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The second film in the series, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters,[35][36] was released on August 7, 2013.[5] Filming began in April 2012.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters) is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Thor Freudenthal. It is the second installment in the Percy Jackson film series and is loosely based on the novel The Sea of Monsters by Rick Riordan. It is a stand-alone sequel to the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief In October 2011, 20th Century Fox announced a stand-alone sequel based on the second book, The Sea of Monsters.[39][40] The film was released on August 7, 2013.[41]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Reports of a second Percy Jackson film first surfaced in March 2011.[13][14] On October 12, 2011, a sequel was officially confirmed by 20th Century Fox.[15] Filming for Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters began on April 16, 2012. The film was originally going to be released on March 15, 2013,[16] but in May 2012, the release date was postponed to August 16, 2013.[17] In April 2013, a final release date was set for August 7, 2013.[18] Filming took place in Robert Burnaby Park in Burnaby, B.C.; however from June 20 to July 22, they filmed in New Orleans for Princess Andromeda scenes,[19] including the former site of Six Flags New Orleans.[20] More filming took place in January 2013. On January 22, 2013, Logan Lerman released a statement on Twitter that read \"Last day of shooting on Percy Jackson 2\" accompanied by a photo of the shooting.[21]", "Percy Jackson (film series) Percy Jackson & the Olympians (also known as Percy Jackson) is an American feature film series loosely based on the novel series of the same name by the author Rick Riordan. The series is distributed by 20th Century Fox, produced by 1492 Pictures and currently consists of two installments. The first film, Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010), was directed by Chris Columbus, and was released on February 12, 2010. The second installment, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013), was originally intended to be released in March 2013 but was instead pushed back to August 7, 2013, and was directed by Thor Freudenthal. The series has grossed nearly $430 million at the worldwide box office.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters The film was released in North America on August 7, 2013, receiving mixed critical reviews and became commercially successful having grossed over $202 million at the box office exceeding its $90 million budget. The film was released on 3D Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 17, 2013.[4]", "The Sea of Monsters Following the box office and DVD success of the movie, Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, a film adaptation of The Sea of Monsters was first reported in early 2011.[21] In fall 2011, it was confirmed that 20th Century Fox would release the film on March 27, 2013.[22][23] Filming began in April 2012. In February 2012, Mary Birdsong, Missi Pyle and Yvette Nicole Brown were cast as the Gray Sisters.[24] In March 2012, Nathan Fillion joined the cast as Hermes and Anthony Head, replacing Pierce Brosnan, as Chiron.[25][26] In April 2012, Paloma Kwiatkowski was cast as Thalia and The Hunger Games star Leven Rambin has been cast as Clarisse La Rue.[27] It was announced on May 8, 2012 that the film had moved up to March 15, 2013. But later it was postponed for an August 16, 2013 release.[7] Fox decided on a final release date for August 7, 2013.[28] Logan Lerman returned as Percy Jackson in the movie. Jake Abel also returned to the role of Luke Castellan. On January 2012 The Secret Circle star Grey Damon was cast as Chris Rodriguez. According to Alexandra Daddario, the film would be more similar to the book than the first film.", "Percy Jackson (film series) In October 2011, 20th Century Fox announced a sequel based on the second book, The Sea of Monsters.[citation needed] The film was released on August 7, 2013. Percy Jackson, son of Greek god Poseidon, discovers he has a half-brother, Tyson, and embarks on a journey with his friends to retrieve the Golden Fleece to save a magical tree containing the spirit of Zeus's daughter Thalia who died at the gates of Camp Half-Blood while saving Annabeth, Luke and Grover. This tree protects their training ground, Camp Half-Blood. They must travel to the Sea of Monsters to save it, and find the challenges that may await them. The film grossed just over $202 million at the worldwide box office.", "The Sea of Monsters A film adaptation of the book, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released on August 7, 2013.[7]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters In February 2011, it was revealed in the online subscription magazine Production Weekly that the film was in production.[22] In another source, the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles. Chris Columbus would not be returning as director, though he would be producing the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt (producer of the Twilight movie Breaking Dawn). Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters.[23] Marc Guggenheim was hired to re-write the screenplay and Alexander and Karaszewski were uncredited. On June 16, 2011, it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the movie.[24] Shooting began in summer 2012. On October 12, 2011, it was announced that the film would be released on March 26, 2013. On April 6, it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7, 2013.[25] On May 31, 2012, it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16, 2013.[26]", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (also known as Percy Jackson & The Sea of Monsters) is a 2013 fantasy film and the sequel to the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief. It continues the adventures of Percy Jackson (Logan Lerman) and his friends, as they look for the golden fleece, in order to save Camp Half-Blood's magical borders from monsters. The film is based on the book The Sea of Monsters, and was released on August 7, 2013.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The book was adapted into a film by Thor Freudenthal and 20th Century Fox, under the title Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, and was released on August 7, 2013.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters The film was released on 3D Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 17, 2013. The film was additionally released for Digital HD download on December 3.[47][48]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters The film continues the adventures of Percy Jackson (Logan Lerman) and his friends, as they search for the Golden Fleece at the Sea of Monsters. Brandon T. Jackson, Alexandra Daddario, and Jake Abel reprise their roles from the previous film, while Nathan Fillion and Anthony Head replace Dylan Neal and Pierce Brosnan. New additions to the cast include Leven Rambin, Douglas Smith, and Stanley Tucci. The film was produced by Michael Barnathan and Karen Rosenfelt. Chris Columbus, who directed Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, serves as executive producer. The plot centers on Percy and his friends as they journey to the eponymous Sea of Monsters to retrieve the Golden Fleece in order to save the tree (barrier) that protects their home.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters On March 25, 2014, Lerman said that a sequel to Sea of Monsters would not be made.[49] However, a report of March 31, 2014 stated \"Logan Lerman has said Percy Jackson 3 could still go ahead\" and that the previous report \"was taken out of context\".[50] At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival, Lerman said that while he finds the Percy Jackson films fun to make, he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts.[51]", "Percy Jackson (film series) In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book.[2] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project.[3] Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver.[4] The film was released on February 12, 2010 and was met with mixed reviews upon release and was a commercial success and grossed almost $227 million at the worldwide box office against a budget of $95 million. The plot revolves around a sixteen-year-old Percy Jackson who discovers that he is the son of Poseidon, Greek God of the sea, and goes to Camp Half-Blood, a training camp for demigods, the half mortal children of Greek gods. When Percy's mom is kidnapped by Hades, and Percy is accused of stealing Zeus' lightning bolt, Percy and his friends go on a quest to rescue his mom from the underworld, leading them across America to find Persephone's pearls, while proving that Percy is not the lightning thief and is innocent.", "Percy Jackson (film series) It was revealed in the 749th issue of online subscription magazine Production Weekly that the film was in production. Another source said that the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles. Chris Columbus did not return as director, though he produced the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt, producer of The Twilight Saga film series. Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters. On June 16, 2011, it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the film with production beginning on April 12, 2012. On October 12, 2011, it was announced that the film would be released on March 26, 2013, but on May 31, 2012, it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16, 2013. On April 6, it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7, 2013. On January 13, 2012, a brand new production list was released and stated that the movie will film between April 26, 2012 - July 11, 2012 with scenes being filmed in Vancouver, B.C. and New Orleans, Louisiana. Filming wrapped up in July 2012, but then started again in January 2013 for reshoots. Filming was officially wrapped up on January 20, 2013.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Five official stills were released on March 21, 2013.[31] On April 2, the trailer for the film was uploaded on YouTube. A teaser poster was released on April 16. A second trailer was released on May 29, 2013. A third international trailer was released on the June 25, 2013, on YouTube. Since July 19, three TV spots have been released known as \"Story\", \"Cast\" and \"Family\". A clip from the film was released on the internet on July 23, where it was later uploaded onto YouTube. Later many more new clips were released.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters On January 13, 2012, a brand new production list was released and stated that filming would take place between April 26, 2012 and July 11, 2012.[27][28] It was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, and New Orleans, Louisiana, with the abandoned Six Flags New Orleans also serving as a filming location . Filming wrapped up in July and then started again in January for reshoots. It wrapped up on January 22, 2013.[29][30]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians As of October 28, 2011, the series has been on The New York Times Best Seller list for children's book series for 245 weeks.[3] The first book was adapted into a film titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief in 2010, which was commercially successful, but received mixed reviews. An adaptation of the second book, titled Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released in 2013.[4][5]", "The Lightning Thief In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired the feature film rights to the book.[29] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. The film, titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, was released in the United States on February 12, 2010 and had Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase, Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, Jake Abel as Luke Castellan, and Pierce Brosnan as Chiron. The film received mixed reviews from critics upon release and grossed $226 million at the worldwide box office.[30] A sequel, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released in 2013.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians Chris Columbus stated that there will not be a third movie any time soon.[citation needed]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The Sea of Monsters is the second installment in the series, released on April 1, 2006.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief The film cost $95 million to make.[4] In its opening weekend in North America, it ranked number two at the box office, making $38.8 million.[6] The film, which received mixed reviews from critics, made $226,497,209 worldwide.[4] The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD[7] and Blu-ray.[8] A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11, 2010. A stand-alone sequel, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released on August 7, 2013.", "Percy Jackson (film series) The films follow the adventures of demigod Percy Jackson and his comrades at the demigod training ground of Camp Half-Blood. In the first film, Percy must go on a quest to save his mother from the underworld and prove his innocence when he is accused of stealing lightning from Zeus. However, this first movie does not follow the plot of the first Percy Jackson book, the origin of inspiration for the Percy Jackson movie, by Rick Riordan. The second film revolves around Percyâ€™s escapade as he must retrieve the legendary golden fleece from the sea of monsters, or the Bermuda triangle, which is the only thing that will save the camp from the forces of darkness.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Andy Webster of The New York Times commented: \"Sea of Monsters is diverting enough — the director, Thor Freudenthal ... is savvy with effects and keeps his young cast on point — but it doesn’t begin to approach the biting adolescent tension of the Harry Potter movies.\"[39] However, Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film as \"lack[ing] the energetic zip of its predecessor,\"[40] while Bruce Ingram of Chicago Sun-Times opined that \"faithful fans of the novels will be unhappy with the liberties taken with the adaptation like they were with the first film.\"[41] Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald wrote, \"[Are] these characters merely prisoners — much like the audience — of a script so uninspired that it demands their stupidity?\"[42] Josh Bell of Las Vegas Weekly lambasted the series as a whole as \"a thoroughly second-rate franchise ... with movies like Sea of Monsters, it can probably continue in acceptable mediocrity for years to come\".[43]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians A graphic novel based on The Lightning Thief was published on October 12, 2010. It follows a shortened version of Percy's adventures in The Lightning Thief with full color drawings. A graphic novel based on the second book in the series, The Sea of Monsters was released on July 2, 2013. Another graphic novel based on the third book, The Titan's Curse was released on October 8, 2013.[18]", "Logan Lerman Lerman played Lou in the independent drama film Stuck in Love, starring alongside Lily Collins; the film received a limited U.S. release in 2013.[72][73] Lerman had initially been signed to appear in three Percy Jackson films.[20][74] The second film in the series, subtitled Sea of Monsters, was filmed in 2012 and 2013, and released in August 2013.[75][76]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The second book in The Heroes of Olympus, The Son of Neptune, was released in October 2011. The third book, The Mark of Athena, was released on October 2, 2012. The fourth book, The House of Hades, was released on October 8, 2013. The fifth and final book of The Heroes of Olympus series, The Blood of Olympus, was released on October 7, 2014.[41]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (also known as Percy Jackson & the Lightning Thief) is a 2010 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus. The film is loosely based on The Lightning Thief, the first novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan. It stars Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson alongside an ensemble cast that includes Brandon T. Jackson, Alexandra Daddario, Jake Abel, Rosario Dawson, Steve Coogan, Uma Thurman, Catherine Keener, Kevin McKidd, Sean Bean and Pierce Brosnan. It was released to theaters on February 12, 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox.[5]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians Riordan is currently at work on yet another follow-up series to The Heroes of Olympus book series titled The Trials of Apollo is a sequel series to both Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus. The first installment titled, The Hidden Oracle (2016), features Apollo and his journey after being cast down from Olympus. The second book titled The Dark Prophecy was released in May 2017.The third book is titled The Burning Maze is going to be released in May 1, 2018.", "The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena was released on October 2, 2012 and \"The House of Hades\" was released on October 8, 2013[15] The Blood of Olympus was released on October 7, 2014.[16]", "The Sea of Monsters The Sea of Monsters is a fantasy-adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan and published in 2006. It is the second novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Lightning Thief. This book chronicles the adventures of thirteen-year-old demigod, Percy Jackson as he and his friends rescue his satyr friend Grover from the Cyclops Polyphemus and save the camp from a Titan's attack by bringing the Golden Fleece to cure Thalia's poisoned pine tree.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the movie a 6 out of 10: \"There are worse sequels than the CG-heavy Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, but it's just such overly familiar territory.\"[35] Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, saying that \"tweens and young teens should be sufficiently distracted by the movie's brisk pace and heroic mayhem â€” if they're not too unnerved by its at times nightmarish imagery\".[36] James Rocchi of ScreenCrush wrote that the film \"is hardly the stuff of legend, but by keeping the plot straightforward and the storytelling clean, it's an odyssey the intended young audience will be glad to take.\"[37] Marsha McCreadie on RogerEbert.com rated the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it \"a gentler-spirited, less flashy enterprise, though it still presents a natural world that can morph at the whim of a god.\"[38]", "Percy Jackson (film series) In December 2017, The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4-billion-dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox, including the film rights for Percy Jackson & The Olympians; it's unknown if Disney (the owners of Disney Hyperion) will continue the series or reboot it.[1]", "Percy Jackson (film series) In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired the film rights to the book. In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to lead at the helm of the project. Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver while other portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee; A full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009 in Vancouver, British Columbia. Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009. Christopher Beck composed the soundtrack. Chris Columbus has stated that each member of the cast were chosen specifically with sequels in mind. \"I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles, sort of the perfect cast for these roles, because hopefully, God willing, we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters.\" All the lead actors had signed for three films during the shooting.", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (also known as Percy Jackson & The Lightning Thief) is a 2010 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus. The film is loosely based on The Lightning Thief, the first novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan. It stars Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson alongside an ensemble cast that includes Brandon T. Jackson, Alexandra Daddario, Jake Abel, Rosario Dawson, Steve Coogan, Uma Thurman, Catherine Keener, Kevin McKidd, Sean Bean and Pierce Brosnan. It was released to theaters on February 12, 2010.[24]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians Chris Columbus directed and produced Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief for 20th Century Fox through 1492 Pictures.[32][33] The film was released in 2010 in the United States, Canada and in the United Kingdom on February 12 and in Australia on February 11.[34] Columbus has stated that he was drawn to directing the Percy Jackson movie because it gave him the \"opportunity to do a movie that we haven't really seen before for this generation. When I was a kid, there were movies that dealt with Greek mythology, which in terms of visual effects was really primitive. So I thought this was an opportunity to deal with Greek mythology which children and adults all over the world are fascinated by and it was not a new genre but a new avenue, dealing with mythological creatures in a contemporary setting.\"", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters The film grossed $5.4 million on its opening day, taking the number No. 2 spot at the domestic box office.[44] During its extended five-day opening weekend the film debuted at the No. 4 spot and grossed $23,258,113.[45]", "Percy Jackson (film series) Rick Riordan, the author of the book series, has mentioned in numerous interviews that he has never seen the movies, to keep them from influencing the way he views the characters.[5] During March 2016, Riordan wrote a letter asking teachers not to show the movie to students during class time.[6]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief \"Rosario Dawson\"", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book.[14] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project.[15] Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver.[11] Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens.[16] Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009, in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009.[17] Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009.[18] Christophe Beck composed the score.[19] Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind. \"I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles, sort of the perfect cast for these roles, because hopefully, God willing, we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters\".[20]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters The film received mixed reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 41% approval rating with an average rating of 5.1/10 based on 111 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"It's pretty and packed with action; unfortunately, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters is also waterlogged with characters and plots that can't help but feel derivative.\"[33] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 39 based on 33 collected reviews, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[34]", "The Mark of Athena The following book of the series, The House of Hades, was released on October 8, 2013.[18]", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles The Sea of Monsters is the second book in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series. In this book, Percy, Annabeth, and Tyson, Percy's cyclops brother, need to go to the Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Sea of Monsters, in order to find the Golden Fleece to save their camp and to rescue their satyr friend Grover from the cyclops Polyphemus. It was released April 1, 2006.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters In December 2017, The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4-billion-dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox, including the film rights for Percy Jackson.[52]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters While in Camp Half-Blood, Percy recounts the story of Thalia and her sacrifice. A young Annabeth, Luke, Grover and Thalia are running to Camp Half-Blood while being pursued by monsters. Thalia sacrifices herself to get the others into the camp, and her father Zeus transforms her into a pine tree, creating a magical border around the camp. Soon a Cyclops passes through the border and is revealed to be Tyson, Percy's half-brother. The camp is later attacked by a Colchis Bull who breaks through the border and ravages Camp Half-Blood. Percy defeats it with the help of Tyson, Annabeth, and Clarisse. Following this, Luke (who had survived his and Percy's battle in the previous film) appears and confronts Percy, trying to convert him to his cause. When Percy refuses, Luke disappears.", "The Heroes of Olympus A sequel pentalogy series titled The Trials of Apollo is currently in-development, with the first installment, The Hidden Oracle released on May 3, 2016. The second installment, The Dark Prophecy, was released on May 2, 2017.[19]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The Heroes of Olympus is a sequel series, also based on Camp Half-Blood and the Greek and Roman mythologies. The first book The Lost Hero was released on OctoberÂ 12, 2010. Like the first series, there are five books.[39] The official website requires a password, later revealed as newhero. On December 1, 2010, the site went live.[40]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The Titan's Curse is the third installment in the series. It was released on May 11, 2007.[13]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The book was adapted into a film by Chris Columbus and 20th Century Fox, under the title Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, and was released on February 12, 2010.", "The Sea of Monsters The Sea of Monsters received generally positive reviews with reviewers praising the storyline, the themes and the author's style of writing.[9][10][11] \"In a feat worthy of his heroic subjects, Riordan crafts a sequel stronger than his compelling debut,\" said a Publishers Weekly review.[12] School Library Journal singled out the novel's plot and main character, stating, \"Percy is an appealing kid, and the subject of a chilling prophecy may resonate with readers.\"[10] Child magazine wrote, \"Featuring the cliff-hangers and sassy attitude kids loved in The Lightning Thief – plus a surprising new family secret – this outstanding sequel should win over a fresh legion of fans.\"[13] Children's Literature called the writing extraordinary[13] and added, \"This book, sequel to The Lightning Thief, is an amazing mixture of mythology and young adult fiction.\"[13] Matt Berman, of Common Sense Media, praised the book, saying \"The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun, with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist.\"[11] Norah Piehl of Kidsreads.com lauded the style of the book, and noted similarities with its prequel.[9] It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time paperback copies were released in April 2007.[5]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Percy realizes that Thalia, as a child of Zeus, is another possible child of the prophecy about either preserving or destroying Olympus. The film ends showing the sarcophagus with Kronos's remains in it glowing, implying that Kronos still has some degree of his power, and is still planning to return.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians After a harrowing experience at his school trip, Percy Jackson returns home for the summer vacation, wherein him and his mother Sally Jackson, travel to their cabin in Montauk to take their mind off things.However, the trip is cut short after a series of harrowing incidents, such as being attacked by the Minotaur. Percy finds himself at Camp Half-Blood, a training camp for demigods like him. He discovers that he is a demigod, son of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, earthquakes, and father of all horses, (which he made from sea foam). Percy also learns that his best friend, Grover Underwood, is actually a satyr, and that the Greek gods are accusing Percy of having stolen Zeus' master lightning bolt, the most powerful weapon in the world. To clear his name and save the world from another war between the Olympian gods, Percy sets out to retrieve the lightning bolt from Hades, who is suspected of being the real thief. Thus, Percy, Grover, and Annabeth Chase, a daughter of Athena, start on a journey to the underworld, facing numerous mythological monsters on the way. After confronting an innocent Hades, they learn that their friend Luke Castellan, son of Hermes, is the real thief who stole the bolt to allow Kronos, the defeated king of the Titans, a chance to rise again.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters grossed an $68,559,554 in North America and $133,688,197 internationally for a worldwide total of $202,247,751.", "Rick Riordan His Percy Jackson and the Olympians series features the titular twelve-year-old who discovers he is the modern-day son of the ancient Greek god Poseidon. Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film rights and released a feature film in 2010. Following the success of Percy Jackson, Riordan created The Kane Chronicles, which features a modern-day Egyptian pantheon and two new sibling protagonists, Sadie and Carter Kane.[11] Riordan also created a sequel series to Percy Jackson, The Heroes of Olympus.[4] Riordan also helped create the children's book series The 39 Clues; he authored several of its books, including The Maze of Bones, which topped The New York Times Best Seller list on September 28, 2008.[12] He also wrote the introduction to the Puffin Classics edition of Roger Lancelyn Green's Tales of the Greek Heroes, in which he states that the book influenced him to write his Greek mythology series.[13]", "The Lightning Thief The Lightning Thief is followed by The Sea of Monsters in which Percy and Annabeth rescue Grover who has been imprisoned by Polyphemus, the Cyclopes, and recover the Golden Fleece to save the camp. They are accompanied by Percy's Cyclops half brother, Tyson and Clarisse La Rue in this mission.", "The Last Olympian Another Camp Half-Blood series has been released, titled The Heroes of Olympus. The Lost Hero is the first book in this series by Riordan, and was released on October 12, 2010. Though it is not directly related to Percy and friends, there are many references and appearances of these characters and it still serves as a sequel. Its sequel, The Son of Neptune, portrays Percy as one of the main protagonists. The Son of Neptune is followed by The Mark of Athena, The House of Hades, and The Blood of Olympus.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief The film opened on February 12, 2010, in 3,356 theaters; its opening weekend box-office results totaled $31,236,067[4] in the U.S., finishing at #3 below The Wolfman, which opened at #2 with $31,479,235 and below Valentine's Day, which opened at #1 with $56,260,707.[21] The film had a strong opening weekend for its genre, posting the highest opening weekend for a fantasy film not from the Harry Potter, Chronicles of Narnia, or Lord of the Rings series.[22] As of September 14, 2010, it grossed a domestic total of $88,768,303 with $137,728,906 elsewhere in the world, bringing it to $226,497,209.[4]", "The Sea of Monsters The Sea of Monsters was released on April 1, 2006,[2] by Miramax Books, an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children[1][2] and thus Disney Publishing (succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint). It was generally wellâ€“received and was nominated for numerous awards, including the 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick[3] and the 2009 Mark Twain Award.[4] It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback[5] with over one million copies total[6] and was released in audiobook format on September 6, 2006. The Sea of Monsters is followed by The Titan's Curse, the third book of the five in the series.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The main protagonist Magnus Chase, son of the Vanir god of fertility Frey, narrates the novel in first person. He is a cousin of Annabeth Chase, a main character of the Percy Jackson and the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus series, who links the two series together.[42] The series consists of a trilogy of books, The Sword of Summer (2015), The Hammer of Thor (2016), and The Ship of the Dead (2017).", "Percy Jackson Percy Jackson is played by Logan Lerman in the film adaptations of the novels and by Chris McCarrell on the musical.", "The Sea of Monsters The novel was followed by The Titan's Curse, released on May 1, 2007. In The Titan's Curse, Percy, Grover, Annabeth and Thalia go to a school to recruit two powerful demigods.[29] Like its predecessors, this book was well received and reviewers praised its humorous style and the plot of the story.[30][31]", "Percy Jackson Perseus \"Percy\" Jackson is a fictional character, the title character and narrator of Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians series. He is also one of seven main protagonists of the sequel series The Heroes of Olympus, appearing in every book except The Lost Hero, and appears in the ongoing Trials of Apollo series, making him one of the few characters to appear in all three series of the Camp Half-Blood chronicles. He has also been a narrator and protagonist in Riordan's Greco-Roman/Egyptian crossover stories, part of the Demigods and Magicians collection. The character serves as the narrator in Percy Jackson's Greek Gods and Percy Jackson's Greek Heroes, also by Rick Riordan.", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians These films have been made from the books:", "The Sea of Monsters However, Kirkus Reviews was critical of the book, writing, \"it's doubtful Percy wouldn't guess Tyson's otherworldly connection immediately after the dodgeball game ... some of the humor will zip over the heads of the target audience\" although they added, \"Percy's sardonic narration and derring-do would keep the pages turning.\"[2]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Luke begins reviving Kronos and Annabeth encourages Percy to take leadership. The team escapes captivity, and Percy grapples with Luke over the Fleece, like the prophecy said they would, but Luke easily gains the upper hand. Luke is suddenly thrown away by Tyson, revealed to have survived his wound due to the water healing it, as he is Poseidon's son. Kronos rises from the sarcophagus and consumes Luke and Grover before battling Percy. Percy realizes that Riptide is the \"cursed blade\" of the prophecy and slices Kronos into pieces imprisoning Kronos in the sarcophagus once again, causing him to regurgitate Grover and Luke, the latter landing in Polyphemus's Lair. Their victory is short lived as Annabeth is stabbed by the Manticore, who is killed in turn by Clarisse and Grover. Annabeth dies in Percy's arms but is resurrected by the Fleece. Percy then gives the fleece to Clarisse, and they return to Camp Half-Blood. Clarisse places the fleece on Thalia's tree. The group returns the next day to find Thalia alive, as the fleece returned her to human form.", "Hotel Transylvania 2 A third film, titled Hotel Transylvania 3, is scheduled to be released on July 13, 2018.[11]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters The group is consumed by Charybdis, and they discover Clarisse in the monster's stomach. Percy and Clarisse work together to escape Charybdis by shooting a hole through its gut, and soon they arrive at Circeland, Polyphemus's lair. Percy finds Grover, and the five escape Polyphemus, retrieving the fleece and trapping him in his cave. Afterwards, Luke arrives and demands the fleece from Percy, who refuses. Luke shoots a crossbow bolt at Percy, but Tyson takes the bolt in the chest and falls into the water below.", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles The Mark of Athena is the third book in The Heroes of Olympus series. The book features Percy Jackson, Annabeth Chase, Jason Grace, Piper McLean, Leo Valdez, Hazel Levesque, and Frank Zhang traveling to Greece to prevent Gaea's awakening while simultaneously also trying to uncover the gigantic long-lost statue of Athena, the Athena Parthenos, in Rome. It was released on October 2, 2012.", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles The Son of Neptune is the second book in The Heroes of Olympus series. The book features Percy Jackson, Hazel Levesque, and Frank Zhang traveling to Alaska to free Thanatos, the god of death, from the giant Alcyoneus. It was released on October 4, 2011.", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles The Sea of Monsters Graphic Novel is the graphic novel version of The Sea of Monsters. It was adapted by Robert Venditti, illustrated by Attila Futaki, and colored by Tamás Gáspár, and was published on July 2, 2013.[20]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians Like its predecessor, The Sea of Monsters won several prizes and received generally positive reviews as well.[24][25] It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time it was released in paperback[26] and reviewers have praised the storyline, themes and the author's style of writing.[27][28][29] Matt Berman, of Common Sense Media, praised the book, saying “The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun, with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist.”[28] Kirkus reviewed The Battle of the Labyrinth as, “This volume can stand alone, but no one will be able to read just one […] look no further for the next Harry Potter, meet Percy Jackson as legions of fans already have.” As of February 13, 2016, it has been on the New York Times Children's Series Best Seller List for 379 weeks.", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Smart & Final stores in California, Arizona, and Nevada offered Hollywood Movie Money Certificate good for one free movie ticket with the purchase of two First Street Bakery items as part of the movie promotion.[32]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters \"My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)\" by Fall Out Boy and \"Cameo Lover\" by Kimbra were featured in the movie but are unavailable on the soundtrack.", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles The Heroes of Olympus is a five-part series of books written by American author Rick Riordan[3] which ended with The Blood of Olympus in October 2014.[4] It chronicles the events of seven demigods and their obstacles involving the waking of the earth goddess, Gaea, and their efforts to stop her. It picks up a few months after the end of Percy Jackson & the Olympians series. Themes include love and teenage angst, as well as dealing with homosexuality.", "The Sword of Summer A sequel, The Hammer of Thor was released on October 4, 2016.[3]", "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters The campers realize that Thalia's tree has been poisoned by Luke and they are vulnerable to attacks. Percy visits the Oracle, who tells him of a prophecy of a half-blood of the eldest gods either saving or destroying Olympus. Chiron tells Percy that he is the only living, human half-blood of the eldest gods, so the half-blood in the Prophecy may refer to him. Annabeth and Grover learn about the Golden Fleece, which has the power to heal anything, and propose a quest in which they retrieve the Fleece and use it to heal Thalia's tree. Mr. D chooses Clarisse to lead the quest, much to Annabeth's and Percy's dismay. Percy convinces Grover and Annabeth to accompany him on the quest, and Tyson joins them. Annabeth hails the Chariot of Damnation, and Percy threatens the three drivers (the Graeae) to tell him of his prophecy, giving him coordinates for the Sea of Monsters (the Bermuda Triangle) before ejecting the group from the cab in Washington D.C. because they lack money. While walking down the street, Grover is kidnapped by Chris Rodriguez and taken to Luke. Percy, Annabeth, and Tyson first locate Luke with the help of Hermes, then ride a Hippokampos to his yacht, the Andromeda. Luke reveals his plan to revive Kronos using the Fleece so Olympus will be destroyed. Percy and they are then locked in the brig, though they later escape when Percy uses his ability to manipulate water.", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles The House of Hades is the penultimate book in The Heroes of Olympus series. It features Jason Grace, Piper McLean, Leo Valdez, Hazel Levesque, Frank Zhang, and Nico di Angelo as they continue to set sail towards Greece with the rescue of Percy Jackson and Annabeth Chase, both of whom have fallen to Tartarus in the previous book's epilogue, in mind; the latter couple in turn also try to find their own way out of the hellish realm. The book was released on October 8, 2013.", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles Camp Half-Blood Chronicles is a media franchise created by author Rick Riordan, encompassing three five-part novel series, three short-story collections, two myth anthology books, a stand-alone short story, an essay collection, a guide, four graphic novels, two films, a video game, a musical, and other media. Set in the modern world, it focuses on groups of demi-god teenagers, and features many characters from Greek and Roman mythology. The first series, Percy Jackson & the Olympians, follows the adventures of a teen named Percy Jackson at a summer camp for Greek demigods. The second series, The Heroes of Olympus, introduces several more lead characters and a second camp for Roman demigods. The third series, The Trials of Apollo, follows the now-mortal god Apollo, with appearances by many characters from the first and second series.", "The Burning Maze The sequel, The Tyrant's Tomb, is expected to be released in October 2019.[20]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The novels are set within the same fictional universe as the three previous book series, and is narrated alternately in first-person by the two protagonist-siblings Carter and Sadie Kane. The siblings are descended from the two pharaohs Narmer and Ramses the Great and are powerful magicians. They and their friends are forced to contend with Egyptian gods and goddesses who still interact with the real world. The series includes a trilogy consisting of The Red Pyramid (2010), The Throne of Fire (2011), and The Serpent's Shadow (2012), as well as three crossover books with the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series.", "Six Flags New Orleans The Industrial Development Board (IDB) agreed to let 20th Century Fox film the 2013 film Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters in the theme park during the summer of 2012 through August.[25] Mega Zeph, Ozarka Splash and The Big Easy are three rides that have been shot for the film along with five other rides that the production crew had brought into the park, since all the original rides were rendered inoperable to shoot for the film. Before shooting at the park for five weeks, the production crew took two weeks to restore the derelict park into the needed condition by installing lighting and covering up graffiti on the buildings. The park portrays the fictional Circeland on the island of Polyphemus that was built by the goddess Circe, only to be destroyed by the cyclops Polyphemus.[26]", "Percy Jackson After The Last Olympian, the next time Percy is seen is in The Son of Neptune, the second book in the sequel series The Heroes of Olympus. He is suffering from amnesia and slowly struggles to regain his memory over the course of the novel. For a while in the book he cannot remember anything other than Annabeth Chase, his long-time friend. He arrives at a Roman establishment called Camp Jupiter, and is elected praetor as a result of the help he offers them on a quest. During the remaining three books in the third-person his character develops significantly. He develops an irrational fear of drowning; is humbled by weakening sword-fighting skills; and expresses a new tendency to make ambiguous moral choices in defense of his friends and family. One of the character's darkest moments comes in The House of Hades, when Percy discovers that he can control the water in a person's body, and uses it to torture the goddess Akhlys.[9] Percy's girlfriend Annabeth Chase is present and brings him to his senses, but remains haunted by his readiness to use that new power.[10]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians The Last Olympian, the fifth and final book in the Percy Jackson series, was released on May 5, 2009.[14]", "The Sea of Monsters AudioFile magazine praised the audio book, raving, \"This action-packed book (second in a series) will delight fans of Percy Jackson, the half-blood son of Poseidon, as Percy once again battles mythical monsters in modern-day settings while on his mission to save the tree that guards Camp Half-Blood.\"[20] They praised Bernstein, saying \"Narrator Jesse Berns helps listeners slip right into the oddly engaging world that Riordan creates, in which contemporary teen characters and those from classical mythology intermingle\"[20] and that he could successfully portray teenagers, while keeping the pace fast allowing listeners time to revel in the book's humor. Auditions have already been cast for this yet to be blockbuster. There may still be a few spaces for extras, though.[20] The magazine Publishers Weekly raved about Bernstein's \"snappy delivery and all the right funny touches\" that made the \"action-packed fantasy such fun.\"[18]", "Leven Rambin Rambin had a lead role in the fantasy film Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013), playing Clarisse La Rue, a hot-tempered, arrogant, large, and strong demigod (also the lead counselor of the Ares Cabin 5) and Percy's rival throughout the story.[13] In an interview with comingsoon.net, Rambin explained her casting and her time as a brunette, \"Yeah, I was really lucky that Thor was able to see me as a brunette with this blonde hair. That's not typically the first thing that comes to mind when you look at me, I don't think. But when I put on that wig – luckily they didn't dye my hair – and change my physicality a lot... Nothing against brunettes – I still felt beautiful. But I felt a lot less inhibited, and I felt down to be a little more brash and powerful and strong. I kind of hid behind all this brown hair, and it gave me the power and confidence to verbally rip this one over here. [Laughs.]\".[14] Her portrayal as Clarisse was met with mostly positive reviews.", "The Heroes of Olympus The Heroes of Olympus is a pentalogy of fantasy-adventure novels written by American author Rick Riordan. The novels detail a conflict between Greek and Roman demigods and Gaea, the earth goddess. The series is a sequel to Percy Jackson & the Olympians, which dealt with Greek gods.[1] Riordan introduces Roman mythology into his sequel series as well as several new characters. The first book of the series, The Lost Hero, was published on October 12, 2010.[2] The final entry in the series, The Blood of Olympus, was published on October 7, 2014.[3]", "Camp Half-Blood chronicles The film cost $95 million to make.[25] In its opening weekend in North America the film ranked number two, and in its first weekend the film made $38.8 million.[26] The film made $226,497,209 worldwide.[25]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians On January 12, 2017, A Series of Unfortunate Events story editor Joe Tracz wrote a new Off Broadway musical adaptation of Percy Jackson tale â€œThe Lightning Thief.[38]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians Percy Jackson & the Olympians, often shortened to Percy Jackson, is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure novels written by American author Rick Riordan, and the first book series in the Camp Half-Blood Chronicles.[1] Five supplementary books, along with three graphic novels, have also been released. More than 45 million copies of the books have been sold in more than 35 countries.[2]", "Rick Riordan He conceived the idea for the Percy Jackson series as bedtime stories about ancient Greek heroes for his son Haley.[9] Haley had been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia, inspiring Riordan to make the titular protagonist ADHD and dyslexic. Riordan published the first novel in the series, The Lightning Thief , in 2005. Four sequels followed, with the last, The Last Olympian in 2009. Prior to Percy Jackson, Riordan had written the Tres Navarres series, a series of mystery novels for adult readers.[10]", "The Lightning Thief The Lightning Thief was published in June 2005 by Miramax Books, an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children[3][5] and thus Disney Publishing (succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint). The book has sold over 1.2Â million copies in the subsequent four years, appearing on The New York Times children's Best Seller list and being listed as one of the Young Adult Library Services Association's Best Books for Young Adults, among other awards. It was adapted into a film named Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief released in the United States on February 12, 2010. The sequel to this novel is The Sea of Monsters.[6] The book has a rating of 4.22 out of 5 on Goodreads.[7]", "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD[7] and Blu-ray.[8] The movie itself charted at the top of the charts (DVD sales) with $13,985,047 in revenue in its first week.[37] As of October 2011, the movie had sold 2,087,368 DVDs with over $37 million in sales.[38]", "The Mark of Athena The Mark of Athena is an American fantasy-adventure novel written by Rick Riordan, based on Greek and Roman mythology. It was published on October 2, 2012, and is the third book in The Heroes of Olympus series, a spin-off of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series. It is preceded by The Son of Neptune and followed by The House of Hades. The novel has since been translated into many languages and released as a hardcover, e-book, audiobook and paperback.", "Percy Jackson At the end of The Blood of Olympus, Percy and Annabeth reveal plans to finish their senior year of high school together in New York, and then attend college in New Rome (a demigod-only city located in California, guarded by Camp Jupiter).[10] In The Hidden Oracle, Percy has been accepted to the college with a full scholarship, provided he can pass his SATs and graduate on time despite the semester he spent away (while missing during The Lost Hero). Percy's concern for his future and family leads him to uncharacteristically turn down Lester Papadopoulous's request for help on a quest to regain his godhood (Papadopoulous being the mortal form of the god Apollo).[11]", "Rick Riordan Riordan's first full-length novel was Big Red Tequila, which became the first book in the Tres Navarre series. His big breakthrough was The Lightning Thief (2005), the first novel in the five-volume Percy Jackson series, which placed a group of adolescents in a Greco-Roman mythological setting. Since then, Riordan has written The Kane Chronicles trilogy and The Heroes of Olympus series. The Kane Chronicles (2010-2012) focused on Egyptian mythology; The Heroes of Olympus was the sequel to the Percy Jackson series. Riordan also helped Scholastic Press develop The 39 Clues series and its spinoffs, and penned its first book, The Maze of Bones (2008).[3] His most recent publications are three books in the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series, based on Norse mythology.[4][5] The first book of his The Trials of Apollo series based on Greek mythology, The Hidden Oracle, was released in May 2016.", "The Trials of Apollo Universal Pictures acquired the film rights of the first book The Hidden Oracle.[citation needed]" ]	[ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters On March 25, 2014, Lerman said that a sequel to Sea of Monsters would not be made.[49] However, a report of March 31, 2014 stated \"Logan Lerman has said Percy Jackson 3 could still go ahead\" and that the previous report \"was taken out of context\".[50] At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival, Lerman said that while he finds the Percy Jackson films fun to make, he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts.[51]" ]
test985	when did las vegas become a gambling town	[ "doc34525", "doc34539", "doc34541" ]	[ 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "doc34541", "doc1540579", "doc2158653", "doc34538", "doc1540574", "doc34537", "doc1540580", "doc34542", "doc1122966", "doc34546", "doc34539", "doc34525", "doc34545", "doc1604391", "doc34543", "doc1197437", "doc1604420", "doc34568", "doc34548", "doc2104578", "doc1604421", "doc34551", "doc1540608", "doc34533", "doc34529", "doc34547", "doc34564", "doc1540577", "doc34549", "doc121167", "doc34531", "doc34530", "doc1604424", "doc34553", "doc1540607", "doc34524", "doc34540", "doc34532", "doc457394", "doc2350688", "doc34536", "doc34550", "doc34534", "doc34535", "doc2158654", "doc1197436", "doc2158647", "doc34544", "doc1540576", "doc34558", "doc1540572", "doc1122934", "doc1275309", "doc731757", "doc1122956", "doc34556", "doc668625", "doc731750", "doc1540586", "doc1540582", "doc34552", "doc34559", "doc34567", "doc1540583", "doc731758", "doc1604393", "doc34560", "doc1604425", "doc2359896", "doc2104577", "doc731756", "doc1540573", "doc2158649", "doc1197439", "doc34528", "doc34557", "doc215622", "doc1753920", "doc1540626", "doc1695652", "doc766330", "doc1540578", "doc1540611", "doc1604411", "doc1122964", "doc34555", "doc1604401", "doc1415529", "doc2158651", "doc1122933", "doc34554", "doc2350691", "doc731751", "doc2442058", "doc1604412", "doc688426", "doc34566", "doc1197435", "doc2441118", "doc1540584" ]	[ "History of Las Vegas Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931. Las Vegas, with a small but already well-established illegal gambling industry, was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world. The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club, and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel. Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas[12] and received the city's first traffic light in 1931.", "Las Vegas Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres (45Â ha) of land adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city.[24]", "Gambling in the United States The stock market crash of 1929 and the Hoover Dam project led[how?] to the legalization of gambling in Nevada. In 1931, Nevada legalized most forms of gambling when Assembly Bill 98 was signed into law, providing a source of revenue for the state.[8][dead link] Interest in development in the state was slow at first as the state itself had a limited population. After World War II, enforcement of gambling laws became more strict in most places and the desert town of Las Vegas became an attractive target for investment by crime figures such as New York's Bugsy Siegel. The town rapidly developed during the 1950s dooming some illegal gambling empires such as Galveston. Nevada, and Las Vegas in particular, became the center of gambling in the U.S. In the 1960s Howard Hughes and other legitimate investors purchased many of the most important hotels and casinos in the city gradually reducing the city's connections to organized crime.[4]", "History of Las Vegas Shortly after the city's incorporation, the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming. This occurred at midnight, October 1, 1910, when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada. It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink. Nonetheless, Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community, and therefore continued to grow until 1917. In that year, a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy. Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad, a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state.", "Las Vegas Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century (a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s). Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85.2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2018 estimate, the population is 648,224[13] with a regional population of 2,227,053.[4]", "History of Las Vegas Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad. With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there, the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing. On May 15, 1905, Las Vegas officially was founded as a city, when 110 acres (45Â ha), in what would later become downtown, were auctioned to ready buyers. Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County, Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county. The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911-1913.", "Las Vegas 1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks. This year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of construction workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935.", "History of Las Vegas In reply, the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas. Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed. In 1934, to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry, the city's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam. This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas. A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days.[13]", "Nevada Unregulated gambling was commonplace in the early Nevada mining towns but was outlawed in 1909 as part of a nationwide anti-gambling crusade. Because of subsequent declines in mining output and the decline of the agricultural sector during the Great Depression, Nevada again legalized gambling on March 19, 1931, with approval from the legislature. Governor Fred B. Balzar's signature enacted the most liberal divorce laws in the country and open gambling. The reforms came just eight days after the federal government presented the $49 million construction contract for Boulder Dam (now Hoover Dam).[30]", "History of Las Vegas On April 3, 1941, hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas. It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip. The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered. On October 30, 1942, Texas cinema magnate R. E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair-O-Dice,[14] that first opened in 1930, and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier. A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street, but it was the next hotel on the Strip that publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas.", "History of Las Vegas On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers.[11]", "History of Las Vegas Urbanisation began in 1902, when a railroad linking Los Angeles and Salt Lake City attracted many farmers to the area, and fresh water was piped into the settlement. In 1911, the city was incorporated as part of Clark County. In 1931 work started on the Boulder Dam (now the Hoover Dam), bringing a huge influx of young male workers, for whom theatres and casinos were built, largely by the Mafia. Electricity from the dam also enabled the building of many new hotels along the Strip. The arrival of Howard Hughes in 1966 did much to offset mob influence, and helped turn Las Vegas into more of a family tourist centre, now classified as a Megaresort.", "History of Las Vegas On January 25, 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas. Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development. The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base. The U.S. Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice, putting Block 16, the local red light district permanently out of business.", "History of Nevada Nevada's harsh but rich environment shaped its history and culture. Before 1858 small Mormon settlements along the border of Utah sustained their communities through faith, but the secular western section stumbled along until the great silver strikes beginning in 1858 created boom towns and fabulous fortunes. After the beginning of the 20th century, profits declined while Progressive reformers sought to curb capitalism. They imagined a civilized Nevada of universities, lofty idealism, and social reform. But an economic bust during the 1910s and disillusionment from failures at social reform and a population decline of nearly one-fourth meant that by 1920 Nevada had degenerated into a \"beautiful desert of buried hopes.\"[2] The boom returned when big time gambling arrived in 1931, and with good transportation (especially to California metropolitan areas), the nation's easiest divorce laws, and a speculative get-rich-quick spirit, Nevada had a boom-and-bust economy that was mostly boom until the worldwide financial crisis of 2008 revealed extravagant speculation in housing and casinos on an epic scale.[3][4]", "History of Las Vegas Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn, the city was recharged—both literally and figuratively—when the dam was completed in 1935. In 1937, Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam, and Las Vegas was its first customer. Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam. Meanwhile, although the dam worker population disappeared, Hoover Dam and its reservoir, Lake Mead, turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear.", "Las Vegas Valley The area was previously settled by Mormon farmers in 1854 and later became the site of a United States Army fort in 1864, beginning a long relationship between southern Nevada and the U.S. military. Since the 1930s, Las Vegas has generally been identified as a gaming center as well as a resort destination, primarily targeting adults.", "History of Nevada Because of hostility from miners and their sympathizers, Nevada's territorial and state antigambling laws were mostly unenforced from 1859 until the Comstock Lode mining booms collapsed in the 1870s. After 1881, the state attempted to restrict gambling through licensing and other statutory controls. Opponents of gambling and prostitution became organized and in the Progressive Era at last persuaded state legislators to prohibit gambling statewide in 1910 as part of a nationwide anti-gaming crusade.[26]", "History of Las Vegas The Helldorado Days festival was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas' centennial celebration.[13]", "History of Las Vegas The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills, California in the summer of 1947. Additionally, local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy-handed tactics toward mobsters who \"grew too big for their pants.\" However, many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas. From 1952 to 1957, through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara, the Sands, the New Frontier, the Royal Nevada, the Showboat, The Riviera, The Fremont, Binion's Horseshoe (which was the Apache Hotel), and finally The Tropicana.[16]", "Casino In American history, early gambling establishments were known as saloons. The creation and importance of saloons was greatly influenced by four major cities: New Orleans, St. Louis, Chicago and San Francisco. It was in the saloons that travelers could find people to talk to, drink with, and often gamble with. During the early 20th century in America, gambling became outlawed and banned by state legislation and social reformers of the time. However, in 1931, gambling was legalized throughout the state of Nevada. America's first legalized casinos were set up in those places. In 1976 New Jersey allowed gambling in Atlantic City, now America's second largest gambling city.", "History of Nevada During the Great Depression in the United States, Nevada legalized gambling—terming it \"gaming\"—in 1931; (the Northern Club received the first license).[27] At the time, the leading proponents of gambling expected that it would be a short term fix until the state's economic base widened to include less cyclical industries. However, re-outlawing gambling has never been seriously considered since, and the industry has become Nevada's primary source of revenue today. Gambling taxes account for 34% of state revenue.[28]", "History of Las Vegas Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City, these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston, Texas; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation.[17] Nevada's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable.", "Las Vegas The year 1931 marked the opening of the Northern Club (now the La Bayou).[53][54] The most notable of the early casinos may have been Binion's Horseshoe (now Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel) while it was run by Benny Binion.", "History of Las Vegas For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders. Then the U.S. Army, in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864, falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker, briefly recalling the area to national attention. After the end of the war in 1865, Octavius Gass, with a commission from the federal government, re-occupied the fort. The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States, ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment. Consequently, Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area 'Las Vegas Rancho.' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail. In 1881, because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate, Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property.[citation needed] In 1884, Archibald's wife, Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster.", "History of Las Vegas Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley, beginning over 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists have discovered baskets, petroglyphs, pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations, including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs. Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700, migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley, near Big Springs.[1]", "History of Las Vegas Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels, the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard-bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back. This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel, with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky, poured money through Mormon-owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946. Siegel modeled his enterprises on the long-running gambling empire in Galveston, Texas, which had pioneered the high-class casino concepts that became mainstays on the Strip.[15]", "History of Las Vegas On a percentage basis, Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession. During that period, the population of the city more than doubled in most decades. The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate, but never dropped below 60% (1980â€“1990), and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration. By 2000, Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century,[21] and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US, with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County. The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley. The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area. Also urban sprawl development of single-family homes continued across the valley, building the areas of Henderson, North Las Vegas, Centennial Hills, and Summerlin. The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession.[22][23]", "Las Vegas A young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829.[17][18][19][20] Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, California in 1829.[21][22] The area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for \"the meadows,\" as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as the desert spring waters needed by westward travelers.[23] The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C. Frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas's Fremont Street is named after him.", "History of Las Vegas Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle, such as Meyer Lansky, these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment.[citation needed] Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds, by 1954, over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos. Gambling was no longer the only attraction; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, Liberace, Bing Crosby, Carol Channing, and others performed in intimate settings. After coming to see these stars, the tourists would resume gambling, and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry.", "Las Vegas Strip The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair-o-Dice Club in 1931, but the first resort on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas, opening on April 3, 1941, with 63 rooms. That casino/ resort stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960. Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip, the Hotel Last Frontier in 1942. Organized crime figures such as New York's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo, which opened in 1946, and the Desert Inn, which opened in 1950. The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company, which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston, Texas.[9][10]", "History of Las Vegas John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3, 1844, while it was still part of Mexico. He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists, scouts, and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico. Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs, establishing a clandestine fort there. A war with Mexico did occur, resulting in the region becoming United States territory. The fort was used in later years by travellers, mountain men, hunters, and traders seeking shelter, but was never permanently inhabited.", "History of Las Vegas A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party.[8] By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley, described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California. The travelers named the area \"Las Vegas\" which is Spanish for \"The Meadows\".[9]", "History of Nevada Las Vegas casinos of the 1950s were mostly low-rise building taking advantage of the wide-open spaces that Reno didn't offer in the downtown area of Virginia Street. However, Las Vegas boomed with new luxurious hotels in the 1960s and the city's gambling casinos drew players from all over the world, and away from Reno and Lake Tahoe.", "History of Las Vegas The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon-controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos. But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos. In 1948, McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic. In 1957 the University of Nevada, Las Vegas was first established, initially as a branch of the University of Nevada, Reno and becoming independent in 1969. In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center, which would become a vital part of the area's economy. A new utility company, Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954.", "Las Vegas The Golden Gate Hotel and Casino, located downtown along the Fremont Street Experience, is the oldest continuously operating hotel and casino in Las Vegas; it opened in 1906 as the Hotel Nevada.", "History of Las Vegas The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera, a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles, and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico. At that time, several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish. The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash, which runs to the Colorado River.", "History of Las Vegas Despite the influx of known crime figures, the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site. However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath (this was during the time of Prohibition) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas. The government ultimately decided that a federal-controlled town, Boulder City, would be erected for the dam workers.", "History of Las Vegas In 1855, William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley. The missionaries built a 150-square-foot (14Â m2) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops, a process still used at the park. However, because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community, the summer heat and difficulty growing crops, the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857, abandoning the fort.", "Flamingo Las Vegas In late 1945, mobster Bugsy Siegel and his \"partners\" came to Las Vegas. Vegas reportedly piqued Siegel and his mob's interest because of its legalized gambling and off-track betting. At the time, Siegel held a large interest in Trans America Wire, a racing publication.[2]", "Reno, Nevada Reno took a leap when the state of Nevada legalized open-gambling on March 19, 1931, along with the passage of even more liberal divorce laws than places like Hot Springs, Arkansas, offered. No other state offered what Nevada did in the 1930s, and casinos like the Bank Club and Palace were popular.[citation needed]", "History of Las Vegas The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905, linking Salt Lake City to southern California. U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad, which was a corporation based in Utah. Among its original incorporators were Utah's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith. Kearns, one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah, and Keith were the owners of Utah's Silver King Coalition Mine, several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper. Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California. Curiously, for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas. The east-side of Las Vegas (which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard) was owned by Clark, and the west-side Las Vegas (which encompassed the area north of modern-day Bonanza Road) was owned by J.T. McWilliams, who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch. It was from their property that Las Vegas took form.", "History of Las Vegas However, the confluence of various marginal and/or suspected groups such as Jews, Sicilians, and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two-year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950â€“51.[citation needed] The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country. This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control. Only through the power and influence of Nevada's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee.", "History of Las Vegas The property (increased to 1,800 acres (730Â ha)), stayed with the family (despite Archibald Stewart's murder in July 1884) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad, then being built across southern Nevada. The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark. Clark enlisted Utah's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line's completion through Utah to Las Vegas. The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ($3.09/hectare). Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas. Not until 1895 did the first large-scale migration of Mormons begin in the area, at long last fulfilling Brigham Young's early dream. Through wells and arid irrigation, agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development, the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator.", "History of Las Vegas By the early 20th century, wells piped water into the town, providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth. The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop, first for wagon trains and later railroads, on the trail between Los Angeles, California, and points east such as Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "Gambling in the United States Southern Maryland became popular for its slot machines which operated legally there between 1949 (1943 in some places) and 1968. In 1977, New Jersey legalized gambling in Atlantic City. The city rapidly grew into a significant tourist destination, briefly revitalizing what was previously largely a run-down slum community. In 1979, the Seminole tribe opened the first reservation-based commercial gambling beginning a trend that would be followed by other reservations.[9] Gradually, lotteries and some types of parimutuel betting were legalized in other areas of the country.", "Las Vegas Valley The first reported non-Native American visitor to the Las Vegas Valley was the Mexican scout Rafael Rivera in 1829.[9][10][11] Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party,[3] including Rivera, who used the water in the area while heading north and west along the Old Spanish Trail from Texas. In the 19th century, areas of the valley contained artesian wells that supported extensive green areas, or meadows, hence the name Las Vegas (vegas being Spanish for \"meadows\").[12]", "Gambling in the United States During the California Gold Rush, San Francisco became a populous town flush with aspiring prospectors. By the 1850s, the new city had overtaken New Orleans as the gambling capital of the U.S.", "History of Las Vegas In 1940, U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas, giving the city two major access roads. Also in 1940 Las Vegas's first permanent radio station, KENO, began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters.", "Las Vegas Perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago.", "History of Las Vegas Organized crime-owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and, despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities, made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share. An attempt was made at forming an all-integrated night-club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, like those owned by German-Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz. On May 24, 1955, Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz, along with other investors, opened the Moulin Rouge. It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip, especially the non-white owned strips on the west side. By the end of the year, the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out, but the seeds for racial integration were sown.", "Las Vegas Las Vegas (/lɑːs ˈveɪɡəs/,[6] Spanish for \"The Meadows\"; Spanish: [las ˈβeɣas]), officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas, is the 28th-most populated city in the United States, the most populated city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert.[7] Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife. The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada.", "Nevada Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws. In 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state.[11] However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century.[12][13] Nevada is the only U.S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County (Las Vegas), Washoe County (Reno) and Carson City (which, as an independent city, is not within the boundaries of any county). The tourism industry remains Nevada's largest employer,[14] with mining continuing as a substantial sector of the economy: Nevada is the fourth-largest producer of gold in the world.[15]", "American Mafia Another one of the areas of the economy that the Mafia was most influential was Las Vegas, Nevada, beginning just after World War II with the opening of the first gambling resort \"The Flamingo\".[38] Many credit the Mafia with being a big part of the city's development in the mid 20th Century.[39] It was through millions of dollars in capital flowing into new casino resorts that laid the foundation for further economic growth. This capital didn't come from one Mafia family alone, but many throughout the country seeking to gain even more power and wealth. Large profits from casinos, run as legitimate businesses, would help to finance many of the illegal activities of the Mafia from the 1950s into the 1980s.[38] In the 1950s more Mafia-financed casinos were constructed, such as the Stardust, Sahara, Tropicana, Desert Inn, and Riviera. Tourism in the city greatly increased through the 1960s and strengthened the local economy.", "Las Vegas, New Mexico The arrival of the railroad on July 4, 1879 brought with it businesses, development and new residents, both respectable and dubious. Murderers, robbers, thieves, gamblers, gunmen, swindlers, vagrants, and tramps poured in, transforming the eastern side of the settlement into a virtually lawless brawl. Among the notorious characters were such legends of the Old West as: dentist Doc Holliday and his girlfriend Big Nose Kate, Jesse James, Billy the Kid, Wyatt Earp, Mysterious Dave Mather, Hoodoo Brown, and Handsome Harry the Dancehall Rustler.[5]", "Nevada Francisco Garcés was the first European in the area,[27] Nevada was annexed as a part of the Spanish Empire in the northwestern territory of New Spain. Administratively, the area of Nevada was part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Nevada became a part of Alta California (Upper California) province in 1804 when the Californias were split. With the Mexican War of Independence won in 1821, the province of Alta California became a territory (state) of Mexico, with small population. Jedediah Smith entered the Las Vegas Valley in 1827, and Peter Skene Ogden traveled the Humboldt River in 1828. When the Mormons created the State of Deseret in 1847, they laid claim to all of Nevada within the Great Basin and the Colorado watershed. In June 1855, William Bringhurst and 29 fellow Mormon missionaries from Utah arrived at this site just northeast of downtown Las Vegas and built a 150-foot square adobe fort, the first permanent structure erected in the valley, which remained under the control of Salt Lake City until the winter of 1858-1859.", "History of Las Vegas One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this, the city lost tax revenue. There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas, but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise. Under Nevada Law, an incorporated town, Las Vegas, cannot annex an unincorporated township. To this day, virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas.", "Fremont Street Experience Fremont Street had Las Vegas' first hotel (the Hotel Nevada in 1906, present day Golden Gate), first telephone (1907),[1] first paved street (1925), first Nevada gaming license â€” issued to the Northern Club at 15 E. Fremont St, first traffic light, first elevator (the Apache Hotel in 1932), and the first high-rise (the Fremont Hotel in 1956). The Horseshoe was the first casino to install carpeting, while the Golden Nugget was the first structure designed from the ground up to be a casino.[2]", "Las Vegas, New Mexico Las Vegas was established in 1835 after a group of settlers received a land grant from the Mexican government. The town was laid out in the traditional Spanish Colonial style, with a central plaza surrounded by buildings which could serve as fortifications in case of attack. Las Vegas soon prospered as a stop on the Santa Fe Trail. During the Mexican–American War in 1846, Stephen W. Kearny delivered an address at the Plaza of Las Vegas claiming New Mexico for the United States. In 1877 Las Vegas College, the precursor to Regis University, was founded in Las Vegas by a group of exiled Italian Jesuits. In 1887, Las Vegas College moved to Denver whereupon the name was changed.[3]", "Las Vegas During the 1960s, corporations and business powerhouses such as Howard Hughes were building and buying hotel-casino properties. Gambling was referred to as \"gaming\" which transitioned into legitimate business.", "Las Vegas Following World War II, lavishly decorated hotels, gambling casinos, and big-name entertainment became synonymous with Las Vegas.", "History of Las Vegas While the Strip was booming, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27, 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site. These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground. The last test explosion was in 1992. Despite the dangers and risks, greatly underestimated at the time, of radiation exposure from the fallout, Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds.", "History of Las Vegas Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos.[18] One famous story tells of Sinatra's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room.[19] The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues, forcing owners to amend their policies over time.[20]", "History of Las Vegas The \"Mafia/Rat Pack\" Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation, the decline of organized crime elements, and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city's history, the so-called megaresort era. Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized, family-oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels, casinos, and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses. The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage. Built by developer Steve Wynn, it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street, selling $630 million in junk bonds. Its 3,044 rooms, each with gold tinted windows, set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves, leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip. More landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever-larger and more opulent resorts including:", "Las Vegas In the 1950s the Moulin Rouge opened and became the first racially integrated casino-hotel in Las Vegas.", "Las Vegas, New Mexico Historian Ralph Emerson Twitchell once claimed regarding the Old West, \"Without exception there was no town which harbored a more disreputable gang of desperadoes and outlaws than did Las Vegas.\"[6]", "History of Nevada Francisco Garcés was the first European in the area.[8] Nevada was annexed as a part of the Spanish Empire in the northwestern territory of New Spain. Administratively, the area of Nevada was part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Nevada became a part of Alta California (Upper California) province in 1804 when the Californias were split. With the Mexican War of Independence won in 1821, the province of Alta California became a territory - not a state - of Mexico, due to the small population. In later years, a desire for increased autonomy led to several attempts by the Alta Californians to gain independence from Mexico. Jedediah Smith entered the Las Vegas Valley in 1827, and Peter Skene Ogden traveled the Humboldt River in 1828. As a result of the Mexican–American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexico permanently lost Alta California in 1848. The new areas acquired by the United States continued to be administered as territories. As part of the Mexican Cession (1848) and the subsequent California Gold Rush that used Emigrant Trails through the area, the state's area evolved first as part of the Utah Territory, then the Nevada Territory (March 2, 1861; named for the Sierra Nevada).[9] The capitol is Carson City", "History of Las Vegas However, it took political action for racial desegregation to occur. In 1960, the NAACP threatened a protest of the city's casinos for their policies. A meeting between the NAACP, the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation, starting with the employees. Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions. Along with the rest of the country, Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights. Activists like James B. McMillan, Grant Sawyer, Bob Bailey, and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration.", "History of Nevada Brothels have been tolerated in Nevada since the middle of the 19th century; one in Elko has been in business since 1902. In 1937, a law was enacted to require weekly health checks of all prostitutes. Reno and Las Vegas had red light districts, when the federal government prohibited all prostitution near military bases in 1942 (lifted in 1948). In 1951, both Reno and Las Vegas had closed their red light districts as public nuisances.[30]", "Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel Benny Binion bought the Eldorado Club and Apache Hotel in 1951, re-opening them as Binion's Horseshoe (also called the Horseshoe Casino).[1] The casino's interior had a frontier flavor, like an old-style riverboat, with low ceilings and velvet wallpaper. It was the first casino in downtown Las Vegas (also called Glitter Gulch) to replace sawdust-covered floors with carpeting,[2] and was the first to offer comps to all gamblers, not just those who bet big money.[3][4] Binion also instituted high table limits. When Binion first opened the Horseshoe, he set the craps table limit at $500â€”ten times higher than any other casino in Las Vegas at the time. Ultimately, Binion's raised the table limit to $10,000 and even eliminated table limits completely at times, which was an immediate hit.", "Casino The first known European gambling house, not called a casino although meeting the modern definition, was the Ridotto, established in Venice, Italy in 1638 by the Great Council of Venice to provide controlled gambling during the carnival season. It was closed in 1774 as the city government felt it was impoverishing the local gentry.[10]", "Las Vegas, New Mexico Beginning in 1915, the Las Vegas Cowboys' Reunions were held annually until 1931; then in 1939, the Cowboys' Reunions were re-established. Their slogan was, \"Git Fer Vegas, Cowboy!\" These reunions were organized by a group of ranching families and cowboys which soon became the Las Vegas Cowboys' Reunion Association. The Reunions celebrated ranching life, which began in northern New Mexico in the early 1800s and continues into the 21st Century. The annual affair included pie eating contests, barbecues, parades, banquets, balls, and \"ranch rodeos.\" In the early years, celebrities—cowhands as well as big-name bands, movie stars like Tom Mix, and artists such as Randall Davey—came to Las Vegas for this event. In later years, famous cowhands participated in the Cowboys' Reunion Rodeos. The Cowboys' Reunions reflected the occupations of the area and attracted huge crowds for their 4 days of events. In 1952, the Cowboys' Reunion Association invited the Rough Riders Association to join them at the annual rodeo.[4]", "Las Vegas The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, and is famous for its mega casinoâ€“hotels and associated activities. It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world.[8][9][10] Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world's most visited tourist destinations.[11][12] The city's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, and music videos.", "Gambling in the United States Lotteries and other forms of gambling would be revived temporarily in the South and in other areas during Reconstruction. Gambling was extremely popular on the frontier during the settlement of the West; nearly everyone participated in games of chance. Towns like Deadwood, Dodge City, Denver, and Kansas City were famous for their many lavish gambling houses. Citizens of the West viewed gamblers as respected members of society who worked at an honest trade.[citation needed]", "Las Vegas Valley Businessman Howard Hughes arrived in the late 1960s and purchased many casino hotels, as well as television and radio stations in the area. Legitimate corporations began to purchase casino hotels as well, and the mob was run out by the federal government over the next several years. The constant stream of tourist dollars from the hotels and casinos was augmented by a new source of federal money from the establishment of what is now Nellis Air Force Base. The influx of military personnel and casino job-hunters helped start a land building boom which is now leveling off.", "History of Las Vegas Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993, when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth. Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago.", "History of Las Vegas Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States, entertainment venues were segregated between black- and white-owned businesses. With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites, Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused, regardless of their legitimacy or criminality, on entertaining a white-only clientele. As a result of property deeds, businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the \"west side\" of the tracks. This also was enforced in many of the work positions. Thus, African Americans (except those who provided the labor for low-paying menial positions or entertainment) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white-owned clubs. However, because of employment deals with black worker groups, many clubs favored black workers, and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s.", "Lake Tahoe When Nevada legalized gambling in 1931, the first casino at the lake had already been open for years. First built on the North Shore in Crystal Bay by Robert Sherman in 1926,[73] the Calneva cabin became the property of Norman Henry Biltz and was sold to Bill Graham and Jim McKay in 1929.", "Omaha, Nebraska Gambling in Omaha has been significant throughout the city's history. From its founding in the 1850s through the 1930s, the city was known as a \"wide-open\" town, meaning that gambling of all sorts was accepted either openly or in closed quarters. By the mid-20th century, Omaha reportedly had more illicit gambling per capita than any other city in the nation. From the 1930s through the 1970s the city's gambling was controlled by an Italian criminal element.[233]", "Las Vegas Las Vegas had earned the moniker Gambling Capital of the World, as the city currently has the largest strip of land-based casinos in the world.[65]", "Golden Nugget Las Vegas The Golden Nugget was originally built in 1946,[3] making it one of the oldest casinos in the city. Jackie Gaughan at one time owned a stake in the hotel as part of his many downtown properties.[4] Steve Wynn bought a stake in the Nugget, which he increased so that, in 1973, he became the majority shareholder, and the youngest casino owner in Las Vegas.[5] In 1977 he opened the first hotel tower and the resort earned its first four diamond rating from Mobil Travel Guide. It was the foundation for Wynn's rise to prominence in the casino industry. The second hotel tower opened in 1984 along with the showroom, and the third tower was opened in 1989. In 2000, the Golden Nugget (and all of Mirage Resorts' other properties) was sold to MGM Grand, Inc. (later named MGM Mirage).", "Cities in the Great Depression Some cities managed to thrive during the Depression because of the economic activity generated by criminal enterprises. Atlantic City, long an established resort town, struggled during the Depression but managed to maintain a strong economy in large part due to illegal gambling activities with an unlimited supply of customers from Philadelphia and New York City.[20] Galveston, Texas was one of the most successful examples; the island city, Free State of Galveston, run by the Maceo syndicate, became a major resort town due to its lavish, illegal casino districts enabled by a corrupt law enforcement environment.[21] The small, desert town of Las Vegas, Nevada began to develop based on vice businesses during this period with the added advantage that laws there were much less strict.[22]", "Las Vegas Eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward. The remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue.", "Las Vegas The center of the gambling and entertainment industry, however, is located on the Las Vegas Strip, outside the city limits in the surrounding unincorporated communities of Paradise and Winchester in Clark County. The largest and most notable casinos and buildings are located there.", "History of Nevada Wingfield, however, reaped an even greater fortune from real estate, especially after moving to Reno, Nevada. After gambling was legalized in 1931, Wingfield again had money coming in from his leases and a partnership in several casinos.", "Nevada Nevada achieved its current southern boundaries on January 18, 1867, when it absorbed the portion of Pah-Ute County in the Arizona Territory west of the Colorado River, essentially all of present-day Nevada south of the 37th parallel. The transfer was prompted by the discovery of gold in the area, and it was thought by officials Nevada would be better able to oversee the expected population boom. This area includes most of what is now Clark County and the Las Vegas metropolitan area.", "History of Las Vegas The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties, activities, and government corruption in Las Vegas. His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state's national committeeman for the Democratic Party. Before his death in 1989, Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family's assets, and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas, with media holdings in print, television and the Internet; substantial real estate holdings; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos.", "History of Nevada The 1867 expansion of the state's southern boundary was prompted by the discovery of gold in the area since officials thought Nevada would be better able to oversee the expected gold rush. By 1872, Nevada mining was an industry of speculation and immense wealth.[12][13] After 1870, however, the mining industry went into eclipse, as the state's Silverite politicians worked to secure laws to require the federal government to purchase silver.", "El Cortez (Las Vegas) Marion Hicks and J.C. Grayson built the El Cortez, downtown Las Vegas' first major resort, in 1941 for $245,000.[4][1] The location at 6th Street and Fremont was originally considered too far from downtown, but it quickly became so profitable, Bugsy Siegel, Meyer Lansky, Gus Greenbaum and Moe Sedway bought the property in 1945 from J. Kel Houssels for $600,000.[5][6] John Kell (J. Kell) Houssels, Sr. (1895â€“1979) had originally opened the 59-room hotel and casino before the sale to the major organized crime figures. Houssels purchased the hotel back from Siegel's group in 1946 for $766,000. In 1963, the Pavilion Rooms were added after the hotel was purchased by Jackie Gaughan. Another 15-story tower addition was completed in 1980. The 64-room Cabana Suites were completed in the former Ogden House in 2009 bringing the total room count to its current 364.[7] Gaughan, a casino owner and operator since the early 1950s, lived in the El Cortez tower penthouse and was known to be on the casino floor almost daily.[8] The property is one of the few casinos to have never changed its exterior facade in Las Vegas, retaining the same signage and ranch themed architecture for over seventy years.[4][9][10]", "Gambling in the United States During the Prohibition era, illegal liquor provided an additional revenue stream for mob figures, and organized crime blossomed. Towns which already had lax attitudes about vice, such as Miami, Galveston, and Hot Springs, became major gambling centers, stimulating the tourist industry in those places.[7]", "Nevada Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe tribes inhabited the land that is now Nevada. The first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada (snowy) because of the snow which covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and became part of Mexico when it gained independence in 1821. The United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a population boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31, 1864, as the second of two states added to the Union during the Civil War (the first being West Virginia).[10]", "History of Las Vegas In 1966, Howard Hughes, the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry, and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country, moved to Las Vegas. Initially staying in the Desert Inn, he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel. Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels and media outlets, spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels, especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city.", "Reno, Nevada The divorce business eventually died as the other states fell in line by passing their own laws easing the requirements for divorce, but gambling continued as a major Reno industry. While gaming pioneers like \"Pappy\" and Harold Smith of Harold's Club and Bill Harrah of the soon-to-dominate Harrah's casino set up shop in the 1930s, the war years of the 1940s cemented Reno as the place to play for two decades.[13] Beginning in the 1950s, the need for economic diversification beyond gaming fueled a movement for more lenient business taxation.[12]", "Las Vegas, New Mexico A railroad was constructed to the town in 1880. To maintain control of development rights, it established a station and related development one mile (1.6Â km) east of the Plaza, creating a separate, rival New Town, as occurred elsewhere in the Old West. The same competing development occurred in Albuquerque, for instance. During the railroad era Las Vegas boomed, quickly becoming one of the largest cities in the American Southwest. Turn-of-the-century Las Vegas featured all the modern amenities, including an electric street railway, the \"Duncan Opera House\" at the northeast corner of 6th Street and Douglas Avenue, a Carnegie library, the Hotel Castaneda (a major Harvey House), and the New Mexico Normal School (now New Mexico Highlands University). Since the decline and restructuring of the railroad industry began in the 1950s, the city's population has remained relatively constant. Although the two towns have been combined, separate school districts have been maintained (Las Vegas City Schools and West Las Vegas School District).", "Transportation in Las Vegas Before Las Vegas became a tourist destination, railroads were a major industry in southern Nevada. The Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad was the first to lay track in the Las Vegas Valley. By 1905 the Los Angeles and Salt Lake had connected Salt Lake City to Southern California through Las Vegas. The railroad provided freight and passenger service to Las Vegas until it was acquired by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1921.", "History of Nevada As many Nevada towns went through the boom and bust cycle, gambling keep the state's economy strong. However, remnants of mining resulted in the 1989 designation of the Carson River Mercury (Superfund) Site", "Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall What would become the Pioneer Hotel & Gambling Hall initially opened in 1979 as the Colorado Club[4] and was built by Tom Ward and Ed Nigro.[2] In 1986, the casino had the distinction of being the first casino to open a players' club for slot players in Nevada.[2]", "History of Las Vegas On November 21, 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, suffered a devastating fire. A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history. The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally's Las Vegas, while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue.", "Las Vegas Valley Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen rapid growth, more than doubling its population of 741,459 in 1990 to more than 2 million estimated in 2015.[7] The Las Vegas Valley remains one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States, and in its relatively short history has established a diverse presence in international business, commerce, urban development and entertainment, as well as one of the most iconic and most visited tourist destinations in the world. In 2014, a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area, producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion.[8]", "Mesquite, Nevada Mesquite was settled by Mormon pioneers in 1880, who called it Mesquite Flat. The community was finally established on the third attempt after having been flooded out from the waters of the Virgin River. The name was later shortened to Mesquite, and the city was incorporated by Thelma Davis[7] in May 1984. The community was named for the mesquite timber near the original town site.[8] Mesquite, like nearby Bunkerville, had its origins in farming. The Peppermill Mesquite casino, which opened in the 1970s, drove Mesquite's diversified economy. The city incorporated in 1984 and established a master development plan during the early 1990s.[2] In the mid-1990s, more casinos opened.[9] By 2006, Mesquite was one of the fastest-growing small towns in the United States, though the late-2000s recession led to the closure of both the Mesquite Star and Oasis (formerly The Peppermill) casinos.[2]", "Las Vegas In 1951, nuclear weapons testing began at the Nevada Test Site, 65 miles (105Â km) northwest of Las Vegas. City residents and visitors were able to witness the mushroom clouds (and were exposed to the fallout) until 1963, when the limited Test Ban Treaty required that nuclear tests be moved underground.[25][26]" ]	[ "History of Las Vegas Urbanisation began in 1902, when a railroad linking Los Angeles and Salt Lake City attracted many farmers to the area, and fresh water was piped into the settlement. In 1911, the city was incorporated as part of Clark County. In 1931 work started on the Boulder Dam (now the Hoover Dam), bringing a huge influx of young male workers, for whom theatres and casinos were built, largely by the Mafia. Electricity from the dam also enabled the building of many new hotels along the Strip. The arrival of Howard Hughes in 1966 did much to offset mob influence, and helped turn Las Vegas into more of a family tourist centre, now classified as a Megaresort.", "History of Las Vegas On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers.[11]", "History of Las Vegas Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931. Las Vegas, with a small but already well-established illegal gambling industry, was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world. The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club, and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel. Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas[12] and received the city's first traffic light in 1931." ]
test2120	who is the actor that plays sneaky pete	[ "doc73719" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc73719", "doc73720", "doc73722", "doc73725", "doc73721", "doc73724", "doc896528", "doc73723", "doc1616729", "doc896524", "doc1052443", "doc2232860", "doc2000116", "doc1618164", "doc2088079", "doc1618166", "doc1618167", "doc1370283", "doc1912935", "doc1618155", "doc2517769", "doc1618154", "doc2211506", "doc2090908", "doc2634358", "doc1644158", "doc1618165", "doc1883014", "doc1877457", "doc1485484", "doc2000118", "doc2081311", "doc1197591", "doc1337833", "doc1679494", "doc496705", "doc495229", "doc2286710", "doc1618163", "doc2217915", "doc1658391", "doc1618168", "doc1760626", "doc690223", "doc1618150", "doc80001", "doc1779117", "doc1618148", "doc2035672", "doc690219", "doc726914", "doc551499", "doc2000120", "doc755923", "doc1747369", "doc1587231", "doc2000119", "doc2218587", "doc417226", "doc1287544", "doc889829", "doc2150089", "doc1427000", "doc2302082", "doc759895", "doc937773", "doc1618146", "doc1679489", "doc1965540", "doc1485491", "doc1245580", "doc934927", "doc51500", "doc451392", "doc1370294", "doc65502", "doc1675650", "doc938628", "doc997290", "doc416609", "doc1115534", "doc1644155", "doc1855489", "doc1425397", "doc1618149", "doc1877670", "doc1618162", "doc2530941", "doc981636", "doc1118141", "doc2151848", "doc928615", "doc708948", "doc1666004", "doc2644122", "doc1968576", "doc28467", "doc1252152", "doc1184169", "doc1522854" ]	[ "Sneaky Pete Sneaky Pete is an American crime drama series created by David Shore and Bryan Cranston. The series follows Marius JosipoviÄ‡ (Giovanni Ribisi), a released convict who adopts the identity of his cell mate, Pete Murphy, in order to avoid his past life. The series also stars Marin Ireland, Shane McRae, Libe Barer, Michael Drayer, Peter Gerety, and Margo Martindale. The pilot debuted on August 7, 2015, and was followed by a full series order that September.[1] Shore left the project in early 2016 and was replaced by Graham Yost, who served as executive producer and showrunner for the remaining nine episodes.[2] The first season premiered in its entirety on January 13, 2017, exclusively on Amazon Video.[3] On January 19, 2017, Amazon announced that Sneaky Pete had been renewed for a second season,[4] which was released on March 9, 2018.[5]", "Sneaky Pete Sneaky Pete follows \"Marius, a con man who gets out of prison only to find himself hunted by the vicious gangster he once robbed. With nowhere else to turn, Marius takes cover from his past by assuming the identity of his cellmate, Pete, and then “reunites” with Pete’s estranged family — who have no reason to suspect he’s not their long-lost loved one.\"[6]", "Sneaky Pete In June, it was reported that Amazon was in negotiations to pick up the pilot, with some tweaking and possible minor reshoots before being made available to the viewers.[13] The pilot was released on Amazon on August 7, 2015 and was ordered to series on September 2, 2015.[14]", "Sneaky Pete The first season of Sneaky Pete received very positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 100% 'Certified Fresh' rating based on 22 critic reviews, with the critical consensus \"Suspenseful, smart, and terrifically cast, Sneaky Pete is part dramedy, part crime caper, and all in all entertaining.\"[15] Metacritic gave the first season a 78 out of 100 score based on 21 critic reviews, indicating 'generally favorable reviews'.[16]", "Sneaky Pete In November 2014, CBS gave a production commitment to Sneaky Pete.[9] A formal pilot for the show was shot in New York in March 2015.[10] On May 8, CBS decided to pass on the pilot, while also canceling David Shore's other series on the network, Battle Creek.[11] Just two days later, it was reported that the pilot might be moving to cable networks, with many expressing interest.[12]", "Sneaky Pete Episode 2 and the remainder of the first season premiered on January 13, 2017.[3]", "Giovanni Ribisi Ribisi played Marius in the Amazon series Sneaky Pete. The pilot was created and produced by David Shore and Bryan Cranston, who also starred in the series. It was added to Amazon in 2015 and was picked up for ten of each episodes in 2016. The series premiered on January 13, 2017.[9]", "Sneaky Pete In March 2016, it was announced that Shore would be leaving the project, and would be replaced by Graham Yost, who would be taking over as executive producer and showrunner. Start of production of the full series was pushed back to allow for the transition.[2]", "Margo Martindale Martindale has played Audrey Bernhardt, matriarch of the family on the Amazon series Sneaky Pete starring Giovanni Ribisi, for the 2015 pilot the first season which aired in January 2017, and the second season as well.", "Giovanni Ribisi Antonino Giovanni Ribisi (Italian pronunciation: [antoˈniːno dʒoˈvanni]; born December 17, 1974), known professionally as Giovanni Ribisi, is an American film and television actor known for his roles Avatar and Ted and the TV series Sneaky Pete. He also had recurring roles in My Name Is Earl and Friends.", "Brad William Henke His television career includes roles in ARLI$$, ER, Dexter, Lost, Justified, The Office (American version), Orange Is The New Black and, most recently, Sneaky Pete.[4][6]", "Steve Schirripa Steven Ralph \"Steve\" Schirripa[2] (/ʃɪˈriːpə/, Italian pronunciation: [skirˈripa]; born August 1, 1958)[1][3] is an American actor, producer, author, and voice artist. He is best known for portraying Bobby Baccalieri on The Sopranos. Schirripa is a producer and host of two Investigation Discovery series Karma's A B*tch! and Nothing Personal. He was a regular cast member of The Secret Life of the American Teenager and the voice of Roberto in the Open Season franchise. Schirripa has also done commercials for Lamisil, Dick's Sporting Goods, and McDonald's.", "Peter Stormare Rolf Peter Ingvar Storm (born 27 August 1953), known professionally as Peter Stormare (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈpeːtɛr ²stɔrːmarɛ] ( listen)), is a Swedish actor, voice actor, theatre director, playwright and musician active in the United States. He is best known for playing the roles of Gaear Grimsrud in the 1996 film Fargo, John Abruzzi in the Fox TV series Prison Break and Ingmar in the comedy web television series Swedish Dicks.", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Phil Hickle (Steve Buscemi)", "Toby Huss Toby Huss (born December 9, 1966)[1] is an American actor known for portraying Artie in the Nickelodeon series The Adventures of Pete & Pete (1993–1996). He is also known for his voice-over work on the long-running animated series King of the Hill (1997–2010) and his role as Felix \"Stumpy\" Dreifuss on HBO's Carnivàle (2003–2005).[2] He played John Bosworth on the AMC original period drama Halt and Catch Fire.[3]", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Mr. Tastee (Toby Huss)", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Stu Benedict (Damian Young)", "Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 â€“ December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and the comical monster in Mel Brooks' film spoof Young Frankenstein (1974). Boyle, who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest-starring role on the science-fiction drama The X-Files, won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film Joe.[1]", "Ian McShane Ian David McShane[1] (born 29 September 1942) is an English actor and voice artist. He is known for his television roles, particularly the title role in Lovejoy (1986–1994),[2] Al Swearengen in Deadwood (2004–2006), Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda (2008), and Blackbeard in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He portrays Mr. Wednesday in the Starz series American Gods.", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Clem LaNelle (Aaron Schwartz)", "Jonathan Banks Jonathan Ray Banks[1] (born January 31, 1947)[2] is an American actor. His first notable film roles were in the films Airplane!, 48 Hrs., and Beverly Hills Cop. He has received critical acclaim for his role as former police officer turned hitman Mike Ehrmantraut in the television series Breaking Bad, and its spin-off Better Call Saul. Earlier he was well-reviewed as Frank McPike in Wiseguy.[3] He has received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Wayne Pardue (Justin Restivo)", "Shea Whigham Franklin Shea Whigham Jr. (born January 5, 1969) is an American actor. He portrayed Elias \"Eli\" Thompson in the HBO drama series Boardwalk Empire, and also had supporting roles in Kong: Skull Island and True Detective.", "Efren Ramirez Efrain Antonio Ramírez[1] (born October 2, 1973)[2][non-primary source needed] is an American actor and DJ, best known for playing Pedro Sánchez in the 2004 indie film Napoleon Dynamite. He later reprised his role in the 2012 animated series of the same name.", "John Heard (actor) John Heard Jr.[1] (March 7, 1945 â€“ July 21, 2017) was an American film and television actor. He had lead roles in several films, including Chilly Scenes of Winter, Heart Beat, Cutter's Way, Cat People, and C.H.U.D., as well as supporting roles in After Hours, Big, Beaches, Awakenings, Rambling Rose, The Pelican Brief, My Fellow Americans, Snake Eyes, and Animal Factory. He also played Peter McCallister in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, as well as appeared in Sharknado. Heard was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1999 for guest starring on The Sopranos.", "Jere Burns Burns made his television debut in a small role on ABC's Mom's On Strike in 1984. He had a recurring role as rapist James Fitzsimmons on Hill Street Blues and body collector Breugel on Max Headroom. In 1988 he landed the role of sleazy Kirk Morris on Dear John. In 1989 he appeared in the William Lustig film Hit List as Jared Riley. He appeared as the villainous Cade Dalton on the NBC miniseries The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991), hateful Vice-President of Sales Pete Schmidt on Bob (1993), a member of the feuding family in Greedy (1994), Jack Farrell in Something So Right (1996), and Ben Stuart in Life-Size. He portrayed the title character's brother in \"The Trouble with Harry\", an episode of the series Twice in a Lifetime directed by David Winning (2000); Frank Alfonse on Good Morning, Miami (2002); Keith on The King of Queens (2006); Michael on Help Me Help You (2006); and Dr. Jim on Surviving Suburbia (2007) Soldier on plane, uncredited, Transformers; (2009). He starred as an FBI agent in the movie Otis (2008). Other screen credits include Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles (2001).[citation needed]", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete James \"Pop\" Mecklenberg (Iggy Pop)", "Pablo Schreiber Pablo Tell Schreiber (born April 26, 1978) is a Canadian-American actor, known for his dramatic stage work and for his portrayal of Nick Sobotka on The Wire and for his role of George \"Pornstache\" Mendez on Orange Is the New Black, for which he received a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. He was nominated for a Tony Award for his performance in Awake and Sing! on Broadway. He also narrated the American Psycho audiobook.", "Pedro Pascal José Pedro Balmaceda Pascal (born April 2, 1975), known professionally as Pedro Pascal, is a Chilean-American actor. He is best known for portraying the roles of Oberyn Martell in the fourth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones[1] and Javier Peña in the Netflix series Narcos.", "Steven Bauer Steven Bauer (born Esteban Ernesto Echevarría Samson;[1] December 2, 1956) is a Cuban-American actor. He is known for his role as Manny Ribera in the 1983 film Scarface, as Don Eladio in the AMC drama series Breaking Bad, Avi in Ray Donovan, and the bilingual PBS show ¿Qué Pasa, USA?[2]", "Peter Stormare Stormare began his career with the Royal Dramatic Theatre, to which he belonged for 11 years. In 1990, he took a leading position as associate artistic director at the Tokyo Globe Theatre, and made a name for himself through various Shakespeare performances, including Hamlet. Three years later, he moved to New York City and mainly took part in English-language productions there. He played Carl Hamilton, a fictional Swedish secret agent. He was discovered by international audiences for his critically acclaimed role as one of the kidnappers in Fargo (1996). He portrayed Dieter Stark in the 1997 film The Lost World: Jurassic Park and later played sleazy, unlicensed \"eye-doctor\" Solomon Eddie in Minority Report.", "Rudolf Martin He is cast member in Hoboken Hollow, an independent feature with C. Thomas Howell, Dennis Hopper and Michael Madsen and in another German feature, Paparazzo shooting in France and Spain. In Stargate SG-1 he had a guest appearance in the episode \"Company of Thieves\" in Season 10 as Anateo of the Lucian Alliance. He also has a guest appearance in three episodes of Dexter as drug lord Carlos Guerrero. Currently (as of 2006) completed is Last Exit and Hyenas and the short movie Sunrise.", "Peter Facinelli Peter Facinelli (born November 26, 1973[1]) is an American actor and producer. He starred as Donovan \"Van\" Ray on the Fox series Fastlane from 2002 to 2003. He played Dr. Carlisle Cullen in the film adaptations of the Twilight novel series, and is also known for his role as Mike Dexter in the 1998 film Can't Hardly Wait. Facinelli was a regular on the Showtime comedy-drama series Nurse Jackie, portraying the role of Dr. Fitch \"Coop\" Cooper. He portrayed Maxwell Lord on the first season of the TV series Supergirl.", "William Fichtner William Edward Fichtner Jr. (born November 27, 1956)[1] is an American actor. He has appeared in a number of notable films and TV series. He is known for his roles as Sheriff Tom Underlay in the television series Invasion, Alexander Mahone on Prison Break, and numerous film roles, including: Quiz Show, Heat, blind astronomer Kent in Contact, Armageddon, The Perfect Storm, Crash, Blades of Glory, Black Hawk Down, Nine Lives, The Longest Yard, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, The Dark Knight, Date Night, The Lone Ranger, Phantom, Elysium, Independence Day: Resurgence, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.", "J. K. Simmons He is known for his roles as Dr. Emil Skoda, a police psychiatrist who has appeared on three of the four incarnations of Law & Order and New York Undercover, and as sadistic neo-Nazi inmate Vernon Schillinger on the prison drama Oz. He also stars as Ralph Earnhardt, the father of race-car driver Dale Earnhardt, in 3: The Dale Earnhardt Story. He plays Will Pope, Assistant Chief of the LAPD, in the series The Closer. In the show Raising Hope, he plays Burt Chance's brother Bruce Chance. In a precursor to joining the Law & Order cast as Skoda, Simmons appeared in Homicide: Life on the Street, portraying a criminal in a Law & Order cross-over episode. Other roles include that of an army general in the television sitcom Arrested Development, and Dan the Barber in the surreal Nickelodeon kid's show The Adventures of Pete & Pete in 1995.", "Bryan Cranston Cranston has directed episodes of various television series, including seven episodes of Malcolm in the Middle, three episodes of Breaking Bad, two episodes of Modern Family, one episode of The Office, and one episode of Sneaky Pete. He has also appeared in several acclaimed films such as Saving Private Ryan (1998), Little Miss Sunshine (2006), Drive (2011), Argo (2012) and Godzilla (2014). In 2015, Cranston, together with David Shore, executive produced and wrote the story for the Amazon Studios original crime drama Sneaky Pete, the pilot episode of which aired on August 7, 2015.[3]", "The Chain of Screaming Jordan Black (Ferguson)\nTaran Killam (Gary Blauman)\nBryan Callen (Bilson)\nBob Odenkirk (Arthur Hobbs)", "Peter MacNicol Peter MacNicol (born April 10, 1954) is an American actor. He received a Theatre World Award for his 1981 Broadway debut in the play Crimes of the Heart. His film roles include Stingo in Sophie's Choice (1982), Janosz Poha in Ghostbusters II (1989) and David Langley in Bean (1997).", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Lifeguard Matt \"The Urinator\" Uplinger (Christopher Cooke)", "Jerry O'Connell Jeremiah \"Jerry\" O'Connell[1] (born February 17, 1974)[1] is an American actor, known for his roles as Quinn Mallory in the TV series Sliders, Andrew Clements in My Secret Identity, Vern Tessio in the film Stand by Me (1986), Frank Cushman in Jerry Maguire (1996), Derek in Scream 2 (1997), Charlie Carbone in Kangaroo Jack (2003), and Detective Woody Hoyt on the drama Crossing Jordan. He starred as Pete Kaczmarek in the CBS TV series The Defenders until its cancellation in 2011. He also had a starring role in the comedy horror film Piranha 3D (2010).", "Mark-Paul Gosselaar Mark-Paul Harry Gosselaar (/ˈɡɒslər/;[1] born March 1, 1974) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Zack Morris in Saved by the Bell, Detective John Clark in NYPD Blue, and Peter Bash in Franklin & Bash.", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Frank Gulcher (Jim Lally)", "List of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters Skinny Pete (played by Charles Baker) is Jesse's friend. He served time in prison with Tuco and introduces him to Jesse. Jesse recruits Skinny Pete to deal meth, although Pete is on probation. When Pete is mugged by two addicts, Jesse is forced to get the money and product back. After Badger is arrested and Combo is killed, Pete quits dealing for Jesse, fearing being sent back to prison and for his own safety. He decides to sell meth for Jesse again, albeit on a smaller scale. He attends Narcotics Anonymous meetings with Badger. After following the program together and staying clean, they relapse when Jesse tempts them with meth. After a few days of heavy meth use they leave Jesse's house. In the Season 5 episode \"Hazard Pay\", Skinny Pete is shown to be a talented pianist as he plays a small section of C.P.E. Bach's Solfeggietto at a music store.[48] He is also seen in the mid-season premiere \"Blood Money\", hanging out at Jesse's house and listening to Badger's Star Trek script.", "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Wayne Winston Norris", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Bill Korn (Rick Barbarette)", "Sam Rockwell In 2007, Rockwell guest-starred in the web series Casted: The Continuing Chronicles of Derek Riffchyn, Greatest Casting Director in the World. Ever. He appears opposite Jonathan Togo as Derek and Justin Long as Scott. Rockwell plays an aspiring young actor named Pete Sampras.[12]", "Maurizio De Jorio As Kevin Johnson", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Artie, the Strongest Man in the World (Toby Huss)", "Joel McKinnon Miller His biggest role in a film is in the 2003 award-winning television film Secret Santa. He also played supporting characters in The Truman Show, Galaxy Quest, Rush Hour 2 and Men in Black II, and supplied the voice of Bromley in the animated feature The Swan Princess. Miller currently appears as a cast member on Brooklyn Nine-Nine as Detective Norman Scully.[3]", "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Leonard Jeffery \"Oz\" Osborne", "Kurtwood Smith He also has an extensive voice acting résumé, appearing in computer games such as Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel, and FreeSpace 2, and on a number of animated series. He played a recurring role on the claymation series Gary & Mike as the vengeful Officer Dick and voiced the dinosaurian military commander character General Galapagos in the Savage Steve Holland produced Fox animated series Terrible Thunderlizards. He played the voice of Bob Johnson on Squirrel Boy and provided the voice of Kanjar Ro in Green Lantern: First Flight and starred as the sheriff in Last of the Dogmen. Recently Smith appeared on the Netflix show The Ranch as farmer Peterson.", "Peter Serafinowicz Peter Szymon Serafinowicz (/sɛrəˈfɪnəwɪtʃ/ serr-ə-FIN-ə-witch; born 10 July 1972) is an English actor, voice actor, comedian, and writer. Among many film roles, he played Pete in Shaun of the Dead (2004) and Garthan Saal in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), as well as providing the voice of Darth Maul in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999). He currently stars as the titular character in the live-action adaptation of The Tick. He has appeared in a variety of British and American comedy series.", "Peter Stormare Stormare voiced Mattias Nilsson in the video games Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction and Mercenaries 2: World in Flames, Isair in the computer game Icewind Dale 2, and Johann Strauss in Quake 4. In February 2006, he starred as Wolfgang in Volkswagen's VDub series of television commercials. He played the main character in the film Svartvattnet, which was filmed in Sweden and Norway in 2007.[2] He was offered a role in the ABC television series Lost for a period of one year,[3] which he declined.[4] In the 2007 film Premonition, he played Dr. Roth. In April 2007, he appeared in the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode \"Ending Happy\".", "Steve Buscemi Steven Vincent Buscemi (/buːˈsɛmi/;[1][2] born December 13, 1957) is an American actor, comedian and director. Buscemi has starred and supported in successful Hollywood and indie films, including Parting Glances, New York Stories, Mystery Train, Reservoir Dogs, Desperado, Con Air, Armageddon, The Grey Zone, Ghost World, Big Fish, and The Death of Stalin. He is also known for his appearances in many films by Coen brothers: Miller's Crossing, Barton Fink, The Hudsucker Proxy, Fargo, and The Big Lebowski. Buscemi provides the voice of Randall Boggs in the Monsters, Inc. franchise.", "Sasha Alexander Suzana S. DrobnjakoviÄ‡ Ponti (born May 17, 1973), known by her stage name Sasha Alexander, is a Serbian-American actress. She played Gretchen Witter on Dawson's Creek and has acted in films including Yes Man (2008) and He's Just Not That Into You (2009). Alexander played Caitlin Todd for the first two seasons of NCIS. From July 2010 through September 2016, Alexander starred as Maura Isles in the TNT series Rizzoli & Isles.", "Woody Harrelson Woodrow Tracy \"Woody\" Harrelson[1][2] (born July 23, 1961)[3] is an American actor, activist, and playwright. He is a two-time Academy Award nominee and has won one Emmy Award out of seven nominations. His breakout role came in 1985, joining the television sitcom Cheers as bartender Woody Boyd, for which he earned five Emmy Award nominations (one win). Some notable film characters include basketball hustler Billy Hoyle in White Men Can't Jump, one-handed bowler Roy Munson in Kingpin, Haymitch Abernathy in The Hunger Games film series, Pepper Lewis in The Cowboy Way, Tallahassee in Zombieland, serial killer Mickey Knox in Natural Born Killers, magazine publisher Larry Flynt in The People vs. Larry Flynt, country singer Dusty in A Prairie Home Companion, magician/mentalist Merritt McKinney in Now You See Me and the Colonel in War for the Planet of the Apes.", "Peter Stormare In 1998, he appeared in \"The Frogger\", a Seinfeld episode where he played a rogue electrician known as Slippery Pete. He portrayed Uli Kunkel in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski, as well as playing Lev Andropov, a Russian cosmonaut in the 1998 film Armageddon, where his unique performance cemented his status amongst top tier actors. In 1999, he appeared as a villainous producer and director of hardcore porn in the film 8mm. He also portrayed Gunny in the 2002 film Windtalkers and Alexei in the 2003 film Bad Boys II. In 2003, he played Ernst Röhm in Hitler: The Rise of Evil. In the 2005 film Constantine, he played Lucifer. He played the torturer Cavaldi in the 2005 film The Brothers Grimm. His first major character in television was on the Fox series Prison Break in 2005 for the first two seasons, where he played the inmate mob boss John Abruzzi. He was originally cast in Fido, but opted out of the film upon being cast in Prison Break.", "Tony Dow Blacklist (2017 Mr. Nobs)", "Corey Stoll Corey Daniel Stoll (born March 14, 1976) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Dr. Ephraim Goodweather on the American television horror/suspense series The Strain on the FX network, as well as Congressman Peter Russo in House of Cards, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination in 2013. He was a regular cast member on the NBC drama series Law & Order: LA (2010–2011), and portrayed the villain Darren Cross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man (2015). Other notable roles include a 2004 Off-Broadway performance of Intimate Apparel, portraying Ernest Hemingway in the 2011 romantic comedy film Midnight in Paris and bulldog prosecutor Fred Wyshak in Black Mass.", "Rob Schneider Robert Michael Schneider (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and director. A stand-up comic and veteran of the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, he went on to a successful career in feature films, including starring roles in the comedy films Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, The Hot Chick, The Benchwarmers, and Grown Ups.", "Lee Arenberg Arenberg attended Santa Monica High School with future \"brat packer\" actors Sean Penn, Robert Downey Jr. and Emilio Estevez,[1][2] and co-wrote a play with Estevez which was directed by Penn.[citation needed] Lee's first professional job was in 1986 at the Mark Taper Forum in \"Ghetto\", a play directed by Gordon Davidson. Within weeks he was cast in three films, including the role of Norton in the feature Tapeheads (1988) opposite the film's co-stars Tim Robbins and John Cusack. Guest appearances on television began in 1987 with the hit sitcom Perfect Strangers (1986), and have continued with memorable roles such as the parking space-stealing New Yorker Mike Moffitt on Seinfeld (1989) and as the murderous rock promoter opposite Katey Sagal and Sam Kinison in Tales from the Crypt (1989), as well as roles on Arli$$ (1996), and Friends (1994). Arenberg can also be seen in the role of the notoriously huge studio head, Bobby G., on the controversial short-lived Fox sitcom Action (1999) opposite series star Jay Mohr. His parents were 500 A.D.", "The Fight (How I Met Your Mother) Will Sasso (Doug Martin)", "Chris Elliott Christopher Nash Elliott (born May 31, 1960) is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He is best known for his comedic sketches on Late Night with David Letterman, starring in the comedy series Get a Life on Fox TV and Eagleheart on Adult Swim, as well as his recurring roles as Peter MacDougall on Everybody Loves Raymond and as Mickey Aldrin on How I Met Your Mother. He has also starred in the films Cabin Boy, There's Something About Mary, Scary Movie 2, and Groundhog Day. He is currently starring as Roland Schitt on CBC Television's Schitt's Creek.[1]", "Tom Selleck Thomas William Selleck (born January 29, 1945) is an American actor and film producer. He is known for starring as private investigator Thomas Magnum in the television series Magnum, P.I. (1980â€“1988). Before that, he had a recurring role as Lance White, the favorable and naive partner of Jim Rockford (played by James Garner) on The Rockford Files. He also plays Police Chief Jesse Stone in a series of made-for-TV movies based on Robert B. Parker novels. Since 2010, he has also been a primary cast member as NYPD Commissioner Frank Reagan in the drama Blue Bloods on CBS.[2]", "Walton Goggins Walton Sanders Goggins Jr. (born November 10, 1971)[1] is an American actor. On television, he played Shane Vendrell in The Shield, Boyd Crowder in Justified and Venus Van Dam in Sons of Anarchy. He has also appeared in films, such as That Evening Sun, The Apostle, Chrystal, Miracle at St. Anna, Predators, Lincoln, Django Unchained, Machete Kills, American Ultra and The Hateful Eight. He co-produced and starred in the 2001 short film The Accountant, which won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.[2]", "Joe Lo Truglio Joseph Lo Truglio (born December 2, 1970) is an American actor, comedian and writer best known for his television roles such as Charles Boyle on the Fox sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine and as a cast member on The State and Reno 911!. His noteable film roles include Wet Hot American Summer, I Love You Man, Superbad, Paul, Role Models, and Wanderlust.", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Don Wrigley (Hardy Rawls)", "J. K. Simmons Jonathan Kimble Simmons (born January 9, 1955) is an American character actor and voice actor. In television, he is known for playing Dr. Emil Skoda on the NBC series Law & Order, neo-Nazi Vernon Schillinger on the HBO prison-drama Oz, and Assistant Police Chief Will Pope on TNT's The Closer. Since 2017, he has executive produced and starred as Howard Silk in the Starz series Counterpart.", "Craig Sheffer \"Karma to Burn\" (season 13: episode 1)", "Steven Bauer 2011 \"Mommy and Me\"", "Howard Hesseman Howard Hesseman (born February 27, 1940)[1] is an American actor best known for playing disc jockey Johnny Fever on WKRP in Cincinnati, Captain Pete Lassard in Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment and schoolteacher Charlie Moore on Head of the Class.", "Pete Campbell Kartheiser has won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series twice along with the cast of Mad Men.[1]", "Alan Autry Credited as Carlos Brown", "Eddie Steeples Eddie Steeples (born November 25, 1973)[1] is an American actor known for his roles as the \"Rubberband Man\" in an advertising campaign for OfficeMax, and as Darnell Turner on the NBC sitcom My Name Is Earl.", "Peter Boyle Boyle received his first Emmy nomination for his acclaimed dramatic performance in the 1977 television film Tail Gunner Joe, in which he played Senator Joseph McCarthy. Yet he was more often cast as a character actor than as a leading man. His roles include the philosophical cab driver \"Wizard\" in Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), starring Robert De Niro; a bar owner and fence in The Brink's Job (1978); the private detective hired in Hardcore (1979); the attorney of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson (played by Bill Murray) in Where the Buffalo Roam (1980); a corrupt space mining-facility boss in the science-fiction film Outland (1981), opposite Sean Connery; Boatswain Moon in the (1983) pirate comedy Yellowbeard, also starring Cheech and Chong, Madeline Kahn, and members of the comedy troupe Monty Python; a local crime boss named Jocko Dundee on his way to retirement, starring Michael Keaton in the comedy film Johnny Dangerously (1984); a psychiatric patient who belts out a Ray Charles song in the comedy The Dream Team (1989), also starring Michael Keaton; a boss of unscrupulous corporation in the sci-fi Solar Crisis (1990) along Charlton Heston and Jack Palance; the title character's cab driver in The Shadow (1994), starring Alec Baldwin; the father of Sandra Bullock's fiancÃ©e in While You Were Sleeping (1995); the corporate raider out to buy Eddie Murphy's medical partnership in Dr. Dolittle (1998); the hateful father of Billy Bob Thornton's prison-guard character in Monster's Ball (2001); Muta in The Cat Returns (2002); and Old Man Wickles in the comedy Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004). In cameo roles, he can be seen as a police captain in Malcolm X (1992), and as a drawbridge operator in Porky's Revenge (1985). In 1992, he starred in Alex Cox's Death and the Compass, an adaptation of Jorge Luis Borges' La Muerte y la Brujula. However, the film was not released until 1996.", "Matthew Lillard Matthew Lyn Lillard (born January 24, 1970) is an American actor, voice actor, director, and producer. He is best known for portraying Chip in Serial Mom (1994), Stu in Scream (1996), Stevo in SLC Punk! (1998), Jerry Conlaine in Without a Paddle (2004) and Shaggy Rogers in both Scooby-Doo (2002) and Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004). In animation, he has been the current voice of Shaggy since veteran actor Casey Kasem retired from the role.[1]", "Jeffrey Donovan Jeffrey Donovan (born May 11, 1968)[1] is an American actor and director. He played Michael Westen in the television series Burn Notice, and starred in films such as Hitch, Believe in Me, Changeling and Come Early Morning. He played Robert F. Kennedy in Clint Eastwood's J. Edgar (2011)[2] and his brother John F. Kennedy in Rob Reiner's LBJ. He had a recurring role in the second season of the TV series Fargo (2015).", "Tom Kenny Thomas James Kenny (born July 13, 1962) is an American actor and comedian known for his long-running role as the title character in the SpongeBob SquarePants TV series, video games, and films.", "Brian Van Holt Brian Van Holt (born July 6, 1969) is an American actor. He is known for playing Bobby Cobb on the ABC sitcom Cougar Town.", "Stefán Karl Stefánsson Stefán Karl Stefánsson (/ˈstɛfən ˈstɛfənsən/; Icelandic: [ˈstɛːvaun ˈkʰartl̥ ˈstɛːvaunsɔn]; born 10 July 1975) is an Icelandic actor, best known for playing the villain Robbie Rotten on the children's television series LazyTown. He is now living in Los Angeles with wife Steinunn Ólína Þorsteinsdóttir, three daughters, and one son.", "Peter Dinklage Peter Hayden Dinklage (/ˈdɪŋklɪdʒ/; born June 11, 1969) is an American actor and film producer. Dinklage studied acting at Bennington College, starring in a number of amateur stage productions. His film debut was in Living in Oblivion (1995) and his breakthrough came with the comedy-drama The Station Agent (2003). He has since appeared in Elf (2003), Find Me Guilty (2006), Underdog (2007), The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008), X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), which earned him his first Screen Actors Guild Award, and Avengers: Infinity War (2018).", "Jere Burns Jere Eugene Burns II[1] (born October 15, 1954) is an American actor who has appeared in theatre productions and on television. He played the roles of ladies' man Kirk Morris on the television series Dear John, DIA psychiatrist Anson Fullerton on the television series Burn Notice, and Dixie Mafia middle-man Wynn Duffy on Justified.[2]", "Donal Logue Donal Francis Logue (born February 27, 1966)[2][3] or (born February 27, 1966)[4] (sources vary) is a Canadian-born Irish-American[5] film and television actor, producer and writer. His notable roles include starring in the film The Tao of Steve, Sons of Anarchy, Vikings, the sitcom Grounded for Life, the television series Copper and the detective series Terriers. He stars as detective Harvey Bullock in Fox's Gotham and had a recurring role in NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Lt. Declan Murphy.", "David DeLuise His first leading role came in 2003, in BachelorMan. He had a recurring role in 3rd Rock from the Sun as Bug Pollone and was a regular performer on Jesse during its first season, playing Jesse's brother Darren. He also played a recurring role in Stargate SG-1 as Pete Shanahan. He was also seen in a Purina commercial for Beneful dog food, and a Kentucky Fried Chicken commercial.", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Theodore \"Teddy\" L. Forzman (David Martel)", "Homer Is Where the Art Isn't Bill Hader as Detective Manacek\nCecily Strong as Megan Matheson", "The Adventures of Pete & Pete Principal Ken Schwinger (Adam West)", "Gary Cole Gary Michael Cole (born September 20, 1956) is an American actor and voice actor. Cole began his professional acting career on stage at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre Company in 1985. On television, he has had starring roles in the series Midnight Caller, American Gothic, Crusade, \"The Good Wife,\"[ [Veep]] and, most recently, The Good Fight.\" In film, Cole has appeared in The Brady Bunch Movie, One Hour Photo, Office Space, Dodgeball, and Talladega Nights. Cole is also known for voicing the title character of Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, and was the voice of Dr. James Timothy Possible on Kim Possible.", "Emilio Rivera Rivera's first feature role was in the TV series Renegade with Lorenzo Lamas. He also had a role in the feature film Con Air, co-starring Nicolas Cage. Emilio has appeared in several commercials, television programs and feature films including Traffic, The Cable Guy, NYPD Blue, Beverly Hills, 90210, Walker, Texas Ranger, Hitman: Agent 47, JAG, ER, A Man Apart with Vin Diesel, John Cusack's film Never Get Outta the Boat, Friday After Next, Ali G Indahouse, Rush, Howard Stern's Son of the Beach, Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, Z Nation, and Michael Mann's new series Metro. He also played Marcus Álvarez in Sons of Anarchy for the seven seasons and appears as Bodega Diablo Next Day Air. In 2013, he co-starred in the music video of rapper/singer Nicki Minaj's \"High School\" single. He played a secondary character on the 11th episode of the 2nd season of My name is Earl.", "Two Guys and a Girl The story of season 1 centers around the pizza place. Actors such as Jennifer Westfeldt (Melissa), and Julius Carry (Bill) were credited as secondary cast members to principals Ryan Reynolds, Richard Ruccolo, and Traylor Howard. Mr. Bauer, played by David Ogden Stiers, frequently appeared around the pizza place, telling stories of life events which actually occurred in movies. Pete and Berg share an apartment, on which Peter pays the rent every month, with Berg testing experimental drugs to supplement their income. Pete structures his life around architecture and grad school, while Sharon, their friend upstairs, works for an evil corporation that exploits the Earth's natural resources, much to her dislike.", "Subway Wars Marshall Manesh as Ranjit Maury Povich as Himself Geoff Stults as Max Laura Bell Bundy as Becky Jan Bryant as Mildred", "Bobby Cannavale Robert Cannavale (/ˌkænəˈvɑːli/; Italian: [kannaˈvaːle]; born May 3, 1970) is an American actor known for his leading role as Bobby Caffey in the first two seasons of the crime drama series Third Watch. Cannavale also had a recurring role on the NBC comedy series Will & Grace as Will Truman's long-term boyfriend Officer Vincent \"Vince\" D'Angelo, for which he won the 2005 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series; and portrayed Gyp Rosetti during the third season of the HBO drama series Boardwalk Empire, for which he won the 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. In 2016, he starred in the HBO drama series Vinyl, produced by Martin Scorsese and Mick Jagger. In 2017, he joined the cast of the USA Network drama series Mr. Robot during its third season.", "Danny Tamberelli Daniel Paul \"Danny\" Tamberelli (born February 8, 1982) is an American actor, comedian and musician. He is best known for his roles as Arnold Perlstein in The Magic School Bus, Little Pete in The Adventures of Pete and Pete and Jimmy De Santa in Grand Theft Auto V.", "Ray Liotta Liotta is best known for his portrayal of Henry Hill in the crime drama Goodfellas (1990); other notable roles include Ray Sinclair in Jonathan Demme's Something Wild (1986), for which he received a Golden Globe nomination, Shoeless Joe Jackson in Field of Dreams (1989), Officer Pete Davis in Unlawful Entry (1992), Officer Gary Figgis in Cop Land (1997), Paul Krendler in Hannibal (2001), Fred Jung in Blow (2001), Tommy Vercetti in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (2002), Chief Gus Monroe in John Q (2002), Samuel Rhodes in Identity (2003), Markie Trattman in Killing Them Softly (2012), and Peter Deluca in The Place Beyond the Pines (2012).", "Christopher Curry (actor) Dr. Leonard Mahler", "Jeremy Sisto Jeremy Merton Sisto (born October 6, 1974) is an American actor, producer, and writer. Sisto has had recurring roles as Billy Chenowith in the HBO series Six Feet Under and NYPD Detective Cyrus Lupo in the NBC series Law & Order. He also starred in the comedy Clueless (1995), the biblical miniseries Jesus (1999), the drama Thirteen (2003), and the horror film Wrong Turn (2003). In 2004, he starred as bigoted baseball player Shane Mungitt in Take Me Out, for which he was nominated for a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Featured Performance in a Play. In 2006, he starred in the play Festen on Broadway.", "Gary Valentine Gary Joseph Knipfing (born November 22, 1961), better known by his screen name Gary Valentine, is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He is the older brother of actor Kevin James.", "Steve Zahn Steven James \"Steve\" Zahn (/ˈzɑːn/; born November 13, 1967) is an American actor, voice actor and comedian. His films include Reality Bites (1994), That Thing You Do! (1996), Out of Sight (1998), Happy, Texas (1999), Riding in Cars with Boys (2001), Shattered Glass (2003), Rescue Dawn (2007), the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies, Dallas Buyers Club (2013), and War for the Planet of the Apes (2017).", "Steven Weber (actor) Steven Robert Weber[1] (born March 4, 1961)[2] is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Brian Hackett on the television show Wings which aired from April 1990 to May 1997 on NBC and as Sam Blue in Once and Again. He used to recur on iZombie in the role of Vaughn du Clark. He plays Mayor Douglas Hamilton on NCIS: New Orleans in a recurring role.", "Curtis Armstrong He has also known for providing his voice for such characters as Schmuley \"Snot\" Lonstein on the animated TV series American Dad! and Maru in the animated film Planes: Fire & Rescue in addition to portraying the title character on the animated TV series Dan Vs." ]	[ "Sneaky Pete Sneaky Pete is an American crime drama series created by David Shore and Bryan Cranston. The series follows Marius JosipoviÄ‡ (Giovanni Ribisi), a released convict who adopts the identity of his cell mate, Pete Murphy, in order to avoid his past life. The series also stars Marin Ireland, Shane McRae, Libe Barer, Michael Drayer, Peter Gerety, and Margo Martindale. The pilot debuted on August 7, 2015, and was followed by a full series order that September.[1] Shore left the project in early 2016 and was replaced by Graham Yost, who served as executive producer and showrunner for the remaining nine episodes.[2] The first season premiered in its entirety on January 13, 2017, exclusively on Amazon Video.[3] On January 19, 2017, Amazon announced that Sneaky Pete had been renewed for a second season,[4] which was released on March 9, 2018.[5]" ]
test2986	which is produced in plants of narora kakrapar tarapur	[ "doc102409" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc102409", "doc102410", "doc102412", "doc234364", "doc2383037", "doc1886919", "doc773551", "doc102414", "doc773547", "doc1657045", "doc234361", "doc2666656", "doc1013344", "doc234390", "doc2195427", "doc234351", "doc102415", "doc2195432", "doc692389", "doc234350", "doc2666639", "doc234372", "doc234363", "doc234394", "doc2666642", "doc234365", "doc2305747", "doc761198", "doc234360", "doc2220616", "doc702996", "doc225140", "doc2666634", "doc83542", "doc1657047", "doc234389", "doc2195422", "doc234362", "doc2383038", "doc866779", "doc1198000", "doc2666654", "doc2305777", "doc1013345", "doc234352", "doc866781", "doc866782", "doc773550", "doc2666653", "doc1766631", "doc312858", "doc1973736", "doc2666641", "doc83471", "doc1958265", "doc234366", "doc556933", "doc2586542", "doc312865", "doc234353", "doc524533", "doc2666644", "doc234354", "doc773553", "doc2586543", "doc312859", "doc234373", "doc866773", "doc2195424", "doc2586531", "doc234359", "doc225139", "doc234383", "doc2000138", "doc83469", "doc1233304", "doc2666633", "doc312863", "doc1657055", "doc133751", "doc2195426", "doc2587830", "doc1657066", "doc1198012", "doc234357", "doc234378", "doc1973713", "doc2666655", "doc234358", "doc234356", "doc234377", "doc2352132", "doc2586537", "doc234388", "doc2305784", "doc1697965", "doc866775", "doc1973712", "doc866780", "doc2383032" ]	[ "Tarapur Atomic Power Station Tarapur Atomic Power Station (T.A.P.S.) is located in Tarapur, Palghar, India.Tarapur is the largest nuclear power station in India. It was constructed initially with two boiling water reactor (BWR) units by Bechtel and GE under the 1963 123 Agreement between India, the United States, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Units 1 and 2 were brought online for commercial operation on 28 October 1969 with an initial power of 210 MW of electricity, later on this was reduced to 160 MW due to technical difficulties.[1] These were the first of their kind in Asia. More recently, an additional two pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR) units of 540 MW each were constructed by L&T and Gammon India, seven months ahead of schedule and well within the original cost estimates. Unit 3 was brought online for commercial operation on 18 August 2006, and unit 4 on 12 September 2005.[1]", "Tarapur Atomic Power Station With a total capacity of 1400Â MW, Tarapur is the largest nuclear power station in India. The facility is operated by the NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India).", "Tarapur Atomic Power Station In 1974 after India conducted Smiling Buddha, its first nuclear weapons test the USA chose to no longer honor its agreement to supply the plant with enriched uranium. Nuclear fuel for TAPS has subsequently been delivered from France, China and Russia under IAEA safeguards.[2]", "Nuclear power in India In February 1960, it was decided the first power plant would be erected in Western India, with locations in Rajasthan, near Delhi and near Madras noted for future commercial reactors.[44] In September, the Punjab government requested a nuclear power station for their state.[45] On 11 October 1960, the Indian government issued a global tender for India's first nuclear power station near Tarapur, Maharashtra and consisting of two reactors, each generating around 150 MW of electricity and to be commissioned in 1965.[46] In August 1961, the Indian and Canadian governments agreed to conduct a joint study on building a Canada-India nuclear power plant in Rajasthan; the reactor would be based on the CANDU reactor at Douglas Point and would generate 200 MW of energy.[38] By this time, seven responses to India's global tender for the Tarapur power station had been received: three from the United States, two from the UK and one each from France and Canada.[47]", "Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant The proposed 700 MW PHWR reactors are indigenous and similar to the ones currently under construction in Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPP-3 &4) and Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPP-7 & 8). Also, the reactor size and the design features of 700 MW are similar to that of 540 MWe of Tarapur Atomic Power Station 3 & 4 Units, except that partial boiling of the coolant is up to about 3% (nominal) at the coolant channel exit has been allowed.[1]", "High-level radioactive waste management Sixteen nuclear reactors produce about 3% of Indiaâ€™s electricity, and seven more are under construction.[37] Spent fuel is processed at facilities in Trombay near Mumbai, at Tarapur on the west coast north of Mumbai, and at Kalpakkam on the southeast coast of India. Plutonium will be used in a fast breeder reactor (under construction) to produce more fuel, and other waste vitrified at Tarapur and Trombay.[42][43] Interim storage for 30 years is expected, with eventual disposal in a deep geological repository in crystalline rock near Kalpakkam.[44]", "Electricity sector in India India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity between 100 MW and 540 MW each. KKNPP Unit-1 with a capacity of 1,000 MWe was commissioned in July, 2013 while KKNPP Unit-2, also with a capacity of 1,000 MWe is nearing first approach to criticality in 2016.", "Tarapur Atomic Power Station The Boiling water reactors (BWRs) at Tarapur 1 and 2 units are similar to the reactors involved in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. The reactors' age and old design have raised safety concerns and according to one local leader, the two reactors had in 2011 already been in operation for 16 years more than their design lives.[3]", "Electricity sector in India India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an agreement with General Electric of the United States for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was placed under India's Department of Atomic Energy. In 1971, India set up its first pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan. In 1987, India created Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to commercialize nuclear power.", "Nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity. As of 23 April 2014[update], the IAEA report there are 449 nuclear power reactors in operation[1] operating in 31 countries.[2]", "Nuclear power in India At a meeting of the Atomic Energy Commission on 15 March 1955, the decision was made to construct a small nuclear reactor at Trombay. The reactor would be used for training personnel for the operation of future reactors and for research, including experiments in nuclear physics, studying the effects of irradiation and the production of isotopes for medical, agricultural and industrial research.[28] In October 1955, an agreement was signed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and the Indian Department of Atomic Energy, under which Britain would supply uranium fuel elements for a pool-type reactor to be designed by India.[28] The agreement further ensured the \"close cooperation and mutual assistance between the Department and the Authority in the promotion and development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy,\" and provided for future design and collaboration in the construction of a high flux reactor at a later date.[29] Named Apsara, the reactor was housed in a 100 x 50 x 70 concrete building. India's and Asia's first nuclear reactor, Apsara reached criticality at 3:45 p.m on 4 August 1956 and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Nehru on 20 January 1957.[28][30][31]", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility", "List of power stations in India Nuclear power is the fifth -largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.[4] As of 2016[update], India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation at seven sites, having an installed capacity of 6780 MW.[5][6] and producing a total of 30,292.91 GWh of electricity[7] 11 more reactors are under construction to generate an additional 8,100 MW.", "Nuclear power in India In June 2014, Kudankulam-1 became the single largest power generating unit in India (1000Â MWe).[106][107]", "Bhabha Atomic Research Centre BARC also designed and built India's first Pressurised water reactor at Kalpakkam, a 80MW land based prototype of INS Arihant's nuclear power unit,[3] as well as the Arihant's propulsion reactor.[4][5]", "Nuclear power in India In October 2010, India drew up a plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of 63 GW in 2032,[4] but after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan people around proposed Indian nuclear power plant sites have launched protests, raising questions about atomic energy as a clean and safe alternative to fossil fuels.[5] \nThere have been mass protests against the French-backed 9,900 MW Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra and the Russian-backed 2,000 MW Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu. \nThe state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6,000 MW facility near the town of Haripur that intended to host six Russian reactors.[5] \nA Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the governmentâ€™s civil nuclear programme at the Supreme Court.[5][6]", "Tarapur Atomic Power Station In 2007, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) evaluated seismic safety features at Tarapur 1 and 2 and reported many shortfalls, following which NPCIL installed seismic sensors.[4] In 2011, AERB formed a 10-member committee, consisting of experts from Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) and India Meteorological Department (IMD), to assess the vulnerability of the Tarapur to earthquakes and tsunamis.[5] A. Gopalakrishnan, former director of AERB, said that Tarapur 1 and 2 reactors are much older than the reactors involved in the Fukushima nuclear accident and argued that they should be immediately decommissioned.[6]", "Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Power projects that have benefited from BARC expertise but which fall under the NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited) are KAPP (Kakrapar Atomic Power Project), RAPP (Rajasthan Atomic Power Project), and TAPP (Tarapur Atomic Power Project).", "List of nuclear reactors For more information: Electricity in India[25]", "Nuclear power in India Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power.\nAs of MarchÂ 2018[update], India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants, having a total installed capacity of 6,780 MW.[1][2] \nNuclear power produced a total of 35 TWh of electricity in 2017.[3] \n6 more reactors are under construction with a combined generation capacity of 4,300 MW.", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research The facility houses two PHWRs that generate 220MWe each that operate for commercial purposes. These are managed independently by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India.[5]", "Nuclear power in India Russia has an ongoing agreement of 1988 vintage with India regarding establishing of two VVER 1000 MW reactors (water-cooled water-moderated light water power reactors) at Koodankulam in Tamil Nadu.[74] A 2008 agreement caters for provision of an additional four third generation VVER-1200 reactors of capacity 1170 MW each.[75] Russia has assisted in India’s efforts to design a nuclear plant for its nuclear submarine.[76] In 2009, the Russians stated that Russia would not agree to curbs on export of sensitive technology to India. A new accord signed in Dec 2009 with Russia gives India freedom to proceed with the closed fuel cycle, which includes mining, preparation of the fuel for use in reactors, and reprocessing of spent fuel.[77][78]", "Nuclear power in India In September 1955, the question of building a commercial nuclear power station was raised in Parliament.[40] Shortly after the world's first commercial nuclear power plant came online at Obninsk in the Soviet Union, the Soviets invited a number of Indian experts to visit it; the United States concurrently offered training in atomic energy to Indian technical and scientific personnel.[41] In August 1957, members of the Gujarat Chamber of Commerce in Ahmedabad (then in Bombay State) requested an atomic power station for their city, by which time the Indian government was actively considering the construction of at least \"one or more large Atomic Power Stations to generate electricity.\"[42] By November 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission had recommended construction of two nuclear power stations, each consisting of two units and able to generate 500 MW of power, for a total generating capacity of 1000 MW; the government decided that a minimum of 250 MW of electricity generated from nuclear reactors would be incorporated into the Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966).[43]", "Nuclear power in India Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests that had found resonance around the country.[5] There have been mass protests against the French-backed 9,900 MW Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra and the Russian-backed 2,000 MW Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu. The Government of West Bengal initially refused permission to a proposed 6,000 MW facility near the town of Haripur that intended to host 6 Russian reactors.[5][126] But now it's possible for Bengal to have its first nuclear power plant at Haripur despite resistance.[127]", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research The Kalpakkam Atomic Reprocessing Plant [KARP] facility has been estimated to have a capacity to reprocess 100 tonnes of plutonium per annum.it incorporates a number of innovative features such as hybrid maintenance concept in hot cells using servo-manipulators and engineered provisions for extending the life of the plant. This plant will cater to the needs of reprocessing fuels from MAPS as well as FBTR. It has mastered the technology of reprocessing highly irradiated mixed carbide fuel for the first time in the world. \n[5]", "Nuclear power in India The agreement for India's first nuclear power plant at Rajasthan, RAPP-1, was signed in 1963, followed by RAPP-2 in 1966. These reactors contained rigid safeguards to ensure they would not be used for a military programme. RAPP-1 began operation in 1972. Due to technical problems the reactor had to be downrated from 200 MW to 100 MW.[citation needed] The technical and design information were given free of charge by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited to India.[citation needed] The United States and Canada terminated their assistance after the detonation of India's first nuclear explosion in 1974.", "Nuclear reactor A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which in turn runs through steam turbines. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators' shafts. Nuclear generated steam in principle can be used for industrial process heat or for district heating. Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use, or for production of weapons-grade plutonium. Some are run only for research. As of April 2014, the IAEA reports there are 435 nuclear power reactors in operation, in 31 countries around the world.[1] By 2017, this increased to 447 operable reactors according to the World Nuclear Association.[2]", "Carbon-14 Carbon-14 is produced in coolant at boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs). It is typically released to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide at BWRs, and methane at PWRs.[31] Best practice for nuclear power plant operator management of carbon-14 includes releasing it at night, when plants are not photosynthesizing.[32]", "Nuclear power in India With effect from 1 June 1948, the Advisory Board for Research in Atomic Energy, together with its parent organisation the CSIR, was folded into the new Department of Scientific Research and placed directly under the Prime Minister. On 3 August 1948, the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC) was established and made separate from the Department of Scientific Research, with Bhabha as its first chairman.[21] In January 1949, the AEC met to formulate a uniform under- and post-graduate university syllabus for theoretical and fundamental physics and chemistry, to guarantee sufficient numbers of nuclear scientists and to ensure they would receive consistent levels of training and education.[22] In the same year, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research was designated by the CSIR as the hub for all major nuclear science research projects. In 1950, the government announced it would purchase all available stocks of uranium and beryllium minerals and ores, and declared large rewards for any significant discoveries of the same.[23][24] On 3 January 1954, the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was established by the Atomic Energy Commission to consolidate all nuclear reactor research and technology-related developments; on 3 August, the Atomic Energy Commission and all its subordinate agencies, including the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the nuclear research institute at Calcutta University, were transferred to the new Department of Atomic Energy and placed under the direct charge of the Prime Minister's Office.[13] In May 1956, construction began at Trombay on a uranium metal plant and a fuel element fabrication facility for the research reactors; the uranium plant came into operation in January 1959, followed by the fuel element facility in February 1960.[25] The AEET (renamed the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967, after Bhabha's death) was formally inaugurated by Nehru in January 1957.[25] With the expanding scope of Indian nuclear research, the 1948 Atomic Energy Act was amended in 1961, and was passed as the new Atomic Energy Act, coming into force in September 1962.[26][27][25]", "Arihant-class submarine The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[33][34] The miniaturized version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[35] It included a 42-metre (138 ft) section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[36] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.[14] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant.[37][38] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam.[39] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.[14]", "Uranium Corporation of India It is the first uranium mine of India which started its operations in 1967. This mine is located in the state of Jharkhand.[3] Jadugoda process plant is located close to the mine which is used for the processing of the uranium ore. The ore from Bhatin and Narwapahar mines is also processed here.", "Smiling Buddha The nuclear programme continued to mature, and by 1960, Nehru made the critical decision to move the programme into production.[4] At about the same time, Nehru held discussions with the American firm Westinghouse Electric to construct India's first nuclear power plant in Tarapur, Maharashtra.[4] Kenneth Nichols, a US Army engineer, recalls from a meeting[6] with Nehru, \"it was that time when Nehru turned to Bhabha and asked Bhabha for the timeline of the development of a nuclear weapon\". Bhabha estimated he would need about a year to accomplish the task.[4]", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research The centre houses a Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), which attained its first criticality in October 1985.[2]", "Nuclear power As of 2017, there are only two breeder reactors producing commercial power: the BN-600 reactor and the BN-800 reactor, both in Russia. The BN-600, with a capacity of 600 MW, was built in 1980 in Beloyarsk and is planned to produce power until 2025. The BN-800 is an updated version of the BN-600, and started operation in 2016 with a net electrical capacity of 789 MW. The technical design of a yet larger breeder, the BN-1200 reactor was originally scheduled to be finalized in 2013, with construction slated for 2015 but has since been delayed.[210] The Phénix breeder reactor in France was powered down in 2009 after 36 years of operation. Japan's Monju breeder reactor restarted (having been shut down in 1995) in 2010 for 3 months, but shut down again after equipment fell into the reactor during reactor checkups[211] and it is now planned to be decommissioned. Both China and India are building breeder reactors. The Indian 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is under construction, with plans to build five more by 2020.[212] The China Experimental Fast Reactor began producing power in 2011.[213]", "Nuclear power plant Electricity was generated by a nuclear reactor for the first time ever on September 3, 1948 at the X-10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the United States, which was the first nuclear power station to power a light bulb.[4][5][6] The second, larger experiment occurred on December 20, 1951 at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho in the United States. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power station to generate electricity for a power grid started operations at the Soviet city of Obninsk.[7] The world's first full scale power station, Calder Hall in England, opened on October 17, 1956.[8] The world's first full scale power station solely devoted to electricity production (Calder Hall was also meant to produce plutonium), Shippingport power plant in the United States, connected to the grid on December 18, 1957.", "Nuclear power in India The long-term goal of India's nuclear program has been to develop an advanced heavy-water thorium cycle. The first stage of this employs the pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) fueled by natural uranium, and light water reactors, which produce plutonium incidentally to their prime purpose of electricity generation.\nThe second stage uses fast neutron reactors burning the plutonium with the blanket around the core having uranium as well as thorium, so that further plutonium (ideally high-fissile Pu) is produced as well as U-233.\nThe Atomic and Molecular Data Unit (AMD) has identified almost 12 million tonnes of monazite resources (typically with 6-7% thorium).\nIn stage 3, Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWR) would burn thorium-plutonium fuels in such a manner that breeds U-233 which can eventually be used as a self-sustaining fissile driver for a fleet of breeding AHWRs. An alternative stage 3 is molten salt breeder reactors (MSBR), which are believed to be another possible option for eventual large-scale deployment.[70]", "Bhabha Atomic Research Centre BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation. It manages all facts of nuclear power generation, from theoretical design of reactors, computerised modelling and simulation, risk analysis, development and testing of new reactor fuel materials, etc. It also conducts research in spent fuel processing, and safe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for isotopes in industries, medicine, agriculture, etc. BARC operates a number of research reactors across the country.[2]", "Nuclear power in India In April 1955, the Canadian government under Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent offered to assist in building an NRX-type reactor for India under the Colombo Plan, of which both India and Canada were then members. Prime Minister St. Laurent expressed hopes the reactor would serve India well in the development of peaceful atomic research and development. On behalf of the Indian government, Nehru formally accepted the offer that September, stating the reactor would be made available to any accredited foreign scientists, including those from other Colombo Plan member states.[32][33][34] On 28 April 1956, Nehru and the Canadian High Commissioner to India Escott Reid signed an agreement for a \"Canada-India Colombo Plan Atomic Reactor Project.\" Under the terms of the agreement, Canada would provide a 40 MW CIRUS reactor for solely research purposes, including the initial manufacture and engineering of the reactor, and would also provide technical expertise, including training Indian personnel in its operation. India would supply the reactor site and foundation, and would also pay all \"internal\" costs, including the construction of the reactor complex, the costs of local labour and any shipping and insurance fees.[35] Under Article II of the agreement, India would make the reactor facilities available to other Colombo Plan nations. Article III stipulated that the \"reactor and any products resulting from its use will be employed for peaceful purposes only;\"[35] at the time, however, there were no effective safeguards to ensure this clause.[33][34] A further agreement was made with the United States government to supply 21 tons of heavy water for the reactor.[36] Construction of the reactor began later in 1956, with Indian technical personnel sent to Chalk River for training.[37] CIRUS was completed in early 1960 and after achieving criticality in July 1960, was inaugurated by Nehru in January 1961.[38] Construction of a third research reactor, ZERLINA (Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and New Assemblies) began at Trombay in 1958; ZERLINA was also commissioned in 1961.[39]", "Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant Being built by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India, the project is estimated to cost ₹ 20,594 Crore as of January 2014.[1]", "Heavy Water Board The Heavy Water Plant at Manuguru, Telangana is based on the Bithermal Hydrogen Sulphide-Water (H2S-H2O) Exchange Process. This plant with a capacity of 185 Metric Tonne per Year is the second plant based on this process, the earlier one being at Kota, Rajasthan for which the complete technology has been developed indigenously by BARC and HWB. The Manuguru site was chosen because of its proximity to Singareni coal fields and Godavari river which provide respectively large quantities of coal and water required by the plant. It was commissioned in Dec. 1991.[9]", "Uranium Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235.[6] The CANDU and Magnox designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel. Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction:[9]", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Reactor Operation & Maintenance Group: The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), the flagship of this centre and Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI) come under this group. Reactor Operation and Maintenance Group consists of Reactor Operation Division (ROD), Reactor Maintenance Division (RMD), Technical Services Division (TSD) and Training & Human Resources Development Division (THRDD). Quality Assurance and Industrial Safety Section (QA&IS) and Liaison Cell are also coming under this group. Operation and maintenance of both FBTR & KAMINI reactors, planning and conducting irradiation programmes, reactor physics tests and engineering tests, manpower planning & training for FBTR and PFBR (BHAVINI), maintenance of chemical parameters of the coolants, periodic safety revaluation are carried out by ROMG.", "Nuclear reactor All commercial power reactors are based on nuclear fission. They generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission chain reaction:", "List of power stations in India All the twenty two nuclear power reactors with an installed capacity of 6,780 MW equal to 2.2% of total installed utility capacity, are operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India.[2] India ranked seventh in number of operated reactors (22) and fourteenth in total installed capacity.", "Nuclear power in India The capacity factor of Indian reactors was at 79% in the year 2011-12 compared to 71% in 2010-11. \nNine out of twenty Indian reactors recorded 97% capacity factor during 2011-12. \nWith the imported uranium from France, the 220 MW Kakrapar 2 PHWR reactors recorded 99% capacity factor during 2011-12. \nThe Availability factor for the year 2011-12 was at 89%.", "Heavy Water Board Heavy Water Plant Thal is the first of second generation plants in India and is made completely with indigenous efforts. It is located at Thal-Vaishet village in Raigad district of Maharashtra and is about 100Â km south of Mumbai on National Highway No.17. The site is also accessible from Gateway of India, Mumbai by speedboats and Catamaran services.Work on HWP Thal was started in February 1982 and plant was commissioned in 1985.[12]", "Heavy Water Board HWP Tuticorin is located in the port town of Tuticorin in Southern India. The plant employs an ammonia-hydrogen exchange process (mono-thermal). The plant was commissioned in July 1978. Along with Heavy Water, the site is also engaged for production of different types of solvents, which will be used in Indian Nuclear Industry, and other activities.\n[13]", "Electricity sector in India In 2011, India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation, with another four projects of 2.8 GW capacity launched. The country plans to implement fast breeder reactors, using plutonium based fuel. Plutonium is obtained by reprocessing spent fuel of first stage reactors. India is in the process of launching its first prototype fast breeder reactor of 500 MW capacity in Tamil Nadu.", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Reactor Engineering Group", "Uranium-238 By December 2005, the only breeder reactor producing power was the 600-megawatt BN-600 reactor at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station in Russia. Russia has planned to build another unit, BN-800, at the Beloyarsk nuclear power plant. Also, Japan's Monju breeder reactor is planned to be started, having been shut down since 1995, and both China and India have announced plans to build nuclear breeder reactors. However, after safety and design hazards were uncovered, in 2016 the Japanese government ordered the decommissioning of the Monju reactor which may be completed by 2047.", "Nuclear power by country Nuclear power plants currently operate in 31 countries. Most are in Europe, North America, East Asia and South Asia. The United States is the largest producer of nuclear power, while France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power. In 2010, before the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, it was reported that an average of about 10 nuclear reactors were expected to become operational per year, although according to the World Nuclear Association, of the 17 civilian reactors planned to become operational between 2007 and 2009, only five actually came on stream.[3] Global nuclear electricity generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999.[4][5]", "Nuclear power in Pakistan In 1986, another \"multipurpose\" heavy water reactor, a 50 MWe pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR) near Khushab, was built. Known as Khushab-I, it went critical and started its operations in April 1998. The complex is evidently for producing weapons-grade plutonium, isotope production and nuclear reprocessing. A similar or possibly larger heavy water reactor has been under construction at Khushab since about 2002. Khushab is reported[by whom?] to be making demands upon the country's limited uranium resources. Reprocessing of weapon-grade material is reported[by whom?] to take place at Chashma Nuclear Complex, 80 km west.", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research In addition, the Research Facility also built the 100MWe reactor for India's first nuclear submarine the Arihant class submarine project and operated it on land for testing purposes since it attained criticality in December 2004.[7] The submarine launched on 26 July 2009 has this reactor.[8]", "Nuclear power There is a social debate about nuclear power.[11][12][13] Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe, sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions.[14] Opponents, such as Greenpeace International and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment.[15][16][17] Far-reaching fission power reactor accidents, or accidents that resulted in medium to long-lived fission product contamination of inhabited areas, have occurred in Generation I and II reactor designs. These include the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, and the more contained Three Mile Island accident in 1979.[18] There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents.[18][19][20] In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that fission-electric reactors have caused fewer fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects.[21][22][23][24][25][26]", "NTPC Limited In 1995, it took over the Talchar Thermal Power Station from Orissa State Electricity Board.[10] In the year 1997, Government of India conferred it with \"Navratna\" status. In the same year it achieved a milestone of generation of 100 billion units of electricity in a year.[10] In 1998, it commissioned its first naptha-based plant at Kayamkulam with a capacity of 350 MW. In 1999, its plant in Dadri, which had the highest plant load factor (PLF) in India of 96%, was certified with ISO-14001. During 2000, it commenced construction of its first hydro-electric power project, with 800 MW capacity, in Himachal Pradesh.[10]\nIn 2002, it incorporated 3 subsidiary companies: \"NTPC Electric Supply Company Limited\" for forward integration by entering into the business of distribution and trading of power; \"NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited\" for meeting the expected rise in energy trading; \"NTPC Hydro Limited\" to carry out the business of implementing and operating small and medium hydro-power projects.[12] In the same year its installed capacity crossed 20,000 MW.[10]", "Nuclear power in India After successful commissioning of Kudankulam units 1 & 2, an agreement was made with Russia in June 2017 for the units 5 & 6 (2 x 1000 MW) with an estimated cost of INR 250 million (3.85 million US$) per MW.[48][49] Earlier, India had also entered in to an agreement with Russia in October 2016 for the units 3 & 4 (2 x 1000 MW) with an estimated cost of INR 200 million (3.08 million US$) per MW.[48]", "Deuterium Another major producer of heavy water is India. All but one of India's atomic energy plants are pressurised heavy water plants, which use natural (i.e., not enriched) uranium. India has eight (seven are in operation) heavy water plants, six (five) based on D-H exchange in ammonia gas and two plants extract deuterium from natural water in a process that uses hydrogen sulphide gas at high pressure.", "Breeder reactor India has been an early leader in the FBR segment. In 2012 an FBR called the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor was due to be completed and commissioned.[73][74][needs update]\nThe program is intended to use fertile thorium-232 to breed fissile uranium-233. India is also pursuing thorium thermal breeder reactor technology. India's focus on thorium is due to the nation's large reserves, though known worldwide reserves of thorium are four times those of uranium. India's Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) said in 2007 that it would simultaneously construct four more breeder reactors of 500Â MWe each including two at Kalpakkam.[75][needs update]", "Nuclear power by country Electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20, 1951, at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100Â kW.[17][18]", "Nuclear power in India India has been making advances in the field of thorium-based fuels, working to design and develop a prototype for an atomic reactor using thorium and low-enriched uranium, a key part of India's three stage nuclear power programme.[7] The country has also recently re-initiated its involvement in the LENR research activities,[8] in addition to supporting work done in the fusion power area through the ITER initiative.", "Nuclear fission While, in principle, all fission reactors can act in all three capacities, in practice the tasks lead to conflicting engineering goals and most reactors have been built with only one of the above tasks in mind. (There are several early counter-examples, such as the Hanford N reactor, now decommissioned). Power reactors generally convert the kinetic energy of fission products into heat, which is used to heat a working fluid and drive a heat engine that generates mechanical or electrical power. The working fluid is usually water with a steam turbine, but some designs use other materials such as gaseous helium. Research reactors produce neutrons that are used in various ways, with the heat of fission being treated as an unavoidable waste product. Breeder reactors are a specialized form of research reactor, with the caveat that the sample being irradiated is usually the fuel itself, a mixture of 238U and 235U.\nFor a more detailed description of the physics and operating principles of critical fission reactors, see nuclear reactor physics. For a description of their social, political, and environmental aspects, see nuclear power.", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Chemistry Group: Presently there are 4 subdivisions: Fuel Chemistry Division (FChD), Materials Chemistry Division (MCD), and Chemical Facilities Division (CFD). Facilities include Far-IR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, Fluorimeter RF-5000, Impedance Spectrometer and Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS), Alpha Spectrometer, Liquid Scintillation Counter, High Purity Germanium Detector, Neutron Counter ED-XRF, HPLC, SFC, Ion Chromatography, Gas Chromatography etc.Among various achievements of the Group, Radioisotope production[10][11] for medicinal importance is the ongoing important projects and has societal impact.", "Nuclear power in India As early as 1901, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) had recognised India as potentially having significant deposits of radioactive ores, including pitchblende, uranium and thorianite. In the ensuing 50 years, however, little to no effort was made to exploit those resources.[10] During the 1920s and 1930s, Indian scientists maintained close links to their counterparts in Europe and the United States, and were well aware of the latest developments in physics. Several Indian physicists, notably Daulat Singh Kothari, Meghnad Saha, Homi J. Bhabha and R. S. Krishnan, conducted pioneering research in nuclear physics in Europe during the 1930s.", "Electricity sector in India India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power production capacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer. India aims to supply 9% of it electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032.[138] India's largest nuclear power plant project is planned to be implementedat Jaitapur, Maharashtra in partnership with Areva, France.", "Breeder reactor BHAVINI, an Indian nuclear power company, was established in 2003 to construct, commission and operate all stageÂ II fast breeder reactors outlined in India's three stage nuclear power programme.\nTo advance these plans, the Indian FBR-600 is a pool-type sodium-cooled reactor with a rating of 600 MWe.[citation needed][needs update]", "Nuclear power by country China has the fastest growing nuclear power program with 28 new reactors under construction,[6] and a considerable number of new reactors are also being built in India, Russia and South Korea. At the same time, at least 100 older and smaller reactors will \"most probably be closed over the next 10â€“15 years\".[3]", "Nuclear power in India After the Nuclear Suppliers Group agreed to allow nuclear exports to India, France was the first country to sign a civilian nuclear agreement with India, on 30 September 2008.[79] During the December 2010 visit of the French President Nicolas Sarkozy to India, framework agreements were signed for the setting up two third-generation EPR reactors of 1650Â MW each at Jaitapur, Maharashtra by the French company Areva. The deal caters for the first set of two of six planned reactors and the supply of nuclear fuel for 25 years.[80] The contract and pricing is yet to be finalised. Construction is unlikely to start before 2014 because of regulatory issues and difficulty in sourcing major components from Japan due to India not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[81]", "Heavy Water Board The research in Heavy Water production was initiated by the Chemical Engineering division of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in the 60s and was continued by the Heavy Water Division of BARC where a Pilot Plant was operated for studying the H2S-H20 exchange process.While these studies were in progress, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) commissioned the first Heavy Water Plant in India at Nangal, Punjab, India in the premises of National Fertilisers Limited (NFL) in 1962.[3] The plant had to be dismantled owing to national security considerations arising out of the disinvestment of NFL.The plant used to be operated by NFL and the DAE ensured the quality of the product.[4]", "Bhabha Atomic Research Centre The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the west. India's first power reactors, installed at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station were from the United States.", "Breeder reactor India is also developing FBR technology using both uranium and thorium feedstocks.[citation needed]", "Nuclear power in India On 23 March 1948, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the Atomic Energy Bill in the Indian Parliament,[19] and it was subsequently passed as the Indian Atomic Energy Act. Modelled on the British Atomic Energy Act 1946, the Act granted sweeping powers to the central government over nuclear science and research, including surveying for atomic minerals, the development of such mineral resources on an industrial scale, conducting research regarding the scientific and technical problems connected with developing atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the training and education of the necessary personnel and the fostering of fundamental research in the nuclear sciences in Indian laboratories, institutes and universities.[13] Around the same time, the Government of West Bengal sanctioned the construction of a nuclear physics institute under the University of Calcutta; the cornerstone was laid in May 1948,[20] and the institute was inaugurated on 11 January 1950 by Irène Joliot-Curie.[11]", "Smiling Buddha In July 1958, Nehru authorised \"Project Phoenix\" to build a reprocessing plant with a capacity of 20 tons of fuel a year â€“ a size to match the production capacity of CIRUS.[clarification needed][4] The plant used the PUREX process and was designed by the American firm Vitro International.[4] Construction of the plutonium plant began at Trombay on 27 March 1961, and it was commissioned in mid-1964.[4]", "Nuclear power in India As of 2009, India envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 2.8% to 9% within 25 years.[95] \nBy 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation capacity is expected to increase to 20 GW.[96] \nAs of 2009[update], India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors. \nIndigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which are 540 MW reactors.[97]", "Plutonium-239 A nuclear reactor that is used to produce plutonium for weapons therefore generally has a means for exposing U-238 to neutron radiation and for frequently replacing the irradiated U-238 with new U-238. A reactor running on unenriched or moderately enriched uranium contains a great deal of U-238. However, most commercial nuclear power reactor designs require the entire reactor to shut down, often for weeks, in order to change the fuel elements. They therefore produce plutonium in a mix of isotopes that is not well-suited to weapon construction. Such a reactor could have machinery added that would permit U-238 slugs to be placed near the core and changed frequently, or it could be shut down frequently, so proliferation is a concern; for this reason, the International Atomic Energy Agency inspects licensed reactors often. A few commercial power reactor designs, such as the reaktor bolshoy moshchnosti kanalniy (RBMK) and pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR), do permit refueling without shutdowns, and they may pose a proliferation risk. (In fact, the RBMK was built by the Soviet Union during the Cold War, so despite their ostensibly peaceful purpose, it is likely that plutonium production was a design criterion.) By contrast, the Canadian CANDU heavy-water moderated natural-uranium fueled reactor can also be refueled while operating, but it normally consumes most of the Pu-239 it produces in situ; thus, it is not only inherently less proliferative than most reactors, but can even be operated as an \"actinide incinerator.\"[4] The American IFR (Integral Fast Reactor) can also be operated in an \"incineration mode,\" having some advantages in not building up the Pu-242 isotope or the long-lived actinides, either of which cannot be easily burned except in a fast reactor. Also IFR fuel has a high proportion of burnable isotopes, while in CANDU an inert material is needed to dilute the fuel; this means the IFR can burn a higher fraction of its fuel before needing reprocessing. Most plutonium is produced in research reactors or plutonium production reactors called breeder reactors because they produce more plutonium than they consume fuel; in principle, such reactors make extremely efficient use of natural uranium. In practice, their construction and operation is sufficiently difficult that they are generally only used to produce plutonium. Breeder reactors are generally (but not always) fast reactors, since fast neutrons are somewhat more efficient at plutonium production.", "Nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy[5] to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion. While every form of nuclear energy has been found in nature, fission energy was frequently viewed as a complete product of human ingenuity, until the discovery of Natural nuclear fission reactors within the earth's geological record. Presently, the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of humankind, with nuclear decay processes, primarily in the form of hot-springs/geothermal energy, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators, in niche uses making up the rest.", "Energy policy of India India has been using imported enriched uranium and are under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, but it has developed various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to support its reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports. Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a great amount of work in the development of a Thorium centred fuel cycle. While Uranium deposits in the nation are extremely limited, there are much greater reserves of Thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that Thorium can theoretically be utilised in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a Thorium blanket is under construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station.", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research The fast reactor related research in India, originated at BARC, Mumbai. Later, RRC was established at Kalpakkam with the same mandate.[2] The Central Workshop, Safety Research Laboratory and Materials Sciences Laboratory were constructed in 1975â€“1976. Soon, the Radio-Chemistry Lab and Electronics and Instrumentation Lab were constructed.", "Nuclear power by country Of the 31 countries in which nuclear power plants operate, only France, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belgium, and Hungary use them as the source for a majority of the country's electricity supply. Other countries have significant amounts of nuclear power generation capacity.[9] According to the World Nuclear Association, a nuclear power advocacy group, as of 2012 over 45 countries were giving \"serious consideration\" to introducing a nuclear power capability, with Belarus, Iran, Jordan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam at the forefront.[10] China, India and South Korea are pursuing ambitious expansions of their nuclear power capacities, with China aiming to increase capacity to at least 80 GWe by 2020, 200 GWe by 2030 and 400 GWe by 2050.[11] South Korea plans to expand its nuclear capacity from 20.7 GWe in 2012 to 27.3 GWe in 2020 and to 43 GWe by 2030.[12] India aims to have 14.6 GWe nuclear power generation capacity by 2020 and 63 GWe by 2032 and to have 25% of all electricity supplied by nuclear power by 2050.[13][14]", "Nuclear power plant A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to another area of the station, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work. Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for a boiler, and the pressurized steam from that drives one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators.[10]", "Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has the third largest installed power generation capacity in the country. The Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant, Neyveli Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including Mettur Dam, hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. Tamil Nadu generates a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power installed capacity at over 7154 MW,[171] accounting for 38 per cent of total installed wind power in India .[172] It is presently adding the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant to its energy grid, which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country with 2000MW installed capacity.[173] The total installed capacity of electricity in the State by January 2014 was 20,716 MW.[174] Tamil Nadu ranks first nationwide in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34 per cent.[175] From a power surplus state in 2005â€“06, Tamil Nadu has become a state facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new power generation projects and delay in the commercial power generation at Kudankulam Atomic Power Project. The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators. The first generator was commissioned in July 1979. The thermal power plants under construction include the coal-based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Power Plant. From the current 17MW installed Solar power, Tamil Nadu government's new policy aims to increase the installed capacity to 3000MW by 2016.[176]", "Bhabha Atomic Research Centre The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came from CIRUS. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation and research, but also the capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in the development of nuclear weapons. It is one of the world's most important ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE.", "Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Koeberg contains two pressurised water reactors based on a design by Framatome of France. Koeberg supplies power to the national grid so that over-capacity can be redistributed to the rest of the country on an as-needed basis. Fuel stock used within the reactor is enriched uranium dioxide pellets containing gadolinium, contained in fuel rods[1]. Koeberg is rated at 1,860 MW, its average annual production is 13,668 GWh and it has two large turbine generators (2 × 970 MW).[2][3]", "Nuclear power plant Modern nuclear reactor designs have had numerous safety improvements since the first generation nuclear reactors. Nuclear power plants cannot explode like a nuclear bomb because the fuel for uranium reactors is not enriched enough, and nuclear weapons require precision explosives to force fuel into a small enough volume to go supercritical. Most reactors require continuous temperature control to prevent a core meltdown, which has occurred on a few occasions through accident or natural disaster, releasing radiation and making the surrounding area uninhabitable. Plants must be defended against theft of nuclear material (for example to make a dirty bomb) and attack by enemy military (which has occurred)[21] planes or missiles, or planes hijacked by terrorists.", "Uranium The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.[41] Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory).[42][43] The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956,[44] and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.[31][45]", "Nuclear power in India In March 1946, the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR), under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), set up an Atomic Research Committee under Bhabha's leadership to explore India's atomic energy resources and to suggest ways to develop and harness them, along with establishing contacts with similar organisations in other nations.[15] At the same time, the University of Travancore's research council met to discuss Travancore's future industrial development. Among other matters, the council made recommendations for developing the state's resources of monazite, a valuable thorium ore, and ilmenite, with regard to their applications in atomic energy. The council suggested the project could be undertaken by an all-India programme.[15] This was followed by the deputation of Bhabha and Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, the Director of the CSIR, to Travancore in April 1947 and the establishment of a working relationship with the kingdom's dewan, Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer.[16]", "Nuclear power in India On 16 April 2011, India and Kazakhstan signed an inter-governmental agreement for Cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, that envisages a legal framework for supply of fuel, construction and operation of atomic power plants, exploration and joint mining of uranium, exchange of scientific and research information, reactor safety mechanisms and use of radiation technologies for healthcare. PM Manmohan Singh visited Astana where a deal was signed. After the talks, the Kazakh President Nazarbaev announced that his country would supply India with 2100 tonnes of uranium and was ready to do more. India and Kazakhstan already have civil nuclear cooperation since January 2009 when Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and Kazakh nuclear company KazAtomProm signed an MoU during the visit of Nazarbaev to Delhi. Under the contract, KazAtomProm supplies uranium which is used by Indian reactors.[88][89]", "Nuclear power in Pakistan In 1977, due to pressure exerted by U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, the CEA cancelled the projects with PAEC immediately. Without the assistance of United Kingdom and France, the PAEC engineers completed the plutonium nuclear reprocessing plant — New Labs — and the plutonium reactor — Khushab Nuclear Complex. Both power plants are commercial power plants control by PAEC. In 1989, People's Republic of China signed an agreement with Pakistan to provide 300 MWe CHASNUPP-I power plant under the IAEA safeguards. In 1990, both France and Soviet Union considered the Pakistan's request to provide the commercial nuclear power plants under the IAEA safeguards.[13] But, after the American Ambassador to Pakistan's Robert Oakley expressed U.S. displeasure at the agreements between the Soviet Union and France, the contracts were cancelled.[14] By the 2000, China had expanded its contract with PAEC and is currently[when?] assisting in construction of III, and IV power plants. II was completed in April 2011. Due to its growing electricity demands, the Pakistan Government ordered PAEC to set up nuclear power plants in the country. According to PAEC, the goal is to produce 8800 MW electricity by the 2030. Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani announced the Pakistan national energy policy in 2010 while the feasibility report was submitted in Prime Minister's Secretariat — the official residence of prime minister of Pakistan. The PAEC are currently planning to lead the construction of KANUPP-II nuclear power plant — a 1100 MWe power plant — and the KANUPP-III — 1100 MWe. While the commercial plants will be indigenously built, the preliminary work is put on hold as of 2009. In 2010, the Nuclear Power Fuel Complex (PNPFC) — a nuclear reprocessing power plant — was commissioned. PAEC led the construction, designing, and maintenance of the facility, while China and IAEA provided funds to the facility. On 26 November 2013 prime minister Nawaz Sharif performed groundbreaking ceremony for two nuclear power plants with a combined capacity of 2200 MW near Karachi.", "Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Reprocessing Group: It is pursuing research and development of equipment and processes. It is also running a pilot plant for FBTR Fuel processing, constructing demo plant for FBTR and PFBR fuel reprocessing and designing the PFBR reprocessing plant.", "Nuclear power in India Early in 1947, plans were made to establish a Uranium Unit under the Geological Survey of India, to focus on identifying and developing resources of uranium-bearing minerals.[17] In June 1947, two months before Indian independence, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, then Minister for Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India, established an Advisory Board for Research in Atomic Energy. Chaired by Bhabha and placed under the CSIR, the Advisory Board included Saha, Bhatnagar and several other distinguished scientists, notably Sir K. S. Krishnan, the co-discoverer of the Raman effect, geologist Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia and Nazir Ahmed, a student of Ernest Rutherford. A Joint Committee comprising the above scientists and three representatives of the Travancore government was set up to determine how best to utilise Travancore's resources of monazite.[18] Following the independence and partition of India, Travancore briefly declared itself independent before acceding to the new Dominion of India in 1949 after a period of intense negotiations, while Ahmad departed for Pakistan, where he would eventually head that nation's atomic energy agency.", "Nuclear power in India Following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945, R.S. Krishnan, a nuclear physicist who had studied under Norman Feather and John Cockroft, and who recognised the massive energy-generating potential of uranium, observed, \"If the tremendous energy released from atomic explosions is made available to drive machinery, etc., it will bring about an industrial revolution of a far-reaching character.\" He further noted, however, the difficulties in harnessing nuclear power for peaceful usage, \"...a great deal more research work is needed before atomic power can be put to industrial use.\"[14]", "Nuclear power in India The Prime Ministers of India and Canada signed a civil nuclear cooperation agreement in Toronto on 28 June 2010 which when all steps are taken, will provide access for Canada's nuclear industry to India's expanding nuclear market and also fuel for India's reactors. Canada is one of the world's largest exporters of uranium[86] and Canada's heavy water nuclear technology is marketed abroad with CANDU-type units operating in India, Pakistan, Argentina, South Korea, Romania and China. On 6 November 2012, India and Canada finalised their 2010 nuclear export agreement, opening the way for Canada to begin uranium exports to India.[87]", "Nuclear proliferation The two under construction and two of the planned ones are 450 MWe versions of these 200 MWe domestic products. Construction has been seriously delayed by financial and technical problems. In 2001 a final agreement was signed with Russia for the country's first large nuclear power plant, comprising two VVER-1000 reactors, under a Russian-financed US$3 billion contract. The first unit is due to be commissioned in 2007. A further two Russian units are under consideration for the site. Nuclear power supplied 3.1% of India's electricity in 2000.", "Breeder reactor FBRs have been built and operated in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the former USSR, India and Japan.[1] The experimental FBR SNR-300 was built in Germany but never operated and eventually shut down amid political controversy following the Chernobyl disaster. At present time, two FBRs are being operated for power generation in Russia. Several reactors are planned, many for research related to the Generation IV reactor initiative.[65][66][67]", "Nuclear power in India Former Indian President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam stated while he was in office that \"energy independence is India's first and highest priority. India has to go for nuclear power generation in a big way using thorium-based reactors. Thorium, a non fissile material is available in abundance in our country.\"[103] India has vast thorium reserves and quite limited uranium reserves.[104][105]", "Nuclear reactor Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)", "Fossil fuel power station Coal is a sedimentary rock formed primarily from accumulated plant matter, and it includes many inorganic minerals and elements which were deposited along with organic material during its formation. As the rest of the Earth's crust, coal also contains low levels of uranium, thorium, and other naturally occurring radioactive isotopes whose release into the environment leads to radioactive contamination. While these substances are present as very small trace impurities, enough coal is burned that significant amounts of these substances are released. A 1,000 MW coal-burning power plant could have an uncontrolled release of as much as 5.2 metric tons per year of uranium (containing 74 pounds (34Â kg) of uranium-235) and 12.8 metric tons per year of thorium.[32] In comparison, a 1,000 MW nuclear plant will generate about 30 metric tons of high-level radioactive solid packed waste per year.[33] It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much uncontrolled radioactivity into the atmosphere as the Three Mile Island incident.[34] The collective radioactivity resulting from all coal burning worldwide between 1937 and 2040 is estimated to be 2,700,000 curies or 0.101 EBq.[32] During normal operation, the effective dose equivalent from coal plants is 100 times that from nuclear plants.[32] Normal operation however, is a deceiving baseline for comparison: just the Chernobyl nuclear disaster released, in iodine-131 alone, an estimated 1.76 EBq .[35] of radioactivity, a value one order of magnitude above this value for total emissions from all coal burned within a century, while the iodine-131, the major radioactive substance which comes out in accident situations, has a half life of just 8 days.", "Heavy Water Board Heavy Water Plant at Baroda is the first plant set up in India for the production of heavy water by employing Monothermal Ammonia-Hydrogen exchange process.The plant is located 8Â km north from Baroda railway station along the national highway No. 8, adjacent to the Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd. (GSFC).The plant was integrated with GSFC until 1999 when GSFC upgraded their Ammonia plant to an incompatible low pressure system resulting in temporary suspension in the operations of the Heavy Water Plant.[6]", "Nuclear power in Pakistan PAEC's Parvez Butt, a nuclear engineer, was project-director. The KANUPP began its operations in 1972, and it was inaugurated by President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Munir Ahmad Khan as PAEC chairman.[12] The KANUPP which is under international safeguards is operated at reduced power. In 1969, France's Commissariat à l'énergie atomique and United Kingdom's British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) contracted with PAEC to provide plutonium and nuclear reprocessing plants in Pakistan. Per agreement, the PAEC engineers were the lead designers of the power plants and nuclear reprocessing facilities. While the BNFL and CEA provided the funds, technical assistance and nuclear materials. The work on projects did not start until 1972, and as a result of India's Operation Smiling Buddha — a surprise nuclear test in 1974 — the BNFL cancelled the projects with PAEC.[citation needed] In 1974, PARR-II Reactor were commissioned, and its project directors were Munir Ahmad Khan and Hafeez Qureshi. The PARR-II is an indigenous reactor that was built under the auspices of PAEC's engineers and scientists.", "Heavy Water Board Heavy Water Plant at Talcher employs the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process (Bithermal). The plant is located at a distance of 150Â km from Bhubaneshwar. The work on this plant in October 1972 and it was commissioned in March 1985.[10] Operation of the plant was suspended in August 1994 due to unsatisfactory operation of the fertilizer plant of the Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited., Talcher.[11] The plant operation was resumed later and an R&D pilot plant has been commissioned for the production of Di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), an effective metal extractant, used for hydro-metallurgical recovery and the separation of various metals. The solvent is useful for concentrating and purifying the valuable metal solutions of low-grade complex ores and is already being used by India's nuclear industry at various commercial operations for the separation and recovery of Zinc, Cobalt, Nickel and Rare Earths.", "Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant The Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant or the Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (GHAVP) is a proposed nuclear power plant to be built on a 560 hectares (1,400 acres) area west of Gorakhpur village of Fatehabad district of Haryana.[1][2]" ]	[ "Tarapur Atomic Power Station Tarapur Atomic Power Station (T.A.P.S.) is located in Tarapur, Palghar, India.Tarapur is the largest nuclear power station in India. It was constructed initially with two boiling water reactor (BWR) units by Bechtel and GE under the 1963 123 Agreement between India, the United States, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Units 1 and 2 were brought online for commercial operation on 28 October 1969 with an initial power of 210 MW of electricity, later on this was reduced to 160 MW due to technical difficulties.[1] These were the first of their kind in Asia. More recently, an additional two pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR) units of 540 MW each were constructed by L&T and Gammon India, seven months ahead of schedule and well within the original cost estimates. Unit 3 was brought online for commercial operation on 18 August 2006, and unit 4 on 12 September 2005.[1]" ]
test2172	who was the pinkerton detective agency's first female detective	[ "doc75834" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc75834", "doc75839", "doc75854", "doc75838", "doc75855", "doc75837", "doc75856", "doc75851", "doc75835", "doc75853", "doc75858", "doc75840", "doc75852", "doc1516539", "doc2482855", "doc75857", "doc75847", "doc75836", "doc75841", "doc2221354", "doc364050", "doc75850", "doc75843", "doc1816492", "doc2062061", "doc1816496", "doc546689", "doc75849", "doc1816483", "doc1816521", "doc2351679", "doc1285824", "doc1437037", "doc798762", "doc1816480", "doc1275461", "doc2482861", "doc2482856", "doc1164811", "doc1218226", "doc75842", "doc938502", "doc1422766", "doc1079189", "doc1353766", "doc2237056", "doc2237084", "doc2485799", "doc1816475", "doc1516541", "doc1353768", "doc1816477", "doc1437038", "doc1816488", "doc1816479", "doc1422767", "doc1816509", "doc2482857", "doc1816484", "doc1816455", "doc2543092", "doc1437039", "doc2255872", "doc1218211", "doc1816474", "doc2418898", "doc2186515", "doc1816507", "doc1189326", "doc2165809", "doc194418", "doc190986", "doc2165810", "doc1812604", "doc1816489", "doc1831133", "doc1217931", "doc1437040", "doc1816506", "doc2185533", "doc1382789", "doc1816454", "doc1444288", "doc2482862", "doc2015519", "doc2186516", "doc2062057", "doc2213248", "doc2351677", "doc243175", "doc310332", "doc859080", "doc2062041", "doc88203", "doc1943150", "doc1816482", "doc2526753", "doc1090470", "doc1816493", "doc1353787" ]	[ "Kate Warne Kate Warne (1833 â€“ January 28, 1868)[1] was the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the United States.", "Kate Warne Warne's arguments swayed Pinkerton, who employed Warne as the first female detective.[3] Pinkerton soon had a chance to put Warne to the test. In 1858, Warne was involved in the case of Adams Express Company embezzlements, where she was successfully able to bring herself into the confidence of the wife of the prime suspect, Mr. Maroney. She thereby acquired valuable evidence leading to the husband's conviction.[4] Mr. Maroney was an expressman living in Montgomery, Alabama. The Maroneys stole $50,000 from the Adams Express Company. With Warneâ€™s help, $39,515 was returned. Mr. Maroney was convicted and sentenced to ten years in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1860, Allan Pinkerton put Warne in charge of his new Female Detective Bureau.[citation needed]", "Kate Warne Another case for which Kate Warne went undercover was brought about by a Captain Sumner, who was convinced that both his sister, Mrs. Annie Thayer and a Mr. Pattmore, were attempting to poison Mrs. Pattmore and himself. Warne took the name Lucille and assumed the role of a fortune teller to lure information out of the suspected murderer's confidants. In the meantime, she also continually coordinated Pinkerton's other female detectives in the agency. Pinkerton rented a space for Warne to work as part of her guise. Allan Pinkerton named Kate Warne one of the five best detectives that he had. Her employment by Pinkerton was a significant moment in Woman's History. Women were not allowed to be a part of the police force until 1891 and could not be detectives until 1903.[citation needed]", "Kate Warne \"[he] was surprised to learn Kate was not looking for clerical work, but was actually answering an advertisement for detectives he had placed in a Chicago newspaper. At the time, such a concept was almost unheard of. Pinkerton said \" It is not the custom to employ women detectives!\" Kate argued her point of view eloquently - pointing out that women could be \"most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective.\" A Woman would be able to befriend the wives and girlfriends of suspected criminals and gain their confidence. Men become braggarts when they are around women who encourage them to boast. Kate also noted, Women have an eye for detail and are excellent observers.\"[2]", "Kate Warne Pinkerton specifically thanked Kate Warne and Timothy Webster in his memoirs. Both Warne and Webster were key operatives during the Baltimore Plot investigations. Warne reported back to Pinkerton about all her work when he was away from the office and they worked together, on numerous cases, during their tenure. Pinkerton constantly showed a deep trust in the work that Warne performed and acknowledges so in his memoirs. She was in charge of the Female Detective Bureau established by Pinkerton. Her title was Supervisor of Women Agents. Pinkerton said to his female prospective agents:", "Kate Warne Warne walked into the Pinkerton Detective Agency in response to an advertisement in a local newspaper. When she walked into Pinkerton's Chicago office, according to Pinkerton company records, he further described her acquaintance:", "Kate Warne In my service you will serve your country better than on the field. I have several female operatives. If you agree to come aboard you will go in training with the head of my female detectives, Kate Warne. She has never let me down.[16]", "Kate Warne During the American Civil War, Allan Pinkerton and Kate Warne were used as a covert war intelligence-gathering bureau. Warne could easily penetrate into Southern social gatherings. She said that women are most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective. Believed to be a mistress of Pinkerton, Warne would often pose as his wife while undercover. She also had an assortment of alias names: Kay Warne, Kay Waren, Kay Warren, Kate Warne, Kate Waren, Kate Warren, Kitty Warne, Kitty Waren, Kitty Warren, Kittie Waren, Kittie Warne, and Kittie Warren. Warne was known as \"Kitty\" to Robert Pinkerton, Allan's brother. Robert Pinkerton often argued with Warne over expenses turned over to the agency, but her relationship with Allan continued for years.[citation needed]", "Kate Warne Very little is known about Kate Warne prior to her working for Allan Pinkerton, except that she was born in Erin, Chemung County, New York and was a widow by age 23. Pinkerton, in his book The Spy of the Rebellion (1883), described her as:", "Kate Warne After the Civil War, Kate Warne worked on various high-profile cases. One of these involved the murder of a bank-teller, George Gordon. The murderer got away with $130,000. Pinkerton determined that Gordon was fetching money for a friend or someone who frequented the bank when he was struck on the head behind the ear with a hammer with intent to murder any witnesses of the robbery. Through his investigation, Pinkerton felt certain that his prime suspect, Alexander P. Drysdale, had in fact killed Gordon. However, at this point he did not have enough hard evidence to convict Drysdale; too much was still based on speculation. Therefore, he set a trap for Drysdale so that he would reveal a confession. Warne was sent under cover as a Mrs. Potter and became close friends with Mr. Drysdale's wife. Through this plot, they were able to uncover where Drysdale had hidden the stolen money.[citation needed]", "Kate Warne Kate Warne was depicted as a young detective in the Canadian TV series The Pinkertons, played by Martha MacIsaac.", "Kate Warne In 1861, Allan Pinkerton was hired by Samuel H. Felton, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, to investigate secessionist activity and threats of damage to the railroad in Maryland. Pinkerton soon was at work, placing agents at various points in Maryland to investigate the possibility. As the investigation proceeded, Pinkerton became aware that the activity in Maryland did not just end with the railroad, but included the president-elect, Abraham Lincoln. Pinkerton received permission to continue his investigation and focus on the possible assassination plot. Warne was one of five agents sent to Baltimore, Maryland, on February 3, 1861, to investigate the hotbed of secessionist activity.[5]", "Kate Warne After the quelled assassination attempt on president-elect Abraham Lincoln, Kate Warne continued to travel with Allan Pinkerton as his Female Superintendent of Detectives. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate States of America's cannons in Charleston began firing on Fort Sumter. These cannon shells marked the beginning of the American Civil War. Within nine days, Pinkerton wrote to President Lincoln offering the services of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. However, before Lincoln could respond, Major General George B. McClellan asked Pinkerton to set up a military intelligence service for McClellan's command.[14] Therefore, by the end of July 1861, Pinkerton took Warne, Timothy Webster, and later George Bangs west to set up a headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio, to follow McClellan's Ohio division (see also Cincinnati in the Civil War).[15]", "Chicago Police Department Women entered the force in 1885, as matrons, caring for female prisoners. Marie Owens is believed to have been the first female police officer in the U.S., joining the Chicago Police Department in 1891, retiring in 1923. Holding the rank of Sergeant, Owens enforced child labor and welfare laws.[24]", "History of the New York City Police Department In 1845, the New York City Police Department hired its first female jail matrons. Legislation was enacted to appoint female police matrons in 1888, and the first four were hired in 1891. In 1895, the first woman to work at Police Headquarters, Minnie Gertrude Kelly, was appointed Secretary to the Police Board. In 1912, Isabella Goodwin was appointed as the first female, first grade detective. In 1917, two unknown women were assigned special patrolwomen's badges.", "Kate Warne Warne was buried in the Pinkerton Family Plot at Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.[1] Her gravestone is marked under the misspelled surname of \"Warn\",[17] and states that she died of \"congestion of the lungs\", likely a pulmonary edema.[citation needed]", "Kate Warne After seeing the pieces of the plot coming together, Pinkerton requested of Kate Warne on the morning of February 18 to take the 5:10 evening train to New York City. Once there, she was to set up a meeting with Norman B. Judd and place into his confidence a letter from Pinkerton stating all the hereto discovered details of the assassination attempt. After Warne supplied details of the Baltimore Plot to Judd, Judd set up a meeting between himself, Pinkerton and Lincoln on February 21.[9] At this meeting, Lincoln was doubtful about an assassination plot, or that if such a plot existed that it should be taken seriously.", "Kate Warne [a] commanding person, with clear cut, expressive features...a slender, brown-haired woman, graceful in her movements and self-possessed. Her features, although not what could be called handsome [beautiful], were decidedly of an intellectual cast... her face was honest, which would cause one in distress instinctly [sic] to select her as a confidante.", "Kate Warne During the investigation, evidence unveiled a plot to assassinate Lincoln on his way to take office. Under the aliases Mrs. Cherry and Mrs. M. Barley (M.B.), Warne tracked suspicious movement among the Baltimore secessionists.[6] It was in part through her undercover work in the guise of:", "Boston Police Department In 1921, Irene McAuliffe, daughter of the late Weston police chief and horse breeder Patrick McAuliffe, was among the first six female members of the Boston Police Department. An accomplished horsewoman, she was sworn in as a mounted officer of the Weston Police Department in 1913 during the town's bicentennial celebration. She joined the District of Columbia Police Department in 1920, and in 1921 she became a member of the Boston Police Department's Vice Squad.[5][10]", "Los Angeles Police Department The LAPD was in 1910 to hire the first female police officer in the United States, Alice Stebbins Wells.[82] On the LAPD through the early 1970s, women were classified as \"policewomen\".[83]", "Kate Warne From Harrisburg, Abraham Lincoln rode to Philadelphia by a special Pennsylvania Railroad train. From Philadelphia he went to Baltimore by a special Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore train on the night of February 22–23.[12] It is said that Kate Warne did not sleep a wink on the overnight trip from Pennsylvania to Washington D.C. The disguises provided by Warne that night enabled Lincoln to make it through Baltimore without recognition and take his seat in the White House. It is believed that Pinkerton came up with the slogan to his agency \"we never sleep\" as a result of Warne's guard of Lincoln that night. Warne was key in the foiled Baltimore assassination plot – not only did she help uncover its details, but she also carried out most of the arrangements to smuggle Lincoln into Washington, D.C. She couriered secret information and set up meetings as well as securing the necessary four berths on a train leaving Philadelphia under the pretext that these berths were for her sick brother and family members.[8] The train pulled out shortly before 11 p.m. and arrived in Baltimore about 3:30 a.m. on February 23. Warne remained in Baltimore as the sleeping cars with Lincoln on board were shifted to another train, which arrived in Washington around 6 a.m.[13]", "Kate Warne Pinkerton had agents across Maryland. However, it was Warne specifically who supplied many key details, causing Pinkerton to believe that the plot was imminent. Warne had befriended secessionists in Maryland and collected many details about the plot to assassinate Lincoln.[citation needed]", "Women photographers Canadian-born Jessie Tarbox (1870–1942) is credited with being America's earliest female photojournalist, photographing the Massachusetts state prison for the Boston Post in 1899. She was then hired by The Buffalo Inquirer and The Courier in 1902.[47] Harriet Chalmers Adams (1875–1937) was an explorer whose expedition photographs were published in National Geographic. She served as a correspondent for Harper's Magazine in Europe during World War I, the only female journalist permitted to visit the trenches.[48] Another war correspondent based in France during World War I was Helen Johns Kirtland (1890–1979) where she worked for Leslie's Weekly.[49]", "History of women in the United States American women achieved several firsts in the professions in the second half of the 1800s. In 1866 Lucy Hobbs Taylor became the first American woman to receive a dentistry degree.[141] In 1878 Mary L. Page became the first woman in America to earn a degree in architecture when she graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[142] In 1879 Belva Lockwood became the first woman allowed to argue before the Supreme Court; the first case in which she did so was the 1880 case \"Kaiser v. Stickney\".[143] Arabella Mansfield had previously become America's first female lawyer when she was admitted to the bar in 1869.[144] In 1891 Marie Owens, born in Canada, was hired in Chicago as America's first female police officer.[145] Due to women's greater involvement in law and law enforcement, in 1871 the first state laws specifically making wife beating illegal were passed, though proliferation of laws to all states and adequate enforcement of those laws lagged very far behind.[146] One of the first female photojournalists, Sadie Kneller Miller used her initials, SKM, as a byline, which hid her gender. She covered sports, disasters, diseases, and was recognized as the first female war correspondent.[147]", "Women photographers Jessie Tarbox Beals: William Howard Taft at the St. Louis World's Fair (1904)", "Mary Edwards Walker Mary Edwards Walker (November 26, 1832 â€“ February 21, 1919) was an American abolitionist, prohibitionist, prisoner of war and surgeon. As of 2017, she is the only woman ever to receive the Medal of Honor.[1]", "Kate Warne Accordingly, they made train arrangements that allowed Lincoln to fulfill his scheduled duties in Harrisburg. It was not until 5:45 that night that there was any deviation from his schedule. John George Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary, interrupted the dinner party to excuse the president-elect. Lincoln then changed into a traveling suit, a soft felt cap and carried a shawl upon one arm to play the role of an invalid.[11] Pinkerton, meanwhile, had the telegraph lines interrupted to prevent any knowledge of the deviation in Lincoln's schedule. At the station, Warne entered the sleeping car through the rear along with Pinkerton, Ward Hill Lamon, and a still-disguised Lincoln. She greeted Lincoln loudly as she would have a true brother.[citation needed]", "Women photographers Gertrude KÃ¤sebier: Miss N, portrait of Evelyn Nesbit (1903)", "Women photographers Elizabeth \"Tex\" Williams", "Edith Smith (police officer) The Women's Police Service was founded in 1914 by Nina Boyle and Margaret Damer Dawson and it was staffed by volunteers.[2] In August 1915, Edith Smith was appointed the first woman police constable in England with full power of arrest.[3] Her duties were to deal with cases where women were involved. She was particularly concerned with trying to reduce the number of prostitutes in Grantham who were attracted there by the nearby army base.[4]", "The Alienist Kreizler asks for some young detectives who are open to new methods and receives the help of Sara Howard, the first woman to be hired by the police department, and Marcus and Lucius Isaacson, two Jewish brothers who were hired when Roosevelt began removing corrupt police officers from the force. The Isaacsons bring sophisticated methods, such as the Bertillon system and fingerprinting, to the investigation, although these were not popular in New York City police departments at the time nor accepted in courts of law.", "History of the Metropolitan Police Service The first female police officer in the Metropolitan Police was Sofia Stanley in 1919, and she designed the first women's police uniform, known as the Stanley uniform.[43] Initial duties of female police officers included patrolling areas frequented by prostitutes, along with care and observation of female and juvenile detainees, deterring prostitution, helping prevent the deceitful practice of fortune telling (then illegal), and looking after women who attempted to commit suicide (also then illegal).[42] Female officers were allowed to go into brothels, nightclubs and betting houses to observe and gather evidence of untoward behaviour, but at the first sign of crime being committed, they had to call in male colleagues. They were not allowed to carry handcuffs unless instructed to by a senior officer, and were not allowed to make arrests until 1923.[44][45]", "Charley Ross In addition to the heavy press coverage, some prominent Philadelphians enlisted the help of the famous Pinkerton detective agency, who had millions of flyers and posters printed with Ross's likeness. A popular song based on the crime was composed by Dexter Smith and W. H. Brockway, entitled \"Bring Back Our Darling\".[2] Several attempts were made to provide the kidnappers with ransom money as dictated in the notes, but in each case the kidnappers failed to appear. Eventually, communication stopped.", "Women photographers Gertrude KÃ¤sebier: Chief Iron Tail (1898)", "Special agent Railroad police and the term special agent, along with the Pinkerton Detective Agency, were models for the FBI when it was created in 1907.[citation needed]", "History of the New York City Police Department In 1974, Gertrude Schimmel was appointed as the first female Inspector. In 1976, Captain Vittoria Renzullo was appointed as the first Precinct Commander. In 1977, the first women were assigned to the Homicide Unit (there were nine of them). In 1978, Gertrude Schimmel was appointed as the first female Deputy Chief. Also in that year, the Department entered into an agreement to increase the number of female detectives.", "History of the New York City Police Department In 1918, the first female Deputy Commissioner, Ellen O'Grady, was appointed, and in August of that year the first group of policewomen in the NYPD were appointed (there were six).[24] In 1919, the title \"policewoman\" was changed to \"patrolwoman\". In 1921, the Women's Police Precinct was formed with 20 patrolwomen assigned; Mary Hamilton was assigned as director.", "Pink-collar worker The field of nursing also became \"feminized\" and was an accepted profession for women. In 1917, Louisa Lee Schuyler opened the Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, the first to train women as professional nurses.[15] After completing training, some female nurses worked in hospitals, but most worked in field tents.", "Irene Adler A series of mystery novels written by Carole Nelson Douglas features Irene Adler as the protagonist and sleuth, chronicling her life shortly before (in the novel Good Night, Mr. Holmes) and after her notable encounter with Sherlock Holmes and which feature Holmes as a supporting character. The series includes Godfrey Norton as Irene's supportive barrister husband; Penelope \"Nell\" Huxleigh, a vicar's daughter and former governess who is Irene's best friend and biographer; and Nell's love interest Quentin Stanhope. Historical characters such as Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, Alva Vanderbilt and Consuelo Vanderbilt, and journalist Nellie Bly, among others, also make appearances. In the books, Douglas strongly implies that Irene's mother was Lola Montez and her father possibly Ludwig I of Bavaria. Douglas provides Irene with a back story as a pint-size child vaudeville performer who was trained as an opera singer before going to work as a Pinkerton detective.", "Kate Warne [A] rich southern lady visiting Baltimore with a thick southern accent that apparently Mrs. Warne infiltrated secessionist social gatherings, in the Baltimore area, places such as the classy Barnum Hotel posing as a flirting \"Southern belle\" and was quick to not only verify that there was a plot to assassinate Lincoln, she developed details of how the assassination was going to occur.[7]", "History of firefighting The United States did not have government-run fire departments until around the time of the American Civil War. Prior to this time, private fire brigades competed with one another to be the first to respond to a fire because insurance companies paid brigades to save buildings.[4] Underwriters also employed their own Salvage Corps in some cities. The first known female firefighter Molly Williams took her place with the men on the dragropes during the blizzard of 1818 and pulled the pumper to the fire through the deep snow.", "Women in medicine Helen Brooke Taussig: The First Female President of the American Heart Association", "Elizabeth Blackwell Elizabeth Blackwell (3 February 1821 – 31 May 1910) was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council. She was the first woman to graduate from a medical school, a pioneer in promoting the education of women in medicine in the United States, and a social and moral reformer in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Due to her contribution to the world of medicine, she now has a national holiday dedicated to her on February 3rd to celebrate her innovative work in medicine called National Women Physicians Day. Her sister Emily was the third woman to get a medical degree in the US.", "Victoria Woodhull Victoria Claflin Woodhull, later Victoria Woodhull Martin (September 23, 1838 – June 9, 1927), was an American leader of the women's suffrage movement. In 1872, she ran for President of the United States. While many historians and authors agree that Woodhull was the first woman to run for President of the United States, some have questioned that priority given issues with the legality of her run. They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35. However, election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue; this may, however, be due to the fact that no one took the candidacy seriously (Woodhull's 35th birthday was in September 1873, seven months after the March inauguration).", "Detective fiction \"Das Fräulein von Scuderi\" is an 1819 short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which Mlle de Scudery establishes the innocence of the police's favorite suspect in the murder of a jeweller. This story is sometimes cited as the first detective story and as a direct influence on Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" (1841).[15] Also suggested as a possible influence on Poe is ‘The Secret Cell’, a short story published in September 1837 by William Evans Burton. It has been suggested that this story may have been known to Poe, who in 1839 worked for Burton.[16] The story was about a London policeman who solves the mystery of a kidnapped girl. Burton’s fictional detective relied on practical methods such as dogged legwork, knowledge of the underworld and undercover surveillance, rather than brilliance of imagination or intellect.", "Detective fiction The PI novel was a male-dominated field in which female authors seldom found publication until Marcia Muller, Sara Paretsky, and Sue Grafton were finally published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Each author's detective, also female, was brainy and physical and could hold her own.[43] Their acceptance, and success, caused publishers to seek out other female authors.", "Jack the Ripper suspects Sir Arthur Conan Doyle advanced theories involving a female murderer dubbed \"Jill the Ripper\". Supporters of this theory believe that the murderer worked, or posed, as a midwife, who could be seen with bloody clothes without attracting suspicion and would be more easily trusted by the victims than a man.[148] Women proposed as the Ripper include the convicted murderers Mary Pearcey[149] and Constance Kent,[150] and Theosophist Helena Blavatsky.[82] The 19 December 1893 edition of the Ohio Marion Daily Star reported that Lizzie Halliday, a mentally ill Irish immigrant suspected of leaving a string of dead husbands in her wake before being arrested in upper New York State for the murder of two women and her last husband, was likewise accused of the Whitechapel murders, of which she spoke \"constantly\". She denied any relation to them and there was no evidence to contradict her claim.[151]", "Women photographers Alice Hughes: Pauline Waldorf Astor (1904)", "Chicago Police Department In 1906, the Department's Mounted Patrol was created to provide crowd control, and in 1908, the force was granted its first three motor cars, expanding in 1910 to motorbikes and boats.[26] Female officers were formally appointed beginning on August 13, 1913, starting with ten officers. In 1918, Grace Wilson, possibly the first black female police officer in United States history, joined the force.", "Victoria Woodhull Woodhull twice went from rags to riches, her first fortune being made on the road as a fraudulent magnetic healer[4] before she joined the spiritualist movement in the 1870s.[5] Authorship of many of her articles is disputed (many of her speeches on these topics were collaborations between Woodhull, her backers, and her second husband, Colonel James Blood[6]). However, despite her ethical problems, her role as a representative of these movements was powerful. Together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, she was the first woman to operate a brokerage firm on Wall Street, making a second, and more reputable fortune.[7] They were among the first women to found a newspaper in the United States, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, which began publication in 1870.[8]", "Women photographers Zaida Ben-Yusuf: Mrs. Fiske, 'Love finds the way' (1896)", "History of the Metropolitan Police Service Female police officers were initially given six-day, 48-hour work weeks, and were not allowed to work night shifts apart from when on-call duties until 1973. Female officers did in fact do a week of nights at least from 1965. Female officers were usually seconded to the Criminal Investigation Department, but in 1921 Lilian Wyles was appointed the first female Inspector to the Criminal Intelligence Department.[46] A policy in place from 1927 until 1946 forced women to leave the Metropolitan Police if they got married.[43] Female police officers were not authorised to take fingerprints until 1937.[43] The Police Federation, the rank-and-file staff association, let women join in 1948.[42]", "Women photographers Evelyn Cameron: Alec Flower, her brother (1898)", "Women photographers The use of photography as an art form had existed almost from the very beginning but it was towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that under the influence of the American Alfred Stieglitz its artistic potential, termed pictorialism, became widely recognized.[31] Among Stieglitz' closest associates were Gertrude Käsebier (1852–1934) and Eva Watson-Schütze (1867–1935) who had turned to photography after studying fine art and were committed to developing artistic photography. Their association with Stieglitz led in 1902 to their becoming co-founders of the Photo-Secession movement. They went on to take romantic, yet well composed portraits which were presented at influential exhibitions.[32][33] In addition, Käsebier is remembered for her portraits of Native Americans, soon becoming one of the most widely recognized professional photographers in the United States.[34] Other prominent pictorialists included Käsebier's assistant Alice Boughton and Anne Brigman (1869–1950) with her images of nude women.[35] Mary Devens (1857–1920) who experimented with printing techniques was like Käsebier elected a member of the British Linked Ring which has preceded Photo-Secession in promoting photography as an art form.[36] The German-born Canadian Minna Keene (1861–1943) was also an early female member of the Linked Ring.[37]", "Women in medicine Helen Brooke Taussig was born on May 24, 1898, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is most commonly known as the first female president of the American Heart Association[25] Taussig was diagnosed with Dyslexia when she was young. Around the same time, her mother, Edith Guild Taussig (1861-1909) died.[25] Her father, Frank William Taussig (1859-1940), was an economist and educator in the United States. He was also known for creating the \"Foundation of Modern Trade Theory\". Taussig earned a A.B from University of California, Berkeley in 1921. In 1922 she applied at Harvard University's Medical School, and was denied. The University was not accepting women at the time. Instead she graduated from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1927. In her 30's, Taussig grew deaf.[26] In 1930, Taussig was appointed the Head of he Children's Hear Clinic at the Harriet Lane home, which was part of Johns Hopkins University. Due to her inability to hear, Taussig found an alternative method to studying the heartbeat in children by feeling the beat with her hands. This method lead her to discover \"Blue Baby Syndrome\",[27] which was termed so due to the cyanotic hue resembling babies who were thought to be ill. In 1947, a surgeon named Alfred Blalock teamed up with Taussig and wrote an article called,[28] which explored their creation and alternative approach for a stunt-\"Blalock-Taussig Shunt\"- that would help circulate blood from the lungs to the heart. In the article it states, \"The operation here reported and the studies leading thereto were undertaken with the conviction that even though the structure of the heart was grossly abnormal, in many instances it might be possible to alter the course of the circulation in such a manner as to lessen the 'cyanosis' and the resultant disability.\" (Read before the Johns Hopkins Medical Society, March 12, 1945.) Taussig received multiple awards after 1950. In 1954, Taussig received the Albert Lasker award, which is awarded for outstanding contributions to medicine. In 1959, Taussig was acknowledged for being one of the first women who received full professorship to Johns Hopkins University. In 1964, Taussig was awarded the medal of freedom from President Lyndon B. Johnson. Finally, in 1965, Taussig was known as the first women of the American Heart Association, for which she is so prominently known for. To further her interest in pediatrics, nearly a decade and a half later in the 1960s, Taussig remained to advocate for children's[29] health. She was \"responsible for investigating the epidemic of serious congenital limb malformations\". This investigation focused on European children and Taussig had a theory that the malformations were caused by the use of Thalidomide. She resolved this ongoing issue by persuading the Food and Drug Administration to discontinue the use and sale of Thalidomide in the U.S", "Women photographers Ruth Harriet Louise: Greta Garbo (1927)", "History of the New York City Police Department November 13, 1923, Governor Walker appointed Sylvia Daly Connell, a widow with two children, the first woman Deputy Sheriff in New York State. She was assigned to Richmond County.", "Women photographers Alice Boughton: Two Women under a Tree (1906)", "Women photographers In France, Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri was an early professional in the photography business. Together with her husband, André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri who is remembered for patenting the carte de visite process, she established a daguerrotype studio in Brest in the late 1840s. After Disdéri left her for Paris in 1847, she continued to run the business alone.[7] Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann was probably Germany's first professional female photographer. In 1843, she opened a studio in Leipzig together with her husband and ran the business herself after his death in 1847.[8] Emilie Bieber opened a daguerrotype studio in Hamburg in 1852. After a slow start, business picked up and she ran the studio until 1885 when she transferred it to her nephew.[9] In the United States, Sarah Louise Judd (1802–1886) is reported to have made daguerrotypes in Minnesota as early as 1848.[10]", "Elsie MacGill Elizabeth Muriel Gregory \"Elsie\" MacGill, OC (March 27, 1905 – November 4, 1980), known as the \"Queen of the Hurricanes\", was likely the world's first woman to earn an aeronautical engineering degree and was the first woman in Canada to receive a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. She worked as an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War and did much to make Canada a powerhouse of aircraft construction during her years at Canadian Car and Foundry (CC&F) in Fort William, Ontario. After her work at CC&F she ran a successful consulting business. Between 1967–1970 she was a commissioner on the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, published in 1970.[1]", "History of the Metropolitan Police Service The first women police officers to receive George Medals for courage were Sergeant Ethel Bush and Kathleen Parrott, who had been separately attacked by a sex offender they were on a stakeout in pursuit of in 1955.[43] In 1968 Sislin Fay Allen became the Metropolitan Policeâ€™s first black female officer.[42] On February 1, 1971, Karpal Kaur Sandhu, born in Zanzibar but of Indian heritage, joined the Metropolitan Police and thus became the Metropolitan Police's (and Britain's) first female Asian police officer.[47] This was before India itself had female police officers (the first female police officer in India was Kiran Bedi in 1972).[47]", "Mary Kenneth Keller Mary Kenneth Keller, B.V.M. (1913 â€“ 1985) was an American Roman Catholic religious sister, educator and pioneer in computer science. She was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science in the United States.[1][2][3]", "Irene Adler Irene Adler is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. She was featured in the short story \"A Scandal in Bohemia\", published in July 1891. She is one of the most notable female characters in the Sherlock Holmes series, despite appearing in only one story,[1] and is frequently used as a romantic interest for Holmes in derivative works.", "Women photographers Frederikke Federspiel with a client in her Aalborg studio (1910)", "Women in music Carrie Jacobs-Bond was the \"preeminent woman composer of the late 1800's and well into the middle of the twentieth century... [making her] the first million selling woman\" songwriter.[6] Maude Nugent (1877–1958) wrote \"Sweet Rosie O'Grady\" in 1896. She also penned \"Down At Rosie Reilly's Flat\", \"My Irish Daisy\" and \"Mary From Tipperary\".[6] Charlotte Blake (1885–1979) was a staff writer for at the Whitney Warner Publishing Co., in Detroit, Michigan. Initially, the company billed her as \"C. Blake\" to hide her gender, but by 1906 ads used her full name.[6] Caro Roma (1866–1937) was the gender-ambiguous pseudonym for Carrie Northly. She was \"one of America's more well known and popular composers of the Tin Pan Alley era.\" Her songs include \"Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling\", \"Faded Rose\", \"The Angelus\", \"Thinking of Thee\" and \"Resignation\".[6] About 95% of the songwriters in British music hall during the early 1900s were men; however, about 30% of the singers were women.[11]", "Women in the military by country The first female American soldier was Deborah Sampson of Massachusetts. She enlisted as a Continental Army soldier under the name of \"Robert Shurtliff\". She served for three years in the Revolutionary War and was wounded twice; she cut a musket ball out of her own thigh so no doctor would find out she was a woman.", "Women photographers Marian Hooper Adams: H. Adams & Marquis (c. 1883)", "Rebecca Lee Crumpler Rebecca Lee Crumpler, née Davis, (February 8, 1831 – March 9, 1895) was an African American physician and author. Becoming a Doctor of Medicine in 1864[1] after studying at New England Female Medical College, she was the first African-American woman to become a physician in the United States.[nb 1] Rebecca graduated medical college and published her book at a time in history when very few African Americans were allowed to attend medical college or publish books. [2]Crumpler first practiced medicine in Boston,[1] primarily for poor women and children.[1] After the American Civil War ended in 1865, she moved to Richmond, Virginia, believing it to be \"a proper field for real missionary work\" and to continue her focus on diseases of women and children. Crumpler worked for the Freedmen's Bureau to provide medical care to freed slaves; She was subject to \"intense racism\" and sexism while practicing medicine.[2][1][nb 2] She later moved back to Boston and \"entered into the work with renewed vigor, practicing outside, and receiving children in [her] house for treatment; regardless, in a measure, of remuneration.\"[2] In 1883, she published A Book of Medical Discourses. Dedicated to nurses and mothers,[2][1] it focused on the medical care of women and children[4] and was one of the first publications written by an African American about medicine.In addition to being the only female physician author in the 19th century.[5]name=\"NLM Biography\" />", "Annie Cartwright In the US remake, Annie Norris (Gretchen Mol) is a uniformed policewoman with an undergraduate psychology education who has aspirations of making the detective squad.[2] Norris constantly struggles against sexist attitudes about the role of a woman in police work. Owing to her gender, her nickname among the detectives is \"No Nuts Norris\".[3] She is the only one on the force to whom Sam has revealed that he is from the future â€“ although she does not seem to believe him, she is the most sympathetic of his colleagues; she puts more faith in his claim after a prophecy from Sam saves her life from Vic Tyler in the counterpart episode to the BBC's first series finale.", "American Federation of Labor In most ways, the AFL's treatment of women workers paralleled its policy towards black workers. The AFL never adopted a strict policy of gender exclusion and, at times, even came out in favor of women's unionism. But despite such rhetoric, the Federation only half-heartedly supported women's attempts to organize and, more often, took pains to keep women out of unions and the workforce altogether. Only two national unions affiliated with the AFL at its founding openly included women, and others passed by-laws barring women's membership entirely. The AFL hired its first female organizer, Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, only in 1892, released her after five months, and it did not replace her or hire another woman national organizer until 1908. Women who organized their own unions were often turned down in bids to join the Federation, and even women who did join unions found them hostile or intentionally inaccessible. AFL unions often held meetings at night or in bars when women might find it difficult to attend and where they might feel uncomfortable, and male unionists heckled women who tried to speak at meetings.[51]", "Phryne Fisher Woman Police Constable Jones works for Detective Inspector Jack Robinson and is one of the few women in the police force. She frequently acts as a bait and decoy in investigations and has won a medal for Gallantry for baiting and capturing a suspect in a string of rapes.[6]", "Annie Cartwright She is promoted to detective in the finale.", "Madam C. J. Walker Sarah Breedlove (December 23, 1867 â€“ May 25, 1919), known as Madam C. J. Walker, was an African-American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and a political and social activist. Eulogized as the first female self-made millionaire in the US,[1] she became one of the wealthiest self-made women in America[2] and wealthiest African-American women in the country and one of the most successful women and African-American business owners ever.[3]", "Women photographers Sarah Ladd: Early Morning above Vancouver (1905)", "Police In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed]", "Irish Americans Notorious Irish Americans include the legendary New Mexico outlaw Billy the Kid.[232][233] Many historians believe he was born in New York City to Famine-era immigrants from Ireland.[232][233] Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish immigrant, as was madam Josephine Airey, who also went by the name of \"Chicago Joe\" Hensley. New Orleans socialite and murderer Delphine LaLaurie, whose maiden name was Macarty, was of partial paternal Irish ancestry. Irish-American mobsters include, amongst others, George \"Bugs\" Moran, Dean O'Banion, Jack \"Legs\" Diamond, Buddy McLean, Howie Winter and Whitey Bulger. Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of John F. Kennedy, had an Irish-born great-grandmother by the name of Mary Tonry.[234] Colorful Irish Americans also include Margaret Tobin of RMS Titanic fame, scandalous model Evelyn Nesbit, dancer Isadora Duncan, San Francisco madam Tessie Wall, and Nellie Cashman, nurse and gold prospector in the American West.", "History of the Metropolitan Police Service The first \"Woman Detective Constable\" was appointed in 1973. 1973 was also the year that the separate \"Women's Department\" was fully integrated into the Metropolitan Police.[42] Female police officers did not get equal pay with male police officers until 1974.[43] In 1976 the first \"Woman Chief Superintendent\" was appointed to take charge of a subdivision.[48] In 1977 the first female traffic officer, Dee Oâ€™Donoghue, was hired.[48] In 1979 the first female dog handler, Nicola Gray, was hired.[48] Prior to this, women were prohibited from being dog handlers since rules stated that an officer should have a wife who could look after a puppy while the officer went to work.[43] In 1995 Pauline Clare became the first female chief constable, for Lancashire.[42] The prefix \"Woman\" in front of female officers' ranks has been obsolete since 1999. In 2017 Cressida Dick became the first female Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service and therefore the most senior Police Officer in England and Wales.[42]", "Women photographers Caroline Gurrey: Portrait of a Japanese-Hawaiian and a Portuguese-Hawaiian Boy (1909)", "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp In \"The Pinkertons\" (1956), Douglas Evans plays detective agency head Allan Pinkerton, who is seeking to recover $40,000 in stolen money, but interferes with Marshal Earp's attempt to catch the entire gang of Crummy Newton (Richard Alexander).[35] Lloyd Corrigan played the western author Ned Buntline in three episodes.[7] In the episode \"King of the Frontier\" (November 11, 1958), Buntline arrives in Dodge City after writing a book which proclaims Earp \"King of the Frontier\". Buntline claims that Earp can beat any cowboy in a variety of competitive activities, including shooting. Miles Breck (Grant Withers) of the Lazy Q outfit bets Buntline $10,000 that his men can beat Earp in selected challenges.[36]", "The Sun (New York City) The Sun's first female reporter was Emily Verdery Bettey, hired in 1868. Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd was hired as a reporter and fashion editor in the 1880s; she was one of the first women to become a professional editor, and perhaps the first full-time fashion editor in American newspaper history.", "Women photographers Anna Atkins: \"Cystoseira granulata\" (cyanotype, 1843)", "Jane Addams Jane Addams (September 8, 1860 – May 21, 1935), known as the \"mother\" of social work,[1][2] was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist,[3] public administrator,[4][5] protestor, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace.[6] She co-founded, with Ellen Gates Starr, an early settlement house in the United States, Chicago's Hull House that would later become known as one of the most famous settlement houses in America. In an era when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent[7] reformers of the Progressive Era. She helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. In her essay \"Utilization of Women in City Government,\" Jane Addams noted the connection between the workings of government and the household, stating that many departments of government, such as sanitation and the schooling of children, could be traced back to traditional women's roles in the private sphere. Thus, these were matters of which women would have more knowledge than men, so women needed the vote to best voice their opinions.[8] She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She is increasingly being recognized as a member of the American pragmatist school of philosophy, and is known by many as the first woman \"public philosopher in the history of the United States.[9] In 1889 she co-founded Hull House, and in 1920 she was a co-founder for the ACLU.[10] In 1931 she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and is recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States.[11]", "History of the New York City Police Department In 1981, Suzanne Medicis became the first woman to receive the Combat Cross, and Sharon Fields and Tanya Braithwaite became the first women to receive the NYPD's Medal of Honor. In 1984, Irma Lozada became the first female police officer killed in the line of duty. Also in 1984, Mary Bembry became the first woman shot in the line of duty.", "History of Idaho Pinkerton detective James McParland conducted the investigation into the assassination. In 1907, WFM Secretary Treasurer \"Big Bill\" Haywood and two other WFM leaders were tried on a charge of conspiracy to murder Steunenberg, with Orchard testifying against them as part of a deal made with McParland. The nationally publicized trial featured Senator William E. Borah as prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow representing the defendants. The defense team presented evidence that Orchard had been a Pinkerton agent and had acted as a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association. Darrow argued that Orchard's real motive in the assassination had been revenge for a declaration of martial law by Steunenberg, which prompted Orchard to gamble away a share in the Hercules silver mine that would otherwise have made him wealthy.", "Women in the military by country During the American Civil War, Sarah Rosetta Wakeman enlisted under the alias of Private Lyons Wakeman.", "History of women in the United States From 1870 to 1875 several women, including Virginia Louisa Minor, Victoria Woodhull, and Myra Bradwell, attempted to use the Fourteenth Amendment in the courts to secure the vote (Minor and Woodhull) or the right to practice law (Bradwell), but they were all unsuccessful.[128] In 1872 Susan B. Anthony was arrested and brought to trial in Rochester, New York, for attempting to vote for Ulysses S. Grant in the presidential election; she was convicted and fined $100 and the costs of her prosecution but refused to pay.[128][132] At the same time, Sojourner Truth appeared at a polling booth in Battle Creek, Michigan, demanding a ballot; she was turned away.[128] Also in 1872, Victoria Woodhull became the first woman to run for President, although she could not vote and only received a few votes, losing to Ulysses S. Grant.[133] She was nominated to run by the Equal Rights Party, and advocated the 8-hour work day, graduated income tax, social welfare programs, and profit sharing, among other positions.[134] In 1874 The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was founded by Annie Wittenmyer to work for the prohibition of alcohol; with Frances Willard at its head (starting in 1876), the WCTU also became an important force in the fight for women's suffrage.[128] In 1878 a woman suffrage amendment was first introduced in the United States Congress, but it did not pass.[128][135]", "Martha M. Place Although Place was the first woman to die in the electric chair, she was the third to be sentenced to die by this method, the first two being serial killer Lizzie Halliday (1894 conviction commuted and sent to an asylum) and Maria Barbella (sentenced in 1895 and acquitted the next year).[2][3][4]", "Edith Smith (police officer) Edith Smith (1880-1924) was the first female police officer in the United Kingdom with full power of arrest.", "Iroquois >Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill, Mohawk physician who was the second female American Indian doctor in the United States", "National Woman's Party Rheta Childe Dorr, first editor of The Suffragist", "Sherlock Holmes Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in \"A Scandal in Bohemia\". Although this is her only appearance, she is one of the most notable female characters in the stories: the only woman who has ever challenged Holmes intellectually, and one of only a handful of people who ever bested him in a battle of wits. For this reason, Adler is the frequent subject of pastiche writing. The beginning of the story describes the high regard in which Holmes holds her:", "History of women in the United States In 1849 Elizabeth Blackwell, born in England, graduated from Geneva Medical College in New York at the head of her class and thus became the first female doctor in America. In 1857 she and her sister Emily, and their colleague Marie Zakrzewska, founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children, the first American hospital run by women and the first dedicated to serving women and children.[97][98][99]", "First-wave feminism Woman in the Nineteenth Century by Margaret Fuller has been considered the first major feminist work in the United States and is often compared to Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.[38] Prominent leaders of the feminist movement in the United States include Lucretia Coffin Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony; Anthony and other activists such as Victoria Woodhull and Matilda Joslyn Gage made attempts to cast votes prior to their legal entitlement to do so, for which many of them faced charges. Other important leaders included several women who dissented against the law in order to have their voices heard, (Sarah and Angelina Grimké), in addition to other activists such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Sojourner Truth, Ida B. Wells, Margaret Sanger and Lucy Burns.[39]", "National Woman Suffrage Association Meeting at the Women's Bureau in New York City, Stanton, Anthony and delegates from nineteen states of the AERA convention, appointed Elizabeth Cady Stanton as the National's President.[5] Other prominent activists forming the National were Lucretia Mott, Martha Coffin Wright, Ernestine Rose (part of the Executive Committee), Pauline Wright Davis (Advisory Counsel of Rhode Island), Reverend Olympia Brown, Matilda Joslyn Gage, Anna E. Dickinson (Vice-President of Pennsylvania), Elizabeth Smith Miller and Mary Cheney Greeley among others.[9] The women immediately turned their efforts toward passage of a Constitutional Amendment giving women the right to vote.", "Women photographers Anne Brigman: Soul of the Blasted Pine (1908)", "Nancy Drew Many prominent and successful women cite Nancy Drew as an early formative influence whose character encouraged them to take on unconventional roles, including U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sandra Day O'Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Sonia Sotomayor;[158] TV personalities Oprah Winfrey and Barbara Walters; singers Barbra Streisand and Beverly Sills;[159] mystery authors Sara Paretsky and Nancy Pickard; scholar Carolyn Heilbrun; actresses Ellen Barkin and Emma Roberts;[160] former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton; former First Lady Laura Bush;[10] and former president of the National Organization for Women Karen DeCrow.[161] Less prominent women also credit the character of Nancy Drew with helping them to become stronger women; when the first Nancy Drew conference was held, at the University of Iowa, in 1993, conference organizers received a flood of calls from women who \"all had stories to tell about how instrumental Nancy had been in their lives, and about how she had inspired, comforted, entertained them through their childhoods, and, for a surprising number of women, well into adulthood.\"[162]", "The Maltese Falcon (1941 film) The role of the deceitful femme fatale Brigid O'Shaughnessy was originally offered to Geraldine Fitzgerald,[citation needed] but went to Mary Astor when Fitzgerald decided to appear in a stage play. Hammett remembers that the character \"had two originals, one an artist, the other a woman who came to Pinkerton's San Francisco office to hire an operative to discharge her housekeeper, but neither of these women was a criminal.\"[11]", "Women photographers Margaret Bourke-White (1906–1971) was the first foreigner to photograph Soviet industry as well as the first female war correspondent and the first woman photographer to work for Life.[50] During the Great Depression, Dorothea Lange (1895–1965) was employed by the Resettlement Administration to photograph displaced farm families and migrant workers. Distributed free to newspapers, her images became icons of the times.[51] The novelist Eudora Welty also photographed families affected by the Great Depression, especially in rural Mississippi, producing a remarkable body of work.[52] In the early 1930s, Marvin Breckinridge Patterson (1905–2002) published her world travel photographs in Vogue, National Geographic, Look, Life, Town & Country, and Harper's Bazaar.[53] Marion Carpenter (1920–2002) was the first female national press photographer and the first woman to cover the White House.[54] Edie Harper (1922-2010) was an Army Corps of Engineers photographer during WWII, where she took photographs of different structures on the home front, such as hydro dams and cement test samples. Edie processed the film in the lab for the Corps of Engineers[55]. Photographs from her war work became highly acclaimed and were shown in an exhibition at the Cincinnati Contemporary Art Center in 1961[56][57].", "Victoria Woodhull Woodhull, with sister Tennessee (Tennie) Claflin, became the first female stockbrokers and in 1870 they opened a brokerage firm on Wall Street. Wall Street brokers were shocked. â€œPetticoats Among the Bovine and Ursine Animals,\" the New York Sun headlined.[39] Woodhull, Claflin & Company opened in 1870, with the assistance of the wealthy Cornelius Vanderbilt, an admirer of Woodhull's skills as a medium; he is rumoured to have been her sister Tennie's lover, and to have seriously considered marrying her.[40] Woodhull made a fortune on the New York Stock Exchange by advising clients like Vanderbilt. On one occasion she told him to sell his shares short for 150 cents per stock, which he duly followed, and earned millions on the deal. Newspapers such as the New York Herald hailed Woodhull and Claflin as \"the Queens of Finance\" and \"the Bewitching Brokers.\"[41] Many contemporary men's journals (e.g., The Days' Doings) published sexualized images of the pair running their firm (although they did not participate in the day-to-day business of the firm), linking the concept of publicly minded, un-chaperoned women with ideas of \"sexual immorality\" and prostitution.[42]" ]	[ "Kate Warne Kate Warne (1833 â€“ January 28, 1868)[1] was the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the United States." ]
test3281	what is the current rate of interest on ppf	[ "doc112336" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc112336", "doc824909", "doc112344", "doc112340", "doc112335", "doc112357", "doc112351", "doc112358", "doc112333", "doc112346", "doc112345", "doc112338", "doc112341", "doc112337", "doc824908", "doc824920", "doc824916", "doc1477020", "doc112350", "doc112348", "doc112339", "doc2541737", "doc337343", "doc2541746", "doc2608466", "doc80059", "doc337345", "doc1088509", "doc80060", "doc112349", "doc112342", "doc2541747", "doc378953", "doc112353", "doc2541739", "doc397023", "doc1830255", "doc1330966", "doc112355", "doc112334", "doc112343", "doc1330968", "doc112354", "doc674616", "doc2541740", "doc2541741", "doc337342", "doc824914", "doc2096659", "doc960543", "doc112352", "doc1165628", "doc112347", "doc1165655", "doc337359", "doc1956208", "doc674613", "doc112356", "doc1330964", "doc2485819", "doc674598", "doc1998140", "doc960542", "doc337350", "doc337344", "doc2079219", "doc675656", "doc693250", "doc758363", "doc1346171", "doc824918", "doc1256369", "doc1998145", "doc114320", "doc1101439", "doc196648", "doc2141273", "doc196649", "doc1256371", "doc2079220", "doc501121", "doc1586066", "doc1998146", "doc2096644", "doc2096645", "doc2096657", "doc291282", "doc337362", "doc2096661", "doc2096685", "doc2096655", "doc627018", "doc1879537", "doc2541738", "doc1330969", "doc758354", "doc904834", "doc2096658", "doc378951", "doc2608458" ]	[ "Public Provident Fund (India) The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 January 2018 is 7.6% Per Annum' (compounded annually). Interest will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month.", "Income tax in India Public Provident Fund (PPF): Among all the assured returns small saving schemes, Public Provident Fund (PPF) is one of the best. Current rate of interest is 8.70% tax-free (Compounded Yearly) and the normal maturity period is 15 years. Minimum amount of contribution is Rs 500 and maximum is Rs 1,50,000. A point worth noting is that interest rate is assured but not fixed.", "Public Provident Fund (India) The minimum amount is Rs.500 which can be deposited. The rate of interest at present is 7.6% per annum, which is also tax-free. The entire balance can be withdrawn on maturity. Interest received is tax free. The maximum amount which can be deposited every year is Rs. 1,50,000 in an account at present. The interest earned on the PPF subscription is compounded annually. All the balance that accumulates over time is exempted from wealth tax. Moreover, it has low risk â€“ risk attached is Government risk. PPF is available at post offices and banks.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Loan facility available from 3rd financial year up to 5th financial year. The rate of interest charged on loan taken by the subscriber of a PPF account on or after 01.12.2011 shall be 2% more than the prevailing interest on PPF. However, the rate of interest of 1% more than PPF interest p.a. shall continue to be charged on the loans already taken or taken up to 30.11.2013.", "Public Provident Fund (India) A minimum yearly deposit of Rs. 500 is required to open and maintain a PPF account. A PPF account holder can deposit a maximum of Rs 1.5 lacs in his/her PPF account (including those accounts where he is the guardian) per financial year. There must be a guardian for PPF accounts opened in the name of minor children. Parents can act as guardians in such PPF accounts of minor children. Any amount deposited in excess of Rs 1.5 lacs in a financial year won't earn any interest. The amount can be deposited in lump sum or in a maximum of 12 installments per year. However, this does not mean a single deposit once in a month.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Annual contributions qualify for tax deduction under Section 80C of income tax. The tax benefit is capped at Rs 1.5 lacs per financial year. Contributions to PPF accounts of the spouse and children are also eligible for tax deduction.", "Public Provident Fund (India) The Public Provident Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2016 made changes in Paragraph 9, for sub-rule 3(C) of Public Provident Fund Scheme, 1968 to facilitate the premature closure of PPF Account.[10] Premature closure of PPF account is permitted after completion of 5 years for medical treatment of family members and for higher education of PPF account holder. However, premature closure comes with an interest rate penalty of 1%.", "Public Provident Fund (India) PPF falls under EEE (Exempt,Exempt,Exempt) tax basket. Contribution to PPF account is eligible for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Interest earned is exempt from income tax and maturity proceeds are also exempt from tax.", "Public Provident Fund (India) The Public Provident Fund is a savings-cum-tax-saving instrument in India,[1] introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The aim of the scheme is to mobilize small savings by offering an investment with reasonable returns combined with income tax benefits.[2] The scheme is fully guaranteed by the Central Government. Balance in PPF account is not subject to attachment under any order or decree of court. However, Income Tax & other Government authorities can attach the account for recovering tax dues.", "Public Provident Fund (India) After 15 years of maturity, full PPF amount can be withdrawn and all is tax free, including the interest amount as well.", "Public Provident Fund (India) There is a lock-in period of 15 years and the money can be withdrawn in full after its maturity period. However, pre-mature withdrawals can be made from the start of the seventh financial year. The maximum amount that can be withdrawn pre-maturely is equal to 50% of the amount that stood in the account at the end of 4th year preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or the end of the preceding year whichever is lower.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Original duration is 15 years. Thereafter, on application by the subscriber, it can be extended for 1 or more blocks of 5 years each.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Up to a maximum of 25 per cent of the balance at the end of the 2nd immediately preceding year would be allowed as loan. Such withdrawals are to be repaid within 36 months.", "Public Provident Fund (India) 2014-2016", "Income tax in India Provident Fund (PF) & Voluntary Provident Fund (VPF) : PF is automatically deducted from your salary. Both you and your employer contribute to it. While employer’s contribution is exempt from tax, your contribution (i.e., employee’s contribution) is counted towards section 80C investments. You also have the option to contribute additional amounts through voluntary contributions (VPF). Current rate of interest is 8.5% per annum (p.a.) and is tax-free.", "Income tax in India Senior Citizen Savings Scheme 2004 (SCSS): A recent addition to section 80C list, Senior Citizen Savings Scheme (SCSS) is the most lucrative scheme among all the small savings schemes but is meant only for senior citizens. Current rate of interest is 9.20% per annum payable quarterly. Please note that the interest is payable quarterly instead of compounded quarterly. Thus, unclaimed interest on these deposits wonâ€™t earn any further interest. Interest income is chargeable to tax.", "Income tax in India NSC is a time-tested tax saving instrument with a maturity period of Five and Ten Years. Presently, the interest is paid @ 8.50% p.a. on 5 year NSC and 8.80% Per Annum on 10 year NSC. Interest is Compounded Half Yearly. While the minimum investment amount is Rs 100, there is no maximum amount. Premature withdrawals are permitted only in specific circumstances such as death of the holder. Investments in NSC are eligible for a deduction of up to Rs 150,000 p.a. under Section 80C. Furthermore, the accrued interest which is deemed to be reinvested qualifies for deduction under Section 80C. However, the interest income is chargeable to tax in the year in which it accrues.", "Federal funds rate As of 21 March 2018[update] the target range for the Federal Funds Rate is 1.50–1.75%.[9] This represents the sixth increase in the target rate since tightening began in December 2015.[10]", "Public Provident Fund (India) If balance amount in the account of a deceased is higher than Rs.1,50,000 then the nominee or legal heir has to prove the identity to claim the amount", "Public Provident Fund (India) If any contribution of minimum amount in any year is not invested, then the account will be deactivated. To activate the bearer needs to pay Rs.50 as penalty for each inactive year. He/she also needs to deposit Rs.500 each as each inactive yearâ€™s contribution.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Subscriber has 3 options once the maturity period is over.[9]", "Fixed deposit A fixed deposit (FD) is a financial instrument provided by banks or NBFCs which provides investors a higher rate of interest than a regular savings account, until the given maturity date. It may or may not require the creation of a separate account. It is known as a term deposit or time deposit in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the US, and as a bond in the United Kingdom and India. They are considered to be very safe investments. Term deposits in India, Nepal, and Pakistan are used to denote a larger class of investments with varying levels of liquidity. The defining criteria for a fixed deposit is that the money cannot be withdrawn from the FD as compared to a recurring deposit or a demand deposit before maturity. Some banks may offer additional services to FD holders such as loans against FD certificates at competitive interest rates. It's important to note that banks may offer lesser interest rates under uncertain economic conditions. The interest rate varies between 4 and 7.25 percent.[1] The tenure of an FD can vary from 7, 15 or 45 days to 1.5 years and can be as high as 10 years.[2] These investments are safer than Post Office Schemes as they are covered by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC). However, DICGC guarantees amount up to â‚¹ 1,00,000 (about $1555) per depositor per bank.[3] They also offer income tax and wealth tax benefits.", "National Pension System Contributions to NPS receive tax exemptions under Section 80C, Section 80CCC and Section 80CCD(1) of Income Tax Act. Starting from 2016, an additional tax benefit of Rs 50,000 under Section 80CCD(1b) is provided under NPS, which is over the Rs 1.5 lakh exemption of Section 80C.[5][6][7] Private Fund managers are important parts of NPS.[8][9][10] NPS is considered one of the best best tax saving instrument, after 40% of the corpus was made tax-free at the time of maturity and it is ranked just below Equity-linked savings scheme(ELSS).[11]", "Fixed deposit Tax is deducted by the banks on FDs if interest paid to a customer at any bank exceeds Rs. 10,000 in a financial year. This is applicable to both interest payable or reinvested per customer. This is called Tax deducted at Source and is presently fixed at 10% of the interest. With CBS banks can tally FD holding of a customer across various branches and TDS is applied if interest exceeds Rs 10,000. Banks issue Form 16 A every quarter to the customer, as a receipt for Tax Deducted at Source.[9]", "Premium Bond The prize fund is equal to one month's interest on all bonds eligible for the draw. The annual interest is set by NS&I and was 1.40% as of DecemberÂ 2017[update]. The following table lists the distribution of prizes on offer in the December 2017[update] draw.[14]", "Reserve Bank of India Repo (Repurchase) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the banks for a short-term (max. 90 days). When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money, it increases the repo rate similarly, if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate. If the repo rate is increased, banks can't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down. Generally, repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy. Currently, the new RBI governor Sri Urjit Patel has cut the previous Repo rate to 6.00% for facilitation of India's economy.", "National Pension System NPS is a quasi-EET instrument in India where 40% of the corpus escapes tax at maturity, while 60% of the corpus is taxable.[13][14][15] Of the 60% taxable corpus, 40% is tax-exempt as it has to be compulsorily used to purchase an annuity.[16] The annuity income will be taxed, though. The remaining 20% alone will now be taxed at slab rates on withdrawal.[17] NPS offers subscribers a choice of two record keeping agencies: NCRA (NSDL-CRA) and KCRA (Karvy-CRA).[18][19] In 2017 Union budget of India, 25% exemption of the contribution made by an employee has been announced as a form of premature partial withdrawal in NPS.[20] This amendment will take effect on 1 April, 2018 and will, accordingly, apply in relation to the assessment year 2018-19.[21][22] NPS is a market-linked annuity product.[23]", "People's Bank of China PBC latest interest rate changes:[3]", "Reserve Bank of India in its fifth bi-monthly Monetary policy review on 6 December 2017, RBI unchanged Repo Rate and kept at 6%.", "Public Provident Fund (India) In case death of account holder then the balance amount will be paid to his nominee or legal heir even before 15 years. Nominees or legal heirs are not eligible to continue the account of the deceased.", "Public Provident Fund (India) A second loan could be availed as long as you are within the 3rd and before the 6th year, and only if the first one is fully repaid. Also note that once you become eligible for withdrawals, no loans would be permitted. Inactive accounts or discontinued accounts are not eligible for loan.", "Fixed deposit However, tax on interest from fixed deposits is not 10%; it is applicable at the rate of tax slab of the deposit holder. If any tax on Fixed Deposit interest is due after TDS, the holder is expected to declare it in Income Tax returns and pay it by himself.", "Bank rate Bank rate in India is determined by Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It is the rate at which RBI gives loan to commercial banks with collateral ( RBI act 1934 sec.49 ) The RBI also provides short term loans to its clients (keeping collateral) which is called the repo rate. RBI revises this rate periodically. However, there is no predetermined schedule. The repo rates are changed re-actively depending on the economy. Like other countries, repo rates affect the money flow into the nation's economy and affect the inflation and commercial banks' lending or interest rate The Indian bank rate is 6.25[7]%, which is same as the rate for Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)", "Public Provident Fund (India) Step 1 â€“ Approach the bank or post office branch where the PPF account is held and ask for the form for making the transfer. The bank or post office will provide you with a form which is to be filled.", "Fixed deposit To compensate for the low liquidity, FDs offer higher rates of interest than saving accounts.[citation needed] The longest permissible term for FDs is 10 years. Generally, the longer the term of deposit, higher is the rate of interest but a bank may offer lower rate of interest for a longer period if it expects interest rates, at which the Central Bank of a nation lends to banks (\"repo rates\"), will dip in the future.[4]", "The Income-tax Act, 1961 Section 192A allows a PF withdrawal of â‚¹50,000 (US$780) without deduction of TDS.[2]", "State Bank of Mysore -Enters the market with a coupon of 6.4% per annum for its Tier-II capital bonds issue of Rs.60cr on a private placement basis.", "Reserve Bank of India: Working and Functions If banks want to borrow money (for short term, usually overnight) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate. currently, Repo rate is set to 6% w.e.f 9 August 2017. Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral. This kind of deal happens through a re_purchase agreement. If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores, it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore (could be more because of margin requirement which is 5%-10% of loan amount) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.75 crore at the end of borrowing period. So the bank has paid Rs. 6.75 crore as interest. This is the reason it is called repo rate. The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota (otherwise the SLR will go below 21.5% of NDTL and attract penalty). Banks have to provide these securities additionally.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Step 3 â€“ Once your bank receives these documents, the bank will inform you and ask you to submit a new PPF account opening form along with the old PPF passbook. You can also provide nominations for this new account. You will also be required to submit the KYC documents.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Individuals who are residents of India are eligible to open their account under the Public Provident Fund, and are entitled to tax-free return later.", "Public Provident Fund (India) The public provident fund is established by the central government. One can voluntarily open an account with any nationalized bank,selected authorized private bank or post office. The account can be opened in the name of individuals including minor.", "Reserve Bank of India: Working and Functions As the name suggest, reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate. If a bank has surplus money, they can park this excess liquidity with RBI and central bank will pay interest on this. This interest rate is called reverse repo rate & it is set to 50 basis point (post April 2016) below repo rate. So if Repo rate is set to 8% reverse repo rate will be 7.5%.At present,reverse repo rate is 6%. Fourth Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement, 2015â€“16", "Public Provident Fund (India) Step 2 â€“ The existing bank will then forward the certified copy of the account, the account opening application, nomination form, and specimen signature. It will also forward the cheque/dd for the outstanding amount in the PPF account to the new bank at the branch specified by the customer.", "Pension Protection Fund For the 2007/2008 year the PPF intend to raise £675,000,000, compared to the £575,000,000 raised in 2006/2007.[21] The cap has been reduced to 0.75% of the scheme's liabilities on a Section 179 basis.[22] [23]", "Fixed deposit Usually in India the interest on FDs is paid every three months from the date of the deposit. (e.g. if FD a/c was opened on 15th Feb., first interest installment would be paid on 15 May). The interest is credited to the customers' Savings bank account or sent to them by cheque. This is a Simple FD.[5] The customer may choose to have the interest reinvested in the FD account. In this case, the deposit is called the Cumulative FD or compound interest FD. For such deposits, the interest is paid with the invested amount on maturity of the deposit at the end of the term.[6]", "Fixed deposit Although banks can refuse to repay FDs before the expiry of the deposit, they generally don't. This is known as a premature withdrawal. In such cases, interest is paid at the rate applicable at the time of withdrawal. For example, a deposit is made for 5 years at 8%, but is withdrawn after 2 years. If the rate applicable on the date of deposit for 2 years is 5 per cent, the interest will be paid at 5 per cent. Banks can charge a penalty for premature withdrawal.[5]", "National Pension System The NPS started with the decision of the Government of India to stop defined benefit pensions for all its employees who joined after 1 January 2004. While the scheme was initially designed for government employees only, it was opened up for all citizens of India in 2009. In its overall structure NPS is closer to 401(k) plans of the United States. Administered and regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), it is a quasi-EET (Exempt-Exempt-Taxable) instrument in India where 40% of the corpus escapes tax at maturity, while 60% of the corpus is taxable.[1][2][3] Of the 60% taxable corpus, 40% has to be compulsorily used to purchase an annuity.[4]", "Income tax in India Sukanya Samriddhi Account : Sukanya Samriddhi Account meaning Girl Child Prosperity Scheme is a special deposit scheme launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 22 January 2015 for girl child. The scheme of Sukanya Samriddhi Account came into effect via notification of Ministry of Finance. The notification details are Notification No. G.S.R.863(E) Dated 02.12.2014. Scheme will be governed by ‘Sukanya Samriddhi Account Rules, 2014’.", "Interest rate For example, suppose someone deposits $100 with a bank for 1 year, and they receive interest of $10 (before tax), so at the end of the year, their balance is $110 (before tax). In this case, regardless of the rate of inflation, the nominal interest rate is 10% per annum (before tax).", "United States Treasury security Series I bonds have a variable yield based on inflation. The interest rate consists of two components: the first is a fixed rate which will remain constant over the life of the bond. The second component is a variable rate reset every six months from the time the bond is purchased based on the current inflation rate. New rates are published on May 1 and November 1 of every year.[18] The fixed rate is determined by the Treasury Department (0.00% in May 2017); the variable component is based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) from a six-month period ending one month prior to the reset time (0.98% in May 2017, reflecting the CPI-U from September to March, published in mid-April, for an effective annual inflation rate of 1.96%).[16] As an example, if someone purchases a bond in February, they will lock in the current fixed rate forever, but the inflation component will be based on the rate published the previous November. In August, six months after the purchase month, the inflation component will now change to the rate that was published in May while the fixed rate remains locked. Interest accrues monthly, in full, on the first day of the month (i.e., a Savings Bond will have the same value on July 1 as on July 31, but on August 1 its value will increase for the August interest accrual). The fixed portion of the rate has varied from as much as 3.6% to 0%. During times of deflation (during part of 2009 and again in 2015), the negative inflation portion can wipe out the return of the fixed portion, but the combined rate cannot go below 0% and the bond will not lose value.[18]", "Public Provident Fund (India) The account can be transferred to other branches/ other banks or Post Offices and vice versa upon request by the subscriber. The service is free of charges.", "Canada Pension Plan The primary CPP benefit is the monthly retirement pension. Currently, this is equal to 25% of the average earnings on which CPP contributions were made over the entire working life of a contributor from age 18 to 65 in constant dollars. The earnings upon which contributions are made are subject to an annual limit, which, in 2018, is $55,900.[5] However, under changes being phased in by 2025, the pension benefit will rise to 33.33% of earnings on which contributions were made, and the maximum amount of income covered by the CPP will rise by 14 percent. (From the projected 2025 limit of $69,700 to $79,400.[6]", "Public Provident Fund (India) Nomination facility is available in the name of one or more persons. The shares of nominees may also be defined by the subscriber.", "Canada Pension Plan The contribution rate was 9.9% prior to 2012. In accordance with the 2011-12 Budget of the Government of Quebec, the contribution rates were increased by 0.15% per year for six years from 2012 to 2017. Consequently, the contribution rate increased to 10.8% for 2017 and subsequent years.[35][36][37]", "National Pension System As of December 2016, the number of subscribers had grown substantially to 1.41 crore. NPS AUM (assets under management) grew to Rs 1,61,016 crore as of December 2016. 88% of total NPS AUM is accounted for Government sector, both Central and State employees, who also account for 35 per cent of the number of subscribers.[32] As of March 2016, The total AUM of the NPS Tier II segment is Rs 197 crore. NPS Tier II has 34,620 subscribers with an average balance of Rs 54,000.[33]", "Economy of Bangladesh 7.65% (FY2018)[2][3][4]", "Pension Protection Fund For the year from 6 April 2006 the PPF intend to raise Â£575,000,000[20] via the pension protection levy. The scheme levy was set as 0.014% of the Scheme's liabilities.", "Public Provident Fund (India) Step 4 â€“ If you hold an internet banking facility with your bank, after a few weeks, check that the transferred PPF account now shows up under the PPF account tab/link in your login. If that is not the case, inquire the local bank branch.", "Reserve Bank of India: Working and Functions When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI, it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them. It is currently set to 6.75%(Fourth Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement, 2015â€“16). The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days. Although penal rates are linked to bank rate. If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate.", "Life insurance in India In case of Mutual fund related - Unit linked policies it varies between 1.5% to 6% on the premium paid.", "Pension Protection Fund In the period prior to payment pension increases at the lower of 5% per annum compound and the increase in the Government's statutory inflation index (the Retail Price Index until January 2011, then the Consumer Price Index afterwards) across the period of deferred retirement. After retirement all pension relating to service after 5 April 1997 increases each year at 2.5% or the increase in the Government's statutory inflation index each year if lower; while all pension relating to service before 6 April 1997 will not increase.[12][13]", "Nominal interest rate The nominal interest rate (also known as an Annualised Percentage Rate or APR) is the periodic interest rate multiplied by the number of periods per year. For example, a nominal annual interest rate of 12% based on monthly compounding means a 1% interest rate per month (compounded).[2] A nominal interest rate for compounding periods less than a year is always lower than the equivalent rate with annual compounding (this immediately follows from elementary algebraic manipulations of the formula for compound interest). Note that a nominal rate without the compounding frequency is not fully defined: for any interest rate, the effective interest rate cannot be specified without knowing the compounding frequency and the rate. Although some conventions are used where the compounding frequency is understood, consumers in particular may fail to understand the importance of knowing the effective rate.", "United States Treasury security Series EE bonds reach maturity (double in value) 20 years from issuance though they continue to earn interest for a total of 30 years. Interest accrues monthly and is paid when the holder cashes the bond. For bonds issued before May 2005 the rate of interest is recomputed every six months at 90% of the average five-year Treasury yield for the preceding six months. Bonds issued in May 2005 or later pay a fixed interest rate for the life of the bond (0.10% in November 2016).[16] At 0.10%, a $100 bond would be worth about $102 just before 20 years, but will be adjusted to the maturity value of $200 at 20 years (giving it an effective rate of 3.5%) then continue to earn the fixed rate for 10 more years. In the space of a decade, interest dropped from well over 5% to 0.7% for new bonds in 2009.[17] Paper EE bonds, last sold in 2011, were issued with a face value of twice their purchase price, so a $100 bond could be bought for $50, but would not be worth $100 until maturity.", "National Pension System NPS architecture consists of the NPS Trust, which is entrusted with safeguarding subscribers' interests, Central Recordkeeping Agencies (CRAs) which maintains the data and records, Point of Presence (POP) as collection, distribution and servicing arms, pension fund managers (PFM) for managing the investments of subscribers, a custodian to take care of the assets purchased by the fund managers, and a trustee bank to manage the banking operations. At age 60 the customer can choose to purchase pension Annuity Service Providers (ASP). NPS investors can't opt for two pension fund managers, neither can switch to another pension fund before a year. The number of pension fund managers (PFM) has increased to 8 in NPS:[24][25]", "National Pension System The National Pension System (NPS) is a voluntary defined contribution pension system administered and regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), created by an Act of the Parliament of India. The NPS started with the decision of the Government of India to stop defined benefit pensions for all its employees who joined after 1 January 2004. While the scheme was initially designed for government employees only, it was opened up for all citizens of India in 2009. NPS is an attempt by the government to create a pensioned society in India. In its overall structure NPS is closer to 401(k) plans of the United States. Today, the NPS[12] is readily available and tax efficient under Section 80CCC and Section 80CCD. Under the NPS, an individual can contribute to his retirement account. Also, his employer can contribute to the welfare and social security of the individual.", "Rate of return For example, if an investor puts $1,000 in a 1-year certificate of deposit (CD) that pays an annual interest rate of 4%, paid quarterly, the CD would earn 1% interest per quarter on the account balance. The account uses compound interest, meaning the account balance is cumulative, including interest previously reinvested and credited to the account. Unless the interest is withdrawn at the end of each quarter, it will earn more interest in the next quarter.", "ICICI Bank ICICI Bank has rolled-out the programme 'MySavings Rewards' from 1 September 2012, where reward points are offered to individual domestic customers for a variety of transactions done through the savings bank account. Reward points are offered automatically to customers for activating Internet banking, shopping online/ paying utility bills with Internet banking and auto-debit from savings account towards equated monthly installments for home/ auto/ personal loan/ recurring deposit. Customers are required to maintain a monthly average balance of â‚¹15,000 (US$230) or more. the Indian bank will recuire 5.5% interest on short term loans and long term bonds and mortgages loans up to $2 million up to 20 years to pay back annual interest of 5.5% short term loans from 3 months up to 3 years at 5.5% .credit interest is reduced to 10% annually .[42]", "National Savings Certificates (India) Other similar government savings schemes in India include: \nPublic Provident Fund (PPF), Post Office Fixed Deposit, Post Office Recurring Deposit, etc.[4]", "Monetary policy of India As of 1 August 2018[update], the key indicators are[10][11]", "Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 50 years of age with bank accounts. It has an annual premium of ₹330 (US$4.80). The GST is exempted on Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana. The amount will be automatically debited from the account. In case of death due to any cause, the payment to the nominee will be ₹2 lakh (US$2,900).[1][2]", "Income tax in India Pension Funds – Section 80CCC: This section – Sec 80CCC – stipulates that an investment in pension funds is eligible for deduction from your income. Section 80CCC investment limit is clubbed with the limit of Section 80C – it means that the total deduction available for 80CCC and 80C is Rs. 1.50 Lakh.This also means that your investment in pension funds up to Rs. 1.50 Lakh can be claimed as deduction u/s 80CCC. However, as mentioned earlier, the total deduction u/s 80C and 80CCC can not exceed Rs. 1.50 Lakh.", "Fisher equation The market rate of return on the 4.25% UK government bond maturing on 8 March 2050 is 3.81% per year. Let's assume that this can be broken down into a real rate of exactly 2% and an inflation premium of 1.775% (no premium for risk, as government bond is considered to be \"risk-free\"):", "Nominal interest rate Example 1: A nominal interest rate of 6% compounded monthly is equivalent to an effective interest rate of 6.17%.", "Pay Commission On 9 November 2017, the government raised the maximum amount that a central government employee can borrow from the government to Rs 25 lakh for new construction/purchase of new house/flat", "Service Tax For transactions that occurred on or after 1 June 2016 this tax is at 15%.[2] 2016 Union budget of India has proposed to impose a cess, called the Krishi Kalyan Cess, at 0.5% on all taxable services effective from 1 June 2016. The current service tax is at 15%.[3]", "Tax rates in Europe 7.7% / 2.5% (from 01.01.2018)[29]", "Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 70 years of age with bank accounts. It has an annual premium of ₹12 (18¢ US) exclusive of taxes. The GST is exempted on Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana. The amount will be automatically debited from the account. The accident insurance scheme will have one year cover from June 1 to May 31 and would be offered through banks and administered through public sector general insurance companies.", "Tax rates in Europe 7.7% / 2.5% (from 01.01.2018[54]", "Fisher equation At a nominal rate of return of 3.81% per year, the value of the bond is £107.84 per £100 nominal. At a rate of return of 3.775% per year, the value is £108.50 per £100 nominal, or 66p more.", "Rate of return At the beginning of the second quarter, the account balance is $1,010.00, which then earns $10.10 interest altogether during the second quarter. The extra dime was interest on the additional $10 investment from the previous interest accumulated in the account. The annualized return (annual percentage yield, compound interest) is higher than for simple interest, because the interest is reinvested as capital and then itself earns interest. The yield or annualized return on the above investment is \n\n\n\n4.06\n%\n=\n(\n1.01\n\n)\n\n4\n\n\n−\n1\n\n\n{\\displaystyle 4.06\\%=(1.01)^{4}-1}\n\n.", "Yield to maturity The current yield is 5.56% (5/90).", "Annual percentage rate The APR concept can also be applied to savings accounts: imagine a savings account with 1% costs at each withdrawal and again 9.569% interest compounded monthly. Suppose that the complete amount including the interest is withdrawn after exactly one year. Then, taking this 1% fee into account, the savings effectively earned 8.9% interest that year.", "Nominal interest rate Example 2: 6% annually is credited as 6%/12 = 0.5% every month. After one year, the initial capital is increased by the factor (1+0.005)12 â‰ˆ 1.0617.", "Interest rate An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited or borrowed (called the principal sum). The total interest on an amount lent or borrowed depends on the principal sum, the interest rate, the compounding frequency, and the length of time over which it is lent, deposited or borrowed.", "Interest rate It is defined as the proportion of an amount loaned which a lender charges as interest to the borrower, normally expressed as an annual percentage.[1] It is the rate a bank or other lender charges to borrow its money, or the rate a bank pays its savers for keeping money in an account.[2]", "Interest rate Possibly before modern capital markets, there have been some accounts that savings deposits could achieve an annual return of at least 25% and up to as high as 50%. (William Ellis and Richard Dawes, \"Lessons on the Phenomenon of Industrial Life... \", 1857, p IIIâ€“IV)", "Interest For example, imagine that a credit card holder has an outstanding balance of $2500 and that the simple annual interest rate is 12.99% per annum, applied monthly, so the frequency of applying interest is 12 per year. Over one month,", "National Pension System Premature withdrawal in NPS before age of 60 years required parking 80% of the sum in an annuity.[37] One can withdraw 20 percent of the corpus before 60 years but he/she must buy annuity with 80 percent of the corpus.[38] In 2016, the NPS allowed withdrawal of up to 25% of contributions for specified reasons, if the scheme is at least 3 years old with certain conditions. One can withdraw the complete amount if the pension collected is less than INR 2,00,000.[citation needed]", "Interest rate If inflation is 10%, then the $110 in the account at the end of the year has the same purchasing power (that is, buys the same amount) as the $100 had a year ago. The real interest rate is zero in this case.", "Interest rate For instance,", "Interest rate In the past two centuries, interest rates have been variously set either by national governments or central banks. For example, the Federal Reserve federal funds rate in the United States has varied between about 0.25% to 19% from 1954 to 2008, while the Bank of England base rate varied between 0.5% and 15% from 1989 to 2009,[8][9] and Germany experienced rates close to 90% in the 1920s down to about 2% in the 2000s.[10][11] During an attempt to tackle spiraling hyperinflation in 2007, the Central Bank of Zimbabwe increased interest rates for borrowing to 800%.[12]", "Income in India India's per capita income (nominal) was $1670 in 2016, ranked at 112th out of 164 countries by the World Bank,[1] while its per capita income on purchasing power parity (PPP) basis was US$5,350, and ranked 106th.[2] Other estimates for per capita Gross National Income and Gross Domestic Product vary by source. For example, India's average GDP per capita on PPP basis in 2009, according to The Economist, was US$5,138, with significant variation among its states and union territories. Goa had the highest per capita PPP GDP at US$14903, while Bihar the lowest with per capita PPP GDP of US$682 as of 2015 [3] In rupee terms, India's Per capita income grew by 10.4% to reach Rs.74,920 in 2013-14.", "Risk-free interest rate The risk-free interest rate is the theoretical rate of return of an investment with no risk of financial loss, over a given period of time.[1]", "Fixed deposit Fixed deposits are a high-interest -yielding Term deposit and offered by banks in India. The most popular form of Term deposits are Fixed Deposits, while other forms of term Deposits are Recurring Deposit and Flexi Fixed Deposits (the latter is actually a combination of Demand deposit and Fixed deposit)[citation needed].", "Reserve Bank of India: Working and Functions This scheme was introduced in May, 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme. Banks can borrow up to 2.5%[30] percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities. RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs. One crore and in multiples of Rs. One crore thereafter. The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota (up to one percent). So even if SLR goes below 20.5%(RBI/2014-15/445 DBR.Ret.BC.70/12.02.001/2014-15, dt. 16.10.2016) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF, bank will not have to pay any penalty. The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50% as of 1.6.17.[31][better source needed]", "Monetary policy of India The Government of India, in consultation with RBI, notified the 'Inflation Target' in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 5th August 2016 for the period beginning from the date of publication of this notification and ending on the March 31, 2021 as 4%. At the same time lower and upper tolerance levels were notified to be 2% and 6% respectively.[2]", "Modified internal rate of return MIRR\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n7600\n4636.36\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n−\n1\n=\n17.91\n%\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\mbox{MIRR}}={\\sqrt[{3}]{\\frac {7600}{4636.36}}}-1=17.91\\%}\n\n.", "Interest rate The nominal interest rate is the rate of interest with no adjustment for inflation.", "Bank rate Since September 2010, the Bank of Canada's key interest rate (overnight rate) was 0.5%. In mid 2017, inflation remained below the Bank's 2% target, mostly because of reductions in the cost of energy and automobiles; as well, the economy was in a continuing growth spurt with a predicted GDP growth of 2.8 percent by year end.[5] On 12 July 2017, the bank increased the key rate to 0.75%. In a statement, it confirmed that the rate would continue to be evaluated on the basis of inflation. \"Future adjustments to the target for the overnight rate will be guided by incoming data as they inform the bank's inflation outlook, keeping in mind continued uncertainty and financial system vulnerabilities.\"[6]", "Premium Bond The government pays interest on the bond (1.40% per year as at December 2017[1]). Interest is paid into a fund from which a monthly lottery distributes tax-free prizes to bondholders whose numbers are selected randomly. The machine that generates numbers is ERNIE, for Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment.[2] Prizes range from £25 to £1,000,000. Between 2005 and 2009, there were two £1m prizes each month and the minimum prize was £50, but prizes were reduced after the 2009 drop in interest rates. A second £1m prize was reintroduced in August 2014." ]	[ "Public Provident Fund (India) The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 January 2018 is 7.6% Per Annum' (compounded annually). Interest will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month." ]
test1258	george jones who's gonna fill their shoes meaning	[ "doc44418" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1002844", "doc1002845", "doc44417", "doc44418", "doc1002847", "doc1002846", "doc590764", "doc44419", "doc590740", "doc590773", "doc590774", "doc44420", "doc590765", "doc590741", "doc590781", "doc590769", "doc590762", "doc590767", "doc590760", "doc590759", "doc590782", "doc590780", "doc1873640", "doc590757", "doc590749", "doc590771", "doc590775", "doc590766", "doc590770", "doc590744", "doc590778", "doc590758", "doc590751", "doc590755", "doc590756", "doc590752", "doc590772", "doc590747", "doc590761", "doc1544878", "doc590777", "doc119491", "doc590763", "doc590753", "doc2081567", "doc2283844", "doc590746", "doc590742", "doc590750", "doc590748", "doc189082", "doc2255881", "doc2125241", "doc590768", "doc1167935", "doc1386540", "doc2469017", "doc1544880", "doc590743", "doc649664", "doc1544881", "doc2169274", "doc1742619", "doc590779", "doc590745", "doc265757", "doc1769648", "doc2081566", "doc1253868", "doc265754", "doc1223008", "doc87877", "doc57952", "doc329998", "doc2255880", "doc1386539", "doc1279923", "doc2342359", "doc221483", "doc1457748", "doc1087631", "doc649665", "doc265756", "doc2471300", "doc236557", "doc1372267", "doc506080", "doc779113", "doc2509028", "doc2525882", "doc2525881", "doc1300204", "doc1087630", "doc2389119", "doc1544882", "doc1364034", "doc1544879", "doc1538634", "doc2527108", "doc189080" ]	[ "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes (song) \"Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes\" is a song written by Troy Seals and Max D. Barnes and recorded by American country music singer George Jones. It was recorded for his 1985 album Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes, from which it was released in late 1985 as the first single. The song peaked at number three on the Hot Country Singles chart in mid-1985.", "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes (song) Jones sings of the irreplacibility of country music legends including Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Conway Twitty, Roy Acuff, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Charlie Rich, Hank Williams, Marty Robbins, and Lefty Frizzell. After remarking about these singers' impacts on country music, he wonders who will replace them when they're gone - hence, the title line - and thus become legends in their own right. In the 1994 video retrospective Golden Hits Jones recalled:", "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes is the 45th studio album by American country music artist George Jones, released in 1985 on the Epic Records label.", "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes The album is best known for the title track and its classic video, which would go on to win the CMA Award for Video of the Year. In the song, Jones sings of the irreplaceability of country music legends, including Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Conway Twitty, Carl Perkins, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Charlie Rich, Marty Robbins, Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell. The music video, which was directed by Marc Ball, takes place at a roadside gas station, where the owner shares with Jones his extensive collection of albums and memorabilia from classic country music artists. It was the singer's first music video and featured him looking healthier than he'd had in years. Jones producer Billy Sherrill appears at the beginning of the video playing the bus driver. At the end of the video, future country star Marty Stuart is one of the two young men in the convertible that pulls up at the gas station as the Jones tour bus pulls away. As Bob Allen writes in his book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, the song \"struck a strong enough chord of empathy with old-time country music lovers to end up number three in Billboard.", "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes (song) Eugene Chadbourne of Allmusic describes the song as \"the kind of mystical, self-serving necrophilia that country music is all about\".[2] Jones biographer Bob Allen states, \"It struck a strong enough chord of empathy with old-time country music lovers to end up number three in Billboard.\"[3]", "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes (song) A promotional video for the song was aired on The Nashville Network (TNN), Country Music Television (CMT) and Great American Country (GAC). Directed by Marc Ball, it also features Billy Sherrill in a cameo as the bus driver and CBS executive Rick Blackburn driving the Cadillac at the end of the video. It takes place at a roadside gas station, where the owner shares with Jones his extensive collection of albums and memorabilia from classic country music artists. At the end of the video, as Jones' tour bus pulls away, a convertible pulls into the station; its passenger is a young man with a guitar, looking in awe at the large tour bus. The video - the singer's first - won Music Video of the Year at the 1986 CMA Awards, beating out videos by the Judds, Reba McEntire, and Dwight Yoakam. However, with a new crop of country stars emerging, the song had an unfortunate connotation, with Andrew Mueller noting in Jones' Uncut obituary, \"As it turned out, the song wasn't brilliantly timed. A few of its protagonists still had decades left in them, as did Jones himself...\"", "George Jones Mostly sober for the rest of the 1980s, Jones consistently released albums with Sherrill producing, including Shine On, Jones Country, You've Still Got A Place In My Heart, Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes, Wine Colored Roses (an album Jones would tell Jolene Downs in 2001 was one of his personal favorites), Too Wild Too Long and One Woman Man. Jones' video for his 1985 hit \"Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes\" won the CMA award for Video of the Year (Billy Sherrill makes a cameo as the bus driver).", "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes The album produced two other hit singles: the concert favorite \"The One I Loved Back Then (The Corvette Song)\", which also went to number 3, and the down-and-out honky tonk \"cheatin and drinkin' song\" \"Somebody Wants Me Out Of The Way\", which peaked at number 9. Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes also features a couple of duets with Lynn Anderson and Lacy J. Dalton.", "George Jones George Glenn Jones (September 12, 1931 â€“ April 26, 2013) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. He achieved international fame for his long list of hit records, including his best known song \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\", as well as his distinctive voice and phrasing. For the last twenty years of his life, Jones was frequently referred to as the greatest living country singer.[1][2] Country music scholar Bill Malone writes, \"For the two or three minutes consumed by a song, Jones immerses himself so completely in its lyrics, and in the mood it conveys, that the listener can scarcely avoid becoming similarly involved.\" Waylon Jennings expressed a similar opinion in his song \"It's Alright\": \"If we all could sound like we wanted to, we'd all sound like George Jones.\" The shape of his nose and facial features earned Jones the nickname \"The Possum.\"[3]", "George Jones David Cantwell recalled in 2013, \"His approach to singing, he told me once, was to call up those memories and feelings of his own that most closely corresponded to those being felt by the character in whatever song he was performing. He was a kind of singing method actor, creating an illusion of the real.\" In the liner notes to Essential George Jones: The Spirit of Country Rich Kienzle states, \"Jones sings of people and stories that are achingly human. He can turn a ballad into a catharsis by wringing every possible emotion from it, making it a primal, strangled cry of anguish\". In 1994, country music historian Colin Escott pronounced, \"Contemporary country music is virtually founded on reverence for George Jones. Walk through a room of country singers and conduct a quick poll, George nearly always tops it.\" In the wake of Jones's death, Merle Haggard pronounced in Rolling Stone, \"His voice was like a Stradivarius violin: one of the greatest instruments ever made.\" Emmylou Harris wrote, \"...when you hear George Jones sing, you are hearing a man who takes a song and makes it a work of art - always,\" a quote that appeared on the sleeve of Jones' 1976 album The Battle. In the documentary Same Ole Me, several country music stars offer similar thoughts. Johnny Cash: \"When people ask me who my favorite country singer is, I say, 'You mean besides George Jones?'\"; Randy Travis: \"It sounds like he's lived every minute of every word that he sings and there's very few people who can do that\"; Tom T. Hall: \"It was always Jones who got the message across just right\"; and Roy Acuff: \"I'd give anything if I could sing like George Jones\". In the same film, producer Billy Sherrill states, \"All I did was change the instrumentation around him. I don't think he's changed at all.\"", "George Jones Unlike some of his contemporaries, Jones stuck with country music with a vengeance. Jones never reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 and almost never had any of his music played on mainstream popular music stations in his career. Ironically, without even trying, Jones' unabashed loyalty to strictly country arrangements attracted the admiration of musicians and songwriters from a wide range of genres. In an often-quoted tribute, Frank Sinatra called Jones \"the second best singer in America\". In a Rolling Stone interview in 1969, Bob Dylan was asked what he thought was the best song released in the previous year and he replied, \"George Jones had one called 'Small Town Laboring Man',\" and in his autobiography Chronicles, Dylan states that in the early 1960s he was largely unimpressed by what he heard on the radio and admits \"Outside of maybe George Jones, I didn't listen to country music either.\" Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons was an avid George Jones fan and covered Jones' song \"That's All It Took\" on his first solo album. In the documentary Gram Parsons: Fallen Angel, Pamela des Barres recalls seeing Parsons singing Jones' song \"She Once Lived Here\" at an empty Whiskey A Go Go in Los Angeles: \"It was my peak, peak moment, not sitting on Jimmy Page's amp...that was my peak moment.\" Parsons reignited Keith Richards' interest in country music in the early seventies and after Jones' death in 2013 the guitarist wrote, \"He possessed the most touching voice, the most expressive ways of projecting that beautiful instrument of anyone I can call to mind. You heard his heart in every note he sang.\" Richards recorded \"Say It's Not You\" with Jones for The Bradley Barn Sessions in 1994 and recalls in his autobiography hearing him sing for the first time when the Rolling Stones and Jones were on the same show in Texas in 1964: \"They trailed in with tumbleweed following them, as if tumbleweed was their pet. Dust all over the place, a bunch of cowboys. But when George got up, we went whoa, there's a master up there.\" In the documentary The History of Rock 'N' Roll, Mick Jagger also cites Jones as one of his favorite country singers. John Prine mentions Jones in his song \"Jesus the Missing Years\". Jones fan Elvis Costello had a surprise hit in the UK when he covered \"A Good Year For The Roses\" in 1981. Elliott Smith told an interviewer about his idea of Heaven: \"George Jones would be singing all the time. It would be like New York in reverse: people would be nice to each other for no reason at all, and it would smell good.\" In a 2001 interview with Mark Binelli from Rolling Stone, Leonard Cohen asked, \"Have you heard George Jones' last record Cold Hard Truth? I love to hear an old guy lay out his situation. He has the best voice in America,\" and the day Jones died, Cohen performed \"Choices\" on stage in Winnipeg, Canada as a tribute to the country legend. In 2013, Robbie Robertson told Uncut, \"He was the Ray Charles of country music - the one who could make you cry with his voice...We wouldn't listen to country music, the guys in The Band, but we'd listen to George Jones...\" Robert Plant told Uncut's Michael Bonner in 2014, \"I now have to listen to George Jones once a day. Amazing singer. What a singer.\" James Taylor, who wrote \"Bartender's Blues\" with Jones in mind and sang background vocals with him on the recording, told Rolling Stone, \"He sounds like a steel guitar. It's the way he blends notes, the way he comes up to them, the way he crescendos and decrescendos. The dynamic of it is very tight and very controlled - it's like carving with the voice.\" Other disparate artists who recorded with Jones include Dennis Locorriere and Ray Sawyer of Dr. Hook, Mark Knopfler, the Staples Singers, Leon Russell, B.B King, Blackberry Smoke and Linda Ronstadt. In 1995, Burt Reynolds wrote, \"He is to country music what Spencer Tracy is to movies.\"", "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes Jones was promoting the album when he appeared at the inaugural Farm Aid benefit in 1985.", "George Jones In 1990, Jones released his last proper studio album on Epic, You Oughta Be Here With Me. Although the album featured several stirring performances, including the lead single \"Hell Stays Open All Night Long\" and the Roger Miller-penned title song, the single did poorly and Jones made the switch to MCA, ending his relationship with Sherrill and what was now Sony Music after 19 years. His first album with MCA, And Along Came Jones, was released in 1991 and, backed by MCA's powerful promotion team and producer Kyle Lehning (who had produced a string of hit albums for Randy Travis), the album sold better than his previous one had. However, two singles, \"You Couldn't Get The Picture\" and \"She Loved A Lot In Her Time\" (a tribute to Jones' mother Clara), did not crack the top 30 on the charts as Jones lost favor with country radio as the format was altered radically during the early 1990s. His last album to have significant radio airplay was 1992's Walls Can Fall, which featured the novelty song \"Finally Friday\" and \"I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair,\" a testament to his continued vivaciousness in old age. Despite the lack of radio airplay, Jones continued to record and tour throughout the 1990s and was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame by Randy Travis in 1992. In 1996, Jones released his autobiography I Lived To Tell It All with Tom Carter and the irony of his long career was not lost on him, with the singer writing in its preface, \"I also know that a lot of my show-business peers are going to be angry after reading this book. So many have worked so hard to maintain their careers. I never took my career seriously, and yet it's flourishing.\" He also pulled no punches about his disappointment in the direction country music had taken, devoting a full chapter to the changes in the country music scene of the 1990s that saw him removed from radio playlists in favor of a younger generation of pop-influenced country stars. (Jones had long been a critic of country pop, and along with Wynette and Jean Shepard, he was one of the major backers of the Association of Country Entertainers, a guild promoting traditional country sounds that was founded in 1974; Jones's divorce from Wynette was a factor in the Association's collapse.) Despite his absence from the country charts during this time, latter-day country superstars such as Garth Brooks, Randy Travis, Alan Jackson, and many others often paid tribute to Jones while expressing their love and respect for his legacy as a true country legend who paved the way for their own success. On February 17, 1998, The Nashville Network premiered a group of television specials called The George Jones Show, with Jones as host.[6] The program featured informal chats with Jones holding court with country's biggest stars old and new and, of course, music. Guests included Loretta Lynn, Trace Adkins, Johnny Paycheck, Lorrie Morgan, Merle Haggard, Billy Ray Cyrus, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Charley Pride, Bobby Bare, Patty Loveless and Waylon Jennings, among others.", "George Jones Born in Texas, Jones first heard country music when he was seven and was given a guitar at the age of nine. He married his first wife, Dorothy Bonvillion, in 1950, and was divorced in 1951. He served in the United States Marine Corps and was discharged in 1953. He married Shirley Ann Corley in 1954. In 1959, Jones recorded \"White Lightning,\" written by J. P. Richardson, which launched his career as a singer. His second marriage ended in divorce in 1968; he married fellow country music singer Tammy Wynette a year later. Many years of alcoholism caused his health to deteriorate severely and led to his missing many performances, earning him the nickname \"No Show Jones.\"[4] After his divorce from Wynette in 1975, Jones married his fourth wife, Nancy Sepulvado, in 1983 and became sober for good in 1999. Jones died in 2013, aged 81, from hypoxic respiratory failure. During his career, Jones had more than 150 hits, both as a solo artist and in duets with other artists.", "George Jones Jones' health began to deteriorate severely. His dependence on drugs and alcohol reduced him to a 170-pound shell. He began hallucinating and missing shows and tours, which later gave him the title 'No Show Jones'. He began to sing horribly and filed for bankruptcy in 1979. He hadn't had a #1 hit in 6 years by 1980. However, his image was completely revitalized in 1980, when he released a song that is widely considered the greatest country song of all time, \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". The song won him multiple awards including a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. He gave the song the credit due later saying \"a four-decade career had been salvaged by a three-minute song.\"[this quote needs a citation]", "George Jones Jones was scheduled to perform his final concert at the Bridgestone Arena on November 22, 2013.[23] However, on April 18, 2013, Jones was taken to VUMC for a slight fever and irregular blood pressure. His concerts in Alabama and Salem were postponed as a result.[24] Following six days in intensive care at VUMC, Jones died on April 26, 2013; he was 81 years old.[25][26] Former first lady Laura Bush was among those eulogizing Jones at his funeral on May 2, 2013. Other speakers were Tennessee governor Bill Haslam, former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee, news personality Bob Schieffer, and country singers Barbara Mandrell and Kenny Chesney. Alan Jackson, Kid Rock, Ronnie Milsap, Randy Travis, Vince Gill, Patty Loveless, Travis Tritt, the Oak Ridge Boys, Charlie Daniels, Wynonna and Brad Paisley provided musical tributes.[27] The service was broadcast live on CMT, GAC, RFD-TV, The Nashville Network and Family Net as well as Nashville stations. SiriusXM and WSM 650AM, home of the Grand Ole Opry, broadcast the event on the radio. The family requested that contributions be made to the Grand Ole Opry Trust Fund or to the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.[28]", "George Jones The success of \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" led CBS Records to renew Jones' recording contract and sparked new interest in the singer. He was the subject of an hour-and-a-quarter-long HBO television special entitled George Jones: With a Little Help from His Friends, which saw him performing songs with Waylon Jennings, Elvis Costello, Tanya Tucker, and Tammy Wynette, among others. Jones continued drinking and using cocaine, appearing at various awards shows to accept honors for \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" arguably inebriated, like when he performed \"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\" with Barbara Mandrell at the 1981 Country Music Association Awards. He was involved in several high-speed car chases with police, which were reported on the national news, and one arrest was filmed by a local TV crew; the video, which is widely available online,[citation needed] offers a glimpse into Jones' alter ego when drinking, as he argues with the police officer and lunges at the camera man. Conversely, when sober, Jones was known to be friendly and down to earth, even shy. In a 1994 article on Jones, Nick Tosches remarked that when he first interviewed the singer in April 1976, \"One could readily believe the accounts by those who had known him for years: that he had not changed much at all and that he had been impervious to fame and fortune.\" In an unusually unguarded self-appraisal in 1981, the singer told Mark Rose of The Village Voice, \"I don't show a lot of affection. I have probably been a very unliked person among family, like somebody who was heartless. I saved it all for the songs. I didn't know you were supposed to show that love person to person. I guess I always wanted to, but I didn't know how. The only way I could would be to do it in a song.\" Years later he commented to The Christian Broadcasting Network's Scott Ross about himself, \"I think you're mad at yourself, I think that you're sayin' to yourself 'You don't deserve this. You don't deserve those fans. You don't deserve makin' this money.' And you're mad at yourself. And you beat up on yourself by drinkin' and losing friends that won't put up with that...It's just one terrible big mess you make out of your life.\" In 1982, Jones recorded the album A Taste of Yesterday's Wine with Merle Haggard; while Jones, in the wake of his condition, appeared underweight on the album cover, his singing was flawless.[citation needed] His run of hits also continued in the early 1980s, with the singer charting \"I'm Not Ready Yet\", \"Same Ole Me\" (backed by the Oak Ridge Boys)\", \"Still Doin' Time\", \"Tennessee Whiskey\", \"We Didn't See a Thing\" (a duet with Ray Charles), and \"I Always Get Lucky with You\", which was Jones' last number one in 1984.", "George Jones On March 6, 1999, Jones was involved in an accident when he crashed his sport utility vehicle near his home. He was taken to the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), where he was released two weeks later.[14] In May of that year, Jones pleaded guilty to drunk driving charges related to the accident.[15] (In his memoir published three years earlier, Jones admitted that he sometimes had a glass of wine before dinner and that he still drank beer occasionally but insisted, \"I don't squirm in my seat, fighting the urge for another drink\" and speculated, \"...perhaps I'm not a true alcoholic in the modern sense of the word. Perhaps I was always just an old fashion drunk.\") The crash was a significant turning point, as he explained to Billboard in 2006: \"...when I had that wreck I made up my mind, it put the fear of God in me. No more smoking, no more drinking. I didn't have to have no help, I made up my mind to quit. I don't crave it.\" After the accident, Jones went on to release The Gospel Collection in 2003, which Billy Sherrill came out of retirement to produce.[15] He appeared at a televised Johnny Cash Memorial Concert in Jonesboro, Arkansas in 2003, singing \"Big River\" with Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson. In 2008, Jones received the Kennedy Center Honor along with Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey of The Who, Barbra Streisand, Morgan Freeman and Twyla Tharp. President George W. Bush disclosed that he had many of Jones' songs on his iPod. Jones also served as judge in 2008 for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.[16] and Rolling Stone named him number 43 in their 100 Greatest Singers of All Time issue. An album titled Hits I Missed And One I Didn't, in which he covered hits he had passed on as well as a remake of his own \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\", would be released as his final studio album.[17] In 2012, Jones received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement award.[18]", "George Jones By 1980, Jones had not had a number one single in six years and many critics began to write him off. However, the singer stunned the music industry in April when \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" was released and shot to number one on the country charts, remaining there for 18 weeks. The song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman and tells the story of a friend who has never given up on his love; he keeps old letters and photos from back in the day and hangs on to hope that she would \"come back again\". The song reaches its peak in the chorus, revealing that he indeed stopped loving her—when he died—and the woman does return—for his funeral. Jones' interpretation, buoyed by his delivery of the line \"...first time I'd seen him smile in years\", gives it a mournful, gripping realism. It is consistently voted as the greatest country song of all time, along with \"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry\" by Hank Williams and \"Crazy\" by Patsy Cline.[citation needed]", "George Jones Jones often displayed a sheepish, self-deprecating sense of humor regarding his dire financial standing and bad reputation. In June 1979, he appeared with Waylon Jennings on Ralph Emery's syndicated radio program and at one point Jennings cracked, \"It's lonely at the top.\" A laughing Jones replied, \"It's lonely at the bottom, too! It's real, real lonely, Waylon.\" Despite his chronic unreliability, Jones was still capable of putting on a captivating live show. On Independence Day, 1976, he appeared at Willie Nelson's Fourth of July Picnic in Gonzales, Texas in front of 80,000 younger, country-rock oriented fans. A nervous Jones felt out of his comfort zone and nearly bolted from the festival but went on anyway and wound up stealing the show. The Houston Post wrote, \"He was the undisputed star of this year's Willie Nelson picnic...one of the greatest.\" Penthouse called him \"...the spirit of country music, plain and simple, its Holy Ghost\". The Village Voice added \"As a singer he is as intelligent as they come, and should be considered for a spot in America's all-time top ten.\" Jones began missing more shows than he made, however, including several highly publicized dates at the Bottom Line club in New York City. Former vice president of CBS Records Rick Blackburn recalls in the 1989 video Same Ole Me that the event had been hyped for weeks, with a lot of top press and cast members from Saturday Night Live planning to attend. \"We'd made our plans, travel arrangements and so forth. George excused himself from my office, left - and we didn't see him for three weeks. He just did not show up.\" Much like Hank Williams, Jones seemed suspicious of success and furiously despised perceived slights and condescension directed towards the music that he loved so dearly. When he finally played the Bottom Line in 1980, the New York Times called him \"the finest, most riveting singer in country music.\"", "George Jones After the 1980 hit, Jones recorded country standards in the 80s, and was back to health. He married his fourth wife, Nancy Sepulvado, in 1983. He was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1992,[29] despite leading a boycott of the country radio, an expression of his distaste for popular country music of the time. He had one last big hit in 1999 with \"Choices\", after a near-fatal car accident. The song won him another Grammy award. Jones released his last album in 2005, and retired from recording. He continued to perform. In April 2013, he died at the age of 81, ending a 61-year career.[30]", "George Jones In 1969, he began his relationship with country singer Tammy Wynette. This would greatly influence his career in the 1970s. After switching to Musicor in 1965, he had a number 1 hit in \"Walk Through This World with Me\" in 1967. He began recording with Billy Sherrill in 1970, and Sherrill tried to keep Jones to record songs more toned to countrypolitan and not as loud. In 1970, his first hit with Sherrill was 1970's \"Good Year for the Roses\" which peaked at number 2. In 1971, he began to record with Tammy Wynette (whom he had married in 1970). Their 1973 song, \"We're Gonna Hold On\" rose to number 1 and two songs in 1976 peaked at number 1 (\"Golden Ring\" and \"Near You\"). After his switch to Epic Records, Jones began recording some of his fans' favorite songs: 1972's \"A Picture of Me (Without You)\", 1973's \"What My Woman Can't Do\", 1974's number 1 hits \"The Grand Tour\" and \"The Door\", 1976's \"Her Name Is\", and 1978's \"Bartender's Blues\".", "I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair Jones, who by 1992 had taken his place as one of the true legends of country music, used the composition as a personal statement, asserting his determination to carry on singing as he always had. Its final chorus is done as a call and response, with several other country singers providing the response: Vince Gill, Mark Chesnutt, Garth Brooks, Travis Tritt, Joe Diffie, Alan Jackson, Pam Tillis, T. Graham Brown, Patty Loveless and Clint Black.[1] The song was praised by critics. In the book The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Bob Allen describes it as a \"boisterous musical declaration[â€¦]about a man's determination to keep right on honky tonkin' into his golden years.\"[2] Richard Carlin, in the book Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary, called it \"a good-natured but defiant statement of where this old fella's comin' from.\"[3] Brian Mansfield, in his review of Walls Can Fall, called the song \"scarier because of George's past\",[4] while Jones himself described the song as \"my attitude set to music.\"[5] However, the single only rose to #34, and Jones remained frustrated at how many country radio stations had turned their backs on him. \"There has never been a time when country radio was so disrespectful to its elders,\" he declared in his 1995 memoir. The song won the 1993 Country Music Association award for Vocal Event of the Year.[6]", "George Jones Jones pairing with Billy Sherrill at Epic Records came as a surprise to many; Sherrill and business partner Glenn Sutton are regarded as the defining influences of the countrypolitan sound, a smooth amalgamation of pop and country music that was popular during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, a far cry from George's honky tonk roots. Despite a shaky start, the success that Sherrill had with Jones proved to be his most enduring; although Billboard chart statistics show that Sherrill had his biggest commercial successes with artists such as Wynette and Charlie Rich, with Jones Sherrill had his most longest-lasting association. In Sherrill, Jones found what Andrew Meuller of Uncut described as \"the producer capable of creating the epically lachrymose arrangements his voice deserved and his torment demanded...He summoned for Jones the symphonies of sighing strings that almost made the misery of albums like 1974's The Grand Tour and 1976's Alone Again sound better than happiness could possibly feel.\" In 1974, they scored a number one hit with the instant classic \"The Grand Tour\" and followed that with \"The Door\" (I've heard the sound of my dear old mother cryin'/and the sound of the train that took me off to war), another number one smash. Unlike most singers, who might have been overwhelmed by the string arrangements and background vocalists Sherrill sometimes employed on his records, Jones' voice, with its at times frightening intensity and lucid tone, could stand up to anything. While Jones wrote fewer songs himself - songwriters had been tripping over themselves pitching songs to him for years - he still managed to co-write several, such as \"What My Woman Can't Do\" (also recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis), \"A Drunk Can't Be A Man\", the harrowing \"I Just Don't Give a Damn\" (perhaps the greatest \"lost classic\" in the entire Jones catalogue) and \"These Days (I Barely Get By)\", which he had written with Wynette.", "George Jones Jones signed with United Artists in 1962 and immediately scored one of the biggest hits of his career, \"She Thinks I Still Care\". His voice had grown noticeably deeper during this period and he began cultivating the singing style that became uniquely his own. During his stint with UA, Jones recorded tribute albums to Hank Williams and Bob Wills and cut an album of duets with Melba Montgomery, including the hit \"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\". Jones was also well on his way to gaining a reputation as a notorious hell-raiser. In his Rolling Stone tribute, Merle Haggard recalls:", "George Jones Jones tirelessly defended the integrity of country music, telling Billboard in 2006, \"It's never been for love of money. I thank God for it because it makes me a living. But I sing because I love it, not because of the dollar signs.\" Jones also went out of his way to promote younger country singers that he felt were as passionate about the music as he was. \"Everybody knows he's a great singer,\" Alan Jackson stated in 1995, \"but what I like most about George is that when you meet him, he is like some old guy that works down at the gas station...even though he's a legend!\"", "George Jones Jones was one of the greatest harmony singers in country music and released many duets over the course of his long career. While his songs with Tammy Wynette are his most celebrated, Jones claimed in his autobiography that he felt his duets with Melba Montgomery were his best. Jones also recorded duet albums with Gene Pitney and his former bass player Johnny Paycheck. George's record with Paycheck, 1980's Double Trouble, is one of his most atypical records and features him giving credible performances on numbers like \"Maybelline\", \"You Better Move On\", and \"Proud Mary\". Jones also recorded the duet albums My Very Special Guests (1979), Ladies Choice (1984), Friends In High Places (1991), The Bradley Barn Sessions (1994), God's Country: George Jones And Friends (2006), a second album with Merle Haggard called Kickin' Out The Footlights...Again (2006) and Burn Your Playhouse Down (2008).", "George Jones While Jones remained committed to \"pure country\", he worked with the top producers and musicians of the day and the quality of his work remained high. Some significant performances include \"I Must Have Done Something Bad\", \"Wild Irish Rose\", \"Billy B. Bad\" (a sarcastic jab at country music establishment trendsetters), \"A Thousand Times A Day\", \"When The Last Curtain Falls\" and the novelty \"High-Tech Redneck\". Jones most popular song in his later years was \"Choices\", the first single from his 1999 studio album Cold Hard Truth. A video was also made for the song and Jones won another Grammy for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. The song was at the center of controversy when the Country Music Association invited Jones to perform it on the awards show, but required that he perform an abridged version. Jones refused and did not attend the show. Alan Jackson was disappointed with the association's decision and halfway through his own performance during the show he signaled to his band and played part of Jones' song in protest.", "George Jones Jones was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Nashville. His death made headlines all over the world; many country stations (as well as a few of other formats, such as oldies/classic hits) abandoned or modified their playlists and played his songs throughout the day. The week after Jones's death, \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" re-entered the hot country songs at number 21.", "George Jones Jones married Shirley Ann Corley in 1954. His first record, the self-penned \"No Money in This Deal\", was recorded on January 19, and appeared in February on Starday Records, beginning the singer's association with producer and mentor H.W. \"Pappy\" Daily. The song was actually cut in Starday Records' co-founder Jack Starnes' living room and produced by Starnes. Jones also worked at KTRM (now KZZB) in Beaumont around this time. Deejay Gordon Baxter told Nick Tosches that Jones acquired the nickname \"possum\" while working there: \"One of the deejays there, Slim Watts, took to calling him George P. Willicker Picklepuss Possum Jones. For one thing, he cut his hair short, like a possum's belly. He had a possum's nose and stupid eyes, like a possum.\" During his early recording sessions, Daily admonished Jones for attempting to sound too much like his heroes Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell. In later years, Jones would have little good to say about the music production at Starday, recalling to NPR in 1996 that \"it was a terrible sound. We recorded in a small living room of a house on a highway near Beaumont. You could hear the trucks. We had to stop a lot of times because it wasn't soundproof, it was just egg crates nailed on the wall and the big old semi trucks would go by and make a lot of noise and we'd have to start over again.\" Jones' first hit came with \"Why Baby Why\" in 1955. That same year, while touring as a cast member of the Louisiana Hayride, Jones met and played shows with Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. \"I didn't get to know him that well,\" Jones said of Presley to Nick Tosches in 1994. \"He stayed pretty much with his friends around him in his dressing room. Nobody seemed to get around him much any length of time to talk to him.\" Jones would, however, remain a lifelong friend of Johnny Cash. Jones was invited to sing at the Grand Ole Opry in 1956.", "George Jones His first hit came in 1955, with \"Why Baby Why\". During his early years in the 1950s, Jones had multiple hits like 1956's \"You Gotta Be My Baby\" and \"Just One More\", 1958's \"Color of the Blues\", and the number 1 hit in 1959 \"White Lightning\" (Jones's highest-charting pop hit, reaching #73). He had marginal success during his beginnings with Starday Records. He saw more with Mercury Records after switching in mid-1957. In 1960, Jones began the transition to the new polished 'Nashville Sound'. With 'Accidentally On Purpose', 'Family Bible', and the #1 Hit 'Window Up Above', he made that transition, and successfully. His voice was maturing more and more and by 1962, his voice was completely his own, and he scored two more #1 hits (1961's \"Tender Years\" and 1962's \"She Thinks I Still Care\"). After switching to United Artists in 1962, Jones had great success; however, after \"She Thinks I Still Care\", he wouldn't find another number 1 until 1967.", "George Jones In the late seventies, Jones spiraled out of control. Already drinking constantly, a manager named Shug Baggot introduced him to cocaine before a show because he was too tired to perform. The drug would increase Jones' already considerable paranoia. During one drunken binge he shot at, and very nearly hit, his friend and occasional songwriting partner Earl \"Peanutt\" Montgomery after Montgomery had quit drinking after finding religion. He was often penniless and acknowledged in his autobiography that Waylon Jennings and Johnny Cash came to his financial aid during this time. Jones also began missing shows at an alarming rate and lawsuits from promoters started piling up. In 1978, owing Wynette $36,000 in child support and claiming to be one million dollars in debt, he filed for bankruptcy. Jones appeared incoherent at times, speaking in quarrelling voices that he would later call \"the Duck\" and \"the Old Man\". In his article \"The Devil In George Jones\", Nick Tosches states, \"By February 1979 he was homeless, deranged, and destitute, living in his car and barely able to digest the junk food on which he subsisted. He weighed under a hundred pounds, and his condition was so bad that it took him more than two years to complete My Very Special Guests, an album on which Willie Nelson, Linda Ronstadt, Elvis Costello, and other famous fans came to his vocal aid and support. Jones entered Hillcrest Psychiatric Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama. Upon his release in January 1980, the first thing he did was pick up a six-pack.\"", "George Jones On tour Jones was always backed by the Jones Boys. Like Buck Owens' Buckaroos and Merle Haggard's Strangers, Jones worked with many musicians who were great talents in their own right,[according to whom?] including Dan Schafer,[11] Hank Singer, Brittany Allyn, Sonny Curtis, Kent Goodson, Bobby Birkhead, and Steve Hinson. In the 1980s and 1990s, bass player Ron Gaddis served as the Jones Boys' bandleader and sang harmony with Jones in concert. Lorrie Morgan (who married Gaddis) also toured as a backup singer for Jones in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s.[citation needed]", "George Jones They began touring together and Jones bought out his contract with Musicor so he could record with Tammy and her producer Billy Sherrill on Epic Records (the singer had split with longtime producer Pappy Daily on acrimonious terms). Jones and Wynette became known as \"Mr. & Mrs. Country Music\" in the early 1970s, scoring several big hits, including \"We're Gonna Hold On,\" \"Let's Build A World Together,\" \"Golden Ring\", \"Near You,\" and \"(We're Not) The Jet Set.\" When asked about recording Jones and Wynette, Sherill told Dan Daley in 2002, \"It did increase my scotch intake some. We started out trying to record the vocals together, but George drove Tammy crazy with his phrasing. He never, ever did it the same way twice. He could make a five-syllable word out of 'church.' Finally, Tammy said, 'Record George and let me listen to it, and then do my vocal after we get his on tape.' Tammy was a very quick study.\"", "George Jones In October 1970, shortly after the birth of their only child Tamala Georgette, Jones was straitjacketed and committed to a padded cell at the Watson Clinic in Lakeland, Florida, after a drunken bender; he was kept there to detoxify for 10 days before being released with a prescription for Librium. Jones managed longer stretches of sobriety with Wynette than he had enjoyed in years but as the decade wore on his drinking and erratic behavior worsened, leading to the couple's divorce in 1976. Jones accepted the responsibility for the failure of the marriage but vehemently denied Wynette's allegations in her autobiography that he beat her and fired a shotgun at her. Remarkably, Jones and Wynette continued playing shows and drawing crowds in the years after their divorce, as fans began to see their songs mirroring their stormy relationship. In 1980, they recorded the album Together Again and scored a hit with \"Two Story House\". Jones also spoke publicly about his hopes for a reconciliation and would jokingly reference Tammy in some of his songs - during performances of his 1981 hit \"If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)\" he would sing \"Tammy's memory will\" - but the recrimination continued unabated. After years of sniping, Jones and Wynette appeared to make peace in the 1990s, recording a final album, One, and even touring together again before Wynette's death in 1998. In 1995 Jones told Country Weekly, \"Like the old saying goes, it takes time to heal things and they've been healed quite a while.\"", "George Jones In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \"Walk Through This World With Me\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \"Love Bug\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\", \"The Race Is On\", \"My Favorite Lies\", \"I'll Share My World with You\", \"Take Me\" (a song he co-wrote and would later record with Tammy Wynette), \"A Good Year for the Roses,\" and \"If My Heart Had Windows\". By this point, Jones' singing style had evolved from the full-throated, high lonesome sound of Hank Williams and Roy Acuff on his early Starday records to the more refined, subtle style of Lefty Frizzell. In a 2006 interview with Billboard, Jones acknowledged the fellow Texan's influence on his idiosyncratic phrasing: \"I got that from Lefty. He always made five syllables out of one word.\"", "George Jones Shortly after Jones' death, Andrew Mueller wrote about his influence in Uncut, \"He was one of the finest interpretive singers who ever lifted a microphone...There cannot be a single country songwriter of the last 50-odd years who has not wondered what it might be like to hear their words sung by that voice.\" In an article for The Texas Monthly in 1994, Nick Tosches eloquently described the singer's vocal style: \"While he and his idol, Hank Williams, have both affected generations with a plaintive veracity of voice that has set them apart, Jones has an additional giftâ€”a voice of exceptional range, natural elegance, and lucent tone. Gliding toward high tenor, plunging toward deep bass, the magisterial portamento of his onward-coursing baritone emits white-hot sparks and torrents of blue, investing his poison love songs with a tragic gravity and inflaming his celebrations of the honky-tonk ethos with the hellfire of abandon.\" In the New Republic essay \"Why George Jones Ranks with Frank Sinatra and Billie Holiday,\" David Hajdu writes:", "George Jones In 1959, Jones had his first number one on the Billboard country chart with \"White Lightnin'\", ironically a more authentic rock and roll sound than his half-hearted rockabilly cuts.[according to whom?] In the Same Ole Me retrospective, Johnny Cash insisted, \"George Jones woulda been a really hot rockabilly artist if he'd approached it from that angle. Well, he was, really, but never got the credit for it.\" \"White Lightnin'\" was written by J. P. Richardson, better known as the Big Bopper. In I Lived To Tell It All, Jones confessed that he showed up for the recording session under the influence of a great deal of alcohol and it took him approximately 80 takes just to record his vocals.[citation needed] To make matters worse, Buddy Killen, who played the upright bass on the recording, was reported as having severely blistered fingers from having to play his bass part 80 times. Killen not only threatened to quit the session, but also threatened to physically harm Jones for the painful consequences of Jones' drinking. On the final vocal take used on the recording Jones slurs the word \"slug\", something he would mimic in live performances of the song along with using his southern drawl.[citation needed]", "George Jones According to producer Billy Sherrill and Jones himself, the singer hated the song when he first heard it. In Bob Allen's biography of the singer, Sherrill states, \"He thought it was too long, too sad, too depressing and that nobody would ever play it...He hated the melody and wouldn't learn it.\" Sherrill also claims that Jones frustrated him by continually singing the song to the melody of the Kris Kristofferson hit \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\". In the Same Ole Me retrospective, Sherrill recalls a heated exchange during one recording session: \"I said 'That's not the melody!' and he said 'Yeah, but it's a better melody.' I said 'It might beâ€”Kristofferson would think so too, it's his melody!'\" In the same documentary, Sherrill claims that Jones was in such bad physical shape during this period that \"the recitation was recorded 18 months after the first verse was\" and added that the last words Jones said about \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" was \"Nobody'll buy that morbid son of a bitch\". Although he had disliked \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" when it was first offered to him, Jones ultimately gave the song credit for reviving his flagging career, stating that \"a four-decade career had been salvaged by a three-minute song\".[this quote needs a citation] Jones earned the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1980. The Academy of Country Music awarded the song Single of the Year and Song of the Year in 1980. It also became the Country Music Association's Song of the Year in both 1980 and 1981.", "He Stopped Loving Her Today \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" is a song recorded by American country music artist George Jones. It has been named in several surveys as the greatest country song of all time.[1] It was released in April 1980 as the lead single from the album I Am What I Am. The song was Jones's first solo No. 1 single in six years. The melancholy song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman. The week after Jones' death the song re-entered the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 21. As of November 13, 2013, the single has sold 521,000 copies in the United States.[2] Since 2008 it has been preserved by the Library of Congress into the National Recording Registry.", "George Jones George Jones' career began in 1954, and during his six decades as a professional singer-songwriter, he was one of the most financially successful country music artists ever. Jones recorded over 900 songs, and charted more than any other music artist, almost exclusively on the country charts; Jones never charted a hit in the general top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 or any equivalent all-genre chart. As a solo artist, Jones had just three hits make the Billboard Hot 100, the highest-charted of which, \"White Lightning\", peaked at number 73. A duet with Gene Pitney also made number 99 for one week. On the country charts, Jones (either solo or as part of duet) placed nearly 150 songs on the charts, including thirteen number 1 country hits.", "Go Rest High on That Mountain On May 2, 2013, Gill performed the song with Loveless at the funeral of fellow country artist George Jones. At one point during the performance, Gill became too emotional to sing some of the words, but was able to complete the song by focusing primarily on his guitar playing. In a speech just prior to Gill's and Loveless' performance, Gill underlined their duet by stating that he always was aware of a \"special anointing\" in his duets with Loveless, and compared them particularly to Jones' duets with singer Melba Montgomery during the 1960s.[6]", "George Jones In 1981, Jones met Nancy Sepulvado, a 34-year-old divorcÃ©e from Mansfield, Louisiana. Sepulvado's positive impact on Jones' life and career cannot be overstated;[citation needed] she eventually cleaned up his finances, kept him away from his drug dealers (who reportedly kidnapped her daughter in retaliation), and managed his career. Jones always gave her complete credit for saving his life. Nancy, who did not drink, explained to Nick Tosches in 1994, \"He was drinking but he was fun to be around. It wasn't love at first sight or anything like that. But I saw what a good person he was, deep down, and I couldn't help caring about him.\" Jones managed to quit cocaine but went on a drunken rampage in Alabama in fall 1983 and was once again straitjacketed and committed to Hillcrest Psychiatric Hospital suffering from malnutrition and delusions.[citation needed] But by that time, physically and emotionally exhausted, he really did want to quit drinking. In March 1984 in Birmingham, Alabama - at the age of 52 - Jones performed his first sober show since the early seventies. \"All my life it seems like I've been running from something,\" he told the United Press International in June. \"If I knew what it was, maybe I could run in the right direction. But I always seem to end up going the other way.\" Jones began making up many of the dates he had missed, playing them for free to pay back promoters, and began opening his concerts with \"No Show Jones\", a song he had written with Glen Martin that poked fun at himself and other country singers. Jones always stressed that he was not proud of the way he treated loved ones and friends over the years and was ashamed of disappointing his fans when he missed shows, telling Billboard in 2006 that \"I know it hurt my fans in a way and I've always been sad about that, it really bothered me for a long time.\"", "George Jones Jones' binge drinking and use of amphetamines on the road caught up to him in 1967 and he had to be admitted into a neurological hospital to seek treatment for his drinking. Jones would go to extreme lengths for a drink if the thirst was on him. Perhaps the most famous drinking story concerning Jones occurred while he was married to his second wife Shirley Corley. Jones recalled Shirley making it physically impossible for him to travel to Beaumont, located 8 miles away, to buy liquor. Because Jones would not walk that far, she would hide the keys to each of their cars they owned before leaving. She did not, however, hide the keys to the lawn mower. Upset, Jones walked to the window and looked out over his property. He later described his thoughts in his memoir: \"There, gleaming in the glow, was that ten-horsepower rotary engine under a seat. A key glistening in the ignition. I imagine the top speed for that old mower was five miles per hour. It might have taken an hour and a half or more for me to get to the liquor store, but get there I did.\"[12] Years later Jones comically mocked the incident by making a cameo in the video for \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\" by Hank Williams Jr.. He also parodied the episode in the 1993 video for \"One More Last Chance\" by Vince Gill and in his own music video for the single \"Honky Tonk Song\" in 1996. Curiously, in her 1979 autobiography Stand By Your Man, Tammy Wynette claims the incident occurred while she was married to Jones, maintaining that she woke up at one o'clock in the morning to find her husband gone: \"I got into the car and drove to the nearest bar 10 miles away. When I pulled into the parking lot there sat our rider-mower right by the entrance. He'd driven that mower right down a main highway... He looked up and saw me and said, ‘Well, fellas, here she is now. My little wife, I told you she'd come after me.’\"[13]", "My Very Special Guests Jones fondness for the duet stretched back to the beginning of his career when, in 1957, he recorded \"Yearning\", a hit with Jeanette Hicks. He also recorded with Margie Singleton, Melba Montgomery, Brenda Carter and, most famously, Wynette. The idea for My Very Special Guests was to pair Jones with his own country peers but also team him with admirers from other genres, an idea that was quite ahead of its time in the 1970s (Frank Sinatra would pretty much do the same thing with his Duets series years later). The album featured many of the country stars that Jones fans were familiar with, like Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Johnny Paycheck (all three riding high on the red hot \"outlaw movement\") and Wynette, who sings \"It Sure Was Good\" with her ex, a song that nostalgically recalled the good times of a broken relationship (Ironically, the song was co-authored by George Richey, who Wynette married in the summer of 1978). The ambitious pairings with pop and rock singers may have displeased many hardcore Jones fans but one of the songs, James Taylor's \"Bartender's Blues\", had been a top ten country hit in 1978. Taylor wrote the tune with Jones in mind and sang harmony on the track. Pop star Linda Ronstadt also joins Jones on the wistful \"I've Turned You To Stone\" and the pair would perform an impromptu version when she showed up at his 1980 performance at New York City's Bottom Line nightclub. Emmylou Harris, who began her singing career backing country rock pioneer and Jones fan Gram Parsons, duets with Jones on the Rodney Crowell original \"Here We Are\" (Harris, who would go on to record with Jones several more times, had written the original liner notes for the singer's 1976 album The Battle, proclaiming that \"when you hear George Jones sing, you are hearing a man who takes a song and makes it a work of art - always\"). The Staples Singers and Dennis Locorriere and Ray Sawyer of the rock band Dr. Hook are also featured, but the most curious vocal pairing on My Very Special Guests came with then current New Wave star Elvis Costello. Costello, an avowed Jones fan, wrote \"Stranger In The House\" specifically for the occasion. \"When I was on the road back then, I used to have to hide my George Jones albums,\" Costello is quoted in the 2005 reissue of the album. \"My manager used to say, 'Turn that George Jones off'...Jones was my guiding light whenever I wrote in a country idiom.\"", "The Edsels Songwriter George Jones died in September 2008.[2]", "George Jones Jones moved to Mercury in 1957. In early 1957 Jones teamed up with singer Jeannette Hicks, the first of several duet partners he would have over the years, and enjoyed yet another Top Ten single with \"Yearning.\" Starday Records merged with Mercury that same year, and Jones scored high marks on the charts with his debut Mercury release of \"Don't Stop the Music.\" Meanwhile, George was travelling the black-top roads in a 1940s Packard with his name and phone number emblazoned on the side. Although he was garnering a lot of attention and his singles were making very respectable showings on the charts, Jones was still playing the \"blood bucket\" circuit of honky-tonks that dotted the rural countryside.[9]", "George Jones George Glenn Jones was born on September 12, 1931 in Saratoga, Texas, and was raised in Colmesneil, Texas, with his brother and five sisters.[5] His father, George Washington Jones, worked in a shipyard and played harmonica and guitar while his mother, Clara, played piano in the Pentecostal Church on Sundays.[6] During his delivery, one of the doctors dropped Jones and broke his arm.[6] When he was seven, his parents bought a radio and he heard country music for the first time. Jones recalled to Billboard in 2006 that he would lie in bed with his parents on Saturday nights listening to the Grand Ole Opry and insist that his mother wake him if he fell asleep so he could hear Roy Acuff or Bill Monroe. In his autobiography I Lived To Tell It All, Jones explains that the early death of his sister Ethel spurred on his father's drinking problem and, by all accounts, George Washington Jones could be physically and emotionally abusive to his wife and children when he drank. In the book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Bob Allen recounts how George Washington Jones would return home in the middle of the night with his cronies roaring drunk, wake up a terrified George Glenn Jones and demand that he sing for them or face a beating. In a CMT episode of Inside Fame dedicated to Jones' life, country music historian Robert K. Oermann marveled, \"You would think that it would make him not a singer, because it was so abusively thrust on him. But the opposite happened; he became a chronic singer. He became someone who had to sing.\" In the same program, Jones admitted that he remained ambivalent and resentful towards his father up until the day he died and observed in his autobiography \"The Jones family makeup doesn't sit well with liquor...Daddy was an unusual drinker. He drank to excess but never while working, and he probably was the hardest working man I've ever known.\" His father bought him his first guitar at age nine and he learned his first chords and songs at church and there are several photographs of a young George busking on the streets of Beaumont.", "George Jones Former president of Starday Records Don Pierce told director Mark Hall in 1989 another story about Jones after Pappy Daily bailed him out of the drunk tank and got him a gig in Houston for $2,500. The next day Jones came to Dailey's office broke again. According to Pierce, an irritated Dailey said, \"Well, George, you just made $2,500 but I talked to some of the guys you were out partying with and they said you went and flushed it down the toilet.\" \"Pappy, that's a damn lie!\" Jones shot back. \"It wasn't but $1,200.\" Jones explained to Country Weekly in his last ever interview two months before his death, \"I started on Cokes and it just got the best of me. It'll do that to entertainers if you're not strong. I'm in a business that can't keep away from people drinking.\"[this quote needs a citation]", "George Jones One aspect of Jones' early career that is often overlooked[according to whom?] is his success as a songwriter; he wrote or co-wrote many of his biggest hits during this period, several of which have become standards, like \"Window Up Above\" (later a smash for Mickey Gilley in 1975) and \"Seasons of My Heart\" (a hit for Johnny Cash and also recorded by Willie Nelson and Jerry Lee Lewis). Jones wrote \"Just One More\" (also recorded by Cash), \"Life To Go\" (a top five hit for Stonewall Jackson in 1959), \"You Gotta Be My Baby\" and \"Don't Stop The Music\" on his own and had a hand in writing \"Color of the Blues\" (covered by Loretta Lynn and Elvis Costello), \"Tender Years\" and \"Tall, Tall Trees\" (co-written with Roger Miller). Jones' most frequent songwriting collaborator was his childhood friend Darrell Edwards.", "You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone Billboard's Eric Boehler praised the craftsmanship and production of the song, simply calling it \"another welcome Brooks & Dunn outing.\"[1] Deborah Evans Price, also of Billboard, reviewed the song favorably, calling it a welcome change of pace from their \"typically terrific barn-burning honky-tonkers and affecting tear-in-the-beer ballads.\" She goes on to call it \"excellent song craftsmanship with great production.\"[2]", "If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will) By 1981, Jones career continued to thrive after the remarkable success of his #1 hit single \"He Stopped Loving Her Today.\" After experiencing a lull in his career in the late seventies, the song reignited the singer's career on the charts; in 1980 he scored a #2 hit with \"Two Story House,\" a duet with his ex-wife Tammy Wynette, and reached #2 again with his rendition of the Tom T. Hall composition \"I'm Not Ready Yet.\" However, the upswing in his professional life brought little peace to his personal one; dogged by a years-old cocaine addiction and a near thirty year drinking problem, he continued to miss shows, engage the police in high-speed chases, and show up at award shows obviously inebriated to accept honors for \"He Stopped Loving Her Today.\" The despairingly hopeless \"If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)\" verged on topicality as Jones sang about falling out of cars at four in the morning and drinking \"twenty bottles.\" As he often had, Jones played up to his demolished reputation with a mixture of sheepish bravado and showbiz practicality, writing in his 1995 memoir I Lived to Tell It All, \"Knowing what people thought about Tammy and me, I often changed the words of 'If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me' when I sang it publicly, particularly on national television: If drinkin' don't kill me, Tammy's memory will...If folks bought my records because they thought I was breaking down, which I happened to be, so be it.\"", "I Always Get Lucky with You Co-writer Merle Haggard recorded the song first on his 1981 hit LP Big City but did not release it as a single. According to the Stephen L. Betts Rolling Stone article \"George Jones Gets 'Lucky' with Merle Haggard Song\" published online on February 13, 2015, Haggard's manager Tex Whitson first pitched it to Jones' producer Billy Sherrill because Jones and Haggard were on the outs at the time. \"I'd get mad at him over the years because of his self-damage, but everything I said to him was out of love,\" Haggard wrote in an article for Rolling Stone after his friend died. \"Imagine you're George Jones, and every night you're expected to sing as good as you did on a song like 'She Thinks I Still Care.' He was a shy country boy from East Texas walking around with that on his shoulders. He knew people expected him to be the greatest country singer that ever lived. He was the Babe Ruth of country music, and people expected a home run every time.\" Sherrill, who had produced Jones and Haggard on their first duet album together A Taste of Yesterday's Wine the year before, still possessed his instincts for a great song and persuaded Jones to cut it. In the 1994 video retrospective Golden Hits, Jones recalled that he \"sung it around Nashville at some of the clubs to try and get used to it before I went into the studio and it came off great. It's a great song. Merle Haggard wrote a good one there.\" Jones, who was about to hit rock bottom after spending most of the previous decade in a booze and drug-crazed wasteland, delivered a sterling performance, which became the last chart topper of his career, ironically bumping off \"Pancho and Lefty,\" Haggard's hit duet with Willie Nelson. Haggard would record the song again in 2006 as part of the second Jones/Haggard release Kickin' Out the Footlights...Again. A duet version featuring Jones and Shelby Lynne was made available on the 2009 Jones LP Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets.", "George Jones On March 29, 2012, Jones was taken to the hospital with an upper respiratory infection.[19] Months later, on May 21, Jones was hospitalized again for his infection[20] and was released five days later.[21] On August 14, 2012, Jones announced his farewell tour, the Grand Tour, with scheduled stops at 60 cities.[22] His final concert was held in Knoxville at the Knoxville Civic Coliseum on April 6, 2013.", "Memphis, Tennessee In addition, Memphis is mentioned in scores of other songs, including \"Proud Mary\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival, \"Honky Tonk Women\" by the Rolling Stones, \"Dixie Chicken\" by Little Feat, \"Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes\" by George Jones, \"Daisy Jane\" by America, \"Life Is a Highway\" by Tom Cochrane, \"Black Velvet\" by Alannah Myles, \"Cities\" by Talking Heads, \"Crazed Country Rebel\" by Hank Williams III, \"Pride (In the Name of Love)\" by U2, \"M.E.M.P.H.I.S.\" by the Disco Biscuits, \"New New Minglewood Blues\" and \"Candyman\" by the Grateful Dead, \"You Should Be Glad\" by Widespread Panic, \"Roll With Me\" by 8Ball & MJG, \"Someday\" by Steve Earle and popularly recorded by Shawn Colvin, and many others.", "Tennessee Whiskey (song) \"Tennessee Whiskey\" was originally recorded by American country music artist David Allan Coe for his album of the same name Tennessee Whiskey released in 1981. Commercially, it peaked at number 77 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. The song was later covered by fellow American country music artist George Jones, whose version was released in August 1983 as the third single from his album Shine On. Jones' version reached a new peak commercially, reaching number two on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in November 1983[2] and number-one on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[3] Coe joined Jones onstage to sing a chorus on the song at the inaugural Farm Aid in 1985. It remained a mainstay in Jones' live set, with the singer often substituting the name of whatever city or town he was in for \"Tennessee\" in the second chorus.", "Barbara Mandrell During the 1980s, Mandrell had more hits, including \"Crackers\" and \"Wish You Were Here\". All of these singles and more reached the country top 10 and some also hit number one, including \"Years\". Three more singles hit number one: \"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\", \"'Till You're Gone\", and \"One of a Kind, Pair of Fools\", between 1981 and 1983, a period during which Mandrell also received many industry awards and accolades.[5] \"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\" is one of Mandrell's best-known songs. The best-known version is the live version featuring George Jones. In 1983, she won a Grammy award for \"Best Inspirational Performance\" for the song, \"He Set My Life to Music\".", "He Stopped Loving Her Today By 1980, Jones had not had a number one single in six years and many critics began to write him off. However, the music industry was stunned in July when \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" shot to number one on the country charts. The song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman and tells the story of a friend who has never given up on his love; he keeps old letters and photos from back in the day and hangs on to hope that she would \"come back again\". The song reaches its peak in the chorus, revealing that he indeed stopped loving her when he died and the woman does returnâ€”for his funeral. In a different singer's hands, the song might have sounded irreverent but Jones' interpretation, buoyed by his delivery of the line \"...first time I'd seen him smile in years\", gives it a realism.", "George Jones He left home at 16 and went to Jasper, Texas, where he sang and played on the KTXJ radio station with fellow musician Dalton Henderson. From there, he worked at the KRIC radio station. During one such afternoon show, Jones met his idol, Hank Williams (\"I just stared,\" he later wrote).[6] In the 1989 video documentary Same Ole Me, Jones admitted, \"I couldn't think or eat nothin' unless it was Hank Williams, and I couldn't wait for his next record to come out. He had to be, really, the greatest.\" He married his first wife Dorothy Bonvillion in 1950, but they divorced in 1951. He was enlisted in the United States Marines until his discharge in 1953. He was stationed in San Jose, California for his entire service.[7]", "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool \"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\" was a song produced by Tom Collins. Mandrell recorded the song as a \"live\" performance; however the track was actually recorded in the studio with an audience applause track inserted over various sections of the song to fit into the context of the forthcoming live album. The song also featured an uncredited guest appearance on part of the chorus by country vocalist, George Jones.[1] The song was released during a period of rapid growth in the popularity of country music related to a dance-focused form of the genre called neocountry that was popularized, in part, by the movie Urban Cowboy. In the song, the singer explains her relationship with country music as being authentic and part of long tradition, and not a part of some fad or, worse, something that's merely \"cool.\"", "He Stopped Loving Her Today Producer Billy Sherrill introduced Jones to the song in 1978[3][full citation needed] but, according to Sherrill and Jones himself, the singer hated the song when he first heard it. In Bob Allen's biography of the singer, Sherrill states, \"He thought it was too long, too sad, too depressing and that nobody would ever play it...He hated the melody and wouldn't learn it.\"[4][full citation needed] Sherrill also claims that Jones frustrated him by continually singing the song to the melody of the Kris Kristofferson hit \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\".[5][full citation needed] In the Same Ole Me retrospective, Sherrill recalls a heated exchange during one recording session: \"I said 'That's not the melody!' and he said 'Yeah, but it's a better melody.' I said 'It might beâ€”Kristofferson would think so too, it's his melody!'\" In the same documentary, Sherrill claims that Jones was in such bad physical shape during this period that \"the recitation was recorded 18 months after the first verse was\" and added that the last words Jones said about \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" was \"Nobody'll buy that morbid son of a bitch\". Although he had disliked \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" when it was first offered to him, Jones ultimately gave the song credit for reviving his flagging career, stating that \"a four-decade career had been salvaged by a three-minute song.\"[6][full citation needed] It was as much a tour de force for the producer was for the singer, featuring all the hallmarks of Sherrill's symphonic approach to country production, featuring cresting strings and dramatic flourishes. Had it not been for Sherrill, it is unlikely the song would have ever been recorded, such was his belief in the song, although he did share some of Jones' misgivings initially; in his 1995 memoir, Jones recalled, \"Putnam and Braddock killed the song's main character too soon in their early versions. Billy kept telling them to kill the guy at a different time and then have the woman come to his funeral...He gave the song to me, and I carried it for more than a year, also convinced that it needed rewriting. Billy had a notebook about an inch thick that was nothing but rewrites for 'He Stopped Loving Her Today.'\"[7][full citation needed]", "A Working Man Can't Get Nowhere Today The album was the result of some shrewd marketing on Capitol's part, playing off Haggard's previous #1 hit \"Workin' Man Blues\" and his reputation as the \"Poet of the Common Man\" by dressing him up on the cover as a hardhat worker sitting at a bus stop with a lunch box and dangling cigarette. The concept was timely, considering the Carter-era oil crisis that was engulfing the country, and is reflected in the self-penned title track. Despite a short running time of twenty-four minutes, the assembled LP includes several high quality cuts that, remarkably, did not make their original albums. Foremost of these is \"Running Kind,\" a song that Haggard had recorded in Nashville in 1975 and would become a concert favorite. In his 1999 memoir My House of Memories, Haggard titled one of the chapters after the song and stated, \"I later wrote 'The Runnin' Kind,' a song that, in essence, says I've always been running, for no particular reason. There is a restlessness in my soul that I've never conquered...\"[1] Another outtake is \"Goodbye Lefty,\" his touching tribute to his hero Lefty Frizzell, who died in 1975. \"Blues for Dixie\" and especially the cover of Hank Williams' \"Moanin' the Blues\" feature a breezy, feel-good energy that was largely absent on his final Capitol releases. Perhaps the most curious track on the album is its closer \"I'm a White Boy.\" In his 2013 book on Haggard The Running Kind, biographer David Cantwell describes it as \"an aggrieved-feeling white reply to James Brown's 'Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud,' with Haggard shouting \"I'm proud! And white! And I got a song to sing!\"", "Somebody Paints the Wall George Jones recorded the song as \"Somebody Always Paints the Wall\" on his 1990 album You Oughta Be Here with Me.[7]", "George Jones By the mid-1960s, Jones had developed a habit for appearing drunk on stage, and was already known as a troublemaker. He had married twice, once to Dorothy Bonvillion in 1950; however, the two filed for divorce in 1951. His first daughter, Susan Smith, was born on October 29, 1951. He remarried in 1954 to Shirley Ann Corley. On October 9, 1955, his first son, Jeffrey Glenn Jones, was born and on July 16, 1958, his second son, Brian Daily Jones, was born. However, through extensive tours and recording sessions, Jones's dependence on alcohol and pills drove his second wife away, and they divorced in 1968.", "George Jones With Presley's explosion in popularity in 1956, pressure was put on Jones to cut a few rockabilly sides and he reluctantly agreed. His heart was never in it, however, and he quickly regretted the decision; in his autobiography he joked, \"During the years, when I've encountered those records, I've used them for Frisbees.\" He explained to Billboard in 2006: \"I was desperate. When you're hungry, a poor man with a house full of kids, you're gonna do some things you ordinarily wouldn't do. I said, 'Well, hell, I'll try anything once.' I tried 'Dadgum It How Come It' and 'Rock It', a bunch of shit. I didn't want my name on the rock and roll thing, so I told them to put Thumper Jones on it and if it did something, good, if it didn't, hell, I didn't want to be shamed with it.\" Jones went on to say he unsuccessfully attempted to buy all the masters to keep the cuts from surfacing later, which they did.[8]", "The King Is Gone (So Are You) Initially, the composition had been titled \"Ya Ba Da Ba Do (So Are You)\" but the song's publisher changed the title to avoid a legal entanglement; early pressings of the LP contain this original title. The single marked the end of Jones' remarkable run at the top of the Billboard country singles chart, where he had been a constant presence for over thirty years; he would never again make the Top 25 with a solo single until 1993's \"Hi-Tech Redneck.\"", "Dean Dillon As a songwriter, early successes includes George Jones' 1983 hit \"Tennessee Whiskey\". Dillon has written many singles for George Strait, including \"The Chair,\" \"Nobody in His Right Mind Would've Left Her,\" \"It Ain't Cool to Be Crazy About You,\" \"Ocean Front Property,\" \"Famous Last Words of a Fool,\" \"I've Come to Expect It From You,\" \"If I Know Me,\" \"Easy Come, Easy Go,\" \"Lead On,\" \"The Best Day,\" \"She Let Herself Go\", \"Living for the Night,\" \"Drinkin' Man\" and \"I Believe\". Strait and his son Bubba co-wrote the latter three with Dillon.[2]", "My Very Special Guests By the late 1970s, Jones was in such bad shape from his drinking and cocaine addiction that it took him the better part of two years to complete My Very Special Guests, a 1979 duet album that featured the wayward singer performing songs with a wide range of admirers and peers, including Emmylou Harris, Waylon Jennings, Linda Ronstadt, and Elvis Costello. In the 1989 Jones documentary Same Ole Me, producer Billy Sherrill admits, \"Well, we put an incredible amount of hours in the studio. Some of those songs, one verse would be a year away from the chorus because he'd come in and his voice wouldn't be up to it.\" Since his divorce from Tammy Wynette in 1975, Jones life had truly started to spiral out of control. In December 1976, he was sued for drunkenly assaulting two women in Nashville and, in February 1977, a federal tax lien was filed against his Alabama residence. Wynette was also after him for unpaid alimony and Jones, who began missing shows at an astonishing rate, filed for bankruptcy. In his 1996 autobiography, Jones admitted that when his lawyer filed the bankruptcy petition, it listed forty-six creditors. \"I owed $1.5 million,\" he wrote. \"My net worth was $64,500.\" Jones had also been infuriated when his former drinking buddy, songwriter Earl Montgomery, had found religion and began to scold Jones for his behavior, leading the singer to fire a gun at, and very nearly hit, one of his best friends. In the 1994 article \"The Devil in George Jones\", Nick Tosches recounts, \"On the night after he turned 47, Jones fired a shot at Peanut Montgomery, who had recently quit drinking and found religion. 'All right, you son of a bitch,' he had hollered before pulling the trigger, 'see if your God can save you now!'\" The publication of Wynette's autobiography Stand By Your Man in 1979, which painted an ugly picture of Jones, did not help matters. It was in the midst of all this chaos that Jones began recording the duets (almost all of them overdubbed) for My Very Special Guests.", "Blue Suede Shoes Johnny Cash planted the seed for the song in the fall of 1955, while Perkins, Cash, Elvis Presley and other Louisiana Hayride acts toured throughout the South. Cash told Perkins of a black airman, C. V. White,[2] whom he had met when serving in the military in Germany, who had referred to his military regulation airmen's shoes as \"blue suede shoes\". Cash suggested that Perkins write a song about the shoes. Perkins replied, \"I don't know anything about shoes. How can I write a song about shoes?\"[3]", "The King Is Gone (So Are You) \"The King Is Gone (So Are You)\" is a novelty song written by Roger D. Ferris and recorded by American country singer George Jones.", "George Strait His grief did not hinder his performance, however, or his output, as he went on to release 11 straight No. 1 hits, starting with \"Nobody in His Right Mind Would've Left Her\" in 1986 and ending with \"Ace in the Hole\" in 1989.[16] The singles spanned four albums, including #7, Ocean Front Property in 1987, If You Ain't Lovin' You Ain't Livin' in 1988 and 1989's Beyond the Blue Neon, all of which reached the number one spot on country album charts. Ocean Front Property was the first country album to ever debut at No. 1 on the charts by any artist. The streak included such songs as \"Ocean Front Property\", \"All My Ex's Live in Texas\", \"Famous Last Words of a Fool\" and \"Baby Blue\". Strait finished the decade by winning the CMA Entertainer of the Year award in 1989. A year later, he won the award again.[15]", "Feed Jake Robert Deaton and George J. Flanigen IV, both of whom lead the film and video production team of Deaton Flanigen, directed the song's music video, which was one of the first of its kind in the country music industry to not feature the artist at all.[4] Most of the music video was filmed southwest of Nashville, Tennessee on Tennessee State Route 100 as well as on Highway 70 in White Bluff, Tennessee. It tells the song's story through two men, who are childhood friends, as shown in flashbacks. Later on, one of the men is attending the other's funeral, and the surviving man goes to meet his dog, which he and the deceased friend adopted together, at the cemetery. Upon its release, the music video was believed by some members of the gay community to have a gay theme; the two men were said to be lovers, one of whom dies from AIDS at the end.[2] Kimberly Lansing, then the executive producer of Deaton-Flanigen Productions, said that the video was \"not meant one way or another\" regarding the back story or the one man's death. Lansing also said that the video is about returning home and not fitting in anymore. Additionally, because of the Persian Gulf War, some people have also assumed that the man's death is war-related.[2]", "Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man The instrumentation features various forms of percussion from Sam Bacco, including crotales, wobble board, spoons and a broom.[1] Richard Bennett and Wendell Cox play guitar solos before the third verse,[1] and Brooks & Dunn, T. Graham Brown, George Jones, Little Texas, Dana McVicker, Tanya Tucker and Porter Wagoner all sing background vocals on the final chorus.[1][2][3]", "Muscle Shoals, Alabama In addition to being home to country music band Shenandoah, a number of artists have visited Muscle Shoals to write and record. Both FAME Studios and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio are still in operation in the city. While famous for classic recordings from Rod Stewart, Aretha Franklin, Eric Clapton, Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Rolling Stones, and The Allman Brothers, recent hit songs such as \"Before He Cheats\" by Carrie Underwood and \"I Loved Her First\" by Heartland continue the city's musical legacy. George Michael recorded an early, unreleased version of \"Careless Whisper\" with Jerry Wexler in Muscle Shoals in 1983. Bettye Lavette recorded her Grammy nominated album \"Scene of the Crime\" at FAME in 1972.[20]", "If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will) \"If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)\" is a song written by Harlan Sanders and Rick Beresford, and recorded by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in January 1981 as the third single from his album I Am What I Am. The song peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.[1]", "Tennessee Whiskey (song) \"Tennessee Whiskey\" is the title of a country song written by Dean Dillon and Linda Hargrove. It was originally recorded by American country music artist David Allan Coe for his album of the same name Tennessee Whiskey, whose version peaked at number 77 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1981.[1] George Jones' 1983 version of the song was included on his album Shine On, and reached number 2 on the Hot Country Singles chart. The song has been covered by several artists, including Chris Stapleton, whose version was performed at the Country Music Association (CMA) Awards with Justin Timberlake, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "A Picture of Me (Without You) (song) According to Rich Kienzle's liner notes for the 1994 Sony retrospective The Essential George Jones: The Spirit of Country, the song was written specifically for Jones with co-writer Norro Wilson singing the song for George \"imitating the Jones style to show how he wanted it sung. Even with the string arrangement, the country feel remained undiminished\". The song is similar to an older Webb Pierce song called \"That's Me Without You\". It was originally recorded by George Jones, whose version peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1972. In his 1995 autobiography I Lived to Tell It All, Jones quoted lines from the song to describe his own sadness at the passing of his brother-in-law W.T. \"Dub\" Scroggins in 1993.", "All My Rowdy Friends (Have Settled Down) The song itself is told from the point of view of a disillusioned singer who, along with his friends, had lived a wild lifestyle. Although admitting he himself has mellowed with age, the singer is depressed that his one-time \"rowdy\" friends have settled down and, in abandoning their high-living ways, want no part of their old lifestyle. References are made to Williams' contemporaries, such as George Jones, Waylon Jennings, Johnny Cash and Kris Kristofferson, as well as his father, Hank Williams.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin' In an interview with GAC Nights, Jessica stated that her record label did not want to promote the song because of its country feel, even though the song is more pop than country. She said that she told the label \"It's a great song and Willie Nelson's on it with me\" and she said the label told her pop radio wouldn't understand that importance.[citation needed]", "Hee Haw Lulu Roman released a new album titled At Last on January 15, 2013. The album features Lulu's versions of 12 classics and standards including guest appearances by Dolly Parton, T. Graham Brown, Linda Davis, and Georgette Jones (daughter of George Jones and Tammy Wynette).[10]", "Sanger D. Shafer In the early 1970s Shafer signed an exclusive contract with Acuff-Rose Music. In the following years he wrote many songs which went on to become successful on the U.S. country charts, including several No.Â 1's. His songs included \"The Baptism of Jesse Taylor\" for Johnny Russell, \"Tell Me Lying Eyes Are Wrong\" for George Jones, and a series of hits for Moe Bandy. He had a longstanding friendship with Lefty Frizzell, whom he had met at his record label. He and Frizzell wrote the song \"That's the Way Love Goes\" together, a hit for Johnny Rodriguez and also Merle Haggard in 1983; they also wrote \"I Never Go Around Mirrors\" (which Frizzell recorded in 1973 and turned into a top 25 country hit a year later) and \"Bandy the Rodeo Clown\" for Moe Bandy, which became a major hit shortly after Frizzell's 1975 death. After Frizzell's death Shafer wrote the tribute song \"Lefty's Gone\" recorded by George Strait for his Something Special album.", "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool The song was the first track released from Mandrell's 1981 \"Live\" album. Unlike the studio single version, the album version of the song was recorded during a live concert at the Roy Acuff Theater of Opryland in Nashville, Tennessee. Applause from the audience can be heard in the beginning and end of the song, as well as when Jones makes his guest performance and when Mandrell refers to Jones in the lyrics in the early part of the song.[2]", "The King Is Gone (So Are You) It became a live favorite for Jones and was included on the 1994 Sony box set The Essential George Jones: The Spirit of Country.", "David Allan Coe Coe was a featured performer in Heartworn Highways, a 1975 documentary film by James Szalapski. Other performers featured in this film included Guy Clark, Townes Van Zandt, Rodney Crowell, Steve Young, Steve Earle, and the Charlie Daniels Band. In 1977, Johnny Paycheck released a cover of Coe's \"Take This Job And Shove It\", which was a number-one hit and Coe's most successful song.[1]", "Between an Old Memory and Me Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying \"leave it to ol' Travis to remind us that, as long as people drink, there will be drinking songs.\" She goes on to say that it \"takes a lot of chutzpah to tackle an old Keith Whitley number, but Tritt rises to the challenge here, reminding us what a terrific song this is.\"[1]", "Good Year for the Roses \"A Good Year for the Roses\" describes the thoughts of a man as his wife is preparing to leave him, and is as good an example as any of Jones' ability to deliver an intensely moving vocal, in this case one that conveys both the sadness and profound bitterness that comes with a broken marriage. Although recorded while George was with Musicor, the production is typical of the sound Billy Sherrill would employ when Jones moved to Epic Records the following year. Although supported by a choir of background singers and strings on the chorus, Jones' stunning clenched-teeth vocal is the centerpiece throughout, with Chris Woodstra of AllMusic calling it \"one of his all-time greatest performances.\" The lyric, infused by Jones' nuanced delivery, captures the disillusion of the narrator:", "Friends in Low Places Lee and Blackwell had met Brooks when he was a shoe salesman in a Nashville store, looking for his big break. The two struck up a conversation with the struggling musician, and upon learning his background, they gave him some work making demos of their songs. They were impressed with his voice and talent, but there wasn't much else they could do for him.[3]", "Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song) American blues rock singer and guitarist George Thorogood and the Destroyers recorded \"Who Do You Love?\" for their second album, Move It on Over (1978). In contrast to Quicksilver Messenger Service, Thorogood's punchy 4:21 rendition is more suited to a dive bar than a psychedelic ballroom.[39] AllMusic writer Tim Sendra notes the song's \"pounding\" Bo Diddley-beat, with Thorogood's \"nasty slide [guitar] playing and barstool blues vocals\".[39] In addition to Bo Diddley's lyrics, he included: \"Snakeskin shoes baby put 'em on your feet, got the good time music with a Bo Diddley beat\".", "Grandpa Jones His recording career was put on hold when he enlisted in the United States Army during World War II. Discharged in 1946, he recorded again for King. In March 1946, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and started performing on the Grand Ole Opry and married Ramona Riggins on October 14, 1946. As an accomplished performer herself, she would take part in his performances. Jones' vaudeville humor was a bridge to television. His more famous songs include \"T For Texas\", \"Are You From Dixie\", \"Night Train To Memphis\" and \"Mountain Dew\", and \"Eight More Miles To Louisville\".", "She Thinks I Still Care In his essay for 1994 Sony retrospective The Essential George Jones: The Spirit of Country, Rich Kienzle also states that Jones was underwhelmed by the song after Clement had \"decided not to play George the tape but to sing him the song, altering the melody as he sang it to give it a stronger country feel.\" Jones himself always insisted he had no doubts about the song. Recalling his first impression of the tune, he insisted in the 1989 documentary Same Ole Me, \"Boy, I just flipped! I said, 'Golly, lemme have this thing.'\" In the 1994 video retrospective Golden Hits, he added, \"It knocked me out. I couldn't wait to get into the studio.\" The song was released in April 1962, his first single release on United Artists after leaving Mercury, and it remained on the Billboard survey for twenty-three weeks, six of them at #1. In his autobiography I Lived to Tell It All, the singer wrote, \"For years after I recorded it, the song was my most requested, and it became what people in my business call a 'career record,' the song that firmly establishes your identity with the public.\"[2] The B-side, \"Sometimes You Just Can't Win\", reached No. 17 on the C&W chart.[3] \"She Thinks I Still Care\" was one of seven records George would chart in 1962, and in the fall of 1963 he would travel to New York City and perform the song on Jimmy Dean's ABC network show.", "She Thinks I Still Care According to Bob Allen's book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Jones first heard the song when Jack Clement played it for him at Gulf Coast Studio in Beaumont, which Clement owned with Bill Hall. The song had been written by Dickie Lee Lipscomb and Steve Duffy, two professional songwriters under contract to Clement's publishing company, so Clement was eager for Jones to record it. According to Allen, Jones had little interest, responding, \"I don't like it too much. It's got too many damn 'just becauses' in it. I don't think nobody really wants to hear that shit, do you?\"[1] Undeterred, both Clement and Hall continued to pitch the song to Jones. Raymond Nalley, brother of Gulf Coast session musician Luther Nalley, later recalled:", "You're Gonna Miss This Adkins then decided to record it after hearing it; being the father of five daughters, its message resonated with him.[3] Upon hearing Adkins's recording of the song, Gorley felt that Adkins had \"made it something more than it was\".[3]", "Sanger D. Shafer Born and raised in Whitney, Texas,[1] Shafer's musical career began in his hometown of Whitney where he played in a school band. In the following years he toured the U.S., performing with, among others, the then-unknown Willie Nelson. In 1967 Shafer moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he signed with the Blue Crest Music Publishing Company. There he wrote two songs for George Jones, \"Between My House and Home\" and \"I'm a New Man in Town\", along with many other tunes for lesser-known acts. Shafer signed contracts with Musicor and RCA as a singer, but he was never as successful as he was as a songwriter.", "Gary U.S. Bonds While Bonds is mostly known for achievements within rhythm and blues and rock and roll, he often transcends these genres, e.g., his song \"She's All I Got\", co-written by Jerry Williams, Jr. (better known as Swamp Dogg), was nominated for the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" in 1972 when it was a big hit for Johnny Paycheck (Freddie North also charted his only pop hit with a soul cover of the same song). He is also a 1997 honoree of the Rhythm & Blues Foundation. Bonds is an accomplished golfer and often plays celebrity PGA Tour events.[6] Bonds guested in Blues Brothers 2000 in 1998 as part of a rival blues supergroup the Louisiana Gator Boys.", "He Stopped Loving Her Today The success of \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" led CBS Records to renew Jones' recording contract and sparked new interest in the singer. Jones earned the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1980. The Academy of Country Music awarded the song Single of the Year and Song of the Year in 1980. It also became the Country Music Association's Song of the Year in both 1980 and 1981. The song became so synonymous with Jones that few singers dared to cover it. Jones recorded the song again with producer Keith Stegall for the 2005 album Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't. A recording of Johnny Cash performing the song is featured on the 2003 collection Unearthed and Trent Summar & the New Row Mob recorded it on 2006's Horseshoes & Hand Grenades.", "T. Graham Brown In 2014 Brown again collaborated with producer Mark Carman to produce the Grammy Nominated album, Forever Changed, featuring guest appearances by industry giants; Leon Russell, The Oak Ridge Boys, Steve Cropper, Jeff and Sheri Easter, The Booth Brothers, Three Bridges, Jimmy Fortune, Sonya Isaacs, and Jason Crabb.[6] In July 2014 the first single from the album was released on the MCM World Media Label. The song, \"He'll Take Care of You\" was written by well known, award-winning songwriters; Dan Penn, Gary Nicholson, and Donnie Fritts. It features vocal and guitar performances by country superstar, Vince Gill.[citation needed]", "He Stopped Loving Her Today Alan Jackson sang the song during George Jones' funeral service on May 2, 2013. George Strait and Jackson sang the song as a tribute during the 2013 CMA Awards on November 6, 2013.", "Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy As listed in liner notes[2]", "Toby Keith Shock'n Y'all, his eighth studio album, was released in November 2003. The album's title is a pun on the military term \"shock and awe\".[19] It became his second album from which all singles went to number 1: \"I Love This Bar\", \"American Soldier\", and \"Whiskey Girl\".[7] Also included on the disc were \"The Taliban Song\" and \"Weed with Willie\", two live songs recorded with Emerick. The album was followed in late 2004 by Greatest Hits 2, which included three new songs: \"Stays in Mexico\", \"Go with Her\", and a cover of Inez and Charlie Foxx's \"Mockingbird\", recorded as a duet with his daughter, Krystal Keith. \"Stays in Mexico\" was a number 3 hit on the country charts, while \"Mockingbird\" peaked at number 27.", "You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone \"You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in June 1995 as the fourth single from their third album Waitin' on Sundown. The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. This is the third single to feature Kix Brooks on lead vocals instead of Ronnie Dunn, and the only single of such that was one of Brooks & Dunn's twenty Billboard Number One hits. The song was written by the duo along with Don Cook." ]	[ "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes The album is best known for the title track and its classic video, which would go on to win the CMA Award for Video of the Year. In the song, Jones sings of the irreplaceability of country music legends, including Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Conway Twitty, Carl Perkins, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Charlie Rich, Marty Robbins, Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell. The music video, which was directed by Marc Ball, takes place at a roadside gas station, where the owner shares with Jones his extensive collection of albums and memorabilia from classic country music artists. It was the singer's first music video and featured him looking healthier than he'd had in years. Jones producer Billy Sherrill appears at the beginning of the video playing the bus driver. At the end of the video, future country star Marty Stuart is one of the two young men in the convertible that pulls up at the gas station as the Jones tour bus pulls away. As Bob Allen writes in his book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, the song \"struck a strong enough chord of empathy with old-time country music lovers to end up number three in Billboard." ]
test2141	what was the religion in persia before islam	[ "doc74531" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc341570", "doc341569", "doc1717056", "doc511563", "doc1077011", "doc1086353", "doc1188841", "doc2679527", "doc2146316", "doc341586", "doc1614567", "doc341592", "doc604536", "doc341593", "doc376995", "doc100433", "doc341591", "doc1086354", "doc848592", "doc800080", "doc341571", "doc341615", "doc1086359", "doc376996", "doc511566", "doc341610", "doc1562652", "doc210249", "doc1533606", "doc445992", "doc2055213", "doc341574", "doc341638", "doc1614568", "doc604473", "doc1912759", "doc1807001", "doc341628", "doc341587", "doc1083519", "doc1634955", "doc2679532", "doc524023", "doc341623", "doc341589", "doc341601", "doc341614", "doc341627", "doc74534", "doc1570947", "doc719186", "doc524003", "doc341580", "doc1993280", "doc1530700", "doc1533608", "doc2168119", "doc74600", "doc1870736", "doc2486280", "doc245603", "doc2679553", "doc1993283", "doc341588", "doc770604", "doc848603", "doc1562644", "doc1276722", "doc1086242", "doc1086357", "doc341653", "doc74598", "doc341594", "doc1177880", "doc523963", "doc1562752", "doc1086387", "doc1937245", "doc2679547", "doc915161", "doc1117354", "doc1775310", "doc2679570", "doc1490026", "doc569526", "doc341578", "doc2679557", "doc2044877", "doc1614571", "doc2679552", "doc1993273", "doc1562638", "doc341647", "doc341621", "doc2182431", "doc2679554", "doc341606", "doc341598", "doc1562641", "doc1078181" ]	[ "Zoroastrianism With possible roots dating back to the second millennium BCE, Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the 5th-century BCE,[3] and along with a Mithraic Median prototype and a Zurvanist Sassanid successor it served as the state religion of the pre-Islamic Iranian empires from around 600 BCE to 650 CE. Zoroastrianism was suppressed from the 7th century onwards following the Muslim conquest of Persia of 633–654.[5] Recent estimates place the current number of Zoroastrians at around 190000, with most living in India and in Iran and their number is declining.[6][7][8][3][n 2] Besides the Zoroastrian diaspora, the older Mithraic faith Yazdânism is still practised amongst Kurds.[n 3]", "Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism,[n 1] or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, \"combining a cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism in a manner unique [...] among the major religions of the world\".[1] Ascribed to the teachings of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra),[2] it exalts a deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its Supreme Being.[3] Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, heaven and hell, and free will have, some believe, influenced other religious systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Christianity, and Islam.[4]", "State religion Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Sassanid dynasty which lasted until 651, when Persia was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate. However, it persisted as the state religion of the independent state of Hyrcania until the 15th century.", "Culture of Iran Zoroastrianism was the national faith of Iran for more than a millennium before the Arab conquest. It has had an immense influence on Iranian philosophy, culture and art after the people of Iran converted to Islam.[3]", "Religion in Asia Zoroastrianism was once the state religion of the Persian Empire, but is now a minority mostly found in India and Iran. It worships a monotheistic god, Ahura Mazda, and was founded by Zoroaster. Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra, in Avestan), probably founded some time before the 6th century BC. The term Zoroastrianism is, in general usage, essentially synonymous with Mazdaism, i.e., the worship of Ahura Mazda, exalted by Zoroaster as the supreme divine authority.", "Iran Historically, early Iranian religions such as the Proto-Iranic religion and the subsequent Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism were the dominant religions in Iran, particularly during the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian eras. This changed after the fall of the Sasanian Empire by the centuries-long Islamization that followed the Muslim Conquest of Iran. Iran was predominantly Sunni until the conversion of the country (as well as the people of what is today the neighboring Republic of Azerbaijan) to Shia Islam by the order of the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century.[124]", "Persian Empire Iranian dynastic history was interrupted by the Arab conquest of Iraq in 651Â AD, establishing the even larger Islamic caliphate, and later by the Mongol invasion. The main religion of ancient Persia was the native Zoroastrianism, but after the seventh century, it was replaced by Islam.", "Zoroaster There is no scholarly consensus on when he lived.[9] However, approximating using linguistic and socio-cultural evidence allows for dating to somewhere in the second millennium BCE. This is done by estimating the period in which the Old Avestan language (as well as the earlier Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Iranian languages and the related Vedic Sanskrit) were spoken, the period in which when the Proto-Indo-Iranian religion was practiced, and correlation between the burial practice described in the Gathas with the archeological Yaz culture. However, other scholars still date him in the 7th and 6th century BCE as a near-contemporary of Cyrus the Great and Darius I.[10][2][11][12][13] Zoroastrianism eventually became the official religion of Ancient Persia and its distant subdivisions from the 6th century BCE to the 7th century CE.[14] Zoroaster is credited with authorship of the Gathas as well as the Yasna Haptanghaiti, hymns composed in his native dialect, Old Avestan, and which comprise the core of Zoroastrian thinking. Most of his life is known from these texts.[7] By any modern standard of historiography, no evidence can place him into a fixed period, and the historicization surrounding him may be a part of a trend from before the 10th century that historicizes legends and myths.[15]", "Theocracy During the Achaemenid Empire, Zoroastrianism was the state religion and included formalized worship. The Persian kings were known to be pious Zoroastrians and also ruled with a Zoroastrian form of law called asha. However, Cyrus the Great, who founded the empire, avoided imposing the Zoroastrian faith on the inhabitants of conquered territory. Cyrus's kindness towards Jews has been cited[citation needed] as sparking Zoroastrian influence on Judaism.", "Zoroastrianism The roots of Zoroastrianism are thought to have emerged from a common prehistoric Indo-Iranian religious system dating back to the early 2nd millennium BCE.[33] The prophet Zoroaster himself, though traditionally dated to the 6th century BC, is thought by many modern historians to have been a reformer of the polytheistic Iranian religion who lived in the 10th century BC.[34] Zoroastrianism as a religion was not firmly established until several centuries later. Zoroastrianism enters recorded history in the mid-5th century BCE. Herodotus' The Histories (completed c. 440Â BCE) includes a description of Greater Iranian society with what may be recognizably Zoroastrian features, including exposure of the dead.", "Achaemenid Empire It was during the Achaemenid period that Zoroastrianism reached South-Western Iran, where it came to be accepted by the rulers and through them became a defining element of Persian culture. The religion was not only accompanied by a formalization of the concepts and divinities of the traditional Iranian pantheon but also introduced several novel ideas, including that of free will.[153][154]", "Zoroastrianism As late as the Parthian period, a form of Zoroastrianism was without a doubt the dominant religion in the Armenian lands.[38] The Sassanids aggressively promoted the Zurvanite form of Zoroastrianism, often building fire temples in captured territories to promote the religion. During the period of their centuries long suzerainty over the Caucasus, the Sassanids made attempts to promote Zoroastrianism there with considerable successes, and it was prominent in the pre-Christian Caucasus (especially modern-day Azerbaijan).", "Monotheism Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion,[128] although Zoroastrianism is often regarded[129] as dualistic, duotheistic or bitheistic, for its belief in the hypostatis of the ultimately good Ahura Mazda (creative spirit) and the ultimately evil Angra Mainyu (destructive spirit). Zorastrianism was once one of the largest religions on Earth, as the official religion of the Persian Empire. By some scholars,[who?] the Zoroastrians (\"Parsis\" or \"Zartoshtis\") are credited with being some of the first monotheists and having had influence on other world religions. Gathered statistics shows the number of adherents at as many as 3.5 million,[130] with adherents living in many regions, including South Asia.", "Zoroastrianism Due to its ties to the Christian Roman Empire, Persia's arch-rival since Parthian times, the Sassanids were suspicious of Roman Christianity, and, after the reign of Constantine the Great, sometimes persecuted it.[39] The Sassanid authority clashed with their Armenian subjects in the Battle of Avarayr (a.d. 451), making them officially break with the Roman Church. But the Sassanids tolerated or even sometimes favored the Christianity of the Church of the East. The acceptance of Christianity in Georgia (Caucasian Iberia) saw the Zoroastrian religion there slowly but surely decline,[40] but as late the 5th century a.d.it was still widely practised as something like a second established religion.[41][42]", "Religion Iranian religions are ancient religions whose roots predate the Islamization of Greater Iran. Nowadays these religions are practiced only by minorities.", "Saudi Arabia Religions of the people of the Arabian Peninsula before Islam consisted of indigenous polytheistic beliefs, Arabian Christianity, Nestorian Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism.[33]", "Zoroastrianism Alexander's conquests largely displaced Zoroastrianism with Hellenistic beliefs,[34] though the religion continued to be practiced many centuries following the demise of the Achaemenids in mainland Persia and the core regions of the former Achaemenid Empire, most notably Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and the Caucasus. In the Cappadocian kingdom, whose territory was formerly an Achaemenid possession, Persian colonists, cut off from their co-religionists in Iran proper, continued to practice the faith [Zoroastrianism] of their forefathers; and there Strabo, observing in the first century B.C., records (XV.3.15) that these \"fire kindlers\" possessed many \"holy places of the Persian Gods\", as well as fire temples.[37] Strabo furthermore relates, were \"noteworthy enclosures; and in their midst there is an altar, on which there is a large quantity of ashes and where the magi keep the fire ever burning.\"[37] It was not until the end of the Parthian period (247 b.c.â€“a.d. 224) that Zoroastrianism would receive renewed interest.[34]", "Iran Today, Twelver Shia Islam is the official state religion, to which about 90% to 95%[368][369] of the population adhere. About 4% to 8% of the population are Sunni Muslims, mainly Kurds and Baloches. The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Christians, Jews, Bahais, Mandeans, Yezidis, Yarsanis, and Zoroastrians.[38][370]", "Religion in the Middle East In the Middle East, Zoroastrianism is found in central Iran.[48] Today, there are estimated to be under 20,000 Zoroastrians in Iran.[49] It is one of the oldest monotheistic religions as it was founded 3500 years ago.[48] It was also one of the most powerful religions in the world for about 1000 years.[48] Now, however, it is considered one of the smallest religions with only 190,000 followers worldwide.[48] There are two deities: Azhura Mazda, who fights for a person’s goodness, and Ahriman, who fights for a person’s evil.[50] It is ultimately up to the individual to decide which deity they will follow. Zoroastreans follow the Avesta which is their primary sacred text.[50]", "Kurds The Persian religion of Zoroastrianism had a major influence on the early Kurdish culture and has maintained some effect since the demise of the religion in the Middle Ages. The Kurdish philosopher Sohrevardi drew heavily from Zoroastrian teachings.[242] Ascribed to the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster, the faith's Supreme Being is Ahura Mazda. Leading characteristics, such as messianism, the Golden Rule, heaven and hell, and free will influenced other religious systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Christianity, and Islam.[243]", "Zoroastrianism The most important texts of the religion are those of the Avesta, which includes the writings of Zoroaster known as the Gathas, enigmatic poems that define the religion's precepts, and the Yasna, the scripture. The full name by which Zoroaster addressed the deity is: Ahura, The Lord Creator, and Mazda, Supremely Wise. The religious philosophy of Zoroaster divided the early Iranian gods of Proto-Indo-Iranian tradition, but focused on responsibility, and did not create a devil per-se. Zoroaster proclaimed that there is only one God, the singularly creative and sustaining force of the Universe, and that human beings are given a right of choice, and because of cause and effect are also responsible for the consequences of their choices. The contesting force to Ahura Mazda was called Angra Mainyu, or angry spirit. Post-Zoroastrian scripture introduced the concept of Ahriman, the Devil, which was effectively a personification of Angra Mainyu.[9][10]", "Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism is often compared with the Manichaeism. Nominally an Iranian religion, it has its origins in the Middle-Eastern Gnosticism. Superficially such a comparison seem apt, as both are dualistic and Manichaeism adopted many of the Yazatas for its own pantheon. Gherardo Gnoli, in The Encyclopaedia of Religion,[67] says that \"we can assert that Manichaeism has its roots in the Iranian religious tradition and that its relationship to Mazdaism, or Zoroastrianism, is more or less like that of Christianity to Judaism\".[68]", "Iran The Sasanian Zoroastrian Fire Temple of Amol.", "Religion Zoroastrianism is based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster in the 6th century BC. Zoroastrians worship the creator Ahura Mazda. In Zoroastrianism good and evil have distinct sources, with evil trying to destroy the creation of Mazda, and good trying to sustain it.", "Culture of Iran Followers of the Christian faith comprise around 250,000 Armenians, around 32,000 Assyrians, and a small number of Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Protestant Iranians that have been converted by missionaries in earlier centuries. Thus, Christians that live in Iran are primarily descendants of indigenous Christians that were converted during the 19th and 20th centuries. Judaism is an officially recognized faith in Iran, and in spite of the hostilities between Iran and Israel over the Palestinian issue, the millennia old Jewish community in Iran enjoys the right to practice their religion freely as well as a dedicated seat in parliament to a representative member of their faith. In addition to Christianity and Judaism, Zoroastrianism is another officially recognized religion in Iran, although followers of this faith do not hold a large population in Iran. In addition, although there have been isolated incidences of prejudice against Zoroastrians, most followers of this faith have not been persecuted for being followers of this faith.[4]", "Zoroastrianism Though the Armenians share a rich history affiliated with Zoroastrianism (that eventually declined with the advent of Christianity), reports indicate that there were Zoroastrian Armenians in Armenia until the 1920s.[56]", "Faravahar Imperial coat of arms prior to the Revolution, containing Faravahar icon. It was a symbol of the state religion of the Persian Empire: Zoroastrianism. Nowadays, it is a common symbol of both the modern and ancient Iranian state (whose name used to be Persia). Although Zoroastrianism is no longer Iran's state religion, it is an important, customary and traditional symbol.", "Spread of Islam It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure.[3] Now however, more complex processes are considered, in light of the more protracted time frame attributed to the progression of the ancient Persian religion to a minority; a progression that is more contiguous with the trends of the late antiquity period.[3] These trends are the conversions from the state religion that had already plagued the Zoroastrian authorities that continued after the Arab conquest, coupled with the migration of Arab tribes into the region during an extended period of time that stretched well into the Abbassid reign.[3]", "Abrahamic religions Yazdânism, or the Cult of Angels, is a proposed pre-Islamic, native religion of the Kurds. The term was introduced by Kurdish scholar Mehrdad Izady to represent what he considers the \"original\" religion of the Kurds[59] as the primary inhabitants of the Zagros Mountains, until their increasing Islamization in the course of the 10th century.[citation needed]", "Philosophy Pre-Islamic Iranian philosophy begins with the work of Zoroaster, one of the first promoters of monotheism and of the dualism between good and evil. This dualistic cosmogony influenced later Iranian developments such as Manichaeism, Mazdakism, and Zurvanism.", "Religion in China Zoroastrianism (琐罗亚斯德教 Suǒluōyàsīdéjiào or 祆教 Xiānjiào, \"Heaven worship teaching\"; also named 波斯教 Bōsījiào, \"Persian teaching\"; also 拜火教 Bàihuǒjiào, \"fire-worshippers' transmission\"; also 白頭教 Báitóujiào, \"old age teaching\")[372][373]:149 was first introduced in northern China in the 4th century, or even earlier, by the Sogdians, and it developed through three stages.[373]:148–149 Some scholars provide evidences that would attest the existence of Zoroastrianism, or broader Iranian religion, in China, as early as the 2nd and 1st century BCE. Worship of Mithra was indeed performed at the court of Emperor Wu of Han (187-87 BCE).[373]:149", "Zoroastrianism The name Zoroaster is a Greek rendering of the name Zarathustra. He is known as Zartosht and Zardosht in Persian and Zaratosht in Gujarati. The Zoroastrian name of the religion is Mazdayasna, which combines Mazda- with the Avestan language word yasna, meaning \"worship, devotion\". In English, an adherent of the faith is commonly called a Zoroastrian or a Zarathustrian. An older expression still used today is Behdin, meaning \"The best Religion \| Beh < Middle Persian Weh (good) + Din < Middle Persian dēn < Avestan Daēnā\". In Zoroastrian liturgy the term is used as a title for an individual who has been formally inducted into the religion in a Navjote ceremony.", "Zoroastrianism In addition, and strongly influenced by Babylonian and Akkadian practices, the Achaemenids popularized shrines and temples, hitherto alien forms of worship. In the wake of Achaemenid expansion, shrines were constructed throughout the empire and particularly influenced the role of Mithra, Aredvi Sura Anahita, Verethregna and Tishtrya, all of which, in addition to their original (proto-)Indo-Iranian functions, now also received Perso-Babylonian functions.", "Achaemenid Empire Under the patronage of the Achaemenid kings, and by the 5th century BC as the de facto religion of the state, Zoroastrianism reached all corners of the empire. The Bible states in the Old Testament that Cyrus the Great allowed the Jews to return to their homeland after decades of captivity by the Assyrian and Babylonian empires.[citation needed]", "Monotheism Since the sixth century BCE, Zoroastrians have believed in the supremacy of one God above all: Ahura Mazda as the \"Maker of All\"[18] and the first being before all others.[19][20][21][22] Nonetheless, Zoroastrianism was not strictly monotheistic[23] because it venerated other yazatas alongside Ahura Mazda. Ancient Hindu theology, meanwhile, was monist, but was not strictly monotheistic in worship because it still maintained the existence of many gods, who were envisioned as aspects of one supreme God, Brahman.[24] Numerous ancient Greek philosophers, including Xenophanes of Colophon and Antisthenes believed in a similar polytheistic monism that came close to monotheism, but fell short.[24] Judaism was the first religion to conceive the notion of a personal monotheistic God within a monist context.[24] The concept of ethical monotheism, which holds that morality stems from God alone and that its laws are unchanging,[25][26] first occurred in Judaism,[27] but is now a core tenet of most modern monotheistic religions, including Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and Bahá'í Faith.[28]", "Nowruz Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of Iranian religions, such as Mitraism and Zoroastrianism. In Mitraism, festivals had a deep linkage with the sun's light. The Iranian festivals such as Mehrgan (autumnal equinox), Tirgan, and the eve of Chelle ye Zemestan (winter solstice) also had an origin in the Sun god (Surya). Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first monotheistic religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as the corresponding work of good and evil in the world, and the connection of humans to nature. Zoroastrian practices were dominant for much of the history of ancient Iran. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six Gahambar festivals and Nowruz, which occurs at the spring equinox. According to Mary Boyce,[53] \"It seems a reasonable surmise that Nowruz, the holiest of them all, with deep doctrinal significance, was founded by Zoroaster himself\"; although there is no clear date of origin.[54] Between sunset on the day of the sixth Gahambar and sunrise of Nowruz, Hamaspathmaedaya (later known, in its extended form, as Frawardinegan; and today known as Farvardigan) was celebrated. This and the Gahambars are the only festivals named in the surviving text of the Avesta.", "Tehran The majority of Tehranis are officially Twelver Shia Muslims, which has also been the state religion since the 16th-century Safavid conversion. Other religious communities in the city include followers of the Sunni and Mystic branches of Islam, various Christian denominations, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bahá'í Faith.", "Zoroastrianism Humata, Hukhta, Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds) are the basic tenets of the religion.", "Zoroastrianism The Histories is a primary source of information on the early period of the Achaemenid era (648–330 BCE), in particular with respect to the role of the Magi. According to Herodotus i.101, the Magi were the sixth tribe of the Medians (until the unification of the Persian empire under Cyrus the Great, all Iranians were referred to as \"Mede\" or \"Mada\" by the peoples of the Ancient World), who appear to have been the priestly caste of the Mesopotamian-influenced branch of Zoroastrianism today known as Zurvanism, and who wielded considerable influence at the courts of the Median emperors.", "History of Asia The Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, ruled an area from Greece and Turkey to the Indus River and Central Asia during the 6th to 4th centuries BCE. Persian politics included a tolerance for other cultures, a highly centralized government, and significant infrastructure developments. Later, in Darius the Great's rule, the territories were integrated, a bureaucracy was developed, nobility were assigned military positions, tax collection was carefully organized, and spies were used to ensure the loyalty of regional officials. The primary religion of Persia at this time was Zoroastrianism, developed by the philosopher Zoroaster. It introduced an early form of monotheism to the area. The religion banned animal sacrifice and the use of intoxicants in rituals; and introduced the concept of spiritual salvation through personal moral action, an end time, and both general and Particular judgment with a heaven or hell. These concepts would heavily influence later emperors and the masses. More importantly, Zoroastrianism would be an important precursor for the Abrahamic religions such as Christianity, Islam, or Judaism. The Persian Empire was successful in establishing peace and stability throughout the Middle East and were a major influence in art, politics (affecting Hellenistic leaders), and religion.", "Archangel An increasing number of experts in anthropology, theology and philosophy, believe that Zoroastrianism contains the earliest distillation of prehistoric belief in angels.[3]", "Zoroaster In Middle Persian, the name is Zardu(x)št,[22] in Parthian Zarhušt,[23] in Manichaean Middle Persian Zrdrwšt,[22] in Early New Persian Zardušt,[22] and in modern (New Persian), the name is زرتشت Zartosht.", "History of Iran The culmination of the Persianization movement was the Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, written almost entirely in Persian. This voluminous work, reflects Iran's ancient history, its unique cultural values, its pre-Islamic Zoroastrian religion, and its sense of nationhood. According to Bernard Lewis:[60]", "Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism was founded by Zoroaster (or Zarathustra), later deemed a prophet, in ancient Iran. The precise date of the founding of Zoroastrianism is uncertain. Zoroaster was born in either Northeast Iran or Southwest Afghanistan. He was born into a culture with a polytheistic religion, which included animal sacrifice[71] and the ritual use of intoxicants, quite similar to early forms of Hinduism in India. Zoroaster's birth and early life are little documented. What is known is recorded in the Gathasâ€”the core of the Avesta, which contains hymns thought to be composed by Zoroaster himself. Born into the Spitama clan, he worked as a priest. He had a wife, three sons, and three daughters.", "Zoroastrianism Darius I and later Achaemenid emperors acknowledged their devotion to Ahura Mazda in inscriptions, as attested to several times in the Behistun inscription, and appear to have continued the model of coexistence with other religions. Whether Darius was a follower of Zoroaster has not been conclusively established, since devotion to Ahura Mazda was (at the time) not necessarily an indication of an adherence to Zoroaster's teaching. A number of the Zoroastrian texts that today are part of the greater compendium of the Avesta have been attributed to that period. This calendar attributed to the Achaemenid period is still in use today. Additionally, the divinities, or yazatas, are present-day Zoroastrian angels (Dhalla, 1938).", "Zoroastrianism With Iranian (especially Persian) support, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750, and in the subsequent caliphate government—that nominally lasted until 1258—Muslim Iranians received marked favor in the new government, both in Iran and at the capital in Baghdad. This mitigated the antagonism between Arabs and Iranians, but sharpened the distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims. The Abbasids zealously persecuted heretics, and although this was directed mainly at Muslim sectarians, it also created a harsher climate for non-Muslims.[51] Although the Abbasids were deadly foes of Zoroastrianism, the brand of Islam they propagated throughout Iran became in turn ever more \"Zoroastrianized\", making it easier for Iranians to embrace Islam.", "Zoroastrianism The religion of Zoroastrianism is closest to Vedic religion. Some historians believe that Zoroastrianism, along with similar philosophical revolutions in South Asia were interconnected strings of reformation against a common Indo-Aryan thread. Many traits of Zoroastrianism can be traced back to the culture and beliefs of the prehistorical Indo-Iranian period, that is, to the time before the migrations that led to the Indo-Aryans and Iranics becoming distinct peoples. Zoroastrianism consequently shares elements with the historical Vedic religion that also has its origins in that era. An example is the relation of the Avestan word Ahura (\"Ahura Mazda\") and the Vedic Sanskrit word Asura (\"demon; evil demigod\"), and Daeva (\"demon\") and Deva (\"god\"). They are descended from a common Proto-Indo-Iranian religion. Vedic religious texts are replete with people from far flung countries practising or leaving Aryan teachings.[66]", "Zoroastrianism In the country of King Vishtaspa in Bactria, the king and queen heard Zoroaster debating with the religious leaders of the land and decided to accept Zoroaster's ideas as the official religion of their kingdom. Zoroaster died in his late 70s. Very little is known of the time between Zoroaster and the Achaemenian period, except that Zoroastrianism spread to Western Iran. By the time of the founding of the Achaemenid Empire, Zoroastrianism was already a well-established religion.", "Muslim conquest of Persia Iranian historians have defended their forebears vis a vis Arab sources to illustrate that \"contrary to the claims of some historians, Iranians, in fact, fought long and hard against the invading Arabs.\"[5] By 651, most of the urban centers in Iranian lands, with the notable exception of the Caspian provinces (Tabaristan) and Transoxiana, had come under the domination of the Arab armies. Many localities fought against the invaders; ultimately, none were successful. In fact, although Arabs had established hegemony over most of the country, many cities rose in rebellion by killing the Arab governor or attacking their garrisons. Eventually, military reinforcements quashed the insurgency and imposed Islamic control. The violent subjugation of Bukhara is a case in point: Conversion to Islam was gradual, partially as the result of this violent resistance; however, Zoroastrian scriptures were burnt and many priests were executed.[6] However, the Persians began to reassert themselves by maintaining Persian language and culture. Islam would become the dominant religion late in the medieval ages.[7][8]", "Hinduism and other religions Zoroastrianism in India shares more than a thousand year of history with the culture and people of India. The Zoroastrians of India are called there Parsis.", "Central Asia Buddhism and Zoroastrianism were the major faiths in Central Asia prior to the arrival of Islam. Zoroastrian influence is still felt today in such celebrations as Nowruz, held in all five of the Central Asian states.[citation needed]", "History of Iran The Muslim conquest of Persia ended the Sasanian Empire and led to the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. Over time, the majority of Iranians converted to Islam. Most of the aspects of the previous Persian civilizations were not discarded, but were absorbed by the new Islamic polity. As Bernard Lewis has commented:", "Zoroastrianism Zoroastrian theology includes a duty to protect nature. This has led some to proclaim it as the \"world's first ecological religion.\" Scholars have argued that, since the protections are part of a ritual, they stem from theology rather than ecology. Others have responded that, since the scripture calls for the protection of water, earth, fire, air, as one of its strongest precepts, it is, in effect, an ecological religion: \"It is not surprising that Mazdaism (another term for Zoroastrianism) is called the ﬁrst ecological religion. The reverence for Yazatas (divine spirits) emphasizes the preservation of nature (Avesta: Yasnas 1.19, 3.4, 16.9; Yashts 6.3–4, 10.13).\" [28]", "Ahura Mazda Whether the Achaemenids were Zoroastrians is a matter of much debate. However, it is known that the Achaemenids were worshipers of Ahura Mazda.[7] The representation and invocation of Ahura Mazda can be seen on royal inscriptions written by Achaemenid kings. The most notable of all the inscriptions is the Behistun Inscription written by Darius I which contains many references to Ahura Mazda. An inscription written in Greek was found in a late Achaemenid temple at Persepolis which invoked Ahura Mazda and two other spirits, most likely Mithra and Anahita. On the Elamite Persepolis Fortification Tablet 377, Ahura Mazda is invoked along with Mithra and Voruna (Apam Napat, probably vedic Varuna, \"water-god\"). Artaxerxes III makes this invocation to the three spirits again in his reign.", "History of Central Asia At this time Central Asia was a heterogeneous region with a mixture of cultures and religions. Buddhism remained the largest religion, but was concentrated in the east. Around Persia, Zoroastrianism became important. Nestorian Christianity entered the area, but was never more than a minority faith. More successful was Manichaeism, which became the third largest faith. Many Central Asians practised more than one faith, and almost all of the local religions were infused with local shamanistic traditions.[citation needed]", "Abrahamic religions The concept of YazdÃ¢nism has found a wide perception both within and beyond Kurdish nationalist discourses, but has been disputed by other recognized scholars of Iranian religions. Well established, however, are the \"striking\" and \"unmistakable\" similarities between the Yazidis and the Yaresan or Ahl-e Haqq,[61] some of which can be traced back to elements of an ancient faith that was probably dominant among Western Iranians[62] and likened to practices of pre-Zoroastrian Mithraic religion.[63] Mehrdad Izady defines the Yazdanism as an ancient Hurrian religion and states that Mitannis could have introduced some of the Vedic tradition that appears to be manifest in Yazdanism.[64]", "Nestorianism Now firmly established in Iran, with centers in Nisibis, Ctesiphon, and Gundeshapur, and several metropolides, the Nestorian Persian Church began to branch out beyond the Sasanian Empire. However, through the sixth century, the church was frequently beset with internal strife and persecution by Zoroastrians. The infighting led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. However, immediately afterward Roman-Persian conflict led to the persecution of the church by the Sassanid emperor Khosrow I; this ended in 545. The church survived these trials under the guidance of Patriarch Aba I, who had converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism.[11]", "Muslim conquest of Persia There were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities, along with smaller numbers of Buddhists and other groups. However, there was a slow but steady movement of the population towards Islam. The nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert. Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dihqans, or landed gentry. By the late 10th century, the majority of the Persians had become Muslim. Until the 15th century, most Persian Muslims were Sunni Muslims[citation needed], though today Iran is known as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, recognizing Islam as their religion and the prophet's son in law, Ali as an enduring symbol of justice.[citation needed]", "Persepolis A bas-relief at Persepolis, representing a symbol in Zoroastrianism for Nowruz.[1]", "Cinema of Iran After the conversion from Zoroastrianism to Islam — a religion in which visual symbols were avoided — Persian art continued its visual practices. Persian miniatures provide great examples of such continued attempts. The deliberate lack of perspective in Persian miniature enabled the artist to have different plots and sub-plots within the same image space. A very popular form of such art was Pardeh Khani. Another type of art in the same category was Naqqali.[8]", "Armenia Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to a set of beliefs that, in Persia, led to the emergence of Zoroastrianism. It particularly focused on the worship of Mithra and also included a pantheon of gods such as Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. The country used the solar Armenian calendar, which consisted of 12 months.", "Zoroaster The 12th-century heresiographer al-Shahrastani describes the Majusiya into three sects, the Kayumarthiya, the Zurwaniya and the Zaradushtiya, among which Al-Shahrastani asserts that only the last of the three were properly followers of Zoroaster. As regards the recognition of a prophet, Zoroaster has said: \"They ask you as to how should they recognize a prophet and believe him to be true in what he says; tell them what he knows the others do not, and he shall tell you even what lies hidden in your nature; he shall be able to tell you whatever you ask him and he shall perform such things which others cannot perform.\" (Namah Shat Vakhshur Zartust, .5–7. 50–54) When the companions of Muhammad, on invading Persia, came in contact with the Zoroastrian people and learned these teachings, they at once came to the conclusion that Zoroaster was really a Divinely inspired prophet. Thus they accorded the same treatment to the Zoroastrian people which they did to other \"People of the Book\".[citation needed]", "Ahura Mazda During the Sassanid Empire, a heretical[9][10][11] form of Zoroastrianism, termed Zurvanism, emerged. It gained adherents throughout the Sassanid Empire, most notably the royal lineage of Sassanian emperors. Under the reign of Shapur I, Zurvanism spread and became a widespread cult. Zurvanism revokes Zoroaster's original message of Ahura Mazda as the uncreated spirit, and the \"uncreated creator\" of all, and reduces him to a created spirit, one of two twin sons of Zurvan, their father and the primary spirit. Zurvanism also makes Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu of equal strength and only contrasting spirits.", "Zoroastrianism Following the unification of the Median and Persian empires in 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great and, later, his son Cambyses II curtailed the powers of the Magi after they had attempted to sow dissent following their loss of influence. In 522 BCE, the Magi revolted and set up a rival claimant to the throne. The usurper, pretending to be Cyrus' younger son Smerdis, took power shortly thereafter.[36] Owing to the despotic rule of Cambyses and his long absence in Egypt, \"the whole people, Persians, Medes and all the other nations\" acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a remission of taxes for three years (Herodotus iii. 68).", "Week The Zoroastrian calendar follows the Babylonian in relating the seventh and other days of the month to Ahura Mazda.[24] The forerunner of all modern Zoroastrian calendars is the system used to reckon dates in the Persian Empire, adopted from the Babylonian calendar by the 4th century BC.", "Religion in the Middle East Religion in Iran is made up of 98% Islam (Shi'a 89%, Sunni 9%) and 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i.[58] There was much religious oppression and executions of members of the Bahâ€™ai faith. Religious minorities are now beginning to hold a larger presence and significance in Iran and are being acknowledged as such.", "Faravahar After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the Lion and Sun, which was part of Iran's original national flag, was banned by the government from public places in order to prevent people from being reminded of life prior to the revolution. Nevertheless, Faravahar icons were not removed. As a result, the Faravahar icon became a national symbol amongst the people, and it became somewhat tolerated by the government as opposed to the Lion and Sun. The Faravahar is the most worn pendant amongst Iranians[citation needed] and has become a national symbol, rather than a religious icon because it has been absconded with by non-Zoroastrians, although its Zoroastrian roots should not be ignored. It's the symbol of the state religion of the Persian Empire: Zoroastrianism. Nowadays, it is a common symbol of both the modern and ancient Iranian state (which used to be Persia). Although Zoroastrianism is no longer Iran's state religion, it is an important, customary and traditional symbol. The winged discs has a long history in the art and culture of the ancient Near and Middle East.[citation needed] In Neo-Assyrian times, a human bust is added to the disk,[citation needed] the \"feather-robed archer\" interpreted as symbolizing Ashur.[citation needed] and the winged disc- Anshar", "Caucasus As the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia (an eponymous branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia) was the first nation to adopt Christianity as state religion (in 301 AD), and Caucasian Albania and Georgia had become Christian entities, Christianity began to overtake Zoroastrianism and pagan beliefs. With the Muslim conquest of Persia, large parts of the region came under the rule of the Arabs, and Islam penetrated into the region.[19]", "Iran The prolonged Byzantine–Sasanian wars, most importantly the climactic war of 602–628, as well as the social conflict within the Sasanian Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion of Iran in the seventh century.[93][94] The empire was initially defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate, which was succeeded by the Umayyad Caliphate, followed by the Abbasid Caliphate. Meanwhile, the prolonged and gradual process of Islamization was followed, which targeted Iran's then Zoroastrian majority and included religious persecution,[95][96][97] demolition of libraries[98] and fire temples,[99] a special tax penalty (\"jizya\"),[100][101] and language shift.[102][103]", "Iran Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament.[143] But the Bahá'í Faith, which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran[377] is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century, while according to statistics center of Iran, Bahais constitute only about 0.37% of Iran, namely about 25.000 to 40.000 people, and it is also said that there does seem to be a kind of exaggeration in declaration of their population by the order of Bahais heads.[378][379] Since the 1979 Revolution, the persecution of Bahais has increased with executions and denial of civil rights, especially the denial of access to higher education and employment.[380][381][382]", "Zoroastrianism Iran's figures of Zoroastrians have ranged widely; the last census (1974) before the revolution of 1979 revealed 21,400 Zoroastrians.[81] Some 10,000 adherents remain in the Central Asian regions that were once considered the traditional stronghold of Zoroastrianism, i.e., Bactria (see also Balkh), which is in Northern Afghanistan; Sogdiana; Margiana; and other areas close to Zoroaster's homeland. In Iran, emigration, out-marriage and low birth rates are likewise leading to a decline in the Zoroastrian population. Zoroastrian groups in Iran say their number is approximately 60,000.[82] According to the Iranian census data from 2011 the number of Zoroastrians in Iran was 25,271.[83]", "Muslim conquest of Persia After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Zoroastrians were given dhimmi status and subjected to persecutions; discrimination and harassment began in the form of sparse violence.[59][60] Zoroastrians were made to pay an extra tax called jizya, failing which they were either killed, enslaved or imprisoned. Those paying jizya were subjected to insults and humiliation by the tax collectors.[61][62][63] Zoroastrians who were captured as slaves in wars were given their freedom if they converted to Islam.[61][64]", "Zoroastrianism Most of the Sassanid Empire was overthrown by the Arabs over the course of 16 years in the 7th century. Although the administration of the state was rapidly Islamicized and subsumed under the Umayyad Caliphate, in the beginning \"there was little serious pressure\" exerted on newly subjected people to adopt Islam.[43] Because of their sheer numbers, the conquered Zoroastrians had to be treated as dhimmis (despite doubts of the validity of this identification that persisted down the centuries),[44] which made them eligible for protection. Islamic jurists took the stance that only Muslims could be perfectly moral, but \"unbelievers might as well be left to their iniquities, so long as these did not vex their overlords.\"[44] In the main, once the conquest was over and \"local terms were agreed on\", the Arab governors protected the local populations in exchange for tribute.[44]", "History of Christianity The Sasanian (Persian) Empire had many Christian converts early in its history tied closely to the Syriac branch of Christianity. The Empire was officially Zoroastrian and maintained a strict adherence to this faith in part to distinguish itself from the religion of the Roman Empire (originally the pagan Roman religion and then Christianity). Christianity became tolerated in the Sasanian Empire and as the Roman Empire increasingly exiled heretics during the 4th and 6th centuries, the Sasanian Christian community grew rapidly.[51] By the end of the 5th century the Persian Church was firmly established and had become independent of the Roman Church. This church evolved into what is today known as the Church of the East.", "History of Iran The Muslim conquest of Persia (633â€“654) ended the Sasanian Empire and is a turning point in Iranian history. Islamization of Iran took place during the eighth to tenth centuries, leading to the eventual decline of Zoroastrianism in Iran as well as many of its dependencies. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity and civilization.", "History of the Middle East The Middle East was the birthplace of the Abrahamic, Gnostic, and most Iranian religions. Initially the ancient inhabitants of the region followed various ethnic religions, but most of those began to be gradually replaced at first by Christianity (even before the 313 AD Edict of Milan) and finally by Islam (after the spread of the Muslim conquests beyond the Arabian Peninsula in 634 AD). To this day, however, the Middle East has, in particular, some sizable, ethnically distinct Christian minority groups, as well as Jews, concentrated in Israel, and followers of Iranian religions, such as Yazdânism and Zoroastrianism. Some of the smaller ethnoreligious minorities include the Shabak people, the Mandaeans and the Samaritans. It is somewhat controversial whether the Druze religion is a distinct religion in its own right or merely a part of the Ismailist branch of Shia Islam.", "Iran The Cyrus Cylinder, which is known as \"the first charter of human rights\", is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zoroaster, and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid era.[414][415] The earliest tenets of Zoroastrian schools are part of the extant scriptures of the Zoroastrian religion in Avestan. Among them are treatises such as the Zatspram, Shkand-gumanik Vizar, and Denkard, as well as older passages of the Avesta and the Gathas.[416]", "Name of Iran The exonym Persia was the official name of Iran in the Western world before March 1935, but the Iranian people inside their country since the time of Zoroaster (probably circa 1000 BC), or even before, have called their country Arya, Iran, Iranshahr, Iranzamin (Land of Iran), Aryānām (the equivalent of Iran in the proto-Iranian language) or its equivalents. The term Arya has been used by the Iranian people, as well as by the rulers and emperors of Iran, from the time of the Avesta. Evidently from the time of the Sassanids (226–651 CE) Iranians have called it Iran, meaning \"the land of Aryans\" and Iranshahr. In Middle Persian sources, the name Arya and Iran is used for the pre-Sassanid Iranian empires as well as the Sassanid empire. As an example, the use of the name \"Iran\" for Achaemenids in the Middle Persian book of Arda Viraf refers to the invasion of Iran by Alexander the Great in 330 BC.[12] The Proto-Iranian term for Iran is reconstructed as Aryānām (the genitive plural of the word *Arya); the Avestan equivalent is Airyanem (as in Airyanem Vaejah). The internal preference for \"Iran\" was noted in some Western reference books (e.g. the Harmsworth Encyclopaedia, circa 1907, entry for Iran: \"The name is now the official designation of Persia.\") but for international purposes, Persia was the norm.", "Zoroaster He taught about free will,[57] and opposed the use of the hallucinogenic Haoma plant in rituals, polytheism, over-ritualising religious ceremonies and animal sacrifices, as well an oppressive class system in Persia which earned him strong opposition among local authorities.[58] Eventually, at the age of about forty-two, he received the patronage of queen Hutaosa and a ruler named Vishtaspa, an early adherent of Zoroastrianism (possibly from Bactria according to the Shahnameh).[59] Zoroaster's teaching about individual judgment, Heaven and Hell, the resurrection of the body, the Last Judgment, and everlasting life for the reunited soul and body, among other things, became borrowings in the Abrahamic religions, but they lost the context of the original teaching.[60]", "Freedom of religion In Iran, the constitution recognizes four religions whose status is formally protected: Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.[85] The constitution, however, also set the groundwork for the institutionalized persecution of Bahá'ís,[86] who have been subjected to arrests, beatings, executions, confiscation and destruction of property, and the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education.[85] There is no freedom of conscience in Iran, as converting from Islam to any other religion is forbidden.", "Georgia (country) From the first centuries A.D, the cult of Mithras, pagan beliefs, and Zoroastrianism were commonly practised in Georgia.[27] In 337 AD King Mirian III declared Christianity as the state religion, giving a great stimulus to the development of literature, arts, and ultimately playing a key role in the formation of the unified Georgian nation,[28][29] The acceptance led to the slow but sure decline of Zoroastrianism,[30] which until the 5th century AD, appeared to have become something like a second established religion in Iberia (eastern Georgia), and was widely practised there.[31] In the ensuing period, until the course of the 7th century, what is now Georgia remained dominated by the Romans and Sasanians.", "Freedom of religion by country The Iranian constitution was drafted during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906;[22] While the constitution was modelled on Belgium's 1831 constitution, the provisions guaranteeing freedom of worship were omitted.[23] Subsequent legislation provided some recognition to the religious minorities of Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians, in addition to majority Muslim population, as equal citizens under state law, but it did not guarantee freedom of religion and \"gave unprecedented institutional powers to the clerical establishment.\"[23] The Islamic Republic of Iran, that was established after the Iranian revolution, recognizes four religions, whose status is formally protected: Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.[24] Members of the first three minority religions receive special treatment under Iranian law.", "Zoroaster The Greeks—in the Hellenistic sense of the term—had an understanding of Zoroaster as expressed by Plutarch, Diogenes Laertius, and Agathias[79] that saw him, at the core, to be the \"prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples,\" Beck notes that \"the rest was mostly fantasy\".[80] Zoroaster was set in the ancient past, six to seven millennia before the Common Era, and was described as a king of Bactria or a Babylonian (or teacher of Babylonians), and with a biography typical of a Neopythagorean sage, i.e. having a mission preceded by ascetic withdrawal and enlightenment.[80] However, at first mentioned in the context of dualism, in Moralia, Plutarch presents Zoroaster as \"Zaratras,\" not realizing the two to be the same, and he is described as a \"teacher of Pythagoras\".[81][35]", "Al-Masudi Persia was a vast empire with a history that was already ancient before the arrival of Islam. Al-Masâ€˜udi was aware of the influence of ancient Babylon on Persia. He had access to a wealth of translations by scholars such as ibn al-Muqaffa from Middle Persian into Arabic. In his travels he also personally consulted Persian scholars and Zoroastrian priests. He thus had access to much material, factual and mythical. Like all other Arabic historians he was unclear on the Achaemenid dynasty, though he knew of Kurush (Cyrus the Great). He was much clearer on the more recent dynasties and his estimation of the time between Alexander the Great and Ardashir is much more accurately depicted than it is in al-Tabari.", "Parsi At the time of the Muslim conquest of Persia, the dominant religion of the region (which was ruled by the Sasanian Empire) was Zoroastrianism. Iranians rebelled against Muslim conquerors for almost 200 years. During this time many Iranians who are now called Parsi chose to preserve their religious identity by fleeing from Iran to India.[12]", "Zoroastrianism Other scholars assert that since Zoroastrianism's divinity covers both being and mind as immanent entities, it is better described as a belief in an immanent self-creating universe with consciousness as its special attribute, thereby putting Zoroastranism in the pantheistic fold where it can be easily traced to its shared origin with Indian Brahmanism.[25][26] In any case, Ahura Mazda's creation—evident is widely agreed as asha, truth and order—is the antithesis of chaos, which is evident as druj, falsehood and disorder. The resulting conflict involves the entire universe, including humanity, which has an active role to play in the conflict.[27]", "Zoroaster Zoroaster appears in the Bahá'í Faith as a \"Manifestation of God\", one of a line of prophets who have progressively revealed the Word of God to a gradually maturing humanity. Zoroaster thus shares an exalted station with Abraham, Moses, Krishna, Jesus, Muhammad, the Báb, and the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh.[71] Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, saw Bahá'u'lláh as the fulfillment of a post-Sassanid Zoroastrian prophecy that saw a return of Sassanid emperor Bahram:[72] Shoghi Effendi also stated that Zoroaster lived roughly 1000 years before Jesus.[e]", "Origins of Judaism Other scholars[who?] contend that the development of a strict monotheism was the result of cultural diffusion between Persians and Hebrews. While (in practice) dualistic, Zoroastrianism believed in eschatological monotheism (i.e. only one god in the end). Some suggest that it is not merely coincidence that Zoroastrianism's model of eschatological monotheism and the Deuteronomic historians' strictly monotheistic model receive formative articulations during the period after Persia overthrew Babylon.[19]", "Achaemenid Empire Herodotus also observed that \"no prayer or offering can be made without a magus present\"[157] but this should not be confused with what is today understood by the term magus, that is a magupat (modern Persian: mobed), a Zoroastrian priest. Nor does Herodotus' description of the term as one of the tribes or castes of the Medes necessarily imply that these magi were Medians. They simply were a hereditary priesthood to be found all over Western Iran and although (originally) not associated with any one specific religion, they were traditionally responsible for all ritual and religious services. Although the unequivocal identification of the magus with Zoroastrianism came later (Sassanid era, 3rdâ€“7th century AD), it is from Herodotus' magus of the mid-5th century that Zoroastrianism was subject to doctrinal modifications that are today considered to be revocations of the original teachings of the prophet. Also, many of the ritual practices described in the Avesta's Vendidad (such as exposure of the dead) were already practiced by the magu of Herodotus' time.[citation needed]", "Zoroaster The apostate Zaradusht then eventually made his way to Balkh (present day Afghanistan) where he converted Bishtasb (i.e. Vishtaspa), who in turn compelled his subjects to adopt the religion of the Magians. Recalling other tradition, al-Tabari (i.681–683[65]) recounts that Zaradusht accompanied a Jewish prophet to Bishtasb/Vishtaspa. Upon their arrival, Zaradusht translated the sage's Hebrew teachings for the king and so convinced him to convert (Tabari also notes that they had previously been Sabis) to the Magian religion.[65]", "Ahura Mazda Ahura Mazda (/əˌhʊərə ˈmæzdə/;[1] also known as Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hourmazd, Hormazd, Harzoo and Hurmuz) is the Avestan name for the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism, the old Iranian religion that spread across the Middle East, before ultimately being relegated to small minorities after the Muslim conquest of Iran. Ahura Mazda is described as the highest spirit of worship in Zoroastrianism, along with being the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna. The literal meaning of the word Ahura is \"mighty\" or \"lord\", and Mazda is \"wisdom\".", "Faravahar The Faravahar (Persian: فروهر‬‎), also known as Farr-e Kiyani (فر کیانی‬), is one of the best-known symbols of Iran. It symbolizes Zoroastrianism, the main religion of pre-Islamic Persia, and Iranian nationalism.[1][2]", "Zoroastrianism The Zarathushtri also practice traditional head covering ritual similar to that of Judaism. It is vital to the practice, and according to Hoshang Bhadha,[yearÂ needed][unreliable source?]", "Zoroastrianism The compilation of these ancient texts was successfully established underneath the Mazdean priesthood and the Sassanian emperors. Only a fraction of the texts survive today. The later manuscripts all date from this millennium, the latest being from 1288, 590 years after the fall of the Sassanian Empire. The texts that remain today are the Gathas, Yasna, Visperad and the Vendidad. Along with these texts is the communal household prayer book called the Khordeh Avesta, which contains the Yashts and the Siroza. The rest of the materials from the Avesta are called \"Avestan fragments\".[70]", "Armenians The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism,[41] while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities).[42] in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 301,[43] partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems.[44] In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land,[41] but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and paganism in Armenia gradually declined.[44][45] \nLater on, in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in 405 AD. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 AD to the rivalling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the regions in which Armenians lived.", "Zoroaster Though the name of Zoroaster is not mentioned in the Qur'an, still he was regarded as one of those prophets whose names have not been mentioned in the Qur'an, for there is a verse in the Qur'an: \"And We did send apostles before thee: there are some of them that We have mentioned to thee and there are others whom We have not mentioned to Thee.\" (40 : 78). Accordingly, the Muslims treated the founder of Zoroastrianism as a true prophet and believed in his religion as they did in other inspired creeds, and thus according to the prophecy, protected the Zoroastrian religion. James Darmesteter remarked in the translation of Zend Avesta: \"When Islam assimilated the Zoroastrians to the People of the Book, it evinced a rare historical sense and solved the problem of the origin of the Avesta.\" (Introduction to Vendidad. p. 69.)", "Zoroastrianism The struggle between Zoroastrianism and Islam declined in the 10th and 11th centuries. Local Iranian dynasties, \"all vigorously Muslim,\"[53] had emerged as largely independent vassals of the Caliphs. In the 16th century, in one of the early letters between Iranian Zoroastrians and their co-religionists in India, the priests of Yazd lamented that \"no period [in human history], not even that of Alexander, had been more grievous or troublesome for the faithful than 'this millennium of the demon of Wrath'.\"[54]", "Zoroastrianism Though subject to a new leadership and harassment, the Zoroastrians were able to continue in their former ways. But there was a slow but steady social and economic pressure to convert.[47][48] The nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, with Islam more slowly being accepted among the peasantry and landed gentry.[49] \"Power and worldly-advantage\" now lay with followers of Islam, and although the \"official policy was one of aloof contempt, there were individual Muslims eager to proselytize and ready to use all sorts of means to do so.\"[48]", "Faravahar Even after the Arab conquest of Iran, Zoroastrianism continued to be part of Iranian culture. Throughout the year, festivities are celebrated such as the Iranian New Year or Nowruz, Mehregan, and Chaharshanbe Suri. These are remnants of Zoroastrian traditions. From the start of the 20th century, the Farvahar icon found itself in public places and became a known icon amongst all Iranians.", "Axial Age Zoroastrianism, another of Jaspers' examples, is one of the first monotheistic religions and some believe it greatly influenced modern Abrahamic religions with such conceptions as the devil and Heaven/Hell.[16] The exact date of Zoroaster's life is debated by scholars, with some, such as Mary Boyce, arguing that Zoroastrianism itself is significantly older.[16] Others, such as William W Malandra and RC Zaehner, suggest that he may indeed have been an early contemporary of Cyrus living around 600 BC.[17] However, Boyce and other leading scholars who once supported much earlier dates for Zarathustra/Zoroaster have recently changed their position on the time when he likely lived, so that there is an emerging consensus regarding him as a contemporary or near-contemporary of Cyrus the Great.[18]" ]	[ "Muslim conquest of Persia The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran,[2], led to the end of the Sasanian Empire in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia." ]
test2686	where did the new york giants baseball play	[ "doc92003" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1359501", "doc92009", "doc1359497", "doc1359494", "doc1359506", "doc92003", "doc1149068", "doc1359503", "doc534719", "doc2384468", "doc795038", "doc1149062", "doc92024", "doc1359495", "doc1359504", "doc92010", "doc1359493", "doc1359502", "doc1782597", "doc92004", "doc1782594", "doc1760374", "doc1359526", "doc1359525", "doc1359559", "doc92006", "doc534678", "doc2384426", "doc1359558", "doc1149063", "doc1359517", "doc2292734", "doc1044955", "doc201595", "doc1359499", "doc1359511", "doc795040", "doc1359530", "doc201578", "doc1359500", "doc45372", "doc422883", "doc1044951", "doc92017", "doc92018", "doc1359516", "doc1149083", "doc1149066", "doc1149085", "doc2025836", "doc45374", "doc1149186", "doc1359547", "doc1359521", "doc1359507", "doc1359509", "doc1359536", "doc1149084", "doc201579", "doc1359513", "doc1059089", "doc45383", "doc2025843", "doc1359545", "doc92013", "doc344879", "doc92026", "doc92008", "doc201574", "doc1359518", "doc1359524", "doc92005", "doc92007", "doc2292719", "doc2292733", "doc92025", "doc2384440", "doc1782677", "doc92020", "doc1387354", "doc2605042", "doc20965", "doc1359546", "doc430076", "doc201683", "doc331402", "doc534680", "doc2025834", "doc211953", "doc201682", "doc86211", "doc534679", "doc1478378", "doc2384428", "doc867346", "doc92014", "doc2292705", "doc1149191", "doc1359515", "doc92012" ]	[ "Polo Grounds The Giants opened the 1889 season at Oakland Park in Jersey City, New Jersey, playing their first two games there.[4][5] Four days later, they moved to the St. George Cricket Grounds (where the Metropolitans had continued to play until their demise in 1887).[6]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants' original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, also dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to Fifth and Sixth Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, in Harlem in upper Manhattan. After their eviction from that first incarnation of the Polo Grounds after the 1888 season, they moved further uptown to various fields which they also named the \"Polo Grounds\" located between 155th and 159th Streets in Harlem and Washington Heights, playing in the Washington Heights located famous Polo Grounds until the end of the 1957 season, when they moved to San Francisco.", "Polo Grounds The original Polo Grounds stood at 110th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue, directly across 110th Street from the northeast corner of Central Park. The venue's original purpose was for the sport of polo, and its name was initially merely descriptive, not a formal name, often rendered as \"the polo grounds\" in newspapers. The Metropolitans, an independent team of roughly major-league caliber, was the first professional baseball team to play there, beginning in September 1880, and remained the sole professional occupant through the 1882 season. At that time the Metropolitans' ownership had the opportunity to bring it into the National League, but elected instead to organize a new team, the New York Gothams — who soon came to be known as the Giants — mainly using players from the Metropolitans and the newly defunct Troy Trojans, and entered it in the National League, while bringing what remained of the Metropolitan club into the competing American Association. For this purpose the ownership built a second diamond and grandstand at the park, dividing it into eastern and western fields for use by the Giants and Metropolitans respectively. Polo Grounds I thus hosted its first Major League Baseball games in 1883 as the home stadium of two teams, the American Association Metropolitans and the National League Gothams.[1] The dual-fields arrangement proved unworkable because of faulty surfacing of the western field, and after various other arrangements were tried, the Metropolitans and Giants alternated play on the eastern field in later years until the Metropolitans moved to the St. George Cricket Grounds on Staten Island in 1886.", "Polo Grounds In baseball, the original Polo Grounds was home to the New York Metropolitans from 1880 until 1885, and the New York Giants from 1883 until 1888. The Giants played in the second Polo Grounds for part of the 1889 season and all of the 1890 season, and at the third and fourth Polo Grounds from 1891 through 1957. The Polo Grounds was also the home field of the New York Yankees from 1913 until 1922 and the New York Mets in their first two seasons of 1962 and 1963. It hosted the 1934 and 1942 Major League Baseball All-Star Games.", "Polo Grounds Known as \"Brotherhood Park\" when it opened in 1890, Polo Grounds III was the home of a second New York Giants franchise in the Players' League. The latter was a creation of Major League Baseball's first union, the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players. After failing to win concessions from National League owners, the Brotherhood founded its own league in 1890. The Players' League Giants played in a new stadium called Brotherhood Park, located in the northern half of Coogan's Hollow, next door to the old Polo Grounds II, otherwise bounded by rail yards and the bluff. Brotherhood Park hosted its first game on April 19, 1890.[11] For one year the two editions of the Giants were neighbors, with the National League Giants still playing in Polo Grounds II. If the teams played on the same day, fans in the upper decks could watch each other's games, and home run balls hit in one park might land on the other team's playing field. After only one season the Players' League folded, and the Brotherhood's members went back to the National League. The National League Giants then moved out of Polo Grounds II and into Brotherhood Park, which was bigger. They took their stadium's name with them, turning Brotherhood Park into the Polo Grounds. They stayed there for 69 seasons.[12]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The New York Giants were the New York Cityâ€“based incarnation of the present day San Francisco Giants prior to the team's relocation to San Francisco in 1958. The franchise was based in the New York metropolitan area from the team's inception in 1883 through the 1957 season. During most of its seasons in New York, the Giants played home games in the Polo Grounds in the Upper Manhattan region of New York City.", "San Francisco Giants The Giants' original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, in Harlem in upper Manhattan. After their eviction from that first incarnation of the Polo Grounds after the 1888 season, they moved further uptown to various fields they also named the Polo Grounds located between 155th and 159th Streets in Harlem and Washington Heights, playing in the Washington Heights Polo Grounds until the end of the 1957 season, when they moved to San Francisco.", "Polo Grounds The new site was overlooked to the north and west by a steep promontory known as Coogan's Bluff. Because of its elevation, fans frequently watched games from the Bluff without buying tickets.[8] The ballpark itself was in bottomland known as Coogan's Hollow. The grandstand had a conventional curve around the infield, but because of the shape of the property left the center field area actually closer than left center or right center. This was not much of an issue in the \"dead ball era\" of baseball. The land remained in the Coogan estate, and the Giants were renters for their entire time at the ballpark. The Brooklyn Dodgers played a pair of home series at this ballpark in late July and early August 1890.[9]", "Sports in New York City Throughout the twentieth century, the city has had several historic sports venues: the original Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees from 1923 to 2008, before the team moved into their new stadium in 2009; Ebbets Field, home of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1913 until 1957, which was torn down in 1960; and the Polo Grounds in northern Harlem, which was the home of the New York Giants of Major League Baseball from 1911 to 1957 (and the first home of the New York Mets) before being demolished in 1964. The Mets, who previously played at Shea Stadium, moved into the newly constructed Citi Field in 2009. Also the current Madison Square Garden, atop Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan, is actually the fourth separate building to use that name; the first two were near Madison Square, hence the name, and the third was at 50th Street and Eighth Avenue.", "Sports in the New York metropolitan area Throughout the twentieth century, the city has had several historic sports venues: the original Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees from 1923 to 2008, before the team moved into their new stadium in 2009; Ebbets Field, home of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1913 until 1957, which was torn down in 1960; and the Polo Grounds in northern Harlem, which was the home of the New York Giants of Major League Baseball from 1911 to 1957 (and the first home of the New York Mets) before being demolished in 1964. The Mets, who previously played at Shea Stadium, moved into the newly constructed Citi Field in 2009. Also the current Madison Square Garden, atop Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan, is actually the fourth separate building to use that name; the first two were near Madison Square, hence the name, and the third was at 50th Street and Eighth Avenue.", "Manhattan Manhattan is the only borough in New York City that does not have a professional baseball franchise. The Bronx has the Yankees (American League) and Queens has the Mets (National League) of Major League Baseball. The Minor League Baseball Brooklyn Cyclones play in Brooklyn, while the Staten Island Yankees play in Staten Island. However, three of the four major league baseball teams to play in New York City played in Manhattan. The original New York Giants baseball team played in the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue from their inception in 1883—except for 1889, when they split their time between Jersey City and Staten Island, and when they played in Hilltop Park in 1911—until they headed to California with the Brooklyn Dodgers after the 1957 season.[273] The New York Yankees began their franchise as the Highlanders, named for Hilltop Park, where they played from their creation in 1903 until 1912. The team moved to the Polo Grounds with the 1913 season, where they were officially christened the New York Yankees, remaining there until they moved across the Harlem River in 1923 to Yankee Stadium.[274] The New York Mets played in the Polo Grounds in 1962 and 1963, their first two seasons, before Shea Stadium was completed in 1964.[275] After the Mets departed, the Polo Grounds was demolished in April 1964, replaced by public housing.[276][277]", "San Francisco Giants As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams, the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball.[6] The team was the first major league team based in New York City, most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds. They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions – both NL records. The Giants' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall (New York Yankees are first with 27, then the St. Louis Cardinals (the National League record-holders) with 11, the Oakland Athletics with 9, and the Boston Red Sox also with 8). The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times – 14 times in New York, six in San Francisco – but boycotted the event in 1904.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants' final three years in New York City were unmemorable. They stumbled to third place the year after their World Series win, and attendance fell off precipitously. While seeking a new stadium to replace the crumbling Polo Grounds, the Giants began to contemplate a move from New York, initially considering Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington, Minnesota, which was home to their top farm team, the Minneapolis Millers. Under the rules of the time, the Giants' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area (the Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961).", "Polo Grounds In football, the third Polo Grounds was home to the New York Brickley Giants for one game in 1921 and the New York Giants from 1925 to 1955. The New York Jets of the American Football League played at the stadium from the league's inaugural season of 1960 through 1963.", "Polo Grounds After the National League version of the New York Giants moved into Polo Grounds III in 1891, Polo Grounds II was referred to as Manhattan Field, and was converted for other sports such as football and track-and-field. It still existed as a structure for nearly 20 more years. Babe Ruth's first home run as a Yankee, on May 1, 1920, was characterized by the New York Times reporter as a \"sockdolager\" (i.e. a decisive blow), and was described as traveling \"over the right field grand stand into Manhattan Field.\"[10] Bill Jenkinson's modern research indicates the ball traveled about 500 feet in total, after clearing the Polo Grounds double decked right field stand. Manhattan Field was a playground or vacant lot by then. Some years later, the area was paved over, to serve as a parking lot for the Polo Grounds.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 & 1889. But nearly all of the Giants' stars jumped to the upstart newly-organized rival loop, the Players' League, whose New York franchise was also named the Giants, in 1890. The new team even built a stadium next door to the NL Polo Grounds. With a decimated roster, the NL Giants finished a distant sixth. Attendance took a nosedive, and the financial strain affected Day's tobacco business as well. The Players' League dissolved after the single season, and Day sold a minority interest in his NL Giants to the defunct PL Giants' principal backer, Edward Talcott. As a condition of the sale, Day had to fire Mutrie as manager. Although the Giants rebounded to third place in 1891, Day was forced to sell a controlling interest to Talcott at the end of the '91 season.", "Polo Grounds The Polo Grounds was the name of three stadiums in Upper Manhattan, New York City, used mainly for professional baseball and American football from 1880 until 1963. As the name suggests, the original Polo Grounds, opened in 1876 and demolished in 1889, was built for the sport of polo. Bound on the south and north by 110th and 112th Streets and on the east and west by Fifth and Sixth (Lenox) Avenues, just north of Central Park, it was converted to a baseball stadium when leased by the New York Metropolitans in 1880. The third Polo Grounds, built in 1890 and renovated after a fire in 1911, is the one generally indicated when the Polo Grounds is referenced. It was located in Coogan's Hollow and was noted for its distinctive bathtub shape, very short distances to the left and right field walls, and an unusually deep center field.", "Polo Grounds After closing out a homestand at the St. George Grounds on June 14, the Giants went on the road. Upon their return on July 8 they had relocated again, to another site within Manhattan at the far terminus of the then Ninth Avenue Elevated at 155th Street and 8th Avenue (now Frederick Douglass Boulevard).[7] Despite their vagabond existence in 1889, the Giants managed to win the pennant for the second consecutive year.", "Yankee Stadium (1923) The Yankees had played at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan since 1913, sharing the venue with the New York Giants. However, relations between the two teams were rocky, with the Giants harboring resentment towards the Yankees. For the 1920 season, the Yankees acquired star slugger Babe Ruth and in his first year with his new team, the Yankees drew 1.3Â million fans to the Polo Grounds, outdrawing the Giants. By the middle of 1920, the Giants had issued an eviction notice to the Yankees, which was soon rescinded.[6] In 1921, the Yankees won their first American League pennant (but lost the then-best-of-nine 1921 World Series to the Giants in eight games, all played at the Polo Grounds). This exacerbated Giants owner Charles Stoneham's resentment of the Yankees and reinforced his insistence that the Yankees find another place to play their home games. The Giants derisively suggested that the Yankees relocate \"to Queens or some other out-of-the-way place\".[7]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) Numerous inductees of the Baseball Hall of Fame played for the New York Giants, including John McGraw, Mel Ott, Bill Terry, Willie Mays, Monte Irvin, and Travis Jackson. During the club's 75-season tenure in New York, it won five of the franchise's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 24 National League pennants. Famous moments in the Giants' New York history include the 1922 World Series, in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games, the 1951 homerun known as the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\", and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as \"the Catch\".", "Yankee Stadium (1923) Yankee Stadium was a stadium located in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It was the home ballpark of the New York Yankees, one of the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises, from 1923 to 1973 and then from 1976 to 2008. The stadium hosted 6,581 Yankees regular season home games during its 85-year history. It was also the former home of the New York Giants football team from 1956 through the first part of the 1973â€“74 football season. The stadium's nickname, \"The House That Ruth Built\",[3] is derived from Babe Ruth, the baseball superstar whose prime years coincided with the stadium's opening and the beginning of the Yankees' winning history. It has also been known as \"The Big Ballpark in The Bronx\", \"The Stadium\", and \"The Cathedral of Baseball\".", "List of San Francisco Giants seasons The San Francisco Giants are a professional baseball team based in San Francisco, California. They have been a member of the National League (NL), as a part of Major League Baseball, since the team's inception in 1883. They joined the NL West following the establishment of divisions within the league in 1969. The Giants played 75 seasons in New York City, New York, as the New York Gothams and New York Giants, spending the majority of their seasons at the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan.[1] The Giants relocated to San Francisco in 1958, briefly playing at Seals Stadium. After sharing Candlestick Park for 29 years with the San Francisco 49ers National Football League team, the Giants moved to their current home, AT&T Park, in 2000.[2]", "Polo Grounds Both the New York Giants of the National Football League and the New York Jets (then known as the New York Titans) of the American Football League used the Polo Grounds as their home field before moving on to other sites. The Giants moved initially to Yankee Stadium in 1956 while the Jets, founded in 1960, followed the New York Mets to Shea Stadium in 1964.", "Polo Grounds Other than the name, there is no relation between the Brickley Giants and the modern New York Giants franchise.[19]", "Polo Grounds Polo Grounds c. 1923", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants began as the second baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie. The Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League seven years after its 1876 formation, in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans (the original New York Mets) played in the rival American Association (1882-1891). Nearly half of the original Gothams players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans in upstate New York, whose place in the National League the Gothams inherited. While the Metropolitans were initially the more successful club, after they won the 1884 AA championship, Day and Mutrie began moving star players to the NL Gothams, whose fortunes improved while the Metropolitans' afterwards slumped.", "Sports in New York City New York has historically had many short-lived baseball clubs including the New York Mutuals, Brooklyn Atlantics, Brooklyn Enterprise, Excelsior of Brooklyn and Brooklyn Eckfords of the National Association of Baseball Players; the New York Knickerbockers, one of the first baseball teams; the New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Gladiators of the American Association (19th century); the New York Giants (PL) and Brooklyn Ward's Wonders of the Players' League; the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League; the Brooklyn Bushwicks, Springfield Greys, Barton's Nighthawks, Glendale Farmers, Mount Vernon Scarlets, Union City Reds, Carlton's of the Bronx, and Bay Parkway, Bay Ridge, Cedarhurst, West New York, and Queens Club of The Metropolitan Baseball Association;[12] and the New York Highlanders and Brooklyn Bridegrooms, precursors to the Yankees and Dodgers. There were also two Newark Bears teams Newark Bears and Newark Bears (International League). Negro league baseball teams also were present in New York, including the Brooklyn Royal Giants, Newark Stars, Lincoln Giants, Newark Browns, New York Black Yankees, New York Cubans, and the Newark Eagles.", "Sports in the New York metropolitan area New York has historically had many short-lived baseball clubs including the New York Mutuals, Brooklyn Atlantics, Brooklyn Enterprise, Excelsior of Brooklyn and Brooklyn Eckfords of the National Association of Baseball Players; the New York Knickerbockers, one of the first baseball teams; the New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Gladiators of the American Association (19th century); the New York Giants (PL) and Brooklyn Ward's Wonders of the Players' League; the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League; the Brooklyn Bushwicks, Springfield Greys, Barton's Nighthawks, Glendale Farmers, Mount Vernon Scarlets, Union City Reds, Carlton's of the Bronx, and Bay Parkway, Bay Ridge, Cedarhurst, West New York, and Queens Club of The Metropolitan Baseball Association;[12] and the New York Highlanders and Brooklyn Bridegrooms, precursors to the Yankees and Dodgers. There were also two Newark Bears teams Newark Bears and Newark Bears (International League). Negro league baseball teams also were present in New York, including the Brooklyn Royal Giants, Newark Stars, Lincoln Giants, Newark Browns, New York Black Yankees, New York Cubans, and the Newark Eagles.", "Polo Grounds Polo Grounds c. 1922", "San Francisco Giants Playing as the New York Giants, they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players like Christy Mathewson, Carl Hubbell, Mel Ott, Bobby Thomson, and Willie Mays. The Giants' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball.[7] The Giants' rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports.[8][9] The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers, respectively, before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season.", "Polo Grounds Frustrated with the obsolescence and increasing dilapidation of the Polo Grounds, Stoneham seriously considered having the Giants become tenants of the Yankees in the Bronx. He also considered moving to a proposed stadium that would have been owned by the city.[16] However, when both of those plans fizzled, the Giants announced on August 19, 1957, that they would move following that season, after nearly three-quarters of a century, to San Francisco, California, following the Dodgers to the West Coast. The Giants had won five World Series in the Polo Grounds.", "History of the New York Giants As the complex was being built, and their current home at Yankee Stadium was being renovated, they would be without a home for three years, and dubbed \"the orphans of the NFL.\"[74] Their final full season at Yankee Stadium was 1972. After playing their first two games there in 1973, the Giants played the rest of their home games in 1973, as well as all of their home games in 1974, at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut.[75] This was done out of a desire to have their own home field, as opposed to having to share Shea Stadium with the Jets.[76] However, between access problems, neighborhood issues, the fact that the Yale Bowl was not ideally suited for pro football (the stadium did not have lights, nor does it today), the age of the stadium (built in 1914), and the lack of modern amenities, the Giants reconsidered their decision and agreed to share Shea Stadium with the Jets in 1975.[75] New York left the Yale Bowl after losing all seven home games played there in 1974 and compiling a home record of 1â€“11 over that two-year stretch.[77]", "New York Mets For the first two years of its existence, the team played its home games at the historic Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan. In 1964, they moved into newly constructed Shea Stadium in Flushing, Queens, where the Mets played until the 2008 season. In 2009, the club moved into Citi Field, adjacent to the former Shea Stadium site.", "New York Yankees After the 1957 departures of the Dodgers and Giants for the West Coast, New York City was a one-team town for the first time since professional play began. In 1962, the sports scene in New York changed when the National League expanded to include a new expansion team, the New York Mets, who played at the Giants' former home, the Polo Grounds, for two seasons while Shea Stadium was under construction in nearby Flushing, Queens. The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees would win the 1962 World Series, their tenth in the past sixteen years, defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games. It would be the Yankees' last championship until 1977.", "Polo Grounds The original Polo Grounds was used not only for Polo and professional baseball, but often for college baseball and football as well â€“ even by teams outside New York. The earliest known surviving image of the field is an engraving of a baseball game between Yale University and Princeton University on Decoration Day, May 30, 1882.[2] Yale and Harvard also played their traditional Thanksgiving Day football game there on November 29, 1883 and November 24, 1887.[3] (See Football below)", "Polo Grounds The New York Yankees sublet the Polo Grounds from the Giants during 1913â€“1922 after their lease on Hilltop Park expired. After the 1922 season, the Yankees built Yankee Stadium directly across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds, which spurred the Giants to expand their park to reach a comparable seating capacity to stay competitive. However, since nearly all the new seating was in the outfield, Yankee Stadium still had more desirable seats than did the Polo Grounds for watching baseball. However, the Polo Grounds became better suited for football due to the new seating placement.", "Manhattan Though both of New York City's football teams play today across the Hudson River in MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, both teams started out playing in the Polo Grounds. The New York Giants played side-by-side with their baseball namesakes from the time they entered the National Football League in 1925, until crossing over to Yankee Stadium in 1956.[282] The New York Jets, originally known as the Titans, started out in 1960 at the Polo Grounds, staying there for four seasons before joining the Mets in Queens in 1964.[283]", "Polo Grounds The first soccer played at the Polo Grounds was as far back as 1894 when the owners of the various major baseball clubs thought it would be a great way to fill their stadiums in the off-season. Six famous baseball franchises of the era formed Association Football sections and fans were told that many would be fielding their baseball stars on the football field in the opening season. The New York Giants soccer team took the field in all-white uniforms with black socks and played six games before the threat of a rival baseball league being formed diverted the owner's attention away from their new venture and caused it to be suspended mid-season. The Giants lay third in the league after six games with two victories, having played their matches in midweek in front of attendances in the high hundreds paying 25 cents a game. Although the owners remained positive about the venture and wanted to run it again the following season this never happened and the Giants' soccer team was no more.[21][22]", "New York Yankees Ruth's multitude of home runs proved so popular that the Yankees began drawing more people than their National League counterpart, the Giants.[15] In 1921—the year after acquiring Babe Ruth—the Yankees played in their first World Series. They competed against the Giants, and all eight games of the series were played in the Polo Grounds. After the 1922 season, the Yankees were told to move out of the Polo Grounds. Giants manager John McGraw was said to have commented that the Yankees should \"move to some out-of-the-way place, like Queens\", but they instead broke ground for a new ballpark in the Bronx, right across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds. In 1922, the Yankees returned to the World Series again, and were dealt a second defeat at the hands of the Giants. Important newcomers in this period were manager Miller Huggins and general manager Ed Barrow. The hiring of Huggins by Ruppert in 1918 would cause a rift between the owners that eventually led to Ruppert buying Huston out in 1923.", "Polo Grounds New York City was in the process of extending its street grid into uptown Manhattan in 1889. Plans for an extended West 111th Street ran through the Polo Grounds. City workers are said[by whom?] to have shown up suddenly one day and begun cutting through the fence to lay out the new street. With the Giants having won the National League pennant the year before there was significant sentiment in the city against the move; a bill was even passed by the state legislature giving the Giants a variance which would allow the park to stand. Governor David B. Hill, who had campaigned for office on a \"home rule\" pledge, vetoed it on the grounds that whatever he might think of the forced destruction of the park, the will of the city government was to be respected. The loss of their park forced the Giants to look quickly for alternative grounds.", "New York Giants The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area. The Giants compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement. The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex.[4][5]", "New York City New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\".[459] There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens,[460] and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx.[461] who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships,[462] while the Mets have won the World Series twice.[463] The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once,[464] and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.[465] There are also two Minor League Baseball teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones[466] and Staten Island Yankees.[467]", "New York Mets One of baseball's first expansion teams, the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York's departed NL teams, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants. The Mets' colors are composed of the Dodgers' blue and the Giants' orange, which also form the outer two bands of the New York City flag.[4] During the 1962 and 1963 seasons, the Mets played their home games at the Polo Grounds. From 1964 to 2008, the Mets' home ballpark was Shea Stadium. In 2009, they moved into their current ballpark, Citi Field.[4]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants experienced a mixture of success and hard luck in the early 1910s, losing three straight World Series in 1911â€“1913 to the A's, Red Sox and A's again (two seasons later, both the Giants and the A's, decimated by the short-lived rival third loop, the Federal League of 1914-1915, with the \"jumping ship\" signings of many of their stars, finished in eighth [last] place). After losing the 1917 Series to the Chicago White Sox (the last \"Chisox Series\" win until 2005), the Giants played in four straight World Series in the early 1920s, winning the first two over their Polo Grounds fellow tenants, the Yankees (after winning the first two of their many pennants, led by their new young slugger and former Red Sox and Orioles pitcher George Herman \"Babe\" Ruth), then losing to the Yankees in 1923 after old Yankee Stadium had opened that May. They also lost in 1924, when the Washington Senators won their only World Series while in D.C. (prior to their move to Minneapolis - St. Paul as the Minnesota Twins before the 1961 season and their later 1987 & 1991 Series wins there).", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) McGraw handed over the team to Bill Terry after the 1932 season, and Terry played for and managed the Giants for ten years, winning three pennants, defeating the Senators in the 1933 World Series but swept by the Yankees in consecutive fall classics, 1936 and 1937. Aside from Terry himself, the other stars of the era were slugger Mel Ott and southpaw hurler Carl Hubbell. Known as \"King Carl\" and \"The Meal Ticket\", Hubbell gained fame in the first two innings of the 1934 All-Star Game (played at the Polo Grounds) by striking out five future AL Hall of Famers in a row: Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jimmie Foxx, Al Simmons and Joe Cronin.", "Polo Grounds The football Giants left for Yankee Stadium across the Harlem River following the 1955 NFL season, and the baseball Giants' disastrous 1956 season (most of which they spent in last place before a late-season surge moved them up to sixth) caused a further drag on ticket sales. The Giants' 1956 attendance was less than half of the figure for the Giants' World Series-winning 1954 season. This hit Giants owner Horace Stoneham particularly hard. He was not nearly as wealthy as his fellow owners; the Giants were his sole source of income. As such, the departure of the football Giants and the baseball Giants' increasingly meager ticket sales left him with little to no money for stadium upkeep.", "San Francisco Giants The Giants' final three years in New York City were unmemorable. They reached third place the year after the World Series win in 1954 after which attendance fell off precipitously. While seeking a new stadium to replace the crumbling Polo Grounds the owners began to contemplate a move from New York, initially considering Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington, Minnesota, which was home to their top farm team, the Minneapolis Millers. Under the rules of the time the Giants' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area. The Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961.", "San Francisco Giants The Giants began as the second baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie. The Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans played in the American Association. Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans, whose place in the National League the Gothams inherited. While the Metropolitans were initially the more successful club, Day and Mutrie began moving star players to the Gothams, and in 1888 the team won its first National League pennant, as well as a victory over the St. Louis Browns in a pre-modern-era World Series. They repeated as champions the next year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn \"Bridegrooms\".", "San Francisco Giants New York remained a one-team town with the New York Yankees until 1962, when Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city. Owners Payson and M. Donald Grant, who became the Mets' chairman, had been the only Giants board members to vote against the Giants' move to California. The \"NY\" script on the Giants' caps and the orange trim on their uniforms, along with the blue background used by the Dodgers, was adopted by the Mets, honoring their New York National League forebears with a blend of Giants orange and Dodgers blue.[14]", "History of the New York Yankees New York started playing home games at the Polo Grounds in 1913 as tenants of the Giants.[33] Before the 1913 season, the team gained an official nickname for the first time. Either \"Yankees\" or \"Yanks\" had been used frequently since 1904 in newspapers such as the New York Evening Journal, since \"Highlanders\" was hard to fit in headlines.[34] Such unofficial nicknames were common during that era,[15] but thereafter the official name took hold—the New York Yankees.[35]", "New York Giants To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name, the football team was incorporated as the \"New York National League Football Company, Inc.\" in 1929 and changed to \"New York Football Giants, Inc.\" in 1937. While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season, the football team continues to use \"New York Football Giants, Inc.\" as its legal corporate name,[6] and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the \"New York Football Giants\". The team has also acquired several nicknames, including \"Big Blue\", the \"G-Men\", and the \"Jints\", an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News, originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York. Additionally, the team as a whole is occasionally referred to as the \"Big Blue Wrecking Crew\", even though this moniker primarily and originally refers to the Giants defensive unit during the 80s and early 90s (and before that to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s).[7]", "San Francisco Giants The Giants-Dodgers feud began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City, with the Dodgers based in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan. After the 1957 season, Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles primarily for financial reasons.[103] Along the way, he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham (who was considering moving his team to Minnesota) to preserve the rivalry by taking his team to San Francisco as well.[103] New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move.[103][104] Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been competitors in economic, cultural and political arenas, their new California venues became fertile ground for transplantation of the ancient rivalry.", "Polo Grounds The light poles from the Polo Grounds remain in use at Phoenix Municipal Stadium, a minor league facility in Phoenix, Arizona, built in 1964. When the stadium was built, Horace Stoneham, owner of the San Francisco Giants, had the original Polo Grounds light poles shipped there. The Giants held spring training at the stadium's predecessor since 1947 and played at the new ballpark during spring training 1964. The poles were installed in the stadium where they currently remain standing.[41]", "Polo Grounds The final iteration of the Polo Grounds was demolished in 1964, beginning in April with the same wrecking ball (painted to look like a baseball) that had been used four years earlier on Ebbets Field. The wrecking crew wore Giants jerseys and tipped their hard hats to the historic stadium as they began dismantlement. It took a crew of 60 workers more than four months to level the structure. The site is now home to the Polo Grounds Towers, a public housing project opened in 1968 and managed by the New York City Housing Authority.", "Polo Grounds On Friday, April 14, 1911, a fire of unknown origin swept through the stadium's horseshoe-shaped grandstand, consuming wood and leaving only steel uprights in place. The gaps between some sections of the stands saved a good portion of the outfield seating and the clubhouse from destruction. Giants owner John T. Brush decided to rebuild the Polo Grounds with concrete and steel, renting Hilltop Park from the Yankees during reconstruction.", "Polo Grounds The Giants rose from the ashes along with their ballpark, winning the National League pennant in 1911 (as they also would in 1912 and 1913). As evidenced from the World Series programs, the team renamed the new structure Brush Stadium in honor of their then-owner John T. Brush, but the name did not stick, and it died with him. The remaining old bleachers were demolished during the 1923 season when the permanent double-deck was extended around most of the rest of the field and new bleachers and clubhouse were constructed across center field. This construction gave the stadium its familiar bathtub style shape, as well as a new nickname, \"The Bathtub\".", "Polo Grounds The Polo Grounds were the site of three different oval tracks. The first track, a ¼ mile dirt oval, was used for midget racing in 1940 and 1941. The second, a 1/5 mile board track, was used briefly in 1948. The final track, a ¼ mile paved oval, was used for stock car racing in 1958 and 1959, after the Giants moved to San Francisco.[23][24]", "San Francisco Giants At that time, the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher. Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson, majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles. O'Malley had been told by the other National League team owners that the Dodgers could not move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California, out of concern regarding travel costs.[13] He pushed Stoneham toward relocation, and so in the summer of 1957 both the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers announced their moves to California, ending the three-team golden age of baseball in New York City.", "New York Yankees In 1923, the Yankees moved to their new home, Yankee Stadium. It was the first triple-deck venue in baseball and seated an astounding 58,000 people. In the first game at Yankee Stadium, Babe Ruth hit a home run, which was fitting as his home runs and drawing power paid for the stadium, giving it its nickname of \"The House That Ruth Built\".[9] At the end of the season, the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series for the third straight year, and triumphed in the brand new ballpark for their first championship. Prior to that point, the Giants had been the city's icon and dominant team. From 1923 onward, the Yankees would assume that role, and many years later the Giants would leave Coogan's Bluff for San Francisco.", "Polo Grounds The Polo Grounds was the site of one of the most iconic moments in baseball history - the historic \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\" walk-off home run on October 3, 1951 that decided the hard-fought National League pennant playoff series between the Giants and their cross-town rivals, the Brooklyn Dodgers.", "Mets–Yankees rivalry However, in 1958, both of New York's National League teams moved to California, the Giants to San Francisco to become the San Francisco Giants, and the Dodgers to Los Angeles to become the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Yankees were New York City's only Major League Baseball team until 1962, when the expansion Mets joined the National League. The Mets sought to create a fan base from fans of the departed National League teams, and adopted the Giants' NY insignia in the Giant color of orange set against a cap of Dodger blue. They played their first two seasons in the Giants' old stadium, the Polo Grounds, before moving into Shea Stadium in the borough of Queens.", "New York Giants The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut in 1973 and 1974, and at Shea Stadium (home of the Mets and Jets) in 1975, due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium. They finally moved into their own dedicated state-of-the-art stadium in 1976,[21] when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford, New Jersey. One of the low points during this period was the play known as the \"Miracle at the Meadowlands\", which occurred in 1978.[29] With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles,[29] offensive coordinator, Bob Gibson, chose to call a running play. This resulted in \"The Fumble\" by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game-winning touchdown by the Eagles' Herman Edwards.[29]", "History of the New York Yankees By 1923, the teams no longer shared the Polo Grounds, as Giants owner Charles Stoneham had attempted to evict the Yankees in 1920. Although the attempt was unsuccessful,[74] and Stoneham and the Yankees' owners agreed to a two-year lease renewal,[75] the Giants indicated that the Yankees would not receive an extension after 1922.[76] The treatment pushed the Yankees into seeking their own stadium. In 1921, the team bought a plot of land in the Bronx, and the construction crew finished the new ballpark before the 1923 season.[77] Yankee Stadium, a triple-deck facility, was originally designed to hold more than 55,000 spectators; it was later able to hold over 70,000.[78] Writer Peter Carino called the stadium \"a larger and more impressive facility than anything yet built to house a baseball team.\"[79] At Yankee Stadium's inaugural game on April 18, 1923, Ruth hit the first home run in the stadium, which sportswriter Fred Lieb named \"the House That Ruth Built\" as the Yankees would not have needed such a large stadium without the Ruth-driven attendance. Ruth himself had a resurgence after receiving vocal criticism for his 1922 World Series performance. He shared the MLB lead with Cy Williams by hitting 41 home runs in the 1923 season, and had a career-best .393 batting average; his performance earned him the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award.[80][81] The Yankees finished first for the third consecutive year, and faced the Giants again in the 1923 World Series. Giants outfielder Casey Stengel hit game-winning home runs in two of the first three games of the World Series, but Ruth's three home runs helped the Yankees win in six games for their first MLB title.[82] Off the field, Ruppert purchased Huston's share of the Yankees for $1,250,000, assuming full ownership of the club.[83]", "Polo Grounds The only part of the Polo Grounds that still remains is the \"John T. Brush Stairway\",[34] which runs down Coogan's Bluff from Edgecombe Avenue to Harlem River Driveway at about 158th Street.[35] The stairway, named for John T. Brush—the then-recently deceased owner of the Giants—opened in 1913 and led to a ticket booth overlooking the stadium. The stairway reportedly offered a clear view of the stadium for fans who did not purchase tickets to a game. A marker on the stairway reads: \"The John T. Brush Stairway Presented By The New York Giants.\"[35]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants already had their share of stars beginning in the 1880s & 1890s, such as \"Smiling\" Mickey Welch, Roger Connor, Tim Keefe, Jim O'Rourke and John Montgomery Ward, the player-lawyer who formed the renegade Players' League in 1890 to protest unfair player contracts. McGraw, a veteran of the infamous 1890s Baltimore Orioles, in his three decades managing the Giants, cultivated a new crop of baseball heroes with names like Christy Mathewson, \"Iron Man\" Joe McGinnity, Jim Thorpe, Red Ames, Casey Stengel, Art Nehf, Edd Roush, Rogers Hornsby, Bill Terry and Mel Ott.", "Opening Day In 1907, the New York Giants forfeited their game at the Polo Grounds to the Philadelphia Phillies, 9â€“0, after rowdy fans made and threw snowballs. Without police available to restore order, umpire Bill Klem awarded the game to the Phillies.[12]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) New York would remain a one-team town with the New York Yankees until 1962, when Joan Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city (as part of MLB's first wave of expansion). Owners Payson and M. Donald Grant, who became the Mets' chairman, had been the only Giants board members to vote against the Giants' move to California. The \"NY\" script on the Giants' caps and the orange trim on their uniforms, along with the blue background used by the Dodgers, would be adopted by the Mets, honoring their New York NL forebears with a blend of Giants orange and Dodgers blue.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The team won its first National League pennant in 1888, as well as a victory over the St. Louis Browns in an early incarnation of the pre-modern-era World Series. They repeated as champions the next year with a pennant and world championship victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.", "New York Yankees The original Polo Grounds burned down in 1911 and the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park during reconstruction. Relations between the two teams warmed, and the Highlanders would move into the newly rebuilt Polo Grounds in 1913. Now playing on the Harlem River, a far cry from their high-altitude home, the name \"Highlanders\" no longer applied, and fell into disuse among the press. The media had already widely adopted the \"Yankees\" nickname coined by the New York Press, and in 1913 the team became officially known as the New York Yankees.", "Polo Grounds The ballpark then sat largely vacant for nearly three years, until the newly formed Titans of New York (present-day New York Jets) began play in 1960, followed by the newly formed Mets in 1962, using the Polo Grounds as an interim home while Shea Stadium was being built. As a 1962 baseball magazine noted, \"The Mets will have to play in the Polo Grounds, hardly the last word in 20th Century stadia.\"", "Polo Grounds The first professional football game played in New York City was played at the Polo Grounds on December 4, 1920. The game featured the Buffalo All-Americans against the Canton Bulldogs in the first year of the American Professional Football Association. The Buffalo All-Americans won the game, 7-3. Some argue that the Buffalo All-Americans are tied with the Akron Pros for the first championship of the American Professional Football Association, which soon came to be known as the National Football League. In 1921 the NFL's New York Brickley Giants played the final game of their 1921 season against the Cleveland Indians at the Polo Grounds. The game ended in a 17â€“0 Giants loss.[18] Shortly afterwards, the team folded. The Brickley Giants were originally formed with the intent of competing in 1919, and having all of their home games held at the Polo Grounds. However, after the team's first practice, the 1919 schedule, that began with an opening day game against the Massillon Tigers, was scratched because of conflict with New York's blue laws. In 1919, the city allowed professional baseball on Sunday and the Giants thought the law would also apply to football. However, it was ruled that professional football was still outlawed on Sundays, so the team disbanded until 1921.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers; games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series. The New York–Brooklyn rivalry carried over to the West Coast when the Dodgers relocated to Los Angeles at during the same year and continues today as a Los Angeles–San Francisco rivalry.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) It is said that after one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie (who was also the team's manager) stormed into the dressing room and exclaimed, \"My big fellows! My giants!\"[1] From then on (1885), the club was known as the Giants.", "History of the New York Giants Following the 1953 season, an important transition in Giants history occurred. After being the team's coach for 23 years, Steve Owen was fired by Wellington and Jack Mara, and replaced by Jim Lee Howell.[43] Wellington later described the move by calling it \"the hardest decision I'd ever made\".[43] New York went 7–5 in 1954 under Howell.[5] In their 31st and final season playing their home games at the Polo Grounds in 1955, they went 5–1–1 over their final seven games to finish 6–5–1.[44] They were led by rejuvenated running back Frank Gifford, who played the entire season solely on offense for the first time in several years.[45]", "History of the New York Giants Desiring their own home stadium, in 1973, the Giants reached an agreement with the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority to play their home games at a new, state-of-the-art, dedicated football stadium.[73] Later named Giants Stadium, it was to be built at a new sports complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[73]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) At this time, the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher. Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson, majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles. O'Malley had been told that the Dodgers would not be allowed to move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California as well. He pushed Stoneham toward relocation, and so in the summer of 1957 both the Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers announced their moves to California, ending the three-team golden age of baseball in New York City.", "Sports in the New York metropolitan area Since 2010 both the New York Giants and the New York Jets play in MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey near New York City. In 2014 the stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII. The Giants and Jets were previously located in New York City (both teams played in the Polo Grounds and Shea Stadium, and the Giants played in Yankee Stadium). Neither team plays in the city itself presently, as both teams are located in the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, playing in Giants Stadium for many years before moving to MetLife Stadium. The Giants, a keystone NFL franchise, were founded in 1925, and exist today as one of the oldest presently active organizations in the NFL. Due to their long-spanning establishment and richer tradition of on-field success, as compared to the Jets, of the two teams, many consider the Giants to be the more popular. Founded in 1960, the originally named New York Titans, later branded as the Jets in 1963, were a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), joining the NFL as part of the AFL/NFL merger in 1970.", "Yankee Stadium (1923) The Giants played their first two home games at Yankee Stadium in 1973, concluding their tenancy on September 23 with a 23â€“23 tie against the Philadelphia Eagles. In October, they moved to the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut, for the rest of the season.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The \"Shot Heard 'Round the World,\" or Bobby Thomson's come-from-behind ninth-inning walk-off home run that won the National League pennant for the Giants over their bitter rivals, the Brooklyn Dodgers, in the deciding game of a three-game playoff series ending one of baseball's most memorable pennant races. The Giants had been 13 1/2 games behind the league-leading Dodgers in August, but under Durocher's guidance and with a 16-game winning streak, got hot and caught the Dodgers to tie for the lead on the next-to-last day of the season.", "Subway Series The 1921 and 1922 match-ups were played in a single ballpark, as both the Giants and Yankees then played at the Polo Grounds. The Giants won both of these World Series against the Yankees, the first two Subway Series played. Despite cordial relations just a few years before when the Yankees allowed the Giants to share their home at Hilltop Park for a year in 1911 and the Giants more than returning the favor in kind by sharing Polo Grounds with the Yankees since 1913, the Yankees were issued an eviction notice in mid-1920 ending their lease after the 1922 season. The Yankees opened their new ballpark in 1923. Fortunes changed immediately for the Yankees as they defeated the Giants this time in the third straight year of World Series competition between the two teams. Their new home would host the Yankees' first of 11 Subway World Series victories that year and first of an unprecedented 26 World Series until the stadium closed in 2008.", "Major League Baseball relocation of 1950s–60s At the same time New York Giants owner Horace Stoneham was considering a move for the Giants. The Giants' aging home, the Polo Grounds, was becoming dilapidated by the mid-fifties, leading to a drop off in attendance for the team. Stoneham, like O'Malley, was also unable to secure a new stadium site for the team and initially was looking to move the Giants to Minneapolis, home to the Giants' top farm team, the Minneapolis Millers.[8] O'Malley invited San Francisco Mayor George Christopher to New York to meet with Stoneham and convinced him to join O'Malley on the West Coast at the end of the 1957 season, thus bringing the two teams' New York rivalry out to California. O'Malley needed another team to go west with him, for had he moved out west alone, the St. Louis Cardinals—1,600 mi (2,575 km) away—[9][10] would have been the closest National League team. The joint move would make West Coast road trips economical for visiting teams.[11] Since the meetings occurred during the 1957 season and against the wishes of Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick, there was media gamesmanship.[12] When O'Malley moved the Dodgers from Brooklyn, the story transcended the world of sport and he found himself on the cover of Time magazine.[13] The cover art for the issue was created by sports cartoonist Willard Mullin,[14] long noted for his caricature of the \"Brooklyn Bum\" that personified the team. The dual moves broke the hearts of New York's National League fans but ultimately were successful for both franchises—and for Major League Baseball.[6] The move was an immediate success as well, because the Dodgers set a major-league, single-game attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans.[11]", "History of the New York Jets Wismer sought a place for his team to play, but was only able to secure the decrepit Polo Grounds, which had been without a major tenant since the departure of the New York Giants baseball team in 1957. The stadium stood on the northern tip of Manhattan, across the Harlem River from Yankee Stadium, where the New York Giants NFL team played.[12]", "Polo Grounds In November 2011, it was reported that the stairway would undergo a $950,000 restoration, thanks to donations from the New York Giants, Jets, Yankees, Mets, San Francisco Giants, and Major League Baseball.[36][37] The restoration was scheduled to be completed in September 2012, but in February 2013 it was announced that a \"soft opening\" would take place in spring 2013.[36][38] After numerous delays, the restored steps opened finally in early August 2014.[39] The restored stairway is considered a city historic landmark.[40]", "History of the New York Mets For the first two years of its existence, the team played its home games at the historic Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan,[8] which it shared with the New York Jets (whose team name was one of the aforementioned finalists for the Mets). In 1964, both teams moved into newly constructed Shea Stadium in Flushing Meadows, Queens, where the Mets stayed through the 2008 season (the Jets would leave after the 1983 NFL season). In 2009, the club moved into Citi Field, located adjacent to the former site of Shea Stadium.", "New York Yankees John McGraw\nWilbert Robinson", "Origins of baseball With the construction of two significant baseball parks enclosed by fences in Brooklyn, enabling promoters there to charge admission to games; the prominence of Elysian Fields began to diminish. In 1868 the leading Manhattan club, Mutual, shifted its home games to the Union Grounds in Brooklyn. In 1880, the founders of the professional National League's New York club and the Metropolitan Club of the American Association finally succeeded in siting a ballpark in Manhattan at the former Polo Grounds on 110th Street.", "Sports in New York City Two historical clubs, the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants, were among the most storied clubs in professional baseball, and were home to such players as Jackie Robinson and Willie Mays. The two teams left for California—the Dodgers for Los Angeles and the Giants for San Francisco—in 1957. The city currently has two Major League Baseball teams, the Mets (who were formed in 1962 to replace the Dodgers and, to a lesser extent, the Giants), and the Yankees.", "History of the New York Yankees New York had a second-place finish in 1910, but did not seriously contend for the pennant. Manager George Stallings and first baseman Hal Chase, the team captain, clashed towards the end of the season; facing opposition from Ban Johnson, who wanted him to resign as manager, Stallings left the position. Chase managed New York's last 14 games.[24] The following season, New York had a sixth-place finish.[25] Early in the season, New York allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park after the Giants' stadium, the Polo Grounds, burned down; the arrangement lasted until June 28, when the rebuilt Polo Grounds opened.[26] Chase resigned as manager before New York's 1912 season; Harry Wolverton accepted the position.[27] That year, New York had a last-place finish with a record of 50–102, the winning percentage of .329 the lowest-ever for the club.[28]", "Dodgers–Giants rivalry In the 1880s, New York City played host to a number of professional baseball clubs in the National League and the American Association. By 1889, each league had but one representative in New York—the Giants and Dodgers—and the teams met in an early version of the World's Championship Series in which the Giants defeated the Dodgers 6 games to 3.[10] In 1890, the Dodgers switched to the National League and the rivalry was officially underway.", "New York Yankees Roger Bresnahan\nJoe Kelley", "Dodgers–Yankees rivalry After the Highlanders allowed the Giants to play at Hilltop Park when the latter's home stadium, the Polo Grounds, was undergoing reconstruction from a fire, the Giants invited the Highlanders to share the Polo Grounds with them. Since the Highlanders were no longer playing at higher elevations, they changed their name to the New York Yankees. The Dodgers also opened up their new field, Ebbets Field, in Brooklyn. Their opening game at the stadium was an exhibition game against the Highlanders on April 5, 1913 where future Yankee manager Casey Stengel had the game-winning hit for the Dodgers. The Highlanders would officially be called the Yankees later that year.", "Sports in New York City In 1858 in Corona, Queens, at the Fashion Race Course, the first games of baseball to charge admission took place. The games, which took place between the all-stars of Brooklyn, including players from the Brooklyn Atlantics, Excelsior of Brooklyn, Putnams and Eckford of Brooklyn, and the All Stars of New York (Manhattan), including players from the New York Knickerbockers, Gothams (predecessors of the San Francisco Giants), Eagles and Empire, are commonly believed to the first all-star baseball games.[13]", "Candlestick Park In 2000, the Giants moved to the new Pacific Bell Park (now called AT&T Park) in the China Basin neighborhood, leaving the 49ers as the sole professional sports team to use Candlestick. The final baseball game was played on September 30, 1999, against their long time rivals the Los Angeles Dodgers, who won 9–4. In that game, all nine Dodgers starters had at least one base hit, while the stadium's final home run came from Dodgers' right fielder Raúl Mondesí in the 6th inning. The National League rivalry between the Giants and Dodgers, one of the oldest and most hotly contested in the Major Leagues, dated back to when both teams were based in New York City. When first the Dodgers, then the Giants, moved to California in 1958, the rivalry continued unabated.", "Sports in the New York metropolitan area Two historical clubs, the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants, were among the most storied clubs in professional baseball, and were home to such players as Jackie Robinson and Willie Mays. The two teams left for California—the Dodgers for Los Angeles and the Giants for San Francisco—in 1957. The city currently has two Major League Baseball teams, the Mets (who were formed in 1962 to replace the Dodgers and, to a lesser extent, the Giants), and the Yankees.", "Babe Ruth The Yankees' status as tenants of the Giants at the Polo Grounds had become increasingly uneasy, and in 1922, Giants owner Charles Stoneham stated that the Yankees' lease, expiring after that season, would not be renewed. Ruppert and Huston had long contemplated a new stadium, and had taken an option on property at 161st Street and River Avenue in the Bronx. Yankee Stadium was completed in time for the home opener on April 18, 1923,[109] at which the Babe hit the first home run in what was quickly dubbed \"the House that Ruth Built\".[110] The ballpark was designed with Ruth in mind: although the venue's left-field fence was further from home plate than at the Polo Grounds, Yankee Stadium's right-field fence was closer, making home runs easier to hit for left-handed batters. To spare Ruth's eyes, right field–his defensive position–was not pointed into the afternoon sun, as was traditional; left fielder Meusel was soon suffering headaches from squinting toward home plate.[108]", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The Giants under McGraw famously snubbed their first modern World Series chance in 1904, established as the price of peace with the rival Americans, first played the year before, by refusing the invitation to play the reigning world champion Boston Americans (now known as the Boston Red Sox) because McGraw considered the newly established American League of 1901, as little more than a minor league and disliked its firebrand president, Ban Johnson. He also resented his Giants' new intra-city rival New York Highlanders, (from the old relocated charter AL franchise Baltimore Orioles), who almost won the pennant but lost to Boston on the last day, and stuck by his refusal to play whoever won the 1904 AL pennant. Of note, McGraw had managed the relocated Highlanders franchise in their first two seasons (1901â€“1902), when they were playing in Baltimore.", "History of the New York Giants The Giants were founded in 1925 by original owner Tim Mara with an investment of $500.[1] Legally named \"New York Football Giants\" (which they still are to this day) to distinguish themselves from the baseball team of the same name, they became one of the first teams in the then five-year-old National Football League. In 1919, Charles Stoneham, the owner of the New York Giants baseball team, had organized and promoted a professional football team to be called the New York Giants.[2] The team folded before its first game.[3]", "San Francisco Giants Though in different leagues, the Giants have also been historical rivals of the Yankees,[109][110][111] starting in New York before the Giants moved to the West Coast. Before the institution of interleague play in 1997, the two teams had little opportunity to play each other except in seven World Series: 1921, 1922, 1923, 1936, 1937, 1951 and 1962, the Yankees winning last five of the seven Series. The teams have met four times in regular season interleague play as of the end of the 2016 season: in 2002 at old Yankee Stadium, in 2007 at AT&T Park, in 2013 at new Yankee Stadium, and in 2016 also at new Yankee Stadium.", "Polo Grounds The Polo Grounds' end was somewhat anticlimactic, especially compared to other \"Jewel Box\" parks. Part of the problem was that the stadium was not well maintained from the late 1940s onward; while the baseball Giants owned the stadium, they did not own the parcel on which it stood. Moreover, the neighborhood around the stadium had deteriorated by the early 1950s. All of this combined to severely suppress ticket sales, even when the Giants played well. In 1954, for example, the baseball Giants only drew 1.1 million fans (compared to over two million for the Milwaukee Braves) even as they won the World Series.", "History of the New York Giants (baseball) In 1902, after a series of disastrous moves that left the Giants 53½ games behind the front-runner, Freedman signed John McGraw as player-manager, convincing him to jump in mid-season from the Baltimore Orioles (1901-1902) of the fledgling American League and bring with him several of his teammates. McGraw went on to manage the Giants for three decades until 1932, one of the longest and most successful tenures in professional sports. Hiring \"Mr. McGraw,\" as his players referred to him, was one of Freedman's last significant moves as owner of the Giants, since after that 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush. McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants (in 1904-1905, 1911–1913, 1914) and three World Series championships (in 1905 & 1921-1922), with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as Giants owner in 1933 under his handpicked player-manager successor, Bill Terry." ]	[ "History of the New York Giants (baseball) The New York Giants were the New York Cityâ€“based incarnation of the present day San Francisco Giants prior to the team's relocation to San Francisco in 1958. The franchise was based in the New York metropolitan area from the team's inception in 1883 through the 1957 season. During most of its seasons in New York, the Giants played home games in the Polo Grounds in the Upper Manhattan region of New York City." ]
test1646	who sings stop listen what's that sound	[ "doc58335" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1884376", "doc1726202", "doc1884375", "doc58335", "doc1726205", "doc1726203", "doc1726206", "doc58339", "doc1884377", "doc1704356", "doc1704359", "doc1594272", "doc2640841", "doc1160433", "doc1726207", "doc2084889", "doc2084888", "doc1465060", "doc1884378", "doc1726204", "doc693935", "doc209420", "doc529410", "doc2164727", "doc1723330", "doc1787902", "doc2084906", "doc2345320", "doc1704358", "doc1937980", "doc183373", "doc2640842", "doc2489605", "doc1762784", "doc2409267", "doc2084907", "doc1160437", "doc594566", "doc937593", "doc948538", "doc1465062", "doc1411072", "doc613104", "doc1723316", "doc2533143", "doc115969", "doc985765", "doc1723352", "doc1762788", "doc1160434", "doc1815479", "doc361101", "doc529409", "doc1762786", "doc985759", "doc1787928", "doc2296047", "doc389670", "doc961633", "doc90180", "doc1081867", "doc2313633", "doc1303458", "doc895732", "doc2244680", "doc851384", "doc378575", "doc1303452", "doc402085", "doc511879", "doc1763153", "doc697545", "doc2164728", "doc1374336", "doc139319", "doc1160445", "doc2617144", "doc2575213", "doc1910012", "doc1453177", "doc387043", "doc2084896", "doc270807", "doc1453174", "doc1067274", "doc2464922", "doc402088", "doc1762785", "doc1425461", "doc183382", "doc272593", "doc2229857", "doc2004852", "doc183375", "doc2464920", "doc1374338", "doc1787901", "doc643116", "doc194050", "doc2643727" ]	[ "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart) An R&B ballad, it was the first track from their 1971 debut self-titled album[1] and was released as a single in 1971 and reached #39 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.[2] In addition, it also climbed to #6 in the Billboard R&B chart.[2]", "Stop! In the Name of Love \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" is a 1965 song recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label.", "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart) \"Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)\" is a soul song written by Thom Bell and Linda Creed that was originally recorded by the Philadelphia soul group the Stylistics.", "For What It's Worth \"For What It's Worth (Stop, Hey What's That Sound)\" (often referred to as simply \"For What It's Worth\") is a song written by Stephen Stills. It was performed by Buffalo Springfield, recorded on December 5, 1966, and released as a single on Atco Records in January 1967. The single peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[4] This song is currently ranked number 63 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as well as the eighth best song of 1967 by Acclaimed Music.[5]", "Stop! In the Name of Love The Supremes recorded \"Stop! In the Name of Love\"[4] in January 1965 and released as a single on February 8. The song was included on the Supremes' sixth album, More Hits by The Supremes, and was nominated for the 1966 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Rock & Roll Group Vocal Performance, losing to \"Flowers on the Wall\" by the Statler Brothers. The song was also honored by inclusion in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's permanent collection of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.", "Stop! In the Name of Love Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" held the number one position on the Billboard pop singles chart in the United States from March 27, 1965 through April 3, 1965,[1][2] and reached the number-two position on the soul chart.", "Stop! In the Name of Love The Supremes' choreography for this song, with one hand on the hip and the other outstretched in a \"stop\" gesture, is legendary. Paul Williams and Melvin Franklin of The Temptations taught the girls the routine backstage in London, before the Supremes' first televised performance of the single on the Ready Steady Go! special \"The Sound of Motown,\" hosted by Motown enthusiast Dusty Springfield.[5] They also performed the song on an episode of the ABC variety program Shindig! which aired on Wednesday, February 24, 1965.[6]", "For What It's Worth Stills said in an interview that the name of the song came about when he presented it to the record company executive Ahmet Ertegun who signed Buffalo Springfield to the Atlantic Records-owned ATCO label. He said: \"I have this song here, for what it's worth, if you want it.\"[6] Another producer, Charlie Greene, claims that Stills first said the above sentence to him, but credits Ahmet Ertegun with subtitling the single \"Stop, Hey What's That Sound\" so that the song would be more easily recognized.[6][9]", "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart) Around the same time, Motown wanted their most successful label mates Gaye and Ross to record a duet album. Among the songs they released, their version of \"Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)\" was recorded in separate studios, and was released as a UK only single from their duet album, Diana & Marvin, in 1974. The song became a hit in the UK reaching #25 on the UK Singles Chart.[3]", "Hang On Sloopy \"Hang On Sloopy\" is a 1964 song by Wes Farrell and Bert Berns, originally titled \"My Girl Sloopy\". It peaked at number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 5 on the UK Singles Chart.", "Hang On Sloopy In early 1965, The Strangeloves, a New York City rock band, wanted to make the song the follow-up to their hit single \"I Want Candy\" and began performing the song in concert. However, the Dave Clark Five, with whom they were touring, told the Strangeloves that they were going to record their own version of the song when they returned to England, copying the Strangeloves' crowd-pleasing arrangement. The Strangeloves realized that the Dave Clark Five's version would probably outsell their own, but they weren't ready to release a new single yet because they were still enjoying the success of \"I Want Candy\" from a few months earlier. The answer presented itself when a young rock group named Rick and the Raiders opened for (and provided backing for) The Strangeloves in July in Dayton, Ohio.[8] The Strangeloves — who were, in reality, three successful writer/producers from Brooklyn, New York — recruited Rick and The Raiders to release the song under their name. Their 16-year-old leader, Rick Zehringer, was flown to New York to record his lead vocal over The Strangeloves' already-recorded backing tracks. It was decided to change the name of Rick's group to The McCoys to avoid confusion with another popular band of the era, Paul Revere & the Raiders, and Rick himself began using the stage name Rick Derringer. The single was released on Bang Records and entered the chart on August 14, 1965, effectively beating the Dave Clark Five to the charts. The single went on to hit number one on October 2.", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 American female singing group The Supremes achieved 12 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1964 and 1969. The first of which Where Did Our Love Go, featured on the album of the same name, became the first of five consecutive number one singles, a first for any female act and the group remains the only girl group to do so. Where Did Our Love Go was then followed by Baby Love and Come See About Me, making The Supremes the first group in Billboard history to have three singles from the same album reach the top position. The final two songs in the streak were Stop! In the Name of Love and Back in My Arms Again, featured on the album More Hits by The Supremes, made them one of the most successful pop acts of the 60's, rivalling that of the Beatles. Later, they scored another number one single with I Hear a Symphony, featured on the album of the same name, then another streak of four singles, You Can't Hurry Love featured on their number one album Supremes A' Go Go, a first for girl groups, You Keep Me Hangin' On and Love Is Here and Now You're Gone, both featured on the album The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland, and finally The Happening, featured on their second number one album Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits, a feat that would take decades for another girl group to match. Later on, as 'Diana Ross & The Supremes', the group would achieve two more number one hits, the controversial Love Child, on the album of the same name, controversial because of its theme of illegitimacy, and Someday We'll Be Together, featured on the album Cream of the Crop, which would become the last number one single of the 60's.", "I Hear a Symphony \"I Hear a Symphony\" is a 1965 song recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label.", "Twist and Shout \"Twist and Shout\" is a 1961 song written by Phil Medley and Bert Berns (later credited as \"Bert Russell\"). The song was originally recorded by the Top Notes. It first became a chart hit as a cover single by the Isley Brothers in 1962. The song has since been covered by several artists, including the Beatles on their first album Please Please Me (1963), as well as the Tremeloes in 1962 and the Who in 1970 and 1984.", "Stop! In the Name of Love The Jackson 5 covered this in a live performance on the Carol Burnett Show in 1975 as they were paying tributes to the Supremes, the Mills Brothers and the Andrews Sisters. Cover versions were later recorded by Margie Joseph, Gene Pitney, Nicki French, Sinitta, Globe, Johnny Rivers, the L.A. heavy metal-Band Black Sheep, C:Real, Gloria Gaynor, Claude François (as \"Stop au nom de l'amour\", 1971), Les Fizz (as \"Stop, Tu N' As Plus Le Droit\", 1966), Renata Pacini (as \"In nome dell'amore\", 1966), Jacob Sisters (as \"Was hab' ich dir getan\", 1966) and The Hollies (who saw their version peaked in America at No. 29 and in Canada at No. 31 in 1983). In 1996, Los Flechazos recorded an instrumental version for his EP \"En tu Calle\". In 1998, a cover version by Jonell Mosser was included in the film Hope Floats. A eurodance remix was made for the 2002 Dancemania compilation Speed 8. American rapper Lil Wayne sampled the song on his song \"Gossip.\" The lyrics are briefly quoted in The B-52's song \"Dance This Mess Around.\" American singer La Toya Jackson recorded the song for her 1995 album Stop in the Name of Love. In 2008 british girl groul Sugababes with Mary Wilson performed song on MOBO Awards.", "Tommy James and the Shondells The band The Echoes formed in 1959 in Niles, Michigan, then evolved into Tom and the Tornadoes, with 12-year-old Tommy James (then known as Tommy Jackson) as lead singer. The group released its first single, \"Long Pony Tail\", in 1962.[3] In 1964 James renamed the band the Shondells because the name \"sounded good\" and in honor of singer Troy Shondell, famous for his 1961 release \"This Time.\" At this time, the band included Tommy James (vocals and guitar), Larry Coverdale (lead guitar), Larry Wright (bass), Craig Villeneuve (keyboards) and Jim Payne (drums). In February 1964 the band recorded the Jeff Barryâ€“Ellie Greenwich song \"Hanky Panky\" (originally a B-side by the Raindrops[4]). Released by Snap Records, a local label, James's version sold respectably in Michigan, Indiana and Illinois, but Snap Records had no national distribution. The band toured the eastern Midwest, but no other market took to the song. The single failed to chart nationally, and the Shondells disbanded in 1965 after its members graduated from high school.", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tommy James and the Shondells are an American rock band, formed in Niles, Michigan in 1964.[1] They had two No. 1 singles in the U.S., \"Hanky Panky\" (July 1966, their only RIAA Certified Gold record) and \"Crimson and Clover\" (February 1969), and also charted twelve other Top 40 hits, including five in the Hot 100's top ten: \"I Think We're Alone Now\", \"Mirage\", \"Mony Mony\", \"Sweet Cherry Wine\", and \"Crystal Blue Persuasion\".[2]", "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone \"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" is a rock song by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. It was first recorded by Paul Revere & the Raiders and appeared on their album Midnight Ride, released in May 1966.", "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart) In 2001, the Marvin Gaye and Diana Ross duet version was used as part of the movie soundtrack for Bridget Jones's Diary.", "Stop! In the Name of Love Billboard named the song #38 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.[3]", "Do Wah Diddy Diddy \"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\" is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963, as \"Do-Wah-Diddy\", by the American vocal group The Exciters. It was made internationally famous by the British band Manfred Mann.", "Signs (Five Man Electrical Band song) \"Signs\" is a song by the Canadian rock group Five Man Electrical Band. It was written by the band's frontman, Les Emmerson and popularized the relatively unknown band, who recorded it for their second album, Good-byes and Butterflies, in 1970. \"Signs\" was originally released that year as the B-side to the relatively unsuccessful single \"Hello Melinda Goodbye\" (#55 Canada).", "Where Did Our Love Go Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position[1] on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964.[2][3] It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of Love\", and \"Back in My Arms Again\"). The song also reached number one on the Cash Box R&B singles chart.[4]", "Barbara Ann \"Barbara Ann\" is a song written by Fred Fassert that was first recorded by the Regents as \"Barbara-Ann\". Their version was released in 1961 and reached No.â€¯13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The most famous cover version was recorded in 1965 by the Beach Boys, issued as a single from their album Beach Boys' Party! with the B-side \"Girl Don't Tell Me\".", "The Hollies Meanwhile, the Hollies continued to release a steady stream of international hit singles: \"Stop Stop Stop\" (Oct. 1966, UK No.2, US No.7) from For Certain Because, known for its distinctive banjo arrangement; \"On a Carousel\" (Feb. 1967; UK No.4, 1967, US No.11, Australia No.14)[7]); \"Carrie Anne\" (May 1967, UK No.3, US No.9, Australia No.7[8]).", "The Supremes \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was followed by four consecutive US number-one hits:[11] \"Baby Love\" (which was also a number-one hit in the UK), \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" and \"Back in My Arms Again\".[30] \"Baby Love\" was nominated for the 1965 Grammy Award for Best R&B Song.[31]", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tom and the Tornadoes", "Louie Louie \"Louie Louie\" is an American rhythm and blues song written by Richard Berry in 1955 and best known for the 1963 hit version by The Kingsmen. It has become a standard in pop and rock, with hundreds of versions recorded by different artists. The song was originally written and performed in the style of a Jamaican ballad. It tells, in simple verse–chorus form, the first-person story of a Jamaican sailor returning to the island to see his lady love.", "Hang On Sloopy \"My Girl Sloopy\" was first recorded by L.A.-based The Vibrations in 1964, for Atlantic Records (45-2222), reaching #10 on the R&B chart, and #26 on the US pop chart.[4] In April 1965[5] the song became a local hit in the Pacific Northwest in a cover version by James Henry & The Olympics (Jerden Records),[6] but it was quickly eclipsed in August when the Indiana pop group The McCoys released their iconic retitled version. \"Hang On Sloopy\" went to #1 in the United States in October 1965.[7]", "The Love You Save The opening exclamation, \"Stop!\", and the foot stomps that complement the rhythm during the latter part of the song are allusions to the 1965 number-one Motown single by The Supremes, \"Stop! In the Name of Love\". The Jackson 5 essentially replaced The Supremes as Motown's main focus in the early 1970s, although Diana Ross, who left the group for a solo career not long before the release of this single, was publicized as having discovered the Jackson 5.[citation needed]", "The Sound of Silence \"The Sound of Silence\", originally \"The Sounds of Silence\", is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel. The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of several months in 1963 and 1964. A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records, and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M..", "I Hear a Symphony Written and produced by Motown's main production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song became their sixth number-one pop hit on Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States for two weeks from November 14, 1965 through November 27, 1965.[1][2] On the UK pop chart, the single peaked at number thirty-nine.", "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before In 2007, the song was re-composed as \"Stop Me\" with additional lyrics from the song \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" by The Supremes by British DJ Mark Ronson featuring Daniel Merriweather on the vocals. Merriweather admitted in an interview with The Guardian that he was not very familiar with the original before he recorded Mark Ronson's revised version. He explained: \"Mark said, 'I want you to sing on this â€“ it's my favourite Smiths song,' so I listened to it. I'd heard it once before, but I was never a Smiths fan. But I thought it was beautiful.\"[3] The song was later released as a single on 2 April 2007 on Columbia Records with the shortened name \"Stop Me\", and featured on the compilation album Version. The music video, released at the same time as the song, features a man who finds a pair of trainers that control him and force him to run along the motorway near the Blackwall Tunnel. This version was released in the United Kingdom. The international version showed people crying animated tears. Live versions by Mark Ronson and/or Stu Zender featuring Merriweather have appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien (on July 2007), BBC Radio 1 and Jimmy Kimmel Live!).", "? and the Mysterians ? and the Mysterians (also rendered Question Mark and the Mysterians) are an American garage rock band from Bay City and Saginaw in Michigan who were initially active between 1962 and 1969. Much of the band's music consisted of electric organ-driven garage rock and an enigmatic image inspired by the science fiction film The Mysterians.[5] In addition, the band's sound was also marked by raw-resonating lead vocals of \"?\" (Question Mark, the stage name of Rudy Martinez[1][2][3]), making Question Mark and the Mysterians one of the earliest groups whose musical style is described as punk rock. Through their music, the group was recognized as a template for similar musical acts to follow.[6]", "I Can Hear Music \"I Can Hear Music\" is a song written by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector for American girl group the Ronettes in 1966. This version spent one week on the Billboard Pop chart at number 100. Three years later, American rock band the Beach Boys released a cover version as a single from their album 20/20 (1969), peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tommy James and the Shondells", "Twist and Shout When the Isley Brothers decided to record the song in 1962, Bert Berns (who also used the name Bert Russell) opted to produce, and thus demonstrate to Spector what he had intended to be the \"sound\" of the record.[10] The resulting recording captured the verve of an Isley Brothers performance, and became the trio's first record to reach a Top 20 position in the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.", "Mesmerize (song) The song contains a sample from the 1974 song \"Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)\" performed by Diana Ross and Marvin Gaye.", "Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl Following the group's unsuccessful debut, \"Hey Little Bird\", The Barbarians had their breakthrough with an appearance, alongside other musical artists such as The Rolling Stones and The Supremes, on The T.A.M.I. Show. In order to take advantage of their exposure, the band recorded \"Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl\" with the B-side, \"Take It or Leave It\". Guitarist Geoffry Morris, who had recently joined the band, was responsible for the arrangements.[2] The song reflected on the social commentary of the period, more so on what distinguishes a male from a female. The lyrics express both sides' opposing views on issues like hair length or how a person dresses. The band themselves were atypical as they grew their hair long and wore unusual clothing. Jerry Causi, as lead vocalist, initiates call and response with Bruce Benson and Jeff Morris on backing vocals.[3] There is also mockery toward bands from England with lyrics like \"Your're either a girl, or you come from Liverpool\", and more specifically \"You can dance like a female monkey, but sink like a stone...yeah a rolling stone\", a direct reference to The Rolling Stones.[4] The song ends with a brief R&B influenced guitar solo before fading out.", "Crimson and Clover \"Crimson and Clover\" is a 1968 song by American rock band Tommy James and the Shondells. Written by the duo of Tommy James and drummer Peter Lucia Jr., it was intended as a change in direction of the group's sound and composition.", "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone It is best known as a hit for The Monkees (US #20), released in November 1966, (making it the first Monkees B-side to chart).[2] Musicians featured on the Monkees recording are: Micky Dolenz (lead vocal); Tommy Boyce (backing vocal); Wayne Erwin, Gerry McGee, and Louie Shelton (guitar); Bobby Hart (organ); Larry Taylor (bass); Billy Lewis (drums); and Henry Lewy (percussion).", "Leader of the Pack According to legend, to add the authentic sound of a motorcycle engine, one was driven through the lobby of the hotel and up to the floor of the recording studio. No one was arrested, but a ticket was issued.[5] However, in an interview four decades later, Shangri-Las lead singer Mary Weiss said the motorcycle sound was taken from an effects record. Hugh Grundy, drummer for The Zombies, recalls revving up a motorcycle backstage when the Shangri-Las performed on a U.S. tour.", "1-2-3 (Len Barry song) \"1 - 2 - 3\" is a 1965 song recorded by American blue-eyed soul singer Len Barry, who co-wrote the song with John Medora and David White. The recording's chorus and accompaniment were arranged by Jimmy Wisner. The single was released in 1965 on the American Decca label.[1][2] The writers were sued by Motown Records at the time, claiming that the song is a reworking of Holland-Dozier-Holland's \"Ask Any Girl\" released by The Supremes as the B-side to their single \"Baby Love\" the year before. They denied the claim, but after two years of litigation, agreed to give the Motown writers 15% of the song's writing and publishing royalties.[3] Holland-Dozier-Holland are listed as co-authors by BMI.[4]", "The Hollies They enjoyed considerable popularity in many countries (at least 60 singles or EPs and 26 albums charting somewhere in the world, spanning over five decades), although they did not achieve major US chart success until 1966 with \"Bus Stop\". The Hollies had over 30 charting singles on the UK Singles Chart, and 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, with major hits on both sides of the Atlantic that included \"Just One Look\", \"Look Through Any Window\", \"I Can't Let Go\", \"Bus Stop\", \"Stop Stop Stop\", \"On a Carousel\", \"Carrie Anne\", \"Jennifer Eccles\", and later \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\", \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\", and \"The Air That I Breathe\".", "Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Greatest Hits includes fifteen Supremes singles, 10 of which went to number-one, among them were \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Stop! In the Name of Love\", \"You Can't Hurry Love\", and the most recent Supremes number-one, \"The Happening\" (a non-album track from the 1967 film of the same name). Also included are five popular Supremes B-sides: \"Standing at the Crossroads of Love\", \"Ask Any Girl\", \"There's No Stopping Us Now\", \"Everything is Good About You\", and \"Whisper You Love Me Boy\".", "Listen to What the Man Said \"Listen to What the Man Said\" is a hit single from Wings' 1975 album Venus and Mars. The song featured new member Joe English on drums, with guest musicians Dave Mason on guitar and Tom Scott on soprano saxophone.[1] It was a number 1 single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US;[2] as well, it reached number 1 in Canada on the RPM National Top Singles Chart.[3] It also reached number 6 in the UK, and reached the top ten in Norway and New Zealand and the top twenty in the Netherlands.[4][5] The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies.[6][7]", "Motown In the United Kingdom, Motown's records were released on various labels: at first London (only the Miracles' \"Shop Around\"/\"Who's Lovin' You\" and \"Ain't It Baby\"), then Fontana (\"Please Mr. Postman\" by the Marvelettes was one of four) and then Oriole American (\"Fingertips\" by Little Stevie Wonder was one of many). In 1963, Motown signed with EMI's Stateside label (\"Where Did Our Love Go\" by the Supremes and \"My Guy\" by Mary Wells were Motown's first British top-20 hits). Eventually EMI created the Tamla Motown label (\"Stop! In the Name of Love\" by the Supremes was the first Tamla Motown release in March 1965).", "The Hollies Graham Nash joined them for the recording of an Alan Tarney song \"Somethin' Ain't Right\" in 10 September 1982 which led to a proper reunion album What Goes Around... issued on WEA Records in July 1983. Graham Nash continued appearing with the Hollies through early 1984 culminating in the Hollies last hit in the USA Top 40 with a remake of the Supremes' \"Stop in the Name of Love\", which reached No.29 in 1983. \"Stop in the Name of Love\" was taken from the album What Goes Around... which was released in July 1983 and charted in the US on Billboard top 200 albums at No.90. A live album featuring the Clarke-Hicks-Elliott-Nash re-grouping, Reunion, was recorded at Kings Island Amusement Park in Ohio, during a US tour that followed that same year, finally being issued first in 1997 as Archive Alive, then retitled Reunion (with two extra tracks) in 2004.", "? and the Mysterians When released in April 1966, \"Midnight Hour\" was originally the A-side for the band's debut single; however, \"?\" promoted the record across Michigan, encouraging radio stations to play \"96 Tears\" instead. CKLW, a major station in Windsor, Ontario, extensively played the song, thus generating a number one regional hit. The song drew the attention of Neil Bogart, president of Cameo-Parkway Records. The success of the song was attributed to the Farfisa organ riff, and, as critic Greg Shaw explained, the simplicity and precise execution.[3] Bogart purchased the rights to \"96 Tears\", distributed it on a national scale, and promoted the band by booking television appearances on American Bandstand and Where the Action Is. On October 29, 1966, after a steady climb up the charts, the single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week before being overtaken by The Monkees' \"Last Train to Clarksville\". It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.[14][12][15]", "Twist and Shout In 1961, one year after Phil Spector became a staff producer at Atlantic Records, he was asked to produce a single by an up-and-coming vocal group, The Top Notes. This was before Spector perfected his \"Wall of Sound\" technique, and the recording, at the Atlantic Studios on February 23, 1961, arranged by Teddy Randazzo with musicians including saxophonist King Curtis, guitarist John Pizzarelli, and drummer Panama Francis, with backing vocals by the Cookies,[1] lacked much of the energy the Top Notes exhibited in their live performances.[2]", "Over and Over (Bobby Day song) In 1965, the most successful version, was recorded by the Dave Clark Five, one of the early British Invasion bands of the mid-1960s. This version was sung by lead singer and keyboardist Mike Smith. It followed the group's signature sound of thumping, 4/4 drum beats accompanied by a wailing saxophone. It omits the final verse of the song.[2] In the US, \"Over and Over\" was the group's 12th Top 40 hit and was their only #1 hit.[3] It was also the last #1 hit of 1965. Despite its success in the United States and the popularity of the group on both sides of the Atlantic, the single only reached number 45 in the band's native United Kingdom.[4] The Dave Clark Five omitted Bobby Byrd's last verse to the song, while the line \"everybody there was stag\" as originally written by Byrd was sung as “everybody there was there” on the DC5 version.[5]", "Summer in the City It appeared on their album Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful, and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1966, for three consecutive weeks.[3] The song features a series of car horns during the instrumental bridge, starting with a Volkswagen Beetle horn, and ends up with a jackhammer sound, in order to give the impression of the sounds of the summer in the city. The song became a gold record. It is ranked number 401 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[4]", "Where Did Our Love Go \"Where Did Our Love Go\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label.", "? and the Mysterians The band members were children of migrant farmers who settled in Michigan. The original trio, consisting of Larry Borjas (guitar), Robert Martinez (drums), and Bobby Balderrama (lead guitar), encountered one another and were motivated by surf rock musical acts Link Wray and Duane Eddy to form a group in 1962.[9] The band played locally with the same line-up until the influence of The British Invasion with groups stressing lead vocals and dynamic stage performances. Rudy Martinez, aka Question Mark, was known for his dancing ability and was suggested to the band as he was Robert Martinez's brother.[10] Question Mark was an eclectic figure, publicly stating that his soul had originated from Mars and that he once walked on Earth with the dinosaurs. \"?\" quickly cemented himself as the group's creative force, and they began to develop a blend of gritty rock and roll and pop rock with a repertoire that encompassed compositions penned by The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. To correspond with the new line-up, the band took the nameÂ ? and The Mysterians, which was inspired by the 1957 science fiction film The Mysterians.[11] When the band recruited keyboard player Frank Rodriguez, who was a part of another local group, the Trespassers, it was pivotal in Question Mark and the Mysterians' overall sound, especially in their song \"96 Tears\".[12]", "Motown Early Tamla/Motown artists included Mable John, Eddie Holland and Mary Wells. \"Shop Around\", the Miracles' first number 1 R&B hit, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960. It was Tamla's first million-selling record. On April 14, 1960, Motown and Tamla Records merged into a new company called Motown Record Corporation. A year later, the Marvelettes scored Tamla's first US number-one pop hit, \"Please Mr. Postman\". By the mid-1960s, the company, with the help of songwriters and producers such as Robinson, A&R chief William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Norman Whitfield, had become a major force in the music industry.", "The Supremes The Supremes were twice nominated for a Grammy Award—for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording (\"Baby Love\", 1965) and Best Contemporary Rock & Roll Group Vocal Performance (\"Stop! In the Name of Love\", 1966)—but never won an award in competition.[67] Three of their songs were added to the Grammy Hall of Fame: \"Where Did Our Love Go\" and \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (both 1999) and \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" (2001).[68]", "Baby It's You Smith's version appeared on their debut album, A Group Called Smith. The single was released on Dunhill 4206 in 1969. It was their first and most successful release. This version alters the traditional vocal arrangement as performed by the Shirelles and the Beatles in favor of a more belted, soulful vocal. The single hit #5 on the Billboard Hot 100. The Smith version was used in Quentin Tarantino's Death Proof.[16]", "My Sharona The music of the song echoes many elements of songs from the 1960s. According to a Trouser Press reviewer, the song's main melodic hook is \"an inversion of the signature riff\" from \"Gimme Some Lovin',\" a 1967 song by the Spencer Davis Group.[8] Fieger has acknowledged that the song's tom-tom drum rhythm is \"just a rewrite\" of \"Going to a Go-Go,\" a song from Smokey Robinson and the Miracles from 1965.[8] Drummer Bruce Gary has stated that although he didn't particularly like the song when Fieger introduced it to the band, he came up with the stuttering beat for the song similar to a surf stomp.[9] He also decided to incorporate a flam, in which two drum strokes are staggered, creating a fuller sound, which Gary considered to be crucial to the song's success.[9]", "Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods The band was formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1965 by their leader, Robert Walter \"Bo\" Donaldson. They were first discovered while touring with The Osmonds in the early 1970s and signed with Family Productions, releasing their first single in 1972, \"Special Someone,\" but their big break came after moving to ABC Records and working with the record producer Steve Barri in 1973. Although their first single with ABC, \"Deeper and Deeper,\" failed to make a big impression on the charts,[1] beginning in 1974, the band began a string of hit songs. Their first two (and largest two) hits were cover versions of British hit songs whose original versions had not been hits in the U.S.: \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" (a cover of a #1 UK Paper Lace song that reached #1 for 2 weeks on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version) and \"Who Do You Think You Are\" (written by Clive Scott & Des Dyer of Jigsaw, which originally became a hit for Candlewick Green and reached #15 on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version). This was followed by their last top-40 hit, \"The Heartbreak Kid\" (# 39 Hot 100), and their ominously titled last Hot 100 hit, \"Our Last Song Together\" (#95 on the Hot 100, the last song written by the Sedaka-Greenfield tandem before its breakup). \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" sold over three and a half million copies, receiving a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June 1974.[1]", "What I Like About You (song) \"What I Like About You\" was written by Palmar, Marinos and Skill around a guitar part by Skill. The song's \"Hey, uh-huh-huh\" refrain was influenced by The Yardbirds' \"Over Under Sideways Down\" and Chuck Berry's \"Back in the U.S.A.\". The song's riff is slightly similar to Neil Diamond's \"Cherry, Cherry\", The Standells 1966 hit \"Dirty Water\", and Joe Jackson's 1979 single \"I'm the Man\". The Romantics recorded the song and the accompanying album at Coconuts Recording Studio in Miami Beach, Florida.[3]", "Wild Thing (The Troggs song) \"Wild Thing\" is a song written by American songwriter Chip Taylor and popularized by the English rock band the Troggs. It was originally recorded and released by the American rock band the Wild Ones in 1965,[5] but it did not chart. The Troggs' single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the UK Singles Chart in 1966. Their version of \"Wild Thing\" was ranked at number 257 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[6] It has also been performed by many other musicians.", "Why Don't They Let Us Fall in Love In 1965, the New Orleans pop girl group the Dixie Cups released the single \"Gee the Moon Is Shining Bright\", an alternate version of the song with slightly reworked lyrics.[7] Their version bubbled under the Hot 100 at number 102.[8] It was the fourth and final single taken from their debut studio album Chapel of Love.", "Paul Revere & the Raiders Their hits from this period included \"Kicks\" (Billboard Pop Chart No. 4), \"Hungry\" (No. 6), \"The Great Airplane Strike\" (No. 20), \"Good Thing\" (No. 4), and \"Him or Me – What's It Gonna Be?\" (No. 5). Of these, \"Kicks\" became their best-known song, an anti-drug message written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil that was originally earmarked for the Animals. (Mann later revealed in interviews that the song was written about their friend, fellow 1960s songwriter Gerry Goffin, whose ongoing drug problems were interfering with his career and his relationship with then wife Carole King.)[18]", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch) Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song is one of the most well-known Motown tunes of the 1960s. The song reached number one on the R&B charts and was also the number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100 for two non-consecutive weeks,[1] from June 12 to June 19 and from June 26 to July 3 in 1965. It replaced \"Back in My Arms Again\" by labelmates The Supremes, was first replaced by \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" by The Byrds, then regained the top spot before being replaced by \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" by The Rolling Stones. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 2 song of 1965. It was also the Four Tops first Top 40 single in the UK, reaching #23 on its original release, and a 1970 reissue peaked at #10 in the UK charts.[2]", "The Dells Subsequent R&B hits included \"Wear It on Our Face,\" \"Always Together\" (Top 20 Pop, \"I Can Sing a Rainbow - Love is Blue (medley)\" (UK #15),[4] and their first #1 R&B hit and first Top Ten pop hit, 1968's \"Stay in My Corner,\" which reached #10 on the pop chart and showcased both Carter and Marvin in lead vocals. The Dells' soulful version of their debut hit, \"Oh What a Night\" gave the group their second chart-topping R&B single and also reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. For a second time, the song sold over a million copies.[3] Subsequent hits included \"Open Up My Heart,\" \"Oh What A Day,\" and \"On the Dock of the Bay.\" In 1971, the Dells' \"The Love We Had Stays on My Mind\" became another Top Ten hit on the R&B charts, also reaching the pop Top 30. By this time Charles Stepney had taken over production duties from Bobby Miller. 1973's \"Give Your Baby a Standing Ovation\" was their third certified gold record.[3] The song was written by L.V. Johnson[5] and produced by Don Davis.", "Have I the Right? \"Have I the Right?\" was the début single and biggest hit of British band The Honeycombs. It was composed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley, who had made contact with The Honeycombs, a London-based group, then playing under the name of The Sheratons,[2] in the Mildmay Tavern in the Balls Pond Road in Islington, where they played a date. Howard and Blaikley were impressed by the group's lead vocalist, Dennis D'Ell, and the fact that they had a female drummer, Ann (‘Honey’) Lantree. The group were looking for material to play for an audition with record producer Joe Meek,[3] and they played the songs Howard and Blaikley had just given them. Meek decided to record one of them, \"Have I the Right?\", there and then. Meek himself provided the B-side, \"Please Don’t Pretend Again\".[4]", "What's Up? (song) \"What's Up?\" is a song by American rock group 4 Non Blondes from their 1992 debut album, Bigger, Better, Faster, More!. It was released as the album's second single in 1993. It was successful in the United States[1] and in several European countries, peaking at number one in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland.", "Paul Revere & the Raiders Paul Revere & the Raiders is an American rock band that saw considerable U.S. mainstream success in the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s. Among their hits were the songs \"Kicks\" (1966; ranked No. 400 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time), \"Hungry\" (1966), \"Him Or Me â€“ What's It Gonna Be?\" (1967) and the Platinum-certified classic No. 1 single \"Indian Reservation\" (1971).[1]", "Herman's Hermits Herman's Hermits had four Top 3 hits in the US in 1965, with the aforementioned No. 1 hits and \"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\" (US No. 2). They recorded The Rays' \"Silhouettes\" (US No. 5), Sam Cooke's \"Wonderful World\" (US No. 4), \"Just a Little Bit Better\" (US No. 7), and \"A Must to Avoid\" (US No. 8) in 1965; \"Listen People\" (US No. 3), George Formby's \"Leaning on a Lamp Post\" from Me and My Girl (US No. 9), and the Ray Davies song \"Dandy\" (US No. 5) in 1966; and \"There's a Kind of Hush\" (US No. 4) in 1967. On Chicago radio station WLS \"Mrs. Brown\" and \"Silhouettes\" were 1–2 on 14 May 1965 and exchanged positions the next week, a distinction matched only by The Beatles' \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" and \"She Loves You\" during 14 February–6 March 1964.", "American rock Surf music achieved its greatest commercial success as vocal music, particularly the work of the Beach Boys, formed in 1961 in Southern California. Their early albums included both instrumental surf rock (among them covers of music by Dick Dale) and vocal songs, drawing on rock and roll and doo wop and the close harmonies of vocal pop acts like the Four Freshmen.[18][25] Their first chart hit, \"Surfin'\" in 1962 reached the Billboard top 100 and helped make the surf music craze a national phenomenon.[26] From 1963 the group began to leave surfing behind as subject matter as Brian Wilson became their major composer and producer, moving on to the more general themes of male adolescence including cars and girl in songs like \"Fun, Fun, Fun\" (1964) and \"California Girls\" (1965).[26] Other vocal surf acts followed, including one-hit wonders like Ronny & the Daytonas with \"G. T. O.\" (1964) and Rip Chords with \"Hey Little Cobra\", which both reached the top ten, but the only other act to achieve sustained success with the formula were Jan & Dean, who had a number 1 hit with \"Surf City\" (co-written with Brian Wilson) in 1963.[25] The surf music craze, and the careers of almost all surf acts, was effectively ended by the arrival of the British Invasion from 1964.[25] Only the Beach Boys were able to sustain a creative career into the mid-1960s, producing a string of hit singles and albums, including the highly regarded Pet Sounds in 1966,[27] which made them, arguably, the only American rock or pop act that could rival The Beatles.[26]", "Gary Lewis & the Playboys Gary Lewis & the Playboys were an American 1960s era pop and rock group, fronted by musician Gary Lewis, the son of comedian Jerry Lewis. They are best known for their 1965 Billboard Hot 100 number-one single \"This Diamond Ring\", which was the first of a string of hit singles they had in 1965 and 1966. The band had an earnest, boy-next-door image similar to British invasion contemporaries such as Herman's Hermits and Gerry and the Pacemakers. The group folded in 1970, but a version of the band later resumed touring and continues to tour, often playing for veterans' benefits.[1]", "Do You Hear What I Hear? \"Do You Hear What I Hear?\" was released shortly after Thanksgiving in 1962.[1] The song was originally recorded for Mercury Records by the Harry Simeone Chorale,[1] a group which had also popularized \"The Little Drummer Boy\"; and it was released as part of the album \"The Wonderful Songs Of Christmas With The Harry Simeone Chorale\". As a 45 rpm single, it went on to sell more than a quarter-million copies during the 1962 Christmas holiday season.[1]", "Barbara Ann The Beach Boys recorded their version on September 23, 1965. Dean Torrence of Jan and Dean is featured on lead vocals along with Brian Wilson. Torrence is not credited on the album, but Carl Wilson is heard saying \"Thanks, Dean\" at the song's conclusion.[1]", "Stop That Train (The Spanishtonians song) \"Stop That Train\" is a 1965 ska song by Jamaican band The Spanishtonians (also known as the Spanish Town Skabeats), that has been covered and sampled by numerous artists. Its most famous cover was its first, a 1967 cover by Keith & Tex. That rendition was in turn sampled by various artists, including Scotty, the Beastie Boys and Vanilla Ice. The song has also been covered by Clint Eastwood & General Saint and Don Campbell.", "Play That Funky Music \"Play That Funky Music\" is a song written by Rob Parissi and recorded by the band Wild Cherry. The single was the first released by the Cleveland-based Sweet City record label in April 1976 and distributed by Epic Records.[2] The performers on the recording included lead singer Parissi, electric guitarist Bryan Bassett, bassist Allen Wentz, and drummer Ron Beitle, with session players Chuck Berginc, Jack Brndiar (trumpets), and Joe Eckert and Rick Singer (saxes) on the horn riff that runs throughout the song's verses. The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 18, 1976; it was also number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart.[3] The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 2 million records and eventually sold 2.5 million in the United States alone.[4]", "Twist and Shout The Beatles continued to play the song live until the end of their August 1965 tour of North America. Additionally, they recorded \"Twist and Shout\" on nine occasions for BBC television and radio broadcasts, the earliest of which was for the Talent Spot radio show on November 27, 1962. The intro sounds very similar to \"La Bamba\" by Ritchie Valens, and the famous vocal buildup resembles that in \"Do You Love Me\" by the Contours.", "I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One Beating as One expands Electr-O-Pura's guitar-based pop to encompass a variety of other music genres,[7] ranging from the bossa nova soundscapes of \"Center of Gravity\" to the electronic grooves of \"Autumn Sweater\",[8] the krautrock jams of \"Spec Bebop\",[7] the \"jazzy goof\" of \"Moby Octopad\",[9] the trip hop sound of \"Damage\",[9] and the psychedelic folk instrumentation of \"We're an American Band\", among others.[7] The album also contains two cover songs: \"Little Honda\", a Beach Boys tune written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love, and \"My Little Corner of the World\", recorded by musician and anti-gay activist Anita Bryant, although the band initially did not know she had ever recorded it.[10] The former, which is a song that Kaplan learned for a solo guitar show, was originally used to make sure the recording equipment was set up right. However, it was ultimately included in the album because, according to bassist James McNew, \"it just sort of turned out pretty good.\"[11]", "Walk Away Renée \"Walk Away RenÃ©e\" is a song written by Michael Brown, Bob Calilli, and Tony Sansone for the band the Left Banke, released as a single in July 1966. Steve Martin Caro is featured on lead vocals. After its initial release, it spent 13 weeks on the US charts, with a top spot of number 5.[2]", "Then He Kissed Me The Beach Boys", "Tommy James Since the band had broken up two years before, James was the only Shondell left.[3] Mack made his dance club bands available to James, but nothing seemed to fit until one of the bands' guitarists took James to the Thunderbird Lounge in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. James sang with the house band, the Raconteurs. The Raconteurs became the new Shondells,[3] and Jackson acquired the professional name of Tommy James. By the third week of June 1966, \"Hanky Panky\" had become the top single at WLS.[5] By the third week of July 1966, \"Hanky Panky\" had become the top single in the United States.[3]", "96 Tears \"96 Tears\" is a song recorded by the American garage rock band ? and the Mysterians in 1966 (see 1966 in music). In October of that year, it was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S.[5] and on the RPM 100 in Canada.[6] Billboard ranked the record as the number five song for 1966.[7] It is ranked number 213 on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. On November 11, 1966, the single was certified as gold by the RIAA.[8]", "Tommy James and the Shondells From late 1968, the group began writing their own songs, with James and Lucia penning the psychedelic tinged classic \"Crimson and Clover\". The song was recorded and mixed by Bruce Staple, with James tackling vocal duties and playing many of the instruments himself, and featured the creative use of studio effects such as delay and tremolo.[6] The group had toured with Vice President Hubert Humphrey during his presidential campaign. Humphrey showed his appreciation by writing the liner notes for the Crimson and Clover album.[7]", "Shut Up and Dance (Walk the Moon song) In terms of the song's music, Petricca highlighted three songs that were instrumental in its creation: \"Just What I Needed\" (1978) by The Cars, \"Hit Me with Your Best Shot\" (1980) by Pat Benatar, and \"Jessie's Girl\" (1981) by Rick Springfield, which he deemed \"simple and beautiful and in-your-face rock songs\" that captured the sound the band desired. The song is inspired by the music of the 1980s, which the group felt was a time in which \"weird\" was celebrated, in both music and fashion.[7][8]", "Tommy James Born in Dayton, Ohio, James and his family moved to Niles, Michigan. He was a child model at the age of four.[1][2] In 1959, at the age of twelve, he formed the band \"The Echoes\", which eventually became \"Tom and the Tornadoes\".[2] In 1964 the band changed its name to The Shondells. That same year, Jack Douglas, a local DJ at WNIL radio station in Niles, formed his own record label, Snap Records. The Shondells were one of the local bands he recorded at WNIL studios.[3] One of the songs was the Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich ditty \"Hanky Panky\", which the pair had recorded under the name The Raindrops.[3] The song was a hit locally, but the label had no resources for national promotion, and it was soon forgotten.[2][3]", "Troy Shondell \"Tears From An Angel\" was his follow-up recording, released in March 1962. No further chart action was forthcoming, and Shondell quietly slipped away from the music industry the following year, despite his third single \"Na-Ne-No\", being produced by Phil Spector. However, in 1963, Tommy Jackson changed the name of his high school band from \"Tom and the Tornados\" to \"The Shondells\" in honor of Shondell (one of his musical idols).[1] Jackson became \"Tommy James\" and international fame followed for the act. Chicago band the Ides of March originally named themselves the Shon-dells, also in tribute to Troy. Shortly before their debut single, \"You Wouldn't Listen\", was released, the label found out that James had been using the name first, so they were forced to change it. In 1968, Shondell became a songwriter for Acuff-Rose Music in Nashville, Tennessee, and the first recording artist for TRX Records, a branch of Hickory Records, for whom Shondell recorded some gramophone record discs until 1969, when he went into the music publishing field. In October 1969, Shondell was appointed as Assistant Regional Director for ASCAP's Southern Regional Office in Nashville.[4]", "The Royal Teens On the original recording, Tom Austin did the wolf whistle, Billy Dalton mimicked the whistle on guitar, and Billy Crandall said “Man, dig those crazy chicks.”[1] With Tommy on drums, Bobby on piano, Billy Dalton on guitar, and Crandall on sax, along with the female vocal provided by Diana Lee, a girl from Leo's stable of talented youngsters, the Royal Teens became a success.", "Herman's Hermits The band's name came from a resemblance, noted by a publican in Manchester, England, between Noone and Sherman in the Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon. Sherman was shortened to Herman, and then became Herman and his Hermits, which was soon shortened to Herman's Hermits.[3] The band played on most of its singles, including \"I'm into Something Good\", \"Listen People\", \"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\", \"Leaning on a Lamp Post\", \"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\", \"A Must to Avoid\", \"You Won't Be Leaving\", and \"I'm Henry VIII, I Am\" (the last said at the time to be \"the fastest-selling song in history\").[4] Leckenby soloed on \"Henry\", and Hopwood played rhythm guitar on \"Mrs. Brown\".[5]", "? and the Mysterians The band was signed to Pa-Go-Go Records in 1966 and released its first and most acclaimed single, \"96 Tears\", in the early part of the year. \"96 Tears\" became a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and propelled the group to a 15-month period of national prominence.[7] Their debut album, 96 Tears, followed. Though Question Mark and the Mysterians were unable to replicate their success with their later recordings, and are mistakenly deemed a \"one-hit wonder\", they did manage to reach the singles charts on five different occasions. In 1968, their label, Cameo-Parkway, was shut down for stock manipulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission, taking the band's money and contract with them.[citation needed] Though they disbanded in 1969, the band has regrouped and released additional material over the years.[3][8]", "The Mamas & the Papas The Mamas & the Papas peaked at number four in the US, continuing the band's success, but only made number twenty-four in the UK. \"I Saw Her Again\" was released as a single in June 1966 and reached number five in the US and number eleven in the UK. There is a false start to the final chorus of the song at 2'42\". While mixing the record, Bones Howe inadvertently punched in the coda vocals too early. He then rewound the tape and inserted the vocals in their proper position. On playback, the mistaken early entry could still be heard, making it sound as though Doherty repeated the first three words, singing \"I saw her ... I saw her again last night\". Lou Adler liked the effect, and told Howe to leave it in the final mix.[40] \"That has to be a mistake: nobody's that clever,\" Paul McCartney told the group.[41] The device was imitated by John Sebastian in the Lovin' Spoonful song, \"Darlin' Be Home Soon\" (1966), and by Kenny Loggins in the song \"I'm Alright\" (1980). \"Words of Love\" was the second single from the album, appearing in November 1966. In the US it was released as a double A-side with \"Dancing in the Street\" and reached number five (\"Dancing in the Street,\" which had been a hit two years earlier for Martha and the Vandellas, struggled to number seventy-three). In the UK it was backed with \"I Can't Wait\" and peaked at number forty-seven.", "The Sound of Silence Folk rock was beginning to make waves on pop radio, with Bob Dylan's \"Like a Rolling Stone\" and the Byrds' \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" (also a Dylan song) charting high.[21] Wilson listened to the song several times, considering it too soft for a wide release.[18] Afterwards, he turned on the Byrds' \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\", which gave him the idea to remix the song, overdubbing rock instrumentation.[22][dubious â€“ discuss] He employed musicians Al Gorgoni (and Vinnie Bell) on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, and Bobby Gregg on drums.[23] The tempo on the original recording was uneven, making it difficult for the musicians to keep the song in time.[21] Engineer Roy Halee employed a heavy echo on the remix, which was a common trait of the Byrds' hits.[21] The single was first serviced to college FM rock stations, and a commercial single release followed on September 13, 1965.[20] The lack of consultation with Simon and Garfunkel on Wilson's remix was because, although still contracted to Columbia Records at the time, the musical duo at that time was no longer a \"working entity\".[21][24] It was not uncommon at the time for producers to add instruments or vocals to previously existing recordings and re-release them as new entities.", "Shout (The Isley Brothers song) Scottish pop singer Lulu had a #7 UK hit with the song in 1964 (attributed to Lulu and the Luvvers),[3][4] and a #8 UK hit with a re-recorded version in 1986.[4] The Shangri-Las included a version of the song in their debut LP Leader of the Pack[5] in 1965 as did the Kingsmen on their Volume 3 album in 1965 and 15 Great Hits album in 1966. Tommy James and the Shondells recorded a version of the song on their 1967 album, I Think We're Alone Now.[6] The Ronettes frequently covered the song in live performances as well, including their appearance in The Big TNT Show. The Trammps released a version of the song in 1975.", "Shop Around \"Shop Around\" is a song written by Smokey Robinson and Berry Gordy. It became a popular hit in 1960 when originally recorded by the Miracles, reaching number one on the Billboard R&B chart and number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A 1976 cover version by the American husband and wife pop duo Captain & Tennille was also a popular hit, reaching number 4 on the Hot 100 chart, number 4 on the RPM chart in Canada and charting at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. It was also covered by Helen Shapiro in 1964, but did not chart.", "The Funk Brothers The band used innovative techniques. For example, most Motown records feature two drummers, playing together or overdubbing one anotherâ€”Marvin Gaye's \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" used three drummers. A number of songs utilized instrumentation and percussion unusual in soul music. The Temptations' \"It's Growing\" features Earl Van Dyke playing a toy piano for the song's introduction, snow chains are used as percussion on Martha and the Vandellas' \"Nowhere to Run\", and a custom oscillator was built to create the synthesizer sounds used to accent several Holland-Dozier-Holland compositions and productions, such as Diana Ross & the Supremes' \"The Happening\" and \"Reflections.\" A tire iron was used in the Martha & the Vandellas song \"Dancing in the Street\".", "The Sound of Silence The song hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1, 1966, leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album, which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song's success. The song was a top-ten hit in multiple countries worldwide, among them Australia, Austria, West Germany, Japan and the Netherlands. Generally considered a classic folk rock song, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically important\" in 2013 along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album.", "The Royal Teens The Royal Teens was a New Jersey rock and roll band that formed in 1956, which was composed of Bob Gaudio on piano, Tom Austin on drums, Billy Dalton on guitar, and Billy Crandall on saxophone.[1] The group is best known for its single \"Short Shorts\", which was a #3 hit in the United States in 1958.[2] The follow-up single, 1959's \"Believe Me\", hit #26.[2] They never recorded an album, and broke up in 1965.", "Stop That Train (The Spanishtonians song) Jamaican duo Keith & Tex covered the song in 1967, in their signature rocksteady style. Their version flipped the song's genders, changing the lyrics from \"my baby he is leaving\" to \"my baby she is leaving\". The song became Keith & Tex's biggest hit.", "The Supremes In the spring of 1964, the Supremes recorded the single \"Where Did Our Love Go\".[27] The song was originally intended by Holland-Dozier-Holland for the Marvelettes, who rejected it.[27] Although the Supremes disliked the song, the producers coerced them into recording it.[27] In August 1964, while the Supremes toured as part of Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" reached number one on the US pop charts, much to the surprise and delight of the group.[29] It was also their first song to appear on the UK pop charts, where it reached number three.", "The Rain, the Park & Other Things \"The Rain, the Park & Other Things\" is a psychedelic pop song with music and lyrics co-written by Artie Kornfeld and Steve Duboff. The song was recorded by the pop band The Cowsills, and included on their 1967 album The Cowsills (MGM E/SE-4498). Released as a single, the song reached #2 on the Billboard charts.[1] The single cemented the group's international popularity and sold some three million copies over the years. It ties with 1969's \"Hair\" as the group's biggest hit, as both reached No. 2 in the U.S. It reached No. 1 in Canada's RPM Magazine charts.", "Do You Love Me Like many American R&B songs of the 1960s, \"Do You Love Me?\" was covered by a number of British Invasion groups. Three British groups who recorded their own versions of the song were Brian Poole and the Tremeloes (who hit number one with it in the UK Singles Chart after learning it from Liverpool's Faron's Flamingos),[1] the Dave Clark Five, and The Hollies on their 1964 album Stay with the Hollies. The song has also been covered by The Sonics, The Kingsmen, Paul Revere & the Raiders, and Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers. In 1965, Bob Marley and the Wailers recorded the song \"Playboy,\" which incorporates \"Do You Love Me\"'s chorus. The song was covered by the English glam rock band Mud for their album mud rock (1974). The song was one of the highlights of The Blues Brothers' live set. Bruce Springsteen frequently ended his shows in the mid-1980s with the song, as part of a medley with \"Twist and Shout\". Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1988 album The Chipmunks and The Chipettes: Born to Rock. Indie band Steadman has a well known cover of the song, played in the style of the Dave Clark Five. Andy Fraser covered the song in the style of the 1980s back in 1984. Westlife performed a live version for their The Greatest Hits Tour in 2003. German girl group Preluders covered the song for their cover album Prelude to History in 2004. In 1992 David Hasselhoff famously sang the song in an episode of Baywatch. In November 2013, The Overtones covered the song for their album Saturday Night at the Movies. In February 2015, Chester See & Andy Lange uploaded a cover of \"Do You Love Me\" to See's YouTube channel. In 2017 Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger, and J. Quinton Johnson covered the song for ABC's Dirty Dancing movie remake.", "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration The song was released in February 26, 1966,[9] and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and stayed at the top for three weeks.[10] This was, however, the end of the group's peak in popularity. Although they entered the charts with their next single, the religiously-oriented \"He\" (No. 18 US), before briefly splitting in 1968, they did not enter the top-10 again until reuniting in 1974 with \"Rock and Roll Heaven\", an ode to deceased music artists.[1]" ]	[ "For What It's Worth \"For What It's Worth (Stop, Hey What's That Sound)\" (often referred to as simply \"For What It's Worth\") is a song written by Stephen Stills. It was performed by Buffalo Springfield, recorded on December 5, 1966, and released as a single on Atco Records in January 1967. The single peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[4] This song is currently ranked number 63 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as well as the eighth best song of 1967 by Acclaimed Music.[5]" ]
test2288	how does olivia secure the love of the man she believes to be cesario	[ "doc79380" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc79383", "doc79380", "doc79379", "doc2461954", "doc131120", "doc79382", "doc2461958", "doc2461955", "doc131122", "doc2461960", "doc79376", "doc79381", "doc131130", "doc131128", "doc1069760", "doc358815", "doc131118", "doc1804028", "doc358814", "doc79377", "doc2461953", "doc79375", "doc79390", "doc79378", "doc1069761", "doc79374", "doc358816", "doc131121", "doc239404", "doc260349", "doc131151", "doc79386", "doc358818", "doc2571294", "doc2461959", "doc358817", "doc79391", "doc1804026", "doc1338193", "doc131148", "doc1338194", "doc358813", "doc676972", "doc260359", "doc1338190", "doc1069754", "doc131123", "doc1338188", "doc131132", "doc131119", "doc79388", "doc2461957", "doc1924283", "doc564486", "doc131152", "doc260344", "doc131129", "doc260346", "doc2209636", "doc131140", "doc1665998", "doc2461956", "doc564490", "doc1804027", "doc131141", "doc564494", "doc131163", "doc649075", "doc1665999", "doc79385", "doc131143", "doc1210123", "doc131160", "doc564492", "doc1338198", "doc131145", "doc1804025", "doc564493", "doc261720", "doc1338192", "doc2680115", "doc260365", "doc676973", "doc79389", "doc1271918", "doc1338189", "doc1757373", "doc260361", "doc2195080", "doc2385000", "doc2385001", "doc367246", "doc1578446", "doc990595", "doc107548", "doc676970", "doc107513", "doc239403", "doc2461952", "doc734668" ]	[ "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Olivia falls in love with Cesario very quickly and decides that, despite her previous declaration of mourning, she will marry him. This brings to question Olivia's sexuality, as Duke Orsino notes Cesario is \"semblative a woman's part\", despite her male attire.[2]", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Olivia attempts to woo the young Cesario/Viola and repeatedly asks/lures him to come back to her estate by using various tricks and problems. Olivia eventually comes to the conclusion that she must marry him. However, in a case of mistaken identity, she marries Viola's twin brother, Sebastian. All ends well however, because Sebastian and his sister are extremely similar.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Olivia quickly descends in love with the witty Cesario (Viola's name when she is in disguise) because Cesario is unafraid of saying what he/she is thinking, even though Cesario never says anything nice to Olivia (except, of course, when speaking Orsino's messages). Cesario also compliments Olivia on her beauty, something that helps heal Olivia's heart from the losses she has recently incurred.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) Viola chooses the name Cesario and secures a position as a page working for the Duke. He then entrusts Cesario (Viola) to express his love for Olivia.[4] Cesario continues to pass messages back and forth between the Duke and Olivia, but this eventually places her in somewhat of a quandary: she is forced by duty to do her best to plead Orsinoâ€™s case to Olivia, but an internal conflict of interest arises when she falls in love with Orsino, and Olivia, believing her to be male, falls in love with her. Upon receiving a ring from Olivia's steward, Viola contemplates the love triangle her disguise has created, admitting only time can solve it.", "Twelfth Night Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a captain. She lost contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believed to be drowned. Disguising herself as a young man under the name Cesario, she enters the service of Duke Orsino through the help of the sea captain who rescues her. Duke Orsino has convinced himself that he is in love with Olivia, whose father and brother have recently died, and who refuses to see charming things, be in the company of men, and entertain love or marriage proposals from anyone, the Duke included, until seven years have passed. Duke Orsino then uses 'Cesario' as an intermediary to profess his passionate love before Olivia. Olivia, however, forgetting about the seven years in his case, falls in love with 'Cesario', as she does not realize the Duke's messenger is a woman in disguise. In the meantime, Viola has fallen in love with the Duke Orsino, creating a love triangle between Duke Orsino, Olivia and Viola: Viola loves Duke Orsino, Duke Orsino loves Olivia, and Olivia loves Viola disguised as Cesario.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Olivia is involved in all three of the main plots of the play: Orsino's love for her brings Cesario to her estate, Olivia's love for Cesario pleads her into marriage with Sebastian, and the entire plot with Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Malvolio revolves around Andrew and Malvolio's supposed love for her.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) William Hamilton painted the confrontation between Olivia and Viola circa 1797: in Act V, Scene 1 Olivia believes Viola (dressed as Cesario) to be Sebastian (Viola's twin brother) who she has just married. After Viola denies any knowledge, incredulous Olivia asks the priest to confirm they were married just two hours prior.[6]", "Viola (Twelfth Night) When Sebastian, Viola's lost twin, arrives alive and well in Illyria with a pirate named Antonio, the chaos of mistaken identity ensues because of their remarkably similar looks, only made more similar due to Viola dressing up as a male. The absurdity of the identity crisis builds until Sebastian and Viola as Cesario meet for the first time, and eventually recognise one another. Olivia and Sebastian have already been secretly married, as she mistook him for Cesario, and Sebastian, ignorant of the foregoing love triangle, was simply entranced by a beautiful woman. Ultimately then, given what he has witnessed, Orsino admits that he will no longer pursue Olivia, agreeing to love her as his sister, and decides to take Viola as his wife once she quits her disguise.", "Twelfth Night Meanwhile, Sebastian (who had been rescued by his friend Antonio, a brigand who Orsino wants arrested) arrives on the scene, which adds confusion of mistaken identity. Mistaking Sebastian for 'Cesario', Olivia asks him to marry her, and they are secretly married in a church. Finally, when 'Cesario' and Sebastian appear in the presence of both Olivia and Orsino, there is more wonder and confusion at their similarity. At this point, Viola reveals her disguise and that Sebastian is her twin brother. The play ends in a declaration of marriage between Duke Orsino and Viola, and it is learned that Sir Toby has married Maria. Malvolio swears revenge on his tormentors and stalks off, but Orsino sends Fabian to placate him.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) In the mid-19th century Frederick Richard Pickersgill painted a few scenes, including: in Act 1, Scene 4 after the character Viola is shipwrecked, when she cross-dresses as Cesario, enters the service of Duke Orsino as his page and falls in love with him; and in Act 3, Scene 1 when Olivia declares her love for Cesario (1859 painting).[8]", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Because of her wealth and beauty Olivia attracts various men who wish to marry her. The play begins with the Duke of Illyria, Orsino, pining away over his love for Olivia while she refuses to accept him as a suitor. Sir Andrew has been invited to her household by Sir Toby, and Andrew hopes to use his stay to make Olivia his bride. Malvolio uses his position as steward to gain her affections.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) The climax of the play takes place at Olivia's estate. It is here that Olivia and Sebastian are hastily married, Viola and Sebastian rediscover each other, Malvolio is rescued, and Orsino proposes to Viola.[1]", "Twelfth Night At Olivia's first meeting with \"Cesario\" (Viola) in I.V she asks her \"Are you a comedian?\" (an Elizabethan term for \"actor\").[16] Viola's reply, \"I am not that I play\", epitomising her adoption of the role of Cesario, is regarded as one of several references to theatricality and \"playing\" within the play.[17] The plot against Malvolio revolves around these ideas, and Fabian remarks in Act III, Scene iv: \"If this were play'd upon a stage now, I could condemn it as an improbable fiction\".[18] In Act IV, Scene ii, Feste (The Fool) plays both parts in the \"play\" for Malvolio's benefit, alternating between adopting the voice of the local curate, Sir Topas, and his own voice. He finishes by likening himself to \"the old Vice\" of English Morality plays.[19] Other influences of the English folk tradition can be seen in Feste's songs and dialogue, such as his final song in Act V.[20] The last line of this song, \"And we'll strive to please you every day\", is a direct echo of similar lines from several English folk plays.[21]", "Twelfth Night Viola is not alone among Shakespeare's cross-dressing heroines; in Shakespeare's theatre, convention dictated that adolescent boys play the roles of female characters, creating humour in the multiplicity of disguise found in a female character who for a while pretended at masculinity.[11] Her cross dressing enables Viola to fulfill usually male roles, such as acting as a messenger between Orsino and Olivia, as well as being Orsino's confidant. She does not, however, use her disguise to enable her to intervene directly in the plot (unlike other Shakespearean heroines such as Rosalind in As You Like It and Portia in The Merchant of Venice), remaining someone who allows \"Time\" to untangle the plot.[13] Viola's persistence in transvestism through her betrothal in the final scene of the play often engenders a discussion of the possibly homoerotic relationship between Viola and Orsino.", "Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister The political plot is focused on Cesario's ambition of becoming King of France. His relationship to Osell Hermione plays a crucial role in this part of the story. She is a former mistress to Cesario and is already past her beauty. To the surprise of everyone, the handsome prince falls in love with her. Only the reader gets to know the reason: Fergusano, a Scottish wizard, made a philtre, that bewitched Cesario and attached him to Hermione. She finally becomes his wife, and stirs up his ambition to become King with the help of two wizards.", "She's the Man Olivia who now has a crush on \"Sebastian\", asks Duke out on a date in hopes that it will make \"Sebastian\" jealous. Viola, who is unaware of Olivia's true intentions, is enraged instead because Duke has now abandoned his interest in Viola. When Viola finds out the truth, she encourages Olivia to tell \"Sebastian\" directly about her feelings.", "Twelfth Night Twelfth Night, or What You Will[notes 1] is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601â€“02 as a Twelfth Night's entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck. Viola (who is disguised as Cesario) falls in love with Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with the Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man. The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of the occasion,[1] with plot elements drawn from the short story \"Of Apollonius and Silla\" by Barnabe Rich, based on a story by Matteo Bandello. The first recorded performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio.", "Feste A good example is in Trevor Nunn's film adaptation, in which Ben Kingsley is constantly present in the scenes that reveal the plotâ€”in fact he is the narrator at the start of the film, describing the shipwreck and the separation of the twins. He is then shown watching Viola arrive in Illyria and the film ends with him watching the various supporting players leave Olivia's estate. When Viola removes her \"Cesario\" disguise he gives her a golden necklace which she discarded when first shipwrecked on Illyria's shores.", "She's the Man At the Junior League carnival, where her mother has made her volunteer, Viola works a shift at the kissing booth and shares a kiss with Duke. Duke expresses to \"Sebastian\" that he might move on from Olivia as he is starting to like Viola now. Viola is delighted as she secretly feels the same way.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Despite all of the rumpus going on at her home, Olivia refuses all visitors until Orsino sends his new page, the protagonist of the play, Viola, to call on her.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) Viola's actions produce all of the play's momentum. She is a young woman of Messaline, a fictional country invented by Shakespeare, although some[who?] believe that this country really did exist.[3][dubious â€“ discuss] In the beginning Viola is found shipwrecked on the shores of Illyria and separated from her twin brother, not knowing whether he is alive or dead, the Sea Captain that tells her that this place is ruled by the Duke Orsino, who is in love with the Countess Olivia. Viola wants to serve her, but, finding this impossible, she has the Sea Captain dress her up like a eunuch, so she can serve the Duke instead.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Olivia is a beautiful lady of noble birth who lives in Illyria. Before the play begins, she has recently lost her brother who was her guardian after her father died. This loss has made her grief-stricken and she has refused to see anyone who does not reside in her household, and declared that she will be in mourning for seven years (The element itself, till seven years' heat, Shall not behold her face at ample view).", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) In 2006 the play was adapted into a modern retelling titled She's the Man, starring Amanda Bynes as Viola and Laura Ramsey as Olivia.[3]", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Viola has been recently shipwrecked and she has taken on the disguise of a boy so that she may work for Orsino with no one knowing her true identity. During the shipwreck, Viola lost her brother, Sebastian, and she believes that he has died.", "Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister Cesario leaves with all his men from Brussels to France, where he proclaims himself King. Cesario's army is defeated by the Royal Army due to his impatience and losing the loyalty of his friends. He is eventually pardoned.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Olivia is a fictional character from William Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night, believed to have been written around 1600 or 1601. She is at the centre of the various plots, both the comedic and the romantic. She has various suitors.", "She's the Man The situation becomes even more complicated when the real Sebastian returns from London a day early, unbeknownst to Viola. As soon as he arrives at Illyria, Olivia confesses her feelings and kisses him. Duke, seeing this, believes his roommate has betrayed him. When \"Sebastian\" returns to their room, the two have an argument and Duke kicks him out. Viola oversleeps and misses the first half of the game, while the real Sebastian is mistaken for \"Sebastian\" and winds up poorly playing his sister's game instead. At half-time, Viola explains the situation to Sebastian and they switch places again.", "Twelfth Night In the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivia's pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that Olivia has fallen for him. This involves Olivia's uncle, Sir Toby Belch; another would-be suitor, a silly squire named Sir Andrew Aguecheek; her servants Maria and Fabian; and her fool, Feste. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, thus disturbing the peace of Olivia's house until late into the night, prompting Malvolio to chastise them. Sir Toby famously retorts, \"Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale?\" (Act II, Scene III) Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria are urged to plan revenge on Malvolio. They convince Malvolio that Olivia is secretly in love with him by planting a love letter, written by Maria in Olivia's handwriting. It asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered, to be rude to the rest of the servants, and to smile constantly in the presence of Olivia. Malvolio finds the letter and reacts in surprised delight. He starts acting out the contents of the letter to show Olivia his positive response. Olivia is shocked by the changes in Malvolio and leaves him to the contrivances of his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane, they lock him up in a dark chamber. Feste visits him to mock his insanity, both disguised as a priest and as himself.", "Malvolio Much of the play's humour comes from Maria, Feste, Toby Belch, and Andrew Aguecheek tormenting Malvolio with drinking, joking, and singing. Later in the play, Maria devises a way to have revenge upon Malvolio, and proposes it to Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Feste. Maria composes a love letter in Olivia's handwriting, and leaves it so Malvolio will find it. Beforehand, Malvolio had been wishing to marry Olivia. The letter convinces Malvolio that Olivia loves him, and leads Malvolio to think that Olivia wishes him to smile, wear yellow stockings and cross garters. Olivia is in mourning for her brother's death, and finds smiling offensive, and yellow is \"a colour she abhors, and cross garters a fashion she detests\", according to Maria. When Malvolio is imprisoned for being a supposed lunatic after acting out the instructions in the letter, Feste visits him both as himself and in the guise of \"Sir Topas the curate\", and torments Malvolio by making him swear to heretical texts, for example, Pythagorean precepts. At the end of the play he vows, \"I’ll be reveng’d on the whole pack of you\" for his public humiliation, and Olivia acknowledges that he has \"been most notoriously abused.\"", "As You Like It Orlando sees Oliver in the forest and rescues him from a lioness, causing Oliver to repent for mistreating Orlando. Oliver meets Aliena (Celia's false identity) and falls in love with her, and they agree to marry. Orlando and Rosalind, Oliver and Celia, Silvius and Phebe, and Touchstone and Audrey all are married in the final scene, after which they discover that Frederick also has repented his faults, deciding to restore his legitimate brother to the dukedom and adopt a religious life. Jaques, ever melancholic, declines their invitation to return to the court, preferring to stay in the forest and to adopt a religious life as well. Rosalind speaks an epilogue to the audience, commending the play to both men and women in the audience.", "Twelfth Night The 2006 film She's the Man modernises the story as a contemporary teenage comedy (as 10 Things I Hate About You did with The Taming of the Shrew). It is set in a prep school named Illyria and incorporates the names of the play's major characters. For example, Orsino, Duke of Illyria becomes simply Duke Orsino (\"Duke\" being his forename). The story was changed to revolve around the idea of soccer rivalry but the twisted character romance remained the same as the original. Viola, the main character, pretends to be her brother Sebastian, and a girl named Olivia falls in love with Viola as Sebastian. She also goes to a restaurant named \"Cesario's\". Two of Duke's Illyria soccer teammates are named Andrew and Toby. A nod is given to the omitted subplot by naming a briefly-onscreen tarantula Malvolio. Several characters, such as Monique and Malcolm, do not seem to stem from any Shakespearean inspiration.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) In 2014, Mark Rylance played the role in an all-male production that ran in repertory with Richard III (in which Rylance played the title role). He won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance as Olivia.", "She's the Man Everyone at Illyria celebrates their victory over Cornwall, except for Duke who is hurt about Viola's deception. Viola introduces Sebastian and Olivia officially, and they begin dating. Viola and Sebastian's divorced parents also make up, exchanging contact information so as to be better parents towards their children. She invites Duke to her debutante ball, with an invitation delivered by Sebastian, now Duke's roommate. Still hurt, Duke doesn't respond to Viola's invitation, which devastates her. At the ball, Viola is skeptical that Duke will show up; she distracts herself by assisting Olivia, who is being escorted by Sebastian to the ball, and is touched when Paul asks to be her date. Her mother shows up with a dress that will suit Viola's \"no ruffles\" policy, but Viola decides to go for a walk instead. She runs into Duke outside, who tells her that he has feelings for her, but that he doesn't want there to be any more deception on her part; Viola promises to be honest with him. Later, Monique is escorted by Justin, Olivia is escorted by Sebastian, and Viola and Duke enter the stage late, but together, with Viola in her new dress, much to the joy of her mother. Viola and Duke share a kiss before joining the crowd. At the end of the film, Viola and Duke are shown happily playing on Illyria's soccer team together.", "Viola tricolor O Tranio! till I found it to be true,\nI never thought it possible or likely;\nBut see, while idly I stood looking on,\nI found the effect of love in idleness;\nAnd now in plainness do confess to thee,\nThat art to me as secret and as dear\nAs Anna to the Queen of Carthage was,\nTranio, I burn, I pine, I perish, Tranio,\nIf I achieve not this young modest girl.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) Walter Howell Deverell used model Elizabeth Siddal in his 1850 painting, showing Viola as Cesario looking longingly at Duke Orsino.[7]", "She's the Man Duke, still furious at \"Sebastian\", refuses to cooperate with him on the field. Determined to makes amends with Duke, \"Sebastian\" explains that he is actually Viola. Illyria wins the game when Viola scores a goal, finally humiliating Justin and the rest of the Cornwall boys.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Helen Menken played the role of Olivia in a 1937 radio adaptation.[4]", "Feste Feste seems to leave Olivia's house and return at his pleasure rather too freely for a servant. (At the very least he is doing some free-lance entertaining over at the house of Duke Orsino (2.4).) His habit of roaming gets him into trouble with Lady Olivia: when we first see him, he must talk his way out of being turned out—a grim fate in those days—for being absent, as it were, without leave. He succeeds, and once back in his lady's good graces, he weaves in and out of the action with the sort of impunity that was reserved for a person nobody took seriously.", "Shakespeare in Love Master Tilney arrives to arrest everyone for indecency due to Viola's presence, but the Queen reveals herself having been in attendance and restrains Tilney, instead asserting that Kent's resemblance to a woman is, indeed, remarkable. However, even a queen is powerless to end a lawful marriage, and she orders Kent to \"fetch\" Viola because she must sail with Wessex to the Colony of Virginia. The Queen also tells Wessex, who followed Viola to the theatre, that Romeo and Juliet has won the bet for Shakespeare, and has Kent deliver his Â£50 with instructions to write something \"a little more cheerful next time, for Twelfth Night\".", "Twelfth Night The 1996 film adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and set in the 19th century, stars Imogen Stubbs as Viola, Helena Bonham Carter as Olivia and Toby Stephens as Duke Orsino. The film also features Mel Smith as Sir Toby, Richard E. Grant as Sir Andrew, Ben Kingsley as Feste, Imelda Staunton as Maria and Nigel Hawthorne as Malvolio. Much of the comic material was downplayed into straightforward drama, and the film received some criticism for this.[39]", "Shakespeare in Love Viola and Shakespeare say their goodbyes, and he vows to immortalise her, as he imagines the beginning of Twelfth Night, in character as a castaway disguised as a man after a voyage to a strange land.", "She's the Man While moving in, she meets her roommate, Duke Orsino (Channing Tatum), an attractive soccer player and Illyria's team captain. During tryouts, Viola fails to impress Coach Dinklage (Vinnie Jones) and is assigned to second string, much to her dismay. Her teammates, including Duke, initially dislike \"Sebastian\" due to his awkward and strange behavior. However, with help from Paul once again, they begin to accept him into their social circle. \"Sebastian\" then gets the popular and pretty Olivia (Laura Ramsey) as his lab partner, which frustrates Duke, as he has feelings for her. \"Sebastian\" agrees to put in a good word for Duke if he promises to train him to be a better soccer player. Coach Dinklage eventually notices \"Sebastian's\" effort and improvement, thus promoting him to first string.", "The Two Gentlemen of Verona Proteus insinuates that he will rape her (\"I'll force thee yield to my desire\"), but at this point, Valentine intervenes and denounces Proteus. Horrified at what has happened, Proteus vows that the hate Valentine feels for him is nothing compared to the hate he feels for himself. Convinced that Proteus' repentance is genuine, Valentine forgives him and seems to offer Silvia to him. At this point, overwhelmed, Julia faints, revealing her true identity. Upon seeing her, Proteus suddenly remembers his love for her and vows fidelity to her once again. The Duke and Thurio are brought as prisoners by the outlaws. Seeing Silvia, Thurio claims her as his, but Valentine warns Thurio that if he makes one move toward her, he will kill him. Terrified, Thurio renounces Silvia. The Duke, disgusted with Thurio's cowardice and impressed by Valentine's actions, approves his and Silvia's love, and consents to their marriage. The two couples are happily united, and the Duke pardons the outlaws, telling them they may return to Milan.", "As You Like It Love is the central theme of As You Like It, like other romantic comedies of Shakespeare. Following the tradition of a romantic comedy, As You Like It is a tale of love manifested in its varied forms. In many of the love-stories, it is love at first sight. This principle of \"love at first sight\" is seen in the love-stories of Rosalind and Orlando, Celia and Oliver, as well as Phebe and Ganymede. The love-story of Audrey and Touchstone is a parody of romantic love. Another form of love is between women, as in Rosalind and Celia's deep bond.[8]", "Shakespeare in Love Viola is summoned to court to receive approval for her proposed marriage to Lord Wessex. Shakespeare accompanies her, disguised as her female cousin. There, he persuades Wessex to wager Â£50 that a play can capture the true nature of love, the exact amount Shakespeare requires to buy a share in the Chamberlain's Men. Queen Elizabeth I declares that she will judge the matter when the occasion arises.", "Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister To Lord Spencer: The author praises Spencer for his noble birth and the glorious future, that is surely destined for him. The author compares Spencer to Cesario, saying that he is too loyal to be like him, but also warning him against unlawful ambition.", "Twelfth Night The play is believed to have drawn extensively on the Italian production Gl'ingannati (or The Deceived Ones),[4] collectively written by the Accademia degli Intronati in 1531. It is conjectured that the name of its male lead, Orsino, was suggested by Virginio Orsini, Duke of Bracciano, an Italian nobleman who visited London in the winter of 1600 to 1601.[5]", "Shakespeare in Love Viola de Lesseps, the daughter of a wealthy merchant, who has seen Shakespeare's plays at court, disguises herself as a man named Thomas Kent to audition. \"He\" gains Shakespeare's interest when he auditions with a speech from Two Gentlemen of Verona after a series of actors bore him by reciting Christopher Marlowe, but when Shakespeare questions her, Viola runs away in fear of being discovered. Shakespeare pursues Kent to Viola's house and leaves a note with the nurse, asking Thomas Kent to begin rehearsals at the Rose. He sneaks into the house with the minstrels playing that night at the ball, where Viola's parents are arranging her betrothal to Lord Wessex, an impoverished aristocrat. While dancing with Viola, Shakespeare is struck speechless, but is forcibly ejected by Wessex. Wessex also asks Will's name, to which he replies that he is Christopher Marlowe after Wessex threatens to kill him. Shakespeare sneaks into Viola's garden, finding her on her balcony, where they briefly confess their mutual attraction to each other before he is discovered by her nurse and flees.", "Twelfth Night At our feast we had a play called \"Twelve Night, or What You Will\", much like \"The Comedy of Errors\" or \"Menaechmi\" in Plautus, but most like and near to that in Italian called \"Inganni\". A good practice in it to make the steward believe his lady-widow was in love with him, by counterfeiting a letter as from his lady, in general terms telling him what she liked best in him and prescribing his gesture in smiling, his apparel, etc. and then, when he came to practice, making him believe they took him for mad.[22]", "Twelfth Night Illyria, the setting of Twelfth Night, is important to the play's romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast (the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea which is the only part of ancient Illyria which is relevant to the play) covered (from north to south) the coasts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania. It included the city-state of the Republic of Ragusa which has been proposed as the setting.[2] Illyria may have been suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi, the plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeare's earlier play, Henry VI, Part 2. The names of most of the characters are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the \"Illyrian\" lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch. It has been noted that the play's setting also has other English allusions such as Viola's use of \"Westward ho!\", a typical cry of 16th-century London boatmen, and also Antonio's recommendation to Sebastian of \"The Elephant\" as where it is best to lodge in Illyria; The Elephant was a pub not far from the Globe Theatre.[3]", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) In the first film version of the play, made in 1910, Julia Swayne Gordon depicted Lady Olivia.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) Circa 1771 Francis Wheatley used actress Elizabeth Younge as a model to paint Viola in Act III, Scene 4 after she and Sir Andrew have drawn swords (painting top-right).[5]", "Twelfth Night (holiday) Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night, or What You Will was written to be performed as a Twelfth Night entertainment. The earliest known performance took place at Middle Temple Hall, one of the Inns of Court, on Candlemas night, 2 February 1602.[18] The play has many elements that are reversed, in the tradition of Twelfth Night, such as a woman Viola dressing as a man, and a servant Malvolio imagining that he can become a nobleman.", "Much Ado About Nothing By means of \"noting\" (which, in Shakespeare's day, sounded similar to \"nothing\" as in the play's title,[1][2] and which means gossip, rumour, and overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into rejecting Hero at the altar on the erroneous belief that she has been unfaithful. At the end, Benedick and Beatrice join forces to set things right, and the others join in a dance celebrating the marriages of the two couples.", "Twelfth Night Shakespeare in Love contains several references to Twelfth Night. Near the end of the movie, Elizabeth I (Judi Dench) asks Shakespeare (Joseph Fiennes) to write a comedy for the Twelfth Night holiday. Shakespeare's love interest in the film, \"Viola\" (Gwyneth Paltrow), is the daughter of a wealthy merchant who disguises herself as a boy to become an actor; while Shakespeare, a financially struggling playwright suffering from writer's block is trying to write Romeo and Juliet. She is presented in the final scene of the film as William Shakespeare's \"true\" inspiration for the heroine of Twelfth Night. In a nod to the shipwrecked opening of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, the movie includes a scene where the character Viola, separated from her love by an arranged marriage and bound for the American colonies, survives a shipwreck and comes ashore to Virginia.", "As You Like It Frederick has usurped the duchy and exiled his older brother, Duke Senior. Duke Senior's daughter, Rosalind, has been permitted to remain at court because she is the closest friend and cousin of Frederick's only child, Celia. Orlando, a young gentleman of the kingdom who at first sight has fallen in love with Rosalind, is forced to flee his home after being persecuted by his older brother, Oliver. Frederick becomes angry and banishes Rosalind from court. Celia and Rosalind decide to flee together accompanied by the court fool, Touchstone, with Rosalind disguised as a young man and Celia disguised as a poor lady.", "Twelfth Night As the very nature of Twelfth Night explores gender identity and sexual attraction, having a male actor play Viola enhanced the impression of androgyny and sexual ambiguity.[14] Some modern scholars believe that Twelfth Night, with the added confusion of male actors and Viola's deception, addresses gender issues \"with particular immediacy.\"[15] They also accept that the depiction of gender in Twelfth Night stems from the era's prevalent scientific theory that females are simply imperfect males.[14] This belief explains the almost indistinguishable differences between the sexes reflected in the casting and characters of Twelfth Night.", "As You Like It Orlando and his servant Adam, meanwhile, find the Duke and his men and are soon living with them and posting simplistic love poems for Rosalind on the trees. (The role of Adam may have been played by Shakespeare, though this story is said to be apocryphal.)[1] Rosalind, also in love with Orlando, meets him as Ganymede and pretends to counsel him to cure him of being in love. Ganymede says that \"he\" will take Rosalind's place and that \"he\" and Orlando can act out their relationship.", "Shakespearean fool As Shakespeare's fools speak truth to the other characters, they also speak truth to the audience. For example, Feste, in Twelfth Night, introduces a central theme when he tells Olivia that \"the future is uncertain, laughter momentary, and youth 'a stuff will not endure' (II.iii.52).\" Shakespeare later closes the play with Feste alone on the stage, singing directly to the audience \"of man's inexorable progress from childhood's holiday realm ... into age, vice, disillusionment, and death. ... [This] pessimism is informed and sweetened, however, not only by the music to which it is set, but by the tolerance and acceptance of Feste himself.\"[10]", "Twelfth Night When the play was first performed, all female parts were played by men or boys, but it has been the practice for some centuries now to cast women or girls in the female parts in all plays. The company of Shakespeare's Globe, London, has produced many notable, highly popular all-male performances, and a highlight of their 2002 season was Twelfth Night, with the Globe's artistic director Mark Rylance playing the part of Olivia. This season was preceded, in February, by a performance of the play by the same company at Middle Temple Hall, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the play's premiÃ¨re, at the same venue. The same production was revived in 2012-13 and transferred to sell-out runs in the West End and Broadway. Stephen Fry played Malvolio. It ran in repertory with Richard III.", "Orlando (As You Like It) At the start of the play Orlando complains about the harsh treatment given to him by his brother, Oliver, and says that Oliver will not even give him the paltry sum of 1000 crowns left to him in their father's will. He is portrayed as exceptionally strong in both body and in his devotion to love. It is these qualities that make Rosalind fall for him as well.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) Although Viola is the play's protagonist, her true name is not spoken by any character—including herself—until the final scene of the play (Act 5, scene 1).", "Much Ado About Nothing Meanwhile, Benedick disguises himself and dances with Beatrice. Beatrice proceeds to tell this \"mystery man\" that Benedick is \"the prince's jester, a very dull fool.\" Benedick, enraged by her words, swears he will have revenge. Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, harbour a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice. They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love with him but afraid to tell him; that their pride is the main impediment to their courtship. Meanwhile, Hero and her maid Ursula ensure Beatrice overhears them discuss Benedick's undying love for her. The tricks have the desired effect: both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think they are the object of unrequited love, and both accordingly resolve to mend their faults and reconcile.", "Feste There are instances in the play where Feste is believed to be an almost omniscient presence. Some critics have suggested that there are moments where it seems Feste knows more about Viola/Cesario's disguise than he lets on and certain stage and film adaptations have taken this approach with their portrayal of the fool.", "Twelfth Night Interpretations of the role of Viola have been given by many well-renowned actresses in the latter half of the 20th century, and have been interpreted in the light of how far they allow the audience to experience the transgressions of stereotypical gender roles.[25] This has sometimes correlated with how far productions of the play go towards reaffirming a sense of unification, for example a 1947 production concentrated on showing a post-World War II community reuniting at the end of the play, led by a robust hero/heroine in Viola, played by Beatrix Lehmann, then 44 years old.[26] The 1966 Royal Shakespeare Company production played on gender transgressions more obviously, with Diana Rigg as Viola showing much more physical attraction towards the duke than previously seen, and the court in general being a more physically demonstrative place, particularly between males.[27] John Barton's 1969 production starred Donald Sinden as Malvolio and Judi Dench as Viola; their performances were highly acclaimed and the production as a whole was commented on as showing a dying society crumbling into decay.[28]", "Much Ado About Nothing At the wedding, the bride is revealed to be Hero, still living. Claudio is overjoyed. Beatrice and Benedick, prompted by their friends' interference, finally and publicly confess their love for each other. As the play draws to a close, a messenger arrives with news of Don John's capture â€“ but Benedick proposes to postpone his punishment to another day so that the couples can enjoy their new-found happiness. Don Pedro is lonely because he hasn't found love. Thus Benedick gives him the advice \"Get thee a wife.\"", "Twelfth Night An adaptation of Twelfth Night by Cathleen Nesbitt for the BBC was the first complete Shakespeare play ever broadcast on British radio. This occurred on 28 May 1923, with Nesbitt as both Viola and Sebastian, and Gerald Lawrence as Orsino.[41]", "Maria (Twelfth Night) Maria is a fictional character in the play Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare. She is a servant in Olivia's household. Maria is shown to have a friendly relationship with Sir Toby Belch, and exhibits a witty attitude. Maria also forged a love letter to Malvolio which resulted in Malvolio's condemnation to the madhouse.", "Orlando (As You Like It) After angering Oliver's crony Duke Frederick, Orlando flees his familiar surroundings to live in exile in the Forest of Arden. There, he is accepted into the circle of the usurped Duke Senior and is eventually united in marriage with Duke Senior's daughter, Rosalind. Actor Laurence Olivier played the character in a 1936 film[1] with Elizabeth Bergner opposite him as Rosalind.", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) In 2009, Shakespeare in the Park put on a production starring Anne Hathaway as Viola and Audra McDonald as Olivia.", "Twelfth Night In March 2017, the Royal National Theatre's production of Twelfth Night [31] changed some of the roles from male to female, including Feste, Fabian (which became Fabia), and most notably, Malvolio - which became Malvolia - played by Tamsin Greig to largely positive reviews.[32][33][34][35] As a result, the production played with sexuality as well as gender.", "Miranda (The Tempest) Her decision to pursue a relationship with Ferdinand is also interpreted by critics as an indication that her marriage to him is more than a simple political match. Miranda makes a very clear decision to seek out Ferdinand and offer her assistance, all the while worrying that her father will discover them. She is also the one to abandon traditional concepts of Elizabethan modesty by ardently stating her love for Ferdinand, proclaiming that \"I am your wife, if you will marry me; / If not, I'll die your maid\".[8]", "Twelfth Night In 1998 the Lincoln Center Theater production directed by Nicholas Hytner was broadcast on PBS Live From Lincoln Center. It starred Helen Hunt as Viola, Paul Rudd as Orsino, Kyra Sedgwick as Olivia, Philip Bosco as Malvolio, Brian Murray as Sir Toby, Max Wright as Sir Andrew, and David Patrick Kelly as Feste.", "Much Ado About Nothing At the wedding the next day, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests and storms off with Don Pedro. Hero faints. Her humiliated father Leonato expresses the wish that she would die. The presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero to be innocent. He suggests the family fake Hero's death in order to extract the truth and Claudio's remorse. Prompted by the day's harrowing events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other. Beatrice then asks Benedick to slay Claudio as proof of his devotion, since he has slandered her kinswoman. Benedick is horrified and at first, denies her request. Leonato and his brother Antonio blame Claudio for Hero's apparent death and challenge him to a duel. Benedick then does the same.", "Shakespeare in Love The film was considerably reworked after the first test screenings. The scene with Shakespeare and Viola in the punt was re-shot, to make it more emotional, and some lines were re-recorded to clarify the reasons why Viola had to marry Wessex. The ending was re-shot several times, until Stoppard eventually came up with the idea of Viola suggesting to Shakespeare that their parting could inspire his next play.[7]", "Twelfth Night Due to its themes such as young women seeking independence in a \"man's world\", \"gender-bending\" and \"same-sex attraction\" (albeit in a roundabout way),[37] there have been a number of re-workings for the stage, particularly in musical theatre, among them Your Own Thing (1968), Music Is (1977), All Shook Up (2005), and Play On! (1997), the last two jukebox musicals featuring the music of Elvis Presley and Duke Ellington, respectively. Another adaptation is Illyria, by composer Pete Mills. Theatre Grottesco created a modern version of the play from the point of view of the servants working for Duke Orsino and Lady Olivia. The adaptation takes a much deeper look at the issues of classism, and society without leadership. In 1999, the play was adapted as Epiphany by the Takarazuka Revue, adding more overt commentary on the role of theatre and actors, as well as gender as applied to the stage (made more layered by the fact that all roles in this production were played by women).[38]", "Feste Feste is a fool in the William Shakespeare comedy Twelfth Night. He is attached to the household of the Countess Olivia. He has apparently been there for some time, as he was a \"fool that the Lady Olivia's father took much delight in\" (2.4). Although Olivia's father has died within the last year, it is possible that Feste approaches or has reached middle age, though he still has the wit to carry off good 'fooling' when he needs to, and the voice to sing lustily or plangently as the occasion demands. He is referred to by name only once during the play, in answer to an inquiry by Orsino of who sang a song that he heard the previous evening. Curio responds \"Feste, the jester, my lord; a fool that the lady Olivia's father took much delight in. He is about the house\" (2.4). Throughout the rest of the play, he is addressed only as \"Fool,\" while in the stage directions he is mentioned as \"Clown.\"", "Much Ado About Nothing Luckily, on the night of Don John's treachery, the local Watch apprehended Borachio and his ally Conrade. Despite the comic ineptness of the Watch (headed by constable Dogberry, a master of malapropisms), they have overheard the duo discussing their evil plans. The Watch arrest the villains and eventually obtain a confession, informing Leonato of Hero's innocence. Though Don John has fled the city, a force is sent to capture him. Claudio, stricken with remorse at Hero's supposed death, agrees to her father's demand that he marry Antonio's daughter, \"almost the copy of my child that's dead\"[3] and carry on the family name.", "The Duchess of Malfi Scene 2—The Duchess’s bedchamber: Antonio comes up to the Duchess’s bedroom to spend the night, and they banter back and forth about the point of lovers just sleeping together. Antonio and Cariola leave to allow the Duchess to complete her night-time preparations, but she is not alone; Ferdinand sneaks in and startles her. He gives her a knife, intending her to kill herself, and his fury increases when she tells him she is married without his knowledge. Ferdinand leaves, declaring he will never see her again. He exits just in time, for Antonio bursts in brandishing a pistol, but the Duchess forces him to leave again when Bosola knocks at the door. Bosola informs the Duchess that Ferdinand has left for Rome again, and she tells him that Ferdinand’s bills of exchange (he has so far dealt with her accounts) will no longer work, since Antonio has been false with her accounts. This is, of course, a trick to get Antonio out of Malfi; she calls Antonio back in (once Bosola exits) to tell him to flee to Ancona, where she will send him all her treasure and valuables. The couple puts on a show argument for the benefit of the returning Bosola and officers, where she criticises his faulty record keeping and banishes him. Bosola does not believe the Duchess was justified in banishing Antonio, and tells her that Antonio is a good, honest man. This speech prompts the Duchess to confide the secret marriage to Bosola. He is then left on stage to lament his role as a spy, for now he must reveal all to Ferdinand.", "Shakespeare in Love John Webster, an unpleasant young boy who hangs around the theater, spies on Will and Viola making love and informs Tilney, who closes the Rose for breaking the ban on women actors. Viola's identity is exposed, leaving them without a stage or lead actor, until Richard Burbage offers them his theatre and the heartbroken Shakespeare takes the role of Romeo. Following her wedding, Viola learns that the play will be performed that day, and runs away to the Curtain. Planning to watch with the crowd, Viola overhears that the boy playing Juliet cannot perform, his voice having broken overnight, and Henslowe asks her to replace him. She plays Juliet to Shakespeare's Romeo to an enthralled audience.", "Sonnet 138 The tone shift highlights the power of love in interpolating mutual exchange of harmonious moments even at the cost of such negative values as lying. The interpolation process prompts him to transcend his earlier cynical perception of deceit to capture a rather more meaningful feeling, i.e. their lying cycle is but a moment of love performance. Using wordplay in \"Therefore I lie with her, and she with me\" suggests that they are not lying at each other but with each other. The sonnet concludes with this reconciling image to release the speaker from transgressing his lover's age insecurity. In The Social Context of Nonverbal Behavior, the writers suggest that the speaker's decision could be his way of preserving \"his image of his love as a truthful person\" (373).[24] This, however, does not exempt him from taking advantage of the benefits of sustaining the relationship.", "As You Like It Shakespeare uses prose for about 55% of the text, with the remainder in verse.[12] Shaw explains that as used here the prose, \"brief [and] sure,\" drives the meaning and is part of the play's appeal, whereas some of its verse he regards only as ornament.[13] The dramatic convention of the time required the courtly characters to use verse, and the country characters prose, but in As You Like It this convention is deliberately overturned.[12] For example, Rosalind, although the daughter of a Duke and thinking and behaving in high poetic style, actually speaks in prose as this is the \"natural and suitable\" way of expressing the directness of her character, and the love scenes between Rosalind and Orlando are in prose (III, ii, 277).[14] In a deliberate contrast, Silvius describes his love for Phebe in verse (II, iv, 20). As a mood of a character changes, he or she may change from one form of expression to the other in mid-scene. Indeed, in a metafictional touch, Jaques cuts off a prose dialogue with Rosalind because Orlando enters, using verse: \"Nay then, God be with you, an you talk in blank verse\" (IV, i, 29).[15] The defiance of convention is continued when the epilogue is given in prose.", "The Two Gentlemen of Verona In writing The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Shakespeare drew on the Spanish prose romance Los Siete Libros de la Diana (The Seven Books of the Diana) by the Portuguese writer Jorge de Montemayor. In the second book of Diana, Don Felix, who is in love with Felismena, sends her a letter explaining his feelings. Like Julia, Felismena pretends to reject the letter, and be annoyed with her maid for delivering it. Like Proteus, Felix is sent away by his father, and is followed by Felismena, who, disguised as a boy, becomes his page, only to subsequently learn that Felix has fallen in love with Celia. Felismena is then employed by Felix to act as his messenger in all communications with Celia, who scorns his love. Instead, Celia falls in love with the page (i.e. Felismena in disguise). Eventually, after a combat in a wood, Felix and Felismena are reunited. Upon Felismena revealing herself however, Celia, having no counterpart to Valentine, dies of grief.[4]", "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Helena Bonham Carter played Olivia in Trevor Nunn's film, Twelfth Night.", "As You Like It (1936 film) Orlando rescues Oliver from a lioness in the forest, causing Oliver to repent and re-embrace his brother. Ganymede, Orlando, Phoebe, and Silvius are brought together to sort out who marries whom. Ganymede proposes that Orlando promise to marry Rosalind, and Phoebe promise to marry Silvius if she cannot marry Ganymede. The next day, Rosalind reveals herself. Orlando and Rosalind, Oliver and Celia, Silvius and Phoebe, and Touchstone and Audrey are all then married, and they learn that Frederick has also repented and decided to reinstate his brother as the Duke.", "Shakespeare in Love Inspired by Viola, Shakespeare writes quickly, completely transforming the play into what will become Romeo and Juliet. Rehearsals begin, with \"Thomas Kent\" as Romeo, the leading tragedian Ned Alleyn as Mercutio and the stagestruck Fennyman given a small role as the Apothocary. Shakespeare soon discovers Viola's true identity, and they begin a secret affair.", "All's Well That Ends Well There is no evidence that All's Well was popular in Shakespeare's own lifetime and it has remained one of his lesser-known plays ever since, in part due to its unorthodox mixture of fairy tale logic, gender role reversals and cynical realism. Helena's love for the seemingly unlovable Bertram is difficult to explain on the page, but in performance it can be made acceptable by casting an actor of obvious physical attraction or by playing him as a naive and innocent figure not yet ready for love although, as both Helena and the audience can see, capable of emotional growth.[6] This latter interpretation also assists at the point in the final scene in which Bertram suddenly switches from hatred to love in just one line. This is considered a particular problem for actors trained to admire psychological realism. However, some alternative readings emphasise the \"if\" in his equivocal promise: \"If she, my liege, can make me know this clearly, I'll love her dearly, ever, ever dearly.\" Here, there has been no change of heart at all.[7] Productions like the National Theatre's 2009 run, have Bertram make his promise seemingly normally, but then end the play hand-in-hand with Helena, staring out at the audience with a look of \"aghast bewilderment\" suggesting he only relented to save face in front of the King.[8] A 2018 interpretation from director Caroline Byrne at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, London, effects Bertram's reconciliation with Helena by having him make good his vow (Act 2 Scene 2) of only taking her as his wife when she bears his child; as well as Bertram's ring, Helena brings their infant child to their final confrontation before the king.[9]", "As You Like It The play highlights the theme of usurpation and injustice on the property of others. However, it ends happily with reconciliation and forgiveness. Duke Frederick is converted by a hermit and he restores the dukedom to Duke Senior who, in his turn, restores the forest to the deer. Oliver also undergoes a change of heart and learns to love Orlando. Thus, the play ends on a note of rejoicing and merry-making.", "Sir Toby Belch His tormenting of the steward Malvolio is similarly double-edged in its tone of \"sportful malice\" (V,1). The plot against Malvolio is generally considered a comic highlight of the play, but critics have often complained of its cruelty.[1] The play ends with the quarrel still unresolved, and Olivia warning that Malvolio \"hath been most notoriously abused\" (V,1).", "All for Love (play) Antony is returning from battle and is overwhelmed with love for Cleopatra. Ventidius comes to speak with Antony, who attempts to flee unsuccessfully. Antony does not want to go back to war but doesn't know how to stop it. He believes Dolabella can help him and Ventidius brings Dolabella out. Dolabella, Antony's friend, appears after Antony's success in battle. Dolabella was banished for his love for Cleopatra, but he returns to a warm welcome from Antony. Dolabella offers a gift that will bring peace between Antony and Caesar. The gift is Octavia, Antony's true wife and Caesar's sister, and Antony's two daughters. Octavia tells Antony the war will stop when he returns to his rightful place, by her side. Antony and Octavia reunite, and Alexas's attempts to meddle for the sake of Cleopatra are dismissed. Cleopatra appears informed of her defeat. Alexas tells her to avoid Octavia but Cleopatra chooses to face her as a rival. Cleopatra and Octavia have an argument, it seems clear that Octavia is whom Antony rightfully belongs to, even if it is not she whom he loves most.", "All for Love (play) Antony has been convinced by Octavia that his rightful place is by her side, in Rome, with his children. Antony plans to leave but does not have the strength to tell Cleopatra himself. Antony asks Dolabella to tell Cleopatra he is leaving so that Antony will not be persuaded to stay. Ventidius overhears that Dolabella will be going to Cleopatra to bid her farewell. He also sees her divising a plan with Alexas to inspire jealousy in Antony by way of Dolabella. Ventidius and Octavia see Dolabella taking Cleopatra's hand, but when the time comes to make a move romantically, both of them fall apart from the guilt of their betrayal. Ventidius tells Antony that Cleopatra and Dollabella have become lovers and Octavia also bears witness. Ventidius then asks Alexas to testify to the same story, which Alexas believes to be. Antony is infuriated by this information, but is still looking for some loophole that would confirm Cleopatra's innocence. Antony's belief in Cleopatra's innocence hurts Octavia and she leaves permanently. When Dolabella and Cleopatra try to explain themselves Antony refuses to believe them.", "She Stoops to Conquer Kate learns of her suitor's shyness from Constance and a servant tells her about Tony's trick. She decides to masquerade as a serving-maid (changing her accent and garb) to get to know him. Marlow falls in love with her and plans to elope but because she appears of a lower class, acts in a somewhat bawdy manner around her. All misunderstandings are resolved by the end, thanks to an appearance by Sir Charles Marlow.", "The Winter's Tale In Sicilia, Leontes is still in mourning. Cleomenes and Dion plead with him to end his time of repentance because the kingdom needs an heir. Paulina, however, convinces the king to continue his penance until she alone finds him a wife. Florizel and Perdita arrive, and they are greeted effusively by Leontes. Florizel pretends to be on a diplomatic mission from his father, but his cover is blown when Polixenes and Camillo, too, arrive in Sicilia. The meeting and reconciliation of the kings and princes is reported by gentlemen of the Sicilian court: how the Old Shepherd raised Perdita, how Antigonus met his end, how Leontes was overjoyed at being reunited with his daughter, and how he begged Polixenes for forgiveness. The Old Shepherd and Young Shepherd, now made gentlemen by the kings, meet Autolycus, who asks them for their forgiveness for his roguery. Leontes, Polixenes, Camillo, Florizel and Perdita then go to Paulina's house in the country, where a statue of Hermione has been recently finished. The sight of his wife's form makes Leontes distraught, but then, to everyone's amazement, the statue shows signs of vitality; it is Hermione, restored to life. As the play ends, Perdita and Florizel are engaged, and the whole company celebrates the miracle. Despite this happy ending typical of Shakespeare's comedies and romances, the impression of the unjust death of young prince Mamillius lingers to the end, being an element of unredeemed tragedy, in addition to the years wasted in separation.", "Olivia (name) Olivia is a feminine given name in the English language. It is derived from Latin oliva \"olive\". The name was first popularized by William Shakespeare's character in the Twelfth Night, but in fact the name occurs in England as early as the 13th century.[2]", "The Taming of the Shrew Oliver cites several scenes in the play where Hortensio (or his absence) causes problems. For example, in Act 2, Scene 1, Tranio (as Lucentio) and Gremio bid for Bianca, but Hortensio, who everyone is aware is also a suitor, is never mentioned. In Act 3, Scene 1, Lucentio (as Cambio) tells Bianca \"we might beguile the old Pantalowne\" (l.36), yet says nothing of Hortensio's attempts to woo her, instead implying his only rival is Gremio. In Act 3, Scene 2, Tranio suddenly becomes an old friend of Petruchio, knowing his mannerisms and explaining his tardiness prior to the wedding. However, up to this point, Petruchio's only acquaintance in Padua has been Hortensio. In Act 4, Scene 3, Hortensio tells Vincentio that Lucentio has married Bianca. However, as far as Hortensio should be concerned, Lucentio has denounced Bianca, because in Act 4, Scene 2, Tranio (disguised as Lucentio) agreed with Hortensio that neither of them would pursue Bianca, and as such, his knowledge of the marriage of who he supposes to be Lucentio and Bianca makes no sense. From this, Oliver concludes that an original version of the play existed in which Hortensio was simply a friend of Petruchio's, and had no involvement in the Bianca subplot, but wishing to complicate things, Shakespeare rewrote the play, introducing the Litio disguise, and giving some of Hortensio's discarded lines to Tranio, but not fully correcting everything to fit the presence of a new suitor.[84]", "The Two Gentlemen of Verona Meanwhile, in Verona, Julia decides to join her lover in Milan. She convinces Lucetta to dress her in boy's clothes and help her fix her hair so she will not be harmed on the journey. Once in Milan, Julia quickly discovers Proteus' love for Silvia, watching him attempt to serenade her. She contrives to become his page boy – Sebastian – until she can decide upon a course of action. Proteus sends Sebastian to Silvia with a gift of the same ring that Julia gave to him before he left Verona, but Julia learns that Silvia scorns Proteus' affections and is disgusted that he would forget about his love back home, i.e. Julia herself. Silvia deeply mourns the loss of Valentine, who Proteus has told her is rumoured dead.", "The Taming of the Shrew To counter Katherina's shrewish nature, Petruchio pretends that any harsh things she says or does are actually kind and gentle. Katherina agrees to marry Petruchio after seeing that he is the only man willing to counter her quick remarks; however, at the ceremony Petruchio makes an embarrassing scene when he strikes the priest and drinks the communion wine. After the wedding, Petruchio takes Katherina to his home against her will. Once they are gone, Gremio and Tranio (disguised as Lucentio) formally bid for Bianca, with Tranio easily outbidding Gremio. However, in his zeal to win, he promises much more than Lucentio actually possesses. When Baptista determines that once Lucentio's father confirms the dowry, Bianca and Tranio (i.e. Lucentio) can marry, Tranio decides that they will need someone to pretend to be Vincentio, Lucentio's father. Meanwhile, Tranio persuades Hortensio that Bianca is not worthy of his attentions, thus removing Lucentio's remaining rival.", "Malvolio In the play, Malvolio is defined as a kind of Puritan. He despises all manner of fun and games, and wishes his world to be completely free of human sin, yet he behaves very foolishly against his stoic nature when he believes that Olivia loves him. This leads to major conflicts with characters such as Sir Toby Belch, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, and Maria, mistress of the household.", "Viola (Twelfth Night) Viola (pronounced \\ˈvaɪoʊlə\\) is the heroine[1] and protagonist of the play Twelfth Night, written by William Shakespeare.[2]", "Jessica (The Merchant of Venice) In the following scene—Act 2, Scene 6—Lorenzo and his friends come to Shylock's house, and Jessica greets them from a window, dressed as a boy. She asks Lorenzo to confirm his identity before lowering a casket of her father's Ducats. Lorenzo bids her descend, but Jessica demurs, ashamed of her disguise. Lorenzo persuades her, and she goes inside to bring more of Shylock's Ducats. Lorenzo praises her to his friends: \"For she is wise, if I can judge of her, / And fair she is, if that mine eyes be true, / And true she is, as she hath proved herself. / And therefore, like herself, wise, fair, and true,\".[15] She joins them on the street and all but Lorenzo's friend Gratiano leaves. Antonio then arrives to tell Gratiano that the winds are propitious for sailing and that Bassanio is leaving immediately for Belmont to woo Portia. Gratiano expresses his desire to leave the city immediately." ]	[ "Olivia (Twelfth Night) Olivia attempts to woo the young Cesario/Viola and repeatedly asks/lures him to come back to her estate by using various tricks and problems. Olivia eventually comes to the conclusion that she must marry him. However, in a case of mistaken identity, she marries Viola's twin brother, Sebastian. All ends well however, because Sebastian and his sister are extremely similar." ]
test3269	where is avon park florida on the map	[ "doc111645", "doc111648" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc111648", "doc111645", "doc111649", "doc111661", "doc111659", "doc111657", "doc111654", "doc111656", "doc111650", "doc111655", "doc111660", "doc111646", "doc111658", "doc111652", "doc111651", "doc111653", "doc935698", "doc552683", "doc2554671", "doc111647", "doc552679", "doc2516885", "doc2516870", "doc2516866", "doc2516869", "doc2516880", "doc263642", "doc935697", "doc911360", "doc2516867", "doc935696", "doc1654016", "doc911372", "doc10726", "doc1480106", "doc935699", "doc482900", "doc1847632", "doc2516883", "doc1847639", "doc911358", "doc911410", "doc2516878", "doc911408", "doc236865", "doc2516877", "doc2516868", "doc552695", "doc230657", "doc1492286", "doc1492254", "doc911361", "doc552690", "doc552692", "doc263703", "doc2516886", "doc1480121", "doc2516881", "doc995010", "doc1185564", "doc892079", "doc263679", "doc342108", "doc2059722", "doc1666556", "doc911364", "doc2025310", "doc2156374", "doc2564482", "doc911373", "doc671462", "doc2366065", "doc552684", "doc2676927", "doc1291981", "doc935710", "doc1751416", "doc671453", "doc552694", "doc2474517", "doc1185577", "doc1847652", "doc2582155", "doc822646", "doc1412773", "doc911359", "doc785613", "doc263644", "doc552681", "doc1342423", "doc785604", "doc935695", "doc89461", "doc263640", "doc2366067", "doc935712", "doc1719213", "doc1329692", "doc935700", "doc1719212" ]	[ "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park is located in northwestern Highlands County at 27°35′40″N 81°30′12″W / 27.59444°N 81.50333°W / 27.59444; -81.50333 (27.594418, -81.503437).[11] 27/98 is the main highway through the city, leading north 23 miles (37 km) to Lake Wales and south 10 miles (16 km) to Sebring. Florida State Road 17 (Main Street) leads east through the center of Avon Park, then south 10 miles to the center of Sebring. Florida State Road 64 leads west from Avon Park 19 miles (31 km) to Zolfo Springs.", "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park is a city in Highlands County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 8,836,[3] and in 2015 the estimated population was 10,086.[7] It is the oldest city in Highlands County, and was named after Stratford-upon-Avon, England.", "Avon Park, Florida According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Avon Park has a total area of 8.2 square miles (21.2 km2), of which 7.1 square miles (18.5 km2) are land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2), or 12.43%, are water.[3] The city is located in a karst landscape underlain by the limestone Florida Platform, and numerous circular lakes are either within the city limits (Lake Tulane, Lake Verona, and Lake Isis) or border the city (Lake Anoka, Lake Lelia, Lake Glenada, Lake Lotela, Lake Denton, Little Red Water Lake, Pioneer Lake, Lake Brentwood, Lake Byrd, Lake Damon, and Lake Lillian).[12]", "Avon Park, Florida The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Avon Park has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated \"Cfa\" on climate maps.[15]", "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park is in the Sebring radio market, which is ranked as the 288th largest in the United States by Arbitron.[14] Radio stations broadcasting from Avon Park include WFHT/1390 (Lounge), WAPQ-LP/95.9 (Religious), WWOJ/99.1 (Country) \"OJ99.1\" & WWMA-LP/107.9 (Religious).", "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park Executive Airport is a public-use airport located 2 miles (3.2Â km) west of the central business district.", "Avon Park, Florida At the 2010 census, there where 8,836 people, 3,337 households, and 4,162 housing units in the city. The racial make up of the city was 55.5% white (41.3% non-hispanic white), 28.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.2% of the population. 12.9% of the population was foreign born.", "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park operates under a council-manager form of government, with a city manager who operates under the direction of an elected four-member council and mayor. As of December 2013 the mayor is Sharon Schuler, and the city manager is Julian DeLeon. The city provides fire protection, utilities, and sanitation service to its residents. The city's police and the county sheriff work jointly to provide law enforcement.", "Avon Park, Florida At the 2000 census,[5] there were 8,542 people, 3,218 households and 2,114 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,841.8 per square mile (710.8/km2). There were 3,916 housing units at an average density of 844.4 per square mile(325.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 58.90% White, 29.2% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.69% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 8.35% from other races, and 2.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.71% of the population.", "Avon Park, Florida The Median household income was $28,496, the per capita income was $14,911, and 36.2% of the population lived below the poverty line. 51.8% of the population was female.", "Avon Park, Florida Local print media include the News-Sun, a newspaper published on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday, and Highlands Today, a daily local supplement to The Tampa Tribune that covers newsworthy events in Highlands County.", "Avon Park, Florida The first permanent settler in Avon Park was Oliver Martin Crosby, a Connecticut native who moved to the area in 1884 to study the wildlife of the Everglades. By 1886, enough people had followed that the town of \"Lake Forest\" was founded. As president of the Florida Development Company, he recruited settlers to the area, many of whom were from England, including many from the town of Stratford-upon-Avon, who gave the town its name.[8]", "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park is located in a fringe viewing area; its television stations originate in distant cities. Local television services offer signals from WFTV, the ABC affiliate in Orlando; WINK-TV, the CBS affiliate in Fort Myers/Naples; WFLA-TV, the Tampa Bay area NBC affiliate; and WTVT, the Tampa Bay area Fox affiliate.", "Avon Park, Florida Age distribution was 26.5% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males.", "Avon Park, Florida There were 3,218 households of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.6% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.08.", "Avon Park, Florida The median household income was $23,576, and the median family income was $27,617. Males had a median income of $21,890 versus $18,678 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,897. About 21.3% of families and 27.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.4% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida Within Frostproof itself, US 27/98 makes a reverse curve onto a bridge over the same CSX line that serves the Silver Star and Silver Meteor, and then enters an unincorporated community named Sunray Deli Estates, where the route first encounters State Road 17, a scenic Florida Highway that was designated US Alternate 27 until 1999. However, the route continues as county extension to the southwest that loops right back to US 27/98. South of here, US 98 carries hidden state routes (SRs 17, 25 and 700) into Highlands County until it reaches Avon Park, where SR 17 (another former US Alternate 27) breaks away again at the eastern terminus of State Road 64, and runs relatively parallel to US 27 until it reaches Sebring. SR 64 continues east along part of SR 17 as a bi-county extension northeast into Polk County which runs through Lake Wales Ridge State Forest and terminates at the Avon Park Air Force Range. US 27/98 meanwhile, continues to run south to southeast along the shores of Lake Glenda where it passes through South Florida Community College territory, and then Lake Sebring and Lake Jackson. Curving to the east around the southern shores of Lake Jackson, the route encounters a wye intersection in Sebring, where the second southern terminus of State Road 17 can be found. The commercial zoning that has lined US 27/98 since Avon Park begins to diminish south of Sebring, but doesn't completely disappear. US 98 and hidden SR 700 leaves US 27 at the eastern terminus of State Road 66, thus joining the Florida Cracker Trail in the process, while US 27/SR 25 continue southbound towards Miami.", "Lake Placid, Florida Lake Placid is located in central Highlands County at 27°17′42.9″N 81°22′21.5″W / 27.295250°N 81.372639°W / 27.295250; -81.372639 (27.29525, -81.37263).[2] U.S. Route 27 passes through the town, leading north 16 miles (26 km) to Sebring, the county seat, and south 58 miles (93 km) to Clewiston.", "U.S. Route 27 The highway skirts the southwestern shore of Lake Okeechobee and then heads west at Clewiston, before making a sharp turn to the north towards Moore Haven. The road then proceeds in a northerly direction toward the central Florida communities of Lake Placid, Sebring, Avon Park, and Lake Wales.", "Avon Park, Florida In 2006, then-mayor Thomas Macklin proposed City Ordinance 08-06, which would have blocked the issuance or renewal of city licenses to businesses that hired illegal aliens, fined any property owner who rented and leased property to illegal aliens, and established English as the city's official language, banning the use of other languages during the conduct of official business except where specified under state or federal law.[9] The ordinance was defeated by the city council, on a 3â€“2 vote.[10]", "Lake Placid, Florida Lake Placid is a town in Highlands County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 2,223 and in 2017 the estimated population was 2,269.[5] It is part of the Sebring Micropolitan Statistical Area.", "Sebring, Florida Sebring is the largest city in the Sebring radio market, which is ranked as the 288th largest in the United States by Arbitron.[27] Radio stations broadcasting from Sebring include WFHT (1390AM), WGSE (95.7FM/Religious), WWLL (105.7FM/Adult Contemporary), WITS (1340AM/Religion ), and WJCM (1050AM/ESPN). The latter three are co-owned with WWOJ (99.1FM/Country), licensed to neighboring Avon Park and WWTK (730AM/News-Talk), licensed to Lake Placid, to the south. The five stations together operate from studios in Sebring on Highway 27 near the town's northern city limit.", "Sebring, Florida The city's geography is dominated by 9,212-acre (37 km2) Lake Jackson, but 420-acre (1.7 km2) Dinner Lake and 137-acre (0.6 km2) Little Lake Jackson are also within the city limits. Highlands County has more than 84 lakes,[14] most of which are located in unincorporated areas of the county. Sebring lies on the southern end of the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain of ancient islands that is the native habitat for many rare plants and animals.[15] Most of the area is rural and part of the Florida scrub ecosystem, with smaller areas of hammocks and cypress swamps, similar to those found at Highlands Hammock State Park, 4 miles (6 km) west of Sebring.[16]", "Sebring, Florida Sebring (/ˈsiːbrɪŋ/ SEE-bring) is a city in Highlands County, Florida, United States, nicknamed \"The City on the Circle\", in reference to Circle Drive, the center of the Sebring Downtown Historic District.[7] As of the 2010 census the population was 10,491.[3] It is the county seat of Highlands County,[8] and is the principal city of the Sebring Metropolitan Statistical Area.[9]", "Sebring, Florida Sebring is located in northwestern Highlands County at 27°29′44″N 81°26′40″W / 27.49556°N 81.44444°W / 27.49556; -81.44444.[13] According to the Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.0 square miles (41.5 km2), 10.0 square miles (25.8 km2) of which are land and 6.1 square miles (15.7 km2) of which are water. Water comprises 37.8% of the city's total area.[3]", "Sebring, Florida Sebring has no colleges. Student's attend school at South Florida State College in Avon Park. Sebring had one nursing college Azure which recently closed.", "Florida Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, as well as for its increasing environmental issues. The state's economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, winter vegetables, the Kennedy Space Center, and as a popular destination for retirees. Florida is the flattest state in the United States.[19] Lake Okeechobee is the largest freshwater lake in the U.S. state of Florida.[20]", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida Southwest of Lake Hancock, the road begins to skirt the borders of Bartow, first along a residential area on the west side, then south from there around the vicinity of Bartow Regional Medical Center. The road doesn't fully enter that city until the intersection of Lyle Parkway, where it turns from southeast to straight south once again. US 98 intersects SR 60 which also has a hidden concurrency with CR 555. SR 700 continues straight south into downtown Bartow as CR 700, while US 98 turns east along SR 60. SR 60 branches off to the southeast while US 98/SR 35/SR 555 continues straight east and later intersects US 17, where SR 555 becomes the hidden route for US 17 north into Haines City, while US 98/SR 35 turns south at the beginning of a concurrency. After running over a bridge for SR 60 and a railroad line, US 17-98 encounters CR 700 at Main Street (former SR 60), and SR 700 becomes a hidden route along US 98 again. The rest of the way through southern Bartow, US 17/98 remains mostly a commercial strip, but this status begins to diminish around the intersection of South Clear Springs Road. Eventually it enters the unincorporated community of Homeland which contains an intersection with CR 640, where to the east of this you'll find the Mosaic Peace River Park.[8][9] In Fort Meade US 98/SR 700 leaves US 17/SR 35 and turns east again, secretly taking CR 630 with it. All three routes leave Fort Meade at the bridge over the Peace River where it becomes Frostproof Boulevard. In this segment, US 98/SR 700/CR 630 has two sharp reverse curves to the south and east, the first being near Pleasant Grove Cemetery, and a much larger one near Lake Hendry Road. After these curves, the route remains relatively straight west and east and after crossing the CSX Railroad Line that is used by Amtrak's Silver Star and Silver Meteor lines it reaches US 27 in West Frostproof, where it turns south once again onto yet another US route concurrency. County Road 630 continues to the east. From here, the hidden routes are SR 25 and SR 700.", "Lakeland, Florida The first Paleo-Indians reached the central Florida area near the end of the last ice age, as they followed big game south.[23][24] As the ice melted and sea levels rose, these Native Americans ended up staying and thrived on the peninsula for thousands of years. By the time the first Spanish conquistadors arrived, more than 250,000 Native Americans were living on the peninsula.[citation needed] Some of these first early tribes were the Tocobago, Timucua, and Calusa. In 1527, a Spanish map showed a settlement near the Rio de la Paz.[23][24] The arrival of the Spanish turned out to be disastrous to these Native American tribes. Within 150 years, the majority of the pre-Columbian Native American peoples of Florida had been wiped out. Those who had not succumbed to diseases such as smallpox or yellow fever were either killed or enslaved.[23][24][25][26] Little is left of these first Native Americans cultures in Polk County except for scant archaeological records, including a few personal artifacts and shell mounds. Eventually, the remnants of these tribes merged with the Creek Indians who had arrived from the north and became the Seminole Indian tribe.[24][26]", "Sebring, Florida Sebring is the home of the Sebring International Raceway, created on a former airbase, first used in 1950. It hosted the 1959 Formula One United States Grand Prix, but is currently best known as the host of the 12 Hours of Sebring, an annual WeatherTech SportsCar Championship race. Nearby Highlands Hammock State Park is a popular attraction. Additionally, the house where novelist Rex Beach committed suicide is located on one of Sebring's main lakes, Lake Jackson.", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida Running southeast from the Pasco-Polk border, US 98 remains rural, but eventually becomes more suburban as it enters communities such as Providence, where the road turns straight south, becomes a divided highway, and serves as the northern terminus of County Road 35A, a suffixed alternate of hidden SR 35 leading through Kathleen. Farther south the road becomes the official eastern terminus of County Road 582, a bi-county extension of State Road 582 in Hillsborough and Pinellas County, which for the time being runs east then curves back around to another intersection farther south. US 98 officially enters Lakeland, then the road curves southeast again before the interchange with Interstate 4 (Exit 32), after this interchange CR 582 is encountered again at the intersection of Griffin Road. 9/10 of a mile later,[6] the road turns straight south and becomes North Florida Avenue. According to the Florida Department of Transportation, the northern terminus of State Road 563 can be found at 10th Street,[7] in spite of the fact that signage for that road can only be found at the next major intersection, U.S. Route 92, which until 2005 was also the west end of a brief concurrency with US 98 east to Lake Parker Avenue. Since then the route has been rerouted south along North Florida Avenue until it reaches the intersection of State Road 37 and State Road 548, where US 98 turns east onto SR 548. US 98/SR 548 curves from east to southeast over a bridge over the two railroad lines that feed into Lakeland Amtrak station just west of this bridge, and follows the southwest side of one of those lines which leads to Miami. The first intersection at ground level south of this bridge is East Main Street (former U.S. Route 92 Business). The next major intersection is Lake Parker Avenue (hidden SR 700) and Hollingsworth Road where SR 548 terminates and SR 700 rejoins US 98 as the hidden route once again. Long after passing the southwestern shore of Lake Bonny, US 98/SRs 35/700 encounters the southern terminus of State Road 659 (former SR 33A). Shortly after this intersection, the road prepares to leave the Lakeland city limits beneath the partial cloverleaf interchange with Polk Parkway at Exit 10, which contains loop ramps only from US 98. This interchange is within a mere block of the western terminus of State Road 540, although that route secretly has a concurrency with US 98 until it reaches Highland City, and moves to the west as County Road 540.", "Orange City, Florida Orange City is located at 28°56′29″N 81°17′34″W / 28.941273°N 81.292722°W / 28.941273; -81.292722.[1]", "Lakeland, Florida According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 67 sq mi (173.5 km2), of which 45.84 sq mi (118.7 km2) is land and 5.61 sq mi (14.5 km2) (10.90%) is covered by water. Lakeland is located within the Central Florida Highlands area of the Atlantic coastal plain, with a terrain consisting of flatland interspersed with gently rolling hills.[34]", "Hurricane Charley Hardee County saw property damage estimated at $750 million, along with six injuries, but no deaths were reported. Charley caused blackouts in the entire county, as well as damage to 3,600 homes and the destruction of 1,400. A radio tower near Sebring was toppled, along with numerous trees and power poles along the north and east side of Highlands County. Additionally, there were several reports of severely damaged homes in Polk County near Babson Park and Avon Park. In Lake Wales, Florida, a sand mine lake encroached into State Road 60 due to wave action and swallowed a car. Additionally, Lake Wales saw 23,000 buildings damaged, as well as the destruction of 739 structures. Seven deaths were reported in the county, one of them determined to be direct.[40]", "Brandon, Florida In 1890, the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad came through the area, encouraging the people of New Hope to build a depot on Moon Avenue. Charles S. Noble, an engineer for the FC&P, was asked to plat approximately forty acres of land north of present-day State Road 60, south of Lake Meade, east of Kings Avenue, and west to Parsons Avenue. Filed on April 24, 1890, the surveyor named the community in honor of John Brandon and Noble Street for himself.[5]", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida Running east, this segment of US 98 is two lanes wide, and shortly after leaving a concurrency with US 27 encounters another with another CR 17, this time a county spur of SR 17 that spans from north of Lake Henry to Sebring. For the time being, US 98 takes CR 17 around the southern shores of Red Beach Lake, and lets go of the concurrency before it stops running along that lake. East of here, it encounters a grade crossing with the CSX line that carries the Silver Star and Silver Meteor yet again, just before intersecting the road that leads to both Sebring Regional Airport and Sebring International Raceway. After these two sites, the road runs along the north shore of Lake Istokpoga, where it passes through Lorida. Beyond the lake, the road serves as the northern terminus of CR 621, but later enters the barely existing unincorporated community of Fort Basinger as it encounters the northern terminus of CR 721, while making a sharp curve to the northeast to cross a bridge over the Kissimmee River where it crosses the Highlands-Okeechobee County Line. Momentarily running northeast, the first moderate intersection that US 98 encounters is a segment of County Road 68 in Basinger, where it curves southeast and shares yet another concurrency. Along the way, two county suffixed alternates of hidden SR 700 can be found, first 700B, which leads to Basinger Cemetery, and then 700A, which leads to the Basigner Fire Tower and CR 724. The Florida Cracker Trail branches off to the northeast at CR 68, which eventually leads to its state designation in Fort Pierce. Meanwhile, US 98 continues to run south through rural Okeechobee County, but the rural atmosphere of the road begins to disappear after CR 718, especially near the Okeechobee County Airport. The next major site is yet again a grade crossing with the CSX railroad line that carries the Amtrak Silver Star through Okeechobee (Amtrak station). Between Northwest Fifth and Northwest Fourth Streets, US 98 finally turns straight south, only to encounter a major intersection with State Road 70, where it turns left into another concurrency, running east and officially entering the City of Okeechobee. After crossing a railroad spur leading to the vicinity of the Amtrak station, US 98 leaves SR 70 at the intersection of U.S. Route 441 in Florida, where it turns south.", "Peace River (Florida) The Peace River is a river in the southwestern part of the Florida peninsula, in the U.S.A..[1] It originates at the juncture of Saddle Creek and Peace Creek northeast of Bartow in Polk County and flows south through Fort Meade (Polk County) Hardee County to Arcadia in DeSoto County and then southwest into the Charlotte Harbor estuary at Port Charlotte in Charlotte County. It is 106 miles (171 km) long and has a drainage basin of 1,367 square miles (3,540 km2). U.S. Highway 17 runs near and somewhat parallel to the river for much of its course. The river was called Rio de la Paz (River of Peace) on 16th century Spanish charts.[2] It appeared as Peas Creek or Pease Creek on later maps. The Creek (and later, Seminole) Indians call it Talakchopcohatchee, River of Long Peas.[3] Other cities along the Peace River include Fort Meade, Wauchula and Zolfo Springs.[4]", "Plant City, Florida Plant City is a city in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States, approximately midway between Brandon and Lakeland along Interstate 4. The population was 34,721 at the 2010 census.[5]", "Sebring, Florida The city is served by Amtrak from the Sebring station, a depot built in 1924 by the Seaboard Air Line and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Amtrak's daily service to Sebring consists of two trains each from the Silver Meteor and Silver Star, heading south to Miami and north to Tampa, Orlando and New York City. CSX Transportation owns the track over which Amtrak operates. The South Central Florida Express railroad connects to the CSX line in Sebring, allowing transportation of sugar from Clewiston to the rest of the country.", "Plant City, Florida Plant City is located in northeastern Hillsborough County at 28°1′N 82°8′W / 28.017°N 82.133°W / 28.017; -82.133 (28.0142, -82.1289).[9] Interstate 4 runs through the northern part of the city, with access from Exits 17 through 25. I-4 leads east 12 miles (19 km) to Lakeland and west 23 miles (37 km) to Tampa. U.S. Route 92 is the main highway through the center of Plant City, running generally parallel to I-4. Florida State Road 39 crosses US 92 in the center of Plant City and leads north 15 miles (24 km) to Zephyrhills and south 6 miles (10 km) to Hopewell.", "Lakeland, Florida Lakeland is a city in Polk County, Florida, located along Interstate 4 east of Tampa. It is part of the Tampa Bay Area. According to the 2013 U.S. Census Bureau estimate, the city had a population of 100,710.[2] Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland–Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area (coterminous with Polk County), which had an estimated population of 623,009 in July 2013 based on data from the University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research. It is twinned with Richmond Hill, Ontario; Imabari, Ehime, Japan; Bălți, Moldova; Portmore, Jamaica; and Chongming County, Shanghai, China through the Lakeland chapter of Sister Cities International.", "Lakeland, Florida A number of opportunities exist for higher education around the Lakeland area. Southeastern University is the largest university in the area, with an enrollment around 2800.[74] Southeastern is affiliated with the Assemblies of God. Florida Southern College, established in 1883 and with a current enrollment of just over 2000,[75] is located on Lake Hollingsworth. Florida Southern is the home of the world's largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture. In July 2008, the University of South Florida's Lakeland campus was granted partial autonomy by Governor Charlie Crist and became Florida Polytechnic University. Florida Polytechnic (FLPoly) is located just inside the Lakeland's northeast border at the intersection of I-4 and Polk Parkway. They also have some administrative offices on the campus of Polk State College on Winter Lake Road. FLPoly is focused on STEM degree programs, such as engineering and computer science.[76] Both Everest University and Keiser University, two multisite, accredited universities, have locations in Lakeland. Traviss Career Center is a vocational school.[77] Webster University offers on-site, regionally accredited graduate degree programs in business and counseling at their Lakeland Metropolitan Campus[78]", "Sebring, Florida The county's graduation rate of 62.1% is below the state average of 74.5%, and the dropout rate of 14.8% is above the state average of 4.9%.[25]", "Lakeland, Florida In recent years, the Lakeland area has developed a number of paved, multi-use bicycle routes including the Lake-To-Lakes Trail, which runs from Lake Parker through downtown, past several lakes, ending at Lake John. Other routes include University Trail, which connects Polk State College to Florida Polytechnic University, and the Fort Fraser Trail, which runs along US Highway 98 from Polk State College to Highway 60 in Bartow.[72]", "Lake Okeechobee Lake Okeechobee (US: /oʊkiˈtʃoʊbi/),[1], also known as Florida's Inland Sea,[2] is the largest freshwater lake in the state of Florida.[3] It is the eighth largest natural freshwater lake in the United States and the second largest natural freshwater lake (the largest being Lake Michigan) contained entirely within the contiguous 48 states.[4] Okeechobee covers 730 square miles (1,900 km2), approximately half the size of the state of Rhode Island, and is exceptionally shallow for a lake of its size, with an average depth of only 9 feet (2.7 metres). The lake is divided between Glades, Okeechobee, Martin, Palm Beach, and Hendry counties. All five counties meet at one point near the center of the lake.[5]", "Sebring, Florida According to the 2000 American Community Survey (conducted by the US Census Bureau), 13.8% of all adults over the age of 25 in Sebring have obtained a bachelor's degree, as compared to a national average of 24.4% of adults over 25, and 67.6% of Sebring residents over the age of 25 have earned a high school diploma, as compared to the national average of 80.4%.[21] The School Board of Highlands County operates eight public schools drawing from the city of Sebring with a combined enrollment of approximately 6200 students; one kindergarten center, four elementary schools (Woodlawn Elementary, Fred Wild Elementary, Cracker Trail Elementary, and Sun 'n Lake Elementary, serving students in 1st through 5th grades), two middle schools (Sebring Middle School, and Hill-Gustat Middle School, serving students in 6th through 8th grades), and one high school (Sebring High School).[22] One of the elementary schools (Cracker Trail Elementary) received an \"A\" grade under Florida's A+ school grading plan; two of the elementary schools (Woodlawn and Fred Wild elementary schools]])received a \"D\" grade. Sebring Middle School received a \"B.\",[23] based on pupil results on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test. Sebring High School, home of the county's sole International Baccalaureate program, received a \"B\" grade.[24]", "Sebring, Florida Sebring was founded in 1912. It was named after George E. Sebring, a pottery manufacturer from Ohio who developed the city. He had a unique circular plan as the focal point for the city.[10] The village of Sebring, Ohio, is also named for George E. Sebring (1859â€“1927) and his family.[11] It was chartered by the state of Florida in 1913, and was selected as the county seat of Highlands County when the county was created in 1921.[12]", "Lake Placid, Florida The Old Lake Placid Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot, now the Historical Society Depot Museum of the Lake Placid Historical Society, is a historic Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot in Lake Placid, Florida. It is located at 12 East Park Street and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Parkland, Florida Parkland is located at 26°18′55″N 80°14′26″W / 26.315357°N 80.240444°W / 26.315357; -80.240444.[8] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.8 square miles (33.2 km2), of which 12.3 square miles (31.9 km2) is land and 0.50 square miles (1.3 km2) (3.97%) is water.[6] The northern boundary of Parkland coincides with the border between Broward and Palm Beach counties. West Boca Raton, an unincorporated area of Palm Beach County that extends west of Boca Raton's city limits, lies to the north. Coconut Creek lies to the east, Coral Springs lies to the south and the west is bounded by the Everglades.", "Orlando, Florida The geography of Orlando is mostly wetlands, consisting of many lakes and swamps. The terrain is generally flat, making the land fairly low and wet.[citation needed] The area is dotted with hundreds of lakes, the largest of which is Lake Apopka. Central Florida's bedrock is mostly limestone and very porous; the Orlando area is susceptible to sinkholes. Probably the most famous incident involving a sinkhole happened in 1981 in Winter Park, a city immediately north of downtown Orlando, dubbed \"The Winter Park Sinkhole\".", "Orlando, Florida Orlando (/ɔːrˈlændoʊ/) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 2,387,138, according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in March 2016. These figures make it the 24th-largest metropolitan area[7] in the United States, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States, and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida, and the state's largest inland city.", "Lakeland, Florida Florida became a state in 1845, and Polk County was established in 1861. After the American Civil War, the county seat was established southeast of Lakeland in Bartow. While most of the early history of Polk County centered on the two cities of Bartow and Fort Meade, eventually, people entered the areas in northern Polk County and began settling in the areas which became Lakeland.", "Lake Placid, Florida Lake Placid is part of the Sebring radio market, which is ranked as the 288th largest in the United States by Arbitron.[14] It is the city of license for WWTK 730Â kHz and is in that station's primary coverage area, however, there are no radio stations whose studios or broadcasting towers are located in Lake Placid.", "Lake Placid, Florida The Lake Placid Tower, formerly named Placid Tower, Tower of Peace or Happiness Tower, located at 461 US Highway 27 N between Tower Street and Lake Clay Drive S in Lake Placid, is a closed observation tower 240 feet (73.2 m) tall according to early sources (before 1982)[9][15][16][17][18] or 270 feet (82.3 m) tall according to late sources (after 1986).[10][19][20][21][22] However, no physical modification of the tower occurred in the interim that would explain a 30-foot increase in height. It rests on ground 142 feet (43 m) above sea level (NAVD 88).[11] As a warning to aircraft, the top of the tower, including antennae, is stated to be 392 feet (119.5 m) above sea level according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).[12] Thus, the height of the tower above ground, including antennae, is 250 feet (76.2 m) (392–142=250), which excludes a 270-foot architectural height, allowing only a 240-foot architectural height. Counting the tower's 8-inch (20.3 cm) courses yields a height above ground of 235–236 feet (71.6–71.9 m),[23] so the lowest few feet of the 240-foot height, those resting on the foundation, are underground, providing space for an elevator pit. According to early sources,[9][24] it has three observation levels, at 192 feet (58.5 m) behind windows, at 200 feet (61.0 m) on an open air balcony, and at 225 feet (68.6 m) in the open air crow's nest, Eagle's Nest, or Birds eye vantage point on top of the elevator shaft but below roof tracery.[25][23][26] The apex of the tower is a red aircraft warning light.[27] The tower is 360 feet (110 m) above sea level according to two late sources,[10][19] the latter stating that that elevation applies to the eagle's nest, which is consistent with the crow's nest elevation of early sources (142+225=367≈360). The tower offered a 40-mile (65 km) panoramic view.[20]", "Florida Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents.[124] The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.[125] While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.[126][127] Everglades National Park covers 1,509,000 acres (6,110 km2), throughout Dade, Monroe, and Collier counties in Florida.[citation needed] The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.[128] Winter Park Sinkhole, in central Florida, appeared May 8, 1981. It was approximately 350 feet (107 m) wide and 75 feet (23 m) deep. It was notable as one of the largest recent sinkholes to form in the United States. It is now known as Lake Rose.[129] The Econlockhatchee River (Econ River for short) is an 87.7-kilometer-long (54.5 mi)[130] north-flowing blackwater tributary of the St. Johns River, the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida. The Econ River flows through Osceola, Orange, and Seminole counties in Central Florida, just east of the Orlando Metropolitan Area (east of State Road 417). It is a designated Outstanding Florida Waters.[131]", "Sebring, Florida Local print media include the News-Sun, a newspaper published on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday, and Highlands Today, a daily local supplement to The Tampa Tribune that covers newsworthy events in Highlands County. The weekly Lake Placid Journal, printed in nearby Lake Placid, is also available. Highlands Today merged its publication with the Highland News-Sun on September 19, 2016.", "Brandon, Florida Brandon is located in central Hillsborough County at 27°56′N 82°17′W / 27.933°N 82.283°W / 27.933; -82.283 (27.9347, -82.2891).[6] The census boundaries include Palm River-Clair Mel to the west across U.S. Route 301, Valrico to the east, Riverview and Bloomingdale to the south, and East Lake-Orient Park, Mango, and Seffner to the north. Brandon is 11 miles (18 km) east of downtown Tampa and 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Plant City. Interstate 75 passes through the western part of the Brandon CDP, with access from Exits 256 (US 301) and 257 (Florida State Road 60/Brandon Boulevard). Interstate 4 passes 4 miles (6 km) north of the center of Brandon, with access from Exits 7 (US 301), 9 (I-75), and 10 (State Road 579/Mango Road).", "Sebring, Florida Sebring has no interstate highways or other limited access roads. U.S. Route 27 (cosigned with U.S. Route 98 in Sebring) is the major artery providing access to the rest of the state. State Road 17 begins in Sebring and heads north to its terminus in Haines City. State Road 64 (to the north) and State Road 66 (to the south) are important secondary roads. Several of Sebring's streets are named after automobile manufacturers or their models, as is evident in Peugeot Street, Ferrari Drive, Porsche Avenue, Vantage Terrace, Corvette Avenue, and Thunderbird Road, to name a few.", "Lake Worth, Florida The U.S. Department of Agriculture has mapped most of Lake Worth in the Southern Florida Flatwoods land resource area.[22]", "Fort Pierce, Florida Fort Pierce is located at 27°26′20″N 80°20′8″W / 27.43889°N 80.33556°W / 27.43889; -80.33556 (27.438817, -80.335471).[9]", "Geography of Florida At 345 feet (105 m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill in northern Walton County is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.[2] Much of the state south of Orlando is low-lying and fairly level; however, some places, such as Clearwater, feature vistas that rise 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25 miles (40 km) or more away from the coastline, features rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 feet (30 to 76 m). The highest point in peninsular Florida, Sugarloaf Mountain, is a 312-foot (95 m) peak in Lake County.[3] Much of Florida has an elevation of less than 12 feet (3.7 m), including many populated areas such as Miami which are located on the coast. Miami and other parts of south Florida are the most vulnerable regions in the world to rising sea levels associated with climate change.[4] Due to the vast amounts of limestone bedrock that Florida sits above, water is allowed to move relatively freely beneath dry land and to rise up to the surface. Water will also likely encroach from the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast, and up through the Everglades, endangering the plant biomass within its marsh communities .[5]", "Florida At 345 feet (105 m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.[68] Much of the state south of Orlando lies at a lower elevation than northern Florida, and is fairly level. Much of the state is at or near sea level. However, some places such as Clearwater have promontories that rise 50 to 100 ft (15 to 30 m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25 mi (40 km) or more away from the coastline, have rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 ft (30 to 76 m). The highest point in peninsular Florida (east and south of the Suwannee River), Sugarloaf Mountain, is a 312-foot (95 m) peak in Lake County.[69] On average, Florida is the flattest state in the United States.[70]", "Everglades British surveyor John Gerard de Brahm, who mapped the coast of Florida in 1773, called the area \"River Glades\". Both Marjory Stoneman Douglas and linguist Wallace McMullen suggest that cartographers substituted \"Ever\" for \"River\".[clarification needed][3][4] The name \"Everglades\" first appeared on a map in 1823, although it was also spelled as \"Ever Glades\" as late as 1851.[5] The Seminole call it Pahokee, meaning \"Grassy Water.\"[4] The region was labeled \"Pa-hai-okee\" on a U.S. military map from 1839, although it had earlier been called \"Ever Glades\" throughout the Second Seminole War.[3] The Everglades consist of multiple towns: South Bay, Belle Glade, Pahokee, Canal Point, Sand Cut, Clewiston, Moore Haven, Lake Harbor, Davie, Parts of Miami, Weston, Parts of Fort Lauderdale, Immokalee, Naples, and Everglades City.", "Leesburg, Florida Leesburg is a city in Lake County, Florida, United States. The population was 15,956 at the 2000 census. As of 2005, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 19,086.[5] Leesburg is in central Florida, between Lake Harris and Lake Griffin, at the head of the Oklawaha River system. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Leesburg is the home of Lake-Sumter State College (LSSC) with campuses also in Clermont, Florida and Sumterville. It is also the home of Beacon College.", "Florida's Turnpike North of the SR 70 interchange, the Turnpike enters a rural area, with cattle farms and orange groves lining the road for most of the section between Fort Pierce and Kissimmee, with only one interchange with SR 60 in Yeehaw Junction (exit 193), although there are two service plazas in this area, one at Fort Drum at mile marker 184 and the other, Canoe Creek, at mile marker 229. Between Fort Pierce and Yeehaw Junction, the turnpike travels in a nearly east-west direction heading inland, with a 40.5 miles (65.2 km) gap between the two exits, the second longest of any US expressway.[8] Between Yeehaw Junction and Kissimmee, the turnpike, returning to a north-northwest direction towards Orlando, has a 48.9 miles (78.7 km) (47 miles (76 km) southbound) stretch without an exit, the longest of any US expressway.[8] At mile marker 236, the ticket system ends at the Three Lakes toll plaza, as the turnpike enters the Orlando Area and development starts to reappear on the turnpike. The SunPass only interchange located at Kissimmee Park Road, a partial interchange featuring a northbound on- and southbound off-ramp only, is named for Senator N. Ray Carroll, longtime Osceola County banker, citrus grower and cattle rancher.[4][6][9] After interchanges with US 192/US 441 (exit 242 northbound, exit 244 southbound) and the Osceola Parkway (exit 249), it enters Orange County, and Orlando. Exit 251 features a partial interchange with SR 417 (Central Florida GreeneWay), with an exit from the northbound Turnpike to northbound SR 417 and entrance from southbound SR 417 to southbound Turnpike. Exit 254 is a massive interchange with both Orange Blossom Trail and the Beachline Expressway, where the Turnpike expands to eight lanes north of the interchange, and then it intersects with Consulate Drive (exit 255), a southbound only, SunPass only interchange.[4][6]", "Lakeland, Florida The Florida boom resulted in the construction of many significant structures in Lakeland, a number of which are today listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This list includes the Terrace Hotel, New Florida Hotel (Regency Tower, currently Lake Mirror Tower), Polk Theatre, Frances Langford Promenade, Polk Museum of Art (not a product of the 1920s boom), Park Trammell Building (formerly the Lakeland Public Library and today the Lakeland Chamber of Commerce), and others. The city also has several historic districts with many large buildings built during the 1920s and 1940s. The Cleveland Indians held spring training there from 1923 to 1927 at Henley Field Ball Park. Parks were developed surrounding Lake Mirror including Barnett Children's Park, Hollis Gardens, and the newest, Allen Kryger Park.", "Valrico, Florida Valrico is located in east-central Hillsborough County at 27°56′27″N 82°14′33″W / 27.94083°N 82.24250°W / 27.94083; -82.24250 (27.940774, -82.242551).[5] It is bordered to the west by Brandon, to the southwest by Bloomingdale, and to the south by FishHawk. Via State Road 60, it is 14 miles (23 km) east of Tampa and 26 miles (42 km) west of Bartow. It is 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Plant City.", "Parrish, Florida Parrish is located at 27°35′14″N 82°25′31″W / 27.5872°N 82.4253°W / 27.5872; -82.4253Coordinates: 27°35′14″N 82°25′31″W / 27.5872°N 82.4253°W / 27.5872; -82.4253 (27.5872, −82.4253).[1]", "Weston, Florida There are many parks located in Weston. Additionally, Markham Park, a large County Park is located in Sunrise just north of the City. Sawgrass Recreation Park is located in the Everglades, north of the City on US 27. An 8,000-year-old paleo-Indian and Tequesta Indian burial mound is located in the city.[27]", "Lakeland, Florida The dominant feature in Lakeland is the city's many lakes. Thirty-eight lakes are named, with a number of other bodies of water unnamed, mostly phosphate mine pits that eventually filled with water.[35][36] The largest of these is Lake Parker, which is 2,550 acres (10.3Â km2) in size. Much of the culture of Lakeland revolves around its many lakes, and many people use the lakes as reference points in much the same way that people in other towns use streets as reference points, such as \"I live near Lake Beulah.\" In addition to Lake Parker, some of the more prominent lakes in the Lakeland area are Lake Hollingsworth, Lake Morton, Lake Mirror, and Lake Gibson.", "Sanford, Florida Park Avenue, circa 1910", "Osceola Parkway East of the toll plaza, the tolled section of the parkway ends as it becomes a surface street, as it continues to pass through residential and shopping areas with at grade intersections, most notably with John Young Parkway and U.S. Route 441 (Orange Blossom Trail) as the road heads towards Florida's Turnpike. East of the Turnpike, the road continues as a four lane street through another residential development until its terminus at Simpson Road, near Buenaventura Lakes. Simpson Road was known as Boggy Creek Road until September 2014, which removed the unusual situation of having a three way intersection with all three roads having the same name.[3]", "Lake Placid, Florida According to the United States Census Bureau, Lake Placid has a total area of 3.650 square miles (9.45 km2), of which 3.599 square miles (9.32 km2) are land and 0.051 square miles (0.13 km2), or 1.4%, are water.[2]", "Florida State Road 39 When the road crosses into Pineola in Citrus County, it resumes its designation as County Road 39, however the designation exists in two sections. It winds along the Withlacoochee State Trail, but eventually the trail moves to the northwest. After running across Bradley Lake, it finally terminates at County Road 48. The journey of former SR 39 does not end there though, as it secretly overlaps westbound along CR 48 towards Floral City.[4] North of Floral City, former SR 39 runs along Old Floral City Avenue, where it runs along the Withlacoochee State Trail past County Road 39A, and Fort Cooper State Park, before entering Inverness South.", "Monroe County, Florida The only three populated places appearing on detailed maps and in the USGS geographic name database are Flamingo, Pinecrest, (not to be confused with much larger Pinecrest of neighboring Miami-Dade County), and Trail City. Flamingo, on the south coast and at the end of State Road 9336 (Flamingo Lodge Highway), is the location of the Flamingo Lodge and the Flamingo Ranger Station (with Visitor Center & Marina). 11 km (7 mi) northeast on the highway is the West Lake Trail (station). Pinecrest, located in the northern interior of the county (in the Big Cypress National Preserve) on Loop Road (given that name since it forms a loop with U.S. Highway 41 further north), hosts the Loop Road Education Center. Trail City is 6 km (4 mi) west of Pinecrest on Loop Road. Loop Road can be found on most maps as CR 94, although the roadway no longer has a numbered designation and is now managed by the National Park Service.", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida From Perry, US 98 was extended southward concurrently with US 19 for over 125 miles (200Â km) to near Chassahowitzka where it was routed southeastward to Brooksville and eastward on State Road 50 to near Trilby where it left Route 50 and turned south. US 98 met US 301 south of Trilby and was extended southward concurrently with US 301 to south of Dade City where it followed State Road 35 to Fort Meade, joined by US 17 at Bartow. From Fort Meade, US 98 turned eastward to a junction with US 27 at West Frostproof from where it followed US 27 concurrently southward. From DeSoto City, US 98 was again sent east along the path of State Road 66 to State Road 70 near Okeechobee and then along Road 70 into Okeechobee. From there, US 98 was routed concurrently with the then recently extended US 441 to Canal Point. From Canal Point, it replaced State Road 716 to the junction with US 441 at Twenty Mile Bend and then followed the path of US 441 and State Road 80 to its terminus at Palm Beach. The final sections from Canal Point to Palm Beach were designated Temporary US 98 until the early 1960s,[12] because a relocation was planned via SR 710 through Indiantown.[14]", "Government of Florida As Florida's size and population grew and spread south, the center of the state's population and the geographic center of the state changed. Using data from the 2010 U.S. Census, according to the Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research, the state's center of population was southern Polk County. The geographic center of the state is Brooksville. Because Tallahassee became increasingly far from many Floridians, there were additional proposals to move the capital to Orlando, a more centrally-located city, in the late 1960s.[30] The City of Orlando, in 1967, passed a referendum stating that it would accept becoming the capital.[29] These proposals stopped after the new Florida Capitol opened in Tallahassee in 1977. Politicians from North Florida had opposed the idea of moving the state capital. Adam C. Smith of the Tampa Bay Times argued in 2016 that Tallahassee is no longer an appropriate location for the capital, and he cited an American Economic Review article which stated that state capitals far from their populations are more prone to corruption than those that are not.[30]", "Sanford, Florida Sanford is located at 28°47′22″N 81°16′32″W / 28.789425°N 81.275624°W / 28.789425; -81.275624.[1] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.5 square miles (68.63 km2), 22.96 square miles (59.47 km2) of which is land and 3.54 square miles (9.17 km2) of which is water. Sanford is bordered by Lake Mary to the southwest and to the north by Lake Monroe and DeBary.", "Lake Placid, Florida Because of low ticket sales, the tower closed in 1982 when the owner would not pay their Internal Revenue Service taxes, but it was re-opened in 1986. The small group of owners still faced sluggish sales, and the tower and its restaurant continued to struggle, despite features such as a petting zoo in its plaza, and a pay phone at the top billed as the \"highest pay phone in Florida.\"[20][22] The last owner who operated the tower as a tourist attraction was Lake Placid Tower Group owned by Mark Cambell since 1992.[32][10] He sold it to CHL Tower Group on November 6, 2003 which has operated it as a cell phone tower ever since.[33][34] Even though the tower closed about 2003, it still has two red \"OPEN\" signs at its top, facing north and south.[20] Originally, the tower above the balcony had the same basic design scheme as that below it. But after the tower closed, the portion of the tower from the balcony up was redesigned with a white and cyan (blue-green) color scheme. The limestone tile of the outer thirds of the walls were covered with white stucco, and the middle thirds were covered with four thin cyan-colored panels which now block the bird's eye view.[35][36] These panels covered the two opposing triangular openings in the middle third of each wall and the breeze or fence blocks[31] between them. The roof tracery above and the balcony below them were also painted cyan. The Tower View restaurant at the base of the tower closed in 2015.[33][20] The tower is among 35 designated Lake Placid historic structures.[37] It is one of three towers in Central Florida, including the Citrus Tower, built in 1956, 100 miles (160 km) to the north in Clermont, and Bok Tower, built in 1929, 50 miles (80 km) to the north in Lake Wales (Bok Tower was never intended to be an observation tower).", "Florida State Road 528 East of the GreeneWay, a new interchange just west of International Corporate Park Boulevard (Avalon Park Boulevard) is in the five year work plan covering 2010-2014.[21]", "Fort Pierce, Florida Fort Pierce is located on U.S. Route 1, near its intersection with Florida Route 70. Interstate Route 95 and Florida's Turnpike are nearby, at the west edge of town. The Intracoastal Waterway passes through the city. The nearest airport with scheduled passenger service is in Melbourne; the closest major airport is in West Palm Beach.[15]", "Plant City, Florida Alafia River State Park and Alderman's Ford Regional Park are located nearby.", "Punta Gorda, Florida Punta Gorda lies on the south bank of the tidal Peace River and the eastern shore of Charlotte Harbor, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Unincorporated communities bordering Punta Gorda include Charlotte Park (nearly surrounded by the city), Solana to the east, and Charlotte Harbor to the north, across the Peace River. Port Charlotte is to the west of Punta Gorda's incorporated residential neighborhoods Deep Creek[31] and Suncoast Lakes, north of the Peace River. Harbour Heights lies to the east of Punta Gorda's Deep Creek residential neighborhood.", "Lake County, Florida The Tavares Seaplane Base[24] is a city-owned, public-use seaplane base located on Lake Dora in Tavares.[25]", "Palm Beach County, Florida The eastern third of Palm Beach County is highly urbanized, while the central and western portions of the county are suburban or rural.[48] Palm Beach County is one of three counties in the Miami metropolitan area.[49] However, the county's western communities along Lake Okeechobee, such as Belle Glade, South Bay, and Pahokee, have also been considered part of the rural Florida Heartland.[50]", "Lakeland, Florida Native Americans began to live in the area 12,000 years ago. White settlers arrived in Lakeland in the 1870s and the city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service. Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve.", "Mount Dora, Florida Donnelly Park is located in the downtown Mount Dora area at the intersection of Donnelly Street and 5th Avenue. It is the location of their annual tree lighting ceremony, as well as several of Mount Dora's special events. The park contains, benches, restrooms, a fountain, and shuffleboard courts, a tennis court, and three pickleball courts. It is the location of the Donnelly Park building, which can be rented out for special events.[19]", "Florida About two-thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170Â km), not including the contribution of the many barrier islands.[22] Florida has a total of 4,510 islands that are ten acres or larger.[23][24] It is the second-highest number of islands of any state of the United States; only Alaska has more.[23] It is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. Florida has the lowest high point of any U.S. state. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south.[25] The American alligator, American crocodile, American flamingo, Roseate spoonbill, Florida panther, bottlenose dolphin, and manatee can be found in Everglades National Park in the southern part of the state. Along with Hawaii, Florida is one of only two states that has a tropical climate, and is the only continental U.S. state with a tropical climate. It is also the only continental U.S. state with a coral reef, called the Florida Reef.[26] It is the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States.[27] It is the third largest coral barrier reef system in the world (after the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef).[28]", "Lake Placid, Florida The town is home to the Lake Placid Tower, a closed concrete block observation tower that is 240 feet (73 m) tall according to early sources[9] or 270 feet (82 m) tall according to late sources.[10] However, government sources exclude a 270-foot height, allowing only a 240-foot height.[11][12]", "Everglades National Park In the early 19th century, Creeks, escaped African slaves, and other Indians from northern Florida displaced by the Creek War formed the area's Seminole nation. After the end of the Seminole Wars in 1842, the Seminoles faced relocation to Indian territory near Oklahoma. A few hundred Seminole hunters and scouts settled within what is today Big Cypress National Preserve, to escape the forced emigration to the west.[54] From 1859 to about 1930, the Seminoles and Miccosukee, a similar but linguistically unique tribe, lived in relative isolation, making their living by trading. In 1928, surveying and construction began on the Tamiami Trail, along the northern border of Everglades National Park. The road not only bisected the Everglades but also introduced a steady, if small, traffic of white settlers into the Everglades.[55]", "Mount Dora, Florida Mount Dora is located at 28°48′23″N 81°38′35″W / 28.806519°N 81.642996°W / 28.806519; -81.642996.[12]", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida The road takes one last drop, only to rise again and officially enter Ridge Manor at the intersection of Kettering Road and Croom-Rital Road which leads to a trailhead for the Withlacoochee State Trail US 98-SR 50 pass under a bridge for this trail. At the crossing over the Withlacoochee River, two former sections of the road exist on the east side of the river; Paul N. Steckle Lane, and Ridge Manor Boulevard. The shorter Paul N. Steckle Lane exists on the north side and contains a Hernando County Firehouse, local residences, and one entrance to the Cypress Lake Preserve. Ridge Manor Boulevard begins on the south side, and crosses over to the north side east of the firehouse and west of the Hernando County Eastside Solid Waste Convenience Station. When SR 50 continues east and narrows down to two lanes toward Clermont, Orlando, and Titusville, US 98 turns southeast and also narrows down to two lanes even as it crosses the Withlacoohcee River for the second time, this time at the Hernando-Pasco County Line, entering Trilby. The first major intersection is a blinker-light intersection with County Road 575, but a far more important one is with US 301 in Trilacoochee, where it shares yet another concurrency running south. South of this point, US 98-301 passes by the Owensboro Junction Trailhead, of the Withlacoochee State Trail. This was once a former junction between the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line Railroads, until both were merged into the Seaboard Coast Line and the segments that crossed Routes 98 and 301 were abandoned. From that point, the road runs up and down a series of hills where it passes by some small motels, local auto repair shops, trailer parks, farms, a Moose Lodge, a local golf course, and a drive-in movie theater. The road officially enters Dade City in the vicinity of the aforementioned drive-in theater, and passes by the Pioneer Florida Museum right next to a former citrus plant. Across from the south end of that plant is the intersection with eastern County Road 578, and shortly afterwards veers to the left at an at-grade interchange onto the former US 98-301 Truck Bypass, which was converted into mainline US 98-301 in 2007. The former segment of US 98-301 is now SR 39 as well as hidden state routes hidden SRs 35-700 and runs into downtown Dade City. US 98-301 moves closer to the CSX Wildwood Subdivision (part of the S-Line), where it encounters the eastern terminus of SR 52 and the Dade City Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Depot. At County Road 35 Alternate, US 98-301 turns from southeast to southwest as it moves back towards another at-grade interchange with the former \"Business\" US 98-301, and runs straight south again onto a four-lane divided highway. After the intersection with County Road 52 Alternate in Clinton Heights, US 98 branches off to the southeast taking hidden SR 35 and 700 with it, while US 301(SR 39) continues south towards Zephyrhills, Hillsborough River State Park, and eventually the Manatee-Bradenton-Sarasota area. The road climbs various hills, and includes random farms and trailer parks. The road has another encounter with both CR ALT 35 and the Wildwood Subdivision near Ellerslie, at a bridge over both, and an unnumbered interchange with the former of these two. Continuing southeast, the road encounters fewer farms and approaches the western edges of the Green Swamp, where it encounters the northernmost bridge over the Hillsborough River, which is nothing more than an elevated culvert. At the Pasco-Polk County Line, the road becomes the eastern terminus of County Road 54, and then the southern terminus of State Road 471.", "Keystone Heights, Florida Keystone Heights is located in northeast Florida in the southwest corner of Clay County, at 29°47′14″N 82°1′59″W / 29.78722°N 82.03306°W / 29.78722; -82.03306 (29.787243, -82.033026).[15] The city overlooks the north shore of Lake Geneva. State Road 21 leads northeast 30 miles (48 km) (via SR 16 to Green Cove Springs, the Clay County seat, and south 18 miles (29 km) to Hawthorne. SR 100 crosses SR 21 and leads north 12 miles (19 km) to Starke and southeast 26 miles (42 km) to Palatka.", "Florida Florida (/ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen); Spanish for \"land of flowers\") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida. Florida is the 22nd-most extensive (65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2), the 3rd-most populous (21,312,211 inhabitants),[11][6] and the 8th-most densely populated (384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2) of the U.S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is Florida's most populous urban area. Tallahassee is the state's capital.", "Osceola Parkway The road originally opened as Dart Boulevard on June 16, 1987 as a two-mile stretch between U.S. Highway 441 and Buenaventura Boulevard.[4] During the early 1990s, Disney World and Orlando area officials extended and upgraded the road to its current 12.4 miles (20.0Â km) parkway form, widened the lanes from two to four and added an interchange with Florida's Turnpike, with the highway opening on August 18, 1995.[5][6][7]", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida Following the extensions of the 1950s, minor changes were made in the routing of US 98. Several of these involved the construction of bypass routes (in Panama City, Dade City, Lakeland, and Bartow) or straightening alignments (near Lakeland and Bartow).[12] Around 1990, US 441 was realigned onto new road from north of Belle Glade to Twenty Mile Bend and, by the late 2000s, US 98 was transferred to this route as well, the most significant rerouting of US 98 in Florida in nearly half a century. The former path of US 98 from Canal Point is now signed as State Road 700 north of the junction with US 98/US 441 and County Route 700 south of that to County Road 880.", "U.S. Route 1 in Florida US 1 enters Brevard County at the north end of the St. Sebastian River, continuing to hug the western shoreline of the Indian River. The first community it enters is Grant-Valkaria, with intersections with Micco Road, followed by Valkaria Road just east of the Valkaria Airport. US 1 then travels north to Malabar, intersecting State Road 514. It continues north to Palm Bay, through the central area of the city, with an intersection of County Road 516 (Palm Bay Road). It is locally designated the Johnson-Grogan Highway from South Palm Bay city limits to the Melbourne city limits. As US 1 enters Melbourne, the road veers a few blocks west of the Indian River, heading towards an intersection of U.S. Route 192 at the 1900 Building. A few blocks north, US 1 returns to the shoreline of the Indian River and then intersects State Road 508, followed by State Road 507, with US 1 veering away from the Indian River and crossing the Elbow Creek Bridge.", "Sun City Center, Florida Sun City Center is located in southern Hillsborough County at 27°42′48″N 82°21′35″W / 27.71333°N 82.35972°W / 27.71333; -82.35972 (27.713353, -82.359659).[4] It is bordered to the northwest by Apollo Beach, to the northeast by Balm, to the east by Wimauma, and to the west by Ruskin. Interstate 75 forms the northwestern edge of the CDP, with access from Exit 240, Sun City Center Boulevard (State Road 674). U.S. Route 301 forms the eastern edge of the CDP, and the southern edge follows the Little Manatee River. Tampa is 24 miles (39 km) to the north, and Bradenton is 21 miles (34 km) to the southwest via I-75, or 25 miles (40 km) via US-301.", "U.S. Route 98 in Florida US 98/441 runs straight south out of the Okeechobee City Limits, along with its hidden state roads 700 and 15 respectively. This trajectory continues until the routes reach Eagle Bay and the road encounters a T-intersection with State Road 78 on the northern shores of Lake Okeechobee. There, US 98/441 makes a sharp left turn to the northeast and then the southeast as it runs along the east side of the lake as well as the levee system protecting the coast. Along this segment, the two hidden state roads aren't exactly as hidden as they are in other parts of the state. Two suffixed alternate routes of hidden State Road 15 can be found in Up-the-Grove Junction before the route enters Martin County, where it remains along the east side of the lake. As the route enters Port Mayaca, the road crosses a bridge over the St. Lucie Canal that returns to ground level at the interchange with State Road 76. Shortly after this, US 98/441 crosses the Martin-Palm Beach County line just north of a Florida East Coast Railroad grade crossing with no signs indicating the location of the border. Winding around the shores of the lake, the road eventually turns to the southwest.", "U.S. Route 1 in Florida US 1 enters Indian River County just north of the SR 713 intersection, with its first major intersection in the county being County Road 606 in Oslo. US 1 then runs parallel with the Florida East Coast Railroad, entering central Vero Beach, where it's locally known as Commerce Boulevard. It intersects SR 656 (16th/17th Street), and State Road 60 (20th Street), and passes by the eastern end of the Vero Beach Municipal Airport. At the northeast end of the airport, US 1 has an intersection with State Road 605, with SR 605 paralleling US 1 one block to the west before leaving Vero Beach. North of Vero Beach, US 1 travels through the villages of Gifford and Winter Beach. In Wabasso, US 1 intersects State Road 510, where US 1 begins a concurrency with Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway. US 1 then intersects with SR 605 one block north of SR 510. US 1 then travels north to central Sebastian, where it intersects with CR 512 (Sebastian Boulevard), providing access to Fellsmere and Interstate 95. It then enters Roseland, intersecting CR 505 a half mile south of US 1's crossing of the St. Sebastian River, where it leaves Indian River County." ]	[ "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park is a city in Highlands County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 8,836,[3] and in 2015 the estimated population was 10,086.[7] It is the oldest city in Highlands County, and was named after Stratford-upon-Avon, England.", "Avon Park, Florida Avon Park is located in northwestern Highlands County at 27°35′40″N 81°30′12″W / 27.59444°N 81.50333°W / 27.59444; -81.50333 (27.594418, -81.503437).[11] 27/98 is the main highway through the city, leading north 23 miles (37 km) to Lake Wales and south 10 miles (16 km) to Sebring. Florida State Road 17 (Main Street) leads east through the center of Avon Park, then south 10 miles to the center of Sebring. Florida State Road 64 leads west from Avon Park 19 miles (31 km) to Zolfo Springs." ]
test117	who was the war of 1812 fought between	[ "doc4176" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc4176", "doc39485", "doc39488", "doc4177", "doc4178", "doc39486", "doc561981", "doc75127", "doc1294642", "doc39495", "doc39521", "doc679663", "doc195208", "doc4323", "doc4183", "doc86969", "doc39489", "doc383672", "doc1312902", "doc4181", "doc4337", "doc4311", "doc4304", "doc39507", "doc4214", "doc1374794", "doc4179", "doc39491", "doc1932630", "doc528156", "doc169658", "doc20136", "doc380610", "doc117193", "doc4295", "doc39490", "doc39496", "doc679696", "doc141617", "doc1041304", "doc4310", "doc4204", "doc39487", "doc4189", "doc4180", "doc4314", "doc4218", "doc39493", "doc39514", "doc897203", "doc39494", "doc4299", "doc679667", "doc679682", "doc1421982", "doc39503", "doc4219", "doc897204", "doc4308", "doc679671", "doc4221", "doc47372", "doc39504", "doc4312", "doc4207", "doc679676", "doc4194", "doc4292", "doc4313", "doc4247", "doc117121", "doc1251702", "doc1251703", "doc4216", "doc4206", "doc228074", "doc117194", "doc679668", "doc679664", "doc4248", "doc4192", "doc169659", "doc39517", "doc39501", "doc109063", "doc4300", "doc4315", "doc1322981", "doc39511", "doc897173", "doc4209", "doc4320", "doc4328", "doc4260", "doc4174", "doc4309", "doc228076", "doc4223", "doc679685", "doc39510" ]	[ "War of 1812 The War of 1812 (1812–1815) was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right.", "Origins of the War of 1812 The War of 1812, a war between the United States, Great Britain, and Britain's Indian allies, lasted from 1812 to 1815. The U.S. declared war and historians have long debated the multiple factors behind that decision.[1]", "Origins of the War of 1812 The war was fought in four theatres: on the oceans, where the warships and privateers of both sides preyed on each other's merchant shipping; along the Atlantic coast of the U.S., which was blockaded with increasing severity by the British, who also mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war; on the long frontier, running along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, which separated the U.S. from Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec); and finally along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. During the course of the war, both the Americans and British launched invasions of each other's territory, all of which were unsuccessful or gained only temporary success. At the end of the war, the British held parts of Maine and some outposts in the sparsely populated West while the Americans held Canadian territory near Detroit, but these occupied territories were restored at the end of the war.", "War of 1812 Since the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France, Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France, which the United States contested as illegal under international law. To man the blockade, Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair inflamed anti-British sentiment. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt Affair, in which 11 British sailors died.[15][16] The British supplied Indians who conducted raids on American settlers on the frontier, which hindered American expansion and also provoked resentment.[17] Historians remain divided on whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, President James Madison, after receiving heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress, signed the American declaration of war into law.[18]", "War of 1812 With the majority of their army in Europe fighting Napoleon, the British adopted a defensive strategy. American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity, especially in New England, where it was derogatorily referred to as \"Mr. Madison's War\". American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada, improving British morale. American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed. In 1813, at the Battle of Lake Erie the Americans won control of Lake Erie and at the Battle of the Thames, defeated Tecumseh's Confederacy, securing a primary war goal. At sea, the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports, cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will. In 1814, one of these raids burned the capital, Washington, although the Americans subsequently repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore.", "Origins of the War of 1812 There were several causes for the U.S. declaration of war: First, a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France, a country with which Britain was at war (the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law);[2] second, the impressment (forced recruitment) of U.S. seamen into the Royal Navy; third, the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest; fourth, a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada.[3] An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults (such as the Chesapeake affair).[4]", "Military history of the United States By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812.[16] With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain.[17]", "United Kingdom–United States relations Finally in June 1812 President James Madison called for war, and overcame the opposition of Northeastern business interests. The American strategy called for a war against British shipping and especially cutting off food shipments to the British sugar plantations in the West Indies. Conquest of Canada was a tactic designed to give the Americans a strong bargaining position.[32] The main British goal was to defeat France, so until that happened in 1814 the war was primarily defensive. To enlist allies among the Indians, led by Tecumseh, the British promised an independent Indian state would be created in American territory. Repeated American invasions of Canada were fiascoes, because of inadequate preparations, very poor generals, and the refusal of militia units to leave their home grounds. The Americans took control of Lake Erie in 1813 and destroyed the power of the Indian allies of the British in the Northwest and Southeast. The British invasion of the Chesapeake Bay in 1814 culminated in the \"Burning of Washington\", but the subsequent British attack on Baltimore was repelled. The British invasion of New York state in 1814 was defeated at the Battle of Plattsburgh, and the invasion of Louisiana that launched before word of a ceasefire had reached General Andrew Jackson was decisively defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Negotiations began in 1814 and produced the Treaty of Ghent, which restored the status quo ante bellum. No territorial gains were made by either side, and the British plan to create an Indian nation was abandoned. The United Kingdom retained the theoretical right of impressment, but stopped impressing any sailors, while the United States dropped the issue for good.[33] The US celebrated the outcome as a victorious \"second war of independence.\" The British, having finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, celebrated that triumph and largely forgot the war with America. Tensions between the US and Canada were resolved through diplomacy. The War of 1812 marked the end of a long period of conflict (1775â€“1815) and ushered in a new era of peace between the two nations.", "United States Army The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. The U.S. Army did not conquer Canada but it did destroy Native American resistance to expansion in the Old Northwest and it validated its independence by stopping two major British invasions in 1814 and 1815. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U.S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U.S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops who had dubbed the U.S. Army \"Regulars, by God!\", were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. The regular army, however proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo ante bellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, and became a national hero. U.S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides (the United States and Great Britain) returned to the geographical status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict.", "Origins of the War of 1812 There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war. First, a series of trade restrictions called the Orders in Council (1807) introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France, a country with which Britain was at war; the U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law.[2] Second, the impressment (forced recruitment) of U.S. citizens into the Royal Navy. Third, the alleged British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the United States.[3] An unstated but powerful motivation for the Americans was the need to uphold national honor in the face of British insults (such as the Chesapeake affair.)[4] There also may have been an American desire to annex Canada.", "Origins of the War of 1812 On the first of June 1812, President James Madison gave a speech to the U.S. Congress, recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's speech, the House of Representatives quickly voted (79 to 49) to declare war, and the Senate by 19 to 13. The conflict formally began on 18 June 1812 when Madison signed the measure into law. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote would prove to be the closest vote to declare war in American history. None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favor of the war; critics of war subsequently referred to it as \"Mr. Madison's War.\" [64]", "Results of the War of 1812 Results of the War of 1812 the war of 1812 happened between Great Britain and the United States in 1812. It caused no geographical changes. The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain. All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest. American fears of the Native Americans ended, as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state. The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied. The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an \"Era of good feelings\" with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit. The British paid little attention to the war, concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815. The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America, contrary to many American politicians'n land from Spain.[1]", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814. American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe. However they were able to repel American attempts to invade Canada despite their inferior numbers. A stepped-up war effort in 1814 brought about British successes such as the Battle of Queenston Heights and the Burning of Washington, but the Indian allies of the British were dispersed, and British invasions of upstate New York and New Orleans failed. Peace left the boundaries unchanged and opened up two centuries of peace and largely open borders.[6]", "War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war,[d] nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contentionâ€”and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain.", "War of 1812 In 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law.[25] Historian Reginald Horsman states, \"a large section of influential British opinion, both in the government and in the country, thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy.\"[26]", "British Empire Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the Napoleonic Wars, as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to impress men into the Royal Navy. The US declared war, the War of 1812, and invaded Canadian territory. In response Britain invaded the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States.[77][78]", "Origins of the War of 1812 In the United States, battles such as New Orleans and the earlier successful defence of Baltimore (which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner) produced a sense of euphoria over a \"second war of independence\" against Britain. It ushered in an \"Era of Good Feelings,\" in which the partisan animosity that had once verged on treason practically vanished. Canada also emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national feeling and solidarity. Britain, which had regarded the war as a sideshow to the Napoleonic Wars raging in Europe, was less affected by the fighting; its government and people subsequently welcomed an era of peaceful relations with the United States.", "History of Canada The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and the British, with the British North American colonies being heavily involved.[112] Greatly outgunned by the British Royal Navy, the American war plans focused on an invasion of Canada (especially what is today eastern and western Ontario). The American frontier states voted for war to suppress the First Nations raids that frustrated settlement of the frontier.[112] The war on the border with the United States was characterized by a series of multiple failed invasions and fiascos on both sides. American forces took control of Lake Erie in 1813, driving the British out of western Ontario, killing the Native American leader Tecumseh, and breaking the military power of his confederacy.[113] The war was overseen by British army officers like Isaac Brock and Charles de Salaberry with the assistance of First Nations and loyalist informants, most notably Laura Secord.[114]", "Napoleonic Wars Coinciding with the War of the Sixth Coalition was the War of 1812. Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, while Europeans often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. The United States declared war on Britain because of British interference with American merchant ships and forced enlistment into the British Royal Navy. France had interfered too (and at one point the US considered declaring war on France.) The war ended in a military stalemate and there were no boundary changes at the Treaty of Ghent which took effect in early 1815, when Napoleon was on Elba.[77]", "War of 1812 As Risjord (1961) notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair.[21] H. W. Brands says, \"The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence; [Andrew] Jackson, who still bore scars from the first war of independence held that view with special conviction. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also about vindication of American identity.\"[22] Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States' \"Second War of Independence\".[23]", "War of 1812 The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain. The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British.[316] Britain's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world's dominant nautical power (and remained so for another century). While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada, the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce, bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering. British businesses, some affected by rising insurance costs, were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S.[317] The peace was generally welcomed by the British, though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However, the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and, over time, a growing friendship.[318]", "War of 1812 However, other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat. They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 (by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada) and retaining their Canadian colonies. By contrast, they say, the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada. Additionally, they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment, which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars, arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council, which were rescinded before the war started.[288]", "War of 1812 During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory, and in Canada, of a Canadian victory. Each young country saw its self-perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood. The British, on the other hand, who had been preoccupied by Napoleon's challenge in Europe, paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute, a distraction from the principal task at hand.", "Origins of the War of 1812 The long wars between Britain and France (1793â€“1815) led to repeated complaints by the U.S. that both powers violated America's right as a neutral to trade with both sides. Furthermore, Americans complained loudly that British agents in Canada were supplying munitions to hostile Native American tribes living in United States territory.", "War of 1812 On June 1, 1812, President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's message, the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 (61%) in favor of the first declaration of war. The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 (59%) vote in favour. The conflict began formally on June 18, 1812, when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day.[18] This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history.[74] The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991, while not a formal declaration of war, was a closer vote.[75] None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war; critics of war subsequently referred to it as \"Mr. Madison's War.\"[74]", "Timeline of United States military operations 1812â€“1815: War of 1812: On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war were British impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States during British hostilities with France. [RL30172]", "War of 1812 At home, the British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation, and demands to reopen trade with America. With the abdication of Napoleon, the blockade of France ended and the British ceased impressment, rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot. The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast, annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the United States government near to bankruptcy. Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 as neither side wanted to continue fighting. News of the peace did not reach America for some time. Unaware that the treaty had been signed, British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour, leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings, a period of national unity. News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter, halting military operations. The treaty was unanimously ratified by the United States on February 17, 1815, ending the war with Status quo ante bellum (no boundary changes).", "Origins of the War of 1812 The British had two goals: All parties were committed to the defeat of France, and this required sailors (hence the need for impressment), and it required all-out commercial war against France (hence the restrictions imposed on American merchant ships). On the question of trade with America the British parties split. As Horsman argues, \"Some restrictions on neutral commerce were essential for England in this period. That this restriction took such an extreme form after 1807 stemmed not only from the effort to defeat Napoleon, but also from the undoubted jealousy of America's commercial prosperity that existed in England. America was unfortunate in that for most of the period from 1803 to 1812 political power in England was held by a group that was pledged not only to the defeat of France, but also to a rigid maintenance of Britain's commercial supremacy.\"[12] That group was weakened by Whigs friendly to the U.S. in mid-1812 and the policies were reversed, but too late for the U.S. had already declared war. By 1815 Britain was no longer controlled by politicians dedicated to commercial supremacy, so that cause had vanished.", "Andrew Jackson Leading up to 1812, the United States found itself increasingly drawn into international conflict. Formal hostilities with Spain or France never materialized, but tensions with Britain increased for a number of reasons. Among these was the desire of many Americans for more land, particularly British Canada and Florida, the latter still controlled by Spain, Britain's European ally.[61] On June 18, 1812, Congress officially declared war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, beginning the War of 1812.[62] Jackson responded enthusiastically, sending a letter to Washington offering 2,500 volunteers.[63] However, the men were not called up for many months. Biographer Robert V. Remini claims that Jackson saw the apparent slight as payback by the Madison administration for his support of Burr and Monroe. Meanwhile, the United States military repeatedly suffered devastating defeats on the battlefield.[64]", "Battle of New Orleans The Battle of New Orleans was a series of engagements fought between December 14, 1814 and January 18, 1815, constituting the last major battle of the War of 1812.[8][9] American combatants,[10] commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, prevented a much larger British force, commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and General Edward Pakenham, from seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase.[11][12][13][14]", "List of War of 1812 Battles The War of 1812 was fought in four major theaters on the North American continent: the Atlantic Coast, the Canada–US border, the Gulf Coast and the American West. In addition to these continental theaters of action, there were also numerous ship-to-ship battles at sea, almost all of them in the Atlantic.", "History of U.S. foreign policy In 1812 diplomacy had broken down and the U.S. declared war on Britain. The War of 1812 was marked by very bad planning and military fiascoes on both sides. It ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1815. Militarily it was a stalemate as both sides failed in their invasion attempts, but the Royal Navy blockaded the coastline and shut down American trade (except for smuggling supplies into British Canada). However the British achieved their main goal of defeating Napoleon, while the American armies defeated the Indian alliance that the British had supported, ending the British war goal of establishing a pro-British Indian boundary nation in the Midwest. The British stopped impressing American sailors and trade with France (now an ally of Britain) resumed, so the causes of the war had been cleared away. Especially after the great American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, Americans felt proud and triumphant for having won their \"second war of independence.\"[11] Successful generals Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison became political heroes as well. After 1815 tensions de-escalated along the U.S.-Canada border, with peaceful trade and generally good relations. Boundary disputes were settled amicably. Both the U.S. and Canada saw a surge in nationalism and national pride after 1815, with the U.S. moving toward greater democracy and the British postponing democracy in Canada.", "History of United States foreign policy In 1812 diplomacy had broken down and the U.S. declared war on Britain. The War of 1812 was marked by very bad planning and military fiascoes on both sides. It ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1815. Militarily it was a stalemate as both sides failed in their invasion attempts, but the Royal Navy blockaded the coastline and shut down American trade (except for smuggling supplies into British Canada). However the British achieved their main goal of defeating Napoleon, while the American armies defeated the Indian alliance that the British had supported, ending the British war goal of establishing a pro-British Indian boundary nation in the Midwest. The British stopped impressing American sailors and trade with France (now an ally of Britain) resumed, so the causes of the war had been cleared away. Especially after the great American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, Americans felt proud and triumphant for having won their \"second war of independence.\"[11] Successful generals Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison became political heroes as well. After 1815 tensions de-escalated along the U.S.-Canada border, with peaceful trade and generally good relations. Boundary disputes were settled amicably. Both the U.S. and Canada saw a surge in nationalism and national pride after 1815, with the U.S. moving toward greater democracy and the British postponing democracy in Canada.", "History of the United States Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election. Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships' neutral rights in order to hurt France, the impressment (seizure) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon, and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest. They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America.[70][71][72][73][74] Despite strong opposition from the Northeast, especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain, Congress declared war on June 18, 1812.[75]", "War of 1812 American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on. The British had planned three invasions. One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore, and sailed away when its commander was killed. In northern New York State, 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada.[b] Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest. The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes. Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe.[259] Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands:", "Origins of the War of 1812 The British were engaged in a life-and-death war with Napoleon and could not allow the Americans to help the enemy, regardless of their lawful neutral rights to do so. As Horsman explains, \"If possible, England wished to avoid war with America, but not to the extent of allowing her to hinder the British war effort against France. Moreover...a large section of influential British opinion, both in the government and in the country, thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy.\" [11]", "Origins of the War of 1812 Indians based in the Northwest Territory, comprising the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, had organized in opposition to American settlement, and were being supplied with weapons by British traders in Canada. Britain was not trying to provoke a war, and at one point cut its allocations of gunpowder to the tribes, but it was trying to build up its fur trade and friendly relations with potential military allies.[15] Although Britain had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, it had the long-term goal of creating a \"neutral\" or buffer Indian state in the area that would block further American growth.[16] The Indian nations generally followed Tenskwatawa (the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh, who since 1805 had preached his vision of purifying his society by expelling the \"Children of the Evil Spirit\" (the American settlers).[17]", "Results of the War of 1812 Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war.[30] Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response.[31] This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour.[32] Chesapeake–Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event.[33] Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states, including Massachusetts,[34] Ohio,[35] Pennsylvania,[36][37] and Tennessee,[38] as well as the territory of Michigan.[39] Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful, especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans, while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week. For the next century it was often called \"the Second American War for Independence\" and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House.[40] Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour.", "Stephen Decatur The desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory, the capture and impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy along with British alliance with and recruitment of American Indian tribes against America were all events that led into the War of 1812.[125][126] Intended to avoid war, the Embargo Act only compounded matters that led to war. Finally on June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain.[127][128] By 1814 Britain had committed nearly 100 warships along the American coast and other points. Consequently, the war was fought mostly in the naval theater where Decatur and other naval officers played major roles in the success of the United States' efforts during this time.[129]", "Battle of Baltimore Until April 1814, Great Britain was at war with Napoleonic France, which limited British war aims in America. During this time the British primarily used a defensive strategy and repelled American invasions of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. However, the Americans gained naval control over Lake Erie in 1813, and seized parts of western Ontario. In the Southwest, General Andrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.[10][11]", "War of 1812 Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war.[285] In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate, with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive. Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force. Insofar as they see the war's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S., Britain and Canada, these historians often conclude that all three nations were the \"real winners\" of the War of 1812. These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy. It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides, as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada, and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York.[286][287]", "War of 1812 David and Jeanne Heidler argue that \"Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy. That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war.\"[64]", "Origins of the War of 1812 American expansion into the Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin) was impeded by Indian raids. Some historians maintain that an American goal in the war was annex some or all of Canada, a view that many Canadians still share, while others argue that inducing the fear of such a seizure had merely been a U.S. tactic designed to obtain a bargaining chip.[5] Some members of the British Parliament at the time[6] and dissident American politicians such as John Randolph of Roanoke[7] claimed that land hunger rather than maritime disputes was the main motivation for the American declaration. However, some historians, both Canadian and American, retain the view that desire to annex all or part of Canada was an American goal.[8] Although the British made some concessions before the war on neutral trade, they insisted on the right to reclaim their deserting sailors. The British also had the long-standing goal of creating a large \"neutral\" Indian state that would cover much of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference, but lost battles that would have validated their claims.[9][10]", "War of 1812 The Northwest Territory, which consisted of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States.[37] The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations. These included the Miami, Winnebago, Shawnee, Fox, Sauk, Kickapoo, Delaware and Wyandot. Some warriors, who had left their nations of origin, followed Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh. Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the \"children of the Evil Spirit\": the American settlers.[38] The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves.[39] Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion. The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms. Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States.[40] Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended.[41] British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest, and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders, versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States.[39] Through Tecumseh's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible, at the same time, the defeats suffered by Tecumseh's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause. In the months running up to the war, British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier.[39]", "War of 1812 Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States.[19][20]", "War of 1812 He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms, in place of their initially harsh terms (which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians), because the \"reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war-weary, tax-exhausted public.\" The war was also technically a British victory \"because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war.\"[289]", "War of 1812 Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute, neither side was ready for war when it came. Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War (in Portugal and Spain), and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe.[80] The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034, supported by Canadian militia.[81] Throughout the war, the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst. For the first two years of the war, he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander-in-chief in North America (Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost) to maintain a defensive strategy. The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions, concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada (which was more vulnerable to American attacks) and allowing few offensive actions.", "Origins of the War of 1812 When Americans proposed a truce based on British ending impressment, Britain refused, because it needed those sailors. Horsman explains, \"Impressment, which was the main point of contention between England and America from 1803 to 1807, was made necessary primarily because of England's great shortage of seamen for the war against Napoleon. In a similar manner the restrictions on American commerce imposed by England's Orders in Council, which were the supreme cause of complaint between 1807 and 1812, were one part of a vast commercial struggle being waged between England and France.\" [12]", "Origins of the War of 1812 This dispute came to the forefront with the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807, when the British warship HMS Leopard fired on and boarded the American warship USS Chesapeake, killing three and carrying off four deserters from the Royal Navy. (Only one was a British citizen and he was subsequently hanged; the other three were American citizens and were later returned, though the last two not until 1812.) The American public was outraged by the incident, and many called for war in order to assert American sovereignty and national honor.", "History of the United States (1789–1849) In response to continued British interference with American shipping (including the practice of impressment of American sailors into the British Navy), and to British aid to American Indians in the Old Northwest, the Twelfth Congress—led by Southern and Western Jeffersonians—declared war on Britain in 1812. Westerners and Southerners were the most ardent supporters of the war, given their concerns about defending national honor and expanding western settlements, and having access to world markets for their agricultural exports. New England was making a fine profit and its Federalists opposed the war, almost to the point of secession. The Federalist reputation collapsed in the triumphalism of 1815 and the party no longer played a national role.[21]", "Origins of the War of 1812 The British also had the long-standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state, a large \"neutral\" Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest and be a barrier between the western parts of the United States and Canada. It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British, who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade.[13] They made the demand as late as 1814 at the peace conference, but dropped the demand. Their position had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames, but the British also simply no longer considered the goal worth conflict with the United States. Much of the proposed buffer state remained largely under British and Indian control throughout the war.[9][14]", "War of 1812 On December 24, 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent. The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27[263] and arrived in Washington on February 17 where it was quickly ratified and went into effect, thus finally ending the war. The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned, the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored, and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.", "Results of the War of 1812 Efforts to end the war began in 1812 when the chief U.S. diplomat in London proposed an armistice in return for a renunciation of impressments; the British refused. Later, in 1812, when the British captured Detroit and news of the repeal of the Orders reached Washington, Sir George Prevost arranged an armistice with his counterpart Henry Dearborn. However, President James Madison decided to continue the war. In 1813, Russia offered to mediate a peace, but London rejected the offer, because it might compromise British interests in Europe.[4] Finally, Great Britain and the United States agreed to commence peace negotiations in January 1814: the talks were delayed.", "Results of the War of 1812 In contrast to Canada, the War of 1812 is seldom remembered in Britain today, as the conflict was quickly forgotten by the British public. Chiefly, this is because it was overshadowed by the dramatic events of the contemporary Napoleonic wars, and because Britain herself neither gained nor lost anything by the peace settlement, except for the fact that it kept control of Canada.[21]", "Military history of Canada After the cessation of hostilities at the end of the American Revolution, animosity and suspicion continued between the United States and the United Kingdom,[111] erupting in 1812 when the Americans declared war on the British. Among the reasons for the war was British harassment of US ships (including impressment of American seamen into the Royal Navy), a byproduct of British involvement in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars. The Americans did not possess a navy capable of challenging the Royal Navy, and so an invasion of Canada was proposed as the only feasible means of attacking the British Empire.[111] Americans on the western frontier also hoped an invasion would not only bring an end to British support of aboriginal resistance to the westward expansion of the United States, but also finalize their claim to the western territories.[111]", "Origins of the War of 1812 Today historians generally agree that an invasion and temporary seizure of Canada was the Central American military strategy once the war began. Given British control of the oceans, there was no other way to actively fight against British interests. President Madison believed that food supplies from Canada were essential to the British overseas empire in the West Indies, and that an American seizure would be an excellent bargaining chip at the peace conference. During the war, some Americans speculated that they might as well keep all of Canada. Thomas Jefferson, for example, although now out of power, argued that expulsion of British interests from nearby Canada would remove a long-term threat to American republicanism. New Zealand historian J.G.A. Stagg argues that Madison and his advisors believed that conquest of Canada would be easy and that economic coercion would force the British to come to terms by cutting off the food supply for their highly valuable West Indies sugar colonies. Furthermore, possession of Canada would be a valuable bargaining chip. Stagg suggests frontiersmen demanded the seizure of Canada not because they wanted the land (they had plenty), but because the British were thought to be arming the Indians and thereby blocking settlement of the west.[28] As Horsman concludes, \"The idea of conquering Canada had been present since at least 1807 as a means of forcing England to change her policy at sea. The conquest of Canada was primarily a means of waging war, not a reason for starting it.\"[29] Hickey flatly states, \"The desire to annex Canada did not bring on the war.\" [30] Brown (1964) concludes, \"The purpose of the Canadian expedition was to serve negotiation not to annex Canada.\"[31] Burt, a Canadian scholar, but also a professor at an American university, agrees completely, noting that Foster, the British minister to Washington, also rejected the argument that annexation of Canada was a war goal.[32] However, Foster also rejected the possibility of a declaration of war, despite having dinner with several of the more prominent War Hawks, so his judgement in these matters can be questioned.", "War of 1812 The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war, for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow. In 1812, the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men. Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men, but the service was voluntary and unpopular; it offered poor pay, and there were few trained and experienced officers, at least initially.[82] The militia objected to serving outside their home states, were not open to discipline, and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states.[80] American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity, especially in New England, where anti-war speakers were vocal. \"Two of the Massachusetts members [of Congress], Seaver and Widgery, were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston; while another, Charles Turner, member for the Plymouth district, and Chief-Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county, was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3, [1812] and kicked through the town\".[83] The United States had great difficulty financing its war. It had disbanded its national bank, and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war. The United States was able to obtain financing from London-based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations.[84] The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow.[85] Threats of secession by New England states were loud, as evidenced by the Hartford Convention. Britain exploited these divisions, blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling.[86]", "History of the United States (1789–1849) The United States and Britain came to a draw in the war after bitter fighting that lasted even after the Burning of Washington in August 1814 and Andrew Jackson's smashing defeat of the British invasion army at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. The Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the war, returned to the status quo ante bellum, but Britain's alliance with the Native Americans ended, and the Indians were the major losers of the war. News of the victory at New Orleans over the best British combat troops came at the same time as news of the peace, giving Americans a psychological triumph and opening the Era of Good Feelings. The war destroyed the Federalist Party, and opened roles as national candidates to generals Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison among others, as well as civilian leaders James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay.[22]", "War of 1812 By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain,[276] although still remembered in Canada, especially Ontario. In a 2009 poll, 37% of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory, 9% said the U.S. won, 15% called it a draw, and 39% said they knew too little to comment.[277] A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians' identity, the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second (25%).[278]", "Results of the War of 1812 The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgment of American maritime rights, but in the century of peace between the worlds naval powers from 1815 until World War I these rights were not seriously violated. The British navy ended the practices that angered Americans, for they were no longer needed after Napoleon. American pride and honor was built as a result of the Indian threat being ended, and through rejoicing surrounding American victory at New Orleans.[9] In doing so, the United States had successfully created sense of becoming fully independent from Britain.[10]", "War of 1812 In 1812â€“13, British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders. Geography dictated that operations take place in the west: principally around Lake Erie, near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain. This was the focus of the three-pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812. Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain's hold in North America unsustainable, the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British, who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers.", "Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Federalists were opposed to war with Great Britain before 1812, which can be seen in their opposition to the Embargo of 1807. While many Democrat-republicans thought of the war as a “test of the Republic”, Federalists denounced calls for war, with John Randolph advising Madison to abandon the thought of war, as it would threaten United States commerce.[2] All members of Congress that voted for war were Republicans, while 22 opposed war, along with 40 Federalists.[3] Following Madison’s declaration of war, the Federalist minority in the House of Representatives released “An Address...to their constituents on the war with Great Britain”, which identified the Federalists as the party of peace, rebuffing many of the points Madison made in his declaration of war.[4]", "Origins of the War of 1812 However, historian J. C. A. Stagg states that, \"... had the War 1812 been a successful military venture, the Madison administration would have been reluctant to have returned occupied Canadian territory to the enemy.\"[33] Other authors concur, one stating, \"Expansion was not the only American objective, and indeed not the immediate one. But it was an objective\",[34] and that \"The American yearning to absorb Canada was long-standing...In 1812 it became part of a grand strategy.\"[35] Another suggests that \"Americans harboured 'manifest destiny' ideas of Canadian annexation throughout the nineteenth century.\"[36] A third states that \"[t]he [American] belief that the United States would one day annex Canada had a continuous existence from the early days of the War of Independence to the War of 1812 [and] was a factor of primary importance in bringing on the war.\"[37] Another says that \"acquiring Canada would satisfy America's expansionist desires\" .[38] Historian Spencer Tucker tells us that \"War Hawks were eager to wage war with the British, not only to end Indian depredations in the Midwest but also to seize Canada and perhaps Spanish Florida.\"[39]", "War of 1812 Historian Troy Bickham, author of The Weight of Vengeance: The United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812, sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States.", "War of 1812 The United States Navy (USN) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812. The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War. The USN had 13 ocean-going warships, three of them \"super-frigates\" and its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy.[69] The American warships were all well-built ships that were equal, if not superior to British ships of a similar class (British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality). However, the biggest ships in the USN were frigates and the Americans had no ships-of-the-line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea.[70]", "Results of the War of 1812 When the United States attacked British North America, most of the British forces were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. Thus, British North America had minimal troops to defend against the United States, who had a much larger (though initially poorly trained) military force. For most of the war, British North America stood alone against a much stronger American force. Reinforcements from the United Kingdom did not arrive until 1814, the final year of the war. The repelling of the American force helped to foster British loyalties in the colonies that later became Canada.", "War of 1812 American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution, who were supplied and encouraged by the British. Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped.[46] There is dispute, however, over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war. Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip, which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues. It would also cut off food supplies for Britain's West Indian colonies, and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians.[47][48] However, many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war. This view was more prevalent before 1940, but remains widely held today.[49][50][51][52][53][47] Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that \"the war has already commenced. ... I shall never die contented until I see England's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States.\"[54]", "War of 1812 By 1814, both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate. They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent, Flanders (now part of Belgium). The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24, when a final agreement was signed; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect. Meanwhile, both sides planned new invasions.", "War of 1812 \"Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France, the British had enough capable officers, well-trained men, and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada. In fact, in the opening salvos of the war, the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory. The difference between the two navies was even greater. While the Americans famously (shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic) bested British ships in some one-on-one actions at the warâ€™s start, the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war, blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns, including Washington, D.C. Yet in late 1814, the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada, naval supremacy in the Atlantic, an opponent that was effectively bankrupt, and an open secessionist movement in New England.\"", "War of 1812 Fighting between Americans, the Sauk, and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817, well after the war ended in the east.[120]", "History of the United States Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared a new, independent nation: the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.", "History of the United Kingdom Simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The \"second war of independence\" for the American, it was little noticed in Britain, where all attention was focused on the struggle with France. The British could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814. American frigates also inflicted a series of embarrassing defeats on the British navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe. A stepped-up war effort that year brought about some successes such as the burning of Washington, but many influential voices such as the Duke of Wellington argued that an outright victory over the US was impossible.[45]", "History of the United Kingdom Peace was agreed to at the end of 1814, but Andrew Jackson, unaware of this, won a great victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 (news took several weeks to cross the Atlantic before the advent of steam ships). Ratification of the Treaty of Ghent ended the war in February 1815. The major result was the permanent defeat of the Indian allies the British had counted upon. The US-Canada border was demilitarised by both countries, and peaceful trade resumed, although worries of an American conquest of Canada persisted into the 1860s.", "War of 1812 However, the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster. In response to the U.S. declaration of war, Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel \"to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty\" to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans.[77][78] He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan, who it turned out, were not yet aware of their own government's declaration of war. The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war, and ended in an easy British victory.[79]", "War of 1812 While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent-wide European War, the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party (based mainly in the Northeast), which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain, and the Democratic-Republican Party (with its greatest power base in the South and West), which favoured a weak central government, preservation of states' rights (including slavery), expansion into Indian land, and a stronger break with Britain. By 1812, the Federalist Party had weakened considerably, and the Republicans, with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress, were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain.[66] Throughout the war, support for the U.S. cause was weak (or sometimes non-existent) in Federalist areas of the Northeast. Few men volunteered to serve; the banks avoided financing the war. The negativism of the Federalists, especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814â€“15, ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas. By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country. This allowed the triumphant Democratic-Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies, such as a national bank, which Madison reestablished in 1816.[67][68]", "Canada–United States relations Tensions mounted again after 1805, erupting into the War of 1812, when the Americans declared war on Britain. The Americans were angered by British harassment of U.S. ships on the high seas and seizure (\"Impressment\") of 6,000 sailors from American ships, severe restrictions against neutral American trade with France, and British support for hostile Indian tribes in Ohio and territories the U.S. had gained in 1783. American \"honor\" was an implicit issue. The Americans were outgunned by more than 10 to 1 by the Royal Navy, but could call on an army much larger than the British garrison in Canada, and so a land invasion of Canada was proposed as the only feasible, and most advantegous means of attacking the British Empire. Americans on the western frontier also hoped an invasion would bring an end to British support of Native American resistance to the westward expansion of the United States, typified by Tecumseh's coalition of tribes.[48] Americans may also have wanted to annex Canada.[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]", "History of the United States The war was frustrating for both sides. Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed. The American high command remained incompetent until the last year. The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed. The British blockade ruined American commerce, bankrupted the Treasury, and further angered New Englanders, who smuggled supplies to Britain. The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada,[76] while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast. The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended. The British invaded and occupied much of Maine.", "Results of the War of 1812 At last in August 1814, peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent. Both sides began negotiations with unrealistic demands. The U.S. wanted an end to all British maritime practices it deemed objectionable and also demanded cessions of Canadian territory and guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland. The British announced as an essential element of the peace treaty their long-standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state, a large \"neutral\" Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest. It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British, who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade.[5] London dropped the demand when the Americans adamantly refused and indicated it would end the negotiations. The British had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames in 1813 and no longer controlled adequate supply lines to support an Indian barrier state.[6] Britain also wanted to keep the far-northeastern parts of Maine that had been captured to provide a land corridor to Quebec from the maritime colonies.", "Results of the War of 1812 After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Britain was no longer at war with France and there were no restrictions on trade; the British suspended their policy of impressment of American sailors, and never resumed it, but they insisted they still had the right to resume it. Americans believed they had regained their honour[2] and proclaimed victory in what they called a \"second war of independence\" for the decisive defeat of the British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove that Britain could never regain control of America (although this had at no time during the war been either plausible or a British intention).[3] The threat of secession by New England ended with the failure of the Hartford Convention.", "War of 1812 In 1812, Britain's Royal Navy was the world's largest, with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels. Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against (usually French) privateers, the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters, counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters.[121] However, the Royal Navy's North American squadron based in Halifax, Nova Scotia (which bore the brunt of the war), numbered one small ship of the line, seven frigates, nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners.[122] By contrast, the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates, 14 smaller sloops and brigs, and no ships of the line. The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor, New York and continued to produce new ships. Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class, larger than any British frigate in North America. Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship, usually carrying up to 50 guns, with its main battery consisting of 18-pounder guns; USS Constitution, President, and United States, in comparison, were rated as 44-gun ships, carrying 56–60 guns with a main battery of 24-pounders.[123]", "War of 1812 However, according to the U.S Army Center of Military History, the \"land-hungry frontiersmen\", with \"no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue\", exacerbated the problem by \"[circulating stories] after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field\". Thus, \"the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada\".[44]", "List of War of 1812 Battles Actions along the Canadaâ€“US border occurred in three sectors (from west to east): the old Northwest Territory (plus the portion of southwestern Ontario adjacent to the Detroit River), the Niagara Frontier (including the adjacent coast lines of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario in Upper Canada, New York and Pennsylvania), and the St. Lawrence River (including locations in Lower Canada and New York).", "Origins of the War of 1812 The Embargo Act had no effect on Great Britain and France and was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, which lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. As this proved to be unenforceable, the Non-Intercourse Act was replaced in 1810 by Macon's Bill Number 2. This lifted all embargoes but offered that if either France or Great Britain were to cease their interference with American shipping, the United States would reinstate an embargo on the other nation. Napoleon, seeing an opportunity to make trouble for Great Britain, promised to leave American ships alone, and the United States reinstated the embargo with Great Britain and moved closer to declaring war.[62]", "Origins of the War of 1812 In 2010 American historian Alan Taylor examined the political dimension of the annexation issue as Congress debated whether to declare war in 1811-12. The Federalist party was strongly opposed to war and to annexation, as were the northeastern states. The majority in Congress was held by the Jeffersonian Republican party, which split on the issue. One faction wanted to permanently expel Britain and annex Canada. John Randolph of Roanoke, representing Virginia, commented, \"Agrarian greed not maritime right urges this war. We have heard but one word - like the whipporwill's one monotonous tone: Canada! Canada! Canada!\"[25]The other faction, based in the South, said that acquiring new territory in the north would give the northern states too much power, and opposed the incorporation into Canada of a Catholic population which it viewed as \"unfit by faith, language and illiteracy for republican citizenship.\" The Senate held a series of debates, and twice voted on proposals to explicitly endorse annexation, neither of which passed, although the second one only failed because of a proviso stating that Canada could be returned to British rule after being annexed. War was declared with no mention of annexation although widespread support existed among the War Hawks for it. Some Southerners supported expansionism; Tennessee Senator Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance, arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state-slave state balance, which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase.[26]", "United States Americans' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars.[125] The Louisiana Purchase of French-claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation's area.[126] The War of 1812, declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. nationalism.[127] A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[128] Expansion was aided by steam power, when steamboats began traveling along America's large water systems, which were connected by new canals, such as the Erie and the I&M; then, even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation's land.[129]", "War of 1812 The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment. However, in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated. The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought. The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories (especially at New Orleans) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain.[264]", "War of 1812 A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war—that is, both achieved their main objectives, while the Indians were the losing party.[290] The British won by losing no territories and achieving their great war goal, the total defeat of Napoleon. U.S. won by (1) securing her honor and successfully resisting a powerful empire once again,[c] thus winning a \"second war of independence\";[291] and (2) ending the threat of Indian raids and the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary—thereby opening an unimpeded path for the United States' westward expansion.[292]", "Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent (8 Stat. 218) was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Both sides signed it on December 24, 1814, in the city of Ghent, United Netherlands. The treaty restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum, restoring the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812.[note 1][1] The treaty was approved by the UK parliament and signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV) on December 30, 1814. It took a month for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and in the meantime American forces under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. The Treaty of Ghent was not fully in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate unanimously on February 17, 1815. It began two centuries and more of peaceful relations between the U.S. and Britain, although there were a few tense moments such as the Trent Affair in 1861.", "Origins of the War of 1812 In terms of honour, the conclusion of the war, especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans, did restore the American sense of honor. Historian Lance Banning says:", "History of the United States (1789–1849) The Americans declared war on Britain (the War of 1812) to uphold American honor at sea, and to end the Indian raids in the west.[1] Despite incompetent government management, and a series of defeats early on, Americans found new generals like Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, and Winfield Scott, who repulsed British invasions and broke the alliance between the British and the Indians that held up settlement of the Old Northwest. The Federalists, who had opposed the war to the point of trading with the enemy and threatening secession, were devastated by the triumphant ending of the war. The remaining Indians east of the Mississippi were kept on reservations or moved via the Trail of Tears to reservations in what later became Oklahoma.", "War of 1812 The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America, but leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent with some officers proving themselves to be outstanding but many others inept, owing their positions to political favors. American soldiers were well trained and brave, but in the early battles were often led by officers of questionable ability. Congress was hostile to a standing army, and during the war, the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas, a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America.[72] However, the state militias were poorly trained, armed and led. After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army, President Madison commented: \"I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force, if I not witnessed the scenes of this day.\"[69]", "War of 1812 The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and \"forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions, rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed, or been entitled to in 1811\"; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it. A shocked Henry Goulburn, one of the British negotiators at Ghent, remarked:", "War of 1812 No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy, the U.S. built three new 74-gun ships of the line and two new 44-gun frigates shortly after the end of the war.[306] (Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks.)[307] In 1816, the U.S. Congress passed into law an \"Act for the gradual increase of the Navy\" at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years, authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates.[308] The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur, Hull, Bainbridge, Lawrence, Perry, and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire, England, and found a ready market in the United States. Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office. Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency, while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency.", "War of 1812 Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada. However, these single ship victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power, impede British supplies and reinforcements, or even raise insurance rates for British trade.[192] During the war, the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen(although privateers captured many more) while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen.[193] More significantly, the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy.", "War of 1812 Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River", "War of 1812 Today, American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814,[279] which necessitated its extensive renovation. The fact that before the war, many Americans wanted to annex British North America was swiftly forgotten, and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore, Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour, the \"second war of independence\" that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated.[280] In a speech before Congress on February 18, 1815, President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory.[281] This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war[281] The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14, 1816 announced that the Americans had crushed the British, declaring \"...we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British\".[281] A minority of Americans, mostly associated with the Federalists saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison's part, caustically asking if the Americans were \"dictating\" the terms of the treaty of Ghent, why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States?[281] However, the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war.[281] The view of Congressman George Troup who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was \"the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people\" is the way that most Americans remembered the war.[281] Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814, which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".[282] The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur, Steward, Hull, and others, becoming popular items. Ironically, many were made in England. The Navy became a cherished institution, lauded for the victories that it won against all odds.[283] After engagements during the final actions of the war, U.S. Marines had acquired a well-deserved reputation as excellent marksmen, especially in ship-to-ship actions.[284]", "Canada–United States relations In later years, Anglophone Canadians, especially in Ontario, viewed the War of 1812 as a heroic and successful resistance against invasion and as a victory that defined them as a people. The myth that the Canadian militia had defeated the invasion almost single-handed, known logically as the \"militia myth\", became highly prevalent after the war, having been propounded by John Strachan, Anglican Bishop of York. Meanwhile, the United States celebrated victory in its \"Second War of Independence,\" and war heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison headed to the White House.[59]", "War of 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12, with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill-disciplined militiamen.[89] Once on Canadian soil, Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender, or \"the horrors, and calamities of war will stalk before you\".[90] This led many of the British forces to defect. John Bennett, printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle, was a prominent defector. Andrew Mercer, who had the publication's production moved to his house, lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation, an example of what happened to resisters.[91] He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native. The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks. Hull's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives, and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication.[citation needed]", "Results of the War of 1812 The British Army regarded the 1812-15 conflict in Canada and America as a sideshow. Only one regiment, the 41st, was awarded a battle honor (Detroit) from the war. The army was more interested in the lessons of the Peninsular War in Spain. The battle New Orleans could be conveniently attributed to poor leadership or insuperable physical obstacles and British attention was given to the Royal Navy's successful capture of the American flagship which the Americans conveniently overlooked.[24] If generalship had been better, it was believed, then British would have been successfully at New Orleans. Due to the huge, overwhelming success and pre-eminence of the Duke of Wellington in Europe, the British army was to make no change to its systems of recruitment, discipline and awards of commissions for more than half a century.", "Origins of the War of 1812 Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war.[46] Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honor, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response.[47] This quest for honor was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honor.[48] The humiliating attack by the HMS Leopard against the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event.[49] Many Americans called for war, but Jefferson held back, insisting that economic warfare would prove more successful. Jefferson initiated economic warfare, especially in the form of embargoing or refusing to sell products to Britain. It proved a failure, that did not deter the British but it seriously damaged American industry had alienated the mercantile cities of the Northeast that were so seriously hurt. Historians have demonstrated the motive power of honor in shaping public opinion in a number of states, including Massachusetts,[50] Ohio,[51] Pennsylvania,[52][53] Tennessee,[54] and Virginia,[55] as well as the territory of Michigan.[56] On June 3, 1812, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, chaired by fire-eater John C. Calhoun called for a declaration of war in ringing phrases, denouncing Britain's \"lust for power,\" \"unbounded tyranny,\" and \"mad ambition.\" James Roark says, \"These were fighting words in a war that was in large measure about insult and honor.\"[57] Calhoun reaped much of the credit.[58]" ]	[ "War of 1812 The War of 1812 (1812–1815) was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right." ]
test1251	which indian actor has won most national awards	[ "doc44175" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc44175", "doc44173", "doc460192", "doc44174", "doc1440532", "doc1753189", "doc1440533", "doc1440531", "doc1440534", "doc1440539", "doc548383", "doc1753194", "doc1440540", "doc1440538", "doc627140", "doc621263", "doc1899945", "doc1440535", "doc2271398", "doc1753192", "doc1267378", "doc1496118", "doc1886247", "doc1398726", "doc1753191", "doc1630040", "doc2674214", "doc218433", "doc460190", "doc1753190", "doc2129973", "doc548382", "doc349930", "doc2231716", "doc2415179", "doc2067749", "doc2271399", "doc2129543", "doc627066", "doc2103511", "doc627062", "doc1440536", "doc349931", "doc349935", "doc2649671", "doc2231773", "doc627144", "doc1753193", "doc1781358", "doc1798319", "doc301076", "doc2129970", "doc432464", "doc349934", "doc349936", "doc2603991", "doc2067755", "doc1376187", "doc2645548", "doc2645556", "doc1704217", "doc2650888", "doc2650881", "doc2067748", "doc1799455", "doc1156610", "doc1120436", "doc507012", "doc627143", "doc1011541", "doc1704219", "doc563543", "doc563536", "doc2067750", "doc627137", "doc2645543", "doc2650879", "doc627119", "doc2645554", "doc2645534", "doc2645560", "doc2645546", "doc627142", "doc1985228", "doc2650892", "doc2650886", "doc1798331", "doc1798332", "doc2645542", "doc1899944", "doc2271388", "doc1380026", "doc1899943", "doc1189577", "doc698117", "doc2645544", "doc1312395", "doc563541", "doc563534", "doc563546" ]	[ "National Film Award for Best Actor The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in Anthony Firingee and Chiriyakhana.[5] As of 2017, Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor, with four awards. Two actors—Kamal Haasan and Mammootty—have been honoured three times, while six actors—Sanjeev Kumar, Mithun Chakraborty, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohanlal, and Ajay Devgn—have won the award two times. Two actors have achieved the honour for performing in two languages—Mithun Chakraborty (Hindi and Bengali) and Mammootty (Malayalam and English).[6] The most recent recipient is Riddhi Sen, who was honoured at the 65th National Film Awards for his performance in the Bengali film Nagarkirtan.", "National Film Award for Best Actor The National Film Award for Best Actor, officially known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor (Hindi pronunciation: [rədʒət̪ kəməl]), is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India instituted since 1967 to actors who have delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry.[1] Called the \"State Awards for Films\" when established in 1954, the National Film Awards ceremony is older than the Directorate of Film Festivals. The State Awards instituted the individual award in 1968 as the \"Bharat Award for the Best Actor\"; in 1975, it was renamed as the \"Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actor\".[1][2][3] Throughout the past 45 years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, the Government of India has presented a total of 52 \"Best Actor\" awards to 40 actors. Until 1974, winners of the National Film Award received a figurine and certificate; since 1975, they have been awarded with a \"Rajat Kamal\" (silver lotus), certificate and a cash prize.[a][2]", "National Film Award for Best Actress The first recipient was Nargis Dutt from Bollywood, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Award (1968) for her performance in Raat Aur Din.[6] The actress who won the most number of Rajat Kamal awards is Shabana Azmi with five wins,[7] followed by Sharada with three. As of 2016, five actresses—Smita Patil, Archana, Shobana, Tabu, and Kangana Ranaut—have won the award two times. Sharada, Archana and Shobana are the only three actresses to get the award for performing in two different languages. Sharada was bestowed with the awards for her performances in two Malayalam films: Thulabharam and Swayamvaram in 1970 and 1973 respectively, and in 1979 for the Telugu film Nimajjanam. Archana was first honoured in 1988 for the Tamil film Veedu and was awarded for the second time in 1989 for the Telugu film Daasi. Shobana received her first award for the Malayalam film Manichitrathazhu in 1994, and her second for the English film Mitr, My Friend in 2002. As of 2016, the late Monisha Unni remains the youngest recipient of the honour; she was awarded for the Malayalam film Nakhakshathangal in 1987 when she was 16.[8][9] Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta are the only two actresses to be honoured for the same film.", "National Film Award for Best Actor Although the Indian film industry produces films in around 20 languages and dialects,[1] the actors whose performances have won awards have worked in seven major languages: Hindi (twenty-two awards), Malayalam (thirteen awards), Tamil (seven awards), Bengali (five awards), Marathi (three awards), Kannada (three awards) and English (two awards).", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan, with eight wins, have more Best Actor awards than any other actor. Amitabh Bachchan has five wins, Hrithik Roshan has four wins, and Rajesh Khanna, Naseeruddin Shah and Aamir Khan have three wins each. Seven actors have won the award twice in chronological order they are Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Dev Anand, Ashok Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Anil Kapoor and Ranbir Kapoor. Dilip Kumar also holds the record for most consecutive wins, having won the award for three years in a row from 1956 to 1958. Six other actors have won the award in consecutive years; in chronological order, they are Rajesh Khanna (1971–72), Sanjeev Kumar (1976–77), Amitabh Bachchan (1978–79), Naseeruddin Shah (1981–82), Shah Rukh Khan (1998–99), and Ranbir Kapoor (2012–13).", "National School of Drama B.V. Karanth, Naseeruddin Shah, Ratan Thiyam, Om Puri, Ram Gopal Bajaj, Anupam Kher, Irrfan Khan, Madhu, B. Jayashree, Bansi Kaul,", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Actors who have won both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor awards include Ashok Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan, Shammi Kapoor, Anil Kapoor, Anupam Kher, Sunny Deol, Jackie Shroff, Nana Patekar, Farhan Akhtar and Rishi Kapoor.", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor The Filmfare Award for Best Actor is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi (Bollywood) films, to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The award was first given in 1954. As of 2016, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan lead the list, with eight wins each.[1] In January 2017, Rishi Kapoor confessed that he had purchased the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (for Bobby) in 1974 for Rs.30,000.[2] Roshan Kumar", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Three actors were nominated for both these awards, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, for the same performance: Raaj Kumar for Kaajal (1967), Ashok Kumar for Aashirwad (1970) and Kamal Haasan for Saagar (1986). On both occasions, Ashok Kumar and Kamal Haasan won the Best Actor award and Raaj Kumar won the Best Supporting Actor award.", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Dilip Kumar achieved supremacy in 1950s with four wins and continued domination in 1960s with three wins. Rajesh Khanna took over in the 1970s with three wins. Naseeruddin Shah emerged successful in the 1980s with three wins. Shah Rukh Khan garnered triumph with four wins in the 1990s. Hrithik Roshan had four wins in 2000s which were the highest. Ranbir Kapoor is leading the 2010s with two wins to his credit.", "Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor The first Kerala State film Awards ceremony was held in 1970 with Sathyan receiving the award for Kadalpalam (1969). In 1981, Nedumudi Venu received the honour for his performance in various films released that year. As of 2017, Mohanlal is the most honoured actor with six awards, followed by Mammootty with five. Two actors—Bharath Gopi and Murali—have won the award four times. Prithviraj Sukumaran is the youngest recipient at age 24 for Vaasthavam (2006); he replaced Mohanlal, who held this distinction for twenty years from 1986.[a] There were two years when there was a tie for the winner—Fahadh Faasil and Lal shared the honour in 2013 and Nivin Pauly and Sudev Nair in 2014. Indrans is the most recent winner in this category for his role in Aalorukkam (2017).", "National School of Drama Award for Best Actress/Actor", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan hold the record for the highest number of Best Actor nominations in a single year. Amitabh Bachchan has been nominated thrice in 1979 and 1983 and Shah Rukh Khan in 2005. Moreover, Dilip Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan are the most awarded actors in the overall acting categories, with eight awards each: Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan are the winners of eight Best Actor awards, and Amitabh Bachchan is the winner of five Best Actor awards and three Best Supporting Actor awards. Amitabh Bachchan is the most nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 41 nominations overall.", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Aamir Khan has the highest number of consecutive nominations, having been nominated for the Award every year from 1989 till 1997, eventually winning 9th time for Raja Hindustani in 1997. Followed by Amitabh Bachchan being nominated consecutive eight times from 1976 to 1983 having total 15 nominations and winning the award twice in 1978 and 1979.", "Cinema of India Rajnikanth is referred to as \"Superstar\" and has since continued to hold a matinee idol status in the popular culture of South India.[236] His mannerisms and stylised delivery of dialogue in films contribute to his mass popularity and appeal.[236] After earning ₹26 crore (US$4.1 million) for his role in Sivaji (2007), he became the highest paid actor in Asia after Jackie Chan. Kamal Haasan made his debut in Kalathur Kannamma, for which he won the President's Gold Medal for Best Child Actor. Haasan is tied with Mammootty and Amitabh Bachchan for the most Best Actor National Film Awards, with three. With seven submissions, Kamal Haasan has starred in the highest number of films submitted India for the Academy Award Best Foreign Language Film.", "Kerala Malayalam films carved a niche for themselves in the Indian film industry with the presentation of social themes.[404][405] Directors from Kerala, like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, G. Aravindan, Bharathan, P. Padmarajan, M.T.Vasudevan Nair, K.G. George, Priyadarshan, John Abraham, Ramu Karyat, K S Sethumadhavan, A. Vincent and Shaji N Karun have made a considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. Kerala has also given birth to numerous actors, such as Satyan, Prem Nazir, Madhu, Sheela, Sharada, Miss Kumari, Jayan, Adoor Bhasi, Seema, Bharath Gopi, Thilakan, Mammootty, Mohanlal, Dileep, Shobana, Nivin Pauly, Sreenivasan, Urvashi, Manju Warrier, Suresh Gopi, Jayaram, Murali, Shankaradi, Prithviraj, Parvathy (actress), Jayasurya, Dulquer Salmaan, Tovino Thomas, Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Jagathy Sreekumar, Nedumudi Venu, KPAC Lalitha, Fahad Fazil and Asif Ali. Late Malayalam actor Prem Nazir holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies.[406] Since the 1980s, actors Mammootty and Mohanlal have dominated the movie industry; Mammootty has won three National Awards for best actor while Mohanlal has two to his credit.[407] Malayalam Cinema has produced a few more notable personalities such as K.J. Yesudas,[408] K.S. Chitra,[409] Vayalar Rama Varma, M.T. Vasudevan Nair and O.N.V. Kurup,[410] the last two mentioned being recipients of Jnanpith award, the highest literary award in India.[411]", "National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress The first recipient was Rohini Hattangadi, who was honoured at the 32nd National Film Awards for her performance in the Hindi film Party (1984).[5] As of 2017[update], two actresses— Surekha Sikri and K. P. A. C. Lalitha— have been honoured twice. Sikri was awarded for the Hindi films Tamas (1987) and Mammo (1994),[6] while Lalitha won the awards for her work in the Malayalam films Amaram (1990) and Shantham (2000).[7] Egyptian actress Aida El-Kashef, who was honoured at the 61st National Film Awards for her performances in the English-Hindi film Ship of Theseus (2013) is the only non-Indian actress to win the award.[8] At the 47th National Film Awards, the award was tied between Sudipta Chakraborty and Sohini Sengupta, winning for their roles in the Bengali films Bariwali (2000) and Paromitar Ek Din (2000), respectively.[9] Konkona Sen Sharma, Sharmila Tagore and Kangana Ranaut are the three actresses to receive honours in both acting categories: Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress. The most recent recipient is Zaira Wasim, who was honoured at the 64th National Film Awards for her performance in the Hindi film Dangal (2016).[10]", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Nine actors have won the Best Actor award in both the Popular and Critics categories; in chronological order they are; Anupam Kher, Shah Rukh Khan, Anil Kapoor, Amitabh Bachchan, Hrithik Roshan, Aamir Khan, Ranbir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor and Shahid Kapoor.", "Udaykumar He has won several National Awards and State awards for his best performances.", "National School of Drama B.V. Karanth, Shrijit Pillai, B.M. Shah, Manohar Singh, Uttara Baokar, Ratan Thiyam, Prasanna, Surekha Sikri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohan Maharishi, M.K. Raina, Bansi Kaul, Ram Gopal Bajaj, B. Jayashree, Bhanu Bharti, Amal Allana, Dulal Roy, Rita G. Kothari, Robin Das, Seema Biswas, Gurucharan Singh Channi, Dolly Ahluwalia, Prem Matiyani, Nadira Babbar, Shanta Gandhi, Ashok Sagar Bhagat, J.N. Kaushal, Ashok Kumar Giri, Devendra Raj Ankur, Anuradha Kapur, Suresh Bhardwaj, H.V.Sharma, Ranjit Kapoor, V.K.Sharma, Rohini Hattangadi.", "Kamal Haasan filmography Kamal debuted in Bollywood with Balachander's Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981), which was a remake of his 1978 Telugu film Maro Charitra. His role as a school teacher who looks after an amnesic girl in Moondram Pirai (1982) won him several accolades, including the Best Actor honours at the National Film Awards and Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. His work in Ramesh Sippy's Hindi film Saagar (1985), a triangular love story, was nominated in both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor categories at the 33rd Filmfare Awards.[1][4] Under Raaj Kamal Films International, he produced films such as: Vikram (1986), Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989), Thevar Magan (1992) and Hey Ram (2000). As a producer he won a Filmfare Award and National Film Award for Apoorva Sagodharargal and Thevar Magan. Seven films featuring Kamal have been submitted by India to the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most for any actor in India.[5] In 2009, he became one of the few actors in India to have completed 50 years working in cinema. His work Vishwaroopam (2013), which he also produced and directed, won two awards at the 60th National Film Awards.[6]", "Balgandharva (film) National Film Awards", "National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer The following is a list of winners of the National Film Award (Silver Lotus Award) for Best Male Playback singer. The award was first granted to Mahendra Kapoor in the year 1967. The singer with the most awards in this category is K. J. Yesudas with seven wins for three different languages (Malayalam, Telugu & Hindi), followed by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam who won six times for 4 different languages; Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu. Shankar Mahadevan and Udit Narayan follow next winning three awards each. The singers Manna Dey, Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay, M. G. Sreekumar, Hariharan have bagged this award twice.", "Ek Duuje Ke Liye National Film Awards", "National School of Drama B.V. Karanth, Devendra Raj Ankur.Bansi Kaul", "Filmfare Award for Best Film The award was first given in 1954. Here is a list of the award winners and the nominees of the respective years. Each individual entry shows the title followed by the production company, and the producer.\nAamir Khan has starred in 9 winning films which is the most for any actor in a leading role.", "Geethanjali (1989 film) 37th National Film Awards", "Dadasaheb Phalke Award The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani, who was honoured at the 17th National Film Awards. As of 2017[update], there have been 49 awardees. Among those, actor Prithviraj Kapoor (1971) and actor Vinod Khanna (2017) are the only posthumous recipients.[5] His actor-filmmaker son, Raj Kapoor, accepted the award on his behalf at the 19th National Film Awards in 1971 and was himself a recipient in 1987 at the 35th National Film Awards ceremony.[6][7][a] Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy (1974) and Bommireddy Nagi Reddy (1986);[10] Raj Kapoor (1987) and Shashi Kapoor (2014);[11] Lata Mangeshkar (1989) and Asha Bhosle (2000) along with Baldev Raj Chopra (1998) and Yash Chopra (2001) are the siblings who have won the award.[12][13][14] The most recent recipient of the award is actor Vinod Khanna who will be honoured at the 65th National Film Awards ceremony. Khanna has been awarded posthumously.", "National Film Award for Best Actress The National Film Award for Best Actress (officially known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actress) is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India since 1968 to an actress for the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry.[1][2] The National Film Awards were called the \"State Awards for Films\" when established in 1954. The State Awards instituted the \"Best Actress\" category in 1968 as the \"Urvashi Award for the Best Actress\";[1][3][4] in 1975, the \"Urvashi Award\" was renamed as the \"Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actress\". Throughout the years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, the Government of India has presented a total of 52 Best Actress awards to 41 different actresses.", "National School of Drama Best Actress in a Supporting Role", "Brahmanandam South Indian International Movie Awards", "Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor Throughout the years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, the Government of Kerala has presented a total of 51 Best Actor awards to 29 different actors. The recipients receive a figurine, a certificate, and a cash prize of â‚¹100,000 (US$1,500).[4][5] Several actors have won the honour for more than one film in a given year. As of 2017, the only actor to have won the prize in consecutive years is Bharath Gopi (1982, 1983).", "National Film Awards Official name - Swarna Kamal", "Aamir Khan Aamir Khan (pronounced [ˈaːmɪr ˈxaːn]; born Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan on 14 March 1965) is an Indian film actor, producer, director and television talk show host. Through his career in Hindi films, Khan has established himself as one of the most popular and influential actors of Indian cinema.[1][2] He is the recipient of numerous awards, including nine Filmfare Awards, four National Film Awards, and an AACTA Award,[3][4] as well as an Academy Award nomination.[5] He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010,[6] and received an honorary title from China in 2017.[7] With a large global following, particularly in India and China, he has been described by Newsweek as one of the most successful film stars in the world.[8]", "Chandni 37th National Film Awards", "List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan Bachchan has won numerous accolades in his career, including four National Film Awards as Best Actor and many awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies. He has won fifteen Filmfare Awards and is the most-nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 41 nominations overall.", "Udaykumar Karnataka State Film Awards", "1st Filmfare Awards Dilip Kumar - Daag", "Cinema of India At this juncture, South Indian cinema saw the production works based on the epic Mahabharata, such as Mayabazar, listed by IBN Live's 2013 Poll as the greatest Indian film of all time,[100] and Narthanasala received awards for best production design and best actor to S. V. Ranga Rao, at the Indonesian Film Festival.[101] Sivaji Ganesan became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won the \"Best Actor\" award at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 1995.[102] Tamil cinema is also influenced by Dravidian politics,[103] with prominent film personalities like C N Annadurai, M G Ramachandran, M Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa becoming Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu.[104]", "IIFA Award for Best Actor With four awards each, Hrithik Roshan and Shahrukh Khan share the record for most wins in this category.", "Cinema of India Dilip Kumar (Muhammad Yusuf Khan), who debuted in the 1940s and rose to fame in the 1950s, was one of the biggest Indian movie stars. He was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Much like Brando's influence on New Hollywood actors such as Al Pacino and Robert De Niro, Kumar inspired many famous Indian actors, from Amitabh Bachchan and Naseeruddin Shah to Shah Rukh Khan to Nawazuddin Siddiqui.[88] Kumar was described as \"the ultimate method actor\" (natural actor) by Satyajit Ray.[89]", "Filmfare Award for Best Actor Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Amitabh Bachchan and Ranbir Kapoor are the actors who won both these Best Actor awards (Popular and Critics) in the same year. Shah Rukh Khan (1994), Hrithik Roshan (2004), Amitabh Bachchan (2006) and Ranbir Kapoor (2012).", "National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "Khans of Bollywood He is the recipient of numerous awards, including four National Film Awards and seven Filmfare Awards, as well as an Academy Award nomination. He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010.[46]", "Aamir Khan Khan won 9 Filmfare Awards, out of 30 nominations,[a][271] including the Best Actor award for Raja Hindustani (1996),[272] Lagaan (2001), and Dangal (2016),[70] the Best Actor (Critics) award for Rang De Basanti (2006), the Best Film award for Lagaan, Taare Zameen Par (2007), and Dangal, and the Best Director award for Taare Zameen Par. He has also won four National Film Awards, as an actor in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) and Raakh (1989), as the producer of Lagaan and Madness in the Desert (2004), and as the director and producer of Taare Zameen Par.", "Cinema of India S. V. Ranga Rao, N. T. Rama Rao, Kanta Rao, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna, Savitri, Gummadi and Sobhan Babu have received the erstwhile Rashtrapati Award for best performance in a leading role.[251][252] Sharada, Archana, Vijayashanti, Rohini, Nagarjuna Akkineni, and P. L. Narayana have received the National Film Award for the best performance in acting. Chiranjeevi was listed among \"the men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema\" by IBN-live India.[253][254]", "National School of Drama G.N.Dasgupta, H.V.Sharma, Sudhir Kulkarni, Dolly Ahluwalia, Suresh Bhardwaj, S.Ramanujam", "62nd Filmfare Awards Best Actor (Male) in a Short Film: Manoj Bajpayee for 'Taandav'", "Amrish Puri Amrishlal Puri (22 June 1932 – 12 January 2005[2]) was an Indian actor, who was an important figure in Indian theatre and cinema. He worked with notable playwrights of the time, such as Satyadev Dubey and Girish Karnad. He is remembered for playing iconic negative roles in Hindi cinema as well as other Indian and international film industries. To Indian audiences he is the most remembered for his role as Mogambo in Shekhar Kapur's Hindi film Mr. India (1987), and to Western audiences he is best known as Mola Ram in Steven Spielberg's Hollywood film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). Puri has won three Filmfare Awards for Best Supporting Actor.", "Shirdi Ke Sai Baba Sudhir Dalvi\nManoj Kumar\nRajendra Kumar", "Brahmanandam Brahmanandam Kanneganti (born 1 February 1956) is an Indian film actor and comedian, known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He currently holds the Guinness World Record for the most screen credits for a living actor.[1] He was honoured with the Padma Shri, for his contribution to Indian cinema in 2009.[2] Brahmanandam is regarded as one of the finest comic actors of India, noted particularly for his comic expressions.[3][4] He has acted in more than 1,000 films till date[5][6] and has been one of the highest paid comedy actors in Indian Cinema. Brahmanandam has garnered five state Nandi Awards, one Filmfare Award South, six CineMAA Awards, and three South Indian International Movie Awards for best comedy.[7][8].", "Method acting In Indian cinema, a form of method acting was developed independently from American cinema. Dilip Kumar, a Hindi cinema actor who debuted in the 1940s and eventually became one of the biggest Indian movie stars of the 1950s and 1960s, was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Kumar inspired many future Indian actors, from Amitabh Bachchan and Naseeruddin Shah to Shah Rukh Khan to Nawazuddin Siddiqui.[32][33] Kumar, who pioneered his own form of method acting without any acting school experience,[34] was described as \"the ultimate method actor\" (natural actor) by the famous filmmaker Satyajit Ray.[35]", "National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "Kishore Kumar Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards", "List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan The National Film Awards is the most prominent film award ceremonies in India. Established in 1954, it is administered by the International Film Festival of India and the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals. The awards are presented by the President of India. Due to their national scale, they are considered to be the equivalent of the Academy Awards.[65] Bachchan has received four awards (a record) in the Best Actor category.", "Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer Kishore Kumar won the award the maximum number of times 8 in this category, whereas Mohammad Rafi won it 6 times. Its a bit odd that during Kishore Kumar's popularity in the 1970s, he only managed to win 3 Filmfare awards for Best Male Playback Singer. Two singers: Kumar Sanu and Udit Narayan, have won the award five wins. Mukesh has won this award four times. Mahendra Kapoor and Arijit Singh have won it thrice. Four Singers have won the award twice; in chronological order, they are Sonu Nigam, Shaan, Sukhwinder Singh and Mohit Chauhan.", "64th National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "64th National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role The Filmfare Best Villain Award was given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise an actor who had delivered an outstanding performance in a negative role. Although the awards started in 1954, this category was first introduced in 1992, and has not been awarded since 2007. The bollywood superstar to win the most number of awards in a negative role is Amjad Khan Followed by 2- Amrish Puri 3- Pran 4- Ranjeet 5- Dilip Kumar 6- Shah Rukh Khan 7- Manoj Kumar 8- Amitabh Bachchan 9- Danny 10- Yousuf Khan", "63rd National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "63rd National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan Amitabh Harivansh Bachchan (IPA: [əmɪˈtaːbʱ ˈbəttʃən]; born 11 October 1942) is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s for movies like Zanjeer and Deewar, and was dubbed India's first \"angry young man\" for his on-screen roles in Bollywood. Referred to as the \"Shahenshah of Bollywood\", \"Star of the Millennium\" or \"Big B\",[1][2][3][4] he has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades.[5][6] Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.[7][8][9][10][11] So total was his dominance of the movie scene in the 1970s and 1980s that the French director François Truffaut called him a \"one-man industry.\"[12][13]", "Bollywood Successful actors at the time included Dilip Kumar, Pradeep Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand, and Guru Dutt, while successful actresses included Suraiya, Nargis, Sumitra Devi, Madhubala, Meena Kumari, Waheeda Rehman, Nutan, Sadhana, Mala Sinha and Vyjayanthimala.[45] The three most popular male Indian actors of the 1950s and 1960s were Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, and Dev Anand, each with their own unique acting style. Kapoor followed the \"tramp\" style of Charlie Chaplin, Anand modelled himself after the \"suave\" style of Hollywood movie stars like Gregory Peck and Cary Grant, and Kumar pioneered a form of method acting that was similar to yet predated Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. Kumar, who was described as \"the ultimate method actor\" by Satyajit Ray and is considered one of India's greatest actors, inspired future generations of Indian actors; much like Brando's influence on Robert De Niro and Al Pacino, Kumar had a similar influence on later Indian actors such as Amitabh Bachchan, Naseeruddin Shah, Shah Rukh Khan and Nawazuddin Siddiqui.[42][43]", "Malayalam cinema The National Award-winning music composers of Malayalam cinema are Johnson (1994, 1995), Bombay Ravi (1995), Ouseppachan (2008), Ilaiyaraaja (2010), Issac Thomas Kottukapally (2011),[Bijibal] (2012) and M. Jayachandran (2016). Until 2009, the 1995 National Award that Johnson received for the film score of Sukrutham (1994) was the only instance in the history of the award in which the awardee composed the film soundtrack rather than its songs. He shared that award with Bombay Ravi, who received the award for composing songs for the same film. In 2010 and 2011, the awards given to film scores were won by Malayalam films: Pazhassi Raja (2010; score: Ilaiyaraaja) and Adaminte Makan Abu (2011; score: Issak Thomas Kottakapally). Ravindran also received a Special Jury Award in 1992 for composing songs for the film Bharatham. The lyricists who have won the National Award are Vayalar Ramavarma (1973), O. N. V. Kurup (1989) and Yusuf Ali Kechery (2001). The male singers who have received the National Award are K. J. Yesudas (1973, 1974, 1988, 1992, 1994), P. Jayachandran (1986) and M. G. Sreekumar (1991, 2000). Yesudas has won two more National Awards for singing in Hindi (1977) and Telugu (1983) films, which makes him the person who has won the most National Film Awards for Best Male Playback Singer, with seven. The female singers who have won the award are S. Janaki (1981) and K. S. Chithra (1987, 1989). Chitra had also won the award for Tamil (1986, 1997, 2005) and Hindi (1998) film songs, which makes her the person with the most National Film Awards for Best Female Playback Singer, with six.[citation needed]", "List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film India has sent more fifty films to the competition. Most of India's submissions were in Hindi. Tamil films were submitted by the committee on nine occasions. Three submissions were made in Marathi, two each in Bengali and Malayalam; only one film was in Telugu and Gujarati. Tamil actor Kamal Haasan has most often represented the country as a performer, with seven films submittedâ€”including three consecutive films between 1985 and 1987,[13] one of which he directed himself.[14]", "International Indian Film Academy Awards Saif Ali Khan[7]", "Cinema of India B. Narsing Rao, K. N. T. Sastry and Pattabhirama Reddy have garnered international recognition for their pioneering work in Parallel Cinema.[245][246] Adurthi Subba Rao has garnered ten National Film Awards, the highest individual awards in Telugu cinema, for his pioneering work as a director.[247] S. P. Balasubramanyam holds the Guinness World Record of having sung the most number of songs for any male playback singer in the world; the majority of his songs were sung in Telugu.[248][249][250]", "Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam National Film Awards", "Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role Ashutosh Rana is the only actor to have won the award twice in a row, in 1998 and 1999. Amrish Puri was nominated consecutively for three years from 1991 to 1993. Also, Danny Dengzongpa is the only actor to have been nominated twice in the same year in 1994, although he failed to win.", "65th National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "65th National Film Awards Official Name: Rajat Kamal", "List of awards and nominations received by Amitabh Bachchan Apart from National Film Awards, Filmfare Awards and other competitive awards which Bachchan won for his performances throughout the years, he has been awarded several honours for his achievements in the Indian film industry. In 1991, he became the first artist to receive the, which was established in the name of Raj Kapoor. Bachchan was crowned as Superstar of the Millennium in 2000 at the Filmfare Awards. The Government of India awarded him with the Padma Shri in 1984,[14] the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015. France's highest civilian honour, the Knight of the Legion of Honour, was conferred upon him by the French Government in 2007 for his \"exceptional career in the world of cinema and beyond\".[15] In 2011, actor Dilip Kumar blogged that Black should have been nominated for an Oscar. Kumar added: \"If any Indian actor, in my personal opinion, deserves the world's most coveted award, it is you.\"[16]", "Cinema of India H. M. Reddy directed the first south Indian talkie film Kalidas, shot in Tamil and Telugu. Sivaji Ganesan became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won the Best Actor award at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 1995.[102]", "64th National Film Awards Southern Region I: (Malayalam, Tamil)", "63rd National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "Cinema of India The period from the late 1980s to early 1990s is popularly regarded as the 'Golden Age of Malayalam Cinema'[227] with the emergence of actors Mohanlal, Mammootty, Suresh Gopi, Jayaram, Bharath Gopi, Murali, Thilakan and Nedumudi Venu and filmmakers such as I. V. Sasi, Bharathan, Padmarajan, K. G. George, Sathyan Anthikad, Priyadarshan, A. K. Lohithadas, Siddique-Lal, T. K. Rajeev Kumar and Sreenivasan.", "64th National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "64th National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "64th National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "64th National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "Cinema of India The highest number of theatres are located in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana which produce films in the Telugu language. In 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu Film industry produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood, with 268, 245 and 286 films in each year respectively.[237][238] Ramoji Film City, which holds the Guinness World Record for the world's largest film production facility, is located in Hyderabad.[239] The Prasad's IMAX in Hyderabad is the world's largest 3D IMAX screen[166][167] and is the most attended screen in the world.[168] The highest grossing Telugu movie till date is Baahubali 2: The Conclusion, Akkineni Nageshwar Rao is only Indian actor to act for 75 Years. Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was considered the \"father of Telugu cinema\". The annual Raghupati Venkaiah Award was incorporated into the Nandi Awards to recognize people for their contributions to the Telugu film industry.[240] uppaladadiyam Nagayya was the first multilingual film actor, singer, music composer, producer and director in South India to be honoured with the Padma Shri.[241] He was known as the Paul Muni of India in the media.[45][242] S. V. Ranga Rao is one of the first Indian actors of the time to receive the international award at the Indonesian Film Festival, held in Jakarta, for Narthanasala in 1963.[243] N. T. Rama Rao was one of the most commercially successful Telugu actors of his time.[244]", "Mile Sur Mera Tumhara Amitabh Bachchan, Jeetendra, Mithun Chakraborty, Lata Mangeshkar, Sharmila Tagore, Mallika Sarabhai, Hema Malini, Tanuja, Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, M Balamuralikrishna, Kamal Haasan, Meenakshi Sheshadri, Revathi, Prakash Padukone, K.R.Vijaya, Wahida Rehman, Shabana Azmi, Deepa Sahi, Om Puri, Arun Lal, Narendra Hirwani, Ramanathan Krishnan, S Venkataraghavan, Suhasini, Uttam Mohanty Chuni Goswami, Pradip Kumar Banerjee (PK),Nirendranath Chakraborty, Sunil Gangopadhyaya, Gurubox Singh, Arun Lal, Ananda Shankar, Pratap Pothen, Javed Akhtar,gitanjali", "63rd National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "63rd National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "Amrish Puri Star Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor", "Amrish Puri Star Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor", "64th National Film Awards Western Region: (Gujarati, Konkani, Marathi)", "National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress The winner is given a \"Rajat Kamal\" (Silver Lotus) certificate and a cash prize of INR50,000 (US$780).[a] Including ties and repeat winners, the government of India has presented a total of 33 Best Supporting Actress awards to 34 different actresses. Although Indian cinema produces films in more than 20 languages,[1] the actresses whose performances have won awards have worked in one or more of eight major languages: Bengali, English, Hindi, Meitei, Marathi, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil and Urdu.", "Udaykumar “KALAKESARI”, “NATASAMRAT”,'PAVANASUTHA” UDAYKUMAR - a popular South Indian Film Artist of yester years. “Gandugali” Udaykumar has acted in 193 feature films which includes 171 in Kannada, 15 in Telugu, 6 in Tamil and one in Hindi. He has won many Regional and National awards for his best performances especially in Kannada Films.", "Devdas (2002 Hindi film) National Film Awards", "National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress The National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress (also known as the Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Supporting Actress) (Hindi pronunciation: [rədʒət̪ kəməl]), is an honour presented annually at India's National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals (DFF), an organisation set up by the Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.[1] Since 1984, the award is given by a national panel appointed annually by the DFF to an actress for the best performance in a supporting role within Indian cinema.[1][2] It is presented by the President of India at a ceremony held in New Delhi.[3]", "Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero National Film Award", "Sivaji (film) 2008 National Film Awards[139]", "64th National Film Awards Southern Region II: (Kannada, Telugu)", "Movie star The Indian film industry, of which one is commonly known as Bollywood, has its own set of rules in this aspect. There are often superstars in this region who command premium pay commensurate with their box office appeal. Male Indian actors who are among the most popular movie stars in India and Southern Asia include Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachchan, Rajinikanth, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Naseeruddin Shah, Raj Babbar, Amol Palekar, Aditya Pancholi, Aamir Khan, Shahrukh Khan, Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar, Hrithik Roshan, Arjun Rampal, Govinda, Shahid Kapoor and Anil Kapoor. Actresses include Sridevi, Shabana Azmi, Smita Patil, Kajol, Madhuri Dixit, Aishwarya Rai, Katrina Kaif, Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Manisha Koirala, Priyanka Chopra, Preity Zinta, Rani Mukerji, Deepika Padukone, Isha Koppikar, Dia Mirza, Hema Malini, Madhubala, Meena Kumari, Zeenat Aman, Reena Roy, Vyjayanthimala, and Rekha.", "65th National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "65th National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal", "65th National Film Awards Official Name: Swarna Kamal" ]	[ "National Film Award for Best Actor The first recipient was Uttam Kumar from Bengali cinema, who was honoured at the 15th National Film Awards in 1968 for his performances in Anthony Firingee and Chiriyakhana.[5] As of 2017, Amitabh Bachchan is the most honoured actor, with four awards. Two actors—Kamal Haasan and Mammootty—have been honoured three times, while six actors—Sanjeev Kumar, Mithun Chakraborty, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Mohanlal, and Ajay Devgn—have won the award two times. Two actors have achieved the honour for performing in two languages—Mithun Chakraborty (Hindi and Bengali) and Mammootty (Malayalam and English).[6] The most recent recipient is Riddhi Sen, who was honoured at the 65th National Film Awards for his performance in the Bengali film Nagarkirtan." ]
test801	who did johnny manziel play college football for	[ "doc28475", "doc28486" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc28475", "doc28486", "doc28474", "doc28477", "doc28483", "doc28476", "doc28488", "doc28490", "doc28494", "doc28515", "doc28513", "doc28492", "doc28487", "doc28482", "doc584636", "doc922799", "doc28516", "doc28491", "doc28481", "doc922845", "doc28489", "doc28479", "doc406295", "doc28496", "doc2025579", "doc28525", "doc28498", "doc1728748", "doc28514", "doc2263321", "doc28493", "doc28480", "doc922846", "doc28478", "doc28506", "doc406281", "doc584641", "doc1178789", "doc922770", "doc28497", "doc2369617", "doc28495", "doc28508", "doc28485", "doc2540727", "doc28500", "doc2106353", "doc922762", "doc28512", "doc372510", "doc922760", "doc28484", "doc28499", "doc28504", "doc28507", "doc584559", "doc28509", "doc188439", "doc922771", "doc60329", "doc28502", "doc28519", "doc28520", "doc28522", "doc1647544", "doc2540728", "doc584632", "doc1398469", "doc657110", "doc28521", "doc2540717", "doc60337", "doc1728741", "doc701207", "doc28518", "doc1515229", "doc922763", "doc2540720", "doc922795", "doc2666392", "doc372513", "doc372517", "doc28505", "doc922848", "doc2013692", "doc2540718", "doc922761", "doc584630", "doc479681", "doc28501", "doc372518", "doc28524", "doc2008935", "doc28523", "doc2025582", "doc922859", "doc2025581", "doc2238135", "doc2229634", "doc1647540" ]	[ "Johnny Manziel Manziel was nationally recruited out of high school as a dual-threat quarterback,[1] and he debuted for the Texas A&M Aggies as a redshirt freshman in Kevin Sumlin's Air Raid offense[2] during A&M's first season in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in 2012. He broke numerous NCAA Division I FBS and SEC records, which included becoming the first freshman and fifth player in NCAA history to pass for 3,000 yards and rush for 1,000 yards in a season.[3] At the end of the regular season, he became the first freshman to win the Heisman Trophy,[4] Manning Award,[5] and the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award.[6] Manziel capitalized on his redshirt freshman season by leading Texas A&M to a 41â€“13 victory over Oklahoma in the Cotton Bowl.[7]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel received an athletic scholarship to attend Texas A&M University, where he attended under coach Mike Sherman in 2011 and played for new coach Kevin Sumlin from 2012 to 2013.", "Johnny Manziel Johnathan Paul Manziel (/mænˈzɛl/ man-ZEL; born December 6, 1992) is an American football quarterback who is a free agent as of January 2018. He played two seasons with the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL).", "Johnny Manziel TexAgs users tagged Manziel with the nickname \"Johnny Football\" during Manziel's sophomore high school football season in Texas. The nickname followed him to Texas A&M University.[15][16] He has applied to register the nickname as a trademark.[17][18]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel was highly recruited out of high school; in addition to Texas A&M, he received offers from Baylor, Colorado State, Iowa State, Louisiana Tech, Oregon, Rice, Stanford, Tulsa, and Wyoming.[26] Although he grew up a Texas Longhorns fan, the University of Texas did not recruit him. Although it was rumored that Texas wanted Manziel at defensive back, Texas coach Mack Brown said the rumor was not true.[27] Though Manziel originally committed to play for Oregon, he later changed his commitment to the Aggies, thanks to the influence of then-quarterbacks coach Tom Rossley.[28][29]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel was drafted by the Browns as the 22nd overall pick of the 2014 NFL Draft. Despite some success, he struggled with consistency and his tenure was overshadowed by off-field controversies.[8][9][10][11] He was released by the Browns after the end of the 2015 season. Following further controversies during the 2016 offseason,[12][13][14] Manziel was unable to be signed by another team before the start of the season and returned to Texas A&M as a student.", "Johnny Manziel Texas A&M faced uncertainty at the quarterback position when Ryan Tannehill left for the National Football League after the 2011 season. Manziel performed well during spring ball and fall practices and won the starting job over Jameill Showers and Matt Joeckel before the season began.[32] His first game was supposed to be against Louisiana Tech in Shreveport, Louisiana on Thursday, August 30, 2012, but the game was postponed until October 13 due to Hurricane Isaac hitting the Louisiana coast two days prior to game time.[33] Consequently, Manziel's college football debut was played as a redshirt freshman against the Florida Gators before a home crowd at Kyle Field.", "Johnny Manziel Manziel was launched into the national scene after he led Texas A&M to a 29–24 victory over #1 Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In that game, Manziel accounted for 345 of A&M's 418 yards of offense, including two passing touchdowns. In the following days, Manziel became the frontrunner for the Heisman Trophy in most national watch lists and polls due to his performance during the game combined with other Heisman frontrunners faltering.[citation needed]", "Johnny Manziel As a Texas Rangers fan growing up, Manziel was a middle infielder at Tivy High School before foregoing his baseball career in favor of football. He played baseball through his junior year, but he skipped out on his senior season so he could graduate early and focus on preparing for his freshman football season at Texas A&M. Manziel's passion for the game of baseball, however, did not diminish after high school. He briefly discussed the possibility of playing collegiate ball with Texas A&M's baseball coaches, but that never came to fruition once he won the starting quarterback job as a redshirt freshman.[46]", "Johnny Manziel During the 2013 offseason at Texas A&M, Manziel drew significant media attention over his behavior off the field.[121][122][123][124][125][126] Notable incidents include his early departure from the Manning Passing Academy after allegedly oversleeping,[127] tweeting that he \"can't wait to leave College Station\" after receiving a parking ticket,[128] and getting kicked out of a University of Texas fraternity party.[129] An ESPN The Magazine article revealed his parents' concerns about his dealings with his newfound stardom.[130]", "Johnny Manziel On June 29, 2012—before he was chosen as Texas A&M's starting quarterback and before his first college game—Manziel was arrested and charged with three misdemeanors—disorderly conduct, failure to produce identification, and possession of a fictitious driver's license. These charges stemmed from a late-night fight in College Station, Texas.[114] In July 2013, he pleaded guilty to failure to produce identification, and the other two charges were dismissed.[115]", "Johnny Manziel Texas A&M started the 2013 season with a No. 6 ranking in the Coaches Poll.[35] Prior to the season, some journalists argued that Manziel could suffer a sophomore slump,[36][37][38] while others felt that he will continue to have success.[39][40][41] Manziel's eligibility for the 2013 season was under question after reports surfaced that he had signed autographs for money in January 2013. On August 28, 2013, the NCAA reached an agreement with Texas A&M to suspend Manziel for the first half of the team's game against Rice (the first game of the season), after acknowledging that Manziel did not receive any money for the autographs.[42]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel was redshirted during the 2011 season and did not play in any games. He made the travel squad after enrolling with the college in January.[31]", "Johnny Manziel For Manziel's three years as a starter, he completed 520-of-819 passes (63.5%) for 7,626 yards and 76 touchdowns, rushed 531 times for 4,045 yards and 77 touchdowns and caught 30 passes for 582 yards and another five touchdowns. He was the only quarterback in America named as a Parade All-American his senior year, and he was also named The National High School Coaches Association (NHSCA) Senior Athlete of the Year in football.[25] He won the Mr. Texas Football award in 2010.", "Texas A&M University Founded in 1894, the football team has won 18 Southwest Conference championships, 3 Big 12 South Division championships, and 1 Big 12 championship. The university also claims 3 national championships, two of which it claimed retroactively in 2012.[217][218] The team has appeared in 30 bowl games, winning 13,[219] and has produced 41 first Team All-Americans, 5 Academic All-Americans, and 2 Heisman Trophy winners, John David Crow in 1957 and Johnny Manziel in 2012.[220] Twenty-one Aggies play in the NFL,[221][222] including the Super Bowl MVP for Super Bowl 50, Von Miller, a player for the Denver Broncos.[223] Former Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak also played college football at Texas A&M.[224]", "Texas A&M Aggies football In 2012, Sumlin named quarterback Johnny Manziel his starter.[126] Manziel would go on to win the Heisman Trophy[127] and Sumlin would take the Aggies to an 11–2 record, including victories over then #1 Alabama, and #11 Oklahoma in the AT&T Cotton Bowl.[128] The Aggies finished the 2012 season ranked in the top 5 of both the Coaches Poll and the AP Poll.[129] Texas A&M would also lead the SEC in total offense, total scoring offense, total rushing yds, and led the nation in third down conversion percentage.[130] Kevin Sumlin and the Texas A&M Aggies would become the first SEC team in history to amass over 7,000 yds in total offense.[131] Sumlin's 2013 Aggies, led by Manziel, finished with a 9–4 record and defeated Duke in the Chick-fil-A Bowl.[132][133] On November 30, 2013, A&M signed Sumlin to a six-year, $30 million contract extension.[134][135]", "Johnny Manziel On August 4, ESPN reported that the NCAA was investigating whether Manziel accepted payments for autographs that he had signed in January 2013. The NCAA did not find any evidence that Manziel accepted money for the autographs, but reached an agreement with Texas A&M to suspend him for the first half of the season opener against Rice University, due to an \"inadvertent violation\" of NCAA rules.[42]", "Johnny Manziel On November 24, during the game against the Missouri Tigers before a home crowd, Manziel left the game with an apparent knee injury late in the first quarter. He returned to the field for the next series of downs wearing a knee brace and finished the game with 439 yards of total offense, including 3 passing and 2 rushing touchdowns. During the game, he broke the single season record for offensive production in the SEC with 4600 yards, surpassing Cam Newton and Tim Tebow, notable recent Heisman Trophy winners. He also became the first freshman and only the fifth player in NCAA history to pass for 3000 and rush for 1,000 yards in a season, reaching that mark two games earlier than any other player. He won the SEC Freshman of the Year Award and College Football Performance National Freshman of the Year Award.[34] Manziel won the Davey O'Brien Award on December 6 and the Heisman Trophy on December 8, making him the first freshman ever to win either award.[4]", "Johnny Manziel During Manziel's senior season, he compiled 228-of-347 (65.7%) passing for 3,609 yards with 45 touchdowns and five interceptions. He also had 170 carries for 1,674 yards and 30 touchdowns. He had one touchdown reception and returned a kickoff for a touchdown for a combined 77 touchdowns. That year, he was honored as District 28-4A MVP (unanimous selection), Class 4A First Team All-State (AP), San Antonio Express-News Offensive Player of the Year (second year in a row), the Associated Press Sports Editors Texas Player of the Year, Sub-5A First Team All-Area (SA Express-News), No. 1 QB in Texas by Dave Campbell's Texas Football, DCTF Top 300, PrepStar All-Region and Super-Prep All-Region.[24]", "Texas A&M Aggies football The Aggies and Owls met for the first time in 18 years when the Aggies scheduled Rice for its home opener on August 31, 2013. Texas A&M won the game 52-31 despite the first-half suspension of 2012 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel.[196] Currently, the Aggies and Owls have a home-and-away series scheduled for 2014 (College Station) and 2019 (Houston, NRG Stadium).", "Johnny Manziel Although Manziel began the season in relative obscurity, his play against Arkansas in which he broke Archie Manning's 43-year-old total offense record gained him some attention. Manziel produced 557 yards of total offense, breaking Manning's record of 540. Two games later, Manziel surpassed his own total offense record against #24 Louisiana Tech by achieving 576 yards of total offense, becoming the first player in SEC history to have two 500+ total offense games in one season. After Texas A&M's blowout of Auburn in the eighth game of the season, in which Manziel accounted for 3 passing and 2 rushing touchdowns through only the first half plus one series in the second, Manziel began showing up in national Heisman Watch lists.[citation needed]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel grew up playing a variety of sports, including football, basketball, baseball, and golf. At Tivy High School in Kerrville, Texas, he focused on baseball and football. However, in football, sportswriters, coaches, and parents said he \"achieved folk hero status\" and was compared to quarterbacks like Brett Favre, Michael Vick, and Drew Brees.[23]", "Kliff Kingsbury After a record breaking 2011 season in which Houston led the NCAA in yards, points, and virtually every offensive category, Kingsbury joined former Houston head coach Kevin Sumlin to be the offensive coordinator for Texas A&M for the 2012 season, coaching Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Johnny Manziel.[14] The Aggies led the Southeastern Conference in rushing, passing, total and scoring offense, and were the nationâ€™s only offense ranked in the top 15 of the NCAA statistics in all four categories.[15] For his performance, Kingsbury was named the 2012 Footballscoop.com Offensive Coordinator of the Year and was named a finalist for the Broyles Award.[16]", "Johnny Manziel In January 2014, Manziel announced that he would forgo his junior season and enter the 2014 NFL Draft.[50] He was projected to be a first-round pick, and as of January 15, 2014, his draft stock was reported to be rising by a consensus of experts who had him pegged as a top-5 pick.[51] Manziel elected to throw during Texas A&M's Pro Day on March 27, 2014, instead of during the NFL Combine. During his pro day, Manziel completed 64 of 66 passes to six different receivers. His pro day performance was well received by sports journalists.[52][53][54][55]", "Texas A&M Aggies The Texas A&M Aggies have earned three national titles (1919, 1927 and 1939), 20 conference titles and two Heisman trophies won by John David Crow in 1957 and Johnny Manziel, the first freshman to ever win the award, in 2012.[2] A&M has had two perfect seasons having gone undefeated and unscored upon in both 1917[3] and 1919.[4] The football program experienced a period of little success lasting from 1944 to 1971, when the Aggies won only two conference titles. With Emory Bellard as head coach beginning in 1972, the Aggies returned to prominence with two 10 win seasons during his short tenure. He was replaced by Tom Wilson who had little success at Texas A&M before Jackie Sherrill took over the program. Sherrill won three consecutive conference titles and two Cotton Bowl Classic postseason games. His defensive coordinator, R. C. Slocum, replaced him as head coach in 1989. Slocum finished in the top 25 during 10 of his 14 years at Texas A&M[5] and won 4 conference titles, including the school's only Big 12 title in 1998.", "Johnny Manziel On June 30, 2016, he was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 season for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy.[14] On September 5, Manziel returned to his alma mater to take classes.[140]", "Johnny Manziel On draft day, 21 teams, including the Cleveland Browns, passed over Manziel. While Manziel was waiting to get drafted, he texted then-Browns quarterbacks coach Dowell Loggains that he wants to \"wreck the league\" in Cleveland. Loggains forwarded the text to head coach Mike Pettine, who made the decision to trade up to draft Manziel.[58] The Browns drafted him at the 22nd overall pick.[59]", "AJ McCarron In their first year in the SEC, Texas A&M and eventual Heisman-winner Johnny Manziel came into Bryant–Denny Stadium and upset Alabama 29–24. McCarron's second interception of the game seemingly sealed Alabama's loss, as he threw an interception on a fourth & goal pass with under two minutes remaining.[28] Both he and Alabama rebounded to remain unbeaten during the rest of the regular season, which led them to the 2012 SEC Championship Game versus Georgia.[29] With the help of running back Eddie Lacy, Alabama battled with the Bulldogs to win 32–28 and earn a shot to play for the 2013 BCS National Championship against No. 1 Notre Dame.[30]", "Johnny Manziel Police reports stated that Manziel was with a friend who directed a racial slur at a man on the street. The man then approached the two of them and tried to get at the friend, but Manziel placed himself between the two men, saying his friend didn't mean it and he was going to take him home. The man continued pushing against Manziel to reach the other man, and Manziel eventually pushed back. At this point, the man swung at Manziel who then began fighting back. Shortly afterwards, the bicycle patrol officers arrived. Manziel was 19 at the time, and he presented to police officers a fake Louisiana driver's license that showed him to be 21 years of age. Manziel was taken into custody and reportedly spent the night in jail.[116][117] After the incident, Manziel eventually regained the favor of his team and head coach Kevin Sumlin, and was named the starting quarterback.[118] Sumlin's policy precluded freshmen from giving media interviews, and Manziel was unable to speak to reporters about his arrest until the end of the 2012 regular season. When reporters asked about the incident during his first press conference on November 27, Manziel stated that he had learned from the mistake and \"had to make a lot of changes in [his] life.\"[119][120]", "History of Texas A&M University As of the end of the 2012 athletics season, Texas A&M has won 17 national titles in all of its varsity sports. The school has two Heisman Trophy winners: John David Crow in 1957 and the 2012 winner, Johnny Manziel.", "Johnny Manziel In the game against #1 Alabama, Manziel threw for a school record of 464 yards and 5 touchdowns in the 49–42 loss. His primary target during the game was Mike Evans, who compiled 7 receptions for a school record of 279 yards.[43] In the 51–41 win over Mississippi State, Manziel tied his single-game career-high five touchdowns, while also throwing for 446 yards but with 3 interceptions.[44] He was fifth in Heisman Trophy voting in 2013.", "Johnny Manziel At Tivy High School, Manziel played football for four years, beginning with the freshman team in his first year. By the end of his first season, he played with the varsity team as a receiver. He began his sophomore year primarily as a receiver, but started the fourth game at quarterback. He shared that position for the remainder of the season, finishing with 1,164 yards passing, 806 rushing and 408 receiving for a combined 28 touchdowns. His junior year was his first as starting quarterback, and he completed that season with 2,903 passing yards, 1,544 rushing yards, 152 receiving yards and 55 touchdowns. That year, he was voted All-San Antonio Area Offensive Player of the Year as well as District 27-4A MVP.[23]", "Texas A&M Aggies football Texas A&M Football has eight players who have won a total of eighteen trophies: John David Crow won the Heisman Trophy in 1957; Dat Nguyen won the Lombardi Award and Chuck Bednarik Award in 1998; Von Miller won the Butkus Award in 2010; Randy Bullock won the Lou Groza Award in 2011; redshirt freshman quarterback Johnny Manziel won the Heisman Trophy, the Manning Award, AP College Football Player of the Year, and the Davey O'Brien Award in 2012; Luke Joeckel won the Outland Trophy in 2012; Myles Garrett won the Bill Willis Award in 2015; and Trevor Knight won the Wuerffel Trophy in 2016.", "Johnny Manziel Manziel was born in Tyler, Texas, on December 6, 1992, to Michelle (nÃ©e Liberato) and Paul Manziel.[19] He has a younger sister named Meri. Manziel's great-great-grandfather Joseph immigrated to the United States in 1883 from the Mount Lebanon region of Syria in what is now Lebanon.[20] He is of Italian descent on his maternal side.[21] His family became wealthy through the Texas petroleum industry.[22]", "Johnny Manziel On September 13, Manziel was brought into the game against the New York Jets after starting QB Josh McCown was injured in the first half. Manziel scored his first career passing touchdown with a 54-yard pass to WR Travis Benjamin. However, Manziel committed three turnovers in the second half (two of them being fumbles) as the Jets won 31–10. Manziel started the Week 2 game against 2014 Heisman Trophy winner Marcus Mariota and the Tennessee Titans. He completed 8 of 15 passes for 172 yards and 2 touchdowns to Travis Benjamin in the 28–14 win.", "Kliff Kingsbury Prior to being named head coach of the Red Raiders, Kingsbury was the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach with the Texas A&M Aggies, coaching Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel during the 2012 season. Kingsbury began his coaching career as an assistant with the Houston Cougars from 2008â€“2011.", "Texas A&M University Aggies made their mark on the gridiron with former All Pro Green Bay Packer Lee Roy Caffey, 1 Pro-Bowl, 4 World Championships, including 3 Super Bowls, title-winning coach Gene Stallings, Oakland Raiders head coach Dennis Allen, Houston Oilers defensive tackle Ray Childress, Heisman Trophy winners John David Crow and Johnny Manziel, Heisman runner-up, legislator, and actor John Kimbrough, punt returner Dante Hall, offensive tackle Richmond Webb, Detroit Lions defensive back and punter Yale Lary, former Dallas Cowboys assistant coach and former player Dat Nguyen, punter Shane Lechler, Denver Broncos linebacker Von Miller, and defensive end Ty Warren.[239][240] Paul \"Bear\" Bryant coached at A&M where \"survivors\" of his grueling football practice camp at Junction, Texas were nicknamed named The Junction Boys.[241][242] Other famous Aggie athletes include Randy Barnes, indoor/outdoor shotput world record holder, World Series champion player and manager Davey Johnson, baseball standouts Chuck Knoblauch and Wally Moon (the 1954 Rookie of the Year); along with Stacy Sykora, Libero for the USA national volleyball team.[240]", "Heisman Trophy Texas A&M quarterback Johnny Manziel became the first freshman to win the Heisman in 2012. The following year, at 7003728200000000000♠19 years, 342 days old, Florida State quarterback Jameis Winston became the youngest Heisman Trophy winner at that time as a freshman. Both, however, were in their second year of college, having been redshirted during their first year of attendance, meaning that no true freshman has yet won the award. No sophomore won the Heisman in its first 72 years, at which point there were three consecutive sophomore winners — Tim Tebow in 2007, followed by Sam Bradford and Mark Ingram Jr. — with Lamar Jackson, who also surpassed Winston's record as the youngest Heisman winner, becoming the fourth in 2016. Of the four sophomores to have won the award, only Bradford had been redshirted; the others all won during their second year of college attendance. Only a few juniors have won the award, starting with the eleventh winner in 1945, Doc Blanchard.", "Texas A&M Aggies football The Aggies suffered through a grueling 1-9 record in Bryant's first season, which began with the infamous training camp in Junction, Texas, during which time many Aggie football players quit the team.[32] The \"survivors\" were given the name \"Junction Boys.\"[32] Two years later, Bryant led the team to the Southwest Conference championship with a 34â€“21 victory over Texas in Austin.[33] The following year, star running back John David Crow won the Heisman Trophy and the Aggies were in title contention until they lost to Rice Owls.[34][35]", "Johnny Manziel Prior to the 2014 NFL Draft, Manziel became one of the most polarizing athletes in pre-draft history, with scouting opinions varying from \"undraftable\" to \"rare competitor\".[56] Former NFL head coach Barry Switzer took it to a personal level, criticizing Manziel, saying: \"I don’t like his antics. I think he's an arrogant little prick. I’ve said that and I’ll say it again.\"[57]", "LSU–Texas A&M football rivalry In 2012, A&M's Johnny Manziel won the Heisman. LSU's defense caused him to have his worst performance of the year, which included 0 touchdowns and 3 interceptions. #6 LSU won 24–19 at College Station in the first SEC game. In 2013, #22 LSU won 34–10, A&M's first SEC road loss.", "Johnny Manziel In the 2014 Major League Baseball draft, Manziel was drafted in the 28th round (837th overall pick) by the San Diego Padres as a shortstop.[47][48]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel was announced as the starting quarterback for the rest of the season on November 17.[69] However, Manziel was demoted to third-string quarterback behind McCown and Austin Davis a week later after videos surfaced of him partying in Texas over the bye week.[70] As a result, Manziel remained benched in favor of Davis when McCown suffered a season-ending collarbone injury in the subsequent game against the Baltimore Ravens. Manziel was promoted to starter again after the Bengals defeated the Davis-led Browns 37–3.[71] Despite throwing a maligned interception in his return performance, Manziel completed 21 of 31 passes for 270 yards and one touchdown in a 24–10 victory over the San Francisco 49ers, ending the Browns' seven-game losing streak.[72]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel was named to the NUC All World Game (started by David Schuman and National Underclassmen Combine) in 2010 where he rushed for over 100 yards and threw for over 200. It was the first time Manziel dominated on a national stage. He played in the game as a teammate with Oregon QB Marcus Mariota.", "Ryan Tannehill He saw extensive action at quarterback during the Kansas game, splitting time with starter Jerrod Johnson. Tannehill finished with 12 completions on 16 attempts for 155 yards and three touchdowns.[13] In his first career start at quarterback, Tannehill led the Aggies to a 45â€“27 victory over Texas Tech. He set a school record with his 449 passing yards.[14] He also made a 33-yard pooch punt, his first career kick.[15]", "Johnny Manziel On November 30, 2014, Manziel entered the game against the Buffalo Bills during the fourth quarter after an ineffective performance by starting quarterback Brian Hoyer. Manziel went 5 of 8 for 63 yards, and scored his first NFL touchdown on a 10-yard rush in the fourth quarter. The Browns lost 26â€“10.[62]", "Cotton Bowl Classic In 2013, the No. 10 Texas A&M Aggies defeated the No. 12 Oklahoma Sooners 41–13 to win the Cotton Bowl Classic and to finish the season with an 11–2 record. Johnny Manziel rushed for 229 yards during the game, a Cotton Bowl record, rushing for two touchdowns and throwing for two more. Though the halftime score was 14–13 Texas A&M, the Aggies went on to score 27 unanswered second half points to win the game.", "Texas A&M Aggies football Dana X. Bible became Texas A&M's head coach in 1919, leaving LSU, and under his tutelage the Aggies compiled a record of 72–19–9 in ten seasons.[11] Bible's 1919 Texas A&M Aggies football team, which was undefeated, untied, and outscored its opposition 275–0, was retroactively named a national champion by the Billingsley Report and the National Championship Foundation.[12] In the 1922 Dixie Classic, Bible made his most visible and lasting impression in his A&M career when he began the Twelfth Man Tradition. Bible had a roster of only eighteen players, who had to play both offense and defense against the heavily favored Centre College. He lost three players to injuries early in the game, but the Aggies took the lead. Fearing more injuries and a possibility of having to forfeit the game for lack of men, Bible called upon a reserve halfback, E. King Gill, who was in the press box running stats for the team, to suit up and be ready if needed. The Aggies wouldn't need Gill's help to win, but since then A&M students stand throughout football games to show their willingness to play if needed.[13] Bible departed the Aggies after the 1928 season to accept the Nebraska head coaching position.[13] After Bible's departure, A&M brought in Matty Bell from TCU to lead the Aggies football program.[14] Under Bell's tutelage, the Aggies compiled a record of 24–21–3.[14] However, the Aggies did not play up to the standards set by Dana Bible's tenure, and Bell had left for SMU after five seasons.[14]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel is a Christian.[110] Manziel is a friend of rap artist Drake and in April 2014, Drake released a track entitled \"Draft Day\", which includes a shoutout to Manziel.[111][112] He is currently engaged to Bre Tiesi as of March 10, 2017.[113]", "Baker Mayfield Baker Reagan Mayfield (born April 14, 1995)[1] is an American football quarterback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). Mayfield began his college football career as a walk-on player for the Texas Tech Red Raiders. He is notable for being the first walk-on true freshman quarterback to start a season opener at a BCS school.[2] Mayfield transferred from Texas Tech to Oklahoma following alleged scholarship issues and a lack of communication with coaches.[3] After sitting out the 2014 season due to NCAA transfer rules, Mayfield won the starting quarterback job in 2015.[4][5] Mayfield won several awards for his performance as a senior in 2017, including the Heisman Trophy, Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award, and unanimous All-America recognition. He was drafted by the Browns first overall in the 2018 NFL Draft.", "Texas A&M Aggies football The Texas A&M Aggies football program represents Texas A&M University in the sport of American football. The Aggies compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).[5] Texas A&M football claims three national titles and eighteen conference titles. The team plays all home games at the newly redeveloped Kyle Field, a 102,733-person capacity outdoor stadium on the university campus. Jimbo Fisher is currently the team's head coach.", "Johnny Manziel High school statistics", "Johnny Manziel On August 22, 2014, Manziel was fined $12,000 by the NFL for a hand gesture (flipping the bird) that he made in a preseason loss to the Washington Redskins.[60] Fellow quarterback Brian Hoyer was named the starter over Manziel for the opening regular-season game.[61]", "Johnny Manziel Overall, Manziel completed 18 of 35 passes for 176 yards and two interceptions, and rushed nine times for 29 yards and one touchdown. Manziel's work ethic and commitment were questioned by over 20 sources within the Cleveland Browns. An anonymous player even called Manziel's rookie season a \"100 percent joke.\" Others within the organization were hopeful about Manziel's future, including cornerback Joe Haden.[67]", "Johnny Manziel Following McCown's recovery, Manziel did not take the field again until McCown suffered a shoulder injury in the fourth quarter of a Week 7 game against the St. Louis Rams. Manziel completed 4 of 5 passes for 27 yards in a 24–6 loss. In a Week 8 game against the Arizona Cardinals, Manziel again took the field in the fourth quarter after McCown suffered another injury. Manziel made his second start of the season in Week 9, completing 15 of 33 passes for 168 yards and one touchdown in a 31–10 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. In Week 10, Manziel had his statistically best game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, completing 33 of 45 passes for 372 yards and one touchdown. Despite his efforts, however, the Browns lost 30–9.", "Texas A&M University Texas A&M University (Texas A&M, TAMU /ˈtæmuː/, or A&M) is a coeducational public research university in College Station, Texas, United States. It is a state university and since 1948 is a member of the Texas A&M University System. The Texas A&M system endowment is one of the 10 biggest in the nation. Texas A&M's student body is one of the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States.[10][11] Texas A&M's designation as a land, sea, and space grant institution–the only university in Texas to hold all three designations–reflects a range of research with ongoing projects funded by organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. In 2001, Texas A&M was inducted as a member of the Association of American Universities. The school's students, alumni—over 450,000 strong—and sports teams are known as Aggies. The Texas A&M Aggies athletes compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference.", "Johnny Manziel Manziel sat out the last game of the 2015 season with a concussion, with reports circulating that he was in Las Vegas instead of in Cleveland with the team that weekend.[73] The team confirmed that Manziel did miss a scheduled check-in on the morning of the last game of the season.[74] The Browns released him on March 11, 2016.[75]", "Texas Collegiate athletics have deep significance in Texas culture, especially football. The state has ten Division I-FBS schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's universities, the Baylor Bears, Texas Longhorns, TCU Horned Frogs, and Texas Tech Red Raiders, compete in the Big 12 Conference. The Texas A&M Aggies left the Big 12 and joined the Southeastern Conference in 2012, which led the Big 12 to invite TCU to join; TCU was previously in the Mountain West Conference. The Houston Cougars and the SMU Mustangs compete in the American Athletic Conference. The Texas State Bobcats and the UT Arlington Mavericks compete in the Sun Belt Conference. Four of the state's schools claim at least one national championship in football: the Texas Longhorns, the Texas A&M Aggies, the TCU Horned Frogs, and the SMU Mustangs.", "Texas A&M Aggies football Bryant attempted to integrate the all-white Texas A&M squad. \"We'll be the last football team in the Southwest Conference to integrate,\" he was told by a Texas A&M official. \"Well,\" Bryant replied, \"then that's where we're going to finish in football.\"[36] After the 1957 season, having compiled an overall 25–14–2 record at A&M, Bryant left for Alabama, his alma mater, where he would cement his legacy as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, college football coach of all-time.[37]", "Robert Griffin III Rivals.com, a college football recruiting service, ranked Griffin the fourth-best dual-threat quarterback in the nation and the 42nd-best player in Texas in the high school prospect class of 2008.[9] During the college recruiting period, Griffin was pursued by Stanford, Tennessee, Kansas, Nebraska, Houston, Tulsa, Illinois, Washington State, and Oregon. Griffin initially committed to play for Houston under head coach Art Briles. When Briles left Houston to take the head coaching position at Baylor, Griffin switched his commitment and eventually signed a letter of intent to play for Baylor,[10] in part because the university also had a top track and field program.[11]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel completed three of eight passes in his second career start against the Carolina Panthers on December 21, 2014. He left the game with a hamstring injury with less than two minutes remaining in the first half and was replaced by Hoyer. The Browns went on to lose 17â€“13.[65]", "Johnny Manziel During October of the 2015 season, Manziel was pulled over by a policeman after fighting in his car with his then girlfriend, Colleen Crowley. Although no charges were made, Manziel admitted to having had some alcoholic drinks earlier that afternoon.[8]", "Johnny Manziel On November 24, a week after Manziel was announced as the Browns' starter for the remainder of the season, head coach Mike Pettine demoted Manziel to third string after a video of him partying surfaced on the Internet.[9] It was later revealed Manziel reportedly lied about the video.[10]", "Johnny Manziel On January 6, 2016, Manziel's marketing agency, LRMR, announced that it would no longer work with Manziel.[135] Manziel's agent, Erik Burkhardt, also announced that he would no longer represent Manziel.[136] On February 5, 2016, the Dallas Police Department announced that they are opening a criminal investigation with a claim of domestic violence involving his ex-girlfriend, Colleen Crowley.[137] Dallas police had originally closed the case, but re-opened it with allegations stemming from an altercation on January 30, 2016, at a downtown Dallas hotel. According to Crowley, Manziel forced her into a car, pulled her by the hair, and threatened to kill both her and himself. On April 24, Manziel was indicted by a Dallas grand jury on misdemeanor assault charges for the incident.[12]", "Jameis Winston For his successes in 2013, Winston earned numerous accolades. He was named the 2013 ACC Offensive Player of the Year and ACC Player of the Year to go along with winning the AP Player of the Year Award, Davey O'Brien Award, Manning Award, and Walter Camp Player of the Year Award.[17][18][19][20][21][22] In addition, he was named as a Consensus All-American.[23] Most notably, he won the Heisman Trophy on December 14, 2013, beating out quarterbacks AJ McCarron, Jordan Lynch, and Johnny Manziel, the previous winner, as well as running backs Tre Mason and Andre Williams.[24][25][26] He became the second freshman to win the award, after Manziel won the previous year. He also became the youngest to win the award, at 19 years and 342 days.[27]", "Ryan Tannehill Tannehill quarterbacked the Aggies to a victory over No. 11 Oklahoma, which moved the team into the top 25. He helped the team maintain the top 25 ranking through victories over Baylor and No. 9 Nebraska. During the Nebraska game, he punted twice since the starter was injured.[16] He and his team defeated Texas to finish off the regular season. Tannehill was recognized with All-Big 12 Honorable Mention honors.[17]", "Texas A&M University On November 12, 2015, Texas A&M sued the Indianapolis Colts for infringing on its trademark of the 12th Man.[194]", "Jalen Hurts Hurts attended Channelview High School in Channelview, Texas. Hurts's father, Averion, was the football coach at Channelview High School throughout his sons' high school careers. As a senior, he passed for 2,384 yards with 26 touchdown passes and rushed for 1,391 yards and 25 touchdowns. Hurts was a second-team all-district selection as a sophomore and was named the District 21-6A Overall MVP as a junior during his high school playing years. He played against the Texas A&M freshman standout running back Trayveon Williams throughout his high school career. Hurts was rated as a four-star recruit and was ranked among the top dual-threat quarterbacks in the Class of 2016.[1] Although Texas A&M made a strong push to recruit Hurts after the departure of their starting quarterback, Kyler Murray, they ultimately failed in their efforts after Hurts proceeded to commit to the University of Alabama on June 5, 2015. He was recruited by Alabama's Defensive Line Coach Bo Davis and Offensive Coordinator Lane Kiffin.[2] Hurts finished high school academically ranking 39th in his class.", "Cam Newton In January 2009, Newton transferred to Blinn College in Brenham, Texas, to play for head coach Brad Franchione, son of Dennis Franchione. That Fall, he led his team to the 2009 NJCAA National Football Championship,[17] throwing for 2,833 yards with 22 touchdowns and rushing for 655 yards.[18] He was named a Juco All-America honorable mention and was the most recruited Juco quarterback in the country.[18] Newton was ranked as the number one quarterback from either high school or junior college by Rivals.com and was the only five-star recruit.[19][20][21] During Newton's recruitment, Oklahoma, Mississippi State and Auburn were his three finalists. He eventually signed with the Auburn Tigers.[22]", "Johnny Manziel On January 2, 2016, Manziel was seen at Las Vegas' Planet Hollywood casino the night before the Browns played their final game of the 2015 season. Manziel was scratched from the final game because of a concussion. As word of his appearance at the casino spread across social media, he posted a photo on Instagram of himself and his dog at home.[11] The next day, Manziel failed to report to the Browns on Sunday morning when he was supposed to report to the team medic, which all players with concussions are supposed to do. Sports Illustrated's Peter King also added that the Browns are \"so done with Manziel\"[133] and he \"wants to go to Dallas\"[134]", "Ryan Tannehill Ryan Timothy Tannehill III (born July 27, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Dolphins in the first round with the eighth overall selection in the 2012 NFL Draft. He played college football at Texas A&M.", "Robert Griffin III Coming into the 2011 season, the Baylor Bears were not expected to do well, being picked 6th in the Big 12 preseason poll.[17] The Bears opened the season against 15th-ranked TCU. The Bears took a 47–23 lead into the 4th quarter, and were able to fight off a comeback after the Horned Frogs gained the lead 48–47 briefly, only for Baylor to kick the game-winning field goal and win 50–48. They pulled off the upset in large part due to Griffin's performance; he passed for 359 yards, with 5 touchdowns and a 77.8% completion percentage. On the game-winning drive, Griffin also caught a key pass. Following the win, Baylor entered the AP Poll rankings for only the third time in the previous 15 seasons, at 20th,[18][19] and Griffin was considered by many to be a Heisman Trophy candidate.[20] After a bye week, Baylor shut out Stephen F. Austin State University 48–0, and Griffin went 20 of 22 (90.9%) for 247 yards and 3 touchdowns and ran for 78 yards.[21] In week 4, Griffin ushered Baylor to their third win, beating Rice University 56–31; Griffin completed 29 of 33 passes (87.9%) for 338 yards with 51 yards rushing and a touchdown.[22] In week five against Kansas State, Griffin almost brought the Bears to their fourth win, going 23 out of 31 (74.2%) for 346 yards and 5 touchdowns with only 1 interception, but they lost 36–35 to the Wildcats. In week six against Iowa State, Griffin took Baylor to Iowa for their fourth win, completing 22 out of 30 (73.3%) for 212 yards, 1 touchdown, and no interceptions. He won the Heisman Trophy, becoming the first player from Baylor to win it. Griffin also led Baylor to a 10–3 record, including a 67–56 win over the Washington Huskies in the Alamo Bowl. With a combined 123 points, it stands as the highest-scoring regulation bowl game in NCAA history. Due to the Alamo Bowl, Griffin became the first player since Tim Tebow in 2007 to win the Heisman and not appear in the National Championship (#1 LSU faced #2 Alabama).", "AJ McCarron Raymond Anthony \"AJ\" McCarron Jr. (born September 13, 1990) is an American football quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Bengals in the fifth round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama. Following the 2013 BCS National Championship Game against Notre Dame, McCarron became the first quarterback to win back-to-back consensus national championships in the BCS era. McCarron is one of only seven quarterbacks in history to win back-to-back titles in some form and the first FBS quarterback to win back-to-back consecutive titles since Nebraska's Tommie Frazier in 1994 and 1995.[1] In addition, since his freshman/redshirt year, McCarron has been associated with three national title teams under coach Nick Saban: 2009, 2011, and 2012.", "Cleveland Browns On January 24, 2014, the Browns hired Bills defensive coordinator Mike Pettine as the 15th full-time head coach in team history.[144] On February 11, 2014 the Browns announced that Lombardi would be replaced by Ray Farmer as GM, and that Joe Banner would resign as CEO.[145] In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft, the Browns selected cornerback Justin Gilbert from Oklahoma State with the eighth pick, and Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M with the 22nd overall pick.[146]", "Johnny Manziel On May 30, Manziel was involved in an incident with a heckler at the AT&T Byron Nelson golf tournament. The heckler had been continually asking for an autograph, to the point that Manziel became fed up and threw a water bottle at the man. The water bottle missed the heckler. Security and police were called, but no criminal charges were filed.[132]", "Tim Tebow Timothy Richard Tebow (/ˈtiːboʊ/; born August 14, 1987) is a former professional American football quarterback and current professional baseball outfielder in the New York Mets organization. He played college football for the University of Florida, winning the Heisman Trophy in 2007 and appearing on BCS National Championship-winning teams during the 2006 and 2008 seasons. Tebow was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft and spent two seasons with the team. He also played for the New York Jets in 2012. Additionally, he had preseason stints with the New England Patriots and the Philadelphia Eagles in 2013 and 2015 respectively.", "Texas A&M Aggies football Homer Norton was hired away from Centenary to replace Bell in 1934.[15] A&M enjoyed great successes under Norton. The 1939 Texas A&M team went 11–0, beating Tulane in the Sugar Bowl, and was named a national champion.[16] Norton's record at Texas A&M was 82–53–9, giving him the second most wins of any coach in Texas A&M Aggies football history.[16] Among the many stars that Norton developed were John Kimbrough and Joe Routt.[17] Norton was fired in 1947 when his team went 3–6–1 and lost to archrival University of Texas for the eighth straight year.[18]", "Ryan Tannehill Tannehill redshirted his first season (2007) at Texas A&M after turning down offers from the University of Houston, TCU, Tulsa, and UTEP.", "Texas A&M Aggies football Mike Sherman was hired away from his post as offensive coordinator of the NFL's Houston Texans to replace Franchione.[106] Sherman signed a 7-year contract that at the time paid him $1.8 million annually.[107] Sherman abandoned the zone read option offense run by Franchione and his coaching staff, and installed a pro-style system.[108][109] A&M used a balanced offense run primarily out of the pro-style formations.[110][111] Sherman's quarterbacks at A&M were Stephen McGee and Ryan Tannehill, both of whom would go on to be drafted into the NFL.[112]", "Gary Kubiak Kubiak attended Texas A&M University under coaches Tom Wilson and Jackie Sherrill and was selected to the All-Southwest Conference team in 1982 after leading the conference in passing yards (1,948) and touchdowns (19). As a junior, he set a conference record by throwing six touchdown passes against Rice. In four seasons at Texas A&M, he passed for 4,078 yards, 31 touchdowns, and 27 interceptions.[4]", "Baker Mayfield In his first start against SMU, Mayfield passed for 413 yards and four touchdowns. His 43 completions of 60 attempts broke a school record held by Billy Joe Tolliver, and fell only four completions short of the NCAA Division I FBS single-game record for completions by a freshman.[8][9] For his performance, Mayfield was named Big 12 Conference Offensive Player of the Week â€“ the first freshman Texas Tech quarterback to be named so since current Red Raider head coach Kliff Kingsbury in 1999.[10] The game featured the last four former Lake Travis quarterbacks combined on both teams: Garrett Gilbert, Michael Brewer, Collin Lagasse, and Mayfield.[11]", "Baker Mayfield Mayfield enrolled at the University of Oklahoma in January 2014, but had not contacted the Sooner coaching staff. Mayfield further elaborated in an interview with ESPN that he sought to transfer due to scholarship issues and a perception that he had earned the starting position and that further competition was not \"really fair\".[14][16] The alleged scholarship issues were denied by Texas Tech coach Kliff Kingsbury.[17]", "Johnny Manziel On August 27, Manziel was ruled out for the rest of the preseason with recurring pain in his right elbow. Manziel had been making noticeable improvement in his play.[68]", "Texas A&M Aggies football In the years since 1889, several organizations and publications have recognized the top players in the nation by naming them to All-America teams. To be considered an All-American, a player needs to be named to the first-team on at least one of the lists of these organizations. In addition, the NCAA further recognizes certain players by honoring them with the \"Consensus\" All-American title. At present, the Consensus honor is determined by referencing the first, second, and third teams of five organizations and assigning a varying amount of points for each time a player appears on one of those five lists. The points are totaled and the player with the most points at his position is awarded the Consensus honor. The five organizations whose lists are used for the Consensus determination are the Associated Press (AP),[204] American Football Coaches Association (AFCA).,[205] Football Writers Association of America (FWAA),[206] Sporting News (TSN).,[207] and Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF).[208] Finally, a player can be recognized with the \"Unanimous Consensus\" honor if all five of the previously listed organizations have recognized that player as a First-Team All-American.", "History of the Cleveland Browns On January 24, 2014, the Browns hired Bills defensive coordinator Mike Pettine as the 15th full-time head coach in team history.[345] On February 11, 2014 the Browns announced that Lombardi would be replaced by Ray Farmer as general manager, and that Joe Banner would resign as CEO.[346] In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft, the Browns selected cornerback Justin Gilbert from Oklahoma State with the eighth pick, and Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M with the 22nd overall pick.[347]", "Ryan Tannehill Tannehill was born in Lubbock, Texas, but grew up in Big Spring, Texas. He attended Big Spring High School, where he played high school football, high school basketball, and ran on the track and field team. He played 10 games at defensive back his sophomore season. As a junior, he passed for 2,510 yards and rushed for 922 at quarterback. He took his team to the playoffs as a senior, passing for 5,258 yards and rushing for another 617. He had to miss two games due to a separated shoulder in the second game of his senior year. He also posted three receptions for 62 yards and compiled a 39.2 punt average with a long of 84 yards as a senior. He received second-team District 4-4A honors for both his junior and senior seasons. Ryan Tannehill came out of high school a 3 star recruit according to Rivals.com [1]", "Texas A&M Aggies football Texas A&M first fielded a football team in 1894, under the direction of head coach F. D. Perkins.[6] The team compiled a 1–1 record.[6] W. A. Murray served as A&M's head coach from 1899-1901, compiling a record of 7–8–1.[7] From 1902-1904, J. E. Platt served as A&M's head coach, his teams compiling a record of 18–5–3.[7] From 1909-1914, A&M compiled a 38–8–4 record under head coach Charley Moran.[8] Moran's 1909 team finished undefeated, and all but one of Moran's other seasons the Aggies only lost one game each year.[7] Under head coach Edwin Harlan, the Aggies compiled a record of 12–5 in two seasons and joined the Southwest Conference.[9][10]", "Texas A&M University Aggie football fans are called the 12th Man, meaning that they support the 11 players on the field and would be willing, if it were possible, to enter the game if necessary. To further symbolize their \"readiness, desire, and enthusiasm,\" it is traditional for students in attendance to stand throughout the game.[187] The tradition began on January 2, 1922, at the Dixie Classic where A&M played Centre College. A&M had so many injuries in the first half of the game that Coach Dana X. Bible feared he would not have enough men to finish the game. He called into the stands for E. King Gill, a reserve who had left football after the regular season to play basketball. Although he did not actually play, his readiness symbolized the willingness of all Aggies to support their team to the point of actually entering the game. A&M won 22â€“14, but E. King Gill was the only man left standing on the sidelines for the Aggies.[188] In recent decades, the 12th Man is represented on the field by a walk-on player who wears the No. 12 jersey and participates in kick-offs.[189]", "Texas Longhorns football The first meeting between the football squads of the University of Texas and Texas A&M was in 1894, a 38–0 win for Texas. In fact, Texas won its first seven games against the Aggies, all of them by shutout. By 1915 Texas held a 15–4–2 advantage against the Aggies. The game was a back and forth affair for the next twenty years as the home team usually took the victory in the game, however Texas still maintained the series lead. In 1940, Texas shutout the Aggies 7–0 and kept them from receiving the Rose Bowl bid that year. From that year forward Texas would go on to win thirty-three of the next thirty-eight games over A&M. It was not until the mid-1980s that A&M developed a win streak over Texas and in the late 1990s and 2000s the rivalry would again go back to Longhorns.[37] The Texas/Texas A&M rivalry has given rise to several stereotypes on both sides: Texas A&M is generally portrayed as the rural smaller school while Texas is portrayed as the urban-wealthy larger school. With the exception of the 1994 game, when A&M's probation restricted the Aggies from being televised, the annual football game with Texas A&M traditionally takes place on Thanksgiving Day or the day after each year. This iconic in-state rivalry is often considered one of the top college rivalries of all time. In July 2011, Texas A&M elected to join the Southeastern Conference beginning in 2012. The move to switch conferences resulted in the ending of the 118-year rivalry game between the two schools. On November 24, 2011, Texas faced Texas A&M in College Station in the final scheduled meeting of the rivalry as of January 2012. Texas defeated Texas A&M 27-25 on a last second field goal to win the final meeting. In an attempt to generate more attention for the rivalry in sports other than football, the two schools created the Lone Star Showdown[38] in 2004. Essentially, each time the two schools meet in a sport, the winner of the matchup gets a point. At the end of the year, the school with the most points wins the series and receives the Lone Star Trophy.", "Johnny Manziel Manziel made his first NFL start in the Browns' Week 15 game against the Cincinnati Bengals.[63] Manziel completed 10 of 18 passes for 80 yards and two interceptions for a 27.3 passer rating while being sacked three times. The Browns lost 30â€“0.[64]", "Baker Mayfield In February 2014, Oklahoma head coach Bob Stoops confirmed that Mayfield would be walking on for the Oklahoma Sooners. Mayfield was not eligible to play until the 2015 season, and lost a season of eligibility due to Big 12 Conference transfer rules following an unsuccessful appeal of his transfer restrictions.[18] On August 24, 2015, Mayfield was named the starting quarterback for the Sooners after winning an open quarterback competition against Trevor Knight. On September 6, 2015, Mayfield started against Akron. Mayfield totaled 388 yards through the air with 3 touchdowns on 23 completions in the 41–3 win.[19] In the second game of the 2015 season, Mayfield started at Tennessee at Neyland Stadium. The Sooners were ranked 19th at the time and the Volunteers were ranked 23rd. Mayfield started off very slow in the game, not even reaching midfield until the 13-minute mark of the 4th quarter. Oklahoma came back from a 17-point deficit to win the game in double overtime. Mayfield threw for 187 yards and three touchdowns on 19 completions while throwing two interceptions early in the game in the 31–24 2OT win.[20] In the third game of the season, Mayfield got the start against Tulsa. He had a career day throwing for 487 yards and four touchdowns, including 316 yards at half. Mayfield also ran for 85 yards and two touchdowns in the 52–38 win.[21][22]", "Johnny Manziel On June 24, 2016, Manziel's attorney, Bob Hinton, accidentally sent a lengthy text message to the Associated Press relating to Manziel's defense in his domestic violence case. In the message, Hinton expressed concerns about Manziel's ability to stay clean, saying that he was given a receipt that suggests Manziel spent around $1,000 at The Gas Pipe, a drug paraphernalia store. On the same day, Manziel's father, Paul, told ESPN: \"He's a druggie. It's not a secret that he's a druggie. Hopefully, he doesn't die before he comes to his senses. I mean, I hate to say it, but I hope he goes to jail. I mean, that would be the best place for him. I'm doing my job, and I'm going to move on. If I have to bury him, I'll bury him.\"[13]", "John Heisman He served as the head football coach at Oberlin College (1892, 1894), Buchtel College (now known as the University of Akron) (1893–1894), Auburn University (1895–1899), Clemson University (1900–1903), Georgia Tech (1904–1919), the University of Pennsylvania (1920–1922), Washington & Jefferson College (1923), and Rice University (1924–1927), compiling a career college football record of 186–70–18. His 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado were recognized as the national champion.", "Johnny Manziel On April 19, 2016, after just two months of representing him, agent Drew Rosenhaus terminated Manziel as a client, marking the first time in Rosenhaus' 27-year career he fired an NFL player.[138] On the same day, Nike ended its sponsorship with Manziel.[139]", "Texas A&M Aggies The Aggie Football team was featured in the ESPN movie, The Junction Boys. The film dramatized Coach Paul \"Bear\" Bryant's grueling football practice sessions in 1954 in Junction, Texas.[9]", "Texas A&M Aggies football The tradition began in Dallas on January 2, 1922, at the Dixie Classic, the forerunner of the Cotton Bowl Classic. A&M played defending national champion Centre College in the first post-season game in the southwest. In this hard fought game, which produced national publicity, an underdog Aggie team was slowly defeating a team which had allowed fewer than 6 points per game. The first half produced so many injuries for A&M that Coach D. X. Bible feared he wouldn’t have enough men to finish the game. At that moment, he called into the Aggie section of the stands for E. King Gill, a student who had left football after the regular season to play basketball. Gill, who was spotting players for a Waco newspaper and was not in football uniform, donned the uniform of injured player Heine Weir and stood on the sidelines to await his turn. Although he did not actually play in the game, his readiness to play symbolized the willingness of all Aggies to support their team to the point of actually entering the game. When the game ended in a 22–14 Aggie victory, Gill was the only man left standing on the sidelines for the Aggies. Gill later said, \"I wish I could say that I went in and ran for the winning touchdown, but I did not. I simply stood by in case my team needed me.\"[247]", "Texas A&M Aggies In the 2007 season, the Aggies finished in a three-way tie for third place with Texas Tech and Oklahoma State in the Big 12 South, leading only Baylor, which finished last. Although the team pulled out a 38-30 victory over the Longhorns on the day after Thanksgiving, coach Dennis Franchione was forced to retire. Former Green Bay Packers coach Mike Sherman was announced as his replacement three days later. Unfortunately, Sherman's first year at A&M resulted in one of the worst records in years, finishing at 4-8.[6] The 2009 season showed some improvement with a 5-2 home record and a 6-7 overall record.[7] More coaching changes were made after the 2009 season and the hiring of Tim DeRuyter lead the media coverage. In 2008, DeRuyter was the defensive coordinator and safeties coach at Airforce where his defense finished 11th in the NCAA in total defense, and 5th in pass defense.[8]", "Texas Longhorns Quarterback Garrett Gilbert was named the starter for the Longhorns August 29 in their season opening against Rice University. However, on September 12, it was announced that Gilbert was being moved to the second-string quarterback behind Case McCoy and David Ash who would be sharing the starting position for the duration of the season. On September 20, it was announced that Gilbert underwent successful surgery on his shoulder and will be out the remainder of the season. Knowing that his future in Austin looked bleak, Gilbert sought an unconditional release, which was granted to him on October 5.[33] Gilbert finished his degree at Texas before moving to Southern Methodist University in Dallas to continue his football career.", "2015 Cleveland Browns season On February 3, 2015, quarterback Johnny Manziel voluntarily entered a rehab facility for dependence on alcohol. He exited the facility on April 12, shortly prior to the beginning of offseason workouts.[23]", "Jameis Winston Winston committed to attend Florida State University on February 3, 2012.[7] The Texas Rangers selected Winston in the 15th round of the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft out of high school. Though the Rangers proposed allowing him to play for the Florida State Seminoles football team while working out with their baseball organization, Winston decided not to sign.[8][9]" ]	[ "Johnny Manziel Manziel was nationally recruited out of high school as a dual-threat quarterback,[1] and he debuted for the Texas A&M Aggies as a redshirt freshman in Kevin Sumlin's Air Raid offense[2] during A&M's first season in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in 2012. He broke numerous NCAA Division I FBS and SEC records, which included becoming the first freshman and fifth player in NCAA history to pass for 3,000 yards and rush for 1,000 yards in a season.[3] At the end of the regular season, he became the first freshman to win the Heisman Trophy,[4] Manning Award,[5] and the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award.[6] Manziel capitalized on his redshirt freshman season by leading Texas A&M to a 41â€“13 victory over Oklahoma in the Cotton Bowl.[7]", "Johnny Manziel Manziel received an athletic scholarship to attend Texas A&M University, where he attended under coach Mike Sherman in 2011 and played for new coach Kevin Sumlin from 2012 to 2013." ]
test1464	when did hyderabad became a part of india	[ "doc52200" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc490320", "doc542119", "doc52200", "doc52201", "doc542123", "doc542117", "doc52204", "doc1793583", "doc52202", "doc490309", "doc811552", "doc220835", "doc2130062", "doc879404", "doc52215", "doc542118", "doc490322", "doc220849", "doc103872", "doc726906", "doc758969", "doc2130071", "doc52203", "doc850283", "doc52209", "doc542160", "doc222100", "doc2012910", "doc52213", "doc1034485", "doc542122", "doc497399", "doc52206", "doc1034482", "doc542121", "doc2489066", "doc1157877", "doc1217512", "doc542164", "doc1217459", "doc862717", "doc2130049", "doc542131", "doc2130061", "doc542128", "doc1034474", "doc490321", "doc542125", "doc52208", "doc542173", "doc2615933", "doc1034483", "doc220848", "doc542163", "doc542120", "doc565287", "doc542139", "doc1526116", "doc220834", "doc542150", "doc490327", "doc180296", "doc542126", "doc542138", "doc2615940", "doc490316", "doc220854", "doc542162", "doc542134", "doc2130051", "doc52211", "doc542148", "doc1249640", "doc1034508", "doc542127", "doc542161", "doc2216518", "doc1034492", "doc573532", "doc1793575", "doc52212", "doc542137", "doc542132", "doc542124", "doc811553", "doc2130056", "doc542133", "doc358793", "doc542145", "doc542135", "doc2130064", "doc1034484", "doc542144", "doc490314", "doc542130", "doc2012909", "doc490308", "doc542129", "doc542140", "doc220846" ]	[ "Hyderabad After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union.[25] The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956.[23][27]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. However, with the rise of militant razakars, India found it necessary to station Indian troops and invaded the state in September 1948 to compel the Nizam.[9] Subsequently, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.[10]", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956.", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) Following the States Reorganisation Act Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State in 1956 and renamed Andhra Pradesh.[1]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad When the British departed from the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they offered the various princely states in the sub-continent the option of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or staying on as an independent state.[citation needed] As stated by Sardar Patel at a press conference in January 1948, \"As you are all aware, on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity.\"[14] In India, a small number of states, including Hyderabad, declined to join the new dominion.[15][16] In the case of Pakistan, accession happened far more slowly.[17] Hyderabad had been part of the calculations of all-India political parties since the 1930s.[18] The leaders of the new Union of India were wary of a Balkanization of India if Hyderabad was left independent.[8]:223[not in citation given]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Operation Polo is the code name of the Hyderabad \"police action\" in September 1948, by the newly independent India against the Hyderabad State.[6] It was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam-ruled princely state, annexing it into the Indian Union.[7]", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) The Indian government, anxious to avoid what it termed a Balkanization of what had been the Indian Empire, was determined to effect the integration of Hyderabad into the new Indian Union.[4]:223 Amidst atrocities by the Razakars, the Indian Home Minister Sardar Patel decided to annex Hyderabad[5][not in citation given] in what was termed a \"police action\". The operation itself took five days, in which the Razakars and the Hyderabadi Military were defeated swiftly.[6]", "Hyderabad State Congress The Hyderabad State Congress began actively campaigning for the state of Hyderabad to join the Union of India upon independence, which the Nizam was resisting. The State Congress called for 7 August 1947 to be observed as \"Join Indian Union\" Day.[5][6] Protests, strikes and flag-hoisting broke out across the state, and the Nizam's government banned the Congress again and conducted mass arrests.[5][6] The Razakars in turn threatened to mass pogroms against Hindu civilians in Hyderabad and provoke violence across India.[1] The crisis continued until September, 1948 when the Indian government unfortunately authorized the Indian Army to annex Hyderabad that led to massacre of many civilians.", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) Operation Polo is the code name of the Hyderabad \"police action\" in September 1948, by the newly independent India against the Hyderabad State.[2] It was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam-ruled princely state, annexing it into the Indian Union.[3]", "Hyderabad Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi dynasty for nearly a century before the Mughals captured the region. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty, known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizam's dominions became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years, with the city serving as its capital. The city continued as the capital of Hyderabad State after it was brought into the Indian Union in 1948, and became the capital of Andhra Pradesh after the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam in the city has been the winter office of the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became the joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025.", "Andhra Pradesh India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.[50]", "Telangana The Hyderabad state joined the Union of India in 1948 after an Indian military invasion. In 1956, the Hyderabad State was dissolved as part of the linguistic reorganisation of states and Telangana was merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State (part of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj) to form Andhra Pradesh. A peasant-driven movement began to advocate for separation from Andhra Pradesh starting in the early 1950s, and continued until Telangana was awarded separate statehood on 2 June 2014.[12]", "Nizam of Hyderabad The Nizam decided to keep Hyderabad independent, unlike the other princely states, most of which acceded to India or to Pakistan voluntarily. The leaders of the new Indian Union did not want an independent - and possibly hostile - state in the heart of their new country, and were determined to assimilate Hyderabad into the Indian Union, by force if necessary. In September 1948, in Operation Polo, the Indian Army marched into Hyderabad, deposed the Nizam, and annexed the state into the Indian Union.[19][20]", "Vallabhbhai Patel Hyderabad was the largest of the princely states, and it included parts of present-day Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra states. Its ruler, the Nizam Osman Ali Khan, was a Muslim, although over 80% of its people were Hindu. The Nizam sought independence or accession with Pakistan. Muslim forces loyal to Nizam, called the Razakars, under Qasim Razvi, pressed the Nizam to hold out against India, while organising attacks on people on Indian soil. Even though a Standstill Agreement was signed due to the desperate efforts of Lord Mountbatten to avoid a war, the Nizam rejected deals and changed his positions.[60] In September 1948 Patel emphasised in Cabinet meetings that India should talk no more, and reconciled Nehru and the Governor-General, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, to military action. Following preparations, Patel ordered the Indian Army to invade Hyderabad (in his capacity as Acting Prime Minister) when Nehru was touring Europe.[61] The action was termed Operation Polo, and thousands of Razakar forces were killed, but Hyderabad was forcefully secured and integrated into the Indian Union.[62] The main aim of Mountbatten and Nehru in avoiding a forced annexation was to prevent an outbreak of Hindu–Muslim violence. Patel insisted that if Hyderabad were allowed to continue as an independent nation enclave surrounded by India, the prestige of the government would fall, and then neither Hindus nor Muslims would feel secure in its realm. After defeating Nizam, Patel retained him as the ceremonial chief of state, and held talks with him.[63]There were 562 princely states in India which Sardar Patel unified.", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) Andhra state and Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956, after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of Gentlemen's agreement. But in June 2014, Telangana re-emerged as a separate state. Hyderabad City will continue to be the capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad At the time of Partition in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self-government within their own territories, were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British, giving them control of their external relations. In the Indian Independence Act 1947 the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence.[citation needed] However, by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an irregular army recruited from the Muslim aristocracy, known as the Razakars.[8]:224 The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana uprising, which he was unable to subjugate.[8]:224", "Hyderabad On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,[32][33][34] with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.[35] The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives;[36] terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots;[37] and two bombs exploded in February 2013.[38] On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,[39] and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.[40]", "Telangana When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad did not want to merge with the Indian Union and wanted to remain independent. The Government of India annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948 after a military operation called Operation Polo.[21] It appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as first chief minister of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950.[26] He administered the state with the help of English-educated bureaucrats from the Madras and Bombay states, who were familiar with British systems of administration unlike the bureaucrats of Hyderabad State who used a completely different administrative system. The official language of the state was switched from Urdu to English.", "Unification of Karnataka While Karnataka became independent with the rest of the country on 15 August 1947, this did not occur in some parts of the state that were under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyderabad consisted of large portions of what were later to be the north eastern districts of Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur of Karnataka state. The Lingayat minority in these regions also largely believed that they had been neglected and resented the oppression of the Nizam and the Razakars. The Nizam refused to accede to India until his rule was overthrown by force. Following the 'police action' against the Nizam, Hyderabad province and its citizens became independent on 17 September 1948. This day is celebrated by the Karnataka government as the Hyderabad-Karnataka liberation day.[2]", "Indian Independence Act 1947 Over 560 princely states acceded to India by 15 August. The exceptions were Junagadh, Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir. The state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was contiguous to both India and Pakistan but, its Hindu ruler chose to remain initially independent. Following a Pakistani tribal invasion, he acceded to India on 26 October 1947, and the state became a dispute between India and Pakistan.[12] The state of Junagadh initially acceded to Pakistan but faced a revolt from its Hindu population. Following a breakdown of law and order, its Dewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947. India conducted a referendum in the state on 20 February 1948, in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India. The state of Hyderabad, with majority Hindu population but Muslim ruler, faced an intense turmoil and sectarian violence. India invaded the state on 13 September 1948, following which the ruler of the state signed the Instrument of Accession, joining India.", "States Reorganisation Act, 1956 On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan. The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. Bhutan, Hyderabad and Kashmir opted for independence, although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union.", "Nizam of Hyderabad After the Independence of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad initially chose to join neither India nor Pakistan. He later declared Hyderabad a free, self-governing independent state but the Government of India, desirous of ending marginalization of the population under Nizam, refused to accept his point of view citing as reasons: Hyderabad being surrounded by India on all sides and not having an access to the sea. After extensive attempts by India to persuade the Nizam to accede to India failed, the Indian government finally launched a military operation named Operation Polo to overthrow his rule. When the Indian Army invaded his princely State on 13 September 1948, his overwhelmingly untrained forces were unable to withstand the Indian army and were defeated. The Nizam capitulated in surrendering his forces on 17 September 1948; that same afternoon he broadcast the news over the State radio network. The Nizam was forced to accept accession to the new Republic of India. His abdication on 17 September 1948 marked the end of the dynasty's ambitions. \nMir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam, died on Friday 24 February 1967. All the Nizams are buried in royal graves at the Makkah Masjid near Charminar in Hyderabad excepting the last, Mir Osman Ali Khan, who wished to be buried beside his mother, in the graveyard of Judi Mosque facing King Kothi Palace opposite, befitting the rulers in time and place.[citation needed]", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) At the time of Partition in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self-government within their own territories, were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British, giving them control of their external relations. In the Indian Independence Act 1947 the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence. However, by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an irregular army recruited from the Muslim aristocracy, known as the Razakars.[4]:224 The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana uprising, which he was unable to subjugate.[4]:224", "Indian Army After the partition of India, the State of Hyderabad, a princely state under the rule of a Nizam, chose to remain independent. The Nizam, refused to accede his state to the Union of India. The following stand-off between the Government of India and the Nizam ended on 12 September 1948 when India's then deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ordered Indian troops to secure the state. During five days of fighting, the Indian Army, backed by an Indian Air Force squadron of Hawker Tempest aircraft, routed the Hyderabad State forces. Five Indian Army infantry battalions and one armoured squadron were engaged in the operation. The following day, the State of Hyderabad was proclaimed as a part of the Union of India. Major General Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri, who led the Operation Polo and accepted the surrender of the Nizam's forces on 18 September 1948, was appointed the military governor of Hyderabad (1948â€“1949) to restore law and order.", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) After the Annexation of Hyderabad State into India, M. K. Vellodi was appointed the Chief Minister of the state on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad In the early hours of 17 September, the Indian army entered Bidar. Meanwhile, forces led by the 1st Armoured regiment were at the town of Chityal about 60Â km from Hyderabad, while another column took over the town of Hingoli. By the morning of the 5th day of hostilities, it had become clear that the Hyderabad army and the Razakars had been routed on all fronts and with extremely heavy casualties. At 5 pm on 17 September the Nizam announced ceasefire thus ending the armed action.[40]", "History of India Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda in 1591. Following a brief Mughal rule, Asif Jah, a Mughal official, seized control of Hyderabad and declared himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. It was ruled by a hereditary Nizam from 1724 until 1948. Both the Kingdom of Mysore and the Hyderabad State became princely states in British India in 1799 and 1798 respectively.", "Hyderabad-Karnataka 17 September 1948 was an important day in the history of Hyderabad as Karnataka state was merged into the Indian Union. The historical background of the movement started with a new era in Indian history. The people of Gulbarga District struggled hard for their independence. We find in history people who are in power climb to it by hook and crook and have committed many blunders. There was neither freedom of speech, nor freedom of association, nor freedom press. The people were deprived and denied their fundamental rights. The rise of mobilized and political development started with nationalism of the Arya Samaj movement and Hyderabad Karnataka State Congress and educational institutions played vital role awakening people for freedom struggle.", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines, the Telugu-speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State. The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay state and Kannada speaking region with Mysore State.", "Political integration of India On 13 September 1948, the Indian Army was sent into Hyderabad under Operation Polo on the grounds that the law and order situation there threatened the peace of South India. The troops met little resistance by the Razakars and between 13 and 18 September took complete control of the state. The operation led to massive communal violence with estimates of deaths ranging from the official one of 27,000-40,000 to scholarly ones of 200,000 or more.[84][85] The Nizam was retained as the head of state in the same manner as the other princes who acceded to India.[86] He thereupon disavowed the complaints that had been made to the UN and, despite vehement protests from Pakistan and strong criticism from other countries, the Security Council did not deal further with the question, and Hyderabad was absorbed into India.[87]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad The State of Hyderabad under the leadership of its 7th Nizam, Mir Osman Ali, was the largest and most prosperous of all the princely states in India. With annual revenues of over Rs. 9 crore,[12] it covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km2) of fairly homogenous territory and comprised a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census) of which a majority (85%) was Hindu. The state had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service.[2] Hyderabad was a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%). In spite of the overwhelming Hindu majority, Hindus were severely under-represented in government, police and the military. Of 1765 officers in the State Army, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 others were Christians, Parsis and Sikhs. Of the officials drawing a salary between Rs.600–1200 per month, 59 were Muslims, 5 were Hindus and 38 were of other religions. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the state.[13][2]", "Deccan Plateau After independence in 1947, almost all native states were incorporated into the Republic of India. Hyderabad refused to join, and was annexed by the Indian Army in Operation Polo in 1948.[19] In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act reorganized states along linguistic lines, leading to the states currently found on the plateau.", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) After the Annexation into the Indian Union, Major General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor till December 1949.", "Political integration of India Hyderabad was a landlocked state that stretched over 82,000 square miles (over 212,000 square kilometres) in southeastern India. While 87% of its 17 million people were Hindu, its ruler Nizam Osman Ali Khan was a Muslim, and its politics were dominated by a Muslim elite.[74] The Muslim nobility and the Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen, a powerful pro-Nizam Muslim party, insisted Hyderabad remain independent and stand on an equal footing to India and Pakistan. Accordingly, the Nizam in June 1947 issued a firman announcing that on the transfer of power, his state would be resuming independence.[75] The Government of India rejected the firman, terming it a \"legalistic claim of doubtful validity\". It argued that the strategic location of Hyderabad, which lay astride the main lines of communication between northern and southern India, meant it could easily be used by \"foreign interests\" to threaten India, and that in consequence, the issue involved national-security concerns. It also pointed out that the state's people, history and location made it unquestionably Indian, and that its own \"common interests\" therefore mandated its integration into India.[76]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad After the Siege of Golconda by Mughal Empire in 1687, the region was renamed as Deccan Subah—(due to its geographical proximity in the Deccan Plateau) and in 1713 Qamar-ud-din Khan—(later known as Asaf Jah I or Nizam I) was appointed its Subahdar and bestowed with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk by the Mughal Emperor. Hyderabad's effective independence is dated to 1724, when the Nizam won a military victory over a rival military appointee.[11] In 1798, Hyderabad became the first Indian princely state to accede to British protection under the policy of Subsidiary Alliance instituted by Arthur Wellesley and thus named as Hyderabad state.", "Warangal The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724, which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad was annexed to India in 1948, and became an Indian state called as Hyderabad state. In 1956 Hyderabad state was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state, which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the Telangana movement, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014, warangal became part of Telangana State.", "High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad The State of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956 by the separation of the merger of the Andhra State which was formed in year 1953 from erstwhile Madras state and the Telangana area of the Hyderabad State which was acceded by Government of India on 17 September 1948 from the Nizam's rule.", "Princely state Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India, it was not as successful in relation to a few states, notably the former princely state of Kashmir, whose Maharaja delayed signing the instrument of accession into India until his territories were under the threat of invasion by Pakistan, the state of Hyderabad, whose ruler decided to remain independent and was subsequently defeated by the Operation Polo invasion, and the states of Tripura and Manipur, whose rulers agreed to accession only in late 1949, after the Indian conquest of Hyderabad.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad According to the records maintained by Indian Army, General Chaudhari led an armoured column into Hyderabad at around 4 p.m. on 18 September and the Hyderabad army, led by Major General El Edroos, surrendered.[42]", "Princely state The era of the princely states effectively ended with Indian independence in 1947. By 1950, almost all of the principalities had acceded to either India or Pakistan. [8] The accession process was largely peaceful, except in the cases of Jammu and Kashmir (whose ruler opted for independence but decided to accede to India following an invasion by Pakistan-based forces),[9] Hyderabad (whose ruler opted for total independence in 1947, followed a year later by the police action and annexation of the state by India), Junagadh (whose ruler acceded to Pakistan, but was annexed by India).[10]", "History of South India On August 15, 1947, the former British India achieved independence as the new dominions of India and Pakistan. The rulers of India's princely states acceded to the government of India between 1947 and 1950, and South India was organized into a number of new states. Most of South India was included in Madras state, which included the territory of the former Madras Presidency together with the princely states of Banganapalle, Pudukkottai, and Sandur. The other states in South India were Coorg (the erstwhile Coorg province of British India), Mysore State (the former princely state of Mysore) and Travancore-Cochin, formed from the merger of the princely states of Travancore and Cochin. The former princely state of Hyderabad became Hyderabad State, and erstwhile Bombay Presidency became Bombay State.", "Nizam of Hyderabad When the British achieved paramountcy over India, the Nizams were allowed to continue to rule their princely states as client kings. The Nizams retained internal power over Hyderabad State until 17 September 1948 when Hyderabad was integrated into the new Indian Union. The Asaf Jah dynasty had only seven rulers; however there was a period of 13 years after the rule of the first Nizam when three of his sons (Nasir Jung, Muzafar Jung and Salabath Jung) ruled. They were not officially recognised as the rulers.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad In the summer of 1948, Indian officials, especially Patel, signaled an intention to invade; Britain encouraged India to resolve the issue without the use of force, but refused Nizam's requests to help.[9]", "Nizam of Hyderabad In 1947, at the time of the partition of India, Britain offered the 565 princely states in the sub-continent the options of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or remaining independent.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Accordingly, the Indian government offered Hyderabad a Standstill agreement which made an assurance that the status quo would be maintained and no military action would be taken for one year. According to this agreement India would handle Hyderabad's foreign affairs, but Indian Army troops stationed in Secunderabad would be removed.[9]", "Political integration of India The limited scope of the Instruments of Accession and the promise of a wide-ranging autonomy and the other guarantees they offered, gave sufficient comfort to many rulers, who saw this as the best deal they could strike given the lack of support from the British, and popular internal pressures.[59] Between May 1947 and the transfer of power on 15 August 1947, the vast majority of states signed Instruments of Accession. A few, however, held out. Some simply delayed signing the Instrument of Accession. Piploda, a small state in central India, did not accede until March 1948.[60] The biggest problems, however, arose with a few border states, such as Jodhpur, which tried to negotiate better deals with Pakistan, with Junagadh, which actually did accede to Pakistan, and with Hyderabad and Kashmir, which declared that they intended to remain independent.", "Hyderabad Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region.[28] The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.[29] In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.[30] Since 1956, the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India; the President stays once a year in winter and conducts official business particularly relating to Southern India.[31]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad The Nizam of Hyderabad initially approached the British government with a request to take on the status of an independent constitutional monarchy under the British Commonwealth of Nations. This request was however rejected by the last Governor-General of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma.[20]", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) telanagana movement Hyderabad State had its last Nizam, HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan (b. 1886 -d. 1967) as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad The government was under pressure to not prosecute participants in communal violence, which often made communal relations worse. Patel had also died in 1950. Thus, by 1953 the Indian government released all but a few persons.[9]:12â€“16", "Andhra State On 1 November 1956 Andhra State and the Telangana region of Hyderabad State were merged to form the united Telugu-speaking State of Andhra Pradesh. Non-Telugu-speaking parts of Hyderabad State were merged with Maharashtra State and Karnataka State.", "Political integration of India The Nizam was prepared to enter into a limited treaty with India, which gave Hyderabad safeguards not provided for in the standard Instrument of Accession, such as a provision guaranteeing Hyderabad's neutrality in the event of a conflict between India and Pakistan. India rejected this proposal, arguing that other states would demand similar concessions. A temporary Standstill Agreement was signed as a stopgap measure, even though Hyderabad had not yet agreed to accede to India.[77] By December 1947, however, India was accusing Hyderabad of repeatedly violating the Agreement, while the Nizam alleged that India was blockading his state, a charge India denied.[78]", "Telangana When Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. The Nizam Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV signed the Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defence and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a princely state among the presidencies and provinces of British India.[25]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad It was the Nizam's first visit to the radio station. The Nizam of Hyderabad, in his radio speech on 23 September 1948, said \"In November last [1947], a small group which had organized a quasi-military organization surrounded the homes of my Prime Minister, the Nawab of Chhatari, in whose wisdom I had complete confidence, and of Sir Walter Monkton, my constitutional Adviser, by duress compelled the Nawab and other trusted ministers to resign and forced the Laik Ali Ministry on me. This group headed by Kasim Razvi had no stake in the country or any record of service behind it. By methods reminiscent of Hitlerite Germany it took possession of the State, spread terror ... and rendered me completely helpless.\"[41]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad The operation led to massive violence on communal lines. The Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission known as the Sunderlal Committee. Its report, which was not released until 2013, concluded that \"as a very reasonable & modest estimate...the total number of deaths in the state...somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000.\"[3] Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.[4]", "List of princely states of British India (by region) By the Indian Independence Act 1947, the British gave up their suzerainty of the states and left each of them free to choose whether to join one of the newly independent countries of India and Pakistan or to remain outside them. For a short time, some of the rulers explored the possibility of a federation of the states separate from either, but this came to nothing. Most of the states then decided to accede to India or to Pakistan, such as Junagadh (1947â€“1948), Hyderabad on 18 September 1948, Bilaspur on 12 October 1948, and Bhopal on 1 May 1949. Travancore also chose to remain an independent country.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Hyder mediated some efforts to minimize the influence of the Razakars.[citation needed] Razvi, while generally receptive, vetoed the option of disarming them, saying that with the Hyderabad state army ineffective, the Razakars were the only means of self-defence available. By the end of August 1948, a full blown invasion by India was imminent.[34]", "Dominion of India Most of the 552 princely states within Indian territory acceded to the Dominion of India due to the work of the civil servant V. P. Menon. The Hindu-majority Junagadh State located in modern-day Gujarat attempted to accede to Pakistan under the Muslim Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III. It was annexed militarily by the Indian government. Similarly, the State of Hyderabad sought to remain independent and was also annexed by India in 1948.[3]", "Telangana Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages, the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Mauryans, Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Delhi Sultanate, Bahmani Sultanate, Golconda Sultanate. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the region was ruled by the Mughals.[8][9] The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb. During the 18th century and the British Raj, Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad.[10] In 1823, the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars (Coastal Andhra) and Ceded Districts (Rayalseema), which were handed over to the East India Company. The annexation by the British of the Northern Circars deprived Hyderabad State , the Nizam's dominion, of the considerable coastline it formerly had, to that of a landlocked princely state with territories in Central Deccan, bounded on all sides by British India. Thereafter, the Northern Circars were governed as part of Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947, after which the presidency became India's Madras state.[11]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad In the East, forces led by Lt. Gen A.A. Rudra met with fierce resistance from two armoured car cavalry units of the Hyderabad State Forces. equipped with Humber armoured cars and Staghounds, namely the 2nd and 4th Hyderabad Lancers,[39] but managed to reach the town of Kodar by 0830 hours. Pressing on, the force reached Mungala by the afternoon.", "Hyderabad According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:[62] \"(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh.\"", "Indian Armed Forces The period immediately following Indian independence was a traumatic time for India and her armed services. Along with the newly independent India, the Indian Armed Forces were forcibly divided between India and Pakistan, with ships, divisions and aircraft allocated to the respective Dominions. During this period, the armed forces of India were involved in a number of significant military operations, notably the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and Operation Polo, the code name of a military operation in September 1948 where the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam, annexing the state into the Indian Union. On 15 January 1949, General K M Cariappa was appointed the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian army.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad At the time of the British withdrawal from India, the Nizam announced that he did not intend to join either new dominion,[21] and proceeded to appoint trade representatives in European countries and to begin negotiations with the Portuguese, seeking to lease or buy Goa to provide his state with access to the sea.[22]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad According to an account by Mohammed Hyder, a civil servant in Osmanabad district, a variety of armed militant groups, including Razakars and Deendars and ethnic militias of Pathans and Arabs claimed to be defending the Islamic faith and made claims on the land. \"From the beginning of 1948 the Razakars had extended their activities from Hyderabad city into the towns and rural areas, murdering Hindus, abducting women, pillaging houses and fields, and looting non-Muslim property in a widespread reign of terror.\"[30][31] \"Some women became victims of rape and kidnapping by Razakars. Thousands went to jail and braved the cruelties perpetuated by the oppressive administration. Due to the activities of the Razakars, thousands of Hindus had to flee from the state and take shelter in various camps\".[32] Precise numbers are not known, but 40,000 refugees have been received by the Central Provinces.[9]:8 This led to terrorizing of the Hindu community, some of whom went across the border into independent India and organized raids into Nizam's territory, which further escalated the violence. Many of these raiders were controlled by the Congress leadership in India and had links with extremist religious elements in the Hindutva fold.[33] In all, more than 150 villages (of which 70 were in Indian territory outside Hyderabad State) were pushed into violence.", "Andhra State In the Hyderabad Assembly, on 3 December 1955, 147 of 174 MLAs expressed their view. 103 (including Marathi and Kannada MLAs) supported the merger, 16 were neutral, and 29 opposed it.[citation needed] Among Telangana MLAs, 59 supported the merger and 25 opposed it. Out of 94 Telangana MLAs in the assembly, 36 were Communists (PDF), 40 were INC, 11 were Socialist party (SP), and 9 were independents.[clarification needed] Voting did not take place on the resolution because Telangana proponents insisted on including the phrase \"As per the wishes of people\" in the resolution.[10][11]", "Hyderabad Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518;[10] he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city \"Muhammad nagar\".[15][16] The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,[17] to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda.[18] During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city.[19] On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[20][21] The annexed city \"Hyderabad\" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War),[22] whereas its state \"Golconda\" was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golconda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.[20][23]", "Telangana Following this Gentlemen's agreement, the central government established the unified state of Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.[33][34][35] G.O 553 of 1959 from the united Andhra Pradesh state moved two revenue divisions of Bhadrachalam from East Godavari and Aswaraopeta from West Godavari to Khammam for administrative convenience.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad On the noon of 17 September, a messenger brought a personal note from the Nizam to India's Agent General to Hyderabad, K.M. Munshi summoning him to the Nizam's office at 1600 hours. At the meeting, the Nizam stated \"The vultures have resigned. I don't know what to do\". Munshi advised the Nizam to secure the safety of the citizens of Hyderabad by issuing appropriate orders to the Commander of the Hyderabad State Army, Major General El Edroos. This was immediately done.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Initially, in 1945, the communists targeted zamindars and deshmukhs, but soon they launched a full-fledged revolt against the Nizam. Starting mid-1946, the conflict between the Razakars and the communists became increasingly violent, with both sides resorting to increasingly brutal methods. The Razakars cordoned off villages, captured suspected communists en masse and engaged in 'absolutely indiscriminate and organised' (according to one Congressman) looting and massacres. According to an Indian government pamphlet, the communists had killed about 2,000 people by 1948.[9]", "Nizam of Hyderabad By the time of its annexation by India, Hyderabad was the largest and most prosperous state of all the princely states. It covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km2) of fairly homogeneous territory and had a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census), of which a majority (85%) was Hindu. Hyderabad State had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service. In spite of the overwhelming Hindu majority, Hindus were severely under-represented in government, police and the military. [1] Of 1765 officers in the State Army, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 others were Christians, Parsis and Sikhs. Of the officials drawing a salary between Rs.600-1200 per month, 59 were Muslims, 5 were Hindus and 38 were of other religions. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the state.[2][3]", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) In the first State Assembly election in India, 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.[9]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad The date for the attack was fixed as 13 September, even though General Sir Roy Bucher, the Indian chief of staff, had objected on grounds that Hyderabad would be an additional front for the Indian army after Kashmir.", "Abolition of monarchy In 1947, it was agreed the Indian subcontinent would be partitioned into the independent British dominions of India and Pakistan, with the princely states acceding to one nation or the other. The accession process proceeded smoothly, with the notable exception of four of the most influential principalities. The Muslim ruler of the Hindu-majority state of Junagadh ruler acceded to Pakistan, but his decision was overruled by the Indian government, while Hyderabad chose to be independent, but was forcibly annexed to India in 1948. The Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, among the largest and most powerful of the principalities, but with a Muslim-majority population, initially held off on a decision. In the autumn of 1947, an invading force from Pakistan frightened the ruler into acceding to India. The ruler of Kalat, in Baluchistan, declared his independence in 1947, after which the state was forcibly merged with Pakistan, resulting in an insurgency persisting to this day. With the promulgation of the Indian constitution in 1950, India abolished its monarchy under the British crown and became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, followed by Pakistan in 1956; as a result of both developments, the majority of the princes formally lost their sovereign rights. A few remaining principalities in Pakistan retained their autonomy until 1969, when they finally acceded to Pakistan. The Indian government formally derecognised its princely families in 1971, followed by Pakistan in 1972.", "Political integration of India The integration of former princely states with other provinces to form new states has also given rise to some issues. The Telangana region, comprising the Telugu-speaking districts of the former Hyderabad State, were in many ways different from the Telugu-speaking areas of British India with which they were merged. In recognition of these differences, the States Reorganisation Commission originally recommended that Telangana be created as a separate state, rather than as part of a broader Telugu-speaking entity. This recommendation was rejected by the Government of India, and Telangana was merged into Andhra Pradesh. The result was the emergence in the 1960s of a movement demanding a separate Telangana state.[137] The demand has been accepted by the Union Government, leading to formation of Telangana as the 29th state of India in June 2014. A similar movement, although less strong, exists in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, which consists of the former Nagpur state and the Berar region of the former Hyderabad state.[138]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad According to the writer A. G. Noorani, Indian Prime Minister Nehru's concern was to defeat what he called Hyderabad's \"secessionist venture\", but he favoured talks and considered military option as a last resort. Sardar Patel of the Indian National Congress, however, took a hard line, and had no patience with talks. Noorani states, \"Patel hated the Nizam personally, and ideologically opposed Hyderabad's composite culture.\"[23][24]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad On 16 September, faced with imminent defeat, the Nizam summoned the Prime Minister Mir Laiq Ali and requested his resignation by the morning of the following day. The resignation was delivered along with the resignations of the entire cabinet.", "Telangana movement 20 February 2014: The Telangana bill is passed by Rajya Sabha with the support from the Congress, TRS, BJP and other local parties.[221] The bill receives the assent of the President and published in the gazette on 1 March 2014.[222] On 4 March 2014 the Government of India declares 2 June 2014 the Telangana Formation Day.[223] Telangana is the 29th state of the Union of India with Hyderabad as its capital. Both states will share the capital for 10 years until Seemandhra can establish its own. However, the revenues of Hyderabad and state governing power will go only to Telangana. No special status was accorded to Seemandhra, though it was hinted in the Telangana Bill.[224]", "Political integration of India Through this process, Patel obtained the unification of 222 states in the Kathiawar peninsula of his native Gujarat into the princely union of Saurashtra in January 1948, with six more states joining the union the following year.[99] Madhya Bharat emerged on 28 May 1948 from a union of Gwalior, Indore and eighteen smaller states.[100] In Punjab, the Patiala and East Punjab States Union was formed on 15 July 1948 from Patiala, Kapurthala, Jind, Nabha, Faridkot, Malerkotla, Nalargarh, and Kalsia.[101] The United State of Rajasthan was formed as the result of a series of mergers, the last of which was completed on 15 May 1949.[102] Travancore and Cochin were merged in the middle of 1949 to form the princely union of Travancore-Cochin.[103] The only princely states which signed neither Covenants of Merger nor Merger Agreements were Kashmir, Mysore and Hyderabad.", "States and union territories of India Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a \"Union of States\".[12] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:", "Hyderabad State Congress Following the Government of India Act, 1935, British India introduced major constitutional reforms, with a loose federal structure for India and provincial autonomy. In the provincial elections of February 1937, the Indian National Congress emerged with clear majority in most provinces of British India and formed provincial governments. The Andhra Mahasabha passed a resolution in favour of responsible government and the parallel organisations of Maharastrha Parishad and Karnataka Parishad were formed in their respective regions. The Nizam appointed a fresh Constitutional Reforms Committee in September 1937. However, the gagging orders of the 1920s remained curtailing the freedom of press and restrictions on public speeches and meetings. In response, a 'Hyderabad People's Convention' was created, with a working committee of 23 leading Hindus and 5 Muslims. The convention ratified a report, which was submitted to the Constitutional Reforms Committee in January 1938. However, four of the five Muslim members of the working committee refused to sign the report, reducing its potential impact.[3]", "Hyderabad State (1948–56) Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Even as India and Hyderabad negotiated, most of the sub-continent had been thrown into chaos as a result of communal Hindu-Muslim riots pending the imminent partition of India. Fearing a Hindu civil uprising in his own kingdom, the Nizam allowed Razvi to set up a voluntary militia of Muslims called the 'Razakars'. The Razakars – who numbered up to 200,000 at the height of the conflict – swore to uphold Islamic domination in Hyderabad and the Deccan plateau[9]:8 in the face of growing public opinion amongst the majority Hindu population favouring the accession of Hyderabad into the Indian Union.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad The Nizam also made unsuccessful attempts to seek intervention of the United Nations.[27]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Hyderabad state had been steadily becoming more theocratic since the beginning of the 20th century.[citation needed] In 1926, Mahmud Nawazkhan, a retired Hyderabad official, founded the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (also known as Ittehad or MIM) in 1926. \"Its objectives were to unite the Muslims in the State in support of Nizam and to reduce the Hindu majority by large-scale conversion to Islam\".[19] The MIM became a powerful communal organization, with the principal focus to marginalize the political aspirations of Hindus and moderate Muslims.[19]", "Andhra Pradesh In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated \"Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)\". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[51] On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State.[52] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.", "Nizam of Hyderabad In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[11][12] Nizam I never formally declared independence from the Mughals; he still flew the Mughal flag, and was never crowned. In Friday prayers, the sermon would be conducted in the name of Aurangzeb, and this tradition would continue until the end of Hyderabad State in 1948. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Machilipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.[13]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad In late 1945, there started a peasant uprising in Telangana area, led by communists. The communists drew their support from various quarters. Among the poor peasants, there were grievances against the jagirdari system, which covered 43% of land holding. Initially they also drew support from wealthier peasants who also fought under the communist banner, but by 1948, the coalition had disintegrated.[9] According to the Indian intelligence Bureau Deputy Director, the social and economic programs of the communists were \"positive and in some cases great...The communists redistributed land and livestock, reduced rates, ended forced labour and increased wages by one hundred percent. They inoculated the population and built public latrines; they encouraged women's organisations, discouraged sectarian sentiment and sought to abolish untouchability.\"[9]", "Bhopal State (1949–56) Before the independence of India the princely state of Bhopal was ruled by the hereditary Nawabs. As a result of the Indian Independence Act 1947, the princely states were released from their treaty obligations to the British and were left to decide whether to join one of the new dominions of India and Pakistan. In March 1948, the last Nawab expressed his wish to rule Bhopal as an independent state. However, agitations against his rule broke out in December 1948, leading to the arrest of prominent leaders including Shankar Dayal Sharma. On 23 January 1949, Sharma was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment for violating restrictions on public meetings; some other satyagrahis were also arrested. Later, the political detainees were released and on 30 April 1949 the Nawab signed an Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India.[1] The state of Bhopal was taken over by the Union Government of India on 1 June 1949 and was declared a \"Part C\" state, to be governed by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the President of India.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad On receiving directions from the government to seize and annex Hyderabad,[citation needed] the Indian army came up with the Goddard Plan (laid out by Lt. Gen. E. N. Goddard, the Commander-in-Chief of the Southern Command). The plan envisaged two main thrusts – from Vijayawada in the East and Solapur in the West – while smaller units pinned down the Hyderabadi army along the border. Overall command was placed in the hands of Lt. Gen. Rajendrasinghji, DSO.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad In the 1936–37 Indian elections, the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah had sought to harness Muslim aspirations, and had won the adherence of MIM leader Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung, who campaigned for an Islamic State centred on the Nizam as the Sultan dismissing all claims for democracy. The Arya Samaj, a Hindu revivalist movement, had been demanding greater access to power for the Hindu majority since the late 1930s, and was curbed by the Nizam in 1938. The Hyderabad State Congress joined forces with the Arya Samaj as well as the Hindu Mahasabha in the State.[28]", "Nizam of Hyderabad During the period of Nizam rule, Hyderabad State became the richest. Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII and his family including Salar Jung I were taught by Nawab Sarwar Ul Mulk and Agha Mirza Baig Bahadur, who was his political advisor,[21] and the senior-most salute state among the Indian princely states. It was spread over 223,000 km2 (86,000 sq mi) in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizams were conferred with the title of His Exalted Highness, and \"Faithful Ally of the British Government\" by the imperial-colonial British government for their collaborating role in the wars against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, the First war of Indian Independence of 1857–1858,[22] becoming the only Indian prince to be given both these titles.[23]\nThe rule of the Nizams brought cultural and economic growth for Hyderabad city. One example of the wealth of Nizam rule is the Jewels of the Nizams, which is an international tourist attraction occasionally displayed in Salar Jung Museum. In 1948 Hyderabad state had an estimated population of 17 million (1.7 crore), and it generated an estimated annual revenue of £90,029,000.[22] The state had its own currency known as the Hyderabadi rupee, until 1951.[24] The pace at which the last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937 and he was also known for his miserliness.[23] He was estimated to be worth ₹660 crores (roughly US$2 billion by the then exchange rates).[25] According to the Forbes All-Time Wealthiest List of 2008, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man in recorded history per the figures, with an estimated worth of US$210.8 billion adjusted by Forbes as per the growth of the US GDP since that period and the present exchange-rate of the US dollar against the Indian rupee.[24] The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals and schools, colleges, universities that imparted education in Urdu.[24] Inspired by the Indian Civil Service, the Nizams established their own local Hyderabad Civil Service. They were great engineers: for example, they built large reservoirs. Survey work on the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was initiated during this time, although the actual work was actually completed under the aegis of the Government of India in 1969.[26][27]", "Political integration of India The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana Rebellion, led by communists, which started in 1946 as a peasant revolt against feudal elements; and one which the Nizam was not able to subjugate.[79][80] The situation deteriorated further in 1948. The Razakars (\"volunteers\"), a militia affiliated to the Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen and set up under the influence of Muslim radical Qasim Razvi, assumed the role of supporting the Muslim ruling class against upsurges by the Hindu populace, and began intensifying its activities and was accused of attempting to intimidate villages. The Hyderabad State Congress Party, affiliated to the Indian National Congress, launched a political agitation.[81] Matters were made worse by communist groups, which had originally supported the Congress but now switched sides and began attacking Congress groups.[81] Attempts by Mountbatten to find a negotiated solution failed and, in August, the Nizam, claiming that he feared an imminent invasion, attempted to approach the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice.[82] Patel now insisted that if Hyderabad was allowed to continue its independence, the prestige of the Government would be tarnished and then neither Hindus nor Muslims would feel secure in its realm.[83]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad On 6 September an Indian police post near Chillakallu village came under heavy fire from Razakar units. The Indian Army command sent a squadron of The Poona Horse led by Abhey Singh and a company of 2/5 Gurkha Rifles to investigate who were also fired upon by the Razakars. The tanks of the Poona Horse then chased the Razakars to Kodar, in Hyderabad territory. Here they were opposed by the armoured cars of 1 Hyderabad Lancers. In a brief action the Poona Horse destroyed one armoured car and forced the surrender of the state garrison at Kodar.", "Hyderabad Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE.[7] The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda (Golla Konda-\"shepherd's hill\"),[8] and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE.[9] Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[10]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad According to Taylor C. Sherman, \"India claimed that the government of Hyderabad was edging towards independence by divesting itself of its Indian securities, banning the Indian currency, halting the export of ground nuts, organising illegal gun-running from Pakistan, and inviting new recruits to its army and to its irregular forces, the Razakars.\" The Hyderabadi envoys accused India of setting up armed barricades on all land routes and of attempting to economically isolate their nation.[9]", "Hyderabad-Karnataka Hyderabadâ€“Karnataka is a region located in north-east Karnataka, India. It is the Kannada-speaking part of the Hyderabad State, that was ruled by the Nizams of Hyderabad until 1948. After merging with the Indian union, the region was part of Hyderabad State until 1956. The Hyderabad-Karnataka region comprises Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal, Bellary and Gulbarga that are in the present state of Karnataka. The Hyderabad-Karnataka region is the second largest arid region in India.[1][2][3][4]", "Hyderabad Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbɑːd/ ( listen) HY-dər-ə-baad) is the capital of the Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[A] Occupying 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about 6.9 million and a metropolitan population of about 7.75 million, making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of 542 metres (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar—predating the city's founding—north of the city centre.", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Hyderabad violated all clauses of the agreement: in external affairs, by carrying out intrigues with Pakistan, to which it secretly loaned 15 million pounds; in defence, by building up a large semi-private army; in communications, by interfering with the traffic at the borders and the through traffic of Indian railways.[25] India was also accused of violating the agreement by imposing an economic blockade. It turned out that the state of Bombay was interfering with supplies to Hyderabad without the knowledge of Delhi. The Government promised to take up the matter with the provincial governments, but scholar Lucien Benichou states that it was never done. There were also delays in arms shipments to Hyderabad from India.[26]", "Indian annexation of Hyderabad Nehru was reluctant to invade, fearing a military response by Pakistan. India was unaware that Pakistan had no plans to use arms in Hyderabad, unlike Kashmir where it had admitted its troops were present.[9] Time magazine pointed out that if India invaded Hyderabad, the Razakars would massacre Hindus, which would lead to retaliatory massacres of Muslims across India.[35]", "Telangana The area came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, followed by the Bahmani Sultanate. Quli Qutb Mulk, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[24]" ]	[ "Hyderabad State (1948–56) Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956." ]
test3262	who owns the golden nugget casino in atlantic city	[ "doc111533" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc111533", "doc111537", "doc111542", "doc111540", "doc111539", "doc1695652", "doc362590", "doc111541", "doc1695654", "doc111538", "doc1695650", "doc362589", "doc2294204", "doc392784", "doc392802", "doc111536", "doc392803", "doc2294205", "doc111534", "doc2069056", "doc2294199", "doc2294200", "doc1695653", "doc2069025", "doc111543", "doc1340382", "doc392816", "doc2355824", "doc392799", "doc392789", "doc392787", "doc2355825", "doc392791", "doc392817", "doc2069040", "doc392792", "doc1340363", "doc392804", "doc2069028", "doc392795", "doc2069043", "doc2069030", "doc392794", "doc392786", "doc1340379", "doc238268", "doc392785", "doc1695661", "doc2069044", "doc392821", "doc2294203", "doc2061255", "doc111544", "doc392820", "doc392800", "doc1346571", "doc2294202", "doc1219956", "doc1340380", "doc392822", "doc1219982", "doc392788", "doc392819", "doc1346573", "doc1220005", "doc362586", "doc1165586", "doc1340389", "doc1585371", "doc392818", "doc1340381", "doc217715", "doc844289", "doc392790", "doc2355826", "doc1340398", "doc903271", "doc1761814", "doc362578", "doc1219981", "doc2069045", "doc1165581", "doc1219954", "doc2069027", "doc1618243", "doc1219953", "doc2201731", "doc505210", "doc1618241", "doc1340373", "doc1585365", "doc124563", "doc2294206", "doc362595", "doc1695651", "doc2069029", "doc1219955", "doc174043", "doc392801", "doc1219986" ]	[ "Golden Nugget Atlantic City Golden Nugget Atlantic City is a hotel, casino, and marina located in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Opened in 1985 as Trump's Castle, it was renamed Trump Marina in 1997. Landry's, Inc. purchased the casino from Trump Entertainment Resorts in February 2011, and the sale was approved in late May. Landry's took control of the property on May 23, 2011.", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City The casino was built by Hilton Hotels, but when the building was nearly complete, that company was denied a gambling license by the State of New Jersey due to alleged ties to organized crime and sold the complex to Donald Trump.[3] It opened in 1985 as Trump's Castle.[4] In 1988, the casino became one of the settings for the game show version of Yahtzee, and in 1990 it was the setting for the game show Trump Card.", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City Landry's purchased the property for $38 million,[22] taking control on May 23, 2011,[23] and renamed it the Golden Nugget Atlantic City. Landry's then spent $150 million on renovations that were completed in spring 2012, opening new restaurants and clubs and a new outdoor pool and modernizing the resort;[24][25] the marina was also renovated.[26]", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City Trump then began negotiations to sell a 50 percent stake in the property to the Rank Organization for $325 million and convert it into a Hard Rock Hotel and Casino.[11] Discussions fizzled in December 1996, and Trump said he would look for a new theme, saying he \"never liked the castle theme.\"[12] Trump next announced an agreement to sell a 51 percent stake in the Castle to Colony Capital for $125 million, which would be used to construct a new hotel tower and re-theme the property as Trump Marina.[13] The sale and expansion were canceled, however, in March 1997.[14]", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City Trump reacquired full ownership of the Castle in a refinancing deal in December 1993.[9] He then sold the property in September 1996 to his new publicly traded casino company, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, for $130 million in stock plus $355 million in assumed debt.[10]", "Golden Nugget Las Vegas The Golden Nugget was originally built in 1946,[3] making it one of the oldest casinos in the city. Jackie Gaughan at one time owned a stake in the hotel as part of his many downtown properties.[4] Steve Wynn bought a stake in the Nugget, which he increased so that, in 1973, he became the majority shareholder, and the youngest casino owner in Las Vegas.[5] In 1977 he opened the first hotel tower and the resort earned its first four diamond rating from Mobil Travel Guide. It was the foundation for Wynn's rise to prominence in the casino industry. The second hotel tower opened in 1984 along with the showroom, and the third tower was opened in 1989. In 2000, the Golden Nugget (and all of Mirage Resorts' other properties) was sold to MGM Grand, Inc. (later named MGM Mirage).", "Tilman Fertitta The Golden Nugget Atlantic City was previously called the Trump Marina. Fertitta purchased this casino from The Trump Organization after the casino went bankrupt. The Golden Nugget Lake Charles was bought after Fertitta found a license and resort land for sale from Pinnacle Entertainment, which owns the adjacent L'Auberge du Lac Resort. Fertitta stated he built the casino with the idea of having a casino in close proximity to his Houston hometown. After the first year proved the casino was successful, a new 300 room tower began construction on the property.", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City The Castle was renamed Trump Marina in June 1997.[15] Trump Entertainment Resorts agreed in May 2008 to sell Trump Marina for $316 million to New York-based Coastal Development, who planned to rebrand the property as a Margaritaville casino in partnership with singer Jimmy Buffett.[16] Despite a later price reduction to $270 million,[17] Coastal was unable to find financing, and the agreement was terminated in June 2009.[18] Negotiations continued while Atlantic City casino values plunged, with Coastal offering $75 million for the property in February 2010,[19] but no deal was reached.[20] Bondholders who had taken over Trump Entertainment Resorts after its 2009 bankruptcy remained eager to sell Trump Marina and focus on the company's two other casinos.[21]", "Golden Nugget Las Vegas On February 4, 2005, Houston, Texas-based Landry's, Inc announced its intent to purchase the property and the Golden Nugget Laughlin. The sale closed on September 27, 2005. After the purchase, the Golden Nugget embarked on a 14-month, $100 million renovation project, which was completed in November 2006. In December 2007, the Golden Nugget completed its $70 million Phase II project, which expanded the resort west onto First Street and introduced additional entertainment, event and dining venues. Phase III was the opening of a 500-room, $150 million hotel tower on November 20, 2009 along with the Chart House restaurant.[1]", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City Revenues at Trump Castle took a sharp decline in 1990 due to competition from its newly opened sister property, Trump Taj Mahal, as well as broader economic factors such as the Gulf War and the early 1990s recession.[5] A payment to bondholders was made in December 1990 only with the help of a $3.5 million purchase of casino chips by Trump's father, Fred Trump, which was later determined to be an illegal loan, for which the casino paid a fine of $30,000.[6] Unable to make its next payment on $338 million in bonds, the Castle began debt restructuring negotiations in May 1991.[7] Hilton offered to repurchase the property for $165 million, which Trump rejected.[8] A deal was ultimately reached to give the bondholders 50 percent ownership of the Castle, in exchange for reduced interest rates and forgiveness of $25 million of debt.[5] The plan was filed as a prepackaged bankruptcy in March 1992.[5]", "Golden Nugget Las Vegas The Golden Nugget Las Vegas is a luxury hotel and casino located in Las Vegas, Nevada on the Fremont Street Experience. The property is owned and operated by Landry's, Inc.[1]", "Tilman Fertitta Landry's first expanded to casinos in 2005 when it bought Golden Nugget Casinos, including locations in Las Vegas and Laughlin, Nevada. Since then, Landry's has opened casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey; Biloxi, Mississippi; and Lake Charles, Louisiana.", "Golden Nugget Lake Charles In December 2012, Pinnacle agreed to acquire Ameristar.[10] In order to obtain approval for the merger from FTC antitrust regulators, Pinnacle agreed to the sale of two of the combined company's properties, including Ameristar Lake Charles.[11] A sale agreement was reached with Landry's, Inc., parent company of the Golden Nugget casinos, who agreed to pay the costs expended on the project's development to date.[11]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City The Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City (formerly Trump Taj Mahal) is a casino and hotel on the Boardwalk, owned by Hard Rock International, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States.[3]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City In filing a revised reorganization plan in Delaware bankruptcy court, Trump Entertainment Resorts said its board had approved a shutdown of the casino by December 12, 2014. The shutdown date was later pushed back to December 20. On December 18, two days before the scheduled closure, UNITE HERE reached a deal with Trump Entertainment Resorts that saved the Taj from closing. The same day, billionaire Carl Icahn committed $20 million in financing for the Taj.[39]", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City The resort's 2000-seat ballroom and 462-seat theater have played host to a wide array of entertainers including Prince, Sting, Steve Martin, Ray Charles, Billy Crystal, Air Supply and Aretha Franklin. On Memorial Day weekend in 2013 Haven nightclub opened.[1][2]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City In February 2016, Trump Entertainment Resorts exited bankruptcy and became a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises. The casino retained the name \"Trump Taj Mahal\", though Donald Trump no longer held any ownership stake.[40] In April, another Icahn affiliate, Tropicana Entertainment, took over the property under a management agreement.[41][42] Icahn also stated he would withhold a planned $100-million investment into the property if New Jersey approved casinos in the northern region of the state.[43]", "Golden Nugget Lake Charles Landry's owner Tilman J. Fertitta announced improvements and upgrades to the property, investing more than $600 million in the project, one of the most expensive construction endeavors in the United States at the time. In December 2013, construction topped out on the 25-story accommodations tower.[12] Located just two hours from Houston, Fertitta had long desired a casino-resort near the headquarters of Landry's, Inc.[13]", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City The resort sits on a 14.6 acres (5.9 ha) property and contains a 74,252 sq ft (6,898.2 m2) casino; 728 guest rooms; seven restaurants; a nightclub; a 462-seat theater; a 16,920 sq ft (1,572 m2) recreation deck with a health spa, outdoor heated pool, hot tubs, cabanas, tennis and basketball courts, and jogging track; 50,922 sq ft (4,730.8 m2) of meeting and function space; a nine-story parking garage with direct walk-through into the complex; and the 640-slip Frank Farley Marina (a public facility owned by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry and managed by Landry's).", "Trump Taj Mahal After the March 2017 announcement that Florida-based Hard Rock, which manages gambling and resort operations for the Seminole Indian tribe, bought the Casino from Carl Icahn, Hard Rock International detailed plans to spend $325 million in refurbishing. The new property will feature two separate arenas with seating totaling 7,000 and 2,400 more slot machines. The property is expected to open in the summer of 2018. “If we can’t do it right, we’re not going to do it,” said Jim Allen, chairman of Hard Rock International. “Our commitment to Atlantic City has never been stronger and we look forward to being a catalyst for further growth and development of the area.” Allen is confident that Hard Rock’s opening will not hurt the city’s remaining seven casinos. In 2016, the casino industry generated more than $3.6 billion in revenue. “Atlantic City, no doubt, has had some challenging times,” said Allen, who owns a home in Linwood. “I think that it’s very important to understand that it’s still the second biggest gaming market in the United States.”[63]", "Golden Nugget Lake Charles Golden Nugget Lake Charles is a 242-acre waterfront casino resort in Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A.,[1] owned and operated by Houston-based Landry's, Inc.[2] The resort features 740 guest rooms and suites housed in a 25-story tower, an 18-hole golf course, 30,000-square-feet of meeting space, more than a dozen dining and bar options, a private beach, marina, spa & salon, retail corridor and expansive 24-hour casino floor.[3]", "Golden Nugget Lake Charles Golden Nugget Lake Charles is the fifth Golden Nugget property, joining the original location in Downtown Las Vegas, and others in Laughlin, Nevada; Atlantic City, New Jersey and Biloxi, Mississippi.[4]", "Golden Nugget Las Vegas Although the Golden Nugget was profitable, it was not part of the master expansion plan of the corporation which was focused on consolidating a long stretch of the Strip by acquiring Mandalay Resort Group, building City Center, and beginning construction in Macau. Gaming revenue on Fremont Street had peaked in fiscal year 1993. The Golden Nugget was sold for $215 million to Poster Financial Group, owned by Timothy Poster and Thomas Breitling in 2004. When Poster Financial assumed control of the Golden Nugget, they began to upgrade the gambling operation by installing new cashless slot machines and by increasing the maximum bet available at table games to $15,000. Their story became the basis for The Casino, a television series on Fox that premiered on June 14, 2004.", "Trump Taj Mahal The Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City (formerly Trump Taj Mahal) is a casino and hotel on the Boardwalk is now currently undergoing refurbishment in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States, owned by Hard Rock International.[2]", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City On December 16, 2013, the Golden Nugget launched a real-money online casino site, GoldenNuggetCasino.com.[27] Despite its late entrance into the market relative to competitors, by 2017 the online site had grown substantially, becoming the first New Jersey online casino to offer 400 games[28] and earning more revenues than any other New Jersey online casino each month since December 2016.[29]", "Ocean Resort Casino On April 7, 2015, Revel was sold to Glenn Straub's Polo North Country Club for $82 million.[3]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City After the March 2017 announcement that Florida-based Hard Rock, which manages gambling and resort operations for the Seminole Indian tribe, bought the Casino from Carl Icahn, Hard Rock International detailed plans to spend $325 million in refurbishing. The new property will feature two separate arenas with seating totaling 7,000 and 2,400 more slot machines. The property reopened on June 28, 2018.[34][34]", "Resorts Casino Hotel After the conclusion of the deal between Griffin and Trump, Griffin spent $90 million making improvements to Resorts Atlantic City, while selling the Paradise Island property to Sun International Hotels. Griffin later sold the remainder of Griffin Gaming and Entertainment in 1998 to Sun International Hotels for $350 million. Sun International was headed by Sol Kerzner, and under his leadership the company planned a $500 million revamping of the property after completing the purchase. However, the company only completed a $48 million expansion and renovation to Resorts Atlantic City in 1999 before refocusing its efforts on its other international properties. In 2001, Sun International sold the property to Colony Capital for $140 million; less than half of the cost the company originally paid to buy the property.[14]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock International announced its purchase of the Trump Taj Mahal property, and officially reopened as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Atlantic City,[3] on June 28, 2018.[34]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City After Crosby's death in April 1986, Resorts International became a takeover target.[9] The Taj Mahal had encountered construction problems, and Crosby's heirs, lacking experience in large development projects, doubted their ability to complete it successfully.[10] Donald Trump, who owned two other Atlantic City casinos, beat out several other bidders to purchase a controlling stake in the company for $79 million in July 1987.[11] Trump was appointed chairman of Resorts International, and said he would complete the Taj Mahal in about a year.[11]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City On March 1, 2017, the Seminole Tribe of Florida through its Hard Rock International brand, and the Morris and Jingoli families, announced its purchase of the facility and conversion to the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino brand. It reopened on June 28, 2018.[5]", "Resorts Casino Hotel On December 10, 2009, it was announced that Resort International was not able to pay the mortgage for more than a year for the Atlantic City property and made a deal to have the loan canceled and surrender the property to RAC Atlantic City Holdings L.L.C. (which is owned by the lenders, Wells Fargo and others).[15] In 2010 former Tropicana Casino and Resort President Dennis Gomes announced his intentions to purchase Resorts Atlantic City for $35 million in cash from the lenders who took over after Colony Capital defaulted. The casino was taken over by DGMB Casinos, a company headed by Dennis Gomes, in December 2010, days before the casino was scheduled to shut down.", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City As the total budget had ballooned to $930 million, Resorts sought to raise $550 million to complete the Taj Mahal, but struggled to find the financing.[14] With the company claiming to be near bankruptcy in early 1988, Trump made a tender offer to buy all outstanding stock for $22 a share, stating that he was willing to personally finance the construction, but only if he owned the entire company.[15] Television producer Merv Griffin made an unexpected offer to purchase the company for $35 a share,[16] sparking a highly publicized takeover battle,[17] with Trump and Griffin filing lawsuits against each other.[18] The two ultimately reached a settlement, which was executed in November 1988, with Griffin purchasing the company, and Trump purchasing the Taj Mahal from the company for $273 million.[19]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City The Trump Taj Mahal, seen from the beach", "Trump Taj Mahal On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock International announced its purchase of the Trump Taj Mahal property, where it will transform the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Atlantic City, in summer of 2018. [32]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Trump raised $675 million to finance the purchase and completion of the casino, primarily through junk bonds with a 14 percent interest rate.[20][21]", "Ocean Resort Casino Later that month, on September 11, 2014, the casino reached a deal to sell itself to Glenn Straub's Polo North Country Club, a developer based in Florida, for $90 million, a fraction of the cost of construction. The plans fell through, and Revel was planned to be sold at a September 30, 2014 auction to Brookfield Asset Management for $110 million. However, on November 19, Brookfield Management backed out of the deal.[2] On April 7, 2015, Revel was sold to Polo North Country Club for $82 million.[3] One of the property's tenants and new management of the property announced plans to reopen Revel under the name TEN.[4]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City On Monday, October 10, 2016, the Trump Taj Mahal Hotel and Casino was shut down.[44] After the closing on that date, one UNITE HERE leader raised the possibility that the casino would remain closed over the winter but will reopen in Spring 2017 as a non-union facility, an attempt that he said would try to prompt a union boycott.[45] On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock International announced plans to spend $300 million to purchase the resort and renovate it,[34] It re-opened as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City on June 28, 2018.[46][34] In the meantime, the Hard Rock Cafe within the building, which is located at the boardwalk, remains open, despite the closure of the rest of the building. The company that owns the restaurant has since announced its acquisition of the entire complex.", "Trump Taj Mahal On March 1, 2017, the Seminole Tribe of Florida through its Hard Rock International brand, and the Morris and Jingoli families, announced its purchase of the facility and conversion to the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino brand.", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Trump's new publicly traded company, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996, in a transaction that valued the property at $890 million.[28][29] In the 1990s, Trump's Taj Mahal casino was \"the world's largest, most flamboyant casino\" and Trump took on an \"enormous amount of debt\" to launch it.[30] During eighteen months after its April 2, 1990 opening,[22] when the Casino was on the verge of bankruptcy, it became the \"preferred gambling spot for Russian mobsters living in Brooklyn, according to federal investigators who tracked organized crime in New York City.\"[30]", "Trump Taj Mahal In filing a revised reorganization plan in Delaware bankruptcy court, Trump Entertainment Resorts said its board had approved a shutdown of the casino by December 12, 2014. The shutdown date was later pushed back to December 20. On December 18, two days before the scheduled closure, UNITE HERE reached a deal with Trump Entertainment Resorts that saved the Taj from closing. The same day, billionaire Carl Icahn committed $20 million in financing for the Taj.[37]", "Trump Taj Mahal After Crosby's death in April 1986, Resorts International became a takeover target.[7] The Taj Mahal had encountered construction problems, and Crosby's heirs, lacking experience in large development projects, doubted their ability to complete it successfully.[8] Donald Trump, who owned two other Atlantic City casinos, beat out several other bidders to purchase a controlling stake in the company for $79 million in July 1987.[9] Trump was appointed chairman of Resorts International, and said he would complete the Taj Mahal in about a year.[9]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City In 1991, the Taj Mahal went through a prepackaged bankruptcy, resulting in Trump giving a 50 percent stake in the business to its bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates and a longer payoff schedule.[26][27]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City The Taj Mahal came to the brink of closure in 2014 as its parent company went through bankruptcy, but ultimately remained open under the new ownership of Icahn Enterprises. In 2015, the Taj Mahal admitted to having “willfully violated” anti-money-laundering regulations for years and was fined $10 million. It was the highest penalty ever levied by the US Federal government against a casino. On August 3, 2016, it was announced that the Trump Taj Mahal would close after Labor Day, because of casino workers on strike.[4] It was closed on October 10, 2016.", "Ocean Resort Casino Revel Group LLC, headed by former Revel Atlantic City CEO Kevin DeSanctis, released a statement on September 22, 2014, announcing Revel Group was terminating its license agreement with Revel, citing \"the property has failed to use the licensed marks in a manner consistent with Revel's standards of quality as provided for in its License Agreement.\"[39]", "Aquarius Casino Resort In October 2017, Golden Entertainment closed its $850 million purchase of American Casino & Entertainment Properties which expanded the company's casino portfolio by four: the Stratosphere Las Vegas, Arizona Charlie's Boulder, Arizona Charlie's Decatur, and the Aquarius Casino Resort.[2]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City The casino, originally known as the Trump Taj Mahal, was inaugurated by its then-owner Donald Trump in 1990, and was built at a total cost of nearly one billion dollars. Originally Restaurants at the Taj Mahal included Hard Rock Cafe, Sultan's Feast, Dynasty, Il Mulino New York, Moon at Dynasty, and Robert's Steakhouse. It was also the home of Scores, the country's first in-casino strip club.", "Golden Nugget Las Vegas Tom Breitling and Tim Poster were the highest profile successful entrepreneurs who profited in the downtown market during the last crisis. As recounted in Tom Breitling's book, Double or Nothing, the partners agreed to buy the Golden Nugget and had an agreement to sell the property after operating it for only one year.[11] The partners made $113 million in profit called the highest rate of return in such a short time in the gaming industry.[12] Amazingly enough the partners had a negative income for the year and the fortune was made while total revenue for downtown was still basically flat.", "Trump Taj Mahal In February 2016, Trump Entertainment Resorts exited bankruptcy and became a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises. The casino retained the name \"Trump Taj Mahal\", though Donald Trump no longer held any ownership stake.[38] In April, another Icahn affiliate, Tropicana Entertainment, took over the property under a management agreement.[39][40] Icahn also stated he would withhold a planned $100-million investment into the property if New Jersey approved casinos in the northern region of the state.[41]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Front of Taj Mahal", "Golden Nugget Lake Charles Ameristar Casinos purchased Creative Casinos in June 2012 for $32.5 million, after Lee had difficulty financing construction.[9] The project was renamed as Ameristar Lake Charles.[9]", "Plaza Hotel & Casino Barrick Gaming Corporation acquired the Plaza from Jackie Gaughan and in late 2005 later ceded operation to majority owner Tamares Group. On July 1, 2005 after Tamares took control of the Plaza mayor Oscar Goodman made his opinions clear in an article in the Las Vegas Press. He said If I had my druthers, I would like to have somebody in place to discuss imploding the Plaza.[5] He was referring to his desire to see the Plaza replaced with new construction that would create a scenic entrance to Union Park.", "Golden Nugget Atlantic City The roof of the Golden Nugget currently houses the transmitter tower and broadcast facilities of WWFP 90.5 FM[30] which is licensed to Brigantine, New Jersey and is owned by the Calvary Chapel of Marlton. The station broadcasts a Christian music format. Formerly WWFP was used as a relay of Liberty University's WVRL in Elizabeth City, North Carolina.", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Entrance to the Trump Taj Mahal at night", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Trump Entertainment Resorts filed for bankruptcy on September 10, 2014,[35]\nand announced plans to close the Taj Mahal on November 13 if the casino did not get concessions from its unions.[36] A sister property, the Trump Plaza, did close in 2014.[37]", "The D Las Vegas In December 2001, with Fitzgeralds Gaming in bankruptcy, The Majestic Star Casino, LLC, owned by Don Barden, bought the property, along with two other Fitzgeralds casinos in Colorado and Mississippi, for a total of $149 million.[11] At that point, Barden became the first African American casino owner in Las Vegas.[12] Barden separated Fitzgeralds Las Vegas from the Majestic Star umbrella two years later, to free it from restrictions imposed by the company's lenders.[13]", "Golden Nugget Lake Charles In February 2011, the license was awarded to Creative Casinos LLC, the company of former Pinnacle chairman Dan Lee, for a $400-million casino named Mojito Pointe to be built on the Sugarcane Bay site.[8]", "Atlantic City, New Jersey Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion, the first of its kind in Atlantic City. While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $1.5â€“2 billion casino resort, the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land. The biggest disappointment was when MGM Resorts International announced that it would pull out of all development for Atlantic City, effectively ending their plans for the MGM Grand Atlantic City.[57][58]", "Ocean Resort Casino Toronto-based Brookfield US Holdings LLC won a bankruptcy court auction for Revel on October 1, 2014, and planned to reopen it as-is. It submitted a bid of $110 million in an auction.", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City View of The Taj Mahal from the beach", "Atlantic City, New Jersey Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015.[105]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Construction of what was originally known as the Taj Mahal commenced in 1983 by Resorts International, owner of the neighboring Resorts Casino Hotel, with an estimated budget of $250 million.[6][7] Resorts head James Crosby said it might be named the United States Hotel, in reference to the city's first major hotel.[8]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City The Trump Taj Mahal, as seen from just beyond Pacific Avenue", "The D Las Vegas In October 2011, several months after Barden's death, his estate sold Fitzgeralds to brothers Derek and Greg Stevens, majority owners of the Golden Gate casino.[16] Derek took a 78% ownership share, with 22% for Greg.[17]", "Atlantic City, New Jersey After the premiere of Boardwalk Empire, interest in Roaring Twenties-era Atlantic City has grown. In October 2010, a plan was revealed to renovate the ailing Resorts Casino Hotel into a Roaring Twenties theme. The re-branding was proposed by current owner Dennis Gomes, and was initiated in December 2010 when he took over the casino. The changes accentuate the resort's existing art deco design, as well as presenting new 20s-era uniforms for employees and music from the time period. The casino also introduced drinks and shows reminiscent of the period.[148] The actual building where he lived, The Ritz-Carlton, offer tours.[149]", "Tilman Fertitta His portfolio includes: The Golden Nugget Hotel and Casinos; Morton's The Steakhouse; Rainforest Cafe; Bubba Gump Shrimp Co.; McCormick & Schmick's Seafood & Steaks; Saltgrass Steak House; Claim Jumper; Chart House; The Oceanaire; Mastro's Restaurants; Grotto Restaurants [24]and Vic & Anthony's Steakhouse.[25][26] In 2017 he acquired half of EMM group, owner of the Catch Restaurants [27].", "MGM Resorts International In 2004, the company disposed of some of its smaller properties, selling the two Golden Nugget casinos (Golden Nugget Las Vegas and Golden Nugget Laughlin) to Poster Financial Group for $215 million,[107] and the MGM Grand Darwin to Skycity Entertainment for $140 million.[108]", "Ocean Resort Casino On November 24, Glenn Straub announced he was buying the Energenic power plant from ACR. ACR previously warned the city that bondholders were planning to foreclose on the power plant. The deal was announced after Atlantic City threatened to issue fines and said it would consider litigation if the buildingâ€™s interior dipped below 40 degrees.[46]", "Tropicana Las Vegas In August 2015, Penn National Gaming purchased the Tropicana for $360 million.[25][26]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City The Taj Mahal, as seen from the Fairfield Resorts", "Ocean Resort Casino A bankruptcy court hearing to approve the sale was scheduled for October 7, 2014. An opposing bidder, Florida developer Glenn Straub, was selected as the backup bidder in case the Brookfield bid did not close on the deal. However Brookfield Management backed out of this deal on November 19, 2014. On January 5, 2015, a federal bankruptcy judge approved the sale of Revel to Polo North Country Club, Inc., led by Straub. On February 11, 2015, due to court battles, the sale to Straub was canceled by Revel. Then, on April 6, 2015, Straub got approval to discuss the sale of the casino to him.", "Hard Rock Cafe On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock announced plans to spend $300 million to purchase and renovate the closed Trump Taj Mahal resort for a summer 2018 re-opening as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City.[21]", "Trump International Hotel Las Vegas Phil Ruffin, Donald Trump,", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Because New Jersey law prohibited anyone from owning more than three casinos, Trump planned to close the original Resorts casino and operate it as a hotel annex to the Taj Mahal.[12][13]", "Resorts Casino Hotel In October 2010, a plan was revealed to transform the resort into a Roaring Twenties theme. The re-branding was proposed by current owner Dennis Gomes, and was initiated in December 2010 when he took over the casino. It capitalized on the success of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and changes accentuate the resort's existing art deco design, as well as presenting new 1920s-era uniforms for employees and music from the time period. The casino also introduced drinks and shows reminiscent of the period.[16]", "Ocean Resort Casino Staub gave a hint about the new name stating, \"we have some Asian painters coming up with the artwork\". Straub's team had not held a job fair or hired staff to run the operation, apart from the few facilities and security staff that were inherited with the purchase of the Revel in 2015. Straub said anyone who learned the resort was open, was welcome to check in.[54][55] The property was renamed TEN Atlantic City in September 2016, with an opening predicted for early 2017, however, this did not happen.[56]", "Treasure Island Hotel and Casino On December 15, 2008, MGM Mirage announced the resort would be sold for US$775 million to Phil Ruffin, former owner of the New Frontier Hotel and Casino.[4] Ruffin took full ownership of the hotel and casino resort on Friday, March 20, 2009.", "Donald Trump Also in 1988, Trump acquired his third casino in Atlantic City, the Taj Mahal (then halfway through construction), through a complex transaction with television host and entertainer Merv Griffin as well as the resort and casino company Resorts International.[136] In October 1989, three of his top Atlantic City executives were killed in a helicopter accident, which both stymied and delayed the planned opening of the Taj Mahal.[137] The Taj finally opened in April 1990 and was built at a total cost of $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever.[138][139] The project was financed with $675 million in junk bonds[140] and was a major gamble by Trump.[141] The project underwent debt restructuring the following year,[142] leaving Trump with 50% ownership.[143] He also sold his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.[144][145]", "Tilman Fertitta Tilman Joseph Fertitta (born June 25, 1957) is an American billionaire businessman and television personality. He is the chairman, CEO, and sole owner of Landry's, Inc., one of the largest restaurant corporations in the U.S.[2][3] He also owns the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Houston Rockets.[4][5]", "Atlantic City, New Jersey Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property at the time was the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.[103] Trump Taj Mahal closed October 10, 2016 after failing to come to terms with union workers.[104]", "Trump Taj Mahal On Monday, October 10, 2016, the Trump Taj Mahal Hotel and Casino was shut down.[42] After the closing on that date, one UNITE HERE leader raised the possibility that the casino would remain closed over the winter but will reopen in Spring 2017 as a non-union facility, an attempt that he said would try to prompt a union boycott.[43] On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock International announced plans to spend $300 million to purchase the resort and renovate it for a summer 2018 re-opening as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City.[44] In the meantime, the Hard Rock Cafe within the building, which is located at the boardwalk, remains open, despite the closure of the rest of the building. The company that owns the restaurant has since announced its acquisition of the entire complex.", "MGM Resorts International In February 2000, MGM Grand made an unsolicited offer of $17 a share to buy Mirage Resorts, which had foundered due to disappointing results at its new Beau Rivage and Bellagio resorts.[73] Analysts expected a protracted battle, with Mirage founder Steve Wynn seen as unwilling to give up control but under pressure from institutional investors.[74][75] Mirage rejected the offer,[76] but Wynn met with Kerkorian the next day and named a price of $21 a share.[77] The companies agreed on the higher price, for a total of $4.4 billion plus $2 billion in assumed debt.[78] The merger closed in May 2000,[79] giving MGM ownership of the Mirage, Treasure Island, Bellagio, Boardwalk, and Golden Nugget casinos in Las Vegas, the Golden Nugget in Laughlin, and the Beau Rivage in Mississippi, and a half share of the Monte Carlo. The company changed its name to MGM Mirage in August 2000.[80] Mirage had also owned a half stake in the Borgata, a planned casino in Atlantic City, in a joint venture managed by Boyd Gaming.[81] Work on the Borgata continued apace, and it would open in July 2003.[82]", "Atlantic City, New Jersey With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s, Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina. Nicknamed \"The Tunnel Project\", Steve Wynn planned the proposed 'Mirage Atlantic City' around the idea that he would connect the $330 million tunnel stretching 2.5 miles (4.0Â km) from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort. The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector, and funnels incoming traffic off of the expressway into the city's marina district and Brigantine, New Jersey.[55]", "Trump Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal came to the brink of closure in 2014 as its parent company went through bankruptcy, but ultimately remained open under the new ownership of Icahn Enterprises. On August 3, 2016, it was announced that the Trump Taj Mahal would close after Labor Day, because of casino workers on strike.[3] It was closed on October 10, 2016.", "Borgata MGM agreed in May 2016 to purchase Boyd's 50 percent stake in the Borgata for $900 million in cash and assumed debt.[7] MGM would then sell the property to its affiliated real estate investment trust for $1.18 billion and lease it back.[8] The sale to MGM Resorts was completed in August 2016.[9]", "Atlantic City, New Jersey In an effort at revitalizing the city, New Jersey voters in 1976 passed a referendum, approving casino gambling for Atlantic City; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass. Immediately after the legislation passed, the owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International. It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978.[49] Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and, later, in the marina district for a total of eleven today. The introduction of gambling did not, however, quickly eliminate many of the urban problems that plagued Atlantic City. Many people have suggested that it only served to exacerbate those problems, as attested to by the stark contrast between tourism intensive areas and the adjacent impoverished working-class neighborhoods.[50] In addition, Atlantic City has been less popular than Las Vegas as a gambling city in the United States.[51] Donald Trump helped bring big name boxing bouts to the city to attract customers to his casinos. The boxer Mike Tyson had most of his fights in Atlantic City in the 1980s, which helped Atlantic City achieve nationwide attention as a gambling resort.[52] Numerous highrise condominiums were built for use as permanent residences or second homes.[53] By end of the decade it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States.[54]", "Grand Sierra Resort In Spring 2013, it was announced Meruelo Group had firm deal to acquire an Atlantic City Casino and Hotel Trump Plaza for $20 million, however, in April 2013, that deal was put on hold as the parent company's mortgage holder put a stop to the deal. Meruelo was still committed to acquiring it and expanding their network of hotel/casinos. Another renovations for the meeting space occurred in summer of 2015.", "Atlantis Paradise Island The property the Atlantis Paradise Island stands on was originally part of the Paradise Island Hotel and Casino, which opened in 1968. It was owned by Resorts International, a Merv Griffin company. Donald Trump at one point owned a majority stake in Resorts International. He spun-off ownership of the Trump Taj Mahal property from the company and sold Resorts in full, including outstanding debts from Taj Mahal construction, to Griffin.[1][2] Paradise Island was purchased by South African hotel magnate Sol Kerzner and Kerzner International Limited in 1994, and Kerzner's new resort, comprising the Coral and previously built Beach Towers, opened officially in 1998. The property's name was changed to Atlantis when the Royal Towers were built. The Coral and Beach Towers were later refurbished to match the theme of the Royal Towers. On 28 March 2007, a 600-suite luxury hotel named The Cove Atlantis opened on Paradise Island. Another tower, the 497-room The Reef Atlantis, opened 19 December 2007.[3]", "Borgata In early 2010, it was reported that MGM Mirage might sell its ownership share in Borgata.[3] On March 12, 2010, MGM Mirage announced it would sell its stake in Borgata and stop doing business as a gaming licensee in New Jersey.[4] On March 17, 2010, MGM Mirage announced that the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (CCC) approved the settlement agreement between the Company and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement (DGE) under which the Company would sell its 50% ownership interest in the Borgata.[5]", "Ocean Resort Casino Construction of the resort cost $2.4 billion.[25] Global financial company Morgan Stanley, the owner of 90% of Revel Entertainment Group, decided in April 2010 to discontinue construction, put its stake in Revel up for sale and walk away from its $932 million investment.[26] On February 1, 2011, as part of his plan to revitalize Atlantic City, Governor Chris Christie announced that the State of New Jersey would provide tax incentives up to $261 million in the stalled project in exchange for 20% of certain equity distributions.[27] The tax incentives would be paid for by a portion of state taxes generated by the project. None of the $261 million in tax incentives were paid to Revel. On February 17, 2011, Revel Entertainment Group, LLC announced that it completed a $1.15 billion financing package which enabled the company to complete construction of Revel.", "Tropicana Las Vegas All improvements to the property were put on hold because of the global financial crisis, and became moot when Columbia Sussex's gaming arm filed for bankruptcy in 2008. The Tropicana, which had a $440 million secured loan against it,[18] was bought from the bankrupt company in July 2009 by its creditors, led by Canadian private equity firm Onex Corporation and former MGM Mirage CEO Alex Yemenidjian, who took over as CEO.[19]", "Stratosphere Las Vegas In October 2017, Golden Entertainment acquired the Stratosphere when the company closed its $850 million purchase of American Casino & Entertainment Properties. Golden also purchased Arizona Charlie's Boulder, Arizona Charlie's Decatur, and the Aquarius Casino Resort.[7]", "Golden Nugget Lake Charles The casino opened to the public on December 7, 2014.[14]", "Tilman Fertitta During the process of building the Houston Texans as an NFL team, Fertitta was one of the original investors in creating the franchise. He then lasted as a partner for the Texans owner Bob McNair until 2008. Fertitta then had to sell his interest in the franchise, as he owns Golden Nugget casinos as part of Landry's subsidiary. NFL rules state any staff member of a team can't be associated with gambling. Both Fertitta and McNair were disappointed, as Fertitta was part of the franchise since the beginning, yet the team needed to comply with NFL rules.[36]", "Golden Nugget Las Vegas It is the largest casino in the downtown area, with a total of 2,419 deluxe guest rooms and suites.[2]", "Trump Taj Mahal Construction of what was originally known as the Taj Mahal commenced in 1983 by Resorts International, owner of the neighboring Resorts Casino Hotel, with an estimated budget of $250 million.[4][5] Resorts head James Crosby said it might be named the United States Hotel, in reference to the city's first major hotel.[6]", "Atlantic City, New Jersey Although Wynn's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002, the tunnel opened in 2001. The new roadway prompted Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage to build Atlantic City's newest casino. The Borgata opened in July 2003, and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city.[56]", "Merv Griffin Griffin ventured into real estate, purchasing the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills. In 1988 Griffin purchased Resorts International and two of their hotels, in Atlantic City, NJ and Paradise Island in The Bahamas from Donald Trump and other investors. Part of the deal was that Trump would buy Resorts' interest in the yet to be constructed Taj Mahal project for $273 million.[19][20] Griffin subsequently sought bankruptcy court protection on Dec. 23, 1989 for Resorts International Inc., his troubled hotel and casino operator.[21]", "Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City Workers from the casino marched to Mayor Don Guardian's office on the morning of November 3, 2014 to ask him to reconsider granting concessions, which the casino said were necessary to remain open. About 1,000 employees signed a petition calling on the mayor and other officials \"to do everything possible\" to keep the casino open. At the time, four of twelve casinos in Atlantic City had closed and Trump Taj Mahal would have been the fifth if it were to close.[38]", "Atlantic City, New Jersey The Boardwalk has been home to several piers over the years. The first pier, Ocean Pier, was built in 1882.[120] It eventually fell into disrepair and was demolished. Another famous pier built during that time was Steel Pier, opened in 1898, which once billed itself as \"The Showplace of the Nation\". It now operates as an amusement pier across from the Trump Taj Mahal. Captain John Lake Young opened \"Young's Million Dollar Pier\" as an arcade hall in 1903, and on the seaward side \"erected a marble mansion\", fronted by a formal garden, with lighting and landscaping designed by Young's longtime friend Thomas Alva Edison. Young's Million Dollar Pier, Atlantic City's largest amusement pier during its time\",[29] was transformed into a shopping mall in the 1980s, known as \"Shops on Ocean One\". In 2006, the Ocean One mall was bought, renovated and re-branded as \"The Pier Shops at Caesars\" and in 2015, it was renamed \"Playground Pier.\" Garden Pier, located opposite Revel Atlantic City, once housed a movie theater, and is now home to the Atlantic City Historical Museum.[121][122]" ]	[ "Golden Nugget Atlantic City Golden Nugget Atlantic City is a hotel, casino, and marina located in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Opened in 1985 as Trump's Castle, it was renamed Trump Marina in 1997. Landry's, Inc. purchased the casino from Trump Entertainment Resorts in February 2011, and the sale was approved in late May. Landry's took control of the property on May 23, 2011." ]
test2801	theme of the song roar by katy perry	[ "doc96266", "doc96269", "doc96270" ]	[ 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "doc96266", "doc96270", "doc96269", "doc96291", "doc96271", "doc96274", "doc96273", "doc96285", "doc96275", "doc96267", "doc2543454", "doc96288", "doc96294", "doc96296", "doc96286", "doc96272", "doc96289", "doc96297", "doc96277", "doc96293", "doc96279", "doc96283", "doc96268", "doc96302", "doc672433", "doc96292", "doc2345255", "doc672447", "doc672449", "doc96281", "doc96278", "doc2607340", "doc2143829", "doc672426", "doc2153505", "doc96300", "doc1780119", "doc96276", "doc672432", "doc96280", "doc672445", "doc966798", "doc1152983", "doc484094", "doc96284", "doc2016412", "doc956623", "doc96287", "doc96303", "doc1277857", "doc96282", "doc96301", "doc528420", "doc1966397", "doc1596150", "doc966803", "doc1441140", "doc1043635", "doc484092", "doc646402", "doc672425", "doc769561", "doc672436", "doc1375729", "doc1253709", "doc96295", "doc59300", "doc484099", "doc769558", "doc96290", "doc2250217", "doc1104984", "doc616025", "doc1026804", "doc96298", "doc521979", "doc1196484", "doc672429", "doc673012", "doc2459253", "doc1780118", "doc465071", "doc672446", "doc671519", "doc534886", "doc673013", "doc1123966", "doc2152870", "doc1043631", "doc247034", "doc530608", "doc2110415", "doc1669824", "doc1277855", "doc450757", "doc247029", "doc518216", "doc1780122", "doc981197", "doc1065427" ]	[ "Roar (song) \"Roar\" is a song by American singer Katy Perry for her fourth studio album, Prism (2013). It was released as the lead single from the record on August 10, 2013. Perry co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut. It is a pop song containing elements of arena rock and lyrics centering on standing up for oneself and self-empowerment. Some critics praised the track's production while others felt that its lyrics contained \"clichÃ©s\".", "Roar (song) Musically, \"Roar\" is a pop song that features elements of arena rock.[5][6] Throughout the song, Perry \"flexes diva-like vocals\", singing the lyric \"Hey!\" several times in a way resemblant of The Lumineers.[7] The song's instrumentation is composed of \"pounding\" pianos and \"booming\" bass drums.[7] According to the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc. on Musicnotes.com, \"Roar\" is composed in the key of B♭ major and set in a 4\n4 time signature at a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute. Perry's vocal range spawns from the low note B♭3 to the high note E♭5, while the music follows the chord progression of B♭–Cm–Gm–E♭.[8] The song shares the theme of empowerment with Perry's single \"Firework\".[9][10] Perry described the track as a song speaking about standing up for oneself.[11]", "Roar (song) The song was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios. \"Roar\" was recorded in four other studios: Luke's in the Boo, Playback Recording Studio and Secret Garden Studios, all located in the state of California, as well as MXM Studios in Stockholm, Sweden Perry co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut.[1] All its development took place in March 2013.[2] McKee told MTV that \"Roar\" is \"kind of a 'pick yourself up and dust yourself off and keep going', female-empowerment song\" and \"kind of an epiphany song.\"[3] Perry said she wrote the song after undergoing therapy, saying she was \"sick of keeping all these feelings inside and not speaking up for myself\".[4]", "Roar (song) \"Roar\" was also used as the theme song of world number 1 tennis player Serena Williams during the 2014 US Open Championships. Williams, dressed in a matching leopard-themed dress, won the championship.[101][102]", "Roar (song) Perry announced \"Roar\" would be the first single from Prism with the release of a video teaser featuring the singer burning a blue wig.[12] More video teasers were released onto YouTube, showing Perry at a funeral with a coffin decorated with the singer's famous pink and white pinwheels dress,[13] and entering a recording booth while dressed with a \"throwback\" jacket featured in the single's cover art,[14] which was revealed on August 8, 2013.[14] It features a tiger print border around Perry, who wears a blue Japanese silk sukajan jacket, with the image of a tiger printed on its back.[15] On the same day of the song's digital release, a lyric video for it, produced by Joe Humpay, Aya Tanimura, Tim Zimmer, and Tuan Le, was released onto YouTube. It primarily shows Perry doing daily activities such as eating breakfast, going to the bathroom, and taking a bath, while texting the lyrics of \"Roar\" to friends. Some words are substituted with various Emoji characters.[16][17] It was target of plagiarism accusations by music producer Dillon Francis, who felt it copied the concept of instant messaging from his video entitled \"Messages\".[18]", "Roar (song) Upon the release of \"Roar\", many accused Perry of copying Sara Bareilles' \"Brave\".[24][29][30][31] When Bareilles herself was asked about the controversy between the two songs, she responded: \"Katy's a friend of mine and we've known each other a really long time\", and was upset that there was a \"negative spin on two artists that are choosing to share positive messages.\" She also mentioned she had known about \"Roar\" before its release and stated \"If I'm not mad I don't know why anybody else is upset\".[32] In response to the accusations, Dr. Luke tweeted on August 14, 2013: \"Roar was written and recorded before Brave came out.\"[33] In direct response to the attention \"Brave\" received as a result of the plagiarism accusations, Bareilles' record label, Epic Records, decided to promote \"Brave\" to the mainstream pop radio format.[34]", "Roar (song) Miriam Coleman from Rolling Stone appreciated the songs's \"easy poppy beat\" and its \"repeated refrains\", factors she believed contributed to make the song a \"determined note for the new album\".[23] James Montgomery of MTV described it as \"one of the more perfect pop songs to come down the pipeline in quite a while\". Gerrick D. Kennedy from Los Angeles Times also gave a positive review, classifying \"Roar\" as a \"sweet, poppy confection with a bit of bite\".[24][25] Melinda Newman from HitFix saw the song as a \"change of pace\" for Perry,[26] whilst Andrew Hampp from Billboard believed it to be a return to the style of her album One of the Boys, but criticized its tempo and its lyrics that \"rarely rise above easy clichÃ©s and rhymes\".[27] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described the song as \"more of a yelp than a roar\".[28]", "Roar (song) Presumably a few days later, Katy has since made friends with a monkey and uses her stiletto heel to form a spear. She uses it to shoot a banana, which she gives to the monkey. In another scene, she bathes in the lake, with the help of an elephant who sprays her with water from the lake using its trunk. Katy helps a crocodile by brushing its teeth using a toothbrush she has salvaged, and tries to reach her clothes which have been taken by the elephant. At night, she holds a torch and explores a cave. Inside, she watches an animated drawing on the wall in which humans try to kill a tiger with fire; attempting to burn it as it grows stronger and shooting spears which it sends firing back towards them with its roar. The next morning, Katy emerges from the cave, wearing a leopard-print bikini top, a grass skirt, laced up legs and bare feet, displaying a boost of confidence and holding the spear she made earlier. She stands on top of a waterfall, overlooking the jungle, and then swings across the sky on a vine.", "Roar (song) On the Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at number 85 on the week-ending August 14, 2013 due to radio airplay.[35] The following week, during its first week on sale, \"Roar\" sold 557,000 digital copies, earning Perry the highest first-week sales numbers of 2013 and also her biggest digital song sales week ever, breaking her previous record held by \"Firework\", which sold 509,000 digital copies for the week ending January 8, 2011.[36] The song soared eighty-three positions to number two in its second week, kept from the top spot by only Robin Thicke's \"Blurred Lines\", while becoming Perry's twelfth top-ten hit single in the United States, and her ninth consecutive single to peak within the top three on the Hot 100.[37] After another week at number two, \"Roar\" reached number one for the chart dated September 4, 2013, becoming Perry's eighth number one on the Hot 100 and her ninth digital number-one single, after selling 448,000 copies.[38] \"Roar\" spent a total two weeks at number one before it was surpassed by Miley Cyrus' \"Wrecking Ball\".[39] On its seventh frame, the song moved 2-1 (peak audience impressions of 159 million) and became Perry's sixth number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay, as well as becoming her fastest climb to the top position.[40][41]", "Roar (song) To promote the song, Perry performed under the Brooklyn Bridge at the end of the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, on The X Factor Australia, at the Sydney Opera House in late October 2013, and on the German TV show Schlag den Raab. Grady Hall and Mark Kudsi directed the song's music video, which features Perry trying to adapt to the jungle where she survived a plane crash, and taming a tiger. It garnered generally mixed reviews from music critics. \"Roar\" was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.", "Bird Set Free Rolling Stone said the song is \"liberating\".[4] In a review of the song's parent album This Is Acting, Kathy Iandolf of Idolator wrote \"This album is dark, indicated by the lead single 'Alive,' but also by the opener 'Bird Set Free,' where Sia takes a solemn vow to emotional liberation amidst strong piano keys.\"[5] Alex McCown of The A.V. Club called it the \"best female empowerment sing-along Katy Perry never wrote.\"[6] Calling the song a \"ginormo self-empowerment anthem\", Hugh Montgomory of The Independent wrote \"Sia produces something more complex, battle-cries from a volatile soul.\"[7]", "Roar (song) James Montgomery from MTV believed that the video drew inspiration from Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and stated the video did not take itself too seriously, describing it as \"camp\".[93] Slant Magazine writer Sal Cinquemani was neutral about the video, noting that although Prism was being billed as a departure for Perry, both \"Roar\" and its video were not.[94] Perry was criticized by PETA for using exotic animals in the video for \"Roar\". Merrilee Burke from PETA stated: \"Animals used for entertainment endure horrific cruelty and suffer from extreme confinement and violent training methods.\" Burke also declared that the animals involved in the music video were allegedly provided by a company who was criticized by US officials.[95] Perry responded by obtaining a letter from the American Humane Association, which had representatives present at the three-day shoot. It stated that \"After reviewing the reports, we believe that the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Animals in Filmed Media were followed and that no animal was harmed in the making of this music video\".[96]", "Roar (song) On July 28, 2016, she performed it at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[112]", "Roar (song) On June 4, 2017, Perry performed \"Roar\" at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing.[113]", "Roar (song) With the help of the monkey, Katy builds a cat toy which she uses to distract the tiger who ate her boyfriend earlier in the video. She lures it into an area of the jungle, and traps it inside. She comes face-to-face with the tiger and the two of them roar at each other, until her roar tames the tiger as it sits in front of her submissively. Afterwards, she is shown sitting on a giant grass throne, wearing a flower crown as the rest of the jungle animals sit around her, including the tiger, monkey and elephant. The tiger is shown wearing a collar that says \"Kitty Purry\", a reference to her real-life cat of the same name. Katy takes selfies with the monkey on her boyfriend's phone, applies lipstick made from berry juice, and gives the elephant a pedicure. She then awakens from sleeping in the plane, leading the viewer to think all the previous events have just been a dream, but walks out of the plane still in the jungle, stretching her arms and yawning with the animals sitting around her.", "Roar (song) The first video teaser for \"Roar\" was released on August 2, 2013 along with an announcement that the American release was scheduled for August 12[19] with a subsequent release to mainstream radio on August 13.[20] However, the song debuted two days earlier than expected by 'leaking' on August 10.[21] The UK release was originally scheduled for September 8, but on August 30 Perry announced the release date would be moved up to September 1.[22]", "Roar (song) On JulyÂ 7, 2015, the music video for \"Roar\" became the fourth video to reach 1 billion views on Vevo, making Perry the first artist in history to have two music videos with 1 billion views.[97] The music video for \"Roar\" is the 11th most viewed YouTube video of all time, receiving over 2.4 billion views as of January 2018.[98]", "Roar (song) In 2013, the song was covered on the episode \"A Katy or a Gaga\" of the TV series Glee. The song is also featured in the films Horrible Bosses 2 and Baywatch. It has become the new entrance music for Amanda Nunes.", "Roar (song) The song has also reached the top spot on both the Adult contemporary chart and Hot Dance Club Songs.[43][45][46] In addition to this, the track also reached number one on both the On Demand and Streaming charts, with a weekly peak of 2.1 million and 12 million, respectively.[47][48] \"Roar\" surpassed digital sales of four million in its seventeenth week, faster than any other song in digital history. Its sales reached 4.41 million by the end of 2013, becoming the sixth best-seller of the year. Perry has seven of her songs with sales more than four million, the most for any artist.[49][50] As of February 2017, the single has sold 6,400,000 copies in the US, and been certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making Perry the first artist to have 3 singles with a Diamond certification in the country.[51]", "Roar (song) On February 1, 2015, Perry performed the song during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show.[111]", "Roar (song) In the United Kingdom, \"Roar\" entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart on September 8, 2013, selling 179,500 copies in its first week and ending the prolonged number-one run of Ellie Goulding's \"Burn\". The song became Perry's fourth UK number-one single.[56] The single spent two weeks atop the chart before being succeeded by \"Talk Dirty\" by Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz. The song also debuted atop the adjacent UK chart of Scotland and the Irish Singles Chart.[57][58] \"Roar\" was the 6th best-selling song of 2013 in the United Kingdom[59] where it became her second single after \"Firework\" to sell over a million copies in January 2015, thus making Katy Perry one of only 18 artists ever to achieve more than one million sales in the nation.[60] It has sold 1,112,787 copies in the United Kingdom as of September 2017,[61] and has been certified 2x Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[62]", "Roar (song) Filming of the official music video for \"Roar\" began on August 7, 2013 and ended on August 9, 2013. The video was released on September 5, 2013, directed by Grady Hall and Mark Kudsi, and filmed at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden.[88] A 21-second teaser of the video had previously been uploaded on August 25, 2013.[89] Nokia posted a two-minute behind the scenes video on September 4, 2013.[90] On November 14, 2013, an extended 17-minute behind-the-scenes video was uploaded to Perry's official VEVO account.[91]", "Roar (song) The song was a commercial success, topping charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, New Zealand, Scotland, Slovenia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. By the end of 2013, \"Roar\" had sold 9.9 million units (combined sales and track-equivalent streams) globally according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). \"Roar\" has sold over 6 million copies in the US, over 1 million in the UK, and was Australia's best-selling single of 2013 with 560,000 copies sold within the year. When \"Roar\" was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Perry became the first artist to have three Diamond certified singles in the country.", "Roar (song) The song was featured on the reality television show RuPaul's Drag Race's seventh season, when contestants Kennedy Davenport and Katya had to lip-sync to \"Roar\" in order to avoid elimination. Davenport survived the lip-sync battle, and Katya was controversially eliminated.", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) James Dinh of MTV noted that \"the pop star appears strong, bold and just a tad resentful after a breakup\" on the track.[5] His analysis of the lyrics observed that \"The singer declares herself unbreakable after a breakup, evident in lines such as \"Days like this I want to drive away/ Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade/ 'Cause you chewed me up and spit me out/ Like I was poison in your mouth/ You took my light, you drained me down/ But that was then and this is now, now look at me.\"[5] Dinh pointed out similarities between \"Part of Me\" and Perry's previous single \"California Gurls\", noting that \"the tune's steady beat amplifies\" as the chorus starts.[5] Andrew Hampp of Billboard described the song as a \"dance-floor rave up\", and compared the song's composition to Jessie J's \"Domino\".[21] Edna Gundersen from USA Today stated: \"Katy Perry could be addressing her ex or her detractors on this defiant slapdown, a gleaming \"Firework\"-like pop torpedo propelled by slick beats and a brazen chorus.\"[22] Chris Ryan, also of MTV, inferred that the song was aimed at Perry's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy,[15] while New York magazine journalist Amanda Dobbis described it as \"another break-up anthem\".[23] Fans and media noted differences in the lyrics between the demo and the single, and claimed that the changes redirected the song's subject from McCoy to Perry's ex-husband Russell Brand, from whom she had recently divorced. Perry declared it was not about Brand, stating:", "Roar (song) Perry first performed \"Roar\" at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, in a specially-made boxing ring under the Brooklyn Bridge, at the end of the ceremony.[103] She performed the song on Saturday Night Live on October 12, 2013.[104] While hosting We Can Survive: Music for Life on October 23, 2013, she performed the song with Sara Bareilles, Bonnie McKee, Ellie Goulding, Kacey Musgraves, and duo Tegan and Sara.[105] She also performed the song on the Australian version of The X Factor on October 28, 2013.[106] Perry then performed the song the following day at the Sydney Opera House.[107] She performed the song on German TV show Schlag den Raab on November 16, 2013.[108] On December 14, 2013, Perry performed \"Roar\" at the NRJ Music Awards, but suffered technical difficulties which resulted in her performance being stopped by the host halfway through who asked for it to be restarted. This led many to believe that Perry had initially been lip-syncing the performance.[109] NRJ later released an apology to Perry, stating that she had been singing live but that the wrong mix of the song was played over her live vocals, which resulted in her being visually out of sync with the backing track.[110]", "I Said Hi Shark told MusicFeeds: \"It's an anthem for anyone who is waking up everyday fighting for what they believe in and challenging the universe!\"[2]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) Feminist author Naomi Wolf criticized the video as propaganda for the Marine Corps, stating \"I really want to find out if she was paid by them for making it ..... it is truly shameful. I would suggest a boycott of this singer whom I really liked if you are as offended at this glorification of violence as I am.\"[51] Glenn Selig, founder of The Publicity Agency, responded to these claims on Fox News Live, stating, \"In her efforts to boycott the video, Naomi Wolf has brought more attention to it, without her comments, most people would clearly have seen the military simply as a metaphor and not as an attempt by Katy Perry to glamorize the military or war.\"[52] Perry told MTV that she chose the military plot because it represented the song, saying, \"It's an affirmation of strength, so I wanted to go the strongest route I ever could.\"[53]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) On March 19, 2012, Perry performed \"Part of Me\" as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1, along with \"The One That Got Away\" (2011), \"Firework\" (2011), \"Thinking of You\" (2009) and a censored version of \"Niggas in Paris\" (2011).[57] The performances were closely similar, through their depiction of Perry as a superhero and their theme of self-empowerment. Katie Brine of MTV commented that \"Even when Katy is getting serious, there's always fun to be had.\"[58]", "Roar (song) \"Roar\" entered at the top of the New Zealand Singles Chart after just four days on sale, becoming Perry's ninth number-one single, second top debut and her eleventh top ten.[74] After less than five weeks, the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand certified the single quadruple-platinum, denoting sales exceeding 60,000 units.[75] The song is listed as the 48th best-selling single of all time in New Zealand, making Perry the only singer to have the most entries, which including \"California Gurls\", \"Firework\" and \"E.T..[76] In Australia, the song became Perry's third song to top the ARIA Singles Chart after \"I Kissed a Girl\" and \"California Gurls\".[77] It was the country's highest performing song of the year, topping the charts for 9 weeks and selling 560,000 copies by the end of 2013.[78] \"Roar\" has since been certified 11Ã— Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).[79] \"Roar\" peaked at number two in the Venezuelan Pop Rock Chart.[80][80] On the Gaon Chart of South Korea, it reached number one on the international chart.[81] In Japan, the song entered the Japan Hot 100 at number seven.[82] The reached number one in both the Media Forest airplay chart in Israel, and the Lebanese Singles Chart.[83][84] Similarly, in South Africa, the song peaked at number two on the EMA airplay chart.[85]", "Roar (song) On August 31, 2013, \"Roar\" debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 on the strength of digital downloads.[52] In doing so, it became only the eleventh song to debut at number one on the chart, and it also became Perry's third number-one debut, making her the artist with most number-one debuts at the time.[52] It also became Perry's ninth Canadian Hot 100 number one, breaking the tie she shared with Rihanna for the most chart toppers. It has so far spent five non-consecutive weeks atop the chart.[53] \"Roar\" was also in the top of the Canadian Digital Chart for three non-consecutive weeks; there, it was Perry's sixth number-one single.[54] In Mexico, it reached number one on the Monitor Latino English-language airplay chart.[55]", "Whip My Hair Lyrically the song is about letting loose, being as wild as can be, while she asks ladies to \"whip their hair\" and \"shake haters off\".[13][14] The lyrics have motivational undertones, speaking of self-love and assurance, and referring to letting your hair down as a representation of this in parts like the line, \"Keep fighting until I get there, when I'm down and I feel like giving up/I whip my hair back and forth, I whip it, I whip it real good.\"[15]", "Til It Happens to You When Diane first played me what she had begun with the song, I needed no convincing about the record... it was about sharing that part of myself with the world... We talked a lot about what I felt the song needed in order to reach as many young people as possible. I felt that it needed to not stay in a purely emotional state, but that it was going to somehow grow throughout the performance and the song and by the end, kind of be full of rage. I feel like what this song accomplishes is women—or men—rising to say, 'You think you can hurt me? You don't know about power. Because after what you did to me, you don't even know how much stronger I am.'[11]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) A dance-pop and power pop song with a distinctive house beat, it has been compared to Perry's 2010 singles \"Firework\" and \"California Gurls\". Its lyrics describe a female protagonist who declares herself as unbreakable and strong following a break-up. Many critics theorized that the lyrics addressed Perry's divorce from Russell Brand, although Perry stated it was not about him since it was written in early 2010.", "Sit Still, Look Pretty In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Daya stated \"It's about being a girl that goes after her own dreams and really fights for what she wants, and not letting anyone get in the way of that. It's important for young girls to know that they don't have to act a certain way or depend on someone for happiness. They can find all of that within themselves.\"[4] Daya also said in an interview with Idolator \"I think it's just about not being an accessory for someone else. Just having your own dreams and goals. Going after them and not having to always try to please someone.\"[5]", "Roar (song) Rick Springfield has been performing the song on tour since 2014. It is also Brisbane Roar's theme song (go Roar).[114]", "By the Grace of God (song) Kitty Empire from The Guardian observed that the song served as a \"vulnerable yin\" to Perry's hit single \"Roar\"'s \"righteous yang\".[16] Josh Duboff from Vanity Fair highlighted the titles of \"By the Grace of God\" and deluxe edition song \"Spiritual\", concluding that the religious undertones were \"more prominent\" in Prism.[17] Helen Brown from The Daily Telegraph deemed the song \"tender\",[18] and Jason Lipshutz from Billboard said it \"is the most revealing song Perry will likely ever pen\".[12]", "Roar (song) \"Roar\" also reached number one on both the US Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Pop Songs. The number-one position on the Pop Songs chart gave Perry her tenth number one, tying her with Rihanna for the most number ones on the airplay-based chart.[42] The number-one position on the Adult Pop Songs chart also gave Perry multiple milestones; it became her eighth chart topper, tying her with Maroon 5 and P!nk as the act with the most number-ones there. It also made the fastest ascension to the top spot; a record previously held by Perry's own single \"California Gurls\" (2010).[43] It also set airplay records in both of the charts, by becoming the most weekly-played song in history, with 16,065 and 5,309 plays per week, respectively.[44]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) \"Part of Me\" is a dance-pop and power pop song set to a house beat.[16][17][18] It is composed in the key of D minor[19] and set in a 4/4 time signature at a tempo of 130 beats per minute.[8] The melody spans the tonal range of D4 to D5, while the music follows the chord progression of Dm–F–Bb-C.[19] Production was done by Perry's frequent collaborator, Dr. Luke.[5] The song begins with Perry's somber and emotional delivery of the line, \"Days like this I want to drive away/ Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade.\" At the bridge, the beat amplifies and Perry's lyrics become more aggressive as she commands \"Now Look at Me!\", signalling to her ex that she is still strong, regardless of what he tries to do to bring her down.[20] The beat reaches a peak at the chorus, and Perry's tone and the song's lyrics become more aggressive and prominent as she sings, \"This is the Part of me that you're never gonna ever take away from me.\" As the song continues, Perry's lyrics become strong and empowered: \"So you can keep the diamond ring/ It don't mean nothing anyway/ In fact you can keep everything Yeah/ Yeah Except for me\". Perry repeats the ending chorus as the beat fades.[5][20]", "Roar (song) The song reached number four on the Italian Singles Chart, where it was eventually certified Platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry, for sales of over 15,000 digital copies.[63] In Spain, the single peaked at number five on the sales chart, according to PROMUSICAE.[64] In Austria, it became a number-one on the Ö3 Austria Top 40, while in Germany and Switzerland it reached numbers two and three, respectively.[65][66] In the Belgian Ultratop 50, \"Roar\" peaked at number five in Flanders and number seven in Wallonia.[67][68] In France the song peaked at number six.[69] The single also reached the top five in Norway.[70] \"Roar\" found placings among the top-ten of the airplay charts in Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. Within the unofficial digital charts of Greece, Luxembourg and Portugal, compiled outside of the respective countries by Billboard, \"Roar\" peaked at number two in both the Greece and Luxembourg charts and at number eight in the Portuguese chart.[71][72][73]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) The video garnered positive reviews from critics, who praised its self-empowerment theme and its different approach in comparison to Perry's previous music videos. Bruno Nessif of E! Online compared the video to Demi Moore's role in G.I. Jane.[48] Ray Rahman from Entertainment Weekly echoed the similarity of the G.I. Jane influence in the video, and called it an \"intense ride\".[49] MTV's James Montgomery praised the video and Perry's role, saying:", "We R Who We R Kesha explained that she wanted the song to become a pride anthem; \"I wanted to inspire people ... to be themselves. It's a celebration of any sort of quirks or eccentricities.\"[5] She elaborated, \"I was really affected by the suicides that have been happening, having been subject to very public hatred [myself]. I have absolutely no idea how these kids felt. What I'm going through is nothing compared to what they had to go through. Just know things do get better and you need to celebrate who you are. Every weird thing about you is beautiful and makes life interesting. Hopefully the song really captures that emotion of celebrating who you are ... I just felt like people hate because they don't understand or they're jealous, It's all coming from a very negative place and I really feel like people don't need to pay attention to that.\"[2]", "Scars to Your Beautiful \"Basically, that song is about body image. It's directed at women, but I think men can relate to it as well. It's just a song about these things that certain women go through on a daily basis in order to feel loved or in order to love themselves. I think that's such a thing that goes on in today's world. These weird things are instilled in us. You know? That tell us that we’re not good enough or that there's only one kind of beauty. This song basically is contradicting that idea. It's saying, 'Well, if the world doesn't like how you look then they should change. They should change their perspective. You don’t have to change yourself.' I mean, I thought that that was important, you know, just to put out next. Especially because I think that's kind of the direction we're going in, you know, with 'Here'. 'Here' was about not belonging anywhere and 'Wild Things' was about finding a space you belong. Now 'Scars To Your Beautiful' is basically about embracing yourself and finally coming to that conclusion where you feel love and you can love yourself. I think it's cool to put out third because I feel like I have a bigger platform now. The point of the song is to reach as many women, or people, as possible.\"[3]", "Praying (song) According to Kesha, \"Praying\" is \"about hoping everyone, even someone who hurt you, can heal.\"[1] The song addresses a tormentor with the lyrics: \"You brought the flames and you put me through hell/ I had to learn how to fight for myself/ And we both know all the truth I could tell/ I'll just say this: I wish you farewell.\"[19] The Atlantic's Kornhaber thought that the track's message was \"love your enemies\" and displayed \"Christlike grace\", further noting that Kesha did not exude invulnerability on \"Praying\" the way she did in some of her previous songs, like \"Dinosaur\" (2010).[22] Similarly, Eve Barlow of Variety said that Kesha \"pushes through her demons and possesses a remarkable level of empathy and understanding\" on the track.[23] Conversely, Pitchfork's Jillian Mapes felt that the song's sentiments were akin to \"telling the person who ruined your life to 'take care' when you really mean 'fuck you,'\"[24] while Billboard's Weiss interpreted the recording as a \"coded threat that [Kesha] will no longer be silenced.\"[21] According to Tatiana Cirisano of the same publication, \"While the chorus aims for reconciliation with an unnamed listener...there's still a flicker of anger in the singer's words, like in the lyric '...When I'm finished, they won't even know your name.'\"[25]", "Roar (song) At the beginning of the video, Katy and her boyfriend (played by actor and model Brian Nagel) have crashed their plane in the middle of the jungle. Katy shows signs of worry, while her boyfriend takes pictures of himself and dumps his bags on her to explore. As it turns to night, they wander through the jungle as he throws things back at her. Suddenly, he is attacked by a tiger and Katy dumps her bags and runs off screaming. She approaches a lake and is almost bitten by a crocodile when she tries to take a drink. She sits on a rock and ends up with a tarantula crawling on her. As she looks into the lake while singing the chorus, she sees a reflection of a tiger instead of herself. Behind her in the darkness there are dozens of pairs of blinking eyes, but they are revealed to be fireflies which fly around her before forming an image of a roaring tiger in the sky.", "Dangerous Woman (song) \"'Dangerous Woman' is about choice, empowerment, strength and romance. As a person, as a character, as a persona. 'Dangerous Woman' is a fearless, honest, no bulls--- superhuman, and I think all of us have her inside of us and it's just a matter of when we decide to let her out.\"", "Dancing on My Own \"People have so many expectations when they go out, so many wishes about what their night is going to be: if they're going to meet that person, have a fun time with their friends, have a good high, hear good music. People get drunk and turn into themselves in a way, and they go to experience some kind of emotion. But it's not always about fun. There's a destructive side to it. But I'm more into the empowerment of going out, because it's always been the place where I could be myself and get inspired. Even if I'm sad, dancing is a way to let stuff out.\"[2]", "Roar (song) Upon its release, the music video received mixed reviews from critics. Idolator contributors Robbie Daw, Sam Lansky, and Carl Willott gave it mostly lackluster reviews. Daw considered that the release of such a \"safe\" video was a disappointment for Perry and expressed eagerness to her next single; while Lansky likened its \"edg[iness]\" to that of a \"woman's antiperspirant commercial\"; and the latter divided the video in what he considered to be of \"good cheesy\" and \"bad cheesy\": he highlighted the fake set, Perry's acting and the ending, but criticized the CGI, which he deemed \"dopey\", the product placement and Perry's \"overly literal roar-off with a tiger\". The only writer for the website that gave the visual a favorable review was Mike Wass, who appreciated the \"campy element[s]\" in it, while noting that it drew inspiration from the music video for \"Doctor Jones\" by the dance-pop group Aqua. In total, the reviews had an average score of approximately 6 out of 10.[92]", "Roar (song) Credits adapted from Prism album liner notes.[1]", "Fight Song (Rachel Platten song) Rachel Platten said of her inspiration: \"'Fight Song' was inspired by a lot of experiences that were hurting me and that were making me feel like maybe I didn’t have a chance in this industry. I wrote it because I needed to remind myself that I believed in myself. No matter what, I still was gonna make music, even if it was on a small scale. Even if it was just for me.\" She also said: \"I really challenged myself in writing the past couple of years to be vulnerable in my lyrics. I didn’t want to skate past what was hurting. It didn’t scare me to be vulnerable because I think that’s when you get something great.\"[2]", "Roar (song) In Russia, on the Tophit Weekly General Airplay chart the song debuted at number 395 on August 25, 2013 and it has climbed the chart, peaking so far at number five on November 17, 2013.[86] On the Top Hit Weekly Audience Choice chart, it peaked at number three on the issue dated October 27, 2013.[86] According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), \"Roar\" sold 9.9 million units (combined sales and track-equivalent streams) globally throughout 2013 and was the fifth best-selling single of the year.[87]", "Roar (song) The song is featured as downloadable content on the dance rhythm game, Just Dance 2014. It's also free.", "You Don't Own Me The song expresses a threatened emancipation, as the singer tells a lover that he does not own her, that he is not to tell her what to do or what to say, and that he is not to put her on display. The song's lyrics became an inspiration for younger women and are sometimes cited as a factor in the second wave feminist movement.[2] Gore said, \"My take on the song was: I'm 17, what a wonderful thing, to stand up on a stage and shake your finger at people and sing you don't own me.\"[3] In Gore's obituary, The New York Times referred to \"You Don't Own Me\" as \"indelibly defiant\".[4]", "Just Feel Better In the music video, Nikki Reed stars as the main girl. She is shown to have various troubles, such as a teacher who makes sexual advances towards her and a strained relationship with her mother. At the very end she finally meets a really nice guy but a terrible accident happens which kills him instantly. This was the final straw for her. She makes amends with her mother and gets better and better at school. She actually wants to become someone worth fighting for. And as the song's title says, all she wants is to just feel better.", "When the Tigers Broke Free The underlying theme of the song is one of the primary catalysts for the character Pink's descent into isolation throughout the story of The Wall, especially in the film version.[6]", "We R Who We R Alex Hawgood from The New York Times wrote that at first listen the song came across as another generic dance hit. Hawgood however praised the song for its hidden subtext intended to be a response to gay suicides. Hawgood compared the song to the likes of Taylor Swift, Pink, Katy Perry and Lady Gaga, all of which \"represent a new wave of young (and mostly straight) women who are providing the soundtrack for a generation of gay fans coming to terms with their identity in a time of turbulent and confusing cultural messages.\"[12] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the track \"infectious\" and praised her honesty and sincerity on the track.[16] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine chose \"We R Who We R\" as a highlight on Cannibal.[17] The Phoenix' Daniel Brockman felt that the song had a \"lifting anthemic heft\"[18] while Spin's Barry Walters said that with the song, \"she sends out pride vibes to bullied gays.\"[19] Rolling Stone's Will Hermes called the song \"awesome.\"[20] Steven Hyden from The A.V. Club, in the album review of Cannibal, wrote that her \"let’s get fucking fucked-up\" attitude on the track was a positive calling her \"a complete and utter genius.\"[21] Hyden reviewed the song alongside fellow editor Genevieve Koski in a separate publication, giving the song a B and a D+, respectively. Hyden reiterated his comments from the album review in his review of the song, but added that the song was sonically similar to her previous singles \"Tik Tok\" and \"Take It Off\", adding that on the song she \"seems a little more self-aware, imploring each and every one of us to start 'dancing like we’re dumb.'\". On the opposite end up the spectrum, Koski was critical of the song, criticizing her vocals with his consensus being that \"I want to give every Kesha song an 'F' on principle, but objectively speaking, I know there are far worse songs out there, so let’s average out a subjective F and an objective C+ to a D+.\"[22]", "Techfest ROAR aimed at upliftment and empowerment of women to bring about a change and make the world a better place to live in. It served to convene, unite and strengthen voices speaking out for girls and women around the world. ROAR contributed to making a change for the better of women and their communities. Famous scriptwriter and lyricist Javed Akhtar came to Techfest 2015 and gave a lecture supporting this campaign.", "I Am Woman The song's opening line, \"I am woman, hear me roar\" has become widely referenced in media. In a 1975 episode of The Carol Burnett Show, guest Jean Stapleton played a feminist who proudly announces, \"I am woman!\" to which Harvey Korman's character replies, \"I know. I heard your roar.\"[21] During the 2000 Republican presidential campaign of Elizabeth Dole one GOP consultant complained that, \"she has to have a message beyond 'I am woman, hear me roar.'\"[22]", "Praying (song) In a radio interview with SiriusXM, Kesha revealed that \"Praying\" deals with suicidal thoughts that she has had. On the same occasion, she said that she feels it is healthy to discuss such emotions, and that \"[she] think[s] the beautiful part is that you hold onto hope [...] and you keep showing up for yourself.\"[10] Prior to its release, the singer premiered \"Praying\" and four other songs from Rainbow at a press playback in London. There, she expressed her feelings about the song, saying: \"I've never been more excited about a piece of art I've ever done in my entire life. This is truly from the inside of my guts.\"[11] Kesha later announced the single's release in a video aimed at her fans.[12] In an accompanying letter posted to Lena Dunham's feminist blog Lenny Letter, she wrote about the meaning of the track: \"I have channeled my feelings of severe hopelessness and depression, I've overcome obstacles, and I have found strength in myself even when it felt out of reach. I've found what I had thought was an unobtainable place of peace. This song is about coming to feel empathy for someone else even if they hurt you or scare you. It's a song about learning to be proud of the person you are even during low moments when you feel alone. It's also about hoping everyone, even someone who hurt you, can heal.\"[1]", "This Is How We Do Joe Lynch of Billboard said the video is \"an explosion of pop art, vintage fashion and twerking ice cream cones\".[44] Zayda Rivera of New York Daily News commented that in the video \"Perry boasts about living a carefree lifestyle without consequences,\" writing that it's \"all about having fun no matter what.\"[45] While writing that the video \"has that quintessential Katy feel\", Alyssa Toomey of E! added that it \"feels like a combination of [Perry]'s lyric video for 'Roar' and her 2010 smash hit 'California Gurls'.\"[46] Robbie Daw of Idolator simply called it \"a dazzling, eye-popping colorgasm\",[47] while Jon Blistein of Rolling Stone named it \"a hyper-stylized, pastel-soaked pleasure dome.\"[48] Lindsey Weber of Vulture claimed that \"after the underwhelming 'Birthday' [music video], Katy Perry's video for 'This Is How We Do' is full of summertime treats and Tumblr-inspired iconography.\"[49] Chris Martins of Spin claimed that \"the wild clip is almost OK Go-level ambitious, employing bizarre sets, unique costumery, and a whole lot of color to bring the bouncy single to life.\"[50]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) \"Part of Me\" is a song by American singer Katy Perry, released as the lead single from Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection. It was written by Perry, and Bonnie McKee, with production and additional writing by Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut. The song was not included on the original edition of Teenage Dream because Perry felt that it did not fit the composition of the album. A demo of the song leaked online in late 2010, amid speculation that the lyrics were directed to the singer's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy. \"Part of Me\" was re-worked and officially released on February 13, 2012, through Capitol Records with artwork by art director Gavin Taylor and photography by Mary Ellen Matthews.", "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You) Originally titled as \"What Doesn't Kill You\", \"Stronger\" was written by Jörgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, David Gamson, and Greg Kurstin in September 2010.[2] In an interview with American Songwriter, Tamposi revealed that the song was inspired by the Friedrich Nietzsche adage (\"That which does not kill us makes us stronger\") that her mother told her as advice.[2] Although Tamposi found the phrase saccharine, she submitted it as an idea to Elofsson and Gamson during their writing sessions. Elofsson originally intended \"Stronger\" for Leona Lewis, who turned it down in the process.[3] Tamposi's manager, Tom Maffei, then had one of his producers, Matty Trump, produce a demo track, later pitched to RCA A&R executive Jeff Aldrich, who gave the song to Clarkson. Tamposi revealed that Clarkson had also altered a lyric from the track.[2] Aldrich had then commissioned Greg Kurstin, whom Clarkson wanted to collaborate with, to produce and add additional writing to the final version. Kurstin recalled, \"I rethought the music part of it, I guess. It had a different tempo, beat, chords, and I kinda just came up with that guitar riff that goes into the verse, and that was the first thing that I kinda contributed just changed the feel of the song.\"[4] The song's uplifting theme of empowerment led Clarkson to name her fifth studio album Stronger.[5] saying that it is one of her favorite songs in the album, she said, \"Everybody loves the message 'What doesn't kill you makes you stronger.' It's a perfect representation of my life.\"[6]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) A reviewer from Plugged In criticized Perry's decision to create an uplifting song about such a serious subject matter as divorce: \"Framing the song in terms of her divorce from Brand, though 'Part of Me', puts a much more somber and serious spin on things. This is no mere breakup. It's the demolition of a marital covenant. So no matter how bad things were in her relationship, no matter how much better she feels now, no matter how cathartic the pulsing beats (courtesy of hitmeisters Max Martin and Dr. Luke) might feel, the ultimate end here is a very sad one indeed.\"[26] Priya Elan of NME panned the song: 'This is the part of me, that you're never going to take away from me,' \"she sings in that strange angry robot voice of hers. The sentiment, as ever, is punch you in face crystal clear and probably meant something to one of the (probably) 17 writers who wrote the song. As it stands, it's another de-humanised slab of radio pop from Perry INC.\"[27]", "Stronger (Kanye West song) An inspirational aspect can be found within \"Stronger\", where West speaks about the resolve that comes when one is faced with adversity, with lyrics at the song's refrain that paraphrase Friedrich Nietzsche's famous dictum, \"What does not kill him, makes him stronger.\"[18][19] West describes \"Stronger\" as an \"emancipation\", as he uses the first verse of the abrasive track to vent his frustration over mistakes that he had made in the past year.[9] In addition, West viewed the single as a return with the help from his fans, hence the \"I need you right now.\" hook that follows the refrain. As he told an interviewer with The Guardian, \"It's also a message from me to my fans that I'm coming back after a time away and I need you right now, to help me come back.\"[20]", "Sorry Not Sorry (Demi Lovato song) Forbes contributor Hugh McIntyre described \"Sorry Not Sorry\" as \"an unapologetic, braggadocious look in the mirror, with Lovato taking the opportunity to praise herself, and rightfully so,\" and further opined that \"Lovato really packs a punch her powerful vocals, which have been setting her apart from other female pop stars for years now.\"[11] Elias Leight of Rolling Stone described the song as a \"gleeful revenge on a callous ex\" with \"heavy rhythmic effects.\"[12] Christopher Rosa of Glamour felt the song \"takes self-empowerment to new heights.\"[13] Lars Brandle of Billboard wrote it was \"bound to be embraced as a girl-power anthem.\"[14] On a less positive note, Mike Wass from Idolator stated that its theme was something that had \"been done several dozen times before,\" as the concept is a \"fairly tired tale of turning the tables on an ex/hater,\" and felt the chorus \"offers more of the same.\"[15]", "Roar (song) On May 27th, 2017, Perry performed the song as her finale at BBC radio one's big weekend in Hull.", "It Ain't Me The chorus has a new melodic arrangement and a crescendo.[11][13] It is ensued by chord-buoyed builds and drops comprising finger snaps and pan flute melodies.[14] The same synthesizers from the verses are repeated with a piano in the background.[9] Gomez's vocals in the drop are reduced to syllables from her verses such as a recurring \"whiskey neat\" and are accompanied by percussion instruments.[11] \"It Ain't Me\" is a breakup song with a theme of nostalgia.[15] The lyrics are about standing up for yourself in the face of a toxic relationship.[16] Gomez narrates the regret of a previous relationship ruined by her former lover's habits of drinking and partying too often.[11] The lyrics specifically address alcohol abuse, a type of alcoholism.[17] Tamposi explained that \"It Ain't Me\" is about a woman finding the strength to walk away from a toxic relationship despite the pressure she receives from society to stand by her man.[2] Although the lyrics are sombre, the song has a distinctly uplifting and empowering sound.[17]", "Praying (song) Althea Legaspi and Elias Leight of Rolling Stone called \"Praying\" \"triumphant\" and \"uplifting\",[19] while Patrick Hosken of MTV deemed it \"about as soul-baring as anything gets.\"[32] The New York Times' Jon Pareles described the song as \"a perfectly aimed missile of revenge and career rebooting.\"[33] Tom Breihan of Stereogum opined that \"Praying\" is \"grand and expansive\".[34] HuffPost's Daniel Welsh wrote that it is an \"empowering and haunting ballad\" which \"may come as something of a surprise to more casual Kesha listeners, who are perhaps more used to hearing her glittery songs about partying and having a good time.\"[35] According to Matthew Rozsa of Salon, \"'Praying' is likely to be remembered as the moment when Ke$ha became Kesha — that is, when her overproduced image of a party girl transformed into that of a soulful artist\". Rozsa also felt that the critical acclaim that the song received was well-deserved.[28] Caroline Framke of Vox said that \"As Kesha embraces her pain and rage, the song becomes something much more intense and weird and furious and hopeful — something that feels much more like Kesha herself.\"[17] \"Praying\" was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[36]", "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You) \"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson and the titular song from her fifth studio album, Stronger (2011). Originally titled as \"What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)\", the song served as the album's second single on January 17, 2012 through RCA Records. Written by Jörgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, and David Gamson, with additional writing and production by Greg Kurstin, \"Stronger\" is an uptempo song which draws from the genres of dance-pop and electropop. Its lyrical content mainly explores themes of empowerment and recovery following a heartbreak, with the chorus inspired by a Friedrich Nietzsche quotation: \"That which does not kill us makes us stronger.\"[1]", "Roar (song) On September 16, 2013, the song was unexpectedly used during player introductions by the Cincinnati Bengals in their home opener against the rival Pittsburgh Steelers on Monday Night Football, to tie in the song's jungle theme with the team's nickname. Throughout the game, the song was also played sporadically during game breaks. Although the Bengals won the game 20-10, the song drew much criticism by Bengals fans and even some of the team's players. One Bengals fan even told the Wall Street Journal that Steeler fans sitting near him were laughing at the Bengals fans throughout the game; the Steelers themselves have used the Styx song \"Renegade\" frequently at Heinz Field since 2001.[99] Four days after the game, the team publicly apologized, announcing that while the song would not be nixed from Paul Brown Stadium's playlist completely, the team would use a hard rock or classic rock song for player introductions moving forward.[100]", "Don't Be So Hard on Yourself Matthew Scott Donnelly of Pop Crush opined that the song \"uses upbeat soul as a vehicle to deliver sonic-cheeriness, [...] becom[ing] a warning against self-deprecation. In other words, it’s your new preferred empowerment anthem.\"[15] Andy Baber of MusicOMH called it \"irresistibly catchy\", praising the fact that it \"relies simply on a driving clapped beat and a jaunty piano riff.\"[16] John Aizlewood of London Evening Standard called it \"a windswept delight and bold is always more fun than mealy-mouthed.\"[7] Paul MacInnes of The Guardian compared it to songs by Emeli Sandé, describing it as \"a big piano pop song that invites the listener to push on through the dark days.\"[17] Hazel Cills wrote for Spin noted that the album can be \"relentless in this 'lift yourself up' message, citing the song as \"the cream of this crop\", observing that is \"punctuated by swooning violins and a house-evoking piano melody fit for the club.\"[18]", "Hero (Mariah Carey song) The song's lyrics describe of the individual power that lies inside every person, their ability to be their own hero. According to author Carol K. Ingall, the song inspires anyone to be a hero.[12] Ingall continued how due to a hero's power to transform and inspire those around them, so too every person has inside of them the light and force needed to help change the world.[12] Similarly, author Darlene Wade connects the song's lyrical content to the power within the soul, however also with the inclusion of God.[13]", "Mean (song) The music video was met with mixed reviews from the critics. Story Gilmore of Neon Limelight perceived the clip to be \"adorable\",[47] while Amanda Lynne of Gather.com was not disappointed with the video and thought that Swift delivered once again.[48] The Huffington Post said the video was effective at putting Swift alongside the underdogs and dreamers.[49] Daily Mail praised the theme of the video, writing \"her new video for her upcoming single Mean depicts how young people picked on at school rise up and become successful later in life.\"[50] The same opinion was echoed by Jocelyn Vena of MTV who wrote that the video \"is the latest entry in an avalanche of empowering clips, which we've seen from artists like Katy Perry (\"Firework\") and Pink (\"Raise Your Glass\").\"[51] Ashley Lasimone of Taste of Country complimented Swift's looks in the video. She concluded that \"it's difficult to not feel as empowered as superstar Swift.[52]", "I Will Survive The song's lyrics describe the narrator's discovery of personal strength following an initially devastating breakup. It received heavy airplay in 1979, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and on the UK Singles Chart on consecutive weeks. The song is also frequently recalled as a symbol of female strength and as a gay anthem.[2][3][4] In 2016, the Library of Congress deemed Gaynor's original recording to be \"culturally, historically, or artistically significant\" and selected it for preservation in the National Recording Registry.", "Roar (song) The song was featured in the August 5th 2014 episode of British soap opera EastEnders during an uplifting scene that saw Mick Carter (Danny Dyer) overcome his fear of swimming, while being cheered on by his wife Linda (Kellie Bright).", "All About That Bass Trainor and Kadish discussed their love for 1950s music, and decided to incorporate the style into the song[9] along with doo-wop because Trainor felt that the genre was very catchy.[13] Kadish then developed a modern beat for the song and Trainor began freestyling the first verse.[9] She felt encouraged by the result and pictured the song to contain a theme of girl power.[14] Trainor intended for the song's lyrics to be about self-acceptance of body type, a theme inspired by her own struggles in self-image as a teenager.[9][11] Kadish related to Trainor's lyric ideas due to his own experiences with weight insecurities during adolescence.[6][15] Trainor wanted the track to criticize the use of photoshopped images after she saw a feature on The Ellen DeGeneres Show of a model whose photographs were graphically edited.[11] She obtained additional inspiration for the song from American singer Bruno Mars' \"Just the Way You Are\" (2010)[16] and The Chordettes' \"Lollipop\" (1958).[17]", "Throne (song) Describing the track as \"fast, short [and] simple\", Sykes has suggested that the line \"So you can throw me to the wolves/Tomorrow I will come back leader of the whole pack\" summarises the themes of the song, which include the proposition that \"it's the people that break you that also make you\".[1] Writing for Billboard magazine, Jon Wiederhorn also highlighted this line as summarising the song's theme of \"overcoming adversity\".[2] The song, influenced by nu metal,[3] possesses \"punch and warbled vocoder\" and has been described as synth-rock.[4][5]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) \"Part of Me\" was written by Perry herself, Dr. Luke, Brian E. Smith,[2] Bonnie McKee, and Max Martin during the 2010 Teenage Dream writing sessions, which also produced the Hot 100 number-one singles \"California Gurls\", \"Teenage Dream\" and \"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.).\"[3] Perry and McKee had been casual friends prior to Perry's request for her help with a song that Perry had been writing called \"Part of Me\". According to Rolling Stone, McKee stayed up all night writing the lyrics. When Perry was presented the song, she shouted \"We're buying you a car!\" by the time she heard the third line.[4]", "Part of Your World Bustle's Tracy Dye wrote that, in addition to \"7 Lessons About Life & Facing Fear\", the song also reinforces the importance of pursuing other opportunities, the belief that \"material items don't lead to fulfillment\", building new relationships and friendships, exploring new environments, and the concept of girl power.[48] BuzzFeed's Aylin Zafar described \"Part of Your World\" as \"an anthem for anyone who has ever felt they were on the outside, looking into a place ... that they yearned to be a part of.\"[69] The Daily Dot's Aja Romano believes that the ballad mirrors \"every young girl’s wish to get away from her over-protective parents and explore the world\",[85] a sentiment shared by Rebecca Rose of Cosmopolitan who dubbed it \"every young girl's lament about wanting to be part of something she idolizes.\"[86] Donna Dickens of HitFix concurred that the song's lyrics are about \"yearning to break free from suffocating parental expectations\".[87] Writing for Billboard, Taylor Weatherby identified \"Part of Your World\" as a song about \"fantasizing over living a life you can’t,\" to which he believes many people are able to relate.[72] Derrick Gill of KXKX believes that the song is also based around the traditional saying \"Is the grass greener on the other side?\"[88]", "Royals (song) \"Royals\" message was compared to Nirvana's 1991 single \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\", as it decries \"the pop industry of which it became a part\".[52] MTV's James Montgomery said that like \"Teen Spirit\", \"Royals\" could become Lorde's signature song.[59] Other analysts noted thematic similarities—income inequality, or \"unabashedly pop [songs] attacking unabashedly pop music\"— with the songs: \"Thrift Shop\" (2012) by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, \"Gangnam Style\" (2012), \"Primadonna\" (2012) by Marina and the Diamonds, \"The Fear\" (2008) by Lily Allen, \"Swimming Pools (Drank)\" (2012) by Kendrick Lamar and \"New Slaves\" (2013) by Kanye West.[60][61]", "By the Grace of God (song) Lyrically, Perry is depicted as having suicidal thoughts and lying on the floor of a bathroom. The song opens with only piano and Perry's vocals, while she sings \"Was twenty-seven, surviving my return from Saturn\",[8] and as the song carries on, she finds her strength,[1] singing \"By the grace of God / I picked myself back up / I put one foot in front of the other and I / Looked in the mirror and decided to stay / Wasn't gonna let love take me out that way\".[9] Perry commented on the lyrics: \"[They] are very exact and autobiographical. That's how I write. But the one thing about those lyrics is you can hear me finding my strength throughout the song. It starts off really low and then I kind of stand up for myself and say, 'No!'.\"[4] The song also sees Perry rejecting the idea that the relationship ended because of her.[15]", "Wide Awake (song) \"Wide Awake\" is lyrically about the reality of a break up and moving on, which many have believed to have been written about Perry's ex-husband, Russell Brand, since it was written and recorded after the divorce.[9] Byron Flitsch from MTV stated that the downtempo melody of the song \"highlights the song's introspective lyrics\".[10] Robbie Daw of Idolator described the song's lyrics as \"universally relatable\".[11] Katy's Christian upbringing is also prominent on \"Wide Awake\", which references the concept of being born-again.[12]", "Part of Me (Katy Perry song) \"Over the years, Perry has been a California Gurl, a nerdy teenager, an alien and just about everything in between, but up until now, she's never really been an actual person.\" He went on to praise the video stating: \"Part of Me\" is unlike any pop video in recent memory. Rihanna did military chic in her \"Hard\" video (she even straddled a tank), and just about every one of Perry's pop contemporaries have ventured down the same path. But they were never really in the military; they were just making it more fabulous. Perry takes the opposite tact [sic]: She cuts off her hair, she eschews makeup, she fights, crawls, suffers. It's a commendable level of commitment. Your move, everybody else.\"[50]", "Shake It Out Rolling Stone's Jody Rosen wrote, \"'Shake It Out' is a treatise on heartbreak and spiritual rebirth. I am done with my graceless heart/So tonight I'm gonna cut it out and then restart, she cries, over guitars and keyboards that heave and chime. This is the sound of a human turbine – a wind machine.\"[16] In his review of Ceremonials, Rob Harvilla of Spin wrote: \"Consider rapturous call to arms 'Shake It Out,' a feast of droning organs and concussive drums that begins as an assassination/martyrdom attempt, throwing Flo to the clichés instead of the lions: 'It's always darkest before the dawn,' 'Damned if I do and damned if I don't,' 'At the end of my rope,' 'It's a shot in the dark,' and all-time Catholic-hymn classic 'It's hard to dance with a devil on your back.' Yet she rips the throat out of every line with that bazooka alto, turns even the banalities into profundities.\"[17]", "Born This Way (song) \"I want to write my this-is-who-the-fuck-I-am anthem, but I don't want it to be hidden in poetic wizardry and metaphors. I want it to be an attack, an assault on the issue because I think, especially in today's music, everything gets kind of washy sometimes and the message gets hidden in the lyrical play. Harkening back to the early '90s, when Madonna, En Vogue, Whitney Houston and TLC were making very empowering music for women and the gay community and all kind of disenfranchised communities, the lyrics and the melodies were very poignant and very gospel and very spiritual and I said, 'That's the kind of record I need to make. That's the record that's going to shake up the industry.' It's not about the track. It's not about the production. It's about the song. Anyone could sing 'Born This Way'. It could've been anyone.\"[2]", "Part of Your World Featuring \"multi-layered\" lyrics, \"Part of Your World\" has been the subject of various interpretations; common inferences range from an adventurous teenager seeking independence from overprotective parenting, to \"deeper meaning[s] relating to gender\" and longing to be part of \"a different kind of society\".[44] The overall sentiment remains empowering.[39] The line \"Bet you on land, they understand/Bet they don't reprimand their daughters/Bright young women sick of swimming, ready to stand\" has been widely interpreted as a feminist statement.[44][45][64][89][90][91] Jenny Shelton, writing for Standard Issue Magazine, identified \"Part of Your World\" as \"a protest song\" that is both proactive and pro-feminist.[92] Thought Catalog's Zaron Burnett III described the lyrics as \"feminist-sounding\".[61] One critic believes that since \"Part of Your World\" was released in 1989 during \"an uncertain time for women\" amidst backlash resulting from the women's movement, the song \"could represent the disillusionment of women in this decade – sick of being told to settle with their lot and placate their dreams of true liberation with capitalist consumerism; in the same way that Ariel has been forced to satiate her true desires with meaningless trophies by her father’s patriarchal subjugation.\"[44] A number of critics have also identified the song's lyrics as an allegory for the LGBT community seeking public acceptance and a place in which they feel as though they belong.[59] BuzzFeed's Chris Hernandez wrote that closeted gay people can \"relate to Ariel's longing to be a part of a world that is immensely different than the one she's living in\" and \"that there is freedom in that world.\"[43] Writing for KQED, Tony Bravo agreed that \"Part of Your World\" discusses \"The longing that all gay kids feel to belong\".[93] Citing that Ashman himself was openly gay, Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company from the Inside Out author Sean P. Griffin wrote that the lyricist uses the song to demonstrate \"a gay dilemma of trying to choose between different worlds\" by discussing \"fantasy, escape and forbidden romance.\"[12]", "No (Meghan Trainor song) In an interview with Fuse's Jason Lipshutz, Trainor stated the song is \"a big anthem for ladies about telling a dude, 'Nah, I'm good—I’m out here on my own, and I'm good with it.'\" She also said, \"The scene is me in a club, and the dude comes up to me and I go, 'No no no. I don't need your hands all over me. I'm good. I'm gonna dance on my own with my girls.'\"[1] Billboard gave a preview of the lyrics: \"My name is 'no'/My number is 'no.'\"[2] Musically, she described the material as \"something that's not on the radio\" and \"different.\"[3] Trainor wanted \"No\" to resemble the Britney Spears song \"Overprotected\", as well as the music of NSYNC and Destiny's Child.[4] Referring to the meeting, Trainor revealed that label director L.A. Reid had told the singer she then lacked a proper lead single for her upcoming album: \"he said I have an album of Nice Meghan.\" Trainor said it took little time to craft the song with producer Ricky Reed, explaining: \"I told my producer we needed a big eff-you song, an anthem about girl power that sounded like nothing on the album. We wrote it that day.\" She added: \"I was too scared to go by myself [play the final result for Reid]. L.A. played it 29 times—and we kept counting. I’ll never forget that moment.\"[5] Ultimately, the song changed the direction of its parent album, as they started experimenting with new musical styles and produced six more tracks.[6]", "American Capitalist \"The Pride\" is the third track on the album,[13] and is often considered a list song. In an interview, guitarist Zoltan Bathory clarified the meaning of the song. \"You can be a zebra or join the lion pride. You have to rebel against your circumstances, laziness and mediocrity â€” not the system.\"[14]", "I Am Woman To Reddy, the song's message reaches beyond feminism. \"It's not just for women,\" she said. \"It's a general empowerment song about feeling good about yourself, believing in yourself. When my former brother-in-law, a doctor, was going to medical school he played it every morning just to get him going.\" In 2002, however, she said, \"I had no idea what the song was destined to become. If I'd known, I would have been far too intimidated to have written it.\"[2]", "The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song) \"'Summer after high school, when we first met/ We make out in your Mustang, to Radiohead,' Katy Perry reminisces on the opening of her latest, potentially record-breaking single. We've always known that she had a penchant for the alt-rock, but we wonder if KP's 18-year-old self ever thought she'd be substituting the sounds of Thom Yorke and co. for the sugar-coated melodies that have made her one of the best-known artists on the planet today? 'Used to steal our parents' liquor, and climb through the roof/ Talk about our future, like we had a clue,' she continues over a toe-tapping drum beat and delicate piano riff as she agonises over the loss of her one true love. 'In another life, I would be your girl/ We'd keep all our promises/ Be us against the world,' she mourns on a chorus as instantly satisfying as a mugful of Kenco. Word of advice Katy, we'd keep this one well away from Russell if you want to avoid history repeating itself.\"[19]", "Mamma Mia! Mamma Mia! does not only heighten a nostalgic and emotional reactions to the ABBA fans[40], it has also been celebrated for its feminist overtones. The musical features strong female protagonists living in a strong female-power community [41]. The theme of single motherhood breaks the family stereotype of a child being raised by both parents by showing a different perspective of a family raised single-handedly by a mother, to show that there can still be happiness and love. Having Donna, her two good friends and her daughter, Sophie as the main strong female characters of the musical, it can be seen as an empowerment for women as it celebrates and caters to the rise in liberation of female in the society[42], female sexuality,[43] refuses to shame Donna for her promiscuity,[44] and because it asserts that women should prioritise following their goals and enjoying their youths over marriage.[45] It also celebrates female friendship, [46] and undermines the importance of fathers in women’s lives, prioritising self-actualisation and the role of the mother instead.[47] Librettist Catherine Johnson manages to express these themes through her transformation of ABBA’s music, as she turns these somewhat stereotypical songs into empowering ones by having characters of different genders sing them. [48]", "Through the Rain Lyrically, the song features an inspirational message of inner strength, and finds Carey reaching out to listeners.[18] The song uses a rainstorm as a metaphor for troubles in life, while encouraging others to \"make it through the rain\" through perseverance.[19] The first chorus begins: \"When you get caught in the rain / With no where to run / When your distraught and in pain without anyone / When you keep crying out to be saved\", illustrating a moment in an individual's life where they are surrounded by conflict.[18] The chorus then serves as a guide to those still suffering, \"I can make it through the rain, I can stand up once again on my own / And I know that I'm strong enough to mend / And every time I feel afraid I hold tighter to my faith / And I live one more day and I make it through the rain\". Similarly, the second verse once again revisits difficult times when \"shadows grow close\", before continuing into the second chorus and climax. While the song in meant for listeners to gain confidence and strength, it also allows them into Carey's personal struggles she endured throughout 2001.[18] Lola Ogunnaike of The New York Times described the song as a \"triumph over adversity\",[20] while a writer from the Sydney Morning Herald wrote \"it's an insight into her recent troubles.\"[21] In an interview with MTV News, Carey described the song's lyrical content in depth:", "This Is Acting This Is Acting received generally positive reviews from music critics. The A.V. Club gave the album a favorable review, stating that \"There's a clear theme here, and it's emancipation—from fear, from doubt, and most of all, from feeling as though she wasn’t meant to be a star. Gone is the uncertainty that still clung to many of her earlier efforts at mainstream pop hits of her own; success has granted her the confidence to dive into the deep end of the mainstream music pool, and the results are potent.\"[48]", "Fight Song (Rachel Platten song) \"Fight Song\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Rachel Platten, released as a single by Columbia Records on February 19, 2015. It appears on her extended play (EP) of the same name (2015) and on her major label debut studio album, and third overall, Wildfire (2016). Platten co-wrote the song with Dave Bassett and Jon Levine.", "Chandelier (song) Lyrically, \"Chandelier\" has a sad theme talking about \"the glitter and fatigue of a party girl's life\".[7] John Walker from MTV Buzzworthy opined that the song has a dark theme, \"toeing the line between celebration and self-destruction as it becomes increasingly more blurred\".[21] The song's opening lyrics, \"Party girls don't get hurt, can't feel anything ... I push it down\", are sung over a reggae-influenced background.[18] Walker noted that during the chorus, Sia sings, \"I'm gonna swing from the chandelier, from the chandelier/ I'm gonna live like tomorrow doesn't exist, like it doesn't exist\".[21] A few critics compared the song's musical style to works done by Rihanna, including Jeremy Gordon from Pitchfork Media,[19] and Melinda Newman of HitFix.[22]", "The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song) \"I'm so pleased to select 'The One That Got Away' as my sixth single because this song shows a very different side of me that I haven't shown with my past singles on this record, I think that everyone can relate to this song. I wrote [it] about when you promise someone forever, but you end up not being able to follow through. It's a bittersweet story. Hopefully, the listener learns from hearing it and never has to say they had 'The One' get away.\"[4]", "Spark the Fire \"Spark the Fire\" was written by Stefani and Pharrell Williams; Williams serves as the track's sole producer.[8] The song is a dance-pop and hip hop track,[9][10] with inclusions of funk music and heavy percussion.[11] August Brown of the Los Angeles Times described the song as \"full of vintage Pharrell moves: pep-band drum lines, percussive blips and a lot of open space for Stefani's gum-smacking shouts\".[12] Lyrically, the song discusses several different themes; Feminism and \"girl power\" is made clear in the lyric \"It is time for the girl species to grow / I am a Libra / Let's balance the scales\", while partying and clubbing is made clear in the lyric \"Who got the lighter? / Let's spark the fire\".[8] In a 2014 interview with Scott T. Sterling, Williams stated that the \"coolest part\" of the song was \"the sound and direction\", particularly the song's lyrics dicscussing \"feminism and women standing up for themselves, and standing together\".[13] He described the song as inspired by his feeling that \"the female species has been suppressed long enough\", calling the lyric \"Enough's enough. Who's got the lighter? / Let's spark the fire\" Stefani's way of demanding more respect for women.[14] In an interview with PopSugar's Lindsay Miller, Stefani identified the song as being \"a very personal song\" and \"my journey\" instead of a feminist anthem, but supported Williams' interpretation, saying \"I love when people discover their own opinions about a song\". Miller described Stefani's hesitation with the word feminism as \"com[ing] more from a place of humility than an attempt to avoid controversy\".[15]", "By the Grace of God (song) In contrast, Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described it as \"a sappy Paula Cole-style statement of self-actualization\".[24] Jon Dolan from Rolling Stone criticized its lyrics and negatively likened them to those of Alanis Morissette.[25] Kitty Empire from The Guardian found the song to be \"ridden with clichÃ©\".[16] Mesfin Fekadu from ABC News thought both tracks were \"good\", but stated that they \"could be great if Perry didn't hold back and explored more lyrically and sonically\".[26] Chris Bosman from Consequence of Sound criticized its placement on the album track listing and thought that they \"would stand out more if they ('By The Grace of God', and closing track 'Double Rainbow') hadn't been forced to rub elbows, thus stealing momentum and impact from each other\".[27] Carl Williott from Idolator praised the track as a \"nice counterpart to Roar\".[28]", "How Far I'll Go Rolling Stone's Brittany Spanos called the song \"inspirational and sweet\" and went on to say \"the uplifting song is a perfect fit into the Disney canon, with Cara belting lyrics about persevering to achieve her dreams in spite of her imperfections or detractors.\"[26] US magazine Rap-Up said \"the empowering anthem allows the Canadian songstress to deliver outstanding vocals about overcoming adversity to reach for goals\" and labeled it \"a song with a message\" and an \"emotionally-charged track.\"[27] Taylor Weatherby of Billboard dubbed it a \"bouncy, uplifting tune.\"[1] Idolator's Mike Wass said \"the inspiring anthem is the perfect antidote to the general ugliness of 2016\" and called it \"a soaring ballad.\"[28]", "The Kill Jared Leto described the meaning of the song as, \"It's really about a relationship with yourself. It's about confronting your fear and confronting the truth about who you are.\" He has also said it is about \"confrontation as a crossroads\" â€” coming face-to-face with who you really are.[1]" ]	[ "Roar (song) \"Roar\" is a song by American singer Katy Perry for her fourth studio album, Prism (2013). It was released as the lead single from the record on August 10, 2013. Perry co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut. It is a pop song containing elements of arena rock and lyrics centering on standing up for oneself and self-empowerment. Some critics praised the track's production while others felt that its lyrics contained \"clichÃ©s\".", "Roar (song) The song was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios. \"Roar\" was recorded in four other studios: Luke's in the Boo, Playback Recording Studio and Secret Garden Studios, all located in the state of California, as well as MXM Studios in Stockholm, Sweden Perry co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut.[1] All its development took place in March 2013.[2] McKee told MTV that \"Roar\" is \"kind of a 'pick yourself up and dust yourself off and keep going', female-empowerment song\" and \"kind of an epiphany song.\"[3] Perry said she wrote the song after undergoing therapy, saying she was \"sick of keeping all these feelings inside and not speaking up for myself\".[4]", "Roar (song) Musically, \"Roar\" is a pop song that features elements of arena rock.[5][6] Throughout the song, Perry \"flexes diva-like vocals\", singing the lyric \"Hey!\" several times in a way resemblant of The Lumineers.[7] The song's instrumentation is composed of \"pounding\" pianos and \"booming\" bass drums.[7] According to the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc. on Musicnotes.com, \"Roar\" is composed in the key of B♭ major and set in a 4\n4 time signature at a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute. Perry's vocal range spawns from the low note B♭3 to the high note E♭5, while the music follows the chord progression of B♭–Cm–Gm–E♭.[8] The song shares the theme of empowerment with Perry's single \"Firework\".[9][10] Perry described the track as a song speaking about standing up for oneself.[11]" ]
test481	who sang it's a mean old world	[ "doc17774" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc17775", "doc17777", "doc17774", "doc17779", "doc17776", "doc17778", "doc17780", "doc1236785", "doc253864", "doc496376", "doc764022", "doc1394494", "doc2191580", "doc1132126", "doc1236783", "doc336642", "doc1394458", "doc108214", "doc264634", "doc2410247", "doc459415", "doc616012", "doc602678", "doc1275648", "doc222347", "doc253863", "doc1220086", "doc886175", "doc457540", "doc1284625", "doc1236787", "doc322773", "doc1729077", "doc2191582", "doc2316244", "doc1472530", "doc496377", "doc816081", "doc1888794", "doc1236769", "doc1220087", "doc1347587", "doc1809395", "doc70748", "doc1236779", "doc1105054", "doc26672", "doc461244", "doc461230", "doc976860", "doc147825", "doc2249323", "doc140951", "doc1236781", "doc222348", "doc1311804", "doc1236788", "doc1775624", "doc298880", "doc620898", "doc1690337", "doc108213", "doc1236760", "doc1886870", "doc2156122", "doc2448663", "doc868385", "doc401556", "doc1753666", "doc2071624", "doc2321207", "doc2526549", "doc1394506", "doc648044", "doc122533", "doc1749653", "doc909051", "doc496379", "doc1394488", "doc1105068", "doc2536998", "doc616019", "doc760870", "doc1069948", "doc1222884", "doc1137255", "doc1033370", "doc494312", "doc1208041", "doc1236784", "doc263427", "doc1105063", "doc534512", "doc2321209", "doc616020", "doc26675", "doc616013", "doc1276646", "doc1129293", "doc845711" ]	[ "Mean Old World T-Bone Walker began performing \"Mean Old World\" when he was with Les Hite and His Orchestra from 1939 to 1940.[3] After leaving Hite's band, Walker continued to develop and refine his style on the Los Angeles club circuit. On July 20, 1942, he recorded \"Mean Old World\" for Capitol Records.[4] The song was performed in the West Coast blues style, with a small combo of pianist Freddie Slack, bassist Jud DeNaut, and drummer Dave Coleman accompanying Walker on vocal and guitar. \"Mean Old World\" \"showcased T-Bones's new, and already developed, style, in which he answered his smoky, soulful vocal phrases with deft, stinging, jazz-inflected lead lines on his electric guitar\".[2] Capitol released the song in November 1945, with \"I Got a Break, Baby\", as the third disc in a five 10-inch record collection \"The History of Jazz, Volume 3: Then Came Swing\" (Capitol Criterion CE 18).[5] Capitol later issued it as a single in 1947 (Capitol 15003).", "Mean Old World This is a mean old world, baby to live in by yourself\nThis is a mean old world, babe to live in by yourself\nWhen you can't get the woman you love, you know she's loving someone else", "Mean Old World \"Mean Old World\" is a blues song recorded by American blues electric guitar musician T-Bone Walker in 1942.[1] It has been described (along with the single's B-side) as \"the first important blues recordings on the electric guitar\".[2] Over the years it has been interpreted and recorded by numerous blues, jazz and rock and roll artists.", "Mean Old World In October 1952, Little Walter recorded his version of \"Mean Old World\" for Checker Records, a subsidiary of Chess Records.[10] It was recast as a Chicago blues, with Walter's amplified harmonica prominently featured and several new lyrics substituted. The song was a hit, reaching number six on the Billboard R&B chart, where it remained for six weeks in 1953.[11] Backing Little Walter are The Aces, with guitarists Louis and Dave Myers and drummer Fred Below.[10] T-Bone Walker's Capitol version was released before Billboard magazine or a similar service began tracking such releases, so it is difficult to gauge which version was more popular. Little Walter received the sole credit for his recording.", "Mean Old World Because of a recording ban, T-Bone Walker did not record again until October 10, 1944, for the Rhumboogie label in Chicago.[6] He recorded a variation on \"Mean Old World\", initially designated \"T-Bone Blues No. 2\".[6] When Rhumboogie released it in 1946, it was retitled \"Mean Old World Blues\".[6] It did not feature Walker's guitar as prominently (the backing group, Marl Young's Orchestra, had a five-piece horn section) and some new lyrics were substituted. Walker commented \"those sides were not so hot, not as good as the ones in L.A. later. They were big band numbers, more like what I recorded with Hite\".[7] However, the opening verses remained the same:", "Mean Old World This anticipated future versions, in which new lyrics would be added to the familiar opening lines. On December 14, 1956, Walker recorded another version for Atlantic Records that was released on the acclaimed 1959 album T-Bone Blues.[8] He is backed by a small combo with Lloyd Glenn on piano, Billy Hadnot on bass, and Oscar Bradley on drums.[9]", "Mean Old World Many blues and other artists have recorded \"Mean Old World\", including Walter Brown (1947 single); Snooks Eaglin (from his 1959 album New Orleans Street Singer); Sam Cooke (1963 Night Beat); James Cotton (1967 Late Night Blues); Canned Heat (1967, released 1994 on Uncanned! The Best of Canned Heat); Chicken Shack (1969 O.K. Ken?); Ike & Tina Turner (1969 Outta Season); Eric Clapton & Duane Allman (1970 Crossroads); Bobby Bland & B.B. King (1976 Bobby Bland and B. B. King Together Again...Live); Otis Rush (1975 Cold Day in Hell); Chuck Berry (1972 The London Chuck Berry Sessions); George \"Mojo\" Buford (1979 Mojo Buford's Blues Summit); Luther Tucker (1990 Sad Hours); Lowell Fulson (1997 Blue Shadows); Willie Cobbs (2000 Jukin'); and Nina Hagen (2010 Personal Jesus).", "Irving Berlin \"Say It Isn't So\" (1932)", "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) The music was composed and arranged by Ellington in August 1931 during intermissions at Chicago's Lincoln Tavern and was first recorded by Ellington and his orchestra for Brunswick Records (Br 6265) on February 2, 1932. After Mills wrote the lyrics, Ivie Anderson sang the vocal and trombonist Joe Nanton and alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges played the instrumental solos. The song became famous, Ellington wrote, \"as the expression of a sentiment which prevailed among jazz musicians at the time.\"[2] Ellington credited the saying as a \"credo\" of his former trumpeter, Bubber Miley,[2] who was dying of tuberculosis at the time;[3] Miley died the year that the song was released.[4] The Ellington band played the song continually over the years and recorded it numerous times, most often with trumpeter Ray Nance as vocalist.", "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch \"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" is a children's Christmas song that was originally written and composed for the 1966 cartoon special How the Grinch Stole Christmas![1]", "It's a Sin to Tell a Lie \"It's a Sin to Tell a Lie\" is a 1936 popular song written by Billy Mayhew,[1] introduced early that year on records by many dance bands including Dick Robertson on the 78rpm record Champion 40106, and later popularized by Fats Waller on Victor 25342 and re-issued on Victor 20-1595,[2] It was recorded in French by Cajun singer Cléoma Breaux in 1936 or 1937.[3] The tune was revived in 1955 by Somethin' Smith and the Redheads, reaching number 7 on the Billboard charts in that year. It was later a Top 40 Country hit for Slim Whitman, reaching #21 on the 'Top Country Singles' chart in 1971, from the album of the same name. John Denver tells a story about the song and does a cover in his 1978 album, Live at the Sydney Opera House (RCA Victor VPL1-7167).[4] Other artists who have recorded versions include Billie Holiday, The Ink Spots, Tony Bennett, Bobbi Martin, Gerry Monroe (a number 13 hit in the UK Singles Chart in 1971),[5] Brent Spiner, Lenny Breau, Buddy Greco, Steve Goodman, The Quebe Sisters Band, Ann Breen, Jerry Murad and the Harmonicats, Bobby Vinton, Patti Page, Vera Lynn, and George Maharis. In the 2010 role-playing game Fallout New Vegas, the song can be heard playing on the in-game radio.", "Frankie Laine He enjoyed his greatest success after impresario Mitch Miller, who became the A&R man at Mercury in 1948, recognized a universal quality in his voice that led to a succession of chart-topping popular songs, often with a folk or western flavor. Laine and Miller became a formidable hit-making team whose first collaboration, \"That Lucky Old Sun\", became the number one song in the country three weeks after its release. It was also Laine's fifth Gold record. \"That Lucky Old Sun\" was something new to the musical scene in 1949: a folk spiritual which, as interpreted by Laine, became both an affirmation of faith and a working man's wish to bring his earthly sufferings to an end.", "All of Me (jazz standard) First performed by Belle Baker over the radio and recorded in December 1931 by Ruth Etting,[1] it has become one of the most recorded songs of its era, with notable versions by Russ Columbo, Bing Crosby, Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, Mildred Bailey, Benny Goodman, Teddy Wilson in 1941, the Count Basie Orchestra, Harry James, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan (for the 1957 album, Swingin' Easy), Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Frankie Laine in 1947, Dinah Washington at the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival, Shirley Bassey in 1962, The Blue Diamonds, Della Reese, Johnnie Ray,[2] Django Reinhardt, Erroll Garner, Willie Nelson, Ronnie Dove, Jean Frye Sidwell, João Gilberto (Disse Alguém), Michael Bublé, Miss Montreal in 2012 and The Rockin' Berries. Ani DiFranco sang the song in 2012 for the documentary, Love, Marilyn. It is also recorded by Eric Clapton on his 2013 album Old Sock with Paul McCartney.", "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire It was written in 1938,[1] but was first recorded three years later by Harlan Leonard and His Rockets.[2] It was covered by several musicians and groups, most successfully by Horace Heidt on Columbia Records, whose version reached number one on the US pop chart; and by The Ink Spots on Decca, whose version reached number 4 on the same listing. Other early versions included those by Tommy Tucker, Mitchell Ayres, and (in Britain) Vera Lynn. The song, with its lyrics starting with \"I don't want to set the world on fire/ I just want to start a flame in your heart...\" became especially popular after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.[3]", "Irving Berlin \"Marie\" (1929)", "Ma! He's Making Eyes at Me Some of the earliest recordings are those by The Benson Orchestra of Chicago and Ted Lewis & his Orchestra both in 1921. Later recordings include Dick Robertson & His Orchestra released in December 1939 on Decca Records with the B-side \"She Had to Go and Lose It at the Astor\".[1] Soon after the Merry Macs made a recording released in February 1940 again on Decca records with B-side as \"Breezin' Along with the Breeze\"[2] followed by Riley Puckett in October 1940 on Bluebird Records with \"Walking My Baby Back Home\" as B-side.[3]", "Frankie Laine Frankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 â€“ February 6, 2007) was an Italian American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Cry of the Wild Goose\", \"A Woman In Love\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Moonlight Gambler,\" \"Love Is a Golden Ring,\" \"Rawhide\", and \"Lord, You Gave Me a Mountain.\"", "Baby, It's Cold Outside Loesser originally created it to sing with his wife, Lynn Garland, as a private performance for their friends. It was later recorded for the film Neptune's Daughter, it has been recorded by many artists since its original release, including Ray Charles, Dolly Parton and Michael Bublé.", "Eddie Cantor Eddie Cantor (January 31, 1892[1] â€“ October 10, 1964), born Edward Israel Itzkowitz,[2][3] was an American \"illustrated song\" performer, comedian, dancer, singer, actor, and songwriter.[4] Familiar to Broadway, radio, movie, and early television audiences, this \"Apostle of Pep\" was regarded almost as a family member by millions because his top-rated radio shows revealed intimate stories and amusing anecdotes about his wife Ida and five daughters. Some of his hits include \"Makin' Whoopee\", \"Ida\", \"Yes! We Have No Bananas\", \"If You Knew Susie\", \"Ma! He's Makin' Eyes at Me\", \"Baby\", \"Margie\", and \"How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?\" He also wrote a few songs, including \"Merrily We Roll Along\", the Merrie Melodies Warner Bros. cartoon theme.", "My Little Corner of the World It was first recorded by singer Anita Bryant in 1960, as \"In My Little Corner of the World\", and released on the album of the same name. Bryant's version reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960.[1]", "Pennies from Heaven (song) \"Pennies from Heaven\" is a 1936 American popular song with music by Arthur Johnston and words by Johnny Burke. It was introduced by Bing Crosby in the 1936 film of the same name.[1] It was recorded in the same year by Billie Holiday and afterwards performed by Jimmy Dorsey & his Orchestra, Louis Armstrong, Tony Bennett, Dinah Washington, Clark Terry, Frances Langford, Arthur Tracy, Big Joe Turner, Frank Sinatra, Lester Young, Stan Getz, Dean Martin, Gene Ammons, The Skyliners (a major hit in 1960), Louis Prima, Legion of Mary, Guy Mitchell, Rose Murphy, Harry James, and many other jazz and popular singers.", "Mean (song) \"Mean\" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her third studio album, Speak Now (2010). Produced by Swift alongside Nathan Chapman, the song was sent to country radio in the United States on March 13, 2011, as the third single from Speak Now. \"Mean\" garnered positive reviews from critics for its lyrical detail and profound country sound. The song received commercial success in the United States and Canada, debuting at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number ten on the Canadian Hot 100. The song also appeared on the Australian Singles Chart at number 45.", "Dream a Little Dream of Me \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" was recorded by Ozzie Nelson and his Orchestra, with vocal by Nelson, on February 16, 1931, for Brunswick Records. Two days later, Wayne King and His Orchestra, with vocal by Ernie Birchill, recorded the song for Victor Records. \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" was also an early signature tune of Kate Smith. In summer 1950, seven recordings of \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" were in release, with the versions by Frankie Laine and Jack Owens reaching the US top 20 at respectively numbers 18 and 14: the other versions were by Cathy Mastice, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Jordan, Vaughn Monroe, Dinah Shore and a duet by Bing Crosby and Georgia Gibbs. Other traditional pop acts to record \"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" include Louis Armstrong, Barbara Carroll, Nat King Cole, Doris Day, Joni James, and Dean Martin.", "It's a Man's Man's Man's World \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\" is a song by James Brown and Betty Jean Newsome. Brown recorded it on February 16, 1966 in a New York City studio and released it as a single later that year. It reached No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart and No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2][3] Its title is a word play on the 1963 comedy film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.", "What a Wonderful World \"What a Wonderful World\" is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele (as \"George Douglas\") and George David Weiss. It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single, which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom.[1] Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world (Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer/performer).[2] Armstrong's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group, Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management.", "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) is a 1931 composition by Duke Ellington, whose lyrics were written by Irving Mills. It is now accepted as a jazz standard, and jazz historian Gunther Schuller characterized it as \"now legendary\" and \"a prophetic piece and a prophetic title.\"[1]", "This Old Man Nicholas Monsarrat, (born in 1910), in his autobiography 'Life is a Four Letter Word,' refers to the song as being 'a Liverpool song' adding that it was 'local and original' during his childhood in Liverpool. A similar version was included in Cecil Sharp and Sabine Baring-Gould's English Folk-Songs for Schools, published in 1906.[2] It was collected several times in England in the early 20th century with a variety of lyrics. In 1948 it was included by Pete Seeger and Ruth Crawford in their American Folk Songs for Children and recorded by Seeger in 1953. It received a boost in popularity when it was adapted for the film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) by composer Malcolm Arnold as \"The Children's Marching Song\", which led to hit singles for Cyril Stapleton and Mitch Miller.[3]", "It Is No Secret In 1951 The Ink Spots lead singer Bill Kenny recorded It Is No Secret for the Decca label. His recorded version which also featured \"The Song Spinners\" was the first to make the US pop charts, reaching #18.[2]", "A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square Early charts hits of the song in the USA were by Glenn Miller, Ray Noble, Guy Lombardo and Sammy Kaye.[6] The Glenn Miller recording (Bluebird 10931) with a Ray Eberle vocal was made in New York City on 11 October 1940. The fluttering clarinet that opens the track and no doubt is meant to suggest the sound of the nightingale began, it seems, with the Miller recording. The opening, using either a clarinet or flute, has been picked up by others including, on this page, the Frank Sinatra recording. The record was first charted on 21 December, 1940 peaking at #2.\nThe song has since become a standard, being recorded by Bing Crosby (recorded December 20, 1940),[7] Frank Sinatra in London in June 1962,[8] Rod Stewart on the 2004 album Stardust: the Great American Songbook 3,.[9] Anita O'Day performed it on her 1956 album \"Anita\" (re-released in 1962 (V/V6-8483) as \"This is Anita\"); it became part of the jazz singer's repertoire. Nat King Cole on the 1961 album The Touch of Your Lips,[10] Carmen McRae,[11] Perry Como on his 1977 The Best of British album, Stephane Grappelli, Bobby Darin on the 1962 album Oh! Look at Me Now,[12] British comedian Richard Digance in 1979 on both single and LP, Harry Connick Jr. on the 1990 album We Are in Love, The Brian Setzer Orchestra on their eponymous 1994 album, and Sonny Rollins on the 2000 album This Is What I Do.[13] A famous version by The Manhattan Transfer won a Grammy in 1981 for its arranger, Gene Puerling. A version was featured in an early Tom Hanks movie titled Everytime We Say Goodbye released in 1986. The British group the New Vaudeville Band wrote a highly distinctive version in 1966. The veteran British musician Ian Hunter, former vocalist for Mott the Hoople, regularly performs it in his concerts; and it has appeared on two at least of his live recordings.[14] A performance of the song by British actor Robert Lindsay was used as the theme to the British situation comedy series Nightingales.[15] Faryl Smith released a cover of the song on her debut album Faryl in 2009.[16] The song was also sung in the episode \"Captain Jack Harkness\" on Torchwood. Lyrics from the song were also paraphrased in the novel Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett. The lyrics are spoken and sung by the actor John Le Mesurier on the album What is Going To Become of Us All?.[17]", "When You and I Were Young, Maggie Some claim that the song was first sung by Frank Dumont \"as the Duprez & Benedict's Minstrels programs, dated, will show\" in 1870.[5] The song was first recorded by Corinne Morgan and Frank C. Stanley in 1905 and has been recorded since by many famous artists including opera tenors John McCormack and Jan Peerce, early country singer Fiddlin' John Carson, country singer Slim Whitman, bluegrass musicians Stanley Brothers, Reno and Smiley, Mac Wiseman, David Grisman and James Alan Shelton, crooners Perry Como and Gene Autry and popular singers such as Will Oakland, Henry Burr, Harry MacDonough and Frank Dunn. Instrumental recordings of Butterfield's melody are also numerous, and date as far back as the 1930s. Notable recordings include those of jazzmen Benny Goodman, Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson and Sidney Bechet and ragtime pianist Johnny Maddox and Country guitar, Speedy Haworth. \"Maggie\" has been re-scored as \"When You and I Were Young, Maggie Blues\", by Jack Frost and Jimmy McHugh. Mills Music Inc. published this edition in 1922, and again in 1949 with Guy Lombardo's picture on the cover. This was a 1951 hit for father and son Bing Crosby and Gary Crosby reaching the No. 8 spot in the Billboard charts[6] and for the duet team of Margaret Whiting and Jimmy Wakely. John W. Schaum arranged \"When you and I were young Maggie Boogie\" and had it published by Belwin Inc. in 1952. The song is also considered as a standard of dixieland.[7][8]", "Irving Berlin \"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm\" (1937)", "When I Grow Too Old to Dream Early hits versions (according to charts in Pop Memories 1890-1954 by Joel Whitburn {1986}) include: Decca 349 by Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra (charted 2-9-35 for 23 weeks, peaking at # 1 for 4 weeks) Victor 285 by Nelson Eddy (charted 8-10-35 for 4 weeks, peaking at #8).[1]", "Down by the Old Mill Stream Early popular recordings were by Arthur Clough (1911) and by Harry Macdonough (1912).[5] Bing Crosby recorded the song on March 15, 1939 with John Scott Trotter's Frying Pan Five.[6] The Mills Brothers included the song in their album Greatest Barbershop Hits (1959).[7] Harry James recorded a version in 1965 on his album Harry James Plays Green Onions & Other Great Hits (Dot DLP 3634 and DLP 25634).", "All of Me (jazz standard) In more recent years, it has been recorded by Pia Zadora, Anne Murray and Jason Danieley. Also, a punk rock rendition of the song was recorded by NOFX. The song was a major hit on records by Paul Whiteman and Louis Armstrong in 1932, and was successfully revived by Johnnie Ray in 1952.[2] Chelsea Krombach performed the song for her debut album Look for the Silver Lining. Laurence Juber has also performed and recorded this song in an all acoustic version played by him. It was featured on his album PCH in 2007. Michael Bublé has released a recording of it on his album, Crazy Love, to be re-released. It is the title track on the 2011 debut album of Australian singer Liam Burrows.", "My Old Man (Said Follow the Van) My Old Man is a music hall song written in 1919[1] by Fred W. Leigh and Charles Collins, made popular by Marie Lloyd.", "It's Such a Pretty World Today That same year, Mexican-American singer Andy Russell recorded a cover version of the song. Russell had enjoyed quite a bit of popularity in the U.S. throughout the 1940s and 1950s, recording songs such as \"Bésame Mucho\" and co-starring in a short-lived daily musical show with his then-wife, Della, on ABC from 1950-1951.[2][3] After the couple divorced, Russell left the U.S. and attained great success in Mexico and Latin America as a singer, actor, and host of his own television show. He returned in the mid 1960s and tried resurrecting his singing career. Although his cover of \"It's Such a Pretty World Today\" failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart (it \"bubbled under\", peaking at No. 119), it did spend one week at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart, making the song the first to top the AC chart while not entering the pop chart.[4]", "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch The lyrics were written by Theodor \"Dr. Seuss\" Geisel, the music was composed by Albert Hague, and the song was performed by Thurl Ravenscroft. The song's lyrics describe the Grinch as being foul, bad-mannered and sinister, using increasingly creative put-downs, metaphors and similes, beginning with the opening line \"you're a mean one, Mr. Grinch\".", "White Christmas (song) \"White Christmas\" is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. The version sung by Bing Crosby is the world's best-selling single with estimated sales in excess of 100 million copies worldwide.[1] Other versions of the song, along with Crosby's, have sold over 50 million copies.[2][3][4]", "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me The song was recorded by Guy Lombardo with Bing Crosby on vocals on January 12, 1933[5] and reached #1 in the charts.[6] Crosby also included the song in the short film Please (1933). Another hit recording of the song in 1933 was by Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians.[7]\nThe song was again performed by Doris Day in the musical Lullaby of Broadway in 1951.[8] Since then it has been performed by a large number of artists.", "Irving Berlin \"Yip Yip Yaphank\"", "This Old Man Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961)", "What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For? The 1945 film Nob Hill, starring George Raft, Joan Bennett and Peggy Ann Garner, featured Vivian Blaine singing this song. The 1950 film Wabash Avanue, starring Betty Grable, Victor Mature and Phil Harris, had used the chorus as a transition between scenes, following \"I've Been Floating Down the Old Green River\"", "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans\" is a song written by Eddie DeLange and Louis Alter, which was first heard in the movie New Orleans in 1947, where it was performed by Louis Armstrong and sung by Billie Holiday.", "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby Originally, the song was recorded by Bing Crosby for the biggest-selling hit version,[1][2] while other contemporaneous hit versions included recordings by Tommy Dorsey (with vocal by Edythe Wright) and Russ Morgan.[1] It was also revived by Bobby Darin in 1961, reaching the charts again that year.[1] The song has been recorded by many other artists (see below for a partial list) and is considered a popular standard. It was used frequently in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons, also produced by Warner Brothers, under the musical direction of Carl W. Stalling.[3]", "Irving Berlin \"Blue Skies\" (1926)", "September Song \"September Song\" is an American pop standard song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Maxwell Anderson, introduced by Walter Huston in the 1938 Broadway musical production Knickerbocker Holiday. After being used in the 1950 film September Affair, the song has since been recorded by numerous singers and instrumentalists. It was also used during screen credits in the British television series May to December, the name of which quotes the opening line of the song.", "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes \"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes\" is a show tune written by American composer Jerome Kern and lyricist Otto Harbach for their 1933 musical Roberta. The song was sung in the original Broadway show by Tamara Drasin. Its first recorded performance was by Gertrude Niesen, who recorded the song with orchestral direction from Ray Sinatra, Frank Sinatra's second cousin,[1] on October 13, 1933. Niesen's recording of the song was released by Victor, catalog# VE B 24454, with the B-side, \"Jealousy\", featuring Isham Jones and his Orchestra.[2]", "On Top of Old Smoky Following its reintroduction to America by the Weavers, the song became a standard item of popular music, sung by luminaries such as Bing Crosby,[28] Perry Como,[29] Percy Faith, Gene Autry,[30] as well as (in a brief excerpt) Elvis Presley.[31] A great many versions followed in the ensuing decades. The following list is ordered chronologically.", "On Top of Old Smoky \"On Top of Old Smokey\" is a traditional folk song of the United States. As recorded by The Weavers, the song reached the pop music charts in 1951. It is catalogued as Roud Folk Song Index No. 414. In one version the first verse is the following; for more on the words see below.", "Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree (with Anyone Else but Me) The following year, Harold Adamson and Jimmy McHugh wrote \"They Just Chopped Down the Old Apple Tree\" for the film Around the World as a humorous parody of this song, which was recorded by The Dinning Sisters. Frank Loesser's and Arthur Schwartz's \"They're Either Too Young or Too Old\" from Thank Your Lucky Stars, also references the song when a woman tells her lover that she \"can't sit under the apple tree with anyone else but me\" because all of the other men her age are also fighting in the war.[7] More recently, \"Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree\" was featured in the films Twelve O'Clock High (1949), With a Song in My Heart (1952), Kiss Them for Me (1957), A Carol for Another Christmas (1964), In Dreams (1999) and The Master (2012).[8] It also featured in the mini-series The Pacific, and an instrumental muzak version was featured in the film Devil (2010).", "You Took Advantage of Me One of the earliest recordings of the song was Paul Whiteman's 1928 hit version, known especially for the performances of Bix Beiderbecke and Frankie Trumbauer.[7][8] The song was a particular favorite of the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VIII). In fact, he once asked singer Morton Downey to perform the song eleven times during a show at the Café de Paris in London.[9][10][11][12] The song can be sung by either gender, but has traditionally been sung by women.[6]", "The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze Comedian Walter O'Keefe recorded the song in 1934, which became his theme song whenever he appeared on radio or television. It was later recorded by Don Redman & His Orchestra (1936), Eddie Cantor, Burl Ives, Cliff \"Ukulele Ike\" Edwards, Spike Jones, Ian Whitcomb, Les Paul & Mary Ford, Bing Crosby (for his 1962 album On the Happy Side), Alvin and the Chipmunks, Crispin Hellion Glover, Graham Parker, and Bruce Springsteen, among others. It also appeared (as \"Fying Beat\") on the MGM album The Beatles with Tony Sheridan & Guests, performed by The Titans. In 1994, the people at Disney wrote their own lyrics of this song for the Mickey's Fun Songs home video: \"Let's Go to the Circus\". JibJab also used this song to reflect the events that occurred in the year 2010, dubbed as \"So Long To Ya, 2010\".", "Jeepers Creepers (song) \"Jeepers Creepers\" is a popular 1938 song and jazz standard. The music was written by Harry Warren, and the lyrics by Johnny Mercer, for the 1938 Warner Brothers movie Going Places. It was premiered by Louis Armstrong and has since been covered by many other artists.[1]", "Irving Berlin \"Puttin' On the Ritz\" (1928)", "What a Wonderful World One source claims the song was initially offered to Tony Bennett, who turned it down, [3] although Louis Armstrong biographer Ricky Riccardi disputes this claim. \n[4]\nThe song was offered to Louis Armstrong. George Weiss recounts in the book Off the Record: Songwriters on Songwriting by Graham Nash that he wrote the song specifically for Louis Armstrong. Weiss was inspired by Armstrong's ability to bring people of different races together. The song was not initially a hit in the United States, where it sold fewer than 1,000 copies because ABC Records head Larry Newton did not like the song and therefore did not promote it,[5] but was a major success in the United Kingdom, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart.[1] In the United States, the song hit No. 116 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Chart. It was also the biggest-selling single of 1968 in the UK where it was among the last pop singles issued by HMV Records before becoming an exclusive classical music label.[6] The song made Louis Armstrong the oldest male to top the UK Singles Chart.[1] Armstrong's record was broken in 2009 when a remake of \"Islands in the Stream\" recorded for Comic Relief—which included the 68-year-old Tom Jones—reached number one in that chart. Tony Bennett did go on to record \"What A Wonderful World\" several times, as in 2003 with k.d. lang, paying homage to Bennett's friend, Armstrong.", "It Was a Very Good Year \"It Was a Very Good Year\" is a song Ervin Drake composed in 1961 for and originally recorded by Bob Shane with the Kingston Trio.[1][2] It was subsequently made famous by Frank Sinatra's version in D minor,[3] which won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male in 1966. Gordon Jenkins was awarded Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) for the Sinatra version. This single peaked at #28 on the U.S. pop chart and became Sinatra's first #1 single on the Easy Listening charts.[4] That version can be found on Sinatra's 1965 album September of My Years, and was featured in The Sopranos season two opener, \"Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist's Office...\". A live, stripped-down performance is included on his Sinatra at the Sands album.", "Irving Berlin Performed by Dick Powell in the 1937 film On the Avenue. Later it had four top-12 versions, including by Billie Holiday and Les Brown, who took it to no. 1.[20]", "Crooner Due to the country songs popularized by Bing Crosby, the crooning style of singing became an enduring part of country music.[7] Bing Crosby achieved a million seller with his 1940 rendition of the song \" San Antonio Rose\", originally recorded by Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys. In 1942 Perry Como had a smash hit with \"Deep in the Heart of Texas\"; Bing Crosby, who had an enormous influence on Perry Como, covered this song and took it to the #3 position in the US chart that same year. Eddy Arnold, Jim Reeves and Ray Price are especially well known for their country crooner standards.[8][9][10] Dean Martin is rather famous for the country music he recorded in the period when he was working for Reprise Records. Fellow Italian-American crooner Perry Como recorded several albums with country producer Chet Atkins in Nashville. Regular, non-country crooners scored hits with pop versions of country-songs: Tony Bennett had a Billboard #1 hit in 1951 with his rendition of Hank Williams' \"Cold, Cold Heart\", which was also performed by Louis Armstrong; Perry Como had a Billboard #1 hit in 1953 with his version of \"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\", a #1 country hit for its author Slim Willet and a #4 country hit for Ray Price; Guy Mitchell scored a Billboard #1 in 1959 with \"Heartaches by the Number\", a country-hit for Ray Price; Engelbert Humperdinck achieved a 1967 UK #1 hit with \"Release Me\", another song already made famous by Ray Price in 1954. In 1970 Ray Price had a #1 U.S. country hit and a #11 Billboard Hot 100 hit with the song \"For the Good Times\" written by Kris Kristofferson; subsequently Perry Como's rendition reached #7 in 1973 on the U.K. singles chart.", "Ol' Man River The song was first performed in the original stage production of Show Boat on December 27, 1927, by Jules Bledsoe, who also sang it in the part-talkie 1929 film, although that film version had little to do with the stage musical. Bledsoe also recorded the song years later. However, the most famous rendition of it, one that is still noted today, was sung by Paul Robeson in James Whale's classic 1936 film version of Show Boat. (Robeson had performed the song before in the 1928 London production of the show and in the 1932 Broadway revival.) The first known recording of the song was by 'Kenn' Sisson and His Orchestra, recorded on December 27, 1927, with Irving Kaufman on vocals.[5] The song became an American classic, and was performed by many musicians and musical groups, including Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra, Bix Beiderbecke, Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Harry James, Gordon MacRae, Robert Merrill, Sam Cooke, Roy Hamilton, Sammy Davis, Jr., Al Jolson, Screaming Jay Hawkins, Cilla Black, Melanie, Django Reinhardt, Ray Charles, Cher, Jim Croce, Jimmy Ricks and the Ravens, The Beach Boys, Chet Atkins and Jerry Reed, The Jeff Beck Group, Muslim Magomayev,[6] Aretha Franklin, Jane Siberry and Al Hirt.[7] William Warfield sang it in the 1951 Technicolor film version of Show Boat in another rendition that became very famous. (It became his signature song, and he performed it several times on television and in several stage revivals of Show Boat.) Melvin Franklin, the famous bass singer of The Temptations, performed it at most concerts, eventually making it his signature song. Judy Garland, one of the few female singers to attempt the song, sang a powerful rendition on her television show in 1963, followed by a studio recording. Indian Singer, Bhupen Hazarika had also sung a version in Hindi and his native Assamese called \"O Ganga tu behti hai kyon\". Cilla Black released a jazz version of the song on her first album in 1965 Cilla which Bing Crosby subsequently described as the best version he'd ever heard.[citation needed]", "It's Been a Long, Long Time Other artists who have recorded it include Doris Day (on her 1965 \"Sentimental Journey\" album), Guy Mitchell,[10] Sammy Cahn, Shelley Fabares for her album Shelley!, Helen Forrest (with Harry James), Sammy Kaye, The Ink Spots, Tina Louise, Jimmy Roselli, Brook Benton, Rosemary Clooney, Chet Atkins (with Les Paul on their album Chester and Lester), Al Hirt released a version on his 1965 album, They're Playing Our Song,[11] and Star Trek: The Next Generation's Brent Spiner on his 1991 album, Ol' Yellow Eyes Is Back.", "Mack the Knife \"Die Moritat von Mackie Messer\" (later known as \"Mack the Knife\" or \"The Ballad of Mack the Knife\") is a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists, including a US and UK number one hit for Bobby Darin in 1959.", "Baby, It's Cold Outside \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" is a song written by Frank Loesser in 1944.[1] It is a call and response duet in which a host (usually performed by a male voice) attempts to convince a guest (usually performed by a female voice) that she should stay the evening because the weather is cold and the trip home would be difficult.", "Irving Berlin \"Watch Your Step\"", "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing) \"Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)\" is a 1936 song, with music and lyrics by Louis Prima, who first recorded it with the New Orleans Gang. Brunswick Records released it on February 28, 1936[1] on the 78Â rpm record format, with \"It's Been So Long\" as the B-side. The song is strongly identified with the big band and swing eras. Several have performed the piece as an instrumental, including Fletcher Henderson and, most famously, Benny Goodman.", "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down Jerry Lee Lewis recorded a version for his 2010 album Mean Old Man.", "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love The original line can be heard in several early recordings of the song, such as a recording made by the Dorsey Brothers & their Orchestra (featuring a vocal by a young Bing Crosby),[11] Rudy Vallée, Paul Whiteman And His Orchestra, all in 1928, and a version of the song by the singer and well-known Broadway star Mary Martin (with Ray Sinatra's orchestra), recorded in 1944. Another example is Billie Holiday, in 1941.[12] Peggy Lee with the Benny Goodman orchestra recorded a version in 1941 with these lyrics.", "I've Got the World on a String The song was introduced and recorded by Cab Calloway. Bing Crosby recorded the song on January 26, 1933 with the Dorsey Brothers and their Orchestra[2] The song was one of the first recorded by Frank Sinatra when he transferred to Capitol Records in 1953. His recording on April 30, 1953 with an orchestra conducted by Nelson Riddle[3] reached #14 on Billboard's most played list.[4]", "It's the Same Old Song \"It's the Same Old Song\" is a 1965 hit single recorded by the Four Tops for the Motown label.[2] Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song is today one of The Tops' signature songs, and was notably created—from initial concept to commercial release—in 24 hours. It reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart.[3] It also reached number 34 in the UK.[4]", "That's Amore \"That's Amore\" is a 1953 song by composer Harry Warren[1] and lyricist Jack Brooks.[1] It became a major hit and signature song for Dean Martin in 1953. Amore (pronounced [aˈmoːre]) means \"love\" in Italian.", "These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You) Various other versions have been recorded including vocal arrangements featuring: Nat King Cole (on Just One of Those Things in 1957), Bing Crosby (recorded December 15, 1944),[10] Billie Holiday, (with Teddy Wilson in 1936)[11] Johnny Hartman, Frankie Laine, Sam Cooke, Sarah Vaughan, Ella Fitzgerald, Etta James, Aaron Neville, Frank Sinatra, (Point of No Return, 1961), Sammy Davis Jr (\"When the Feeling Hits You!\", 1965), Yves Montand, Bryan Ferry, Cassandra Wilson (\"Coming Forth by Day,\" 2015), and Rod Stewart. James Brown recorded the song three times: a 1963 recording with strings which charted #25 R&B and #50 Pop,[12] a live version recorded with his vocal group The Famous Flames on 1964's Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal, and a second studio version for 1974's Hell.", "Winter Wonderland \"Winter Wonderland\" is a winter song, popularly regarded as a Christmas song, written in 1934 by Felix Bernard (music) and Richard B. Smith (lyricist). Through the decades it has been recorded by over 200 different artists.", "Singing the Blues The best-known recording was released in October 1956 by Guy Mitchell and spent ten weeks at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard chart from December 8, 1956, to February 2, 1957. An example of the U.S. recording is on Columbia #40769, dated 1956, with the Ray Conniff Orchestra. Mitchell's version was also number 1 in the UK Singles Chart for three (non-consecutive) weeks in early 1957,[2][3] one of only four singles to return to number 1 on three separate occasions, with the other three being \"I Believe\" by Frankie Laine, \"Happy\" by Pharrell Williams and \"What Do You Mean?\" by Justin Bieber.[4]", "Frankie Laine Laine began recording for Columbia Records in 1951, where he immediately scored a double-sided hit with the single \"Jezebel\" (#2)/\"Rose, Rose, I Love You\" (#3). Other Laine hits from this period include \"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)\" (#5), \"Jealousy (Jalousie)\" (#3), \"The Girl in the Wood\" (#23), \"When You're in Love\" (#30), \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (with Jo Stafford) (#26), \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (#18), \"Granada\" (#17), \"Hey Joe!\" (#6), \"The Kid's Last Fight\" (#20), \"Cool Water\", \"Some Day\" (#14), \"A Woman in Love\" (#19), \"Love Is a Golden Ring\" (with The Easy Riders) (#10), and \"Moonlight Gambler\" (#3).", "Stuart Hamblen In his early career as a singing cowboy he composed his song Texas Plains. It was this song that Patsy Montana reworked into her million seller hit I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart (1935). Hamblen wrote the popular songs \"This Ole House\" (1954) (popularized by Rosemary Clooney, among others) and \"Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In)\" (not to be confused with the song from the Broadway musical Hair). Other songs include \"Hell Train\", \"It Is No Secret (What God Can Do)\" (not the contemporary Christian song of a similar name in the 1980s) and \"Blood on Your Hands\". Some of his post-conversion songs depict a rather wrathful version of the Gospel, sung with such good-natured high spirits that they have an ironic appeal to the non-religious.", "On the Sunny Side of the Street Richman and Ted Lewis enjoyed hit records with the song in 1930.[2]", "I'll See You in My Dreams (1924 song) Popular recordings of it were made by many leading artists including Cliff Edwards, Louis Armstrong, Pat Boone, Bing Crosby (recorded November 27, 1947),[3] Doris Day, Ella Fitzgerald, Mario Lanza, Tony Martin, Anita O'Day, The Platters, Ezio Pinza, Sue Raney, Jerry Lee Lewis (1958, instrumental), Andy Williams,[4] and Linda Scott.[5] A \"Texas Swing\" version of the song was recorded by Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys.", "Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries \"Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries\" is a popular song with music by Ray Henderson and lyrics by Lew Brown, published in 1931.[1] Ethel Merman introduced this song in George White's Scandals of 1931.[2] A Rudy Vallee version, recorded in 1931, spent five weeks in the top-10 pop music charts.[3] The song was revived in 1953 by singer Jaye P. Morgan.[4]", "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch Mainstream and pop acts have covered the song, usually for holiday-themed albums. In 1992, an emerging alternative band from New Jersey named Whirling Dervishes covered the song for their Wish it Would Snow EP. Their cover version took on a cult status in the region and went on to outlast the band's existence eventually becoming one of their only breakthrough hits. The song is still requested regionally during the holidays.[3] American singer and drag queen RuPaul covered the song for his 1997 Christmas album Ho Ho Ho, which incorporated elements from funk.[4] Billboard's Melinda Newman negatively responded to RuPaul's version, writing that \"he should have left [it] alone\".[5] In 2013 another New Jersey band, Misfits covered the song for Christmas-themed seven-inch promotion.[6] In 2017, Lindsey Stirling released her version with Sabrina Carpenter singing on her holiday album Warmer in the Winter.[7]", "Frankie Laine It was also at this time that he recorded a single for Mercury Records: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach (a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flip side features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.", "September Song Although the song was written as an old man's lament for the passing of his youth, some of the most famous versions have been recorded by women artists. Thus Sarah Vaughan's 1954 version on Sarah Vaughan with Clifford Brown, and Ella Fitzgerald's with pianist Paul Smith on the 1960 Verve release Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from \"Let No Man Write My Epitaph\" are both regarded as Jazz classics. Eartha Kitt and Weill's wife Lotte Lenya both recorded the song in 1957, and Jo Stafford, Patti Page as well as Anne Shelton also recorded versions during the 1950s. In 1958 Eydie Gormé included the song in her album, Love is the season; in 1963, Decca issued Georgia Brown's album \"September Song: the Music of Kurt Weill\"; and in 1989 both Lena Horne in The Men in My Life, and Julie Wilson in an album of Kurt Weill songs. Frances Langford, a popular singer during the big band era, also sang a beautiful rendition of the September Song.", "Hier encore The song has been performed and recorded by many international stars, such as Bing Crosby, Shirley Bassey, Dusty Springfield, Roy Clark, Mel Torme, Lena Horne, Andy Williams, Jimmy Durante,[3] Bobby Bare, Al Martino, The Peanuts, Glen Campbell, Julio Iglesias, Eddy Mitchell, Dean Reed,[4] Johnny Mathis, Marc Almond, Patricia Kaas, Nora Aunor, etc., and an uptempo version by Blossom Dearie. According to Billboard, more than 90 versions of the song were recorded before 1972.[5]", "Mean (song) The song garnered positive reviews from music critics. Mandi Bierly from Entertainment Weekly praised the production of the song, saying \"[the song] is a nice touch: It brings a sincerity to her pain and lets you focus on the words, which do, near the end, turn cheeky (proving she handles it with a sense of humor).\"[3] Theon Weber from The Village Voice described the song as \"huge and hugely compassionate, and fearless\" and praised it for being \"chipper and funny because the narrator is predicting escape from someone she dislikes: \"Some day, I'll be living in a big ole city/And all you're ever gonna be is mean.\"[13] Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe graded the production of the song as \"A\", complimenting the message of the song which \"articulates the distinction between honesty and cruelty so well.\"[20] On the other hand, Jonathan Keefe from Slant Magazine criticized the song for its lyrical content, writing \"instead of actually doing something to improve on her inability to find or hold pitch consistently, Swift has simply written a song about how it's 'mean' for people to point out that problem.\"[21] The song won awards at the 54th Grammy Awards for Best Country Song and Best Country Solo Performance.[1][2] Rolling Stone ranked \"Mean\" at #24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time, the highest ranking for a song released in the 21st century and only one of three to be released in 2010s after Springsteen and Follow Your Arrow performed by Eric Church and Kacey Musgraves, respectively", "Blue Moon (1934 song) Hart wrote new lyrics for the tune to create a title song for the 1934 film Manhattan Melodrama: \"Act One:/You gulp your coffee and run;/Into the subway you crowd./Don't breathe, it isn't allowed\".[7] The song, which was also titled \"It's Just That Kind of Play\", was cut from the film before release, and registered for copyright as an unpublished work on March 30, 1934. The studio then asked for a nightclub number for the film. Rodgers still liked the melody so Hart wrote a third lyric: \"The Bad in Every Man\" (\"Oh, Lord ... /I could be good to a lover,/But then I always discover/The bad in ev'ry man\"[7]), which was sung by Shirley Ross. The song, which was also released as sheet music, was not a hit.[6]", "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road) \"One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)\" is a hit song written by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer for the movie musical The Sky's the Limit (1943) and first performed in the film by Fred Astaire.[1] It was popularized by Frank Sinatra.", "It Ain't Me Babe \"It Ain't Me Babe\" is a song by Bob Dylan that originally appeared on his fourth album Another Side of Bob Dylan, which was released in 1964 by Columbia Records. According to music critic Oliver Trager, this song, along with others on the album, marked a departure for Dylan as he began to explore the possibilities of language and deeper levels of the human experience.[1] Within a year of its release, the song was picked up as a single by folk rock act the Turtles[2] and country artist Johnny Cash (who sang it as a duet with his future wife, June Carter).[3]", "Jimmy Durante James Francis Durante (February 10, 1893 – January 29, 1980) was an American singer, pianist, comedian, and actor. His distinctive clipped gravelly speech, Lower East Side Manhattan accent, comic language-butchery, jazz-influenced songs, and prominent nose helped make him one of America's most familiar and popular personalities of the 1920s through the 1970s. He often referred to his nose as the Schnozzola (from the Yiddish slang word \"Schnoz\" [big nose]), and the word became his nickname.", "If You Were the Only Girl (In the World) Actor-singer Rudy Vallee sang it in the 1929 film The Vagabond Lover, with the beat changed from a foxtrot to a waltz.", "Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song) \"Mad Dogs and Englishmen\" is a song written by Noël Coward and first performed in The Third Little Show at the Music Box Theatre, New York, on 1 June 1931, by Beatrice Lillie. The following year it was used in the revue Words and Music and also released in a \"studio version\". It then became a signature feature in Coward's cabaret act.", "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow! First recorded for RCA Victor in 1945 by Vaughn Monroe,[2] it became a popular hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Best Sellers music chart in late January and through February, 1946. Woody Herman's competing recording, featuring himself on vocals and a notable trumpet solo by Sonny Berman, peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard chart, while Connee Boswell reached No. 9 with her rendition.", "Irving Berlin This waltz-time song was a hit for Rudy Vallee in 1929, and in 1937, updated to a four-quarter-time swing arrangement, was a top hit for Tommy Dorsey. It was on the charts at no. 13 in 1953 for The Four Tunes and at no. 15 for the Bachelors in 1965, 36 years after its first appearance.[20]", "Old Folks at Home Kenny Ball And His Jazzmen recorded a swing version of the song (using only the first verse and chorus twice over and substituting \"Lordy\" for \"darkies\") in 1962 for Pye Records.[18] The recording appeared on the B side of their 1963 single \"Sukiyaki\".", "September Song Bing Crosby recorded the song twice, on December 29, 1943[5] and again in 1977 one month before his death for his album Seasons. The former opera singer Ezio Pinza recorded a version in the early 1950s, as did Billy Eckstine. In 1955, Johnny Hartman included the song on his debut album, Songs from the Heart, with Howard McGhee backing on trumpet. Nat King Cole recorded a version with George Shearing (in addition to the latter's instrumental version discussed below) in 1962, and Jimmy Durante included the song on an album of pop standards in 1963. Other versions have been recorded during the 1950s and 1960s by Maurice Chevalier, Pat Boone, Matt Monro, Mel Tormé, Will Holt, Theodore Bikel, and Liberace. Andy Williams released a version on his 1964 album, The Wonderful World of Andy Williams. Mario Lanza has also recorded the song.", "The End of the World (Skeeter Davis song) \"The End of the World\" is a country pop song written by Arthur Kent and lyricist Sylvia Dee, for American singer Skeeter Davis. It had success in the 1960s and spawned many covers.", "Winter Wonderland The original recording was by Richard Himber and his Hotel Ritz-Carlton Orchestra on RCA Bluebird in 1934. At the end of a recording session with time to spare, it was suggested that this new tune be tried with an arrangement provided by the publisher. This \"studio\" orchestra included many great New York studio musicians including the legendary Artie Shaw. The biggest chart hit at the time of introduction was Guy Lombardo's orchestra, a top ten hit.[2] Singer-songwriter Johnny Mercer took the song to #4 in Billboard's airplay chart in 1946. The same season, Perry Como hit the retail top ten. Como would record a new version for his 1959 Christmas album.", "Mean (song) \"Mean\" was released as a promotional single from Taylor Swift's third album, Speak Now, on October 19, 2010, as part of Countdown to Speak Now, an exclusive campaign by the iTunes Store.[22][23] Upon its release as a promotional single, \"Mean\" debuted at number two on the Hot Digital Songs with approximately 163,000 downloads. This led to its appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of October 30, 2010. \"Mean\" debuted and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, making Swift the first act to claim the chart's top debut (Hot Shot Debut) in three successive weeks.[24] The song fell off the chart the following week when Speak Now was released, a victim of iTunes' Complete My Album scheme where the customers returned their early purchased tracks from Speak Now to upgrade to a full album purchase.[25][26] The week of November 6, 2010, the song also debuted on Hot Country Songs at number 55.[4] Upon its release as an official single, \"Mean\" re-entered Billboard Hot 100 at number 90 and number 17 on the Hot Country Songs.[27][28] The week of May 14, 2011, Swift made a record when \"Mean\" jumped from number 12 to number 9 on Hot Country Songs, becoming her 13th consecutive Top Ten hit on that chart. It made Swift one of two women (the other being Carrie Underwood) to begin her chart histories with 13 consecutive Top Tens since the survey's 1944 launch.[29][30] The song peaked at number two for three weeks in June, behind Blake Shelton's \"Honey Bee\",[31] but it reached number one on the Mediabase / Country Aircheck Country Singles Chart on July 28, 2011 .[32] The week of August 14, 2011, \"Mean\" became Swift's 13th song to sell more than one million copies, which is more than any other country artist in digital history.[33] The song was number 24 on the Billboard Year-end Country Songs chart for 2011.[34] It was certified triple platinum by the RIAA in August 2014.[35] As of November 2017, \"Mean\" has sold 2.5 million copies in the United States.[36]", "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes In 1941 the Benny Goodman Orchestra first performed the song during recorded radio performances with Helen Forrest. Forrest chose to leave the ensemble during the early part of 1941,[9] and Goodman then began performing the song with her replacement Peggy Lee,[10] whose recording, from a Mutual sustaining broadcast, was later released on a double long-play album; named Benny And Sid \"Roll 'Em\", the album consisted of an assortment of live radio broadcasts by the group.[11] Glenn Miller conducted his rendition of the song at Abbey Road Studios in 1944. Owing to his sudden death later that year, his orchestral version of the song was not released until 1995.[12] On October 30, 1946 Nat \"King\" Cole recorded the song, with Oscar Moore playing guitar and Johnny Miller playing bass as the \"King Cole Trio\". Cole's recording was made during a live WMCA radio broadcast from New York.[13] Later, in 1957, Cole performed the song live on his television variety show The Nat King Cole Show.[14] Though it was not released until some years later, Harry Belafonte made a recording of the song in 1949 with jazz saxophonist Zoot Sims. This was one of Belafonte's first recordings. Sims' performance on the track would later be parodied by the character inspired by him, in episode 2.02 of The Muppet Show, which aired on December 10, 1977.", "Mean (song) The song's accompanying music video was directed by Declan Whitebloom, who developed the concept together with Swift. It received mixed reviews from critics who perceived ambivalent messages in the video, despite the prevalent self-empowerment and anti-bullying themes. \"Mean\" was performed for the first time by Swift at the 46th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards on April 3, 2011. The song won the Grammy Awards for Best Country Song and Best Country Solo Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards.[1][2] Rolling Stone ranked \"Mean\" at number 24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time, the highest ranking for a song released in the 21st century and only one of three to be released in 2010s.", "Puttin' On the Ritz Hit phonograph records of the tune in its original period of popularity of 1929â€“1930 were recorded by Harry Richman and by Fred Astaire, with whom the song is particularly associated. Every other record label had their own version of this popular song (Columbia, Brunswick, Victor, and all of the dime store labels). Richman's Brunswick version of the song became the number-one selling record in America.[1]", "Makin' Whoopee \"Makin' Whoopee!\" is a jazz/blues song, first popularized by Eddie Cantor in the 1928 musical Whoopee!. Gus Kahn wrote the lyrics and Walter Donaldson composed the music for the song as well as for the entire musical.", "It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That) Harry James, Johnny Long, Back Alley Hoodoo, and Frankie Ford also recorded versions. Woody Herman released a studio recording in 1944 on Brunswick and Decca Records in the UK as a 78 A side single, 03541, and on Coral Records in the U.S. as 60066, singing the Sunny Skylar lyrics in a duet with Frances Wayne. Ray McKinley performed the song with the New Glenn Miller Orchestra on the fourth episode of the 1961 TV series Glenn Miller Time.[7]" ]	[ "Mean Old World \"Mean Old World\" is a blues song recorded by American blues electric guitar musician T-Bone Walker in 1942.[1] It has been described (along with the single's B-side) as \"the first important blues recordings on the electric guitar\".[2] Over the years it has been interpreted and recorded by numerous blues, jazz and rock and roll artists." ]
test772	who played the princess in kingsman secret service	[ "doc27589" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc27589", "doc2276145", "doc27590", "doc27580", "doc183773", "doc27604", "doc2031989", "doc27591", "doc183766", "doc27603", "doc183776", "doc2603301", "doc27594", "doc2621609", "doc674795", "doc27581", "doc27584", "doc183768", "doc2233246", "doc2603298", "doc1417404", "doc27582", "doc27593", "doc27597", "doc1948128", "doc1360359", "doc1461839", "doc1534318", "doc183774", "doc1920351", "doc27583", "doc183772", "doc1090757", "doc578634", "doc1048339", "doc1877461", "doc1048340", "doc2668318", "doc2621619", "doc1774709", "doc1417399", "doc423039", "doc927165", "doc305182", "doc1334826", "doc27596", "doc636855", "doc644995", "doc69743", "doc636851", "doc183775", "doc183770", "doc27595", "doc2031994", "doc1306790", "doc226761", "doc27592", "doc1535547", "doc615415", "doc92417", "doc27600", "doc578633", "doc226764", "doc1048344", "doc1306792", "doc2031993", "doc2032000", "doc2208069", "doc27587", "doc362119", "doc2621618", "doc183769", "doc27598", "doc79545", "doc2621616", "doc1726829", "doc1256318", "doc203251", "doc315869", "doc27602", "doc226759", "doc1535549", "doc2031995", "doc1948130", "doc1417403", "doc1726827", "doc1920369", "doc27588", "doc552843", "doc1948135", "doc27585", "doc2032001", "doc1920368", "doc224432", "doc2238619", "doc224430", "doc203250", "doc636853", "doc2013490", "doc873688" ]	[ "Kingsman: The Secret Service Hanna Alström and Bjørn Floberg appear as Crown Princess Tilde of Sweden, and Swedish Prime Minister Morten Lindström, respectively. Jack Cutmore-Scott portrays Rufus Saville, and Lily Travers portrays Lady Sophie. Jonno Davies played Lee Unwin, Eggsy's father and a former Kingsman candidate who sacrificed himself to save Hart. Nicholas Banks, Nicholas Agnew, Rowan Polonski and Tom Prior portrayed, respectively, Digby Barker, Nathaniel, Piers and Hugo Higins, the other four Kingsman candidates. Fiona Hampton played Amelia, a Kingsman employee who masquerades as a candidate in order to \"die\" during the first test. Richard Brake played the interrogator during the penultimate test, Ralph Ineson the police interviewer after Eggsy's arrest, whereas Corey Johnson starred as a fanatic church leader, and Velibor Topić portrayed the biggest goon in the bar fight scene. Tobias Bakare and Theo Barklem-Biggs play Eggsy's friends Jamal and Ryan.", "Hanna Alström Alström was born in Stockholm, Sweden. She started acting at Unga Teatern when she was five years old, then together with her older sister Sara, and the theatre was directed by Maggie Widstrand. The theatre group played at many theatres in Stockholm. When Alström was six, she appeared in Staffan Götestam's play Gränsland at Puckteatern and at the Gröna Lund Theatre. Later she played some child roles at the Royal Dramatic Theatre. She studied at Sankt Eriks gymnasium and later at the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting. In 2014 she played Princess Tilde in the film Kingsman: The Secret Service, a role she reprised in its 2017 sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service The project originated when Mark Millar and Vaughn were at a bar discussing spy movies, lamenting that the genre had become too serious over the years and deciding to do \"a fun one.\"[10] To have the time to make the film, Vaughn had to opt out of directing X-Men: Days of Future Past, which he called \"a really tough decision\".[10] He reasoned that if he did not do it, \"somebody else ... [would] wake up and do a fun spy movie. Then I would have written a bloody screenplay that no one would want to make.\"[10] Colin Firth joined the cast to lead the film on 29 April 2013.[11] It was initially reported in 2013 that Leonardo DiCaprio was in talks to play a villain,[12] although Vaughn himself later denied that he was ever considered stating that he came as close to playing the role \"as I am to becoming the Pope.\"[13] Instead the role of the villain went to Samuel L. Jackson, Jackson took the role, in part because of a career long dream to be in a James Bond movie. As he felt that this was unlikely to come true he took on the role stating \"I felt like this was an opportunity to play a really great Bond villain.” [14] Jackson's character has a notable lisp, a choice he decided to make based partially on the stutter he had as a kid. [14]In September 2013, Vaughn cast Sophie Cookson for the female lead, preferring a newcomer over more obvious candidates like Emma Watson and Bella Heathcote.[15] Mark Hamill was cast as Professor James Arnold, a reference to his character in the source comic book being named \"Mark Hamill\".[16]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Kingsman: The Secret Service is a 2014 action spy comedy film[1][5] directed and co-produced by Matthew Vaughn. The screenplay was written by Vaughn and Jane Goldman, based on the comic book series Kingsman, created by Dave Gibbons and Mark Millar. It follows the recruitment and training of Gary \"Eggsy\" Unwin (Taron Egerton), into a secret spy organisation. Eggsy joins a mission to tackle a global threat from Richmond Valentine (Samuel L. Jackson), a wealthy megalomaniac. The film also stars Colin Firth, Mark Strong, and Michael Caine.", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Michael Gambon portrays Arthur, the head of Kingsman, replacing Michael Caine's Chester King from the previous film. Sophie Cookson returns as Roxanne \"Roxy\" Morton / Lancelot, a Kingsman secret agent and Eggsy's best friend, while footage from The Secret Service includes Samuel L. Jackson and Sofia Boutella as Richmond Valentine and Gazelle, respectively. Tobias Bakare and Thomas Turgoose return as Eggsy's friends Jamal and Liam, respectively, while Calvin Demba is introduced as another of Eggsy's friends, Brandon. Keith Allen and Tom Benedict Knight feature as Charles and Angel, two of Poppy's henchmen, while Mark Arnold portrays General McCoy, an advisor to the President of the United States. Samantha Womack makes a brief return appearance as Michelle Unwin, Eggsy's mother.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Vaughn later revealed the sequel's title to be Kingsman: The Golden Circle. The plot follows Eggsy and Merlin joining forces with \"Statesman\", their American counterpart after Kingsman was destroyed by the film's villain Poppy, played by Moore.[84] On 7 April 2016, Egerton revealed the first poster for the film, which strongly hinted that Firth would return for the film; the poster features Harry Hart's trademark pair of glasses with one of the eyes missing below the tagline (a borrowed quote from Mark Twain) stating \"reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated.\"[85][86] Sophie Cookson will also reprise her role as Roxy Morton in the sequel.[87] The next day, Deadline reported that Pedro Pascal was in talks for the role of Jack Daniels.[88] On 12 April 2016, Elton John was in talks about joining the cast of the upcoming sequel.[89] The next day, Channing Tatum announced on his Twitter account that he was joining the cast.[90][91]", "Gemma Arterton Gemma Christina Arterton[1] (born 2 February 1986)[2] is an English actress. Arterton made her film debut in the comedy film St Trinian's (2007). Her breakthrough role was in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace (2008), playing Bond Girl Strawberry Fields, which won her an Empire Award for Best Newcomer. She was the title star of the film The Disappearance of Alice Creed (2009). She is known for her roles in the fantasy films Clash of the Titans (2010), Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (2010), Byzantium (2013), and as the character Gretel in Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013). She played Joan in Bernard Shaw's Saint Joan at Donmar Warehouse, December 2016. She plays the lead role in the film Their Finest (2017).", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Principal photography began 6 October 2013 in Deepcut, Surrey,[17][18][19] on a budget reported to be one-third of the $200 million budget of Skyfall.[20] The Alexandra Road Estate in Camden[21] was used for Eggsy's home area, and some scenes were filmed at Imperial College London. The Black Prince Pub in Kennington, South London, was used for various fight scenes and the car chase. Savile Row in Mayfair was also employed as a location and the exterior of tailors Huntsman at No. 12, which provided the clothes, and James Lock & Co. in St James's, which provided the hats.[22] While rumours of several celebrity cameo parts were published, including Adele,[23] Elton John,[23][24] Lady Gaga,[25][26] and David Beckham,[23] none of these rumours proved to be true.", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Kingsman: The Golden Circle is a 2017 action spy comedy film produced and directed by Matthew Vaughn and written by Vaughn and Jane Goldman. It is a sequel to Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014), which is based on the comic book series Kingsman, created by Dave Gibbons and Mark Millar. The film features Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Mark Strong, Edward Holcroft and Sophie Cookson reprising their roles from the first film, with Julianne Moore, Halle Berry, Pedro Pascal, Elton John, Channing Tatum and Jeff Bridges joining the cast. The plot follows the Kingsmen needing to team up with their American counterparts, the Statesmen, after the world is held hostage by a new threat.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Millar and Vaughn stated that a sequel was possible if the film performs well at the box office, and Vaughn expressed interest in directing the sequel.[72][73] Vaughn also noted that he hoped to have Firth back in the sequel, and that Strong was interested in returning as well.[74][75] It was confirmed that Taron Egerton is contracted for the sequel.[76] When asked how they would incorporate Firthâ€™s character into the sequel, Millar stated that various ideas have been discussed, including giving Harry Hart an evil brother, or perhaps turning the character into a ghost. Fox announced a sequel was in the works, but it was unclear if Vaughn would return to direct.[77] On 11 June 2015, it was confirmed Vaughn had begun writing the sequel, and that he might return to direct it.[78][79] Principal photography was set to begin in April 2016, with an 6 October 2017 release date.[7][80] It was reported that Julianne Moore was in talks to star as the new villain, and Halle Berry might sign on as the Head of the CIA.[81][82] On 18 March 2016, Edward Holcroft was also confirmed to reprise his role as Charles \"Charlie\" Hesketh.[83]", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle On 17 February 2016, it was revealed that Julianne Moore was in negotiations to play the villain in the film.[12] On 10 March 2016, Halle Berry was cast in the film,[13] in a role that later turned out to be the Statesmen's tech support. In late March, Vaughn confirmed Berry's and Moore's casting, as well as the title, Kingsman: The Golden Circle. On 8 April 2016, Pedro Pascal was cast in the film as Jack Daniels,[14] and on the same day, a promotional poster was released featuring Firth's character's glasses, confirming Firth's return for the film;[15] Firth's return was later officially confirmed on 11 July 2016.[16] Channing Tatum confirmed his casting through his Twitter account, while Variety reported that Elton John was in talks for a role.[17] In late April, Vaughn talked about writing the sequel, and stated \"writing this was the hardest thing I've ever done.\"[18] Jeff Bridges was added to the cast on 28 May 2016.[19] Vinnie Jones announced on Twitter that he had been cast, though he did not appear in the finished film.[20]", "Taron Egerton Egerton played Gary \"Eggsy\" Unwin, the young protégé of Harry Hart (Colin Firth), in Matthew Vaughn's film Kingsman: The Secret Service and its sequel, Kingsman: The Golden Circle.[5] The first movie's success launched Egerton into fame and signed him into a three-movie contract with 20th Century Fox.[11]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service The trade paperback collecting the comics miniseries was released on 14 January 2015.[41] Vaughn teamed up with luxury retailer Mr Porter to create a 60-piece clothing line based on the film. Mr Porter worked with the film's costume designer, Arianne Phillips, to design the bespoke suiting, while everything from the ties and shirts to eyewear, umbrellas, shoes and watches were designed by heritage brands such as Cutler and Gross, George Cleverley, Mackintosh and Bremont. The collaboration is the first of its kind, making Kingsman: The Secret Service the first film from which customers can buy all of the outfits they see.[42][43] The film also includes significant product placement for Adidas Originals.[44]", "Rebecca Ferguson Rebecca Louisa Ferguson Sundström[1] (born 19 October 1983), known professionally as Rebecca Ferguson, is a Swedish actress.[2] She is known for her portrayal of Elizabeth Woodville in The White Queen (2013), which earned her a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film, and her roles as Ilsa Faust in Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015), Dr. Miranda North in Life (2017), and Jenny Lind in The Greatest Showman (2017). Ferguson is set to return as Faust in Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018).", "Sienna Guillory Sienna Tiggy Guillory (/ˈɡɪləri/; born 16 March 1975) is an English actress and former model. She is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Jill Valentine in several entries of the Resident Evil action-horror film series. Other prominent roles include elf princess Arya Dröttningu in the fantasy-adventure film, Eragon, and the title role in the TV miniseries, Helen of Troy.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Kingsman: The Secret Service premiered at the annual film marathon Butt-Numb-A-Thon on 13 December 2014, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2015. The film received generally positive reviews from critics who highly praised the stylized action sequences, the acting performances, villain, score, and its black humor, though some of the violent and sexual scenes were criticized for being too over the top. The film has grossed over $414 million worldwide, becoming Vaughn's most commercially successful film to date.[6] In 2015, it won the Empire Award for Best British Film.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Seventeen years later, Eggsy, having dropped out of training for the Royal Marines despite his intelligence and capability, has become a stereotypical chav.[8][9] After being arrested for stealing a car, Eggsy calls the number. Hart arranges his release. Hart explains that he is a member of Kingsman, a private intelligence service founded by wealthy British individuals who lost their heirs in World War I. Hart, code name \"Galahad\", explains there is a position available, as agent \"Lancelot\" was killed by the assassin Gazelle while trying to rescue Professor James Arnold from kidnappers. Eggsy becomes Hart's candidate. Other candidates are eliminated through dangerous training tests run by operative \"Merlin\", until only Eggsy and Roxy, a candidate he befriended, are left. Eggsy is unable to complete the final test – shooting a dog he has raised during the training process (unaware that the gun holds blanks) – and Roxy is named the new \"Lancelot\".", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle A year has passed since Eggsy Unwin and the spy organisation Kingsman saved the world from Richmond Valentine's neurological wave broadcast. He has since taken his late mentor Harry Hart's title of Galahad and lives with Crown Princess Tilde of Sweden. On his way home he is ambushed by Charlie Hesketh, a former Kingsman trainee who lost his arm and vocal cords during the Valentine incident. Eggsy evades Charlie and his henchmen in a car chase across London, but Charlie's severed cybernetic arm hacks into the Kingsman servers through the car's computer system. While Eggsy is away in Sweden, a volley of missiles destroy the Kingsman headquarters and wipe out all of the agents in Britain.", "Julianne Moore Moore's final release of the year was the sequel to the 2015 spy film Kingsman: The Secret Service, subtitled The Golden Circle, co-starring Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Channing Tatum and Halle Berry.[156] She played the part of the villainous entrepreneur Poppy Adams, who runs a drug cartel. Despite her character's actions, Moore played the part to make Poppy seem \"strange but reasonable\".[151] Peter Debruge described the film as \"outlandish\" and wrote that Moore had played her part \"as Martha Stewart crossed with a demonic 1950s housewife\".[157] The film earned over $250 million worldwide.[158]", "Taron Egerton Taron David Egerton[1] (born 10 November 1989) is a Welsh actor.[2][3] He is known for his roles in the British television series The Smoke and the 2014 action comedy film Kingsman: The Secret Service.[4][5] He has also played Edward Brittain in the 2014 drama film Testament of Youth, appeared in the 2015 crime thriller film Legend, starred as Eddie \"The Eagle\" Edwards in the 2016 biographical film Eddie the Eagle, voiced Johnny in the 2016 animated musical film Sing, and reprised his role in the 2017 sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle. His upcoming films include Billionaire Boys Club and Robin Hood.", "Ophelia Lovibond Lovibond made her film debut in Roman Polanski's Oliver Twist in 2005.[4] She had a part in the John Lennon biopic Nowhere Boy.[5] She played a leading role in the film 4.3.2.1,[6] and had roles in the 2011 films London Boulevard, No Strings Attached and Mr. Popper's Penguins. Lovibond played Carina, The Collector's slave, in the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy.[7][8]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service A sequel, titled Kingsman: The Golden Circle, was released in September 2017, with Vaughn and the main cast returning.[7]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service The film's premiere was held in London on 14 January 2015, with director Vaughn and stars Firth, Egerton, and Strong attending, and Take That performing the film's theme live.[29] A regional premiere was held in Glasgow at exactly the same time as the London event, and live footage was streamed from the premiere to Glasgow.[30] Mark Millar also hosted a charity screening of the film ahead of its release in Glasgow to raise money for his old school, St. Bartholomews.[31] The film opened in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2015.[32] In the United States 20th Century Fox planned to release the film on 14 November 2014,[33] but later delayed it to 6 March 2015.[34] It was later moved up to 24 October 2014,[35] before being delayed again to 13 February 2015.[36] The film was released in most of Latin America and Indonesia, with the action scene set in the church removed. The scene, considered vital by the director and film critics, was excised almost completely, leaving only the set-up and immediate consequences.[37][38][39][40]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Kingsman opened on 30 January 2015 in Sweden, UK, Ireland and Malta. In the UK the film opened with $6.5 million and debuted at second place (behind Big Hero 6).[47] The following weekend it opened in two additional countries: Australia and New Zealand. It debuted atop the box office in both countries and had a successful opening in Australia with $3.6 million.[48] In its third weekend, it earned $23 million from 4,844 screens in 39 countries. It topped the box office in three countries; Singapore, Hong Kong, and Thailand, the rest of which were dominated by Fifty Shades of Grey.[49] In its fourth weekend, it expanded to a total of 54 countries and grossed $33.4 million from 5,940 screens.[50] Its biggest opener outside of North America was in China where it earned $27.9 million.[51] Other high openings occurred in South Korea ($5.3 million)[49] Russia and the CIS ($3.6 million),[49] Taiwan ($3.4 million),[50] and France ($3.3 million).[50]", "Rosamund Pike Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike[1] (born 27 January 1979) is an English actress who began her acting career by appearing in stage productions such as Romeo and Juliet and Skylight. After her screen debut in the television film A Rather English Marriage (1998) and television roles in Wives and Daughters (1999) and Love in a Cold Climate (2001), she received international recognition for her film debut as Bond girl Miranda Frost in Die Another Day (2002), for which she received the Empire Award for Best Newcomer. Following her breakthrough, she won the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Libertine (2004) and portrayed Jane Bennet in Pride & Prejudice (2005).", "Sophia Myles Sophia Jane Myles[1] (/səˈfaɪ.ə/;[2] born 18 March 1980) is an English actress, best known in film for portraying Erika in Underworld (2003), Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in the live-action Thunderbirds film, Isolde in Tristan & Isolde and Darcy in Transformers: Age of Extinction, and has received critical acclaim for her television work, particularly as Madame de Pompadour in the Doctor Who episode \"The Girl in the Fireplace\" and Beth Turner in Moonlight.", "The Exception On 12 May 2015, it was announced Lily James would play, opposite to Christopher Plummer, as Mieke de Jong.[9] On 7 July 2015, Jai Courtney was cast in the leading role as Captain Stefan Brandt.[10] On 11 September 2015, Janet McTeer and Eddie Marsan joined the cast of The Kaiser's Last Kiss as Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz and Heinrich Himmler, respectively.[11]", "Spectre (2015 film) Dave Bautista was cast as Mr. Hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports.[45] The character only has one line in the entire film, \"Shit\". Sam Mendes thought the silent nature would drive Bautista away, but the lifelong Bond fan expressed interest in reviving the quiet henchmen archetype of characters such as Jaws. Bautista's performance was inspired mostly by Oddjob from Goldfinger,[46] and said not talking created an acting challenge, “trying to find this way where I am actually going to have speak without speaking.\"[47] After casting Bérénice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as Sévérine in Skyfall, Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting Léa Seydoux in the role.[48] Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace.[15][16] Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to Quantum of Solace, before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in Spectre.[49]", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Near the release of Kingsman: The Secret Service, Mark Millar and Matthew Vaughn stated that a sequel would be possible if the first film was to perform well at the box office, and Vaughn expressed interest in returning to direct.[5][6] Vaughn also noted that he had hoped to have Firth back in the sequel, though it was later stated that Firth would not be returning.[7][8]", "Saffron Burrows Saffron Domini Burrows (born 22 October 1972[1]) is an English-American actress and former model. Burrows has appeared in films such as Circle of Friends, Wing Commander, Deep Blue Sea, Gangster No. 1, Enigma, Troy, Reign Over Me and The Bank Job. On the small screen she's starred as Lorraine Weller on Boston Legal, Dr. Norah Skinner on My Own Worst Enemy, Detective Serena Stevens on Law & Order: Criminal Intent. She currently appears as Cynthia Taylor on Amazon series Mozart in the Jungle.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Probationary secret agent Lee Unwin sacrifices himself to protect his superior Harry Hart while on a mission in the Middle East in 1997. Hart, blaming himself, returns to London to give Lee's widow Michelle and her young son Gary \"Eggsy\" a medal engraved with an emergency assistance number.", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle In the aftermath, Chief of Staff Fox has the President impeached for conspiring to commit genocide on the drug victims. Champagne announces that Statesman has acquired a distillery in Scotland to help rebuild Kingsman. To avoid the confusion of two Kingsman agents using the codename \"Galahad\", Champagne offers either Eggsy or Harry the agent title of Whiskey, but they decline and Statesman tech support Ginger Ale steps in to take the role. Eggsy marries Princess Tilde, and Tequila moves to London to work for Kingsman.", "Nathalie Emmanuel Nathalie Joanne Emmanuel[1] (born 2 March 1989) is an English actress. Emmanuel began her acting career appearing in theatre in the late 1990s, accruing roles in various West End productions such as the musical The Lion King.[2] In 2006, she began her on-screen career by starring as Sasha Valentine in soap opera Hollyoaks, after which she appeared in various British television series until her debut film appearance in Twenty8k. Emmanuel gained international recognition by starring as Missandei in the fantasy series Game of Thrones, and achieved further fame with supporting roles in action films Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015), Furious 7 (2015), The Fate of the Furious (2017) and Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018).", "Natalie Dormer She made her stage debut at the Young Vic in 2010 in the play Sweet Nothings, and portrayed Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Duchess of York in Madonna's film W.E. (2011) and Private Lorraine in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011). In 2012, her lead performance in After Miss Julie at the Young Vic attracted widespread critical acclaim. Dormer gained international attention with her performance of Margaery Tyrell on the HBO series Game of Thrones (2012–2016), for which she was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards (2014–2015). She is also known for playing Irene Adler/Moriarty on the CBS series Elementary (2013–15), Cressida in the science-fiction adventure films The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and Part 2 (2015), and Sara Price/Jess Price in The Forest (2016).", "Sophie Turner Sophie Turner (born 21 February 1996)[1] is an English actress. Turner made her professional acting debut as Sansa Stark on the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones (2011â€“present), which brought her international recognition.", "Pedro Pascal In April 2015, Pascal co-starred with Heidi Klum in the music video for Sia's \"Fire Meet Gasoline\".[15] In 2017, he starred as Agent Whiskey in Matthew Vaughn's Kingsman: The Golden Circle.", "Sophie Turner Turner starred in the television film The Thirteenth Tale (2013) and she made her feature film debut in Another Me (2013). She starred in the action comedy Barely Lethal (2015) and portrays a young Jean Grey / Phoenix in the X-Men film series.", "Colin Firth In 2015, Firth starred as Harry Hart in the spy action film Kingsman: The Secret Service which was a commercial success and received generally positive reviews.[92] Kingsman: The Secret Service earned a gross of $414.4 million, against a budget of $81 million.[93]", "Rebecca Ferguson In 2016, she played the dual roles of Katya and Lauren in the cold war espionage thriller by Shamim Sarif, Despite the Falling Snow, opposite Sam Reid and Charles Dance.[25] For her performance in the film, she won the Best Actress award at the 2016 Prague Independent Film Festival.[26] Also in 2016, she appeared in Stephen Frears' Florence Foster Jenkins, opposite Meryl Streep,[27] and Tate Taylor's thriller book adaptation The Girl on the Train.[28]", "Naomie Harris Naomie Melanie Harris,[1] OBE (born 6 September 1976)[1] is an English actress. She started her career as a child actress, appearing on the children television series Simon and the Witch in 1987. She played voodoo witch Tia Dalma in the second and third Pirates of the Caribbean films, Selena in 28 Days Later, and Winnie Mandela in Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom. She played Eve Moneypenny in the James Bond films Skyfall and Spectre. In 2016, she starred in the critically acclaimed film Moonlight; a performance which earned her several nominations for Best Supporting Actress awards, including the Golden Globe, BAFTA, and the Academy Award.", "Ophelia Lovibond Ophelia Lucy Lovibond (born 19 February 1986) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Kitty Winter in the American television series Elementary, as Izzy Gould in the BBC's W1A, and as Lady Alex Lindo-Parker in Sky 1's in Hooten & the Lady.", "Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters â€“Gemma Arterton (Gretel in the film)", "The Huntsman: Winter's War On February 24, 2015, Jessica Chastain was set to star in the film, Nick Frost was confirmed to reprise his previous role, while Blunt, who had been rumored to be interested, finally closed a deal to star as well.[18] On March 18, 2015, it was revealed that Sheridan Smith, Rob Brydon, and Alexandra Roach were added to the cast to play dwarves alongside Frost's character Nion.[19] TheWrap confirmed on May 7, 2015, that Sam Claflin would return as William in the sequel.[20]", "Alice Eve Alice Sophia Eve (born 6 February 1982) is a British actress. She is known for her role as Dr. Carol Marcus in Star Trek Into Darkness.", "Hannah John-Kamen Hannah John-Kamen (born 6 September 1989)[1] is a British actress. She is known for her roles as Dutch in the Syfy television series Killjoys, Ornela in the HBO series Game of Thrones, F'Nale Zandor in Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One, and Ghost in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man and the Wasp.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Kingsman: The Secret Service grossed $414.4 million worldwide; $24.2 million of the takings were generated from the UK market and $128.3 million from North America.[4]", "Eleanor Tomlinson After an extensive search, Tomlinson was cast as Princess Isabelle in Jack the Giant Slayer (2013), directed by Bryan Singer.[11][12]", "Anna Popplewell Anna Katherine Popplewell (born 16 December 1988) is an English film, television and theatre actress. She is known for her role as Susan Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia film series since 2005, as Chyler Silva in Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn since 2012 and Lady Lola in Reign from 2013â€“2016.", "Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Rosie Alice Huntington-Whiteley[4] (born 18 April 1987)[5] is an English model, actress, designer, and businesswoman. She is best known for her work for lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret, formerly being one of their brand \"Angels\", for being the face of Burberry's 2011 brand fragrance \"Burberry Body\", for her work with Marks & Spencer, and, most recently, for her artistic collaboration with denim-focused fashion brand Paige.[6]", "Eleanor Tomlinson Eleanor May Tomlinson (born 19 May 1992) is an English actress, known for her roles as Princess Isabelle in Jack the Giant Slayer (2013), Isabel Neville in The White Queen, and Demelza Poldark in Poldark.", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle On 29 April 2015, Fox announced that a sequel was in production, but that it was unclear if Vaughn would return due to his interest in directing a Flash Gordon film.[9] On 11 June 2015, Vaughn told Yahoo that he had begun writing the script for the sequel, and that he could return to direct.[10] In September 2015, Millar reiterated that the sequel was in development, and that Vaughn was looking for ways to bring Firth back without sacrificing the integrity of the story. Later that month, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Egerton had also signed on for a new Robin Hood film, which was then set to begin shooting in February 2016; Egerton's schedule was thus in conflict with the Kingsman sequel. However, in mid-October, it was confirmed that scheduling issues had been settled between both studios. Lionsgate began Robin Hood's production right after Egerton wrapped filming on Kingsman: The Golden Circle, which began in May 2016.[11]", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Poppy Adams, head of world's largest drug cartel, broadcasts a message telling the world about a toxin she laced within every recreational drug available, which causes users to develop blue rashes before progressing through mania, paralysis, and ultimately, death. She also demonstrates the antidote on a captive Elton John and offers it to the world if the President of the United States ends his country's War on Drugs and offers her organisation immunity. The President decides to have every affected user quarantined, including his Chief of Staff, Fox. Eggsy, Harry, and Whiskey head to the antidote factory in Italy after intercepting a phone call to Charlie by Clara. Eggsy manages to steal an antidote sample, but it is broken by Whiskey during an ambush by The Golden Circle's henchmen. During the gunfight, Harry shoots Whiskey in the head, as he suspects that Whiskey is playing both sides, but Eggsy saves him with the same alpha-gel that Statesman had used to save Harry. Princess Tilde calls Eggsy in a state of mania, revealing that she has been affected. Eggsy, Harry, and Merlin discover the location of Poppy's hideout, \"Poppy Land\", in Cambodia and fly there to steal the remote control for the antidote drones.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service The film was released on digital HD on 15 May 2015 and on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on 9 June.[45][46]", "Gemma Arterton In 2008, she appeared in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace.[13] Chosen from around fifteen hundred candidates, Arterton plays Bond Girl Strawberry Fields, in what is described as a \"nice-sized role\".[14] Arterton describes her character as \"the thinking man's crumpet\".[15] In the same year, she played the eponymous protagonist in the BBC adaptation of Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles.[16] Also in 2008, she played Elizabeth Bennet in the ITV serial, Lost in Austen. Her most controversial role to date was in the 2009 film The Disappearance of Alice Creed, in which her character is kidnapped and abused in several graphic nude scenes.[17] The role required her to be handcuffed to a bed and wear a ball gag in her mouth throughout. She requested that she be left tied to the bed even when the camera was not on her to help her performance. She joked that the crew would put the ball gag back in if she was chatting too much.[18][19][20]", "Emily Browning Emily Jane Browning[1] (born 7 December 1988)[1] is an Australian actress and singer.", "Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey She made her acting debut in 2007 on French television and has since appeared in films alongside Isabelle Huppert, Vincent Perez, and Daniel Auteuil.[5] In 2008, she made her feature dÃ©but in the film The Sea Wall. She began modelling in 2010, fronting French Connection's spring/summer and autumn/winter campaigns.[6]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service In May 2014, it was reported that Henry Jackman and Matthew Margeson would be composing the music for the film,[27] while in July it was announced that Gary Barlow would be writing the music for the film. Additionally, a song from Take That's seventh studio album III, \"Get Ready for It\", played during the end credits.[28]", "Claudia Kim Kim Soo-hyun (born January 25, 1985), also known as Claudia Kim, is a South Korean actress and model.", "Lily Collins The following year, Collins played Snow White in Mirror Mirror, an adaptation of the fairytale Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, co-starring Julia Roberts as the Evil Queen Clementianna. Robbie Collin from the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph wrote of Collins: \"She has an adorable, sensational, almost perfect face for cinema; think Audrey Hepburn with the eyebrows of Liam Gallagher. Her smile is the platonic ideal of cheeky.\"[26] She made her singing debut in the film, performing an English re-written cover of \"I Believe (in Love)\". Also in 2012, Collins portrayed Samantha in Stuck in Love, starring alongside Jennifer Connelly, Logan Lerman, and Greg Kinnear.[27] Collins was initially cast as the lead in the 2013 remake of Evil Dead, but dropped out due to a scheduling issue.[28][29]", "Geraldine Somerville In 2014 she played Princess Antoinette of Monaco in the film Grace of Monaco. In 2014, Somerville played Sarah Griffin in the BBC One mini-series Quirke.[3]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said of the film, \"This slam-bang action movie about British secret agents is deliriously shaken, not stirred ... Even when it stops making sense, Kingsman is unstoppable fun\".[61] Jordan Hoffman, writing for The Guardian, said of the film, \"The spirit of 007 is all over this movie, but Vaughn's script ... has a licence to poke fun. ... no one involved in the production can believe they're getting away with making such a batshit Bond.\" Comparing the film to those of Christopher Nolan, Hoffman said, \"Despite the presence of grandfatherly Michael Caine, Kingsman's tone is about as far from the Christopher Nolan-style superhero film as you can get. Verisimilitude is frequently traded in for a rich laugh\".[62] Peter Bradshaw, writing for The Guardian, called the film \"a smirking spy spoof, weirdly charmless and dated in unintentional ways\", commenting that \"it is a film forever demanding to be congratulated on how “stylish” it is.\"[63]", "Natalie Dormer Natalie Dormer (born 11 February 1982)[1] is an English actress. Born and brought up in Berkshire, she was educated at Chiltern Edge Secondary School and Reading Blue Coat School, and trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Her first professional acting role was in the Shakespeare comedy The Comedy of Errors in 2003. She made her screen debut in Lasse Hallstrom's romantic film Casanova (2005), followed by a small part in the dramedy Distant Shores (2005). She received widespread praise for her portrayal of Anne Boleyn on the Showtime series The Tudors (2007â€“08), and was nominated for two Gemini Awards for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Drama Series.", "Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey She learned to speak Italian for the movie Alaska, written and directed by Claudio Cupellini. In 2017, she starred in Guy Ritchie's film King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, opposite Charlie Hunnam and Jude Law.", "Sophie Turner In 2013, she had her first big screen role as the lead character in the independent thriller film Another Me, based on the novel of the same name by Catherine MacPhail. She starred as Adeline March in the 2013 television film The Thirteenth Tale. In 2013, she was cast in the comedy film Barely Lethal, alongside Hailee Steinfeld, which was released on 29 May 2015 in a limited release and through video on demand.[8][9] Turner also narrated the audiobook version of the Lev Grossman short story The Girl in the Mirror, which was included in the short fiction anthology Dangerous Women, and was edited by George R. R. Martin. Turner played mutant Jean Grey in X-Men: Apocalypse, which was released in May 2016 to mixed critical success.[10] That same month, it was reported that she would appear in a segment of the anthology film Berlin, I Love You, itself the fourth instalment of the Cities of Love franchise.[11]", "Emily Browning Browning is also known for her roles in the horror film The Uninvited (2009), the action film Sucker Punch (2011), and the independent drama Sleeping Beauty (2011). She was named the Breakthrough Performer of The Year by Hamptons International Film Festival in 2011 for her role in Sleeping Beauty. Her other films include Summer in February (2013), Pompeii (2014) and Legend (2015). She is currently starring as Laura Moon on American Gods.", "Gemma Arterton Arterton won her first professional role in Stephen Poliakoff's Capturing Mary while she was still at drama school.[10] She made her stage debut as Rosaline in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost at the Globe Theatre in London in July 2007 before graduating later that year.[11] She made her film debut in St Trinian's (2007) as Head Girl Kelly.[12]", "Gemma Arterton In a 2015 interview with the Independent newspaper, Arterton stated that she was director Jonathan Glazer's choice for the lead role in his movie Under the Skin. Glazer, however, was forced to recast due to Arterton's perceived lack of \"star power\".[37]", "Kerry Condon Kerry Condon (born 4 January 1983) is an Irish television and film actress, best known for her role as Octavia of the Julii in the HBO/BBC series Rome,[1][2] as Stacey Ehrmantraut in AMC's Better Call Saul and as the voice of F.R.I.D.A.Y. in various films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. She is also the youngest actress ever to play Ophelia in a Royal Shakespeare Company production of Hamlet. She appeared in AMC’s The Walking Dead in “30 Days Without an Accident.”", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Eggsy, Merlin and Roxy set out to stop Valentine. Roxy uses high-altitude balloons to destroy one of Valentine's satellites and break up the network, but Valentine quickly secures a replacement from a business associate. Merlin flies Eggsy to Valentine's base, where he masquerades as King. Eggsy is discovered by a failed Kingsman recruit, Charlie Hesketh, leading to both Eggsy and Merlin being cornered. On Eggsy's suggestion, Merlin activates the implanted chips' failsafe, killing almost everyone with a chip. An angry Valentine activates the signal and triggers worldwide pandemonium. Eggsy kills Gazelle and uses one of her sharpened prosthetic legs to impale Valentine and kill him, stopping the signal and ending the threat.", "The Mummy (2017 film) Tom Cruise began talks about playing the lead in November 2015,[12] with Sofia Boutella beginning talks that December.[14] Kurtzman cast Boutella after seeing and being impressed by her largely mute performance in Kingsman: The Secret Service. Kurtzman noted that \"if you look at her eyes, and this is what I got from watching Kingsman, there's a whole performance going on here. And in not saying anything but conveying that much to me, I thought oh my god, no matter how much prosthetics we put on her, no matter how much CG we put on her face, if I see this, she's going to convey something very emotional to me.\"[26] Other casting news was announced between March and May, with Russell Crowe joining during the latter month.[13][19][17][18][27][28][excessive citations] Shortly after the film opened, Variety reported that Cruise had excessive control over the film and firm control of nearly every aspect of production and post-production, including re-writing the script and editing to his specifications, telling Kurtzman how to direct on set, and enlarging his role while downplaying Boutella's. Universal contractually guaranteed Cruise control of most aspects of the project, from script approval to post-production decisions.[29]", "Rebecca Ferguson In 2015, Ferguson played Ilsa Faust, the female lead in Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation, for which she was highly praised.[18][19][20][21] Tom Cruise hand-picked Ferguson to star opposite him in the movie after seeing her performance in The White Queen.[22][23] She will reprise her role in the sixth Mission: Impossible film.[24]", "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Being the only surviving agents, Eggsy and Merlin follow the Doomsday protocol, which leads them to Statesman, a secret American organisation posing as a Bourbon whiskey distillery in Kentucky. There, they discover that Harry survived the Valentine's gunshot a year earlier, but is suffering from amnesia. Eggsy and Merlin are briefed by Statesman head Champagne about a secret terrorist organisation called The Golden Circle. They begin their mission by following Charlie's ex-girlfriend Clara Von Gluckfberg. When Statesman agent Tequila develops blue rashes, he is replaced by agent Whiskey as Eggsy's partner. At the Glastonbury Festival, Eggsy manages to plant a tracking device inside Clara, but his revelation of the mission to Princess Tilde strains their relationship. After several failed attempts to cure Harry's amnesia, Eggsy triggers Harry's memories by threatening to shoot a Yorkshire Terrier that resembles Harry's late dog.", "Kingsman: The Secret Service In the United States and Canada, the film opened on 13 February and was predicted to debut to around $28Â million.[52] The film opened in 3,204 cinemas and grossed $10.4 million on its first day, $15.4 million on its second day and $10.4 million on its third day,[53] for a weekend gross of $36.2 million (an $11,300 per-cinema average), finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades of Grey.[54] During the four-day Presidents Day weekend it grossed $41.8 million.[55][56]", "Laura Haddock Laura Jane Haddock (born 21 August 1985) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying Kacie Carter in Honest, Lucrezia in Da Vinci's Demons, Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Alison in The Inbetweeners Movie and Viviane Wembly in Transformers: The Last Knight.", "Rebecca Ferguson Swedish director Richard Hobert spotted her at the Simrishamn town market in 2011, which led to her starring in his film A One–Way to Antibes.[12] She has also appeared in the horror film Strandvaskaren and the 2012 film Vi alongside Gustaf Skarsgård.[13][14]", "Sarah Bolger Bolger starred in In America with her sister, Emma. From 2008 to 2010, she portrayed Princess Mary Tudor in The Tudors.[1] Bolger starred in Stormbreaker alongside Alex Pettyfer. She also starred in the film adaptation of the children's novel The Spiderwick Chronicles. She filmed a pilot called Locke & Key,[3] and will star in the movie Starbright.[4]", "Alicia von Rittberg She appeared in Our Kind of Traitor, a 2016 spy thriller film directed by Susanna White.[2]", "Chalet Girl German Ken Duken met the producers initially at the Berlin International Film Festival, and was cast as the Finn Mikki after being called in to audition. Tara Dakides, a professional snowboarder, portrayed herself in the film. She first became involved in the summer of 2009 and felt \"extremely flattered as well as terrified\" about playing herself on screen. In addition, Sophia Bush was cast as Chloe, Nicholas Braun as Nigel, and Georgia King as Jules.[6]", "Evanna Lynch Lynch went on to guest star as Princess Alehna (daughter of Taryn, played by Orla Brady) in the first season finale of the Sky1 television series Sinbad.[44][45]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service #TBT to That Time Archer Met Kingsman, also known as Throwback to That Time Archer Met Kingsman, is a 2017 animated short film set between Kingsman: The Secret Service and Kingsman: The Golden Circle. The short was unveiled at the 2017 Comic-Con’s Kingsman: The Golden Circle panel in Hall H, showing a meeting between Taron Egerton’s Eggsy and H. Jon Benjamin's Sterling Archer, who stumbles into the Kingsmen’s secret arsenal hidden in the bespoke suit shop. There, he helps himself to guns and alcohol. Fighting to reclaim the goods, Eggsy challenges Archer to “the most gentlemanly of competitions”: a drinking contest, while planning to kill him with a drugged glass. However, Archer instead drinks the bottle and passes out. Eggsy, insulted by Archer's behaviour, vows to go to America and \"teach them a lesson\".[71]", "Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey (born 26 May 1986) is a French-Spanish actress and model.[1] She is best known for playing Suzanne in The Sea Wall, the mermaid Syrena in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and Sofi in I Origins. She is the recipient of the Prix Suzanne Bianchetti in 2009 and the Trophée Chopard Award for Female Revelation of the Year at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and a nomination at the 2016 David di Donatello in Rome.", "Claudia Kim Kim made her entertainment debut when she won a modeling contest in 2005, and went on to appear in supporting roles in medical drama Brain (2011) and spy comedy 7th Grade Civil Servant (2013), as well as a leading role in the sitcom Standby (2012).[2][3] Kim gained international attention for her roles in Marco Polo (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015).[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][excessive citations]", "Gemma Arterton Arterton is the face of Avon's Bond Girl 007 fragrance, which launched in October 2008.[21] Having already started in a series of advertisements for Avon, Arterton in May 2008 requested a role opposite model Kate Moss for Rimmel, but was blocked on contractual terms under her Avon contract.[22]", "Rosamund Pike In 2014, her performance in the psychological thriller film Gone Girl was met with widespread critical acclaim and she was awarded the Saturn Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role. Pike received further acclaim for her role as Ruth Williams Khama in the biographical drama A United Kingdom (2016) and is nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actress for her role in the western Hostiles (2017). Her upcoming films include the thriller Three Seconds and Radioactive, in which she will play Marie Curie.", "Ophelia Lovibond Lovibond was also a regular in season 3 of Elementary, as Sherlock's new apprentice, Kitty Winter. In 2016, she played the role of Lady Alexandra Lindo-Parker in Sky1 series Hooten & The Lady.", "Sarah Bolger Sarah Lee Bolger (born 28 February 1991) is an Irish actress. She is best known for her roles in the films In America, Stormbreaker, and The Spiderwick Chronicles, as well as her award-winning role as Lady Mary Tudor in the TV series The Tudors, and for guest starring as Princess Aurora in Once Upon a Time.", "Saffron Burrows Screen Actors Guild Awards", "Kingsman: The Secret Service In a mid-credits scene, Eggsy, now a full Kingsman agent, offers his mother and half-sister a new home away from his abusive stepfather Dean, who flatly objects to Eggsy's suggestion. Eggsy then dispatches him in exactly the same manner that Hart dealt with one of Dean's henchmen earlier.", "The Royals (TV series) In September 2013, Hurley was cast in the leading role of Queen Helena.[32] Soon after, Moseley was cast as Helena's son Liam,[33] followed by Park as Liam's twin sister Eleanor and Haley Lu Richardson as his love interest, Ophelia.[34] The rest of the pilot's cast included Regan, Austen, Maskall, Roach and Milburn.[8][9] After the series pickup, Merritt Patterson replaced Richardson as Ophelia in June 2014,[35][36] as shooting for the first season began in London.[11] Additional recurring roles included Bewley and Preston as Cyrus' eccentric daughters Penelope and Maribel,[37] and Colquhoun as Gemma, Liam's heiress ex-girlfriend.[38] In August 2014, People reported that Joan Collins would guest star as the Grand Duchess of Oxford, Helena's mother.[39][40][41]", "Rosamund Pike After graduating, she considered working at Waterstone's bookshop due to a lack of acting opportunities,[4] but was offered a role as a Bond girl and MI6 agent assigned to aid James Bond in Die Another Day. She also appeared in the special show Bond Girls Are Forever and, shortly afterwards, the BAFTA tribute to the James Bond series. She was the first Bond girl to have attended Oxford.[8] Pike then played Elizabeth Malet in The Libertine (2004), co-starring Johnny Depp,[9] which won her the Best Supporting Actress award at the British Independent Film Awards.[10] In the same year, she portrayed Rose in The Promised Land, a film about Israel,[7] and starred as scientist Samantha Grimm in the cinematic adaptation of the computer game series Doom.[11]", "Kingsman: The Secret Service Meanwhile, Merlin discovers that Professor Arnold has returned to work as if nothing had happened. Hart attempts to interrogate him, but a chip in Professor Arnold's neck explodes, killing him. The detonation signal is traced to a facility owned by Internet billionaire and philanthropist Richmond Valentine, who has recently offered everyone in the world SIM cards that grant free lifetime cellular and Internet connectivity. Hart, impersonating a billionaire philanthropist, meets Valentine face-to-face. Hart learns of Valentine's connection to an obscure hate group's church in Kentucky, and travels there, wearing glasses containing a video transceiver. Eggsy watches as Valentine activates the SIM cards in the church, triggering a signal that causes the parishioners to become murderously violent. Hart's spy training leaves him as the only survivor. Outside the church Valentine explains what happened, then shoots Hart in the face.", "Gemma Arterton In February 2016, Arterton started a run playing the title role in the Shakespeare's Globe transfer of Nell Gwynn,[38] at the West End's Apollo Theatre.[39] In July 2016 she was named as a member of the main competition jury for the 73rd Venice International Film Festival.[40] and she will play Vita Sackville-West in upcoming film Vita and Virginia.[41][42]", "Saffron Burrows Blockbuster Entertainment Award", "Emilia Clarke Clarke made her Broadway debut as Holly Golightly in a production of Breakfast at Tiffany's in 2013. In 2015, she was named Esquire's Sexiest Woman Alive. She is also known for her starring roles as Sarah Connor in the science fiction film Terminator Genisys (2015) and as Louisa Clark in the romance film Me Before You (2016).", "Poppy Drayton Poppy Gabriella Drayton (born 7 June[1] 1991[2]) is a British actress. She is known for playing Elizabeth Thatcher in the feature-length Hallmark Channel television pilot of When Calls the Heart, and for playing Amberle Elessedil in the MTV fantasy drama series The Shannara Chronicles.", "Emilia Clarke Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke (born 23 October 1986)[2][3][4][5] is an English actress. Born in London and brought up in Berkshire, Clarke first gained an interest in acting as a child after seeing the musical Show Boat, on which her father was working as a sound engineer. Clarke studied at the Drama Centre London, and appeared in a number of stage productions. Her television debut came with a guest appearance in an episode of the British soap opera Doctors. In 2010, she was named as one of the UK Stars of Tomorrow by Screen International magazine for her role in Syfy's film Triassic Attack (2010).", "Chalet Girl Playing the character of Georgie was Tamsin Egerton, who joined the project because of the quality of the script, in particular the banter between Georgie and Kim, and became attached quite early as she was eager to work with Felicity Jones.[7] She had auditioned a year before filming started and had assumed she hadn't got the part.[6] Her only concern was that Georgie was quite similar to the character she portrayed in St Trinian's and St Trinian's 2.[7]", "Eleanor Tomlinson Tomlinson appeared in The Illusionist as Young Sophie.[5] She starred in the teenage film Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging in which she plays \"Jas\".[6] Tomlinson played Kirsten in the Pro Sieben international production Hepzibah â€“ Sie holt dich im Schlaf alongside David Bamber, under the direction of Robert Sigl.[7]", "Natalia Tena Natalia Gastiain Tena[1] (born 1 November 1984) is an English actress and musician. She played Nymphadora Tonks in the Harry Potter film series, and the wildling Osha in the HBO series Game of Thrones.", "Helena Bonham Carter Helena Bonham Carter CBE (born 26 May 1966) is an English actress best known for her roles in low-budget art films and independent films to large-scale Hollywood productions. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Kate Croy in The Wings of the Dove (1997). For her role as Queen Elizabeth in The King's Speech (2010), she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. She also won the 2010 International Emmy Award for Best Actress for her role as British author Enid Blyton in the TV film Enid (2009)." ]	[ "Kingsman: The Secret Service Hanna Alström and Bjørn Floberg appear as Crown Princess Tilde of Sweden, and Swedish Prime Minister Morten Lindström, respectively. Jack Cutmore-Scott portrays Rufus Saville, and Lily Travers portrays Lady Sophie. Jonno Davies played Lee Unwin, Eggsy's father and a former Kingsman candidate who sacrificed himself to save Hart. Nicholas Banks, Nicholas Agnew, Rowan Polonski and Tom Prior portrayed, respectively, Digby Barker, Nathaniel, Piers and Hugo Higins, the other four Kingsman candidates. Fiona Hampton played Amelia, a Kingsman employee who masquerades as a candidate in order to \"die\" during the first test. Richard Brake played the interrogator during the penultimate test, Ralph Ineson the police interviewer after Eggsy's arrest, whereas Corey Johnson starred as a fanatic church leader, and Velibor Topić portrayed the biggest goon in the bar fight scene. Tobias Bakare and Theo Barklem-Biggs play Eggsy's friends Jamal and Ryan." ]
test2146	an object that moves around an external axis is said to be	[ "doc74727", "doc74730" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc74727", "doc1055661", "doc1055650", "doc74730", "doc788469", "doc240538", "doc1055662", "doc1055663", "doc91369", "doc74737", "doc788423", "doc867253", "doc867255", "doc788421", "doc788426", "doc788442", "doc788428", "doc788441", "doc788449", "doc788422", "doc1901802", "doc788436", "doc1055651", "doc1055676", "doc1055653", "doc91370", "doc940660", "doc240539", "doc1829357", "doc1055670", "doc788448", "doc867257", "doc1055655", "doc24924", "doc1055656", "doc1829383", "doc788424", "doc74752", "doc444721", "doc74753", "doc74749", "doc788456", "doc2087920", "doc788444", "doc788432", "doc2202453", "doc788470", "doc788443", "doc1018708", "doc940659", "doc1055668", "doc1884164", "doc74745", "doc724711", "doc1055664", "doc1055675", "doc1055652", "doc788471", "doc240542", "doc1282609", "doc1556005", "doc2202515", "doc266741", "doc240541", "doc1829358", "doc2160929", "doc74751", "doc867254", "doc788429", "doc482197", "doc532049", "doc689636", "doc240568", "doc2100274", "doc958707", "doc532050", "doc788457", "doc2456781", "doc788430", "doc1829391", "doc1904151", "doc309785", "doc788472", "doc240552", "doc2202528", "doc1374071", "doc240586", "doc674708", "doc724681", "doc300547", "doc1402290", "doc2202508", "doc74728", "doc788468", "doc636800", "doc532052", "doc1504218", "doc2147335", "doc1055665", "doc74757" ]	[ "Rotation A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of rotation. A three-dimensional object can always be rotated around an infinite number of imaginary lines called rotation axes (/ˈæksiːz/ AK-seez). If the axis passes through the body's center of mass, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or spin. A rotation about an external point, e.g. the Earth about the Sun, is called a revolution or orbital revolution, typically when it is produced by gravity. The axis is called a pole.", "Precession Torque-induced precession (gyroscopic precession) is the phenomenon in which the axis of a spinning object (e.g., a gyroscope) describes a cone in space when an external torque is applied to it. The phenomenon is commonly seen in a spinning toy top, but all rotating objects can undergo precession. If the speed of the rotation and the magnitude of the external torque are constant, the spin axis will move at right angles to the direction that would intuitively result from the external torque. In the case of a toy top, its weight is acting downwards from its center of mass and the normal force (reaction) of the ground is pushing up on it at the point of contact with the support. These two opposite forces produce a torque which causes the top to precess.", "Precession Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating about a second axis, that body is said to be precessing about the second axis. A motion in which the second Euler angle changes is called nutation. In physics, there are two types of precession: torque-free and torque-induced.", "Rotation A rotation is simply a progressive radial orientation to a common point. That common point lies within the axis of that motion. The axis is 90 degrees perpendicular to the plane of the motion. If the axis of the rotation lies external of the body in question then the body is said to orbit. There is no fundamental difference between a “rotation” and an “orbit” and or \"spin\". The key distinction is simply where the axis of the rotation lies, either within or outside of a body in question. This distinction can be demonstrated for both “rigid” and “non rigid” bodies.", "Rotation around a fixed axis The simplest case of rotation around a fixed axis is that of constant angular speed. Then the total torque is zero. For the example of the Earth rotating around its axis, there is very little friction. For a fan, the motor applies a torque to compensate for friction. Similar to the fan, equipment found in the mass production manufacturing industry demonstrate rotation around a fixed axis effectively. For example, a multi-spindle lathe is used to rotate the material on its axis to effectively increase production of cutting, deformation and turning.[2] The angle of rotation is a linear function of time, which modulo 360Â° is a periodic function.", "Circular motion In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three-dimensional body involves circular motion of its parts. The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body.", "Precession The device depicted on the right (or above on mobile devices) is gimbal mounted. From inside to outside there are three axes of rotation: the hub of the wheel, the gimbal axis, and the vertical pivot.", "Precession To distinguish between the two horizontal axes, rotation around the wheel hub will be called spinning, and rotation around the gimbal axis will be called pitching. Rotation around the vertical pivot axis is called rotation.", "Wheel A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.", "Rotation While revolution is often used as a synonym for rotation, in many fields, particularly astronomy and related fields, revolution, often referred to as orbital revolution for clarity, is used when one body moves around another while rotation is used to mean the movement around an axis. Moons revolve around their planet, planets revolve about their star (such as the Earth around the Sun); and stars slowly revolve about their galaxial center. The motion of the components of galaxies is complex, but it usually includes a rotation component.", "Rotation around a fixed axis A rigid body is an object of finite extent in which all the distances between the component particles are constant. No truly rigid body exists; external forces can deform any solid. For our purposes, then, a rigid body is a solid which requires large forces to deform it appreciably.", "Anatomical terms of motion Rotation of body parts is referred to as internal or external, referring to rotation towards or away from the center of the body.[20]", "Anatomical terms of motion External rotation (or lateral rotation) refers to rotation away from the center of the body.[20]", "Rotation around a fixed axis Rotation around a fixed axis is a special case of rotational motion. The fixed axis hypothesis excludes the possibility of an axis changing its orientation, and cannot describe such phenomena as wobbling or precession. According to Euler's rotation theorem, simultaneous rotation along a number of stationary axes at the same time is impossible. If two rotations are forced at the same time, a new axis of rotation will appear.", "Rotation around a fixed axis Purely rotational motion occurs if every particle in the body moves in a circle about a single line. This line is called the axis of rotation. Then the radius vectors from the axis to all particles undergo the same angular displacement in the same time. The axis of rotation need not go through the body. In general, any rotation can be specified completely by the three angular displacements with respect to the rectangular-coordinate axes x, y, and z. Any change in the position of the rigid body is thus completely described by three translational and three rotational coordinates.", "Rotation around a fixed axis where r is the radius or distance from the axis of rotation. This is also the tangential component of acceleration: it is tangential to the direction of motion of the point. If this component is 0, the motion is uniform circular motion, and the velocity changes in direction only.", "Rotation around a fixed axis where M is the total mass of the system and acm is the acceleration of the center of mass. There remains the matter of describing the rotation of the body about the center of mass and relating it to the external forces acting on the body. The kinematics and dynamics of rotational motion around a single axis resemble the kinematics and dynamics of translational motion; rotational motion around a single axis even has a work-energy theorem analogous to that of particle dynamics.", "Rotation around a fixed axis The translational acceleration of a point on the object rotating is given by", "Rotation around a fixed axis where Ã— denotes the cross product. A net torque acting upon an object will produce an angular acceleration of the object according to", "Rotation around a fixed axis This article assumes that the rotation is also stable, such that no torque is required to keep it going. The kinematics and dynamics of rotation around a fixed axis of a rigid body are mathematically much simpler than those for free rotation of a rigid body; they are entirely analogous to those of linear motion along a single fixed direction, which is not true for free rotation of a rigid body. The expressions for the kinetic energy of the object, and for the forces on the parts of the object, are also simpler for rotation around a fixed axis, than for general rotational motion. For these reasons, rotation around a fixed axis is typically taught in introductory physics courses after students have mastered linear motion; the full generality of rotational motion is not usually taught in introductory physics classes.", "Axle An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle.[1] In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. In the latter case, a bearing or bushing sits inside a central hole in the wheel to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type axle is referred to as a spindle.", "Rotation around a fixed axis where \n\n\n\nv\n\n\n{\\displaystyle v}\n\n is the translational speed of the particle.", "Precession In astronomy, precession refers to any of several slow changes in an astronomical body's rotational or orbital parameters. An important example is the steady change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Earth, known as the precession of the equinoxes. (See section Astronomy below.)", "Precession Axial precession is the movement of the rotational axis of an astronomical body, whereby the axis slowly traces out a cone. In the case of Earth, this type of precession is also known as the precession of the equinoxes, lunisolar precession, or precession of the equator. Earth goes through one such complete precessional cycle in a period of approximately 26,000 years or 1° every 72 years, during which the positions of stars will slowly change in both equatorial coordinates and ecliptic longitude. Over this cycle, Earth's north axial pole moves from where it is now, within 1° of Polaris, in a circle around the ecliptic pole, with an angular radius of about 23.5°.", "Precession The torque-free precession rate of an object with an axis of symmetry, such as a disk, spinning about an axis not aligned with that axis of symmetry can be calculated as follows:[1]", "Wheel Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque. Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a contraption that spins clay as a potter shapes it into the desired object.", "Rigid body dynamics Precession can be demonstrated by placing a spinning top with its axis horizontal and supported loosely (frictionless toward precession) at one end. Instead of falling, as might be expected, the top appears to defy gravity by remaining with its axis horizontal, when the other end of the axis is left unsupported and the free end of the axis slowly describes a circle in a horizontal plane, the resulting precession turning. This effect is explained by the above equations. The torque on the top is supplied by a couple of forces: gravity acting downward on the device's centre of mass, and an equal force acting upward to support one end of the device. The rotation resulting from this torque is not downward, as might be intuitively expected, causing the device to fall, but perpendicular to both the gravitational torque (horizontal and perpendicular to the axis of rotation) and the axis of rotation (horizontal and outwards from the point of support), i.e., about a vertical axis, causing the device to rotate slowly about the supporting point.", "Circular motion Examples of circular motion include: an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth at a constant height, a fan's blades rotating around a hub, a stone which is tied to a rope and is being swung in circles, a car turning through a curve in a race track, an electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, and a gear turning inside a mechanism.", "Lathe A lathe /leɪð/ is a tool that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.", "Precession Precession is the result of the angular velocity of rotation and the angular velocity produced by the torque. It is an angular velocity about a line that makes an angle with the permanent rotation axis, and this angle lies in a plane at right angles to the plane of the couple producing the torque. The permanent axis must turn towards this line, because the body cannot continue to rotate about any line that is not a principal axis of maximum moment of inertia; that is, the permanent axis turns in a direction at right angles to that in which the torque might be expected to turn it. If the rotating body is symmetrical and its motion unconstrained, and, if the torque on the spin axis is at right angles to that axis, the axis of precession will be perpendicular to both the spin axis and torque axis.", "Rotation around a fixed axis Torque \n\n\n\n\nτ\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\tau }}}\n\n is the twisting effect of a force F applied to a rotating object which is at position r from its axis of rotation. Mathematically,", "Anatomical terms of motion Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation.", "Precession When an object is not perfectly solid, internal vortices will tend to damp torque-free precession, and the rotation axis will align itself with one of the inertia axes of the body.", "Earth's rotation Precession is a rotation of the Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble.", "Precession For a generic solid object without any axis of symmetry, the evolution of the object's orientation, represented (for example) by a rotation matrix R that transforms internal to external coordinates, may be numerically simulated. Given the object's fixed internal moment of inertia tensor I0 and fixed external angular momentum L, the instantaneous angular velocity is", "Lathe When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as \"eccentric turning\" or \"multi-axis turning\". The result is that various cross sections of the workpiece are rotationally symmetric, but the workpiece as a whole is not rotationally symmetric. This technique is used for camshafts, various types of chair legs.", "Rotation around a fixed axis A change in the position of a particle in three-dimensional space can be completely specified by three coordinates. A change in the position of a rigid body is more complicated to describe. It can be regarded as a combination of two distinct types of motion: translational motion and rotational motion.", "Rotation Rotation of a player around a vertical axis, generally between 180 and 360 degrees, may be called a spin move and is used as a deceptive or avoidance maneuver, or in an attempt to play, pass, or receive a ball or puck, etc., or to afford a player a view of the goal or other players. It is often seen in hockey, basketball, football of various codes, tennis, etc.", "Transformation (function) A rotation is a transformation that is performed by \"spinning\" the object around a fixed point known as the center of rotation. You can rotate the object at any degree measure, but 90° and 180° are two of the most common. Rotation by a positive angle rotates the object counterclockwise, whereas rotation by a negative angle rotates the object clockwise.", "Rotation The end result of any sequence of rotations of any object in 3D about a fixed point is always equivalent to a rotation about an axis. However, an object may physically rotate in 3D about a fixed point on more than one axis simultaneously, in which case there is no single fixed axis of rotation - just the fixed point. However, these two descriptions can be reconciled - such a physical motion can always be re-described in terms of a single axis of rotation, provided the orientation of that axis relative to the object is allowed to change moment by moment.", "Rotation Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel has a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically. As a result, at any time the orientation of the gondola is upright (not rotated), just translated. The tip of the translation vector describes a circle. A carousel provides rotation about a vertical axis. Many rides provide a combination of rotations about several axes. In Chair-O-Planes the rotation about the vertical axis is provided mechanically, while the rotation about the horizontal axis is due to the centripetal force. In roller coaster inversions the rotation about the horizontal axis is one or more full cycles, where inertia keeps people in their seats.", "Rotation around a fixed axis The equivalent of linear momentum in rotational motion is angular momentum. The greater the angular momentum of the spinning object such as a top, the greater its tendency to continue to spin.", "Metalworking A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block or cylinder of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, crankshafts, camshafts, and bearing mounts.", "Rotation around a fixed axis It is directed towards the center of the rotational motion, and is often called the centripetal acceleration.", "Rotation around a fixed axis where \n\n\n\nΔ\nθ\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\Delta \\theta }\n\n is the angular displacement, \n\n\n\n\nθ\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\theta _{1}}\n\n is the initial angular position and \n\n\n\n\nθ\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\theta _{2}}\n\n is the final angular position.", "Axial precession In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation, which, similar to a wobbling top, traces out a pair of cones joined at their apices in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years.[1] The term \"precession\" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis—nutation and polar motion—are much smaller in magnitude.", "Rotation around a fixed axis An example of this is the two-body problem with circular orbits.", "Rotation around a fixed axis The radial acceleration (perpendicular to direction of motion) is given by", "Whirligig A whirligig is an object that spins or whirls, or has at least one part that spins or whirls. Whirligigs are also known as pinwheels, buzzers, comic weathervanes, gee-haws, spinners, whirlygigs, whirlijigs, whirlyjigs, whirlybirds, or plain whirly. Whirligigs are most commonly powered by the wind but can be hand, friction, or motor powered. They can be used as a kinetic garden ornament. They can be designed to transmit sound and vibration into the ground to repel burrowing rodents in yards, gardens, and backyards.", "Rigid body dynamics It follows from this that a torque τ applied perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and therefore perpendicular to L, results in a rotation about an axis perpendicular to both τ and L. This motion is called precession. The angular velocity of precession ΩP is given by the cross product:[citation needed]", "Precession In the discussion above, the setup was kept unchanging by preventing pitching around the gimbal axis. In the case of a spinning toy top, when the spinning top starts tilting, gravity exerts a torque. However, instead of rolling over, the spinning top just pitches a little. This pitching motion reorients the spinning top with respect to the torque that is being exerted. The result is that the torque exerted by gravity – via the pitching motion – elicits gyroscopic precession (which in turn yields a counter torque against the gravity torque) rather than causing the spinning top to fall to its side.", "Free surface If a free liquid is rotating about an axis, the free surface will take the shape of an oblate spheroid: the approximate shape of the Earth due to its equatorial bulge.[8]", "Rotation Euler rotations provide an alternative description of a rotation. It is a composition of three rotations defined as the movement obtained by changing one of the Euler angles while leaving the other two constant. Euler rotations are never expressed in terms of the external frame, or in terms of the co-moving rotated body frame, but in a mixture. They constitute a mixed axes of rotation system, where the first angle moves the line of nodes around the external axis z, the second rotates around the line of nodes and the third one is an intrinsic rotation around an axis fixed in the body that moves.", "Inertia Another form of inertia is rotational inertia (â†’ moment of inertia), the property that a rotating rigid body maintains its state of uniform rotational motion. Its angular momentum is unchanged, unless an external torque is applied; this is also called conservation of angular momentum. Rotational inertia depends on the object remaining structurally intact as a rigid body, and also has practical consequences. For example, a gyroscope uses the property that it resists any change in the axis of rotation.", "Precession First, imagine that the entire device is rotating around the (vertical) pivot axis. Then, spinning of the wheel (around the wheelhub) is added. Imagine the gimbal axis to be locked, so that the wheel cannot pitch. The gimbal axis has sensors, that measure whether there is a torque around the gimbal axis.", "Precession In astronomy, precession refers to any of several gravity-induced, slow and continuous changes in an astronomical body's rotational axis or orbital path. Precession of the equinoxes, perihelion precession, changes in the tilt of Earth's axis to its orbit, and the eccentricity of its orbit over tens of thousands of years are all important parts of the astronomical theory of ice ages. (See Milankovitch cycles.)", "Precession Torque-free precession implies that no external moment (torque) is applied to the body. In torque-free precession, the angular momentum is a constant, but the angular velocity vector changes orientation with time. What makes this possible is a time-varying moment of inertia, or more precisely, a time-varying inertia matrix. The inertia matrix is composed of the moments of inertia of a body calculated with respect to separate coordinate axes (e.g. x, y, z). If an object is asymmetric about its principal axis of rotation, the moment of inertia with respect to each coordinate direction will change with time, while preserving angular momentum. The result is that the component of the angular velocities of the body about each axis will vary inversely with each axis' moment of inertia.", "Rotation around a fixed axis Internal tensile stress provides the centripetal force that keeps a spinning object together. A rigid body model neglects the accompanying strain. If the body is not rigid this strain will cause it to change shape. This is expressed as the object changing shape due to the \"centrifugal force\".", "Circular motion In the case of rotation around a fixed axis of a rigid body that is not negligibly small compared to the radius of the path, each particle of the body describes a uniform circular motion with the same angular velocity, but with velocity and acceleration varying with the position with respect to the axis.", "Equations of motion where n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of the axis of rotation, and θ is the angle the object turns through about the axis.", "Retrograde and prograde motion A celestial object's axial tilt indicates whether the object's rotation is prograde or retrograde. Axial tilt is the angle between an object's rotation axis and a line perpendicular to its orbital plane passing through the object's centre. An object with an axial tilt up to 90 degrees is rotating in the same direction as its primary. An object with an axial tilt of exactly 90 degrees has a perpendicular rotation that is neither prograde nor retrograde. An object with an axial tilt between 90 degrees and 180 degrees is rotating in the opposite direction to its orbital direction.", "Axial precession Precession is:", "Fidget spinner A fidget spinner is a toy that consists of a ball-bearing in the center of a multi-lobed flat structure made from metal or plastic designed to spin along its axis with little effort.", "Circular motion In physics, uniform circular motion describes the motion of a body traversing a circular path at constant speed. Since the body describes circular motion, its distance from the axis of rotation remains constant at all times. Though the body's speed is constant, its velocity is not constant: velocity, a vector quantity, depends on both the body's speed and its direction of travel. This changing velocity indicates the presence of an acceleration; this centripetal acceleration is of constant magnitude and directed at all times towards the axis of rotation. This acceleration is, in turn, produced by a centripetal force which is also constant in magnitude and directed towards the axis of rotation.", "Lathe Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The workpiece is usually held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs.", "Gyrocompass A gyroscope, not to be confused with gyrocompass, is a spinning wheel mounted on a set of gimbals so that its axis is free to orient itself in any way.[3] When it is spun up to speed with its axis pointing in some direction, due to the law of conservation of angular momentum, such a wheel will normally maintain its original orientation to a fixed point in outer space (not to a fixed point on Earth). Since our planet rotates, it appears to a stationary observer on Earth that a gyroscope's axis is completing a full rotation once every 24 hours.[note 1] Such a rotating gyroscope is used for navigation in some cases, for example on aircraft, where it is known as heading indicator or directional gyro, but cannot ordinarily be used for long-term marine navigation. The crucial additional ingredient needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north,[2][3] is some mechanism that results in an application of torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north.", "Rotation Rotation of a player one or more times around a vertical axis may be called spin in figure skating, twirling (of the baton or the performer) in baton twirling, or 360, 540, 720, etc. in snowboarding, etc. Rotation of a player or performer one or more times around a horizontal axis may be called a flip, roll, somersault, heli, etc. in gymnastics, waterskiing, or many other sports, or a one-and-a-half, two-and-a-half, gainer (starting facing away from the water), etc. in diving, etc. A combination of vertical and horizontal rotation (back flip with 360°) is called a möbius in waterskiing freestyle jumping.", "Anatomical terms of motion Internal rotation (or medial rotation) refers to rotation towards the axis of the body.[20]", "Rotation around a fixed axis A particle moves in a circle of radius \n\n\n\nr\n\n\n{\\displaystyle r}\n\n. Having moved an arc length \n\n\n\ns\n\n\n{\\displaystyle s}\n\n, its angular position is \n\n\n\nθ\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\theta }\n\n relative to its original position, where \n\n\n\nθ\n=\n\n\ns\nr\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\theta ={\\frac {s}{r}}}\n\n.", "Speed where v is tangential speed and ω (Greek letter omega) is rotational speed. One moves faster if the rate of rotation increases (a larger value for ω), and one also moves faster if movement farther from the axis occurs (a larger value for r). Move twice as far from the rotational axis at the centre and you move twice as fast. Move out three times as far and you have three times as much tangential speed. In any kind of rotating system, tangential speed depends on how far you are from the axis of rotation.", "Aircraft principal axes An aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: yaw, nose left or right about an axis running up and down; pitch, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing; and roll, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail. The axes are alternatively designated as vertical, transverse, and longitudinal respectively. These axes move with the vehicle and rotate relative to the Earth along with the craft. These definitions were analogously applied to spacecraft when the first manned spacecraft were designed in the late 1950s.", "Gear In epicyclic gearing one or more of the gear axes moves. Examples are sun and planet gearing (see below), cycloidal drive, and mechanical differentials.", "Circular motion where a dot indicates differentiation in respect of time.", "Ferris wheel A Ferris wheel (sometimes called a big wheel, observation wheel, or, in the case of the very tallest examples, giant wheel) is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple passenger-carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, tubs, capsules, gondolas, or pods) attached to the rim in such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept upright, usually by gravity.", "Wheel and axle The simple machine called a wheel and axle refers to the assembly formed by two disks, or cylinders, of different diameters mounted so they rotate together around the same axis.The thin rod which needs to be turned is called the axle and the wider object fixed to the axle, on which we apply force is called the wheel. A tangential force applied to the periphery of the large disk can exert a larger force on a load attached to the axle, achieving mechanical advantage. When used as the wheel of a wheeled vehicle the smaller cylinder is the axle of the wheel, but when used in a windlass, winch, and other similar applications (see medieval mining lift to right) the smaller cylinder may be separate from the axle mounted in the bearings. It cannot be used separately.[9][10]", "Aircraft principal axes These rotations are produced by torques (or moments) about the principal axes. On an aircraft, these are intentionally produced by means of moving control surfaces, which vary the distribution of the net aerodynamic force about the vehicle's center of mass. Elevators (moving flaps on the horizontal tail) produce pitch, a rudder on the vertical tail produces yaw, and ailerons (flaps on the wings that move in opposing directions) produce roll. On a spacecraft, the moments are usually produced by a reaction control system consisting of small rocket thrusters used to apply asymmetrical thrust on the vehicle.", "Rotation around a fixed axis The Angular Momentum of a rotating body is proportional to its mass and to how rapidly it is turning. In addition the angular momentum depends on how the mass is distributed relative to the axis of rotation: the further away the mass is located from the axis of rotation, the greater the angular momentum . A flat disk such as a record turntable has less angular momentum than a hollow cylinder of the same mass and velocity of rotation.", "Ball bearing The part of a bearing that rotates (either axle hole or outer circumference) must be fixed, while for a part that does not rotate this is not necessary (so it can be allowed to slide). If a bearing is loaded axially, both sides must be fixed.[7]", "Rotation around a fixed axis In mathematics and physics it is usual to use the natural unit radians rather than degrees or revolutions. Units are converted as follows:", "Lathe A lathe with a cylindrical tail-stock that can rotate around a vertical axis, so as to present different tools towards the headstock (and the workpiece) are turret lathes.[7]", "Screw (simple machine) A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and a torque (rotational force) to a linear force.[1] It is one of the six classical simple machines. The most common form consists of a cylindrical shaft with helical grooves or ridges called threads around the outside.[2][3] The screw passes through a hole in another object or medium, with threads on the inside of the hole that mesh with the screw's threads. When the shaft of the screw is rotated relative to the stationary threads, the screw moves along its axis relative to the medium surrounding it; for example rotating a wood screw forces it into wood. In screw mechanisms, either the screw shaft can rotate through a threaded hole in a stationary object, or a threaded collar such as a nut can rotate around a stationary screw shaft.[4][5] Geometrically, a screw can be viewed as a narrow inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.[1]", "Robotics Several attempts have been made in robots that are completely inside a spherical ball, either by spinning a weight inside the ball,[68][69] or by rotating the outer shells of the sphere.[70][71] These have also been referred to as an orb bot[72] or a ball bot.[73][74]", "Rotation around a fixed axis Celestial bodies rotating about each other often have elliptic orbits. The special case of circular orbits is an example of a rotation around a fixed axis: this axis is the line through the center of mass perpendicular to the plane of motion. The centripetal force is provided by gravity, see also two-body problem. This usually also applies for a spinning celestial body, so it need not be solid to keep together, unless the angular speed is too high in relation to its density. (It will, however, tend to become oblate.) For example, a spinning celestial body of water must take at least 3 hours and 18 minutes to rotate, regardless of size, or the water will separate[citation needed]. If the density of the fluid is higher the time can be less. See orbital period.[3]", "Circular motion which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and v(t) of magnitude ω \|v\| = ω2 r and directed exactly opposite to r(t).[1]", "Axial precession is an approximation of", "Two-dimensional flow Since the fluid flows around an axis,", "Circular motion A varying angular speed for an object moving in a circular path can also be achieved if the rotating body does not have an homogeneous mass distribution. For inhomogeneous objects, it is necessary to approach the problem as in.[2]", "Catherine wheel (firework) The Catherine wheel or pinwheel is a type of firework consisting of a powder-filled spiral tube, or an angled rocket mounted with a pin through its center. When ignited, it rotates quickly, producing a display of sparks and coloured flame.", "Inertia Galileo writes that \"all external impediments removed, a heavy body on a spherical surface concentric with the earth will maintain itself in that state in which it has been; if placed in movement towards the west (for example), it will maintain itself in that movement.\"[14] This notion which is termed \"circular inertia\" or \"horizontal circular inertia\" by historians of science, is a precursor to, but distinct from, Newton's notion of rectilinear inertia.[15][16] For Galileo, a motion is \"horizontal\" if it does not carry the moving body towards or away from the centre of the earth, and for him, \"a ship, for instance, having once received some impetus through the tranquil sea, would move continually around our globe without ever stopping.\"[17][18]", "Axial tilt In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.[1] It differs from orbital inclination.", "Balancing of rotating masses Static balance occurs when the centre of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation.[1] The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity. This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the centre of mass to the centre of the wheel.For example,Â :- Grindstones or Car Wheels", "Axial precession Although the above explanation involved the Sun, the same explanation holds true for any object moving around the Earth, along or close to the ecliptic, notably, the Moon. The combined action of the Sun and the Moon is called the lunisolar precession. In addition to the steady progressive motion (resulting in a full circle in about 25,700 years) the Sun and Moon also cause small periodic variations, due to their changing positions. These oscillations, in both precessional speed and axial tilt, are known as the nutation. The most important term has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of 9.2â€³.[20]", "Rotation Mathematically, a rotation is a rigid body movement which, unlike a translation, keeps a point fixed. This definition applies to rotations within both two and three dimensions (in a plane and in space, respectively.)", "Rotation around a fixed axis The torque vector points along the axis around which the torque tends to cause rotation. To maintain rotation around a fixed axis, the total torque vector has to be along the axis, so that it only changes the magnitude and not the direction of the angular velocity vector. In the case of a hinge, only the component of the torque vector along the axis has effect on the rotation, other forces and torques are compensated by the structure.", "Moment of inertia and can be interpreted as the moment of inertia around the x-axis when the object rotates around the y-axis.", "Aircraft principal axes The yaw axis has its origin at the center of gravity and is directed towards the bottom of the aircraft, perpendicular to the wings and to the fuselage reference line. Motion about this axis is called yaw. A positive yawing motion moves the nose of the aircraft to the right.[1][2] The rudder is the primary control of yaw.[3]", "Reel A reel is an object around which lengths of another material (usually long and flexible) are wound for storage. Generally a reel has a cylindrical core and walls on the sides to retain the material wound around the core. In some cases the core is hollow, although other items may be mounted on it, and grips may exist for mechanically turning the reel.", "Sufi whirling A defining feature of whirling is continuous rotation (clockwise or counterclockwise) around a central radical axis while avoiding vertigo. In untrained dancers, this sustained rotation causes dizziness or motion-induced vertigo. Training for whirling targets the inner ear[clarify], which is responsible for balance functions in humans. To counteract this effect, whirling dance performers practice various balancing and psychological techniques [example needed].", "Precession In the picture, a section of the wheel has been named dm1. At the depicted moment in time, section dm1 is at the perimeter of the rotating motion around the (vertical) pivot axis. Section dm1, therefore, has a lot of angular rotating velocity with respect to the rotation around the pivot axis, and as dm1 is forced closer to the pivot axis of the rotation (by the wheel spinning further), because of the Coriolis effect, with respect to the vertical pivot axis, dm1 tends to move in the direction of the top-left arrow in the diagram (shown at 45Â°) in the direction of rotation around the pivot axis.[3] Section dm2 of the wheel is moving away from the pivot axis, and so a force (again, a Coriolis force) acts in the same direction as in the case of dm1. Note that both arrows point in the same direction.", "Rotation Every rotation in 3D space has an axis of rotation, that is, a line which is, as a whole, kept unchanged by the rotation." ]	[ "Rotation A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of rotation. A three-dimensional object can always be rotated around an infinite number of imaginary lines called rotation axes (/ˈæksiːz/ AK-seez). If the axis passes through the body's center of mass, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or spin. A rotation about an external point, e.g. the Earth about the Sun, is called a revolution or orbital revolution, typically when it is produced by gravity. The axis is called a pole.", "Rotation A rotation is simply a progressive radial orientation to a common point. That common point lies within the axis of that motion. The axis is 90 degrees perpendicular to the plane of the motion. If the axis of the rotation lies external of the body in question then the body is said to orbit. There is no fundamental difference between a “rotation” and an “orbit” and or \"spin\". The key distinction is simply where the axis of the rotation lies, either within or outside of a body in question. This distinction can be demonstrated for both “rigid” and “non rigid” bodies." ]
test3418	where does the highway of heroes start and end	[ "doc116395" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc116440", "doc116395", "doc116441", "doc2043502", "doc116394", "doc116409", "doc767236", "doc1651083", "doc767235", "doc1788681", "doc116396", "doc116399", "doc767233", "doc116401", "doc767243", "doc767234", "doc116403", "doc116398", "doc116427", "doc202732", "doc116422", "doc1843907", "doc1996647", "doc116402", "doc116411", "doc767232", "doc116448", "doc116421", "doc1651077", "doc767237", "doc767247", "doc767222", "doc116393", "doc116410", "doc116397", "doc116414", "doc116408", "doc116430", "doc767242", "doc116412", "doc653532", "doc1651090", "doc767228", "doc767244", "doc767245", "doc1651100", "doc653537", "doc767241", "doc1651089", "doc1651081", "doc1651084", "doc767230", "doc767238", "doc116423", "doc116425", "doc653527", "doc116443", "doc116418", "doc653544", "doc116420", "doc1277483", "doc767226", "doc541922", "doc116417", "doc2359374", "doc541921", "doc116458", "doc116405", "doc116437", "doc653540", "doc767227", "doc1651085", "doc116404", "doc116406", "doc1788703", "doc116428", "doc1651078", "doc1651091", "doc116429", "doc1651098", "doc2333406", "doc653536", "doc2484296", "doc1651088", "doc1788683", "doc653566", "doc1788689", "doc1183058", "doc653538", "doc116415", "doc116407", "doc1651096", "doc1788682", "doc116442", "doc116439", "doc541894", "doc767239", "doc653543", "doc116432", "doc767240" ]	[ "Ontario Highway 401 On August 24, 2007, the MTO announced the stretch of Highway 401 between Glen Miller Road in Trenton and the intersection of the Don Valley Parkway and Highway 404 in Toronto would bear the additional name Highway of Heroes (French: Autoroute des héros), in honour of Canadian soldiers who have died,[122] though Highway 401 in its entirety remains designated as the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway.[123] This length of the highway is often travelled by a convoy of vehicles carrying a fallen soldier's body, with his or her family, from CFB Trenton to the coroner's office at the Centre for Forensic Sciences in Toronto. Since 2002, when the first fallen Canadian soldiers were repatriated from Afghanistan, crowds have lined the overpasses to pay their respects as convoys pass.[124]", "Ontario Highway 401 By the end of 1952, three individual highways were numbered \"Highway 401\": the partially completed Toronto Bypass between Weston Road and Highway 11 (Yonge Street); Highway 2A between West Hill and Newcastle; and the Scenic Highway between Gananoque and Brockville, now known as the Thousand Islands Parkway. These three sections of highway were 11.8, 54.7 and 41.2 km, (7.3, 34.0 and 25.6 mi), respectively. In 1964, the route became fully navigable from Windsor to the Ontario–Quebec border. In 1965 it was given a second designation, the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, in honour of two Fathers of Confederation. At the end of 1968, the Gananoque–Brockville section was bypassed and the final intersection grade-separated near Kingston, making Highway 401 a freeway for its entire 817.9-km length. On August 24, 2007, the portion of the highway between Glen Miller Road in Trenton and the Don Valley Parkway / Highway 404 Junction in Toronto was designated the Highway of Heroes, as the road is travelled by funeral convoys for fallen Canadian Forces personnel from CFB Trenton to the coroner's office in Toronto. On September 27, 2013, the Highway of Heroes designation was extended west to Keele Street in Toronto, to coincide with the move of the coroner's office to the new Forensic Services and Coroner's Complex at the Humber River Hospital.", "Ontario Highway 401 The origin of the name can be traced to an article in the Toronto Sun on June 23, 2007, by columnist Joe Warmington, in which he interviewed Northumberland photographer Pete Fisher. Fisher, along with Bob Jenkins, an emergency dispatcher, were responsible for organizing the first bridge salutes following the loss of four soldiers on April 18, 2002.[125] Warmington described the gathering of crowds on overpasses to welcome fallen soldiers as a \"highway of heroes phenomena\".[126] This led a Cramahe Township volunteer firefighter to contact Fisher on July 10 about starting a petition, leading Fisher to publish an article which was posted to the Northumberland Today website.[127] The online article eventually caught the attention of London resident Jay Forbes. Forbes began a petition, which received over 20,000Â signatures[122] before being brought to the Minister of Transportation on August 22.[128] Following the announcement on August 24, the provincial government and MTO set out to design new signs. The signs were erected and unveiled on September 7,[123] and include a smaller reassurance marker (shield), as well as a larger billboard version.[129]", "Canada's role in the War in Afghanistan Many Canadians were vocal in their opposition to the war, and several protests were held by many anti-war groups, most of them organized under the Canadian Peace Alliance umbrella. In Quebec, some parliamentarians refused to stand in honour of soldiers visiting the National Assembly.[60] Other Canadians were supportive of the mission, and more particularly of the troops.[61] A grassroots phenomenon known as the Highway of Heroes that started in 2006 saw hundreds of local residents gathering along bridges to salute soldiers' remains travelling between CFB Trenton and the Coroner's office in Toronto. Some Canadians also participated in Red Fridays in honour of the soldiers.", "Ontario Highway 401 King's Highway 401, commonly referred to as Highway 401 and also known by its official name as the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway or colloquially as the four-oh-one,[3] is a controlled-access 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It stretches 828 kilometres (514 mi) from Windsor in the west to the Ontario–Quebec border in the east. The part of Highway 401 that passes through Toronto is North America's busiest highway,[4][5] and one of the widest.[6][7] Together with Quebec Autoroute 20, it forms the road transportation backbone of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, along which over half of Canada's population resides and is also a Core Route in the National Highway System of Canada. The route is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) and patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. The speed limit is 100 km/h (62 mph) throughout its length, with the only exceptions being the posted 80 km/h (50 mph) limit westbound in Windsor and in most construction zones.", "Ontario Highway 401 East of Ajax, the highway passes through the second 3.5 km (2.1 mi) rural gap, and enters Whitby. The stretch of Highway 401 through Whitby and Oshawa features several structures completed during the initial construction of the highway in the 1940s.[10] Several of these structures are to be demolished, either due to their age, or to prepare for the planned widening of Highway 401 through this area.[49] A former Canadian National Railway overpass, which was fenced off but commonly used by pedestrians during Highway of Heroes repatriations, was demolished on the night of June 11, 2011. A second structure in Bowmanville was demolished during two overnight closures on July 9 and 16.[50] At Harmony Road, the suburban surroundings quickly transition to agricultural land. The highway curves around the south side of Bowmanville and travels towards Highway 35 and Highway 115.[32]", "Trans-Canada Highway The Trans-Canada Highway mostly bypasses Canada's most heavily populated region, the Golden Horseshoe area of Southern Ontario, which includes the city of Toronto. However, a small section of the highway does briefly cross into the northeastern edge of Durham Region at both Sunderland and Beaverton, where this region itself is part of the Greater Toronto Area.[12]", "Ontario Highway 407 Highway 407 begins in Burlington within Halton Region at the Freeman Interchange between Highway 403 and the QEW, from which it branches off northward. The six-lane route passes under Brant Street, Upper Middle Road and Guelph Line (Halton Regional Road 1) before it interchanges with Dundas Street (Halton Regional Road 5 and former Highway 5). It briefly enters greenspace as it curves gently to the northeast, avoiding the nearby Niagara Escarpment. The route is crossed by Walkers Line, east of which residential subdivisions line the south side and greenspace lines the north. At an interchange with Appleby Line (Halton Regional Road 20), the highway straightens and travels parallel to Dundas Street before passing over Bronte Creek and under the Canadian National Railway's (CN) Halwest Subdivision.[11][12]", "Trans-Canada Highway Highway 17 proceeds east from Nipigon for 581 km (361 mi) along the northern and eastern coast of Lake Superior. Between Wawa and Sault Ste. Marie, the highway crosses the Montreal River Hill, which sometimes becomes a bottleneck on the system in the winter when inclement weather can make the hill's steep grade virtually impassable.[13] At Sault Ste. Marie, the highway turns eastward for 291 km (181 mi) east to Sudbury. The Trans-Canada Highway splits again at the junction of Highways 17 and 69 on Sudbury's Southwest and Southeast Bypasses.[12] The southern route follows Highways 69 and 400 south for 254 km (158 mi) and then Highway 12 for 27 km (17 mi) to Orillia, a further 58 km (36 mi) along the shore of Lake Simcoe, before following Highway 7 east for 70 km (43 mi) to Peterborough. The northern route continues east for 151 km (94 mi) to North Bay, and then 216 km (134 mi) to Pembroke.[12] The two branches converge at Ottawa, 244 km (152 mi) east of Peterborough and 123 km (76 mi) east of Pembroke. In Southern Ontario, the speed limit is generally 80 km/h (50 mph) on the Trans-Canada, while in Northern Ontario it is 90 km/h (56 mph). Sections routed along provincial freeways feature a higher limit of 100 km/h (62 mph).[12]", "Highways in Ontario Like most provinces, Ontario established a highway network in early 1920 as a result of the Canada Highways Act. Initially, the responsibility for these roads fell under the Department of Public Highways. In 1930, the department was renamed as the Department of Highways (DHO). Roadways in sparsely populated northern Ontario fell under the Department of Northern Development (DND) until it was merged into the DHO in 1937. That same year, the first divided highway and interchange in Canada—The Middle Road—was opened, inspired by German autobahns. Following World War II, construction of highways was accelerated; the first fully controlled-access highway was opened between Toronto and Barrie in 1952. Nearly all of the 825 km (513 mi) length of Highway 401 was navigable by 1968, with a final extension being completed through Windsor in 2015,[1] and a network of secondary and collector highways was constructed through the rugged Canadian Shield throughout the 1950s. In 1960, The Gap opened along the north shore of Lake Superior and completed the Trans-Canada Highway in the province. The decade that followed saw the opening or planning of almost every freeway in Southern Ontario completed to date. In recent years, work has been focused on twinning existing routes into divided highways rather than establishing new corridors.", "Ontario Highway 401 In 2011, construction began on a westward extension called the Right Honourable Herb Gray Parkway. This new route follows, but does not replace, former Highway 3 between the former end of the freeway and the E. C. Row Expressway, at which point it turns and parallels that route towards the site of the future Gordie Howe International Bridge. An 8-kilometre (5 mi) section of the parkway, east of the E. C. Row interchange, opened on June 28, 2015, with the remaining section completed and opened on November 21. Elsewhere in Ontario, plans are under way to widen the remaining four-lane sections between Windsor and London to six lanes and to widen the route between Kitchener and Milton as well as through Oshawa. The expansive twelve-plus-lane collector–express system will also be extended west through Mississauga to Milton and east through Ajax and Whitby.", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 401 does not yet extend the last few kilometres to Detroit;[14] an extension to Brighton Beach (at the Canada–US border in Windsor) was completed in November 2015, after which the Gordie Howe International Bridge will extend Highway 401 across the Canada–United States border through Delray to Interstate 75 in Michigan by 2019.[15][16] At present, Highway 401 begins as a six-lane freeway at the west end of the E. C. Row Expressway. At the Dougall Parkway, the highway turns east and exits Windsor.[17] From here, Highway 401 mostly parallels the former route of Highway 98 from Windsor to Tilbury.[18]", "Trans-Canada Highway Highway 11/Highway 17 proceeds southeast for 65 km (40 mi) to Thunder Bay, then northeast for 115 km (71 mi) to Nipigon.[10] An 83-kilometre (52 mi) segment of the Trans-Canada Highway between Thunder Bay and Nipigon is commemorated as the Terry Fox Courage Highway.[10] Fox was forced to abandon his cross-country Marathon of Hope run here, and a bronze statue of him was later erected in his honour. The highway is the only road that connects eastern and western Canada. On January 10, 2016, the Nipigon River Bridge suffered a mechanical failure, closing the Trans-Canada Highway briefly and forcing travellers to go around Lake Superior.[11]", "Ontario Highway 401 Near Tilbury, Highway 401 loses its tall wall median barrier and narrows to four lanes, following lot lines laid between concession roads in a plan designed to limit damage to the sensitive agricultural lands through which the highway runs.[22] Here the highway's flat and straight route is notorious for leading to driver inattention.[23] The section from Windsor to London (especially west of Tilbury) has become known for deadly car accidents and pile-ups, earning it the nickname Carnage Alley.[24] As the highway approaches London, Highway 402 merges in,[17] resulting in a six-lane cross-section.[25][26] Within London, it intersects the city's two municipal expressways, Highbury Avenue and the Veterans Memorial Parkway.[27]", "Trans-Canada Highway From North Sydney, a 177 km (110 mi) ferry route, operated by the Crown corporation Marine Atlantic, continues the highway to Newfoundland, arriving at Channel-Port aux Basques, whereby the Trans-Canada Highway assumes the designation of Highway 1 and runs northeast for 219 km (136 mi) through Corner Brook, east for another 352 km (219 mi) through Gander and finally ends at St. John's, another 334 km (208 mi) southeast, for a total of 905 km (562 mi) crossing the island.[12] The majority of the Trans-Canada Highway in Newfoundland is undivided, though sections in Corner Brook, Grand Falls-Windsor, Glovertown and a 75 km section from Whitbourne to St. John's is divided.[12]", "Trans-Canada Highway The Trans-Canada Highway designation splits east of Nipigon, and the northern branch follows Highway 11 and the southern branch follows Highway 17.[10] Highway 11 travels a 985 km (612 mi) arc through Northern Ontario, passing through Hearst, Kapuskasing, Cochrane, and Temiskaming Shores before continuing along Highway 17 east from North Bay. A spur branches eastward from Highway 11 near Kirkland Lake, following Highway 66 for 58 km (36 mi) into Quebec, and then Route 117 and Autoroute 15 for 674 km (419 mi) into Montreal.[12]", "Ontario Highway 401 As Highway 401 approaches the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), it descends through the ecologically protected Niagara Escarpment to the west of Milton.[30][31] Upon entering the town, it enters the first urbanized section of the GTA, passing through two rural areas between there and Oshawa.[17][32] The first rural gap is the western side of Toronto's Greenbelt, a zone around Toronto protected from development.[30] After this 10 km (6.2 mi) gap, the highway interchanges with the Highway 407 Express Toll Route. Within the GTA, the highway passes several major shopping malls including Yorkdale Shopping Centre, Scarborough Town Centre and Pickering Town Centre.[33][34][35]", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 401 also features North America's busiest multi-structure bridge at Hogg's Hollow in Toronto.[11] The four bridges, two for each direction with the collector and express lanes, carried an average of 373,700 vehicles daily in 2006.[2] The highway is one of the major backbones of a network in the Great Lakes region, connecting the populous Quebec City–Windsor corridor with Michigan, New York and central Ontario's cottage country.[12] It is the principal connection between Toronto and Montreal, becoming Autoroute 20 at the Ontario–Quebec border.[13]", "Ontario Highway 401 By the end of 1960, the Toronto section of the highway was extended both eastwards and westwards: first, to the east between Newcastle and Port Hope on June 30, then later to the west between Highway 25 in Milton and Highway 8 south of Kitchener on November 17.[1] By mid-1961, the section between Brighton and Marysville had opened.[91] The gap to the east, from Highway 28 in Port Hope to Highway 30 in Brighton was opened on July 20, 1961.[92]", "Ottawa The city is served by two freeway corridors. The primary corridor is east-west and consists of provincial Highway 417 (designated as The Queensway) and Ottawa-Carleton Regional Road 174 (formerly Provincial Highway 17); a north-south corridor, Highway 416 (designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), connects Ottawa to the rest of the 400-Series Highway network in Ontario at the 401. Highway 417 is also the Ottawa portion of the Trans-Canada Highway. The city also has several scenic parkways (promenades), such as Colonel By Drive, Queen Elizabeth Driveway, the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway, Rockcliffe Parkway and the Aviation Parkway and has a freeway connection to Autoroute 5 and Autoroute 50, in Gatineau. In 2006, the National Capital Commission completed aesthetic enhancements to Confederation Boulevard, a ceremonial route of existing roads linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River.[189]", "Ontario Highway 401 Following the war, construction resumed on roadways throughout Ontario. The expressway between Highland Creek and Oshawa was completed in December 1947,[8] while other sections languished. The Torontoâ€“Barrie Highway was the primary focus of the Department of Highways at the time, and the onset of the Korean War in 1950 stalled construction again. Despite the delays, highway minister George Doucett officially announced the plans for construction of the new trans-provincial expressway that year, with the Toronto to Oshawa expressway serving as a model for the design.[10] Work on the most important link, the Toronto Bypass, began in 1951,[10] but it would not open with that name.", "Toronto There are a number of municipal expressways and provincial highways that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. In particular, Highway 401 bisects the city from west to east, bypassing the downtown core. It is the busiest road in North America,[183] and one of the busiest highways in the world.[184][185] Other provincial highways include Highway 400 which connects the city with Northern Ontario and beyond and Highway 404, an extension of the Don Valley Parkway into the northern suburbs. The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW), North America's first divided intercity highway, terminates at Toronto's western boundary and connects Toronto to Niagara Falls and Buffalo. The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the Gardiner Expressway, the Don Valley Parkway, and to some extent, Allen Road. Toronto's traffic congestion is one of the highest in North America, and is the second highest in Canada after Vancouver, British Columbia.[186]", "Bruce Trail The trail begins in the Niagara Peninsula of Southern Ontario in Queenston, Ontario, on the Niagara River, not far from Niagara Falls. The cairn marking its southern terminus is in a parking lot, about 160 metres (520Â ft) from General Brock's Monument on the easterly side of the monument's park grounds. From there, it travels through the major towns and cities of St. Catharines where it passes through wine country near the Short Hills Bench. It continues due north through Hamilton, Burlington, Milton, Halton Hills, Walters Falls, Owen Sound, Wiarton, and finally Tobermory.", "Ontario Highway 401 The section between London and Woodstock generally parallels the former Highway 2 but lies on the south side of the Thames River.[17] This area is not as flat but the highway is generally straight. This part of Highway 401 often experiences heavy snowsqualls in early winter, sometimes extending as far east as Toronto. To the south of Woodstock, Highway 401 curves northeast and encounters the western terminus of Highway 403.[27] The highway heads towards Kitchener and Cambridge, where it encounters Highway 8 and returns to its eastward orientation.[17][28] East of Cambridge, the highway meanders towards Milton, passing through hills and rock cuts along the way.[29]", "Ontario Highway 401 East of Kingston, the highway continues through a predominantly agricultural area alongside the Saint Lawrence River to Gananoque, where it splits with the Thousand Islands Parkway,[53] one of the original sections of the highway designated in 1952.[54] The current Highway 401 runs parallel to the parkway several kilometres inland from the river. The Canadian Shield, an ancient geological formation, appears through this heavily forested section of the highway. Highway 401 rejoins the Thousand Islands Parkway immediately southwest of Brockville, now heading northeast.[55]", "Trans-Canada Highway East of Winnipeg, the highway continues for over 200 kilometres (120 mi) to Kenora, Ontario. At the provincial border, the numeric designation of the highway changes from 1 to 17, and is signed with a provincial shield along with a numberless TCH sign.[10] In Kenora, the Trans-Canada designation includes both the main route through the city's urban core and the 33.6 km (20.9 mi) Highway 17A bypass route. The existing branch from Kenora continues east for 136 km (85 mi) to Dryden.[10] A second branch extends 157 km (98 mi) southward along Highway 71 from Kenora to Chapple, then 320 km (200 mi) eastward along Highway 11 to Shabaqua Corners, where it reunites with Highway 17.[10]", "Ontario Highway 401 On November 28, 2012, the Ministry of Transportation announced a Federal Order in Council was passed to change the name of the parkway to the Right Honourable Herb Gray Parkway, after the long-time Windsor MP.[147] In early 2015, it was announced the parkway would open to traffic between Highway 3 and Labelle Street (near the E. C. Row Expressway) in the spring;[148] an 8-kilometre (5 mi) section was opened to traffic on June 28, extending Highway 401 as far west as the E. C. Row Expressway. It was the first new segment of the highway to be opened since the Thousand Islands Bypass in 1968.[149] The stretch to Ojibway Parkway was opened on November 21,[150] completing the parkway as far as the planned bridge approach and border plaza.[151] Construction on projects related to the Gordie Howe International Bridge began in 2015 with an initial completion date in 2019–20.[152] Construction of the bridge itself is expected to start in 2018 after a project contractor is selected in 2017. An updated completion date would be in or after 2022.[153]", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 2S (S for Scenic) was the first completed section of new roadway. Built to connect with the Thousand Islands Bridge at Ivy Lea and opened as a gravel road in late 1941 or early 1942,[80] the road followed the shore of the Saint Lawrence River and connected with the western end of the twinned Highway 2 near Brockville.[17] In addition, the highway between Highland Creek and Oshawa was opened as a gravel-surfaced road in May 1942.[81]", "Ontario Highway 407 King's Highway 407 (pronounced \"four-oh-seven\") is a tolled 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. Comprising a privately leased segment as well as a publicly owned segment, the route begins in Burlington and travels through the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) suburbs of Oakville, Mississauga, Brampton, Vaughan, Markham, Pickering and Whitby before ending in Oshawa. The segment between Burlington and Brougham in Pickering is leased to and operated by the 407 ETR Concession Company Limited and is officially known as the 407 Express Toll Route (407 ETR). It begins at the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) and Highway 403 in Burlington, and travels 107.9 km (67.0 mi) across the GTA to Brock Road in Pickering. East of Brock Road the freeway continues east as Highway 407 East (Highway 407E), a toll route operated by the provincial government, for 30.8 km (19.1 mi) to Taunton Road in Clarington. Highway 407 is the first electronically operated toll highway opened in the world; there are no toll booths along the length of the route. Distances are calculated automatically using transponders or licence plates, which are scanned at entrance and exit points. Major interchanges along the route include the QEW, Highway 403, Highway 401, Highway 410, Highway 427, Highway 400, Highway 404, and Highway 412.", "Trans-Canada Highway From Ottawa, the Trans-Canada Highway proceeds 206 km (128 mi) east to Montreal, as Highway 417 in Ontario (and the Queensway in Ottawa) and Autoroute 40 in Quebec.[12] The Trans-Canada assumes the name \"Autoroute Métropolitaine\" (also known as \"The Met\" or \"Metropolitan Boulevard\") as it traverses Montreal as an elevated highway. This is the busiest section of the highway. At the Laurentian interchange, in Montreal, the Abitibi route (Highway 66/Route 117/A-15) rejoins the main TCH line. The TCH then follows Autoroute 25 southbound, crossing the St. Lawrence River through the Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel, and proceeds northeast on Autoroute 20 for 257 km (160 mi) to Lévis (across from Quebec City).", "Trans-Canada Highway Between Ottawa and the Ontario-Quebec border, the Trans-Canada Highway designation was taken from the two-lane Highway 17 and applied to the existing Highway 417 freeway in 1997-98. On April 1, 1997, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) transferred the responsibility of maintenance and upkeep along 14.2 km (8.8 mi) of Highway 17 east of \"the split\" with Highway 417 to Trim Road (Regional Road 57), a process commonly referred to as downloading. The Region of Ottawa–Carleton designated the road as Regional Road 174. Despite the protests of the region that the route served a provincial purpose, a second round of transfers saw Highway 17 within Ottawa downloaded entirely on January 1, 1998. An additional 12.8 km (8.0 mi) was added to the length of Regional Road 174.[17] The highway was also downloaded within the United Counties of Prescott and Russell, where it was redesignated as County Road 17.[18] The result of these transfers was the truncation of Highway 17 at the western end of Highway 417.[19]", "Trans-Canada Highway The Trans-Canada Highway (French: Route Transcanadienne) is a transcontinental federal-provincial highway system that travels through all ten provinces of Canada from the Pacific Ocean on the west to the Atlantic on the east. The main route spans 7,821 kilometres (4,860Â mi) across the country, one of the longest routes of its type in the world.[3] The highway system is recognizable by its distinctive white-on-green maple leaf route markers, although there are small variations in the markers in some provinces.", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 407 near Milton", "Ontario Highway 401 From east of Highway 35 and Highway 115 to Cobourg, Highway 401 passes through a mix of agricultural land and forests, maintaining a straight course.[51] Just east of Cobourg, the highway narrows to four lanes and the terrain becomes undulating, with the highway routed around hills and through valleys along the shores of Lake Ontario.[52] At Trenton, the highway crosses the Trent Canal and returns to an agricultural setting. It then crosses the Moira River as it goes through Belleville before heading eastward to Kingston.[13] The Kingston portion of the highway, originally named the Kingston-Bypass, was one of the first sections of the highway to be completed;[1] it is now mostly three lanes each way.", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 401 extends across Southwestern, Central and Eastern Ontario. In anticipation of the future expansion of the highway, the transportation ministry purchased a 91.4-metre-wide (300 ft) right-of-way along the entire length. Generally, the highway occupies only a portion of this allotment.[8] It is one of the world's busiest highways;[6] a 2016 analysis stated the annual average daily traffic (AADT) count between Weston Road and Highway 400 in Toronto was nearly 420,000,[9] while a second study estimates that over 500,000 vehicles travel that section on some days.[5] This makes it North America's busiest roadway, surpassing the Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles and I-75 in Atlanta.[7][10] The just-in-time auto parts delivery systems of the highly integrated automotive industry of Michigan and Ontario have contributed to the highway's status as the world's busiest truck route,[11] carrying 60 percent of vehicular trade between Canada and the US.[7]", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 401's history predates its designation by over two decades. As automobile use in southern Ontario grew in the early 20th century, road design and construction advanced significantly. Following frequent erosion of Lake Shore Road, then macadamized,[61] a concrete road known as the Toronto–Hamilton Highway was proposed in January 1914. Construction began on November 8 of that year, following the onset of World War I.[62][63] The highway was designed to run along the lake shore, instead of Dundas Street to the north, because the numerous hills encountered along Dundas would have increased costs without improving accessibility. Middle Road, a dirt lane named because of its position between the two, was not considered since Lake Shore and Dundas were both overcrowded and in need of serious repairs.[64] The road was formally opened on November 24, 1917,[61][62] 5.5 m (18 ft) wide and nearly 64 km (40 mi) long. It was the first concrete road in Ontario, as well as one of the longest stretches of concrete road between two cities in the world.[65]", "Ontario Highway 401 West of Pickering, Highway 401 again meets former Highway 2, which thereafter parallels it to the Ontario–Quebec border.[17] As the highway approaches Brock Road in Pickering, the collector and express lanes converge, narrowing the 14-lane cross-section to 10, divided only at the centre.[45] It remains this width as it passes into Ajax,[36] before narrowing to six lanes at Salem Road.[47] Planned expansions east of Salem to improve flow leading into the Highway 412 and Lakeridge Road interchanges will see the highway widened to ten lanes as far as Brock Street in Whitby, where the existing interchange will be reconfigured.[48]", "Ontario Highway 401 On January 11, 1965, at the dinner celebration of Sir John A. Macdonald's 150th birthday, the Premier of Ontario John Robarts designated Highway 401 the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway to honour Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier, two of Canada's Fathers of Confederation.[94][95] Unlike other names later applied to the highway, the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway designation covers the entire length of Highway 401. Signs designating the freeway and shields with the letters 'M-C' were installed, but these had been removed by 1997.[96] In 2003, 38 years after Robarts' naming of the highway, a Member of Provincial Parliament attempted to get the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway highway name enshrined into law; the bill only passed first reading and was not enacted.[97]", "Trans-Canada Highway From the New Brunswick border, the main Trans-Canada Highway route continues east into Nova Scotia at Amherst, where it follows the designation of provincial Highway 104. The highway then passes by Truro, where it links with Highway 102 to Halifax, 117 km (73 mi) east of the New Brunswick border. Halifax, like Toronto and Quebec City, is a provincial capital not serviced by a Trans-Canada Highway. There is a 30 km (19 mi) stretch of highway with a toll of $4 per automobile (different rates for other vehicles). Beyond Truro, the highway continues east for 57 km (35 mi) to New Glasgow where it meets Highway 106 before continuing to the Canso Causeway which crosses the Strait of Canso to Cape Breton Island near Port Hawkesbury. From the Canso Causeway, the highway continues east, now designated as Highway 105 on Cape Breton Island until reaching the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal at North Sydney.[12]", "Ontario Highway 401 The remainder of the highway runs parallel to the former Highway 2 along the shore of the Saint Lawrence River within the Saint Lawrence Valley. Northeast of Brockville is the interchange with Highway 416, which heads north to Ottawa.[56] At the Ontario–Quebec border, Highway 401 becomes Autoroute 20 and continues to Montreal.[57]", "Queen Elizabeth Way The QEW is a 139 km (86 mi) route that travels from the Peace Bridge – which connects Fort Erie with Buffalo, New York – to Toronto, the economic hub of the province. The freeway circles the western lakehead of Lake Ontario, cutting through Niagara Falls, St. Catharines, Hamilton, Burlington, Oakville, and Mississauga en route.[9] A 22 km (14 mi) portion of the freeway is signed concurrently with Highway 403.[1] Unlike other provincial highways in Ontario, the QEW is directionally signed using locations along the route as opposed to cardinal directions. Driving towards Toronto, the route is signed as \"QEW Toronto\" throughout its length. In the opposing direction, it is signed as \"QEW Hamilton,\" \"QEW Niagara,\" and \"QEW Fort Erie\" depending on the location.[4]", "Ontario Highway 407 Until the opening of the first phase of 407E in June 2016, the final interchange along Highway 407 was with York–Durham Line (York/Durham Regional Road 30), the boundary between York Region and Durham Region as well as Markham and Pickering.[11][12] The route curves eastward then crosses West Duffins Creek north of the community of Whitevale and south of the future Pickering Airport and planned community of Seaton. Sandwiched between farm fields, the highway is crossed by North Road, where a future interchange is planned,[18] and Sideline 24. Highway 407 ended just south of Brougham at a signalized intersection with Brock Road (Durham Regional Road 1) until the end of 2015, where it continued eastward as Highway 7.[11][12] A new interchange has been built in conjunction with the provincially maintained and tolled extension, Highway 407E, which was constructed east of this point, and ties in with the current freeway, eliminating the at-grade intersection.[19]", "Trans-Canada Highway From Departure Bay, a 57 km (35 mi) ferry route (see BC Ferries) connects the highway to Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver. At this point, the Trans-Canada Highway becomes a high mobility freeway and passes through the Vancouver metropolitan area, crossing the Fraser River with the Port Mann Bridge, which was electronically tolled between December 8, 2012 and September 1, 2017. From the Port Mann Bridge, the TCH heads east through the Fraser Valley to Hope covering a total distance of 170 km (110 mi) from the Horseshoe Bay ferry. At Hope, the TCH then exits the freeway and turns north for 186 km (116 mi) through the Fraser Canyon toward Cache Creek as a mostly high mobility highway with only occasional mandatory stops, then east for 79 km (49 mi) where it re-enters a short freeway alignment (breifly concurrent with Highways 5 and 97) through Kamloops. From there, it continues east as a two-lane expressway through Salmon Arm, Revelstoke, Rogers Pass, Golden, and Kicking Horse Pass (the highest point on the highway, at 1,627 m (5,338 ft)), to Banff, Alberta.", "Trans-Canada Highway Although there does not appear to be any nationally sanctioned \"starting point\" for the entire Trans-Canada Highway system, St. John's has adopted this designation for the section of highway running in the city by using the term \"Mile One\" for its sports stadium and convention centre complex, Mile One Centre. Likewise, the Victoria terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway, located at the foot of Douglas Street and Dallas Road at Beacon Hill Park, is marked by a \"mile zero\" monument. The Trans-Canada Highway has been posted in kilometres since 1977, when all Canadian roads switched to metric.[citation needed]", "Trans-Canada Highway The system was approved by the Trans-Canada Highway Act of 1949,[14] with construction commencing in 1950.[15] The highway officially opened in 1962, and was completed in 1971. Upon its original completion, the Trans-Canada Highway was the most lengthy uninterrupted highway in the world.[16]", "Ontario Highway 407 When purchased, the highway travelled from the junction of Highway 403 in Mississauga to Markham Road in Markham. Extensions westward to the QEW and eastward to Highway 7 and Brock Road in Pickering were constructed by the corporation, as mandated in the lease agreement.[42] The western extension, from Highway 403 southwest to the QEW, was not part of the original Highway 407 concept in 1987; rather, the corridor was originally intended to connect the Hamilton and Mississauga sections of Highway 403. Highway 407 was originally slated to assume the temporary routing for Highway 403 along the Mississauga-Oakville boundary to end at the QEW. However, the Bob Rae led Ontario government altered these plans in 1995,[35] and the corporation constructed this section quickly upon obtaining the lease. Sections opened throughout the middle of 2001: between Neyagawa Boulevard and Highway 403 on June 17; between Bronte Road and Neyagawa Boulevard on June 29; between Dundas Street and Bronte Road on July 18; and between the Freeman Interchange and Dundas Street on July 30. In the east, a final extension between Markham Road and Highway 7 opened a month later on August 30.[2]", "Queen Elizabeth Way Within Hamilton, the highway passes almost entirely within an industrial park, with interchanges at 50 Road, Fruitland Road, and Centennial Parkway (formerly Highway 20). The third is intertwined with the Red Hill Valley Parkway interchange, completed in 2009. From here, the freeway curves northwest onto Burlington Beach and begins to ascend the Burlington Bay James N. Allan Skyway, the second high-level bridge along the route. As it crosses over the entrance to Hamilton Harbour, the freeway enters the Regional Municipality of Halton and descends into the city of Burlington.[10]", "Trans-Canada Highway After crossing the Northumberland Strait on the 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) Confederation Bridge to Borden-Carleton, the Trans-Canada Highway follows a 110 km (68 mi) route across southern Prince Edward Island, designated as Route 1. After passing through Charlottetown it ends at Wood Islands where a 26-kilometre (16 mi) ferry route (operated by Northumberland Ferries Limited) crosses the Northumberland Strait to Caribou, Nova Scotia (near Pictou). From the ferry terminal at Caribou, the highway continues south for another 19 km (12 mi) as Highway 106 to a junction with the direct Trans-Canada Highway route (Highway 104) at Westville (near New Glasgow).[12]", "Ontario Highway 407 East of Highway 404, the freeway travels generally parallel to the Rouge River. It interchanges with Woodbine Avenue (York Regional Road 8) and Warden Avenue (York Regional Road 65), east of which the route travels alongside a CN line and crosses the GO Transit Unionville Line. Highway 407 continues straight eastward into a residential area, interchanging with Kennedy Road (York Regional Road 3), McCowan Road (York Regional Road 67) and Markham Road (York Regional Road 68) where it crosses the river and diverges from both the CN line and power transmission corridor. The route interchanges with Ninth Line (York Regional Road 69) and Donald Cousens Parkway (York Regional Road 48) before exiting the urban GTA and curving northeast over a CP line and into Rouge Park.[11][12]", "Ontario Highway 407 Highway 407 is a 138.7-kilometre (86.2 mi)[3] controlled-access highway that encircles the GTA, passing through Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga, Brampton, Vaughan, Markham, Pickering, Whitby, and Oshawa as well as travelling immediately north of Toronto.[11][12] Although the general public felt that tolling made the highway a luxury rather than its original purpose of relieving traffic on Highway 401,[13][14] Highway 407 ETR has had average daily trip counts of over 350,000 vehicles in June 2014.[15] The 407 ETR is contractually responsible for maintaining high traffic levels as justification for increasing tolls, but conduct their own traffic studies.[13] Despite increased usage, parallel roads that Highway 407 was intended to supplement continue to grow congested, forcing the MTO to revisit costly widening projects of Highway 401 and the QEW.[13]", "Ontario Highway 407 East of Bronte Creek, Highway 407 enters an agricultural area, interspersed with woodlots. It enters Oakville at the Tremaine Road (Halton Regional Road 22) overpass, then gradually swerves to the north as it encounters an interchange with Bronte Road (Halton Regional Road 25 and former Highway 25). The route crosses Sixteen Mile Creek just north of Glenarchy Conservation Area, then travels parallel to the creek for several kilometres. It swerves north after an interchange with Neyagawa Boulevard, near the hamlet of Glenarchy. After diverging from the creek, it curves northeast, parallel to and north of Burnhamthorpe Road, where it interchanges with Trafalgar Road (Halton Regional Road 3). Highway 407 then encounters Highway 403 at a large interchange where curves sharply to the northwest; Highway 403, meanwhile, curves from the southeast to the northeast.[11][12]", "Trans-Canada Highway From Banff, the highway continues 101 km (63 mi) east as Alberta Highway 1 to Calgary where it becomes known as 16 Avenue N, initially an expressway and later a busy street with many signalized intersections.[7] The northwest and northeast segments of Stoney Trail (Highway 201) were completed in 2009, serving as an east-west freeway that bypasses the Calgary segment of highway 1. For the next 293 km (182 mi), the Trans-Canada continues as a divided highway with no mandatory stops to an interchange exit serving Medicine Hat, then crosses into Saskatchewan on the way to Moose Jaw.[7] It continues 79 km (49 mi) east to the city of Regina that is bypassed by a short freeway segment. Beyond Regina it continues east into Manitoba to the cities of Brandon and Portage la Prairie, and finally 84 km (52 mi) east to Winnipeg.[8] The southern portion of Winnipeg's Perimeter Highway (Highway 100) is part of the Trans-Canada system and bypasses the city with a mix of traffic lights and interchanges, while Highway 1 continues through central Winnipeg.[8]", "Trans-Canada Highway East of Lévis, the Trans-Canada Highway continues on Autoroute 20 following the south bank of the Saint Lawrence River to a junction just south of Rivière-du-Loup, 173 km (107 mi) northeast of Lévis. At that junction, the highway turns southeast and changes designation to Autoroute 85 for 13 km (8 mi), and then downgrades to Route 185 until Degelis where Autoroute 85 resumes near the New Brunswick border. The portion from Autoroute 20 to Edmundston, New Brunswick is 121 km (75 mi) long.[12]", "Ontario Highway 401 In July 1952 (possibly July 1, the same day Highway 400 was numbered),[a][54] the Highland Creek to Oshawa expressway and Highway 2S were designated Controlled-Access Highway No 401,[8] a move scorned by one critic because of the lack of thought into the numbered name.[82] Construction was completed for several sections of the Toronto Bypass: between Highway 400 and Dufferin Street in August, west to Weston Road in September, east to Bathurst Street in October and finally to Yonge Street in December.[1] Extensions east and west began in 1953; the eastern extension to Bayview Avenue opened in April 1955,[1] but the western extension was delayed by the damage caused by Hurricane Hazel on October 15, 1954, which nearly destroyed the new bridge over the Humber River. The reconstruction would take until July 8, 1955,[83] and the highway was opened between Weston and Highway 27 in September 1955.[1]", "Ontario Highway 401 Meanwhile, beyond Toronto, the highway was being built in a patchwork fashion, focusing on congested areas first.[10] Construction west from Highway 27 began in late 1954,[85] as did the Kingston Bypass in Eastern Ontario.[86] Work began to connect the latter with the Scenic Highway in 1955.[85] After the 1954 New York State Thruway opened from Buffalo to New York City,[87] Michigan officials encouraged Ontario to bypass Highway 3 as the most direct path from Detroit to Buffalo.[88] By 1956, construction had begun on a segment between Highway 4 in London and Highway 2 in Woodstock, as well as on the section between Windsor and Tilbury.[89]", "Queen Elizabeth Way The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario linking Toronto with the Niagara Peninsula and Buffalo, New York. The freeway begins at the Peace Bridge in Fort Erie and travels 139.1 kilometres (86.4 mi) around the western shore of Lake Ontario, ending at Highway 427. The physical highway, however, continues as the Gardiner Expressway into downtown Toronto. The QEW is one of Ontario's busiest highways, with an average of close to 200,000 vehicles per day on some sections. Major highway junctions are at Highway 420 in Niagara Falls, Highway 405 in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Highway 406 in St. Catharines, the Red Hill Valley Parkway in Hamilton, Highway 403 and Highway 407 in Burlington, Highway 403 at the Oakville–Mississauga boundary, and Highway 427 in Etobicoke. Within the Regional Municipality of Halton, the QEW is signed concurrently with Highway 403.", "Ontario Highway 401 Between 2006 and 2008, Highway 401 was widened from four to six lanes between Highway 402 and Wellington Road in London. This included replacing the original Wellington Road overpass.[25] In Oshawa, exit 416 (Park Road) was replaced by a new interchange at exit 415 (Stevenson Road). The contract, which began September 7, 2005, included the interchange and the resurfacing of 23.4 km (14.5 mi) of the highway between Oshawa and Highway 35 / Highway 115.[133] The westbound ramps were opened in mid-September 2007[134] and the eastbound ramps in mid-2009. The resurfacing was completed mid-2010.[133]", "Ontario Highway 401 At the same time, between September 6 and 8, 1939, the Ontario Good Roads Association Conference was held at Bigwin Inn, near Huntsville,[75] drawing highway engineers from across North America to discuss the new concept of \"Dual Highways.\" On the first day of the convention, McQuesten announced his vision of the freeway: an uninterrupted drive through the scenic regions of Ontario, discouraging local business and local traffic from accessing the highway except at infrequent controlled-access points.[76] It was announced in the days thereafter this concept would be applied to a new \"trans-provincial expressway\", running from Windsor to the Ontarioâ€“Quebec border.[77]", "Queen Elizabeth Way However, the ceremony only designated the highway between St. Catharines and Niagara Falls. The remainder of the road was known by various names, including the Torontoâ€“Burlington/Hamilton Highway and The New Middle Road Highway.[30]", "Ontario Highway 401 Along with immense improvements to machinery and construction techniques over its six-year course, the war provided planners an opportunity to conduct a survey of 375,000Â drivers, asking them about their preferred route to travel to their destination. Using this information, a course was plotted from Windsor to Quebec, bypassing all towns along the way.[8][79]", "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador St. John's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway, one of the longest national highways in the world.[141] The divided highway, also known as \"Outer Ring Road,\" runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive, Topsail Road, Team Gushue Highway, Thorburn Road, Allandale Road, Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road, providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets. Pitts Memorial Drive runs from Conception Bay South, through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John's, with interchanges for Goulds, Water Street and Hamilton Avenue-New Gower Street.", "Trans-Canada Highway The Trans-Canada Highway, uniformly designated as Highway 1 in the four western provinces, begins in Victoria, British Columbia at the intersection of Douglas Street and Dallas Road (where the \"Mile 0\" plaque stands) and passes northward along the east coast of Vancouver Island for 99 km (62 mi) to Nanaimo. Short freeway segments of the TCH can be found near Victoria and Nanaimo, but the rest of the highway on Vancouver Island operates mostly as a heavily signalized low-to-limited-mobility arterial road that uniquely (for the Trans-Canada Highway system) does not bypass any of its areas of urban sprawl, particularly Nanaimo and Duncan. The section of Highway 1 that crosses the Malahat northwest of Victoria has no stoplights yet, but is tightly pinched by rugged terrain that prevents comprehensive widening to four lanes and sometimes forces closure for hours at a time after a traffic accident. The Departure Bay ferry is the only marine link on the Trans-Canada system that has no freeway or other high mobility highway access, instead routing TCH traffic through downtown Nanaimo streets to reach the ferry to Vancouver.", "Ontario 400-Series Highways make up the primary vehicular network in the south of province, and they connect to numerous border crossings with the US, the busiest being the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and Ambassador Bridge and the Blue Water Bridge (via Highway 402). Some of the primary highways along the southern route are Highway 401, Highway 417, and Highway 400,[92][93] while other provincial highways and regional roads inter-connect the remainder of the province.", "Ontario Highway 401 Beginning in 1935, McQuesten applied the concept of a dual-highway to several projects along Highway 2, including along Kingston Road in Scarborough Township.[10][73] When widening in Scarborough reached the Highland Creek ravine in 1936, the Department of Highways began construction on a new bridge over the large valley, bypassing the former alignment around West Hill.[74] From here the highway was constructed on a new alignment to Oshawa, avoiding construction on the congested Highway 2.[8] As grading and bridge construction neared completion on the new highway between West Hill and Oshawa in September 1939, World War II broke out and gradually tax revenues were re-allocated from highway construction to the war effort.[10]", "Windsor, Ontario Windsor is the western terminus of both Highway 401, Canada's busiest highway, and Via Rail's Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. Windsor's Via station is the nation's sixth-busiest in terms of passenger volumes.", "Ontario Transportation routes in Ontario evolved from early waterway travel and First Nations paths followed by European explorers. Ontario has two major east-west routes, both starting from Montreal in the neighbouring province of Quebec. The northerly route, which was a major fur trade route, travels west from Montreal along the Ottawa River, then continues northwestward towards Manitoba. Major cities on or near the route include Ottawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, and Thunder Bay. The southerly route, which was driven by growth in settlements originated by the United Empire Loyalists and later other European immigrants, travels southwest from Montreal along the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie before entering the United States in Michigan. Major cities on or near the route include Kingston, Belleville, Peterborough, Oshawa, Toronto, Mississauga, Kitchener-Waterloo, Hamilton, London, Sarnia, and Windsor. This route was also heavily used by immigrants to the Midwestern US particularly in the late 19th century.", "Ontario Highway 401 East of Durham, the MTO is planning to widen parts of Highway 401 to six lanes.[154] Preliminary work includes the widening of the bridge over the Trent River in Trenton,[182] as well as the realignment of some roads alongside the highway.[183] By 2012, the highway was widened to six lanes for 9 km (5.6 mi) through Kingston between exits 611 and 619.[60] Construction began in 2014 to expand the highway to six lanes through Cobourg.[184] This was completed in the summer of 2017.", "Ontario Highway 401 Two sets of collector-express systems exist in the GTA. The first set is 6.6 km (4.1 mi) long and connects Highway 403, Highway 410 and Highway 427.[42] This system primarily serves to accommodate and organize various traffic movements from the Highway 403 / 410 and Highway 427 interchanges along Highway 401, replacing an earlier plan that would have run Highway 403 directly to Eglinton Avenue and the never-built Richview Expressway.[43] East of the interchange with Renforth Drive, the collector lanes diverge to become the on-ramps to Highway 427 northbound and southbound. The second 43.7 km (27.2 mi) system passes through the centre of Toronto and ends in Pickering to the east.[44] The 5 km (3.1 mi) gap between the two systems is a traffic bottleneck. However, the interchange cannot accommodate future widening of Highway 401.[10]", "Ontario Highway 401 Various other names, including The Killer Highway circulated for a time,[114] but Carnage Alley became predominant following an 87-vehicle pile-up on September 3, 1999 (the start of Labour Day weekend), the worst in Canadian history, that resulted in eight deaths and 45Â injured individuals.[115]", "Queen Elizabeth Way As automobile use in southern Ontario grew in the early 20th century, road design and construction advanced significantly. A major issue faced by planners was the improvement of the routes connecting Toronto and Hamilton, which were consistently overburdened by the growing traffic levels.[14] Following frequent erosion of the former macadamized Lakeshore Road,[15] a cement road known as the Toronto–Hamilton Highway was proposed in January 1914.[16] The highway was designed to run along the lake shore, instead of Dundas Street to the north, because the numerous hills encountered along Dundas would have increased costs without improving accessibility. Middle Road, a dirt lane named because of its position between the two, was not considered since Lakeshore and Dundas were both overcrowded and in need of serious repairs.[17] Construction began on November 8, 1914, but dragged on throughout the ongoing war.[14] It was formally opened on November 24, 1917,[15] 5.5 m (18 ft) wide and nearly 64 km (40 mi) long. It was the first concrete road in Ontario, as well as one of the longest stretches of concrete road between two cities in the world.[18]", "Trans-Canada Highway The Vancouver Island TCH is one of four parts of the Trans-Canada system in which the highway runs mostly north-south, the others being Highway 1 from Hope to Cache Creek, Ontario Highway 17 from White River to Sault Ste Marie, Ontario Highways 69 and 400 from Sudbury to Waubaushene, Autoroute 85/Route 185 from Autoroute 20 in Quebec to the New Brunswick border. The Trans-Canada is otherwise designated as east-west from Nanaimo to St. John's.", "Ontario Highway 407 Now travelling parallel to and immediately west of the Halton–Peel regional boundary and Oakville–Mississauga city boundary, the six-lane Highway 407 progresses northwest alongside a power transmission corridor, with subdivisions to the east and greenspace to the west. The route continues as such northwest to Highway 401, passing under Lower Base Line (which continues east as Eglinton Avenue) and interchanging at Britannia Road and Derry Road before crossing the Canadian Pacific Railway's (CP) Galt Subdivision. At Highway 401, the route makes a sharp curve to the northeast, while ramps weave across both freeway over several kilometres, interconnecting them. It enters Peel Region at the Winston Churchill Boulevard (Peel Regional Road 19) overpass and follows another power transmission corridor just north of the Brampton–Mississauga boundary.[11][12]", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 401 widens into a collector-express system[36] as it approaches Hurontario Street in Mississauga, a concept inspired by the Dan Ryan Expressway in Chicago.[8] The system divides each direction of travel into collector and express lanes,[37] giving the highway a wide span and four carriageways. To avoid confusion between carriageways, blue signs are used for the collector lanes and green signs for the express lanes. Unlike the collector lanes, which provide access to every interchange, the express lanes only provide direct access to a select few interchanges. Access between the two is provided by transfers, which are strategically placed to prevent disruptions caused by closely spaced interchanges.[38] The overall purpose of the collector-express system is to maximize traffic flow for both local and long-distance traffic. In addition, Highway 401 was equipped with a traffic camera system called COMPASS in early 1991.[39] Using closed-circuit television cameras, vehicle detection loops and LED changeable-message signs, COMPASS enables the MTO Traffic Operations Centre to obtain a real-time assessment of traffic conditions and alert drivers of collisions, congestion and construction.[40] The system stretches from the Highway 403 / 410 interchange in Mississauga to Harwood Avenue in Ajax.[41]", "Ontario Highway 401 Highway 401 widens to 18 lanes south of Toronto Pearson International Airport.[7] Progressing eastward, eight lanes are carried beneath the large spaghetti junction at Highway 427. The highway curves northeast and follows a power transmission corridor to Highway 409, which merges with the mainline and forms the collector lanes. It returns to its eastward route through Toronto, now carrying 12–16 lanes of traffic on four carriageways.[36][45] Highway 401 is often congested in this section, with an average of 442,900 vehicles passing between Weston Road and Highway 400 per day as of 2008.[2][7] In spite of this congestion, it is the primary commuting route in Toronto; over 50 percent of vehicles bound for downtown Toronto use the highway.[46]", "Highways in Ontario On April 1, 1997, and January 1, 1998, the Ontario government under the leadership of Mike Harris transferred, or downloaded, several thousand kilometres of provincially maintained highways to the various municipalities in which they are located. These transfers were performed under the reasoning that they served a mostly local function, as a cost-saving measure and as part of a broader exchange of responsibilities between the province and its municipalities. The transfers continue to cause confusion[citation needed] to motorists due to gaps in the middle of several highways and unremoved reassurance markers in municipalities with former Connecting Link agreements, including Toronto, Ottawa and London.", "Ontario Highway 401 The gap between Woodstock and Kitchener was completed on November 9, 1961, while the gap between Tilbury and London was completed two lanes at a time; the northbound lanes on October 22, 1963, the southbound on July 20, 1965.[1] The gap between Marysville and Kingston was opened by 1962.[91] The final sections, from west of Cornwall to Lancaster, were opened between 1962 and 1964;[91][93] two lanes opened to Lancaster on September 11, 1962, but the other two were not completed until July 31, 1964. The last segment, to the Ontario–Quebec border, was opened on November 10, 1964.[1] Finally, on October 11, 1968, the Thousand Islands Bypass opened.[8] This final piece was commemorated with a plaque to signify the completion of Highway 401.[10]", "Ontario Highway 407 Highway 407 was planned in the late 1950s as a freeway bypassing the Toronto segment of Highway 401, the busiest highway in the world.[5][6] However, construction did not begin until 1987. During the early 1990s, the provincial government proposed tolling the highway to alleviate a revenue shortfall. The central sections of Highway 407 opened 1997. The remaining sections were built quickly over the following four years, with the final segment of opening in mid-2001. Despite being included in the 400-series network, the Highway 407 ETR section is not considered part of the provincial highway network due to it now being privately operated.[7] The route is operated privately under a 99-year lease agreement with the provincial government. The lease was sold in 1998 for approximately C$3.1 billion to a consortium of Canadian and Spanish investors operating under the name 407 International Inc.[8] The privatization of the Highway 407 ETR section has been the source of significant criticism,[9] especially regarding the increases in tolls, plate denial, and false charges. In addition, the safety of segments constructed following the sale of the freeway has been called into question. Many have come to regard Highway 407 ETR as a luxury, as opposed to the bypass of Highway 401 it was originally conceived to be.[citation needed]", "Ontario Highway 407 Immediately east of Brock Road, this tollway falls under the ownership of the Province of Ontario and is now referred to as Ontario Highway 407 (Or Highway 407 East) instead of 407 ETR. This route runs parallel to both Highway 7 and Durham Regional Road 3 (with some crossovers) through the North of Pickering, Whitby, and Oshawa, until its eastern terminus at the proposed interchange between Highway 418 and Taunton Road[20]. A major interchange of this route includes with Highway 412, which is a spur connecting the 407 with Highway 401 in Whitby. Both the 407 East Extension, as far as Harmony Road in Oshawa. and Highway 412 opened to traffic on June 20, 2016.[21] The highway will be further extended eastward through Clarington by 2020. The tolls along this portion of the highway began on February 1, 2017. [22]", "Ontario Highway 401 In Toronto, engineers and surveyors were examining the four-lane bypass, while planners set about designing a way to handle the commuter highway. In 1963, transportation minister Charles MacNaughton announced the widening of Highway 401 in Toronto from four to a minimum of 12 lanes between Islington Avenue and Markham Road. The design was taken from the Dan Ryan Expressway in Chicago, which was widened into a similar configuration around the same time.[8] Construction began immediately. While the plan initially called for construction to end in 1967, it continued for nearly a decade. At least four lanes were always open during the large reconstruction project, which included complex new interchanges at Highway 27, Highway 400, the planned Spadina Expressway and the Don Valley Parkway. The system was completed in 1972, along with the Highway 27 (renamed Highway 427) bypass between the QEW and Pearson Airport. Most of the interchanges in Toronto were reconstructed as partial cloverleafs and a continuous lighting system was installed.[10]", "Ontario Highway 407 The first segment of Highway 407, between Highway 410 and Highway 404, was ceremoniously opened to traffic on June 7, 1997; no tolls were charged for a month to allow motorists to test-drive the freeway.[36] Several other sections were well underway at this point. A 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) extension westwards to Highway 401 was opened just months later on December 13, 1997.[37] That section was connected with Highway 403 to the south on September 4, 1998,[2] with a temporary two lane ramp connecting to Trafalgar Road.[38] In the east, an extension to Markham Road, at what was then the southern terminus of Highway 48, was completed in early 1998. However, due to the protest of local residents and officials concerning traffic spill-off (a scenario revisited with the extension to Oshawa[39]), the freeway was opened only as far as McCowan Road on February 18.[40] The short segment from McCowan Road to Markham Road remained closed for over a year, as locals feared the funneling of traffic onto Main Street, which is named Markham Road south of the freeway. Both Markham and McCowan were widened to four lanes between Highway 407 and Steeles Avenue at this time. This did not alleviate concerns, but on June 24, 1999, the extension opened to continued protest regardless.[41]", "London, Ontario London is at the junction of Highway 401 that connects the city to Toronto and Windsor, and Highway 402 to Sarnia.[128][129] Also, Highway 403, which diverges from the 401 at nearby Woodstock, Ontario, provides ready access to Brantford, Hamilton, the Golden Horseshoe area, and the Niagara Peninsula.[130] Many smaller two-lane highways also pass through or near London, including Kings Highways 2, 3, 4, 7 and 22. Many of these are \"historical\" names, as provincial downloading in the 1980s and 1990s put responsibility for most provincial highways on municipal governments.[131] Nevertheless, these roads continue to provide access from London to nearby communities and locations in much of Western Ontario, including Goderich, Port Stanley and Owen Sound.", "Queen Elizabeth Way Throughout Lincoln, the QEW travels along the Lake Ontario shoreline through the Niagara Fruit Belt; numerous wineries line the south side of the freeway. Interchanges at Victoria Road (Regional Road 24) and Ontario Street (Regional Road 18) provide access to the communities of Vineland and Beamsville, respectively. The latter encroaches upon the south side of the QEW, interrupting the otherwise agricultural surroundings of the highway in Lincoln. Immediately east of the Bartlett Avenue interchange, the freeway enters Grimsby, where it becomes sandwiched between the Niagara Escarpment and Lake Ontario. The route passes under three overpasses that have remained unchanged since the highway was built: Maple Avenue, Ontario Street, and Christie Street, all served by a single diamond interchange. South of the 50 Point Conservation Area, the freeway exits the Niagara Region and enters the city of Hamilton.[11]", "Yonge Street Yonge Street originates on the northern shore of Toronto Bay at Queens Quay as a four-lane arterial road (speed limit 40Â km/h) proceeding north by north-west. Toronto's Harbourfront is built on landfill extended into the bay, with the former industrial area now converted from port, rail and industrial uses to a dense residential high-rise community. The street passes under the elevated Gardiner Expressway and the congested rail lines of the Toronto viaduct on their approach to Union Station. The road rises slightly near Front Street, marking the pre-landfill shoreline. Here, at the southern edge of the central business district, is the Dominion Public Building, the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts and the Hockey Hall of Fame, the latter housed in an imposing former Bank of Montreal office, once Canada's largest bank branch. Beyond Front Street the road passes through the east side of the Financial District, within sight of many of Canada's tallest buildings, fronting an entrance to the Allen Lambert Galleria.", "Ontario Highway 407 Still travelling alongside a power transmission corridor, Highway 407 crosses a complex rail wye which provides access to the CN freight yards to the north. After interchanging with Keele Street (York Regional Road 6), the route gently curves northward, passing under the CN Newmarket Subdivision, which carries the GO Transit Barrie Line and crossing the Don River. It curves back eastward as it interchanges with Dufferin Street (York Regional Road 53), travelling adjacent and south of Highway 7. After interchanges with Bathurst Street (York Regional Road 38) and Yonge Street (York Regional Road 1), the Vaughan–Markham boundary, Highway 407 crosses the CN Bala Subdivision, which carries the GO Transit Richmond Hill Line. After an interchange with Bayview Avenue (York Regional Road 34), the highway swerves south. A partial interchange with Leslie Street (York Regional Road 12) precedes the third and final large freeway–freeway junction at Highway 404.[11][12]", "Highways in Ontario The term \"the King's Highway\" was first adopted in place of \"provincial highway\" in 1930, and signs similar to the current design but with the words THE KING'S HIGHWAY above the route number replaced the previous smaller triangular signs.[4][5]\nHowever, this name has been deprecated since the 1990s, and the old signs were replaced circa 1993. Currently these highways are again identified as \"provincial highways\"[6] or \"provincially maintained highways\"[7] by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. The Highway Traffic Act, amended as recently as 2006, still refers to them as \"King's Highway\". Both terms are sometimes used within the same regulation as the older term is phased out.[8]", "Queen Elizabeth Way On December 7, 2015, Ontario's Transportation Ministry announced it was working on a plan to create permanent high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT) on a 16.5-kilometre (10.3Â mi) stretch, in both ways, between Trafalgar Road in Oakville and Guelph Line in Burlington starting on September 15, 2016.[84] This would require vehicles with a single occupant to purchase a permit for such use. (A portion of Highway 427 would also have HOT lanes.) Vehicles classified as environmentally-friendly and denoted with a green license plate would not be required to pay when using the HOT lanes.[85] Prices for the permits had not yet been determined for this plan, described as a pilot project, said Transportation Minister Steven Del Duca during a press conference.[86]", "Highways in Ontario 400-series highways are a special class of provincial highways, designed to be exclusively controlled-access freeways for the entire length of the highway. At present, all of them are located in Southern Ontario, where they form a network similar to the Interstate Highway System in the US. The 400-series highways include Highways 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 409, 410, 412, 416, 417, 420, 427, and the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW). Originally, 400-series route numbers were assigned sequentially, but more recently new routes have been numbered based on the existing highway the new route bypassed or upgraded. (Highway 427 is an upgrade of Highway 27, for example.)", "Victoria, British Columbia Victoria also serves as the western terminus (Mile Zero) for Canada's Trans-Canada Highway, the longest national highway in the world. The Mile Zero is located in the southern part of the city at the corner of Douglas Street and Dallas Road, where there is a small sign to mark the spot and a statue to honour Terry Fox.", "Queen Elizabeth Way After descending into Burlington, the QEW crosses former Highway 2 before it encounters the Freeman Interchange, opened in 1958 to allow construction of Highway 403 and expanded in 1999 to accommodate Highway 407. The freeway curves to the east, becoming concurrent with Highway 403 through Burlington and Oakville. The two routes travel east straight though a commercial office area. Service roads reappear through this stretch to serve businesses fronting the highway. The segment includes high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes), opened in 2011, which required the construction of a second structure over Sixteen Mile Creek. In the eastern end of Oakville, the route curves northeast, passing the Ford Motor Assembly Plant. Highway 403 then diverges and travels north while the QEW turns back to the east, entering Mississauga and the Peel Region.[9]", "Ontario Highway 401 Over the next decade, vehicle usage increased substantially, and by 1920 Lakeshore Road was again congested, particularly during weekends.[66] In response, the Department of Highways examined improving another road between Toronto and Hamilton. The road was to be more than twice the width of Lakeshore Road at 12 m (39 ft) and would carry two lanes of traffic in either direction.[67] Construction on what was then known as the Queen Street Extension west of Toronto began in early 1931.[68]", "Ontario Highway 401 East of Highway 400 is The Basketweave, a criss-crossing transfer between the express and collectors carriageways,[36] beyond which is Yorkdale Centre. Twelve lanes pass beneath a complicated interchange with Allen Road, built to serve the cancelled Spadina Expressway. Further east, the highway crosses Hogg's Hollow, over the West Don River and Yonge Street in the centre of Toronto, the busiest multi-span bridge crossing in North America, surpassing the Brooklyn Bridge. It then crosses the East Don River and climbs toward the Don Valley Parkway, which provides access to downtown Toronto and Highway 404, which provides access to the suburbs to the north. Progressing eastward, the highway continues through mostly residential areas in Scarborough, eventually reaching the Rouge Valley on the city's eastern edge and crossing into Pickering.[36]", "Ontario Highway 407 Although construction of Highway 407 did not begin until 1987, planning for the bypass of Highway 401 north of Toronto began in the late-1950s. Concepts for the new \"dual highway\" first appeared in the 1959 plan for Metropolitan Toronto.[1] Land adjacent to several hydro corridors was acquired for the future freeway in the 1960s, but sat vacant as the Ontario Department of Highway (predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) opted instead to widen Highway 401 to a twelve-lane collector-express system. The Highway 401 expansion project was considered a success and construction of Highway 407 was shelved for almost thirty years. The plan was revisited in the mid-1980s as congestion in Toronto pushed roads beyond capacity. In 1986, Premier David Peterson was given a helicopter tour of the city during rush-hour; construction of the highway was announced soon thereafter, and began in 1987.[1]", "Highways in Ontario Ontario has several distinct classes of highways:\nKing's Highways, (which includes Controlled-access highways) and secondary highways, with individual highways referred to as \"that part of the King's Highway known as No. xx,\" or simply \"the King's Highway known as No. xx.\" [2] For the purposes of legal jurisdiction, however, the Highway Traffic Act deems that tertiary roads are also considered to be \"King's Highways\".[3]", "Ontario Highway 401 On August 10, 2008, following a series of explosions at a propane facility in Toronto, Highway 401 was closed between Highway 400 and Highway 404 as a precautionary measure, the largest closure of the highway in its history.[130] The highway remained closed until 8 p.m., though several exits near the blast remained closed thereafter.[131][132]", "Ontario Highway 401 Beginning in 2004, 46 km (29 mi) of the highway was widened from four asphalt lanes to six concrete lanes, paved shoulders were added, a concrete Ontario Tall Wall median was installed,[121] which was the solution the Canadian Automobile Association promoted in 1999.[111] Interchanges were improved and signage was upgraded as part of a five-phase project to improve Highway 401 from Highway 3 in Windsor to Essex County Road 42 (formerly Highway 2) on the western edge of Tilbury.[25]", "Ontario In 2014, the section of Highway 401 between Toronto and Waterloo became the world's second-largest innovation corridor after California's Silicon Valley, employing nearly 280,000 tech workers from around the world and containing over 60% of Canada's high tech industry.[67]", "Trans-Canada Highway Following the designation of Route 2, from Edmundston, the highway (again signed exclusively with the TCH shield) follows the Saint John River Valley, running south for 170 km (110 mi) to Woodstock (paralleling the Canada–US border) and then east for another 102 km (63 mi) to pass through Fredericton. 40 km (25 mi) east of Fredericton, the Saint John River turns south whereby the highway crosses the river at Jemseg and continues heading east to Moncton another 135 km (84 mi) later. On November 1, 2007, New Brunswick completed a 20-year effort to convert its 516 km (321 mi) section of the Trans-Canada Highway into a four-lane freeway. The highway has a speed limit of 110 km/h.[12]", "Queen Elizabeth Way By the end of 1937, the Middle Road was open between Toronto and Burlington, and would soon connect with what was first known as the Hamilton–Niagara Falls Highway. When it opened, it was the first intercity divided highway in North America[Note 1] and boasted the longest continuous stretch of illumination in the world until World War II.[27][28] It soon came time to name the new highway, and an upcoming visit by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth proved to be the focal point for a dedication ceremony. On June 7, 1939, the two royal family members drove along the highway (which now connected to Niagara Falls) and passed through a light beam near the Henley Bridge in St. Catharines.[29] This caused two Union Jacks to swing out, revealing a sign which read The Queen Elizabeth Way.[30]", "Ontario Highway 401 The 1990s also saw the first step in widening the highway to six lanes from Toronto to London.[103] A project in the mid-1990s brought the highway up to a minimum of six lanes between Highway 8 in Kitchener and Highway 35 / 115 in Newcastle.[104] Other projects prepared sections for eventual widening.[105]", "Trans-Canada Highway From Moncton, the highway continues southeast for 54 km (34 mi) to a junction at Aulac close to the New Brunswick–Nova Scotia border (near Sackville) where the Trans-Canada Highway splits into the main route continuing to the nearby border with Nova Scotia as Route 2, and a 70 km (43 mi) route designated as Route 16 which runs east to the Confederation Bridge at Cape Jourimain.[12]" ]	[ "Ontario Highway 401 By the end of 1952, three individual highways were numbered \"Highway 401\": the partially completed Toronto Bypass between Weston Road and Highway 11 (Yonge Street); Highway 2A between West Hill and Newcastle; and the Scenic Highway between Gananoque and Brockville, now known as the Thousand Islands Parkway. These three sections of highway were 11.8, 54.7 and 41.2 km, (7.3, 34.0 and 25.6 mi), respectively. In 1964, the route became fully navigable from Windsor to the Ontario–Quebec border. In 1965 it was given a second designation, the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, in honour of two Fathers of Confederation. At the end of 1968, the Gananoque–Brockville section was bypassed and the final intersection grade-separated near Kingston, making Highway 401 a freeway for its entire 817.9-km length. On August 24, 2007, the portion of the highway between Glen Miller Road in Trenton and the Don Valley Parkway / Highway 404 Junction in Toronto was designated the Highway of Heroes, as the road is travelled by funeral convoys for fallen Canadian Forces personnel from CFB Trenton to the coroner's office in Toronto. On September 27, 2013, the Highway of Heroes designation was extended west to Keele Street in Toronto, to coincide with the move of the coroner's office to the new Forensic Services and Coroner's Complex at the Humber River Hospital." ]
test2131	when were social security cards issued at birth	[ "doc74136" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc74134", "doc74142", "doc74136", "doc74135", "doc89959", "doc1587071", "doc565718", "doc89960", "doc1231163", "doc74161", "doc74149", "doc74139", "doc1587083", "doc380344", "doc380346", "doc565779", "doc74143", "doc565714", "doc565716", "doc74146", "doc74166", "doc565719", "doc380345", "doc27204", "doc1587070", "doc319001", "doc648919", "doc230736", "doc74132", "doc1587073", "doc74155", "doc74137", "doc74167", "doc704926", "doc971176", "doc380347", "doc49000", "doc1587093", "doc704790", "doc74172", "doc74141", "doc46388", "doc1587104", "doc322372", "doc74171", "doc1587111", "doc74160", "doc704929", "doc1587088", "doc74140", "doc145455", "doc1587094", "doc27249", "doc74148", "doc1587072", "doc1004629", "doc48989", "doc380366", "doc392874", "doc1587082", "doc1587080", "doc1587102", "doc704923", "doc468365", "doc1587084", "doc565742", "doc89957", "doc46374", "doc1587090", "doc89961", "doc704920", "doc48987", "doc89956", "doc1231042", "doc1488551", "doc601779", "doc704924", "doc820306", "doc704927", "doc1587098", "doc1537183", "doc1587097", "doc565721", "doc1587095", "doc2291643", "doc1587100", "doc1709256", "doc1354856", "doc1587113", "doc1587075", "doc1587096", "doc565791", "doc565781", "doc1587091", "doc1709238", "doc48988", "doc1587079", "doc319002", "doc1587076", "doc89951" ]	[ "Social Security number Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued.[4]", "Social Security number Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification.[17] Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed.[18]", "Social Security number Before 1986, people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14,[7] since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income.[8] The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction.[9] Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents.[10] In 1988, the threshold was lowered to 2 years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old.[11] Today, an SSN is required regardless of the child's age to receive an exemption.[citation needed] Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth; today, it can be done on the application for a birth certificate.[12]", "Social Security number On November 24, 1936, 1,074 of the nation's 45,000 post offices were designated \"typing centers\" to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney, Jr., of New Rochelle, New York.[5][6]", "Identity documents in the United States The social security card is a card issued by the Social Security Administration containing a person's Social Security number (SSN). Although it is not mandatory, in modern practice parents almost universally file for a Social Security number shortly after the birth of a child. In the absence of a national identity card (and concordant national identity number), the Social Security number has become the de facto national identifier for a large variety of purposes, both governmental and non-governmental.", "History of Social Security in the United States The Social Security Act was enacted August 14, 1935. The Act was drafted during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The Act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. By signing this Act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly.[3]", "Social Security (United States) Social Security Timeline[11]", "Identity documents in the United States The SSN was originally intended to ensure accurate reporting of a worker's taxes towards the Social Security program. Prior to 1986, it was common to apply for a SSN when a person was in their teens. Since 1986, a series of decisions undertaken by the IRS have led to parents applying for their child's SSN at birth for tax purposes.", "Identity document Social Security numbers and cards are issued by the US Social Security Administration for tracking of Social Security taxes and benefits. They have become the de facto national identification number for federal and state taxation, private financial services, and identification with various companies. SSNs do not establish citizenship because they can also be issued to permanent residents as well as citizens. They typically can only be part of the establishment of a person's identity; a photo ID that verifies date of birth is also usually requested.", "Social Security number Prior to 2011, the first three digits known as the area number were assigned by geographical region. Prior to 1973, cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued. This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived, since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office. Since 1973, when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore, the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card. The applicant's mailing address does not have to be the same as their place of residence. Thus, the area number does not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to, or after, 1973. Wikipedia has a list of Social Security Area Numbers for each state.", "Social Security number In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number (SSN) Card to prevent forgery. From April 2006 through August 2007, Social Security Administration (SSA) and Government Printing Office (GPO) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security.", "Social Security number The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1, 1969, the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1, 1972, and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1, 1974.[13] Previously, the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service.", "History of Social Security in the United States The first monthly payment was issued on January 31, 1940 to Ida May Fuller of Ludlow, Vermont.[31] In 1937, 1938, and 1939, she paid a total of $24.75 into the Social Security System. Her first check was for $22.54.[31] After her second check, Fuller already had received more than she contributed over the three-year period. She ultimately reached her 100th birthday, dying in 1975[31] and she collected a total of $22,888.92.[32]", "Social Security Administration The Social Security Act created a Social Security Board (SSB),[7] to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14, 1935.[8] The Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins.[7] The first counsel for the new agency was Thomas Elliott, one of Felix Frankfurter's \"happy hot dogs.\"[9][10][11]", "Social Security Administration In 1939, the Social Security Board merged into a cabinet-level Federal Security Agency, which included the SSB, the U.S. Public Health Service, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and other agencies.[14] In January 1940, the first regular ongoing monthly benefits began.[8] \nIn 1946, the SSB was renamed the Social Security Administration under President Harry S. Truman's Reorganization Plan.", "Social Security (United States) A side effect of the Social Security program in the United States has been the near-universal adoption of the program's identification number, the Social Security number, as the de facto U.S. national identification number. The social security number, or SSN, is issued pursuant to section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405(c)(2). The government originally stated that the SSN would not be a means of identification,[81] but currently a multitude of U.S. entities use the Social Security number as a personal identifier. These include government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service, the military as well as private agencies such as banks, colleges and universities, health insurance companies, and employers.", "Social Security number Since then, Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers.[2] Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them, it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one.[19] While the government cannot require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis, companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN.[20][21] The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph, no physical description and no birth date. All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name. Instead, a driver's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults.", "Social Security (United States) In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.[1] The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935,[2] and the current version of the Act, as amended,[3] encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs.", "Social Security (United States) With few exceptions, all legal residents working in the United States now have an individual Social Security number. Indeed, nearly all working (and many non-working) residents since Social Security's 1935 inception have had a Social Security number because it is requested by a wide range of businesses.", "Social Security number According to U.S. Treasury regulations, any person who, after October 31, 1962, works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for \"an account number\" using \"Form SS-5.\"[24]", "Social Security number The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers. It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program, and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits.[34] However, there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number.[35]", "Social Security (United States) A limited form of the Social Security program began, during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term, as a measure to implement \"social insurance\" during the Great Depression of the 1930s.[13] The Act was an attempt to limit unforeseen and unprepared for dangers in the modern life, including old age, disability, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widow(er)s with and without children.", "Social Security Administration The first Social Security office opened in Austin, Texas, on October 14, 1936 [12] Social Security taxes were first collected in January 1937, along with the first one-time, lump-sum payments.[8] The first person to receive monthly retirement benefits was Ida May Fuller of Brattleboro, Vermont. Her first check, dated January 31, 1940 was in the amount of US$22.54.[13]", "Birth certificate The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization, especially in China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Persia. The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower. In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births. This practice continued into the 19th century.[1] The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853.[2] The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902.[3]", "History of Social Security in the United States A limited form of the Social Security program began as a measure to implement \"social insurance\" during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent.[1]", "Social Security System (Philippines) On July 7, 1948, after the death of President Roxas, President Elpidio Quirino created a Social Security Commission, his first official act as president. This commission drafted the Social Security Act that was submitted to Congress. In 1954, Rep. Floro Crisologo, Senators Cipriano Primicias and Manuel Briones introduced bills to the Congress that were eventually enacted as Republic Act 1161, or the Social Security Act of 1954. The law was also called the Social Security Law (SS Law). [1] [2]", "Internal Revenue Service By the end of the Second World War, the IRS was handling sixty million tax returns each year, using a combination of mechanical desk calculators, accounting machines and pencil and paper forms. In 1948 punch card equipment was used. The first trial of a computer system for income tax processing was in 1955, when an IBM 650 installed at Kansas City processed 1.1 million returns. The IRS was authorized to proceed with computerization in 1959, and purchased IBM 1401 and IBM 7070 systems for local and regional data processing centers. The Social Security Number was used for taxpayer identification starting in 1965. By 1967, all returns were processed by computer and punched card data entry was phased out.[18]", "Supplemental Security Income The legislation creating the program was a result of President Richard Nixon's effort to reform the nation's welfare programs. At that time, each state had similar programs under the Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, and Aid to the Elderly. The Nixon Administration thought these programs should be federalized and run by the Social Security Administration. Thus, SSI was created to eliminate the differences between the states including different disability standards and income and resources requirements, which many perceived as irrational or unfair. President Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972 on October 30, 1972 which created the SSI Program. The SSI program officially began operations in January 1974 by federalizing states' programs, designating the Social Security Administration (SSA) to administer the SSI program. SSA was selected because it had been administering a nationwide adult disability program under the Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) program since 1956 for workers who are insured through their payroll deduction under the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) programs associated with Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) payroll taxes.", "Social Security number In the United States, a Social Security number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405(c)(2). The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes,[1] the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes.[2]", "History of Social Security in the United States The idea of a federally funded pension plan was popularized by Francis Townsend in 1933, and the influence of the \"Townsend Plan\" movement on debate over social security persisted into the 1950s.[4][5] Early debates on Social Security's design centered on how the program's benefits should be funded. Some believed that benefits to individuals should be funded by contributions that they themselves had made over the course of their careers. Others argued that this design would disadvantage those who had already begun their careers at the time of the program's implementation because they would not have enough time to accumulate adequate benefits.[6]", "Social Security number The Social Security Administration has suggested that, if asked to provide his or her Social Security number, a citizen should ask which law requires its use.[27] In accordance with ยง7213 of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and 20 C.F.R. 422.103(e)(2), the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime.[27]", "Social Security number The original purpose of this number was to track individuals' accounts within the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States, although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist. As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA, it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again. A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and (originally) Post Offices.", "Social Security number Prior to June 25, 2011, a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749, or above 772, the highest area number the Social Security Administration has allocated. Effective June 25, 2011, the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s.[36] This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers (TINs), which include additional area numbers.[37]", "Social Security Act Approved June 28, 1952 Public Law 82-420", "Ghosting (identity theft) In the United States, it was formerly the case that citizens were not issued a Social Security number until their first paid employment. Thus, in the year 1975, a man ghoster aged 25 would acquire the birth certificate of a boy who was born circa 1950 (the same age as the ghoster) but who had died at age 15 or younger. An individual who died before adulthood would not be likely to possess a Social Security number; therefore, a ghoster claiming to be this person and applying for a first-time Social Security number at age 25 would not arouse suspicion if he could explain why he waited until age 25 to begin working for wages. But a ghoster who attempted this scheme in the year 2000 (or later) would arouse great suspicion because parents are now required to acquire a Social Security number for their offspring before the next annual income tax return is filed, and government computers can instantly retrieve any individual's entire history of employment and income-tax records. A ghoster who applies to a Social Security office for a replacement of a Social Security card issued to someone who died ten years earlier (who claims to be that individual, still living) will immediately be asked why he has not reported any wages for the past ten years and will be challenged to explain how he has supported himself for ten years without wages.[citation needed] There will also be a gap in the tax records, requiring the ghoster to explain why he hasn't filed tax returns for the intervening years.", "Social Security Administration In 1953, the Federal Security Agency was abolished and SSA was placed under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which became the Department of Health and Human Services in 1980. In 1994, President Bill Clinton signed into law 42 U.S.C. § 901 returning SSA to the status of an independent agency in the executive branch of government. In 1972, Cost of Living Adjustments (COLAs) were introduced into SSA programs to deal with the effects of inflation on fixed incomes.[15]", "Social Security Amendments of 1965 On July 30, 1965, President Johnson signed the bill, making it Public Law 89-97. The signing took place in Independence, Missouri and was attended by Harry S. Truman. Johnson credited Truman with \"planting the seeds of compassion and duty which have today flowered into care for the sick and serenity for the fearful\". Implementation of the amendments required extensive data processing and the re-configuration of hospital policies nationwide.[6]", "History of Social Security in the United States In the original 1935 law, the benefit provisions were in Title II of the Act (which is why Social Security is sometimes referred to as the \"Title II\" program.) The taxing provisions were in a separate title (Title VIII) (for reasons related to the constitutionality of the 1935 Act). As part of the 1939 Amendments, the Title VIII taxing provisions were taken out of the Social Security Act and placed in the Internal Revenue Code and renamed the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Social Security payroll taxes are thus often referred to as \"FICA taxes.\"", "Social Security Act In the Second New Deal, the Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. The act laid the groundwork for the modern welfare system in the United States, with its primary focus to provide aid for the elderly, the unemployed, and children. Industrialization and the urbanization in the 19th Century created many new social problems, and transformed ideas of how society and the government should function together because of them. As industry expanded, cities grew quickly to keep up with demand for labor. Tenement houses were built quickly and poorly, cramming new migrants from farms and Southern and Eastern European immigrants into tight and unhealthy spaces. Work spaces were even more unsafe.[2] In 1890, Jacob Riis wrote that “the quick change of economic conditions in the city…often out paces all plans of relief.”[citation needed]", "Social Security number Even though the card was printed in red (the real card is printed in blue) and had \"Specimen\" printed across the front, many people used Whitcher's SSN as their own. The Social Security Administration's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card, despite a miniature card's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph. Over time, the number that appeared (078-05-1120) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own.[41] The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number. (Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN.) However, the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977.[41]", "Social Security number Social Security was originally a universal tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965, objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system.[15] Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, and not everyone has a number. However, a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes,[12] and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs (or alternative identifying numbers) from their employees, as described below. The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license.[16]", "Social programs in the United States 1935: The Social Security Act was passed on June 17, 1935. The bill included direct relief (cash, food stamps, etc.) and changes for unemployment insurance.", "History of Social Security in the United States Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, during the phase-in period of Social Security, Congress was able to grant generous benefit increases because the system had perpetual short-run surpluses. Congressional amendments to Social Security took place in even numbered years (election years) because the bills were politically popular, but by the late 1970s, this era was over. For the next three decades, projections of Social Security's finances would show large, long-term deficits, and in the early 1980s, the program flirted with immediate insolvency. From this point on, amendments to Social Security would take place in odd numbered years (years that were not election years) because Social Security reform now meant tax increases and benefit reductions. Social Security became known as the \"Third Rail of American Politics.\" Touching it meant political death.", "National identification number In the United States, a Selective Service Number must be applied for by all male citizens turning age 18. An optional national identity number is the Social Security number (SSN), a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents. Its purpose was to identify individuals for the purposes of Social Security, but it is now also used to track individuals for taxation purposes. There is no legal requirement to have a SSN if it is not required for Social Security or taxation purposes, but in practice one is required for many other purposes, for example to open a bank account or apply for a driving license, so that nearly all U.S. citizens and permanent residents have one. The SSN has therefore become a de facto national identification number,[11] despite the fact that originally it was expressly not for this purpose.[12] In fact, a valid SSN can be easily guessed, as they were issued serially[13] prior to June 25, 2011.[14]", "Social Security number Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid. One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E. H. Ferree Company in Lockport, New York, decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets. A sample card, used for display purposes, was placed in each wallet, which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country; the wallet manufacturer's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretary, Hilda Schrader Whitcher.", "History of Social Security in the United States Also of concern was the long-term prospect for Social Security because of demographic considerations. Of particular concern was the issue of what would happen when people born during the post–World War II baby boom retired. The NCSSR made several recommendations for addressing the issue.[63] Under the 1983 amendments to Social Security, a previously enacted increase in the payroll tax rate was accelerated, additional employees were added to the system, the full-benefit retirement age was slowly increased, and up to one-half of the value of the Social Security benefit was made potentially taxable income.[64][65]", "Social Security number On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to \"SSN randomization\".[32] SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process in the following ways:", "Social Security Act Approved September 01, 1954 Public Law 83-767", "History of Social Security in the United States One reason for the proposed changes in 1939 was a growing concern over the impact that the reserves created by the 1935 act were having on the economy. The Recession of 1937 was blamed on the government, tied to the abrupt decrease in government spending and the $2 billion that had been collected in Social Security taxes.[38] Benefits became available in 1940 instead of 1942 and changes to the benefit formula increased the amount of benefits available to all recipients in the early years of Social Security.[39] These two policies combined to shrink the size of the reserves. The original Act had conceived of the program as paying benefits out of a large reserve. This Act shifted the conception of Social Security into something of a hybrid system; while reserves would still accumulate, most early beneficiaries would receive benefits on the pay-as-you-go system. Just as importantly, the changes also delayed planned rises in contribution rates. Ironically if these had been left in place they would have come into effect during the wartime boom in wages and would have arguably helped to temper wartime inflation.[40]", "Social Security number Beginning in June 2011, DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards. It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number, formerly known as the EDIPI.[14]", "National Insurance number From 1984 until 2011, when a person was allocated an NI number they also received a plastic 'numbercard' of similar proportions to a credit card with the number raised on the front. Prior to 1984, a manila notification card was issued instead. The card is only used as a reminder of the number and the card itself is not needed to start work, and is not considered a valid identity card. Numbercards were phased out from September 2010, and the issue of numbercards ceased completely in October 2011. NI numbers are now notified by letter.[15]", "History of Social Security in the United States After years of debates about the inclusion of domestic labor, household employees working at least two days a week for the same person were added in 1950, along with nonprofit workers and the self-employed. Hotel workers, laundry workers, all agricultural workers, and state and local government employees were added in 1954.[50]", "Birth certificate The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics. From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics. In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service. Unlike the British system of recording all births in \"registers\", the states file an individual document for each and every birth.[50]", "Social Security number Three different types of Social Security cards are issued. The most common type contains the cardholder's name and number. Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards:", "History of Social Security in the United States The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death. Payments to current retirees are financed by a payroll tax on current workers' wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the employer. The act also gave money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals (Title I), for unemployment insurance (Title III), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (Title IV), Maternal and Child Welfare (Title V), public health services (Title VI), and the blind (Title X).[3]", "Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Social Security Amendments on July 30, 1965, establishing both Medicare and Medicaid. Arthur E. Hess, a deputy commissioner of the Social Security Administration, was named as first director of the Bureau of Health Insurance in 1965, placing him as the first executive in charge of the Medicare program. At the time, the program provided health insurance to 19 million Americans.[2] The Social Security Administration (SSA) became responsible for the administration of Medicare and the Social and Rehabilitation Service (SRS) became responsible for the administration of Medicaid. Both agencies were organized under what was then known as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW).", "Social Security Amendments of 1965 In 1935, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, medical benefits were left out of the bill. The committee that Roosevelt appointed to study issues related to Social Security wanted to include health insurance in the bill. However, the committee was concerned that amending the bill to include health insurance would kill the entire bill.[1] Harry Truman took on the idea of national medical care and tried to integrate it into his Fair Deal program. Truman's attempts were also unsuccessful, though during his presidency the fight for national medical care became specific to the aged population.", "Social Security Administration Each year, just before Mother's Day, SSA releases a list of the names most commonly given to newborn babies in the United States in the previous year, based on applications for Social Security cards. The report includes the 1,000 most common names for both genders. The Popular Baby Names page on the SSA website provides the complete list and allows searches for past years and particular names.[27]", "NHS number The modern style of NHS number was generally introduced in 1996, although they were allocated to every new-born baby since July 1995,[2] before becoming mandatory on 1 April 1997.[3]", "History of Social Security in the United States The first reported Social Security payment was to Ernest Ackerman, a Cleveland motorman who retired only one day after Social Security began.[29] Five cents were withheld from his pay during that period, and he received a lump-sum payout of seventeen cents from Social Security.[29][30]", "History of Social Security in the United States In the 1930s, the Supreme Court struck down many pieces of Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, including the Railroad Retirement Act. The Social Security Act's similarity with the Railroad Retirement Act caused Edwin Witte- the executive director of the President's Committee on Economic Security under Roosevelt who was credited as \"the father of social security\"-[23] to question whether or not the bill would pass;[24] John Gall, an Associate Counsel for the National Association of Manufacturers who testified before the US House of Representatives in favor of the act, also felt that the bill was rushed through Congress too quickly and that the old age provision of the act was \"hodgepodge\" that needed to be written more properly in order to have a higher likelihood of being ruled constitutional.[25] The Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and New York State's minimum-wage law. President Roosevelt responded with an attempt to pack the court via the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937. On February 5, 1937, he sent a special message to Congress proposing legislation granting the President new powers to add additional judges to all federal courts whenever there were sitting judges age 70 or older who refused to retire.[26] The practical effect of this proposal was that the President would get to appoint six new Justices to the Supreme Court (and 44 judges to lower federal courts), thus instantly tipping the political balance on the Court dramatically in his favor. The debate on this proposal was heated and widespread, and lasted over six months. Beginning with a set of decisions in March, April, and May, 1937 (including the Social Security Act cases), the Court would sustain a series of New Deal legislation.[27]", "History of Social Security in the United States In October 1972, a $5 billion piece of Social Security legislation was enacted which expanded the Social Security program. For example, minimum monthly benefits of individuals employed in low income positions for at least 30 years were raised. Increases were also made to the pensions of 3.8 million widows and dependent widowers.[55]", "Social Security Act H.R.7037 Approved, August 10, 1946 Public Law 79-719", "Social security It was predominantly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries. Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany, introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes in 1883. In Great Britain the Liberal government of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and David Lloyd George introduced the National Insurance system in 1911,[14] a system later expanded by Clement Attlee. The United States did not have an organized welfare system until the Great Depression, when emergency relief measures were introduced under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Even then, Roosevelt's New Deal focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment.", "History of Social Security in the United States The provisions of Social Security have been changing since the 1930s, shifting in response to economic worries as well as concerns over changing gender roles and the position of minorities. Officials have responded more to the concerns of women than those of minority groups.[33] Social Security gradually moved toward universal coverage. By 1950, debates moved away from which occupational groups should be included to how to provide more adequate coverage.[34] Changes in Social Security have reflected a balance between promoting equality and efforts to provide adequate protection.[35]", "Social Security (United States) Those born before 1938 have a normal retirement age of 65. Normal retirement age increases by two months for each ensuing year of birth until 1943, when it reaches 66 and stays at 66 until 1955. Thereafter the normal retirement age increases again by two months for each year until 1960, when normal retirement age is 67 and remains 67 for all individuals born thereafter.", "Identity documents in the United States The birth certificate is the initial identification document issued to parents shortly after the birth of their child. The birth certificate is typically issued by local governments, usually the city or county where a child is born. It is an important record, often called a \"feeder document,\" because it establishes U.S. citizenship through birthright citizenship, which is then used to obtain, or is the basis for, all other identity documents.[2] By itself, the birth certificate is usually only considered proof of citizenship but not proof of identity, since it is issued without a photograph at birth, containing no identifying features. A birth certificate is normally produced along with proof of identity, such as a driver's license or the testimony of a third party (such as a parent), to establish identity or entitlement to a service.", "Social programs in the United States Prior to the Great Depression the United States had social programs that mostly centered around individual efforts, family efforts, church charities, business workers compensation, life insurance and sick leave programs along with some state tax supported social programs. The misery and poverty of the great depression threatened to overwhelm all these programs. The severe Depression of the 1930s made Federal action almost a necessity, as neither the States and the local communities, businesses and industries, nor private charities had the financial resources to cope with the growing need among the American people. Beginning in 1932, the Federal Government first made loans, then grants, to States to pay for direct relief and work relief. After that, special Federal emergency relief like the Civilian Conservation Corps and other public works programs were started. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration proposed to Congress federal social relief programs and a federally sponsored retirement program. Congress followed by the passage of the 37 page Social Security Act, signed into law August 14, 1935 and \"effective\" by 1939â€”just as World War II began. This program was expanded several times over the years.", "History of Social Security in the United States Calls for reform of Social Security emerged within a few years of the 1935 Act. Even as early as 1936, some believed that women were not getting enough support. Worried that a lack of assistance might push women back into the work force, these individuals wanted Social Security changes that would prevent this. In an effort to protect the family, therefore, some called for reform which tied women's aid more concretely to their dependency on their husbands.[42] Others expressed apprehension about the complicated administrative practices of Social Security.[43] Concerns about the size of the reserve fund of the retirement program, emphasized by a recession in 1937, led to further calls for change.[44]", "Identity documents in the United States Because their original purpose was so limited, Social Security cards were not designed with the rigorous security measures normally expected of identity documents. They do not have a photograph or physical description of the bearer, nor are they required to be renewed. Therefore, the social security card is not usually considered proof of identity, only proof that the person named on the card holds the number indicated on the card. It is normally used in conjunction with other documents, most notably a photo ID, to prove that the person holding the card is legally present in the US and has the right to work in the US (unless the card is marked with a restriction).[4]", "Social Security Act H.R.6635 Approved, August 10, 1939 Public Law 76-379", "Social Security Amendments of 1965 The concept of national health insurance began in the early 20th century in the United States and then came to prominence during the Truman administration. Between 1958 and 1964, controversy grew and a bill was drafted. The signing of the act, as part of Johnson's Great Society, began an era with a greater emphasis on public health issues. Medicare and Medicaid became the United States' first public health insurance programs. The legislation was vigorously opposed by the American Medical Association until it had been enacted, following which the AMA cooperated in its implementation.", "Identity documents in the United States Social Security cards have federal jurisdiction but cannot verify identity. They verify only the match between a given name and a Social Security Number (SSN) and were intended only for use in complying with Social Security payroll tax laws. They now are used in a wider scope of activities, such as for obtaining credit and other regulated financial services in banking and investments.", "Identity document France has had a national ID card for all citizens since the beginning of World War II in 1940. Compulsory identity documents were created before, for workers from 1803 to 1890, nomads (gens du voyage) in 1912, and foreigners in 1917 during World War I.\nNational identity cards were first issued as the carte d'identité Française under the law of October 27, 1940, and were compulsory for everyone over the age of 16. Identity cards were valid for 10 years, had to be updated within a year in case of change of residence, and their renewal required paying a fee. Under the Vichy regime, in addition to the face photograph, the family name, first names, date and place of birth, the card included the national identity number managed by the national statistics INSEE, which is also used as the national service registration number, as the Social Security account number for health and retirement benefits, for access to court files and for tax purposes.\nUnder the decree 55-1397 of October 22, 1955[39][40] a revised non-compulsory card, the carte nationale d'identité (CNI) was introduced.", "United States Passport Card The passport card (previously known as the People Access Security Service Card, or PASS Card) was created as a result of the WHTI which imposed more stringent documentary requirements on travelers. Applications have been accepted since February 1, 2008; production of the cards began July 14, 2008. By the end of 2016, more than 12 million Passport Cards had been issued to U.S. citizens.[6] The card is manufactured by L-1 Identity Solutions.[7]", "Selective Service System The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21, 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5, 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday.[25]", "Social Security Act H.R.6000 Approved August 28, 1950 Public Law 81-734", "Medicare (United States) \"Medicare\" was the name originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents' Medical Care Act passed in 1956.[5] President Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961, in which the creation of a program of health care for social security beneficiaries was proposed.[6][7] In July 1965,[8] under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson, Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older, regardless of income or medical history.[9][10] Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30, 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri. Former President Truman and his wife, former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program.[11] Before Medicare's creation, approximately 60% of those over 65 had health insurance, with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others, because older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people. Many of this latter group (about 20% of the total in 2015) became \"dual eligible\" for both Medicare and Medicaid with the passage of the law. In 1966, Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms, hospital floors, and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation.[12]", "Social Security Act H.R.7800 Approved, July 18, 1952 Public Law 82-590", "History of Social Security in the United States Medicare and Medicaid were added in 1965 by the Social Security Act of 1965, part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Great Society\" program.", "Social Insurance Number The 2012 Canadian federal budget contained provisions to phase out the Social Insurance Number cards because they lacked modern security features and could be used for identity theft.[1] As of 31 March 2014, Service Canada no longer issues plastic SIN cards. Instead, an individual will receive a paper \"Confirmation of SIN letter\".[2]", "History of Social Security in the United States In 1962, the changing role of the female worker was acknowledged when benefits of covered women could be collected by dependent husbands, widowers, and children. These individuals, however, had to be able to prove their dependency.[52]", "Social Security (United States) The provisions of Social Security have been changing since the 1930s, shifting in response to economic worries as well as coverage for the poor, dependent children, spouses, survivors and the disabled.[18] By 1950, debates moved away from which occupational groups should be included to get enough taxpayers to fund Social Security to how to provide more benefits.[19] Changes in Social Security have reflected a balance between promoting \"equality\" and efforts to provide \"adequate\" and affordable protection for low wage workers.[20]", "History of Social Security in the United States In 1956, the tax rate was raised to 4.0 percent (2.0 percent for the employer, 2.0 percent for the employee) and disability benefits were added. Also in 1956, women were allowed to retire at 62 with benefits reduced by 25 percent. Widows of covered workers were allowed to retire at 62 without the reduction in benefits.[51]", "List of Social Security Area Numbers The above table is only valid for SSN issued before June 2011. On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to \"SSN randomization\".[2] SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process. Among its changes, it eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN, previously referred to as the Area Number, by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states. The table above is based on out-of-date information. Numbers in the range of 650-699 most certainly have been issued (see related comment on the Talk page).", "History of Social Security in the United States The government adopted a unified budget in the Johnson administration in 1968. This change resulted in a single measure of the fiscal status of the government, based on the sum of all government activity.[54] The surplus in Social Security trust funds offsets the total debt, making it appear much smaller than it otherwise would. This allowed Congress to increase spending without having to risk the political consequences of raising taxes.", "United States Children's Bureau When the Social Security Act was signed in 1935, the Children's Bureau was granted authority to administer the last three of these programs. (Aid to Dependent Children was administered by the newly established Social Security Board.) The Bureau grew from distributing $337,371 in 1930 to dispensing nearly $11 million in grants by the end of the decade; its staff grew from 143 to more than 400.[32]", "Social security in Australia During the Second World War, Australia under a labor government created a welfare state by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941 (superseding the 1927 New South Wales scheme); a widows’ pension in 1942 (superseding the New South Wales 1926 scheme); a wife’s allowance in 1943; additional allowances for the children of pensioners in 1943; and unemployment, sickness, and special benefits in 1945 (superseding the Queensland 1923 scheme).[1][3]", "History of Social Security in the United States As a result of these changes, particularly the tax increases, the Social Security system began to generate a large short-term surplus of funds, intended to cover the added retirement costs of the \"baby boomers.\" Congress invested these surpluses into special series, non-marketable U.S. Treasury securities held by the Social Security Trust Fund. Under the law, the government bonds held by Social Security are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.", "History of Social Security in the United States Opponents also decried the proposal as socialism.[7][8][9] In a Senate Finance Committee hearing, one Senator asked Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, \"Isn't this socialism?\" She said that it was not, but he continued, \"Isn't this a teeny-weeny bit of socialism?\"[10]", "History of Social Security in the United States In 1961, retirement at age 62 was extended to men, and the tax rate was increased to 6.0%.", "Social Security (United States) Tables published by the government's National Center for Health Statistics show that life expectancy at birth was 47.3 years in 1900, rose to 68.2 by 1950 and reached 77.3 in 2002. The latest annual report of the Social Security Agency (SSA) trustees projects that life expectancy will increase just six years in the next seven decades, to 83 in 2075. A separate set of projections, by the Census Bureau, shows more rapid growth.[96] The Census Bureau projection is that the longer life spans projected for 2075 by the Social Security Administration will be reached in 2050. Other experts, however, think that the past gains in life expectancy cannot be repeated, and add that the adverse effect on the system's finances may be partly offset if health improvements or reduced retirement benefits induce people to stay in the workforce longer.", "Social Security (United States) Importantly, most parents apply for Social Security numbers for their dependent children in order to[84] include them on their income tax returns as a dependent. Everyone filing a tax return, as taxpayer or spouse, must have a Social Security Number or Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) since the IRS is unable to process returns or post payments for anyone without an SSN or TIN.", "History of Social Security in the United States These amendments, however, avoided the question of the large numbers of workers in excluded categories.[45] Instead, the amendments of 1939 made family protection a part of Social Security. This included increased federal funding for the Aid to Dependent Children and raised the maximum age of children eligible to receive money under the Aid to Dependent Children to 18. The amendment added wives, elderly widows, and dependent survivors of covered male workers to those who could receive old age pensions. These individuals had previously been granted lump-sum payments upon only death or coverage through the Aid to Dependent Children program. If a married wage-earning woman's own benefit was worth less than 50% of her husband's benefit, she was treated as a wife, not a worker.[46] If a woman who was covered by Social Security died, however, her dependents were ineligible for her benefits.[47] Since support for widows was dependent on the husband being a covered worker, African American widows were severely underrepresented and unaided by these changes.[48]", "United States Children's Bureau New Deal legislation, including the Fair Labor Standards Act and Aid to Dependent Children programs, incorporated many reforms that the Children's Bureau and its network of grassroots women's organizations had supported for years. By the time the Children's Bureau was folded into the Social Security Administration in 1946,[2] it began to assume more of its modern role.[3]", "Social Security Amendments of 1965 In 1912 Theodore Roosevelt included social insurance for sickness in the platform of his Progressive Party (United States, 1912). Around 1915 the group American Association for Labor Legislation attempted to introduce a medical insurance bill to some state legislatures. These attempts were not successful, and as a result controversy about national insurance came about. National groups supporting the idea of government health insurance included the AFL-CIO, the American Nurses Association, National Association of Social Workers, and the Socialist Party USA. The most prominent opponent of national medical insurance was the American Medical Association (AMA); others included the American Hospital Association, the US Chamber of Commerce, and the Life Insurance Association of People.", "History of Social Security in the United States Historical discrimination in the system can also be seen with regard to Aid to Dependent Children. Since this money was allocated to the states to distribute, some localities assessed black families as needing less money than white families. These low grant levels made it impossible for African American mothers to not work: one requirement of the program.[21] Some states also excluded children born out of wedlock, an exclusion which affected African American women more than white women.[22] One study determined that 14.4% of eligible white individuals received funding, but only 1.5 percent of eligible black individuals received these benefits.[16]", "Social Security System (Philippines) However, its implementation was delayed by objections made by business and labor groups. It was only in 1957, that amendatory bills were presented in Congress creating the RA 1792, amending the original Social Security Act.", "History of Social Security in the United States Most women and minorities were excluded from the benefits of unemployment insurance and old age pensions.[11] Job categories that were not covered by the act included workers in agricultural labor, domestic service, government employees, and many teachers, nurses, hospital employees, librarians, and social workers.[12] The act also denied coverage to individuals who worked intermittently.[13] These jobs were dominated by women and minorities. For example, women made up 90 percent of domestic labor in 1940 and two-thirds of all employed black women were in domestic service.[14] Exclusions exempted nearly half of the working population.[13] Nearly two-thirds of all African Americans in the labor force, 70 to 80 percent in some areas in the South, and just over half of all women employed were not covered by Social Security.[15][16] At the time, the NAACP protested the Social Security Act, describing it as \"a sieve with holes just big enough for the majority of Negroes to fall through.\"[16]", "Identity documents in the United States Identity documents in the United States are typically the regional state-issued drivers license or identity card, while also the Social Security card (or just the Social Security number) and the United States Passport Card may serve as national identification. The United States passport itself also may serve as identification. However there is no official \"national identity card\" in the United States, in the sense that there is no federal agency with nationwide jurisdiction that directly issues an identity document to all US citizens for mandatory regular use." ]	[ "Social Security number Before 1986, people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14,[7] since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income.[8] The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction.[9] Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents.[10] In 1988, the threshold was lowered to 2 years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old.[11] Today, an SSN is required regardless of the child's age to receive an exemption.[citation needed] Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth; today, it can be done on the application for a birth certificate.[12]" ]
test2657	jonny cash one piece at a time car	[ "doc91108", "doc91109" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc91107", "doc91113", "doc91108", "doc91109", "doc925677", "doc925584", "doc925583", "doc925592", "doc91110", "doc91112", "doc91111", "doc925635", "doc925647", "doc925660", "doc925637", "doc1660319", "doc925653", "doc925650", "doc925675", "doc925582", "doc1650416", "doc925597", "doc925606", "doc925594", "doc925642", "doc925626", "doc925638", "doc925631", "doc2498567", "doc925689", "doc2495246", "doc925641", "doc925663", "doc925596", "doc1381770", "doc925636", "doc925610", "doc925599", "doc2156114", "doc925595", "doc104360", "doc925587", "doc925673", "doc925643", "doc925609", "doc925600", "doc2522459", "doc925691", "doc925591", "doc925676", "doc1381767", "doc925684", "doc532440", "doc925611", "doc1381772", "doc831166", "doc104351", "doc925640", "doc925655", "doc925674", "doc925654", "doc2522463", "doc925613", "doc925679", "doc925681", "doc2522469", "doc925646", "doc925607", "doc925648", "doc925667", "doc925608", "doc2522467", "doc925603", "doc925652", "doc925625", "doc925678", "doc925615", "doc104357", "doc247043", "doc925671", "doc1381771", "doc925601", "doc925590", "doc925690", "doc102715", "doc2161556", "doc2156116", "doc925685", "doc571530", "doc2471298", "doc2161553", "doc925586", "doc1160231", "doc925658", "doc925662", "doc557177", "doc2522465", "doc590744", "doc925657", "doc102716" ]	[ "One Piece at a Time \"One Piece at a Time\" is a country novelty song written by Wayne Kemp[1] and recorded by Johnny Cash and the Tennessee Three in 1976. It was the last song performed by Cash to reach number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and the last of Cash's songs to reach the Billboard Hot 100, on which it peaked at number 29.[2]", "One Piece at a Time The song is in a moderate tempo in the key of F major, with a main chord pattern of F-B♭-C7-F. The verses are done in a talking blues style; Cash had used a similar spoken-word format and chord progression in his earlier hit \"A Boy Named Sue.\"[3]", "One Piece at a Time The singer leaves his home in Kentucky in 1949 to pursue work at General Motors in Detroit, Michigan. He installs wheels on Cadillacs, watching each one roll by day after day on the assembly line, knowing that he will never be able to afford one of his own.", "One Piece at a Time Beginning almost immediately, the singer and a co-worker decide to \"steal\" a Cadillac by way of using their assembly line jobs to obtain the parts via salami slicing. He takes the small parts home hidden in his unusually large lunch box; larger parts are smuggled out in his co-worker's motorhome.", "Johnny Cash JC Unit One, Johnny Cash's private tour bus from 1980 until 2003, was put on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, in 2007. The museum offers public tours of the bus on a seasonal basis (it is stored during the winter months and not exhibited during those times).[137]", "Johnny Cash Much of Cash's music contained themes of sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption, especially in the later stages of his career.[4][12] His other signature songs include \"I Walk the Line\", \"Ring of Fire\", \"Get Rhythm\", and \"Man in Black\". He also recorded humorous numbers like \"One Piece at a Time\" and \"A Boy Named Sue\"; a duet with his future wife, June Carter, called \"Jackson\" (followed by many further duets after their marriage); and railroad songs including \"Hey, Porter\", \"Orange Blossom Special\", and \"Rock Island Line\".[13] During the last stage of his career, Cash covered songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably \"Hurt\" by Nine Inch Nails and \"Personal Jesus\" by Depeche Mode.", "Johnny Cash Cash was known for his deep, calm bass-baritone voice;[a][5] the distinctive sound of his Tennessee Three backing band, which is characterized by train-sound guitar rhythms; a rebelliousness[6][7] coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor;[4] free prison concerts;[8][9] and a trademark, all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname \"The Man in Black.\"[b] He traditionally began his concerts by simply introducing himself, \"Hello, I'm Johnny Cash,\"[c] followed by his signature song \"Folsom Prison Blues\".", "Johnny Cash Cash met singer June Carter, of the famed Carter Family while on tour, and the two became infatuated with each other. In 1968, 13 years after they first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, Cash proposed to June, during a live performance in London, Ontario.[36] The couple married on March 1, 1968, in Franklin, Kentucky. They had one child together, John Carter Cash, born March 3, 1970.", "One Piece at a Time The process of accumulating all the necessary parts turns out to take at least 25 years (the newest part mentioned, the engine, is from 1973), but once they have what they think is a complete car, they attempt to assemble the pieces. Because automakers inevitably make numerous changes to their models, designs and parts over the course of a quarter-century, the result was a hodgepodge of parts from different years and models that did not fit together well (the bolt holes disappear when attempting to fit the engine with a 1953 transmission, there was only one right headlight and two left headlights, and they only had one tail fin).", "One Piece at a Time The song ends with a CB radio conversation between the singer and a truck driver inquiring about the \"psychobilly Cadillac\", in which the singer replies, \"you might say I went right up to the factory and picked it up; it's cheaper that way\".", "One Piece at a Time Despite these problems, the singer and his co-worker get the car in proper working condition. The singer's wife is surprised at the outcome, but wants a ride in it anyway. Townspeople began laughing at the singer's unique car as he takes it to have it registered. However, the folks at the courthouse were not as pleased — it took the \"whole staff\" to type up the vehicle title, which ended up weighing 60 pounds (27 kg).", "Johnny Cash In the mid-1970s, Cash's popularity and number of hit songs began to decline. He made commercials for Amoco and STP, an unpopular enterprise at the time of the 1970s energy crisis. In 1976 he made commercials for Lionel Trains, for which he also wrote the music.[78] However, his first autobiography, Man in Black, was published in 1975 and sold 1.3Â million copies. A second, Cash: The Autobiography, appeared in 1997.", "Johnny Cash In 1984, Cash released a self-parody recording titled \"Chicken in Black,\" about Cash's brain being transplanted into a chicken and Cash receiving a bank robber's brain in return. Biographer Robert Hilburn, in the 2013-published Johnny Cash: The Life disputes the claim made that Cash chose to record an intentionally poor song in protest of Columbia's treatment of him. On the contrary, Hilburn writes, it was Columbia that presented Cash with the song, which Cash – who had previously scored major chart hits with comedic material such as \"A Boy Named Sue\" and \"One Piece at a Time\" – accepted enthusiastically, performing the song live on stage and filming a comedic music video in which he dresses up in a superhero-like bank robber costume. According to Hilburn, Cash's enthusiasm for the song waned after Waylon Jennings told Cash he looked \"like a buffoon\" in the music video (which was showcased during Cash's 1984 Christmas TV special), and Cash subsequently demanded that Columbia withdraw the music video from broadcast and recall the single from stores—interrupting its bona fide chart success—and termed the venture \"a fiasco.\"[88]", "Johnny Cash Cash continued to record until shortly before his death. His final recordings were made on August 21, 2003, and consisted of \"Like the 309\", which appeared on American V: A Hundred Highways in 2006, and the final song he completed, \"Engine 143\", which was recorded for his son John Carter Cash for a planned Carter Family tribute album.[100]", "Johnny Cash Cash and June Carter Cash appeared several times on the Billy Graham Crusade TV specials, and Cash continued to include gospel and religious songs on many of his albums, though Columbia declined to release A Believer Sings the Truth, a gospel double-LP Cash recorded in 1979 and which ended up being released on an independent label even with Cash still under contract to Columbia. On November 22, 1974, CBS ran his one-hour TV special entitled \"Riding The Rails\", a musical history of trains.", "Dang Me Newly signed with the Mercury Records subsidiary Smash Records,[2] Miller gathered on January 10-11, 1964, with music producer Jerry Kennedy, music arranger Bill Justis, and session musicians Ray Edenton and Harold Bradley (guitars), Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins (piano), Bob Moore (bass), and Buddy Harman (drums) at the Quonset Hut Studio on Nashville, Tennessee's Music Row.[3] On the second day, they recorded a run-through of \"Dang Me,\" with Miller giving rehearsal direction (such as \"one more time\" at the end of the first chorus). The run-through was the final version released to radio. Miller, in his official biography, recalled writing the song in four minutes in a Phoenix, Arizona hotel room. Johnny Cash in his last major interview would claim Miller wrote the song at the Joshua Tree[which?] in California when Miller got out of the car with pen and paper to go write the song. Cash asked Miller what he was doing to which Miller replied \"I'm writing a song. You can't come look.\"[4]", "Johnny Cash Although no longer sought after by major labels, he was offered a contract with producer Rick Rubin's American Recordings label, which had recently been rebranded from Def American, under which name it was better known for rap and hard rock. Under Rubin's supervision, he recorded American Recordings (1994) in his living room, accompanied only by his Martin Dreadnought guitar – one of many Cash played throughout his career.[93] The album featured covers of contemporary artists selected by Rubin including \"Down There by the Train\" by Tom Waits. The album had a great deal of critical and commercial success, winning a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album. Cash wrote that his reception at the 1994 Glastonbury Festival was one of the highlights of his career. This was the beginning of a decade of music industry accolades and commercial success. He teamed up with Brooks & Dunn to contribute \"Folsom Prison Blues\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. On the same album, he performed the Bob Dylan favorite \"Forever Young.\"", "Johnny Cash In 1986, Cash returned to Sun Studios in Memphis to team up with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins to create the album Class of '55; according to Hilburn, Columbia still had Cash under contract at the time, so special arrangements had to be made to allow him to participate.[90] Also in 1986, Cash published his only novel, Man in White, a book about Saul and his conversion to become the Apostle Paul. He recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete New Testament in 1990.", "Johnny Cash The Johnny Cash Museum, located in one of Cash's properties in Hendersonville until 2006, dubbed the House of Cash, was sold based on Cash's will. Prior to this, having been closed for a number of years, the museum had been featured in Cash's music video for \"Hurt.\" The house subsequently burned down during the renovation by the new owner. A new museum, founded by Shannon and Bill Miller, opened April 26, 2013, in downtown Nashville.[135]", "Johnny Cash John R. Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and author.[1] He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide.[2][3] Although primarily remembered as a country music icon, his genre-spanning songs and sound embraced rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame.", "Johnny & June (song) A music video, directed by Eric Welch, was released in August 2008. The video begins with Newfield wearing a white dress, as she performs on stage inside an empty auditorium. She is then shown sitting on the hood of a black Cadillac. During the chorus, she is surrounded by flames while dressed in black, a reference to Cash's \"Ring of Fire\".[3]", "Johnny Cash In 1958 Cash left Phillips to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records. His single \"Don't Take Your Guns to Town\" became one of his biggest hits, and he recorded a collection of gospel songs for his second album for Columbia. But Cash left behind a sufficient backlog of recordings with Sun that Phillips continued to release new singles and albums from, featuring previously unreleased material until as late as 1964. Cash was in the unusual position of having new releases out on two labels concurrently. Sun's 1960 release, a cover of \"Oh Lonesome Me\", made it to No. 13 on the C&W charts.", "Johnny Cash Although Cash cultivated a romantic outlaw image, he never served a prison sentence. Despite landing in jail seven times for misdemeanors, he stayed only one night on each stay. On May 11, 1965, he was arrested in Starkville, Mississippi, for trespassing late at night onto private property to pick flowers. (He used this to write the song \"Starkville City Jail\", which he discussed on his live At San Quentin album.)[50] While on tour that year, he was arrested October 4 in El Paso, Texas, by a narcotics squad. The officers suspected he was smuggling heroin from Mexico, but found instead 688 Dexedrine capsules (amphetamines) and 475 Equanil (sedatives or tranquilizers) tablets that the singer had hidden inside his guitar case. Because the pills were prescription drugs rather than illegal narcotics, he received a suspended sentence.[citation needed]", "Johnny Cash In 1954, Cash and Vivian moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he sold appliances while studying to be a radio announcer. At night he played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant. Perkins and Grant were known as the Tennessee Two. Cash worked up the courage to visit the Sun Records studio, hoping to get a recording contract. He auditioned for Sam Phillips by singing mostly gospel songs, only to learn from the producer that he no longer recorded gospel music. It was once rumored that Phillips told Cash to \"go home and sin, then come back with a song I can sell\", although in a 2002 interview Cash denied that Phillips made any such comment.[38] Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style. In 1955, Cash made his first recordings at Sun, \"Hey Porter\" and \"Cry! Cry! Cry!\", which were released in late June and met with success on the country hit parade.", "Johnny Cash In 1980, Cash became the Country Music Hall of Fame's youngest living inductee at age 48. But during the 1980s, his records failed to make a major impact on the country charts, although he continued to tour successfully. In the mid-1980s, he recorded and toured with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson as The Highwaymen, making three hit albums which were released beginning with the originally titled \"Highwayman\" in 1985, followed by \"Highwaymen 2\" in 1990, and concluding with \"Highwaymen – The Road Goes on forever\" in 1995.", "Johnny Cash From 1969 to 1971, Cash starred in his own television show, The Johnny Cash Show, on the ABC network. Produced by Screen Gems, the show was performed at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. The Statler Brothers opened up for him in every episode; the Carter Family and rockabilly legend Carl Perkins were also part of the regular show entourage. Cash also enjoyed booking mainstream performers as guests; including Neil Young, Louis Armstrong, Neil Diamond, Kenny Rogers and The First Edition (who appeared four times), James Taylor, Ray Charles, Roger Miller, Roy Orbison, Derek and the Dominos, and Bob Dylan. During the same period, he contributed the title song and other songs to the film Little Fauss and Big Halsey, which starred Robert Redford, Michael J. Pollard, and Lauren Hutton. The title song, \"The Ballad of Little Fauss and Big Halsey,\" written by Carl Perkins, was nominated for a Golden Globe award.", "Johnny Cash He continued to appear on television, hosting Christmas specials on CBS in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Later television appearances included a starring role in an episode of Columbo, entitled \"Swan Song\". He and June appeared in an episode of Little House on the Prairie, entitled \"The Collection\". He gave a performance as John Brown in the 1985 American Civil War television mini-series North and South. Johnny and June also appeared in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman in recurring roles.", "Johnny Cash By the early 1970s, he had crystallized his public image as \"The Man in Black.\" He regularly performed dressed all in black, wearing a long black knee-length coat. This outfit stood in contrast to the costumes worn by most of the major country acts in his day: rhinestone suits and cowboy boots. In 1971, Cash wrote the song \"Man in Black,\" to help explain his dress code:", "Outlaw country Although Johnny Cash spent most of his time in Arkansas and Tennessee, he experienced a revival of his career with the outlaw movement, especially after his live albums At Folsom Prison and At San Quentin, both of which were recorded in prisons. Cash had working relationships with Nelson, Jennings and Kris Kristofferson in his later career, culminating in the formation of The Highwaymen; the four would record and perform as a supergroup in addition to their solo careers through the late 1990s. Cash had also been on good terms with several folk counterculture figures, a fact that irked Nashville and television executives (Cash hosted a variety show from 1969 to 1971). Like the other outlaw singers, he eschewed the polished Nashville look with a somewhat ragged (especially in later years), all-black outfit that inspired Cash's nickname, the \"Man in Black.\"", "Johnny Cash Cash received multiple Country Music Association Awards, Grammys, and other awards, in categories ranging from vocal and spoken performances to album notes and videos. In a career that spanned almost five decades, during which he rose to recording industry icon status, Cash was the personification of country music to many people around the world. Cash was a musician who was not defined by a single genre. He recorded songs that could be considered rock and roll, blues, rockabilly, folk, and gospel, and exerted an influence on each of those genres.[citation needed]", "Gene Autry Johnny Cash recorded a song in 1978 about Autry called \"Who is Gene Autry?\" Cash also got Autry to sign his famous black Martin D-35 guitar, which he plays in the video of \"Hurt.\"[citation needed]", "Johnny Cash Johnny Cash was the Grand Marshal of the United States Bicentennial parade.[84] He wore a shirt from Nudie Cohn which sold for $25,000 in auction in 2010.[85] After the parade he gave a concert at the Washington monument.[86]", "Johnny Cash One of Cash's final collaborations with producer Rick Rubin, American V: A Hundred Highways, was released posthumously on July 4, 2006. The album debuted in the No.1 position on the Billboard Top 200 album chart for the week ending July 22, 2006. On February 23, 2010, three days before what would have been Cash's 78th birthday, the Cash Family, Rick Rubin, and Lost Highway Records released his second posthumous record, titled American VI: Ain't No Grave.", "Johnny Cash Cash's next record, \"Folsom Prison Blues\", made the country Top 5. His \"I Walk the Line\" became No. 1 on the country charts and entered the pop charts Top 20. \"Home of the Blues\" followed, recorded in July 1957. That same year, Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long-playing album. Although he was Sun's most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with the small label. Phillips did not want Cash to record gospel, and was paying him a 3% royalty rather than the standard rate of 5%. Presley had already left Sun, and Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis.", "Folsom Prison Blues The song was recorded at the Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee on July 30, 1955. The producer was Sam Phillips, and the musicians were Cash (vocals, guitar), Luther Perkins (guitar), and Marshall Grant (bass).[9] Like other songs recorded during his early Sun Records sessions, Cash had no drummer in the studio, but replicated the snare drum sound by inserting piece of paper (like a dollar bill) under the guitar strings and strumming the snare rhythm on his guitar. The song was released as a single with another song recorded at the same session, \"So Doggone Lonesome\". Early in 1956, both sides reached #4 on the Billboard C&W Best Sellers chart.[10]", "Johnny Cash His friendship with Billy Graham [79] led to Cash's production of a film about the life of Jesus, The Gospel Road, which Cash co-wrote and narrated. It was released in 1973. Cash viewed the film as a statement of his personal faith rather than a means of proselytizing.[80]", "Johnny Cash In early 1968, Cash had a spiritual epiphany in the Nickajack Cave. He had attempted to commit suicide while under the heavy influence of drugs. He descended deep into the cave, trying to lose himself and \"just die,\" but passed out on the floor. Utterly discouraged, he felt God's presence in his heart and struggled out of the cave (despite exhaustion) by following a faint light and slight breeze.[citation needed] To him, the incident represented his rebirth. June, Maybelle, and Ezra Carter moved into Cash's mansion for a month to help him get off drugs. Cash proposed onstage to June on February 22, 1968, at a concert at the London Gardens in London, Ontario, Canada. The couple married a week later (on March 1) in Franklin, Kentucky. She had agreed to marry Cash after he had \"cleaned up.\"[54]", "Johnny Cash Early in his career, Cash was given the teasing nickname The Undertaker by fellow artists because of his habit of wearing black clothes. He said he chose them because they were easier to keep looking clean on long tours.[39]", "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down The biggest success for the song came from the Johnny Cash performance, which had been taped live at the Ryman Auditorium during a taping of The Johnny Cash Show as part of a \"Ride This Train\" segment, with filmed background visuals showing a down and out wanderer roaming around the Public Square area of Shelbyville, Tennessee. Cash introduced the song with the following monologue:", "Johnny Cash On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips while Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting new tracks, with Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano. Cash was also in the studio and the four started an impromptu jam session. Phillips left the tapes running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, survived. They have since been released under the title Million Dollar Quartet. In Cash: the Autobiography, Cash wrote that he was the farthest from the microphone and sang in a higher pitch to blend in with Elvis.", "I Walk the Line When performing this song on record, and in later live and television appearances, Cash would place a piece of paper under the strings of his guitar towards the tuning end. As he explained during a 1990s appearance on The Nashville Network, he did this in order to simulate the sound of a snare drum, an instrument to which he did not have access during the original Sun session.", "Johnny Cash In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony established to give poor families a chance to work land that they had a chance to own as a result.[25] J.R. started working in cotton fields at the age of five, singing along with his family while working. The family farm was flooded on at least two occasions, which led him later to write the song \"Five Feet High and Rising\".[26][pageÂ needed] His family's economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs, especially those about other people facing similar difficulties. He had sympathy for the poor and working class.", "Johnny Cash In 1999, Cash received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cash No. 31 on their \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\" list[130][131] and No. 21 on their \"100 Greatest Singers\" list in 2010.[132] In 2012 Rolling Stone ranked Cash's 1968 live album At Folsom Prison and 1994 studio album American Recordings at No. 88[133] and No. 366[134] in its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "Johnny Cash During that period, Cash appeared in a number of television films. In 1981, he starred in The Pride of Jesse Hallam, winning fine reviews for a film that called attention to adult illiteracy. In the same year, Cash appeared as a \"very special guest star\" in an episode of the Muppet Show. In 1983, he appeared as a heroic sheriff in Murder in Coweta County, based on a real-life Georgia murder case, which co-starred Andy Griffith as his nemesis and featured June Carter in a small but important role. Cash had tried for years to make the film, for which he won acclaim.", "Johnny Cash Cash was last arrested in 1967 in Walker County, Georgia, after police found he was carrying a bag of prescription pills and was in a car accident. Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy, who turned the money down. The singer was jailed for the night in LaFayette, Georgia. Sheriff Ralph Jones released him after giving him a long talk, warning him about the danger of his behavior and wasted potential. Cash credited that experience with helping him turn around and save his life. He later returned to LaFayette to play a benefit concert; it attracted 12,000 people (the city population was less than 9,000 at the time) and raised $75,000 for the high school.[52] Reflecting on his past in a 1997 interview, Cash noted: \"I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me.\"[53]", "Johnny Cash In the early 1960s, Cash toured with the Carter Family, which by this time regularly included Mother Maybelle's daughters, Anita, June, and Helen. June later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours. In the 1960s, he appeared on Pete Seeger's short-lived television series Rainbow Quest.[40] He also acted in and wrote and sang the opening theme for a 1961 film entitled Five Minutes to Live, later re-released as Door-to-door Maniac.", "The Johnny Cash Show (TV series) The Johnny Cash Show is an American television music variety show hosted by Johnny Cash. The Screen Gems 58-episode series ran from June 7, 1969 to March 31, 1971 on ABC; it was taped at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee. The show reached No. 17 in the Nielsen ratings in 1970.[1]", "Johnny Cash His contributions to the genre have been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.[148] Cash received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1996 and stated that his induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 was his greatest professional achievement. In 2001, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[149] \"Hurt\" was nominated for six VMAs at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. The only VMA the video won was that for Best Cinematography. With the video, Johnny Cash became the oldest artist ever nominated for an MTV Video Music Award.[150] Justin Timberlake, who won Best Video that year for \"Cry Me a River,\" said in his acceptance speech: \"This is a travesty! I demand a recount. My grandfather raised me on Johnny Cash, and I think he deserves this more than any of us in here tonight.\"[151]", "Johnny Cash On July 18, 1951, while in Air Force training, Cash met 17-year-old Vivian Liberto at a roller skating rink in her native San Antonio, Texas. They dated for three weeks until Cash was deployed to Germany for a three-year tour. During that time, the couple exchanged hundreds of pages of love letters.[35] On August 7, 1954, one month after his discharge, they were married at St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church in San Antonio. The ceremony was performed by her uncle, Vincent Liberto. They had four daughters: Rosanne, Kathy, Cindy, and Tara. In 1961, Johnny moved his family to a hilltop home overlooking Casitas Springs, California, a small town south of Ojai on Highway 33. He had previously moved his parents to the area to run a small trailer park called The Johnny Cash Trailer Park. Johnny's drinking led to several run-ins with local law enforcement. Liberto later said that she had filed for divorce in 1966 because of Cash's severe drug and alcohol abuse, as well as constant touring, affairs with other women, and his close relationship with June Carter. Their four daughters were then raised by their mother.", "Johnny Cash On November 2â€“4, 2007, the Johnny Cash Flower Pickin' Festival was held in Starkville, Mississippi, where Cash had been arrested more than 40 years earlier and held overnight at the city jail on May 11, 1965. The incident inspired Cash to write the song \"Starkville City Jail\". The festival, where he was offered a symbolic posthumous pardon, honored Cash's life and music and was expected to become an annual event.[136]", "Folsom Prison Blues \"Folsom Prison Blues\" is a song written in 1953[4] and first recorded in 1955 by American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash. The song combines elements from two popular folk styles, the train song and the prison song, both of which Cash continued to use for the rest of his career. It was one of Cash's signature songs. It was the eleventh track on his debut album With His Hot and Blue Guitar and it was also included (same version) on All Aboard the Blue Train. A live version, recorded among inmates at Folsom State Prison itself, became a #1 hit on the country music charts in 1968. In June 2014, Rolling Stone ranked if No. 51 on its list of the 100 greatest country songs of all time.[5]", "Johnny Cash Johnny Cash's boyhood home in Dyess, Arkansas was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 2018 as \"Farm No. 266, Johnny Cash Boyhood Home.\"[25]", "Hot Rod Lincoln Ryan's original rockabilly version of the song was released in 1955 through Souvenir Records under the artist name Charley Ryan and the Livingston Bros.[1] A second version was released in 1959 through Four Star Records, credited to Charlie Ryan and the Timberline Riders.[2] Ryan based the description of the eponymous car on his own hot rod, built from a 1948 12-cylinder Lincoln chassis shortened two feet, with a 1930 Ford Model A body fitted to it.[citation needed] Ryan raced his hot rod against a Cadillac sedan driven by a friend in Lewiston, Idaho, driving up the Spiral Highway (former U.S. Route 95 in Idaho) to the top of Lewiston Hill; he incorporated elements from this race in his lyrics to \"Hot Rod Lincoln\", but changed the setting to Grapevine Hill (a long, nearly straight grade up Grapevine Canyon to Tejon Pass, near the town of Gorman, California) to fit it within the narrative of \"Hot Rod Race\".[citation needed]", "Johnny Cash Cash's journey included rediscovery of his Christian faith. He took an \"altar call\" in Evangel Temple, a small church in the Nashville area, pastored by Reverend Jimmie Rodgers Snow, son of country music legend Hank Snow. But according to longtime friend Marshall Grant, Cash did not completely stop using amphetamines in 1968. It was not until 1970 that Cash ended all drug use, maintaining that for a period of seven years. Grant claims that the birth of Cash's son, John Carter Cash inspired Cash to end his dependence.", "Folsom Prison Blues Released as a single, the live version reached #1 on the country singles chart, and #32 on the Hot 100, in 1968.[10] Pitchfork Media placed this live version at number 8 on its list of \"The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s.\"[11] The live performance of the song won Cash the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male, the first of four he won in his career, at the 1969 Grammy Awards.", "A Boy Named Sue In his autobiography, Cash wrote that he had just received the song and only read over it a couple of times. It was included in that concert to try it outâ€”he did not know the words and on the filmed recording he can be seen regularly referring to a piece of paper. Cash was surprised at how well the song went over with the audience.[6] The rough, spontaneous performance with sparse accompaniment was included in the Johnny Cash At San Quentin album, ultimately becoming one of Cash's biggest hits. According to Cash biographer Robert Hilburn, neither the British TV crew filming the concert nor his band knew he planned to perform the song; he used a lyric sheet on stage while Perkins and the band improvised the backing on the spot. While another song, \"San Quentin\", was expected to be the major new song featured in the concert and subsequent album (so much so the album includes two performances of \"San Quentin\"), \"A Boy Named Sue\" ended up being the concert's major find.[7]", "I Walk the Line \"I Walk the Line\" is a song written and recorded in 1956 by Johnny Cash. After three attempts with moderate chart ratings, it became Cash's first number one hit on the Billboard charts. It reached number 17 on the US pop charts. It remained on the record charts for over 43 weeks, and sold over 2 million copies.[4] It has also been used on many LP's released from Sun Records, such as With His Hot and Blue Guitar, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous, and Sings Hank Williams. It was the title song for a 1970 film starring Gregory Peck.", "Johnny Cash When invited to perform at the White House for the first time in 1970,[81] Richard Nixon's office requested that he play \"Okie from Muskogee\" (a satirical Merle Haggard song about people who despised youthful drug users and war protesters), \"Welfare Cadillac\" (a Guy Drake song which denies the integrity of welfare recipients), and \"A Boy Named Sue.\" Cash declined to play the first two and instead selected other songs, including \"The Ballad of Ira Hayes\" (about a brave Native American World War II veteran who was mistreated upon his return to Arizona), and his own compositions, \"What Is Truth\" and \"Man in Black\". Cash wrote that the reasons for denying Nixon's song choices were not knowing them and having fairly short notice to rehearse them, rather than any political reason.[26][pageÂ needed] However, Cash added, even if Nixon's office had given Cash enough time to learn and rehearse the songs, their choice of pieces that conveyed \"anti-hippie and anti-black\" sentiments might have backfired.[82] In his remarks when introducing Cash, Nixon joked that one thing he'd learned about the singer was one didn't tell him what to sing.[83]", "Johnny Cash In 1996, Cash enlisted the accompaniment of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and released Unchained (also known as American Recordings II), which won the Best Country Album Grammy in 1998. The album was produced by Rick Rubin with Sylvia Massy engineering and mixing. A majority of \"Unchained\" was recorded at Sound City Studios and featured guest appearances by Lindsay Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, and Marty Stuart. Believing he did not explain enough of himself in his 1975 autobiography Man in Black, he wrote Cash: The Autobiography in 1997.", "Johnny Cash The main street in Hendersonville, Tennessee, Highway 31E, is known as \"Johnny Cash Parkway.\"[citation needed]", "Johnny Cash Cash and his wife appeared on a number of episodes of the television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. He also lent his voice for a cameo role in The Simpsons episode \"El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)\", as the \"Space Coyote\" that guides Homer Simpson on a spiritual quest.", "The Johnny Cash Show (TV series) The show was recorded at Nashville's Ryman Auditorium, then home of the Grand Ole Opry.[1] The show was conceived by Bill Carruthers, who also served as executive producer and director for the first season. Stan Jacobson was also a producer on the show. Myles Harmon was the program executive for ABC Television. The first show featured Joni Mitchell, Cajun fiddler Doug Kershaw, Fannie Flagg as a comic, and Bob Dylan.", "Johnny Cash Cash began performing concerts at prisons starting in the late 1950s. He played his first famous prison concert on January 1, 1958, at San Quentin State Prison.[58] These performances led to a pair of highly successful live albums, Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) and Johnny Cash at San Quentin (1969). Both live albums reached number 1 on Billboard country album music and the latter crossed over to reach the top of the Billboard pop album chart. In 1969 Cash became an international hit when he eclipsed even the Beatles by selling 6.5Â million albums.[59] In comparison, the prison concerts were much more successful than his later live albums such as Strawberry Cake recorded in London and Live at Madison Square Garden, which peaked at #33 and #39 on the album charts respectively.", "Johnny Cash On October 14, 2014, The City of Folsom unveiled Phase 1 of the Johnny Cash Trail to the public with a dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Roseanne Cash. Along the trail, eight larger-than-life public art pieces will tell the story of Johnny Cash, his connection to Folsom Prison, and his epic musical career. The Johnny Cash Trail features art selected by a committee that included Cindy Cash, a 2-acre (0.81 ha) Legacy Park, and over 3 miles (4.8 km) of multi-use Class-I bike trail. The artists responsible for the sculptures are Sacramento-based Romo Studios, LLC and the Fine Art Studio of Rotblatt Amrany, from Illinois.[139]", "Johnny Cash In 2016, the Nashville Sounds Minor League Baseball team added the \"Country Legends Race\" to its between-innings entertainment. At the middle of the fifth inning, people in oversized foam caricature costumes depicting Cash, as well as George Jones, Reba McEntire, and Dolly Parton, race around the warning track at First Tennessee Park from center field to the home plate side of the first base dugout.[140]", "The Johnny Cash Show (TV series) In 1976, CBS ran a revival of the show, Johnny Cash and Friends, as a replacement series for four weeks from August 29 to September 20, 1976.[3] The new show was taped at the newly constructed Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville.[4] Aside from musical performances, this series also featured a greater emphasis on comedy, with Steve Martin and Jim Varney appearing as regulars, and with June Carter Cash performing several comedy routines as \"Aunt Polly\" (reviving a character she had performed early in her career).", "Johnny Cash Cash's recording career and his general relationship with the Nashville establishment were at an all-time low in the 1980s. He realized that his record label of nearly 30 years, Columbia, was growing indifferent to him and was not properly marketing him (he was \"invisible\" during that time, as he said in his autobiography).", "Johnny Cash In this period of the mid-1960s, Cash released a number of concept albums. His Bitter Tears (1964) was devoted to spoken word and songs addressing the plight of Native Americans and mistreatment by the government. While initially reaching charts, this album met with resistance from some fans and radio stations, which rejected its controversial take on social issues. The album was considered lost until the early 21st century. In 2011 a book was published about it, leading to a re-recording of the songs by contemporary artists and the making of a documentary film about Cash's efforts with the album. This film was aired on PBS in February and November 2016. His Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965) was an experimental double record, mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash's spoken narration.", "Johnny Cash Between 1981 and 1984, he recorded several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill (who also produced \"Chicken in Black\") which were shelved; they would be released by Columbia's sister label, Legacy Recordings, in 2014 as Out Among the Stars.[89] Around this time, Cash also recorded an album of gospel recordings that ended up being released by another label around the time of his departure from Columbia (this due to Columbia closing down its Priority Records division that was to have released the recordings).", "Johnny Cash In the mid-seventies, Cash and his wife, June, completed a course of study in the Bible through Christian International Bible College.[56]:66 Cash often performed at Billy Graham Crusades. At a Tallahassee Crusade in 1986, June and Johnny sang his song, \"One of These Days I'm Gonna Sit Down And Talk To Paul.\" [115] At a notable performance in Arkansas in 1989, Johnny Cash spoke to attendees of his commitment to the salvation of drug dealers and alcoholics. He then sang, \"Family Bible.\" [116]", "Johnny Cash Reaching a low with his severe drug addiction and destructive behavior, Cash was divorced from his first wife and had performances cancelled. But, he continued to find success. In 1967, Cash's duet with June Carter, \"Jackson,\" won a Grammy Award.[51]", "The Johnny Cash Show (TV series) One unusual taping occurred in 1971. Cash began the program assuming it was a regular episode. Moments after Cash greeted the audience, June Carter Cash came on stage and said she had a special guest. Ralph Edwards then joined the two on stage; as the audience erupted in a standing ovation, Cash realized that it was actually a taping for an installment of This is Your Life honoring him.", "Johnny Cash Although he was in many ways spiraling out of control, Cash could still deliver hits due to his frenetic creativity. His rendition of \"Ring of Fire\" was a crossover hit, reaching No. 1 on the country charts and entering the Top 20 on the pop charts. It was originally performed by June's sister, but the signature mariachi-style horn arrangement was provided by Cash.[42] He said that it had come to him in a dream. Vivian Liberto claimed a different version of the origins of \"Ring of Fire.\" In her book, I Walked the Line: My Life with Johnny, Liberto says that Cash gave Carter the credit for monetary reasons.[43]", "Johnny Cash His career was rejuvenated in the 1990s, leading to popularity with an audience which was not traditionally considered interested in country music. In 1988, British post-punk musicians Marc Riley (formerly of the Fall) and Jon Langford (the Mekons) put together 'Til Things Are Brighter, a tribute album featuring mostly British-based indie-rock acts' interpretations of Cash's songs. Cash was enthusiastic about the project, telling Langford that it was a \"morale booster\": Roseanne Cash later said \"he felt a real connection with those musicians and very validated... It was very good for him: he was in his element. He absolutely understood what they were tapping into, and loved it\". The album attracted press attention on both sides of the Atlantic.[91] In 1991, he sang a version of \"Man in Black\" for the Christian punk band One Bad Pig's album I Scream Sunday. In 1993, he sang \"The Wanderer\" on U2's album Zooropa which was the closing track. According to Rolling Stone writer, Adam Gold,\"The Wanderer\" â€“ written for Cash by Bono, \"defies both the U2 and Cash canons, combining rhythmic and textural elements of Nineties synth-pop with a Countrypolitan lament fit for the closing credits of a Seventies western.\".[92]", "Johnny Cash In 1970, Cash recorded a reading of John G. Burnett's 1890 80th birthday essay [72] on Cherokee removal for the Historical Landmarks Association (Nashville).[73]", "Johnny Cash A limited-edition Forever stamp honoring Cash went on sale June 5, 2013. The stamp features a promotional picture of Cash taken around the 1963 release of \"Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash. The Undertaker used Cash's version of \"Ain't No Grave\" at WrestleMania XXVII as his entrance theme.[138]", "Johnny Cash Cash performed at the Österåker Prison in Sweden in 1972. The live album På Österåker (\"At Österåker\") was released in 1973. \"San Quentin\" was recorded with Cash replacing \"San Quentin\" with \"Österåker\". In 1976, a further prison concert, this time at Tennessee Prison, was videotaped for TV broadcast and received a belated CD release after Cash's death as A Concert Behind Prison Walls.", "I Walk the Line The song was re-recorded four times during Cash's career. In 1964 for the I Walk the Line album, again in 1969 for the At San Quentin album (a live performance), in 1970 for the I Walk the Line soundtrack, and finally in 1988 for the Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series album. Additional live performances have been released since Cash's death, along with a demo version recorded prior to the formal 1956 recording session that was released on Bootleg Vol. II: From Memphis to Hollywood (Columbia/Legacy) in 2011.", "The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song) While Johnny Cash's cover of \"You Are My Sunshine\" plays quietly in the background, the woman's older self now sports a dark conservative long-sleeved dress and is revealed to have driven to that same spot where the boyfriend had died. She walks up to the edge of the cliff and leans against a fence when the boyfriend (either a ghost or a hallucination) appears before her on the other side of the fence. The two hold hands, revealing matching tattoos on their hands. When the older woman snaps back to reality, the Johnny Cash music stops suddenly and the boyfriend vanishes. Saddened, the elderly woman turns back and silently walks away from the cliff as the screen fades to black.", "Johnny Cash Cash nurtured and defended artists (such as Bob Dylan[42]) on the fringes of what was acceptable in country music even while serving as the country music establishment's most visible symbol. At an all-star concert which aired in 1999 on TNT, a diverse group of artists paid him tribute, including Dylan, Chris Isaak, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, Dom DeLuise, and U2. Cash himself appeared at the end and performed for the first time in more than a year. Two tribute albums were released shortly before his death; Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists, while Dressed in Black contains works from many lesser-known musicians. In total, he wrote over 1,000 songs and released dozens of albums. A box set titled Unearthed was issued posthumously. It included four CDs of unreleased material recorded with Rubin as well as a Best of Cash on American retrospective CD. The set also includes a 104-page book that discusses each track and features one of Cash's final interviews.[127]", "Folsom Prison Blues Cash opened most all of his concerts with \"Folsom Prison Blues,\" after greeting the audience with his trademark introduction, \"Hello, I'm Johnny Cash,\" for decades. Cash performed the song at Folsom Prison itself on January 13, 1968, and this version was eventually released on the At Folsom Prison album the same year. That opening version of the song is more up-tempo than the original Sun recording. According to Michael Streissguth, the cheering from the audience following the line \"But I shot a man in Reno / just to watch him die\" was added in post-production. A special on the Walk the Line DVD indicates that the prisoners were careful not to cheer at any of Cash's comments about the prison itself, fearing reprisal from guards. The performance again featured Cash, Perkins and Grant, as on the original recording, together with Al Casey (guitar) and W.S. Holland (drums).[9]", "Johnny Cash Cash's career was handled by Saul Holiff, a London, Ontario, promoter. Their relationship was the subject of Saul's son's biopic My Father and the Man in Black.[41]", "Johnny Cash Cash enlisted in the United States Air Force on July 7, 1950.[29] After basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and technical training at Brooks Air Force Base, both in San Antonio, Texas, Cash was assigned to the 12th Radio Squadron Mobile of the U.S. Air Force Security Service at Landsberg, Germany, as a Morse Code operator intercepting Soviet Army transmissions.[30] It was there he created his first band, named \"The Landsberg Barbarians\".[31] He was honorably discharged as a staff sergeant on July 3, 1954, and returned to Texas.[32] During his military service, he acquired a distinctive scar on the right side of his jaw as a result of surgery to remove a cyst.[33][34]", "Johnny Cash His diversity was evidenced by his presence in five major music halls of fame: the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame (1977), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1980), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1992), GMA's Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2010) and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame (2013).[146][147] Cash was the only country music artist inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a \"performer\", unlike the other country members, who were inducted as \"early influences\".[citation needed]", "Walk the Line In 1944, Johnny, then known as J.R., is raised on a cotton farm in Dyess, Arkansas with his brother Jack, father Ray, and mother Carrie. J.R. is known for his singing of hymns, while his brother Jack trains himself to become a pastor. While Jack is sawing wood for a neighbor with a table saw, J.R. goes fishing until he is spotted and reprimanded by his father for wandering off. Both J.R. and Ray return home to see Jack dying after being severely injured by the saw in an accident. In 1950, J.R. enlists in the Air Force as Johnny Cash, and is stationed in West Germany. He purchases a guitar, and in 1952, finds solace in writing songs, one of which he develops as \"Folsom Prison Blues\".", "Jackson (Johnny Cash and June Carter song) There has been much speculation regarding which Jackson the song is about; but, according to Wheeler, \"Actually, I didnâ€™t have a specific Jackson in mind. I just liked the sharp consonant sound, as opposed to soft-sounding words like Nashville.\"[3] Though Wheeler had no particular Jackson in mind when writing the song, subsequent recordings have narrowed attributions to Jackson, Tennessee: The previous source also quotes Charlie Daniels as having recorded \"Jackson\" with these lines, \"I ain't talking 'bout Jackson, Mississippi. I'm talking 'bout Jackson, Tennessee\".[3] And, Johnny Cash is quoted in the video from the same source: \"Well, I was gonna take her down to see Carl Perkins in Jackson.\"[3] Carl Perkins lived in Jackson, Tennessee.[4]", "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down With the monologue edited off, it would appear on the soundtrack LP The Johnny Cash Show the following year, as well as being issued as a single (Columbia Records 4-45211). Cash's version won the Country Music Association Award for Song of the Year in 1970 and hit number one on the country chart.[1]", "Johnny Cash Country singer Mark Collie portrayed Cash in John Lloyd Miller's award-winning 1999 short film I Still Miss Someone.", "I Walk the Line (film) Cash re-recorded the title song for the film, and ended up with enough material for a soundtrack album. One of the songs, \"Flesh and Blood,\" even became a number one country hit in 1971.[1] The soundtrack featured three songs not heard in the film (\"This Town\", \"Face of Despair\" and \"The World's gonna Fall On You\").", "David Allan Coe After concluding another prison term in 1967, Coe embarked on a music career in Nashville, living in a hearse which he parked in front of the Ryman Auditorium. He caught the attention of the independent record label Plantation Records and signed a contract with the label.[1]", "Jackson (Johnny Cash and June Carter song) \"Jackson\" is a song written in 1963 by Billy Edd Wheeler and Jerry Leiber and first recorded by Wheeler. It is best known from two 1967 releases: a pop hit single by Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood, which reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and a country hit single by Johnny Cash and June Carter, which reached number two on the Billboard Country Singles chart and has become more appreciated by non-country audiences in recent years as a result of Cash's continued popularity and its use in the 2011 film The Help. The song is about a married couple who find (according to the lyrics) that the \"fire\" has gone out of their relationship. The song relates the desire of both partners to travel to Jackson where they each expect to be welcomed as someone far better suited to the city's lively night life than the other is.", "Johnny Cash At birth, Cash was named J. R. Cash.[24] When Cash enlisted in the United States Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed his name to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he started going by Johnny Cash.[7]", "Tennessee Flat Top Box Cash's daughter Rosanne Cash recorded a cover version of \"Tennessee Flat Top Box\" in 1987 on her album King's Record Shop. Released in November 1987 as that album's third single, it was also the third of four consecutive number-one country hits from that album,[4] peaking in February 1988. Randy Scruggs played the acoustic guitar solos on it.[5]", "Johnny Cash June Carter Cash died on May 15, 2003, at the age of 73.[99] June had told Cash to keep working, so he continued to record, completing 60 more songs in the last four months of his life, and even performed a couple of surprise shows at the Carter Family Fold outside Bristol, Virginia. At the July 5, 2003, concert (his last public performance), before singing \"Ring of Fire\", Cash read a statement about his late wife that he had written shortly before taking the stage:", "Johnny Cash In June 2005, Cash's lakeside home on Caudill Drive in Hendersonville was put up for sale by his estate. In January 2006, the house was sold to Bee Gees vocalist Barry Gibb and wife Linda, and titled to their Florida limited liability company for $2.3Â million. The listing agent was Cash's younger brother, Tommy. On April 10, 2007, during major renovation works carried out for Gibb, a fire broke out at the house, spreading quickly due to a flammable wood preservative that had been used. The building was completely burnt down.[103]", "Buck Owens Following the death of Rich, Owens' latter trademark was a red, white and blue acoustic guitar, along with a 1974 Pontiac convertible \"Nudiemobile\", adorned with pistols and silver dollars. A similar car, created by Nudie Cohn for Elvis Presley and later won by Owens in a bet, is now enshrined behind the bar at Owens' Crystal Palace Nightclub in Bakersfield.", "The Johnny Cash Show (TV series) Cash persisted in the face of ABC \"network anxieties\" on several occasions. He refused to cut the word \"stoned\" from Kris Kristofferson's \"Sunday Morning Coming Down\", he stood by his Christian faith \"despite network anxieties\", and persisted in bringing on Pete Seeger whose anti-Vietnam War song on another network had \"caused a firestorm\".[1] He premiered his \"Man in Black\" song on an episode taped at Nashville's Vanderbilt University campus.", "George Jones Jones married Shirley Ann Corley in 1954. His first record, the self-penned \"No Money in This Deal\", was recorded on January 19, and appeared in February on Starday Records, beginning the singer's association with producer and mentor H.W. \"Pappy\" Daily. The song was actually cut in Starday Records' co-founder Jack Starnes' living room and produced by Starnes. Jones also worked at KTRM (now KZZB) in Beaumont around this time. Deejay Gordon Baxter told Nick Tosches that Jones acquired the nickname \"possum\" while working there: \"One of the deejays there, Slim Watts, took to calling him George P. Willicker Picklepuss Possum Jones. For one thing, he cut his hair short, like a possum's belly. He had a possum's nose and stupid eyes, like a possum.\" During his early recording sessions, Daily admonished Jones for attempting to sound too much like his heroes Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell. In later years, Jones would have little good to say about the music production at Starday, recalling to NPR in 1996 that \"it was a terrible sound. We recorded in a small living room of a house on a highway near Beaumont. You could hear the trucks. We had to stop a lot of times because it wasn't soundproof, it was just egg crates nailed on the wall and the big old semi trucks would go by and make a lot of noise and we'd have to start over again.\" Jones' first hit came with \"Why Baby Why\" in 1955. That same year, while touring as a cast member of the Louisiana Hayride, Jones met and played shows with Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. \"I didn't get to know him that well,\" Jones said of Presley to Nick Tosches in 1994. \"He stayed pretty much with his friends around him in his dressing room. Nobody seemed to get around him much any length of time to talk to him.\" Jones would, however, remain a lifelong friend of Johnny Cash. Jones was invited to sing at the Grand Ole Opry in 1956.", "Johnny Cash During the last stage of his career, Cash released the albums American III: Solitary Man (2000) and American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). American IV included cover songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably \"Hurt\" by Nine Inch Nails and \"Personal Jesus\" by Depeche Mode.[95] Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails commented that he was initially skeptical about Cash's plan to cover \"Hurt\", but was later impressed and moved by the rendition.[96] The video for \"Hurt\" received critical and popular acclaim, including a Grammy award.[97][98]", "Walk the Line After his discharge, Cash returns to the United States and marries his girlfriend, Vivian Liberto. The couple moves to Memphis, Tennessee, where Cash works as a door-to-door salesman to support his growing family. He walks past a recording studio, which inspires him to organize a band to play gospel music. Cash's band auditions for Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Records. After they play \"Folsom Prison Blues\", the band receives a contract, and launch to stardom at the beginning of the rock and roll era." ]	[ "One Piece at a Time The singer leaves his home in Kentucky in 1949 to pursue work at General Motors in Detroit, Michigan. He installs wheels on Cadillacs, watching each one roll by day after day on the assembly line, knowing that he will never be able to afford one of his own.", "One Piece at a Time Beginning almost immediately, the singer and a co-worker decide to \"steal\" a Cadillac by way of using their assembly line jobs to obtain the parts via salami slicing. He takes the small parts home hidden in his unusually large lunch box; larger parts are smuggled out in his co-worker's motorhome." ]
test1440	what year is it for the jewish calendar	[ "doc51249" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc51249", "doc1979435", "doc51287", "doc51311", "doc51291", "doc1979473", "doc51392", "doc51310", "doc51393", "doc51264", "doc51325", "doc51366", "doc51326", "doc51314", "doc51245", "doc51390", "doc477149", "doc51376", "doc1733069", "doc51308", "doc51344", "doc51329", "doc51246", "doc2537100", "doc51342", "doc2400028", "doc1979471", "doc51307", "doc51371", "doc516147", "doc61463", "doc51309", "doc51266", "doc51303", "doc51288", "doc51322", "doc1064561", "doc51315", "doc51378", "doc51289", "doc51386", "doc51345", "doc51375", "doc51370", "doc51316", "doc1064563", "doc682318", "doc655140", "doc51338", "doc1064536", "doc655091", "doc51323", "doc51285", "doc51263", "doc51297", "doc51335", "doc51250", "doc2400048", "doc51290", "doc51362", "doc51274", "doc51374", "doc2400047", "doc51247", "doc51367", "doc51373", "doc930204", "doc2400096", "doc1064546", "doc51369", "doc51379", "doc51281", "doc51294", "doc51317", "doc51295", "doc1064562", "doc1979469", "doc51328", "doc51284", "doc51312", "doc51381", "doc51387", "doc51262", "doc51298", "doc1064583", "doc51301", "doc1717807", "doc51257", "doc2400073", "doc1064544", "doc2400037", "doc848721", "doc1717890", "doc2400051", "doc51313", "doc51351", "doc1802313", "doc51306", "doc51278", "doc51254" ]	[ "Hebrew calendar AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.[2]", "Year 6000 According to classical Jewish sources, the Hebrew year 6000 (from sunset of 29 September 2239[2] until nightfall of 16 September 2240[3] on the Gregorian calendar) marks the latest time for the initiation of the Messianic Age. The Talmud,[4] the Midrash,[5] and the Kabbalistic work, the Zohar,[6] state that the 'deadline' by which the Messiah must appear is 6,000 years from creation. According to tradition, the Hebrew calendar started at the time of Creation, placed at 3761 BC.[7] The current (2017/2018) Hebrew year is 5778.", "Hebrew calendar In Hebrew there are two common ways of writing the year number: with the thousands, called לפרט גדול‬ (\"major era\"), and without the thousands, called לפרט קטן‬ (\"minor era\"). Thus, the current year is written as ה'תשע\"ח ‎(5778) using the \"major era\" and תשע\"ח ‎(778) using the \"minor era\".", "Hebrew calendar The Jewish calendar is based on the Metonic cycle of 19 years, of which 12 are common (non-leap) years of 12 months and 7 are leap years of 13 months. To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. For example, the Jewish year 5778 divided by 19 results in a remainder of 2, indicating that it is year 2 of the Metonic cycle. Since there is no year 0, a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle.[43]", "Hebrew calendar According to rabbinic reckoning, the beginning of \"year 1\" is not Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month (Tishrei) to be called molad tohu (the mean new moon of chaos or nothing). The Jewish calendar's epoch (reference date), 1 Tishrei AM 1, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BC/BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah.[32] Thus, adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number starting from 1 CE (AD 1) will yield the Hebrew year. For earlier years there may be a discrepancy [see: Missing years (Jewish calendar)].", "Year 6000 The English year 2018, corresponding to the Hebrew year 5778, thus marks 12:40pm on the Millennial Friday. In Jewish law, a half-hour past midday or mincha gedola marks the time on Friday afternoon when the influence of Shabbat begins, and some authorities forbid keeping a business open past that point.[33]", "Hebrew calendar 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4/18m) later in the week, which is 932d 2h 31 2/18m or 1d 2h 31 2/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4/18m) earlier, which is 72d 21h 28 16/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula.", "Hebrew calendar For the dates of the Jewish New Year see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 or calculate using the section \"Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars\".", "Hebrew calendar So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3/18 A.M. on Friday, 14 June. Because of the displacements, it actually begins on Saturday, 15 June. Odd months have 30 days and even months 29, so the starting dates are 2, 15 July; 3, 13 August; 4, 12 September; 5, 11 October; 6, 10 November; 7, 9 December, and 8, 8 January.", "Hebrew calendar The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning that months are based on lunar months, but years are based on solar years.[12] The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty-nine or thirty days, with an intercalary lunar month added periodically to synchronize the twelve lunar cycles with the longer solar year. (These extra months are added seven times every nineteen years. See Leap months, below.) The beginning of each Jewish lunar month is based on the appearance of the new moon.[13] Although originally the new lunar crescent had to be observed and certified by witnesses,[14] the moment of the true new moon is now approximated arithmetically as the molad, which is the mean new moon to a precision of one part.", "Hebrew calendar A Metonic cycle equates to 235 lunar months in each 19-year cycle. This gives an average of 6939 days, 16 hours, and 595 parts for each cycle. But due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules (preceding section) a cycle of 19 Jewish years can be either 6939, 6940, 6941, or 6942 days in duration. Since none of these values is evenly divisible by seven, the Jewish calendar repeats exactly only following 36,288 Metonic cycles, or 689,472 Jewish years. There is a near-repetition every 247 years, except for an excess of about 50 minutes (905 parts).", "Hebrew calendar The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar is 365 days 5 hours 55 minutes and 25+25/57 seconds (365.2468 days) – computed as the molad/monthly interval of 29.530594 days × 235 months in a 19-year metonic cycle ÷ 19 years per cycle. In relation to the Gregorian calendar, the mean Gregorian calendar year is 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 12 seconds (365.2425 days), and the drift of the Hebrew calendar in relation to it is about a day every 231 years.", "Hebrew calendar The annual calendar of a numbered Hebrew year, displayed as 12 or 13 months partitioned into weeks, can be determined by consulting the table of Four gates, whose inputs are the year's position in the 19-year cycle and its molad Tishrei. The resulting type (keviyah) of the desired year in the body of the table is a triple consisting of two numbers and a letter (written left-to-right in English). The left number of each triple is the day of the week of 1 Tishrei, Rosh Hashanah (2 3 5 7); the letter indicates whether that year is deficient (D), regular (R), or complete (C), the number of days in Chesvan and Kislev; while the right number of each triple is the day of the week of 15 Nisan, the first day of Passover or Pesach (1 3 5 7), within the same Hebrew year (next Julian/Gregorian year). The keviyah in Hebrew letters are written right-to-left, so their days of the week are reversed, the right number for 1 Tishrei and the left for 15 Nisan. The year within the 19-year cycle alone determines whether that year has one or two Adars.[55][56][57][58][59]", "Hebrew calendar A simple rule for determining whether a year is a leap year has been given above. However, there is another rule which not only tells whether the year is leap but also gives the fraction of a month by which the calendar is behind the seasons, useful for agricultural purposes. To determine whether year n of the calendar is a leap year, find the remainder on dividing [(7 × n) + 1] by 19. If the remainder is 6 or less it is a leap year; if it is 7 or more it is not. For example, the remainder on dividing [(7 × 5778) + 1] by 19 is 15, so the year 5778 is not a leap year. The remainder on dividing [(7 × 5779) + 1] by 19 is 3, so the year 5779 is a leap year.[45] This works because as there are seven leap years in nineteen years the difference between the solar and lunar years increases by 7/19-month per year. When the difference goes above 18/19-month this signifies a leap year, and the difference is reduced by one month.", "Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי‬, Ha-Luah ha-Ivri) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar.", "Hebrew calendar In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4/18m later in the week.", "High Holy Days Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew: ראש השנה‎ \"Beginning of the Year\") is the Jewish New Year, and falls on the first and second days of the Jewish month of Tishrei (September/October). The Mishnah, the core work of the Jewish Oral Torah, sets this day aside as the new year for calculating calendar years and sabbatical and jubilee years.", "Hebrew calendar However, because of the holiday rules, Rosh Hashanah cannot fall on a Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday, so if TM2 is one of those days, Rosh Hashanah in year 2 is postponed by adding one day to year 1 (the second deá¸¥iyyah). To compensate, one day is subtracted from year 2. It is to allow for these adjustments that the system allows 385-day years (long leap) and 353-day years (short ordinary) besides the four natural year lengths.", "Revelation 12 Sign The Revelation 12 Sign may coincide with the High Holy Day of Rosh Hashanah on the Jewish calendar, which is also called the Feast of Trumpets. The Feast of Trumpets is the first of the Fall Feasts and its timing is traditionally based on the visibility of the new moon,[7] which in 2017 is expected to either begin on the evening of September 21st and end on the evening of the 22nd (if the 2% illuminated moon is sighted) or begin on the evening of the 22nd and end on the evening of the 23rd when the sign is fulfilled. [8] Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year celebration, in this case marking the end of the year 5777 (sometimes abbreviated to the significant number 777) and the beginning of 5778. The Feast of Trumpets in Jewish tradition is believed to be a day when the dead will be resurrected and judgement will begin[9] while Christians believe the period describes the tribulation period found in the Book of Revelation.[10]", "Hebrew calendar The 1st of Nisan is the new year for kings and feasts; the 1st of Elul is the new year for the tithe of cattle... the 1st of Tishri is the new year for years, of the years of release and jubilee years, for the planting and for vegetables; and the 1st of Shevat is the new year for trees-so the school of Shammai; and the school of Hillel say: On the 15th thereof.[42]", "Hebrew calendar The Jewish New Year (Rosh Hashanah) is a two-day public holiday in Israel. However, since the 1980s an increasing number of secular Israelis celebrate the Gregorian New Year (usually known as \"Silvester Night\"—\"ליל סילבסטר\") on the night between 31 December and 1 January. Prominent rabbis have on several occasions sharply denounced this practice, but with no noticeable effect on the secularist celebrants.[79]", "Hebrew calendar See Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050", "Hebrew calendar The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution, including a Babylonian influence. Until the Tannaitic period (approximately 10–220 CE), the calendar employed a new crescent moon, with an additional month normally added every two or three years to correct for the difference between twelve lunar months and the solar year. The year in which it was added was based on observation of natural agriculture-related events in Israel.[1] Through the Amoraic period (200–500 CE) and into the Geonic period, this system was gradually displaced by the mathematical rules used today. The principles and rules were fully codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah in the 12th century. Maimonides' work also replaced counting \"years since the destruction of the Temple\" with the modern creation-era Anno Mundi.", "Revelation 12 sign prophecy The Revelation 12 Sign may have coincided with the High Holy Day of Rosh Hashanah on the Jewish calendar, which is also called the Feast of Trumpets. The Feast of Trumpets is the first of the Fall Feasts and its timing is traditionally based on the visibility of the new moon,[9] which in 2017 is expected to either begin on the evening of September 21st and end on the evening of the 22nd (if the 2% illuminated moon is sighted) or begin on the evening of the 22nd and end on the evening of the 23rd when the sign is fulfilled. [10] Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year celebration, in this case marking the end of the year 5777 (sometimes abbreviated to the significant number 777) and the beginning of 5778. The Feast of Trumpets in Jewish tradition is believed to be a day when the dead will be resurrected and judgement will begin[11] while Christians believe the period describes the tribulation period found in the Book of Revelation.[12]", "Hebrew calendar After the creation of the State of Israel, the Hebrew calendar became one of the official calendars of Israel, along with the Gregorian calendar. Holidays and commemorations not derived from previous Jewish tradition were to be fixed according to the Hebrew calendar date. For example, the Israeli Independence Day falls on 5 Iyar, Jerusalem Reunification Day on 28 Iyar, and the Holocaust Commemoration Day on 27 Nisan.", "Jewish holidays Jewish holidays, also known as Jewish festivals or Yamim Tovim (ימים טובים, \"Good Days\", or singular יום טוב Yom Tov, in transliterated Hebrew [English: /ˈjɔːm ˈtɔːv, joʊm ˈtoʊv/]),[1] are holidays observed in Judaism and by Jews[Note 1] throughout the Hebrew calendar and include religious, cultural and national elements, derived from three sources: Biblical mitzvot (\"commandments\"); rabbinic mandates; Jewish history and the history of the State of Israel. Jewish holidays occur on the same dates every year in the Hebrew calendar, but the dates vary in the Gregorian. This is because the Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar (i.e., based on the cycles of both the sun and moon), whereas the Gregorian is a solar calendar.", "Year 6000 Given that the Jewish day begins at nightfall, the year 5750 represented 12:00pm midday on the millennial 'Friday', as per the table below.", "Hebrew calendar In fact the Jewish calendar has a multiplicity of new years for different purposes. The use of these dates has been in use for a long time. The use of multiple starting dates for a year is comparable to different starting dates for civil \"calendar years\", \"tax or fiscal years\", \"academic years\", \"religious cycles\", etc. By the time of the redaction of the Mishnah, Rosh Hashanah 1:1 (c. 200 CE), jurists had identified four new-year dates:", "Hebrew calendar No equinox or solstice will ever be more than a day or so away from its mean date according to the solar calendar, while nineteen Jewish years average 6939d 16h 33m 031⁄3s compared to the 6939d 14h 26m 15s of nineteen mean tropical years.[91] This discrepancy has mounted up to six days, which is why the earliest Passover currently falls on 26 March (as in AM 5773 / 2013 CE).", "New moon The new moon signifies the start of every Jewish month, and is considered an important date and minor holiday in the Hebrew calendar. The modern form of the calendar is a rule-based lunisolar calendar, akin to the Chinese calendar, measuring months defined in lunar cycles as well as years measured in solar cycles, and distinct from the purely lunar Islamic calendar and the predominantly solar Gregorian calendar. The Jewish calendar is calculated based on mathematical rules designed to ensure that festivals are observed in their traditional season. Passover always falls in the springtime.[20] This fixed lunisolar calendar follows rules introduced by Hillel II and refined until the ninth century This calculation makes use of a mean lunation length used by Ptolemy and handed down from Babylonians, which is still very accurate: ca. 29.530594 days vs. a present value (see below) of 29.530589 days. This difference of only 0.0000005, or five millionths of a day, adds up to about only four hours since Babylonian times.[citation needed]", "Leap year The Hebrew calendar is lunisolar with an embolismic month. This extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Bet (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years (specifically, in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19). This is to ensure that Passover (Pesah) is always in the spring as required by the Torah (Pentateuch) in many verses[13] relating to Passover.", "Hebrew calendar The month of Elul is the new year for counting animal tithes (ma'aser behemah). Tu Bishvat (\"the 15th of Shevat\") marks the new year for trees (and agricultural tithes).", "Hebrew calendar In leap years (such as 5774) an additional month, Adar I (30 days) is added after Shevat, while the regular Adar is referred to as \"Adar II.\"", "Hebrew calendar The day most commonly referred to as the \"New Year\" is 1 Tishrei, which actually begins in the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year. On that day the formal New Year for the counting of years (such as Shmita and Yovel), Rosh Hashanah (\"head of the year\") is observed. (see Ezekiel 40:1, which uses the phrase \"beginning of the year\".) This is the civil new year, and the date on which the year number advances. Certain agricultural practices are also marked from this date.[39]", "Hebrew calendar In 1178 CE, Maimonides wrote in the Mishneh Torah, Sanctification of the Moon (11.16), that he had chosen the epoch from which calculations of all dates should be as \"the third day of Nisan in this present year ... which is the year 4938 of the creation of the world\" (March 22, 1178).[27] He included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis, including the modern epochal year in his work, and beginning formal usage of the anno mundi era. From the eleventh century, anno mundi dating became dominant throughout most of the world's Jewish communities.[28][29][pageÂ needed] Today, the rules detailed in Maimonides' calendrical code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world.", "Hebrew calendar To prevent Yom Kippur (10 Tishrei) from falling on a Friday or Sunday, Rosh Hashanah (1 Tishrei) cannot fall on Wednesday or Friday. Likewise, to prevent Hoshana Rabbah (21 Tishrei) from falling on a Saturday, Rosh Hashanah cannot fall on a Sunday. This leaves only four days on which Rosh Hashanah can fall: Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, which are referred to as the \"four gates\". Each day is associated with a number (its order in the week, beginning with Sunday as day 1). Numbers in Hebrew have been traditionally denominated by Hebrew letters. Thus the keviyah uses the letters ה ,ג ,ב and ז (representing 2, 3, 5, and 7, for Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday) to denote the starting day of the year.", "Rosh Hashanah Rosh Hashanah occurs 163 days after the first day of Passover (Pesach). In terms of the Gregorian calendar, the earliest date on which Rosh Hashanah can fall is September 5, as happened in 1899 and again in 2013. The latest Gregorian date that Rosh Hashanah can occur is October 5, as happened in 1967 and will happen again in 2043. After 2089, the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Rosh Hashanah falling no earlier than September 6.[21]", "Hebrew calendar To calculate the day on which Rosh Hashanah of a given year will fall, it is necessary first to calculate the expected molad (moment of lunar conjunction or new moon) of Tishrei in that year, and then to apply a set of rules to determine whether the first day of the year must be postponed. The molad can be calculated by multiplying the number of months that will have elapsed since some (preceding) molad whose weekday is known by the mean length of a (synodic) lunar month, which is 29 days, 12 hours, and 793 parts (there are 1080 \"parts\" in an hour, so that one part is equal to 31⁄3 seconds). The very first molad, the molad tohu, fell on Sunday evening at 11.111⁄3, or in Jewish terms Day 2, 5 hours, and 204 parts.", "Hebrew calendar If year 1 is already a long ordinary year of 355 days, there will be a problem if TM1 is on a Tuesday,[94] as that means TM2 falls on a Sunday and will have to be postponed, creating a 356-day year. In this case, Rosh Hashanah in year 1 is postponed from Tuesday (the third deá¸¥iyyah). As it cannot be postponed to Wednesday, it is postponed to Thursday, and year 1 ends up with 354 days.", "Hebrew calendar Since the codification by Maimonides in 1178, the Jewish calendar has used the Anno Mundi epoch (Latin for \"in the year of the world,\" abbreviated AM or A.M., Hebrew לבריאת העולם‬), sometimes referred to as the \"Hebrew era\", to distinguish it from other systems based on some computation of creation, such as the Byzantine calendar.", "Hebrew calendar The table below lists, for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March, the civil date of the first day of each month. If the year does not begin on 23 March, each month's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March. The correct column is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row. If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first day of later months will be a day earlier than shown.", "Hebrew calendar Wall calendars commonly used in Israel are hybrids. Most are organised according to Gregorian rather than Jewish months, but begin in September, when the Jewish New Year usually falls, and provide the Jewish date in small characters.", "Hebrew calendar Secondly, one must determine the number of days between the starting Tishrei molad (TM1) and the Tishrei molad of the next year (TM2). For calendar descriptions in general the day begins at 6 p.m., but for the purpose of determining Rosh Hashanah, a molad occurring on or after noon is treated as belonging to the next day (the first deḥiyyah).[93] All months are calculated as 29d, 12h, 44m, 31⁄3s long (MonLen). Therefore, in an ordinary year TM2 occurs 12 × MonLen days after TM1. This is usually 354 calendar days after TM1, but if TM1 is on or after 3:11:20 a.m. and before noon, it will be 355 days. Similarly, in a leap year, TM2 occurs 13 × MonLen days after TM1. This is usually 384 days after TM1, but if TM1 is on or after noon and before 2:27:162⁄3 p.m., TM2 will be only 383 days after TM1. In the same way, from TM2 one calculates TM3. Thus the four natural year lengths are 354, 355, 383, and 384 days.", "Hebrew calendar The seriousness of the spring equinox drift is widely discounted on the grounds that Passover will remain in the spring season for many millennia, and the text of the Torah is generally not interpreted as having specified tight calendrical limits. Of course, the Hebrew calendar also drifts with respect to the autumn equinox, and at least part of the harvest festival of Sukkot is already more than a month after the equinox in years 1, 9, and 12 of each 19-year cycle; beginning in AM 5818 (2057 CE), this will also be the case in year 4. (These are the same year numbers as were mentioned for the spring season in the previous paragraph, except that they get incremented at Rosh Hashanah.) This progressively increases the probability that Sukkot will be cold and wet, making it uncomfortable or impractical to dwell in the traditional succah during Sukkot. The first winter seasonal prayer for rain is not recited until Shemini Atzeret, after the end of Sukkot, yet it is becoming increasingly likely that the rainy season in Israel will start before the end of Sukkot.", "Hebrew calendar In calculating the number of months that will have passed since the known molad that one uses as the starting point, one must remember to include any leap month(s) that falls within the elapsed interval, according to the cycle of leap years. A 19-year cycle of 235 synodic months has 991 weeks 2 days 16 hours 595 parts, a common year of 12 synodic months has 50 weeks 4 days 8 hours 876 parts, while a leap year of 13 synodic months has 54 weeks 5 days 21 hours 589 parts.", "Rosh Hashanah The Torah defines Rosh Hashanah as a one-day celebration, and since days in the Hebrew calendar begin at sundown, the beginning of Rosh Hashanah is at sundown at the end of 29 Elul. The rules of the Hebrew calendar are designed such that the first day of Rosh Hashanah will never occur on the first, fourth, or sixth day of the Jewish week[23] (i.e., Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday). Since the time of the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE and the time of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, normative Jewish law appears to be that Rosh Hashanah is to be celebrated for two days, because of the difficulty of determining the date of the new moon.[2] Nonetheless, there is some evidence that Rosh Hashanah was celebrated on a single day in Israel as late as the thirteenth century CE.[24] Orthodox and Conservative Judaism now generally observe Rosh Hashanah for the first two days of Tishrei, even in Israel where all other Jewish holidays dated from the new moon last only one day. The two days of Rosh Hashanah are said to constitute \"Yoma Arichtah\" (Aramaic: \"one long day\"). In Reform Judaism, some communities observe only the first day of Rosh Hashanah, while others observe two days. Karaite Jews, who do not recognize Rabbinic Jewish oral law and rely on their own understanding of the Torah, observe only one day on the first of Tishrei, since the second day is not mentioned in the Written Torah.", "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel According to tradition, in 359 CE Hillel II created the Hebrew calendar based on the lunar year. Until then, The entire Jewish community outside the land of Israel depended on the calendar sanctioned by the Sanhedrin; this was necessary for the proper observance of the Jewish holy days. However, danger threatened the participants in that sanction and the messengers who communicated their decisions to distant congregations. As the religious persecutions continued, Hillel determined to provide an authorized calendar for all time to come.", "Islamic calendar We first find the Muslim month number corresponding to the first month of the Jewish year which begins in AD20874. Dividing 20874 by 19 gives quotient 1098 and remainder 12. Dividing 2026 by 19 gives quotient 106 and remainder 12. 2026 is chosen because it gives the same remainder on division by 19 as 20874. The two years are therefore (1098–106)=992×19 years apart. The Muslim month number corresponding to the first Jewish month is therefore 992×7=6944 higher than in 2026. To convert into years and months divide by twelve – 6944/12=578 years and 8 months. Adding, we get 1447y 10m + 20874y – 2026y + 578y 8m = 20874y 6m. Therefore, the first month of the Jewish year beginning in AD20874 corresponds to the sixth month of the Muslim year AH20874. The worked example in Conversion between Jewish and civil dates, shows that the civil date of the first day of this month (ignoring the displacements) is Friday, 14 June. The year AH20875 will therefore begin seven months later, on the first day of the eighth Jewish month, which the worked example shows to be 7 January, AD20875 (again ignoring the displacements). The date given by this method, being calculated, may differ by a day from the actual date, which is determined by observation.", "Hebrew calendar Both the tradition that Hillel b. Yehuda instituted the complete computed calendar, and the theory that the computed calendar was introduced due to repression or persecution, have been questioned.[73][74][75] Furthermore, two Jewish dates during post-Talmudic times (specifically in 506 and 776) are impossible under the rules of the modern calendar, indicating that its arithmetic rules were developed in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim (7th to 8th centuries).[76] The Babylonian rules required the delay of the first day of Tishrei when the new moon occurred after noon.[citation needed]", "Rosh Hashanah Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew: רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה‎, literally meaning the \"beginning (also head) [of] the year\") is the Jewish New Year. The biblical name for this holiday is Yom Teruah (יוֹם תְּרוּעָה‎), literally \"day [of] shouting/blasting\". It is the first of the Jewish High Holy Days (יָמִים נוֹרָאִים‎ Yamim Nora'im, lit. \"Days [of] Awe\") specified by Leviticus 23:23–32, which usually occur in the early autumn of the Northern Hemisphere.", "Islamic calendar The current Islamic year is 1439 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1439 AH runs from approximately 21 September 2017 to 10 September 2018.[3][needs update]", "Hebrew calendar The postponement of the year is compensated for by adding a day to the second month or removing one from the third month. A Jewish common year can only have 353, 354, or 355 days. A leap year is always 30 days longer, and so can have 383, 384, or 385 days.", "Hebrew calendar The Hebrew calendar year conventionally begins on Rosh Hashanah. However, other dates serve as the beginning of the year for different religious purposes.", "Hebrew calendar There are additional rules in the Hebrew calendar to prevent certain holidays from falling on certain days of the week. (See Rosh Hashanah postponement rules, below.) These rules are implemented by adding an extra day to Marcheshvan (making it 30 days long) or by removing one day from Kislev (making it 29 days long). Accordingly, a common Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 353, 354 or 355 days, while a leap Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 383, 384 or 385 days.", "Hebrew calendar The use of the era of documents (i.e., Seleucid era) continued till the 16th century in the East, and was employed even in the 19th century among the Jews of Yemen.[36]", "Hebrew calendar Most of the present rules of the calendar were in place by 823, according to a treatise by al-Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi's study of the Jewish calendar, Risāla fi istikhrāj taʾrīkh al-yahūd \"Extraction of the Jewish Era\" describes the 19-year intercalation cycle, the rules for determining on what day of the week the first day of the month Tishrī shall fall, the interval between the Jewish era (creation of Adam) and the Seleucid era, and the rules for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the moon using the Jewish calendar.[66][67] Not all the rules were in place by 835.[68]", "Hebrew calendar The Jewish day is of no fixed length. The Jewish day is modeled on the reference to \"...there was evening and there was morning...\"[3] in the creation account in the first chapter of Genesis. Based on the classic rabbinic interpretation of this text, a day in the rabbinic Hebrew calendar runs from sunset (start of \"the evening\") to the next sunset.[4] In most populated parts of the world this is always approximately 24 standard hours, but, depending on the season of the year, it can be slightly less or slightly more. Halachically, a day ends and a new one starts when three stars are visible in the sky. The time between true sunset and the time when the three stars are visible (known as 'tzait ha'kochavim') is known as 'bein hashmashot', and there are differences of opinion as to which day it falls into for some uses. This may be relevant, for example, in determining the date of birth of a child born during that gap.", "Jewish holidays The holiday is characterized by one specific mitzvah: blowing the shofar.[21] According to the Torah, this is the first day of the seventh month of the calendar year,[21] and marks the beginning of a ten-day period leading up to Yom Kippur. According to one of two Talmudic opinions, the creation of the world was completed on Rosh Hashanah.[22]", "Hebrew calendar There is also reference in the Talmud to years since the creation based on the calculation in the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Jose ben Halafta in about 160 CE.[30] By his calculation, based on the Masoretic Text, Adam was created in 3760 BCE, later confirmed by the Muslim chronologist al-Biruni as 3448 years before the Seleucid era.[31] An example is the c. 8th century Baraita of Samuel.", "Hebrew calendar In 1178, Maimonides included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis, including the modern epochal year in his work, Mishneh Torah. Today, the rules detailed in Maimonides' code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world.", "Hebrew calendar \"By how much does the solar year exceed the lunar year? By approximately 11 days. Therefore, whenever this excess accumulates to about 30 days, or a little more or less, one month is added and the particular year is made to consist of 13 months, and this is the so-called embolismic (intercalated) year. For the year could not consist of twelve months plus so-and-so many days, since it is said: throughout the months of the year (Num 28:14), which implies that we should count the year by months and not by days.\"[22]", "Hebrew calendar First, one must determine whether each year is an ordinary or leap year by its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 are leap years.", "Jewish holidays According to oral tradition, Rosh Hashanah (ראש השנה) (lit., \"Head of the Year\") is the Day of Memorial or Remembrance (יום הזכרון, Yom HaZikaron),[18] and the day of judgment (יום הדין, Yom HaDin).[19] God appears in the role of King, remembering and judging each person individually according to his/her deeds, and making a decree for each person for the following year.[20]", "Hebrew calendar The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar year and uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar year, with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years, for a total of seven times per 19 years. Even with this intercalation, the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean tropical year, so that every 216 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean tropical year; and about every 231 years it will fall a day behind the mean Gregorian calendar year.[citation needed]", "Hebrew calendar Although the molad of Tishrei is the only molad moment that is not ritually announced, it is actually the only one that is relevant to the Hebrew calendar, for it determines the provisional date of Rosh Hashanah, subject to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules. The other monthly molad moments are announced for mystical reasons. With the moladot on average almost 100 minutes late, this means that the molad of Tishrei lands one day later than it ought to in (100 minutes) รท (1440 minutes per day) = 5 of 72 years or nearly 7% of years.", "Hebrew calendar The day of Rosh Hashanah and the length of the year are determined by the time and the day of the week of the Tishrei molad, that is, the moment of the average conjunction. Given the Tishrei molad of a certain year, the length of the year is determined as follows:", "Yom Kippur Yom Kippur falls each year on the 10th day of the Jewish month of Tishrei, which is 9 days after the first day of Rosh Hashanah. In terms of the Gregorian calendar, the earliest date on which Yom Kippur can fall is September 14, as happened in 1899 and 2013. The latest Yom Kippur can occur relative to the Gregorian dates is on October 14, as happened in 1967 and will happen again in 2043. After 2089, the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Yom Kippur falling no earlier than September 15.[21] Gregorian calendar dates for this year's and upcoming Yom Kippur holidays are:", "Jewish holidays Shavuot (שבועות), the Feast of Weeks, is one of the three pilgrimage festivals (Shalosh regalim) ordained in the Torah. Different from other Biblical holidays, the date for Shavuot is not explicitly fixed in the Torah. Instead, it is observed on the day following the 49th and final day in the counting of the Omer.[51] In the current era of the fixed Jewish calendar, this puts the date of Shavuot as 6 Sivan. In Israel and in Reform Judaism, it is a one-day holiday; elsewhere, it is a two-day holiday extending through 7 Sivan.[Note 23]", "Rosh Hashanah In Jewish law, four major New Years are observed, each one marking a beginning of sorts; the lunar month Nisan (usually corresponding to the months March–April in the Gregorian calendar) being when a new year is added to the reign of Jewish kings, as also the month marking the start of the year for the three Jewish pilgrimages.[8] Its injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: \"This month shall be unto you the beginning of months\" (Exo. 12:2). However, the start of the calendric year, that is to say, when reckoning ordinary years, Sabbatical years, Jubilees and dates inscribed on legal deeds and contracts, the commencement of such years begins on the first day of the lunar month Tishri (usually corresponding to the months September–October in the Gregorian calendar), and whose injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: \"Three times in the year you shall keep a feast unto me... the feast of unleavened bread (Passover)... the feast of harvest (Shavuot)... and the feast of ingathering (Sukkot) which is at the departing of the year\" (Exo. 23:14–16). By saying, \"at the departing of the year,\" it is implied that the year's beginning also starts there.[9]", "Hebrew calendar When the 19-year intercalary cycle was finalised in the 4th century, the earliest Passover (in year 16 of the cycle) coincided with the northward equinox, which means that Passover fell near the first full moon after the northward equinox, or that the northward equinox landed within one lunation before 16 days after the molad of Nisan. This is still the case in about 80% of years; but, in about 20% of years, Passover is a month late by these criteria (as it was in AM 5765 and 5768, the 8th and 11th years of the 19-year cycle = Gregorian 2005 and 2008 CE). Presently, this occurs after the \"premature\" insertion of a leap month in years 8, 11, and 19 of each 19-year cycle, which causes the northward equinox to land on exceptionally early Hebrew dates in such years. This problem will get worse over time, and so beginning in AM 5817 (2057 CE), year 3 of each 19-year cycle will also be a month late. If the calendar is not amended, then Passover will start to land on or after the summer solstice around AM 16652 (12892 CE). (The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate, and on the accuracy of predictions of precession and Earth axial tilt.)", "Hebrew calendar On the other hand, if year 2 is already a short year of 383 days, there will be a problem if TM2 is on a Wednesday.[95] because Rosh Hashanah in year 2 will have to be postponed from Wednesday to Thursday and this will cause year 2 to be only 382 days long. In this case, year 2 is extended by one day by postponing Rosh Hashanah in year 3 from Monday to Tuesday (the fourth deá¸¥iyyah), and year 2 will have 383 days.", "Hebrew calendar Traditionally, for the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars, the years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 are the long (13-month) years of the Metonic cycle. This cycle forms the basis of the Christian ecclesiastical calendar and the Hebrew calendar and is used for the computation of the date of Easter each year", "Hebrew calendar Before the adoption of the current AM year numbering system, other systems were in use. In early times, the years were counted from some significant historic event. (e.g., 1 Kings 6:1) During the period of the monarchy, it was the widespread practice in western Asia to use era year numbers according to the accession year of the monarch of the country involved. This practice was also followed by the united kingdom of Israel (e.g., 1 Kings 14:25), kingdom of Judah (e.g., 2 Kings 18:13), kingdom of Israel (e.g., 2 Kings 17:6), Persia (e.g., Nehemiah 2:1) and others. Besides, the author of Kings coordinated dates in the two kingdoms by giving the accession year of a monarch in terms of the year of the monarch of the other kingdom, (e.g., 2 Kings 8:16) though some commentators note that these dates do not always synchronise.[34] Other era dating systems have been used at other times. For example, Jewish communities in the Babylonian diaspora counted the years from the first deportation from Israel, that of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE, (e.g., Ezekiel 1:1â€“2). The era year was then called \"year of the captivity of Jehoiachin\". (e.g., 2 Kings 25:27)", "Hebrew calendar The two months whose numbers of days may be adjusted, Marcheshvan and Kislev, are the eighth and ninth months of the Hebrew year, whereas Tishrei is the seventh month (in the traditional counting of the months, even though it is the first month of a new calendar year). Any adjustments needed to postpone Rosh Hashanah must be made to the adjustable months in the year that precedes the year of which the Rosh Hashanah will be the first day.", "Hebrew calendar During the Hellenistic Maccabean period, Seleucid era counting was used, at least in the Greek-influenced area of Israel. The Books of the Maccabees used Seleucid era dating exclusively (e.g., 1 Maccabees 1:54, 6:20, 7:1, 9:3, 10:1). Josephus writing in the Roman period also used Seleucid era dating exclusively. During the Talmudic era, from the 1st to the 10th century, the center of world Judaism was in the Middle East, primarily in the Talmudic Academies of Iraq and Palestine. Jews in these regions used Seleucid era dating (also known as the \"Era of Contracts\").[28] The Avodah Zarah states:", "Rosh Hashanah Although the Jewish calendar is based on the lunar cycle, so that the first day of each month originally began with the first sighting of a new moon, since the fourth century it has been arranged so that Rosh Hashanah never falls on a Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday.[22][22]", "Year 6000 The Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson explains that upon having reached the Hebrew year 5750 (1989 CE), the millennial 'time-clock' had reached the time of the 'eve' of Shabbat.[32]", "Hebrew calendar Comparing the days of the week of molad Tishrei with those in the keviyah shows that during 39% of years 1 Tishrei is not postponed beyond the day of the week of its molad Tishrei, 47% are postponed one day, and 14% are postponed two days. This table also identifies the seven types of common years and seven types of leap years. Most are represented in any 19-year cycle, except one or two may be in neighboring cycles. The most likely type of year is 5R7 in 18.1% of years, whereas the least likely is 5C1 in 3.3% of years. The day of the week of 15 Nisan is later than that of 1 Tishrei by one, two or three days for common years and three, four or five days for leap years in deficient, regular or complete years, respectively.", "Hebrew calendar Some scholars identified the 12 signs of the zodiac with the 12 sons of Jacob/twelve tribes of Israel.[26] It should be noted that the 12 lunar months of the Hebrew calendar are the normal months from new moon to new: the year normally contains twelve months averaging 29.52 days each. The discrepancy compared to the mean synodic month of 29.53 days is due to Adar I in a leap year always having thirty days. This means that the calendar year normally contains 354 days.", "Hebrew calendar Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 of the Metonic cycle are leap years. To assist in remembering this sequence, some people use the mnemonic Hebrew word GUCHADZaT \"גוחאדז\"ט\"‬, where the Hebrew letters gimel-vav-het aleph-dalet-zayin-tet are used as Hebrew numerals equivalent to 3, 6, 8, 1, 4, 7, 9. The keviyah records whether the year is leap or common: פ for peshuta (פשוטה), meaning simple and indicating a common year, and מ indicating a leap year (me'uberet, מעוברת).[44]", "Hebrew calendar Given the importance in Jewish ritual of establishing the accurate timing of monthly and annual times, some futurist writers and researchers have considered whether a \"corrected\" system of establishing the Hebrew date is required. The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar has \"drifted\" an average of 7â€“8 days late relative to the equinox relationship that it originally had. It is not possible, however, for any individual Hebrew date to be a week or more \"late\", because Hebrew months always begin within a day or two of the molad moment. What happens instead is that the traditional Hebrew calendar \"prematurely\" inserts a leap month one year before it \"should have been\" inserted, where \"prematurely\" means that the insertion causes the spring equinox to land more than 30 days before the latest acceptable moment, thus causing the calendar to run \"one month late\" until the time when the leap month \"should have been\" inserted prior to the following spring. This presently happens in 4 years out of every 19-year cycle (years 3, 8, 11, and 19), implying that the Hebrew calendar currently runs \"one month late\" more than 21% of the time.", "Hebrew calendar For long period calculations, dates should be reduced to the Julian calendar and converted back to the civil calendar at the end of the calculation. The civil calendar used here (Exigian) is correct to one day in 44,000 years and omits the leap day in centennial years which do not give remainder 200 or 700 when divided by 900.[98] It is identical to the Gregorian calendar between 15 October 1582 CE and 28 February 2400 CE (both dates inclusive).", "Hebrew calendar The period from 1 Adar (or Adar II, in leap years) to 29 Marcheshvan contains all of the festivals specified in the Bible â€“ Purim (14 Adar), Pesach (15 Nisan), Shavuot (6 Sivan), Rosh Hashanah (1 Tishrei), Yom Kippur (10 Tishrei), Sukkot (15 Tishrei), and Shemini Atzeret (22 Tishrei). This period is fixed, during which no adjustments are made.", "Hebrew calendar Occasionally in Talmudic writings, reference was made to other starting points for eras, such as destruction era dating,[36] being the number of years since the 70 CE destruction of the Second Temple. In the 8th and 9th centuries, as the center of Jewish life moved from Babylonia to Europe, counting using the Seleucid era \"became meaningless\".[28] There is indication that Jews of the Rhineland in the early Middle Ages used the \"years after the destruction of the Temple\" (e.g., Mainz Anonymous).", "Rosh Hashanah Israel, 2012", "Hebrew calendar In ancient Israel, the start of the ecclesiastical new year for the counting of months and festivals (i.e., Nisan) was determined by reference to Passover. Passover is on 15 Nisan, (Leviticus 23:4–6) which corresponds to the full moon of Nisan. As Passover is a spring festival, it should fall on a full moon day around, and normally just after, the vernal (northward) equinox. If the twelfth full moon after the previous Passover is too early compared to the equinox, a leap month is inserted near the end of the previous year before the new year is set to begin. According to normative Judaism, the verses in Exodus 12:1–2 require that the months be determined by a proper court with the necessary authority to sanctify the months. Hence the court, not the astronomy, has the final decision.[37]", "Timeline of Jewish history * The Exodus (which we know of from Jewish sources) took place in the Jewish year 2448 (see Seder Olam), and the CE begins in the Jewish year 3760. Between 2448 and 3760 are 1312 years.", "Hebrew calendar The Hebrew calendar follows a seven-day weekly cycle, which runs concurrently with but independently of the monthly and annual cycles. The names for the days of the week are simply the day number within the week. In Hebrew, these names may be abbreviated using the numerical value of the Hebrew letters, for example יום א׳‬ (Day 1, or Yom Rishon (יום ראשון‬)):", "Jewish holidays Tu Bishvat (ט\"ו בשבט) (lit., \"fifteenth of Shevat”, as ט״ו is the number \"15\" in Hebrew letters), is the new year for trees. It is also known as חג האילנות (Ḥag ha-Ilanot, Festival of Trees), or ראש השנה לאילנות (Rosh ha-Shanah la-Ilanot, New Year for Trees). According to the Mishnah, it marks the day from which fruit tithes are counted each year. Starting on this date, the Biblical prohibition on eating the first three years of fruit (orlah) and the requirement to bring the fourth year fruit (neta revai) to the Temple in Jerusalem were counted.[31]", "Rosh Hashanah Rosh Hashanah marks the start of a new year in the Hebrew calendar (one of four \"new year\" observances that define various legal \"years\" for different purposes as explained in the Mishnah and Talmud). It is the new year for people, animals, and legal contracts. The Mishnah also sets this day aside as the new year for calculating calendar years, shmita and yovel years. Jews are confident that Rosh Hashanah represents either figuratively or literally God's creation ex nihilo. However, according to Rabbi Eleazar ben Shammua, Rosh Hashanah commemorates the creation of man.[7]", "Jewish holidays Dates for holidays on the Jewish calendar are expressed in the Torah as \"day x of month y.\" Accordingly, the beginning of month y needs to be determined before the proper date of the holiday on day x can be fixed. Months in the Jewish calendar are lunar, and originally were proclaimed by the blowing of a shofar. Later, the Sanhedrin received testimony of witnesses saying they saw the new crescent moon.[Note 9] Then the Sanhedrin would inform Jewish communities away from its meeting place that it had proclaimed a new moon. The practice of observing a second festival day stemmed from delays in disseminating that information.[9]", "Calendar The Hebrew calendar is used by Jews worldwide for religious and cultural affairs, also influences civil matters in Israel (such as national holidays) and can be used there for business dealings (such as for the dating of cheques).", "Timeline of Jewish history November 4, 1995", "Jewish holidays The Torah itself does not use any term like \"new year\" in reference to Rosh Hashanah. The Mishnah in Rosh Hashanah[23] specifies four different \"New Year's Days\" for different purposes:", "Hebrew calendar Another memory aid notes that intervals of the major scale follow the same pattern as do Jewish leap years, with do corresponding to year 19 (or 0): a whole step in the scale corresponds to two common years between consecutive leap years, and a half step to one common year between two leap years. This connection with the major scale is more plain in the context of 19 equal temperament: counting the tonic as 0, the notes of the major scale in 19 equal temperament are numbers 0 (or 19), 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, the same numbers as the leap years in the Hebrew calendar.", "Hebrew calendar Also, the four rules of postponement of the rabbinic calendar are not applied, since they are not mentioned in the Tanakh. This can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days.", "Calendar year The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8,760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year, with 8,784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days.", "Hebrew calendar Edwin Thiele has concluded that the ancient northern Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting on 1 Aviv (Nisan), while the southern Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil new year starting on 1 Tishrei.[34] The practice of the Kingdom of Israel was also that of Babylon,[41] as well as other countries of the region.[16] The practice of Judah is still followed.", "Hebrew calendar In a regular (kesidran) year, Marcheshvan has 29 days and Kislev has 30 days. However, because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules (see below) Kislev may lose a day to have 29 days, and the year is called a short (chaser) year, or Marcheshvan may acquire an additional day to have 30 days, and the year is called a full (maleh) year. The calendar rules have been designed to ensure that Rosh Hashanah does not fall on a Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This is to ensure that Yom Kippur does not directly precede or follow Shabbat, which would create practical difficulties, and that Hoshana Rabbah is not on a Shabbat, in which case certain ceremonies would be lost for a year. Hebrew names and romanized transliteration may somewhat differ,[dubious – discuss] as they do for Marcheshvan/Cheshvan (חשוון‬) or Kislev (כסלו‬): the Hebrew words shown here are those commonly indicated, for example, in newspapers.[citation needed]", "Hebrew calendar The weekdays start with Sunday (day 1, or Yom Rishon) and proceed to Saturday (day 7), Shabbat. Since some calculations use division, a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday." ]	[ "Hebrew calendar AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.[2]" ]
test2500	where does the movie mothers day take place	[ "doc86323", "doc86326" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc86321", "doc86326", "doc86327", "doc2493240", "doc86328", "doc2493226", "doc86323", "doc86325", "doc2493237", "doc607670", "doc86329", "doc2493238", "doc2493242", "doc86324", "doc86330", "doc607659", "doc2493227", "doc461541", "doc1489818", "doc2493230", "doc2493228", "doc2493234", "doc1273471", "doc86331", "doc2493236", "doc607669", "doc2493229", "doc2493235", "doc2493232", "doc330346", "doc86332", "doc330347", "doc330505", "doc86322", "doc330502", "doc330349", "doc330350", "doc2610921", "doc1489808", "doc1399330", "doc2493231", "doc2173051", "doc2173050", "doc461546", "doc1928246", "doc2493241", "doc461549", "doc365107", "doc2493239", "doc1742783", "doc330504", "doc1489826", "doc330353", "doc2116538", "doc330392", "doc2493233", "doc1489817", "doc461548", "doc2180662", "doc1899861", "doc461544", "doc1422988", "doc2488938", "doc1957048", "doc1843056", "doc461552", "doc330481", "doc284109", "doc607673", "doc365098", "doc193734", "doc586924", "doc1263474", "doc330406", "doc1680533", "doc607658", "doc461551", "doc330459", "doc330436", "doc435275", "doc574763", "doc1489807", "doc586921", "doc330471", "doc524246", "doc1632991", "doc461558", "doc2116539", "doc646837", "doc461547", "doc646826", "doc330352", "doc461553", "doc330446", "doc213026", "doc1220537", "doc313308", "doc2434497", "doc586925", "doc2160269" ]	[ "Mother's Day (2016 film) Mother's Day is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Marshall, Tom Hines, Lily Hollander, Anya Kochoff-Romano and Matt Walker. It features an ensemble cast, led by Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, Shay Mitchell, Julia Roberts, Jason Sudeikis, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Robertson, Jack Whitehall, Héctor Elizondo and Margo Martindale. Filming began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia. It was released in the United States on April 29, 2016, by Open Road Films and grossed $43 million worldwide.", "Mother's Day (2016 film) Principal photography on the film began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia.[10][11] Though shooting her part required only four days, Julia Roberts was paid $3 million.[12]", "Mother's Day (2016 film) Mother's Day was released domestically on April 29, 2016 by Open Road Films.[8]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) The film was planned for release on April 30, 2010,[17] but in March, the date was revoked and the film had an unknown release date.[18] It was announced on September 29, 2010 that Mother's Day was bought by Gigapix Releasing and would be released theatrically in the first quarter of 2011.[19] Briana Evigan announced on her UStream that the film would be released in May 2012. The film was released in Chicago, New York and Los Angeles in selected theaters on May 4, 2012. The film was released on a DVD and Blu-ray combo pack on May 8, 2012. The film features commentary with director Darren Lynn Bousman and actor Shawn Ashmore. Mother's Day was released into cinemas in the United Kingdom on the June 10, 2011.[20]", "Mother's Day (2016 film) Mother's Day grossed $32.5 million in the U.S. and Canada and $11.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $43.8 million against a production cost of $25 million.[13]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) Mother's Day is a 2010 American psychological horror film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman.[3] It is a loose remake of Charles Kaufman's Mother's Day (1980 film)[4] and was written by Scott Milam and produced by Brett Ratner.[5]", "Mother's Day (2016 film) As Mother's Day draws close, a group of seemingly unconnected people in Atlanta come to terms with the relationships they have with their mothers. Sandy (Jennifer Aniston) is a divorced mother of two boys whose ex-husband has recently remarried a younger woman named Tina (Shay Mitchell). Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished writer who gave up her only child, Kristin (Britt Robertson), for adoption at birth. But as a grown-up Kristin prepares herself for marriage, she begins to contemplate the missing part in her life and is encouraged by her friend, Jesse (Kate Hudson), to go out and find her mother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi, who never see their mother, are surprised by their parents when they come to visit and must come to terms with their failing relationship.", "Mother's Day (2016 film) On June 30, 2015, four cast members were announced, Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, and Jason Sudeikis, with the film to be directed by Garry Marshall and scripted by Anya Kochoff-Romano and Lily Hollander.[4] Brandt Andersen produced, along with Wayne Rice and Mike Karz.[4] On July 22, 2015, Open Road Films acquired US distribution rights to the film, and it was revealed that Matt Walker and Tom Hines would co-write the script.[8] On August 21, 2015, Ella Anderson joined the film's cast to play Vicky, Sudeikis's character's daughter.[6] On August 26, 2015, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Robertson, Shay Mitchell, Jack Whitehall, Loni Love, and Aasif Mandvi joined the cast.[5] On October 6, Hilary Duff was confirmed to appear, but she declined due to scheduling conflicts with filming the second season of her show Younger.[9]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) Principal photography began on August 24, 2009, and wrapped on October 9 and began filming in the Fall in Manitoba[6] and Winnipeg.[7] Bousman said that the film will have a realistic gritty tone.[8] The film is directed by Darren Lynn Bousman and produced by Rat Entertainment’s Brett Ratner and Jay Stern;[9] Genre Co.’s Richard Saperstein and Brian Witten; and LightTower Entertainment’s Curtis Leopardo\".[10] The special effect was created from make-up FX artist Francois Dagenais, who formerly worked with Darren Lynn Bousman on the Saw franchise.[11]", "A Bad Moms Christmas Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia on May 1, 2017.[9][10]", "Mother's Day (2016 film) In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking suggested the film would gross around $11 million from 3,035 theaters in its opening weekend, trailing fellow newcomer Keanu ($10–14 million projection) but besting Ratchet & Clank ($8–10 million projection).[14] The film grossed $2.6 million on its first day and $8.4 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office, behind The Jungle Book ($43.7 million), The Huntsman: Winter's War ($9.6 million), and Keanu ($9.5 million). In its second weekend the film grossed $11.1 million (an increase of 32.5%), finishing 3rd at the box office, behind Captain America: Civil War ($179.1 million) and The Jungle Book ($24.5 million).[15]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) The two brothers, Charles and Lloyd Kaufman respectively, director and producer of the original Mother's Day have cameos.[12] Filming of a post-bank robbery scene was interrupted by the Winnipeg Police Service, who were actually investigating a real-life robbery that occurred in the city earlier in the day.[13] Alexa Vega also worked with the director in Repo! The Genetic Opera and J. Larose has been in one of Bousman's projects as he starred in Repo! The Genetic Opera, Saw III, Saw IV and the Fear Itself episode \"New Year's Day\".[14] The film was finalizing the editing process in the begin of April 2010.[15] Bousman announced on April 9, 2010 that post-production was completed and the film was ready to begin screening to studios.[16] Bousman stated at a The Devil's Carnival screening that a 20-minute scene, his favorite moment in the film, was cut because it did not flow with the rest of the film.", "Mother's Day (2010 film) The film made the UK top 10 box office chart where it opened at number 9 following its release on June 10, 2011. The film grossed Â£94,385 ($155,003) from 79 sites.[20]", "Mother's Day (2016 film) In April 2013, Dennis Dugan confirmed that he would next develop Garry Marshall's comedy film Mother's Day.[7]", "Mother's Day (2016 film) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 6% based on 146 reviews and an average rating of 2.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Arguably well-intended yet thoroughly misguided, Mother's Day is the cinematic equivalent of a last-minute gift that only underscores its embarrassing lack of effort.\"[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 18 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating \"overwhelming dislike\".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.[18]", "A Bad Moms Christmas Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia in May 2017, and the film was released by STXfilms in the United States on November 1, 2017. It received mixed reviews, with criticism aimed at the thin story and raunchy jokes, and has grossed $122 million worldwide.[3]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) The film is about three brothers who fail to rob a bank then run to their mother so she can help them get away. The brothers discover that their mother has lost her house in a foreclosure. The brothers hold the new owners and their guests hostage. When their mother arrives, she takes control of the situation.", "Mother's Day (United States) Mother's Day in the United States is an annual holiday celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day recognizes mothers, motherhood and maternal bonds in general, as well as the positive contributions that they make to society. It was established by Anna Jarvis, with the first official Mother's Day was celebrated at St. Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia, on May 10, 1908.[2] In the United States, Mother's Day complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day and Grandparents Day.", "Bad Moms Principal photography on the film began on January 11, 2016 in New Orleans[10][12] and concluded on March 1, 2016.[13]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) A short time later, an RV arrives with Lydia and Mother (Rebecca De Mornay). Mother becomes very angry at Ike for losing the emergency phone they use to contact one another, telling him she was unable to alert him of losing the house. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Mother arranges help to sneak over the border into Canada, however it will cost ten thousand dollars. She learns of her sons sending money to the house which she never received, before going into the basement. Mother is initially nice to the hostages, explaining to them that no one has to get hurt. She confronts Beth and Daniel about the money, however both deny knowing about it. Mother believes Beth, however she has Addley and Ike torture Daniel for information. Just then Melissa attempts to escape, only to be shot by Addley. Mother takes the cellphones, bank cards and pin numbers of the others and makes Ike take Beth to a cash machine to collect the money. Meanwhile, Mother informs George to keep Johnny alive, or they will all die.", "Mother's Day (2010 film) An unknown woman enters a maternity ward and, with help from an accomplice, steals a newborn baby. Beth Sohapi (Jaime King) is having a birthday party for her husband, Daniel Sohapi (Frank Grillo) with the help of their friends, married couple Treshawn (Lyriq Bent) and Gina Jackson (Kandyse McClure); Dave Lowe (Tony Nappo) and his fiancee, Annette Langston (Briana Evigan); George Barnum (Shawn Ashmore) and his girlfriend, Melissa McGuire (Jessie Rusu); and Daniel's co worker, and friend, Julie Ross (Lisa Marcos). The news reports a tornado is heading their way; Daniel assures his guests that the basement is tornado proof.", "Mother's Day (2010 film) At the hospital, Melissa regains consciousness and alerts authorities to the house. George confronts Mother, telling her that none of her kids look like one another, and look nothing like her. Mother, enraged, threatens to kill him, but Lydia convinces her that they need George. Ike and Beth then burst through the front door with the money. Mother instructs Ike, Lydia and George to take Johnny to the RV while she has a chat with the ladies.", "Jennifer Aniston Aniston starred in the romantic comedy Mother's Day (2016), directed by Garry Marshall and co-starring Julia Roberts, Kate Hudson, Timothy Olyphant, and Jason Sudeikis. The film was released in April 2016.[106] It received very bad reviews and didn't work well to the Box Office[107].", "Mother's Day (2016 film) Richard Roeper gave the film zero out of four stars, saying, \"...nothing could have prepared us for the offensively stupid, shamelessly manipulative, ridiculously predictable and hopelessly dated crapfest that is Mother's Day.\"[19]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) Months later, a very pregnant Beth goes into labor and is taken to the hospital by Annette, Gina and Melissa. That night, Beth wakes up to the emergency alarms going off in the maternity ward. She gets up and goes to check on her baby, but the bassinette is empty. The film ends with Lydia, Johnny and Mother leaving the country in the RV with Beth's baby.", "A Bad Moms Christmas In December 2016, it was announced that A Bad Moms Christmas would be released on November 3, 2017, and that it would be Christmas-themed, with Bell, Hahn, and Kunis returning to reprise their roles.[4][5] The release date was subsequently moved up two days to November 1, 2017.[6] In April 2017, Justin Hartley joined the cast of the film,[7] and in May 2017, Susan Sarandon, Christine Baranski, and Cheryl Hines joined as the mothers' mothers, alongside Wanda Sykes and Jay Hernandez reprising their roles from the first film.[8]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) After a bank robbery gone wrong, three brothers, eldest and leader Ike (Patrick Flueger), irrational and irresponsible Addley (Warren Kole) and Johnny (Matt O'Leary), who has been badly injured, are on the run from the law. They reach their mother's house only to find it unrecognizable. Daniel and Beth, hearing noise upstairs, leave the basement party only to find the brothers holding them hostage within their home at gunpoint. Terrified, Beth offers the brothers the help of George, a doctor, who begins to tend to Johnny's injuries. Addley forces Beth and Daniel downstairs, trapping all the party-goers in the basement at gunpoint. Ike calls his sister Lydia (Deborah Ann Woll), who informs him that she and their mother lost the house and will be on their way to help the boys.", "Mother's Day (2010 film) Inside the RV, Johnny shoots George in spite of Lydia's pleas to let him live. Mother reveals to Julie and Annette that Beth was the one who hid the money and is the one responsible for all the deaths. Beth reveals that she was hiding the money for the baby she is expecting. She also reveals she knew Daniel was cheating on her with Julie, and wanted to leave him. Mother forces Beth to take a pregnancy test to prove it, before Beth knocks Mother unconscious. Beth unties Julie, who is shot in the head by Ike while trying to escape the house, and Annette, who hides with Beth in the garage. Together they manage to overpower Ike and kill him. Annette escapes to the neighbours, while Beth fights with Mother in the house. Beth is knocked unconscious and Mother sets the house on fire. However, Beth wakes up and overpowers Mother, hitting her with a wooden chopping board, before escaping the house along with Gina who has survived her injuries.", "Mother's Day (2010 film) Ike and Beth dispose of Melissa's body behind a dumpster, where she is soon found to be alive by two sanitation workers who rush her to a hospital. While at the ATM, Beth and Ike encounter two party girls, Vicky Rice (A. J. Cook) and Jenna Luther (Alexa Vega), who Ike quickly kills after they realize he has a gun. The pair travel to Treshawn's laundromat business to take money out of the safe, where Beth attempts to escape but fails. They later encounter the police officer who Ike also kills. Back at the house, George realizes Mother has been lying to Lydia about a rare skin condition and tries to convince her to help his friends, but Mother sends Lydia away. Johnny, now in critical condition, tells his mother he doesn't want to die a virgin. Mother forces Treshawn and Dave to fight over which one of their partners will be forced to have sex with Johnny. Dave loses and Annette is forced upstairs. However Johnny's injuries prove too severe to rape Annette and she is forced back into the basement by Addley. Dave attacks Addley, resulting in Addley shooting Dave in the face, killing him. Gina takes the opportunity to try and escape, however is brought back to the house by Daniel in order to save Beth.", "Mother's Day Mother's Day is a celebration honouring the mother of the family, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March or May. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents Day.", "Mother's Day (2016 film) Peter Bradshaw, writing in The Guardian, gave the film one star out of five, calling it \"as feelgood and life-affirming as a fire in an asbestos factory neighbouring a children's hospital.\"", "Mother's Day In the United States, celebration of Mother's Day began in the early 20th century. It is not related to the many celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have occurred throughout the world over thousands of years, such as the Greek cult to Cybele, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration (originally a commemoration of Mother Church, not motherhood).[1][2][3][4] However, in some countries, Mother's Day has become synonymous with these older traditions.[5]", "Mother's Day The United States celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872, to be established as a \"Mother's Day for Peace\". Her 1870 \"Appeal to womanhood throughout the world\" is sometimes referred to as Mother's Day Proclamation. But Howe's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war. In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American \"Mother's Day\", but these did not succeed beyond the local level.[129]", "Mother's Day (2016 film) The film is similar in format to Marshall's previous two ensemble romantic comedies with holiday themes: Valentine's Day (2010) and New Year's Eve (2011) and was the final film of his career prior to his death in July 2016.", "Mother's Day The United Kingdom celebrates Mothering Sunday, which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent (26 March in 2017). This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday.[5][124] Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th-century Christian practice of visiting one's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday.[125] As a result of this tradition, most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend. As a result of the influence of the American Mother's Day, Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one's mother. The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by many churches, with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church.[citation needed]", "Mother's Day The modern holiday of Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1908, when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia. St Andrew's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother's Day Shrine.[8] Her campaign to make \"Mother's Day\" a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, the year her mother, Ann Reeves Jarvis, died. Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War, and created Mother's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues. Anna Jarvis wanted to honor her mother by continuing the work she started and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed that they were \"the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world\".[9]", "Mother's Day In 1908, the US Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a \"Mother-in-law's Day\".[10] However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all US states observed the holiday,[11] with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday,[12] the first being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state, in 1910. In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.[13]", "Home by Spring Filming took place in Baton Rouge and St. Francisville, Louisiana as well as Los Angeles, California.[1]", "Bad Moms Principal photography began on January 11, 2016, in New Orleans. The film premiered on July 19, 2016, in New York City and was theatrically released on July 29, 2016, by STXfilms. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $183 million worldwide, becoming the first film from STX to gross $100 million domestically.", "Mother of All Secrets The film was shot in January/February 2017 on the island of Bermuda. It is the first film to be shot on the island in over twenty-five years.[5] Post-production is due to be completed by the end of the summer, according to the director. [6] It has been awarded a triple F-rating by the Bath Film Festival for their movement supporting more women in film. The film was co-written and directed by Lucinda Spurling and Louise Ascot Byres and produced by Brooke Williams. Kate Mansi told Soap Opera Digest she was most proud that it \"was the largest female cast & crew I have ever worked with so far.\" [7]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) A police officer (Mike O'Brien) arrives after the three suspects of the bank robbery are identified as the old residents of the house. Daniel assures the officer everything is fine and he leaves, alerting Mother of Daniel's lying skills. She further becomes suspicious after Lydia discovers a Valentine's card from Daniel to Julie, as well as photographs and newspaper articles of a child killed in a car accident.", "The Holiday The UK part of the film was partially shot in Godalming and Shere, a town and village in the county of Surrey in South East England that dates back to the 11th century.[16] Filming began January 4, 2006 and concluded in June 15.", "The Holiday Production on The Holiday began in Los Angeles, then moved to England for a month before completing filming back in California.[16] Principal photography began in the Brentwood area on the Westside of Los Angeles, where real Santa Ana winds reportedly gave Meyers and her team a winter day as warm as scripted in the screenplay.[16] Although Amanda's home is set in Brentwood, the exterior scenes at the gated property were actually filmed in front of Southern California architect Wallace Neff's Mission Revival house in San Marino, a suburb adjacent to Pasadena. Neff had built the house for his family in 1928. The interiors of Amanda's house were filmed at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City.[16] Other Los Angeles locations included Arthur's house in Brentwood and Miles' house, designed by Richard Neutra, which is situated on Neutra Place in L.A.'s Silver Lake area, near downtown.[16]", "Mother's Day (United States) Several years later a Mother's Day observance on May 13, 1877 was held in Albion, Michigan over a dispute related to the temperance movement.[10] According to local legend, Albion pioneer Juliet Calhoun Blakeley stepped up to complete the sermon of the Rev. Myron Daughterty who was distraught because an anti-temperance group had forced his son and two other temperance advocates at gunpoint to spend the night in a saloon and become publicly drunk. From the pulpit Blakeley called on other mothers to join her. Blakeley's two sons, both traveling salesmen, were so moved that they vowed to return each year to pay tribute to her and embarked on a campaign to urge their business contacts to do likewise. At their urging, in the early 1880s, the Methodist Episcopal Church in Albion set aside the second Sunday in May to recognize the special contributions of mothers.[citation needed]", "Rebecca De Mornay In June 2007, she appeared in the HBO series John from Cincinnati with a starring role as matriarch of a troubled Imperial Beach, California surfing family and the grandmother/guardian of a teen surfer on the brink of greatness. She appeared in Darren Lynn Bousman's Mother's Day (2010).", "Mother's Day (2010 film) Mother's Day received mixed reviews but De MornayÂ´s performance receiving widespread praise. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 43% rotten rating, based on 42 reviews.[21]", "Mother's Day (United States) A small service was held on May 12, 1907 in the Andrew's Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, where Anna's mother had been teaching Sunday school.[4] The first \"official\" service was on May 10, 1908, in the same church, accompanied by a larger ceremony in the Wanamaker Auditorium in the Wanamaker's store in Philadelphia.[4] The next year the day was reported to be widely celebrated in New York.[15]", "Father Figures Principal photography on the film began on October 5, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia.[15] Filming also took place in Miami,[9] and wrapped on December 5, 2015.[16]", "Mother's Day (2010 film) Mother's Day features both an original score and nine songs that play in the film, primarily at the housewarming birthday party for Daniel. These songs are as follows.", "Table 19 Principal photography began in the Atlanta area on March 27, 2015, and ended on April 30, 2015.[7][9][10] While the plot places the wedding at a resort on an island in the fictional \"Lake Alma\", in Michigan, filming took place on the Lake Lanier Islands, northeast of Atlanta and at The Ritz-Carlton Reynolds on Lake Oconee, southeast of Atlanta.[11] Other scenes were filmed in Douglasville, west of Atlanta.[11]", "Mother's Day Mothering Sunday can fall at the earliest on 1 March (in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March) and at the latest on 4 April (when Easter Day falls on 25 April).[citation needed]", "Bad Moms Directors of the first film, Lucas and Moore, have stated that they may get involved with the previously announced spin-off, but that their current focus is to make a sequel to Bad Moms.[30] On December 23, 2016, it was announced that A Bad Moms Christmas would be released on November 1, 2017, and that it would be holiday themed, with Bell, Hahn, and Kunis all returning to reprise their roles.[31][32] On May 2, 2017, Susan Sarandon, Christine Baranski, Cheryl Hines, and Peter Gallagher joined the cast of the film.", "Mother's Day While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries, existing celebrations, held on different dates, honouring motherhood have become described as \"Mother's Day\", such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom[5] or, in Greece, the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple (2 February of Julian Calendar). Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece.[citation needed] Mothering Sunday is often referred to as \"Mother's Day\" even though it is an unrelated celebration.[5]", "Mother! Mother! (stylized as mother!)[4] is a 2017 American psychological horror film, written and directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Jennifer Lawrence, Javier Bardem, Ed Harris, and Michelle Pfeiffer. The plot follows a young woman whose tranquil life with her husband at their country home is disrupted by the arrival of a mysterious couple. Their personal family drama spills over into the house leading to the death of their son and a memorial service held at their house. After the guests leave, the couple who own the house end up at the center of a cult that turns their home into a warzone.", "Mother's Day 6 May 2016 [44]\n26 April 2017", "Mother's Day (2010 film) In the basement, Mother informs Gina that disobedience has consequences, before pouring boiling water over Treshawn. Mother then attempts to find her money by burning the photographs of the boy, revealed to be Daniel and Beth's deceased son. Mother then sets Julie's hair on fire, but extinguishes it when she realizes Daniel is telling the truth about the money. Mother leaves the basement, before the group manage to arm themselves with knives. They lure Addley into the basement and stab him to death. Treshawn, now deaf and having difficulty seeing, takes Addley's gun and goes upstairs. Gina follows him, startling him and causing him to shoot her in the side. As Treshawn attempts to help his wife, Mother shoots him in the back, killing him. Mother discovers Addley's body and phones Ike, before forcing Beth to listen to her shoot Daniel. Annette and Julie are then taken upstairs and tied up.", "Bad Moms On April 30, 2015, it was announced that Jon Lucas and Scott Moore were set to direct an untitled female-led comedy, based on their own original script.[5] Bill Block of Block Entertainment and Raj Brinder Singh of Merced Media Partners would produce the film, along with Judd Apatow and Josh Church through Apatow Productions, while Merced Media financing the film.[5] Leslie Mann was set to star in the lead role.[5] This was Bill Block's first film produced through Block Entertainment after leaving QED International.[5] Paramount Pictures acquired the film's distribution rights on May 8, 2015.[6] The film was sold to different international distributors at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.[7] On June 1, 2015, Mann and Apatow exited the film because of scheduling conflicts.[8] On October 26, 2015, it was reported that Paramount had left the project, with STX Entertainment coming on board to handle the American distribution.[9] Mila Kunis, Christina Applegate, and Kristen Bell joined the film, starring in its lead roles, while Suzanne Todd produced the film along with Block.[9] On January 11, 2016, Jada Pinkett Smith and Kathryn Hahn joined the film, with Smith playing Applegate's blunt best friend, and Hahn also playing a mother.[10] It was later revealed that Oona Laurence had also joined the cast.[11]", "Mother's Day (United States) In its present form, Mother's Day was established by Anna Jarvis with the help of Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker following the death of her mother, Ann Jarvis, on May 9, 1905. Jarvis never mentioned Howe or Mothering Sunday, and she never mentioned any connection to the Protestant school celebrations, always claiming that the creation of Mother's Day was hers alone.[14]", "Office Christmas Party Principal photography on the film began late March 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia.[11] In early April, filming took place in Chicago, Illinois,[12] and after that production moved to Hiram, Georgia, where it shot from April 19 to June 1, 2016.[13]", "The Boss (2016 film) Set in Chicago, the movie began filming in Chicago on March 12, 2015. In addition to filming in Chicago, the movie was also filmed throughout various locations in the Atlanta, Georgia area, including Agnes Scott College, Crescent Avenue in Midtown, Glenwood Park, and the Buckhead Loop area.[9]", "Mother's Day (United States) In 1868, Ann Jarvis, mother of Anna Jarvis, created a committee to establish a \"Mother's Friendship Day\", the purpose of which was \"to reunite families that had been divided during the Civil War.\" Jarvis – who had previously organized \"Mother's Day Work Clubs\" to improve sanitation and health for both Union and Confederate encampments undergoing a typhoid outbreak – wanted to expand this into an annual memorial for mothers, but she died in 1905 before the celebration became popular.[4][5] Her daughter, who became almost obsessed with her, would continue her mother's efforts.", "El Camino Christmas According to screenwriter Theodore Melfi, the project had been in development for ten years before principal photography began on May 1, 2017 in Los Angeles.[1]", "Blockers (film) Principal photography on the film began on May 2, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[7][8]", "Fathers and Daughters Crew members scouted Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a filming location, with production slated for an April start date.[13] Principal photography officially began on March 14 in Pittsburgh.[14]", "Miss You Already Principal photography began on 7 September 2014 in London and later shooting also took place in North York Moors, England. The hospital that features in the film is the UCH Macmillan Cancer Centre.[12]", "Mother's Day (United States) In May 2008, the U.S. House of Representatives voted twice on a resolution commemorating Mother's Day,[21][22] the first one being passed without a dissenting vote (21 members not voting).[21] The Grafton church, where the first celebration was held, is now the International Mother's Day Shrine and is a National Historic Landmark.[23]", "Mother's Day In the Philippines, Mother's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May, but it is not a public holiday.[108] Although not a traditional Filipino holiday, the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence.", "Paul Wesley In 2014, he was cast opposite Susan Sarandon in the film Mother's Day,[14] and it was also announced he is set to star in and produce the film Convergence.[5] He also co-starred in The Baytown Outlaws opposite Billy Bob Thornton and Andre Braugher.[15]", "A Bad Moms Christmas In North America, the film was projected to gross around $25 million from 3,615 theaters in its first five days (including $17 million over the weekend).[12] It took in $2.7 million on its first day,[13] and $17 million over the weekend, for a five-day total of $21.6 million, finishing second at the box office behind Thor: Ragnarok.[14]", "Father Figures Principal photography began on October 5, 2015, in Atlanta, and the film was released in the United States on December 22, 2017, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was poorly reviewed by critics, who called it devoid of \"energy or purpose\" and grossed $25 million against its $25 million budget.[5]", "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri On May 3, 2016, it was reported that principal photography on Three Billboards had begun in Sylva, North Carolina.[16] Filming lasted 33 days.[17]", "Mothering Sunday By the 1920s the custom of keeping Mothering Sunday had tended to lapse in Ireland and in continental Europe.[4] In 1914, inspired by Anna Jarvis's efforts in the United States, Constance Penswick-Smith created the Mothering Sunday Movement,[5] and in 1921 she wrote a book asking for the revival of the festival; Constance was the daughter of the vicar of Coddington, Nottinghamshire, and there is a memorial in Coddington's church.[6][7] Its widescale revival was through the influence of American and Canadian soldiers serving abroad during World War II; the traditions of Mothering Sunday, still practised by the Church of England and Church of Ireland were merged with the newly imported traditions and celebrated in the wider Catholic and secular society.[4][8][9] UK-based merchants saw the commercial opportunity in the holiday and relentlessly promoted it in the UK; by the 1950s, it was celebrated across all the UK.[8]", "Life as We Know It (film) Filming took place on location, in a house in the wealthy Buckhead area of Atlanta.[3] Holly Berenson's bakery was depicted at Belly General Store in Virginia-Highland, a century-old bungalow-style neighborhood with several small-scale historic retail clusters, a few miles northeast of Downtown Atlanta.[4] Scenes from Eric's workplace were filmed at Turner Broadcasting System (TBS) off Techwood Drive in Atlanta. Filming also took place at Philips Arena.[5]", "Mother's Day In Australia, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother's Day in Australia was started by Janet Heyden,[52] a resident of Leichhardt, Sydney, in 1924. She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women, where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers. To cheer them up, she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women. Every year thereafter, Mrs Heyden raised increasing support for the project from local businesses and even the local Mayor. The day has since become commercialised.", "Where's the Money Principal photography on the film began on June 1, 2016 in and around Los Angeles.[1][3]", "A Bad Moms Christmas A Bad Moms Christmas is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film written and directed by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore. It is a sequel to the 2016 film Bad Moms. The plot follows the three moms from the first film (Mila Kunis, Kristen Bell, and Kathryn Hahn) dealing with their own mothers (Christine Baranski, Cheryl Hines, and Susan Sarandon) visiting during the Christmas holiday.", "Mother's Day (United States) On May 10, 1913, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution calling on all federal government officials (from the president down) to wear a white carnation the following day in observance of Mother's Day.[17] On May 8, 1914, the U.S. Congress passed a law designating the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day and requesting a proclamation. The next day, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation declaring the first national Mother's Day[18][19] as a day for American citizens to show the flag in honor of those mothers whose sons had died in war.[18] In 1934, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a stamp commemorating the holiday.[20]", "Mother's Day Today the \"DÃa de las Madres\" is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May,[93] the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico.[94]", "Mother's Day The modern Mother's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture,[69] and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May.[70] Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event, and it is celebrated primarily in urban centers.", "Did You Hear About the Morgans? Filming for Did You Hear About the Morgans took place over 25 days in May and June in 2009. The film was shot in New York City, Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Roy, New Mexico.[3]", "Happy Death Day Filming took place at and around Loyola University in New Orleans, Louisiana,[15] and it lasted 5 weeks.[16] The scenes where Tree awakens in Carter's bed after her death were filmed back to back in a span of two days.[17] The scene after Lori dies was supposed to be at the sorority house, but the filming permit was over before production was able to shoot there, forcing the location to be changed into a Los Angeles diner also featured in another Blumhouse production, Split.[14]", "Bad Moms Bad Moms is a 2016 American comedy film directed and written by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore. The film stars an ensemble cast that includes Mila Kunis, Kristen Bell, Kathryn Hahn, Jay Hernandez, Annie Mumolo, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Christina Applegate.", "Mothering Sunday Mothering Sunday is a holiday celebrated by Catholic and Protestant Christians in some parts of Europe. It falls on the fourth Sunday in Lent, exactly three weeks before Easter Day. Once observed as a day on which people would visit their \"mother\" church, it has also become an occasion for honouring the mothers of children and giving them presents.[1] It is increasingly being called Mother's Day, although that has always been a secular event quite different from the original Mothering Sunday.[1] In the UK and Ireland, Mothering Sunday is celebrated in the same way as Mother's Day is celebrated elsewhere.", "Mother's Day In New Zealand, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day is not a public holiday. The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed.[citation needed]", "Life of the Party (2018 film) Filming began in August 2016 in the metro Atlanta area. The sorority house used in the film is The Twelve Oaks Bed & Breakfast (www.thetwelveoaks.com) located in Covington, GA. The interior of the mansion was replicated in a warehouse in Decatur, GA for the interior scenes and the exterior scenes were filmed on location at the inn.[citation needed]", "Crazy, Stupid, Love Principal photography took place in and around Los Angeles, California. Filming started on April 16, 2010 and lasted for fifty three days.[13] Locations included Westfield Century City mall, Ventura Boulevard, Hollywood Hills where Jacob's house is located, Taft High School in Woodland Hills, Portola Middle School in Tarzana and Grant High School in Van Nuys, which stood for Robbie and Jessica's campuses, El Torito Grill at the Sherman Oaks Galleria and Equinox Fitness in Woodland Hills, which became the sports club featured in the film.[5] Before editing, the original cut was three hours long.[9]", "Mother's Day (United States) From 2005 to 2013, the Southern 500 auto race was held on Saturday of Mother's Day weekend. Since 2014, the NASCAR Cup Series hosts the KC Masterpiece 400 at Kansas on Saturday of Mother's Day weekend. Also, the IndyCar Grand Prix has been held on Saturday of Mother's Day weekend since 2014.", "Mother! Mother! was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 74th Venice International Film Festival, and premiered there on September 5, 2017.[5] It was released in the United States on September 15, 2017, by Paramount Pictures, and has grossed $43 million worldwide. Although the film received generally positive reviews from critics,[6][7] its biblical allegories and depiction of violence sparked controversy.[8]", "Bridesmaids (2011 film) Bridesmaids was budgeted at $32.5 million.[20] Though primarily set in Milwaukee and Chicago, principal photography actually took place in Los Angeles, California.[21] Production designer Jefferson Sage, who has worked with Apatow and Paul Feig since their Freaks and Geeks days, noted that the first fact that appealed to him about the project \"was that you had these two disparate worlds: There was Annie's world in Milwaukee, and then there was Helen's world in Chicago. It immediately drew this dichotomy between the rivalry that developed between them.\"[21] However, Sage acknowledged that it was a challenge to find \"architecture that would give us those Midwestern worlds. Chicago is a beautiful, distinctive city architecturally, and restricted views of downtown L.A. feel like Chicago.\"[21] The production decided to use the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden as the location for Lillian and Dougie's wedding.[21] Additional scenes where Annie meets Officer Rhodes on the highways between Milwaukee and Chicago were filmed in Oxnard, California, which Sage described as a \"broad, flat, green area away from mountains.\"[21]", "Mother's Day (United States) Frank E. Hering, alumnus and administrator at the University of Notre Dame and President of the Fraternal Order of Eagles, made a plea for \"setting aside one day in the year as a nationwide memorial to the memories of Mothers and motherhood\" in 1904.[11][12][13] After observing a class of Notre Dame students sending home penny postcards to their mothers, Hering went on to be a vocal advocate for a national Mother's Day for the next decade.[11] As Hering stated in a 1941 issue of Scholastic: “Throughout history the great men of the world have given their credit for their achievements to their mothers. [The] Holy Church recognizes this, as does Notre Dame especially, and Our Lady who watches over our great institution.”[11]", "Bridesmaids (2011 film) Actresses Annie Mumolo and Kristen Wiig wrote the screenplay following Wiig's casting in Apatow's 2007 comedy film Knocked Up. Budgeted at $32.5 million, filming took place in Los Angeles, California. Upon its opening release in the United States and Canada on May 13, 2011, Bridesmaids was both critically and commercially successful. The film grossed $26 million in its opening weekend, eventually grossing over $288 million worldwide, and surpassed Knocked Up to become the top-grossing Apatow production to date,[7] and served as a touchstone for discussion about women in comedy.[8][9][10]", "Mother's Day In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases \"Second Sunday in May\" and \"Mother's Day\", and created the Mother's Day International Association.[15] She specifically noted that \"Mother's\" should \"be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its own mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world.\"[16] This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills,[17][18] and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.[19]", "Mother's Day (United States) Traditions on Mother's Day include churchgoing, the distribution of carnations, and family dinners.[1] Motherâ€™s Day is the third largest holiday in the United States for sending cards. According to the greeting card industry, it is estimated that more than 50 percent of American households send greeting cards on this holiday.[24] The holiday has been heavily commercialized by advertisers and retailers, and has been criticized by some as a Hallmark Holiday.[25][26]", "Mother's Day After World War II, Mother's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi, at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi, the parish priest of the Tordibetto church.[80] This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother's Day was adopted throughout Italy. On 18 December 1958, a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official.[81]", "We're the Millers Production began in Wilmington, North Carolina on July 23, 2012.[9] Filming also took place in New Mexico.[11] It was presented during the 2013 Traverse City Film Festival.[12]", "Game Night (film) Principal photography on the film began in early April 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.[12][13]", "Father of the Year (film) Principal photography took place in Boston and Hudson, MA in June 2017.[1]", "Neighbors (2014 film) Principal photography began in April 2013[8] and was completed by the end of May 2013 in Los Angeles, United States.[9] Filming lasted 38 days.[10] The two houses used in the film are situated in the West Adams District of Los Angeles.[6]", "Mothering Sunday People from Ireland and the UK started celebrating Mother's Day on the same day that Mothering Sunday was celebrated, the fourth Sunday in Lent.[4] The two celebrations have now been mixed up, and many people think that they are the same thing.[3]", "Vacation (2015 film) On September 30 and October 1, 2014, scenes were filmed on location at The Twelve Oaks Bed and Breakfast in historic Covington, Georgia.[20] The Twelve Oaks was staged as Christina Applegate's character's sorority house, Triple Pi, and the location of her attempt to run the obstacle course once more to prove that she is the Chug Run champion." ]	[ "Mother's Day (2016 film) As Mother's Day draws close, a group of seemingly unconnected people in Atlanta come to terms with the relationships they have with their mothers. Sandy (Jennifer Aniston) is a divorced mother of two boys whose ex-husband has recently remarried a younger woman named Tina (Shay Mitchell). Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished writer who gave up her only child, Kristin (Britt Robertson), for adoption at birth. But as a grown-up Kristin prepares herself for marriage, she begins to contemplate the missing part in her life and is encouraged by her friend, Jesse (Kate Hudson), to go out and find her mother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi, who never see their mother, are surprised by their parents when they come to visit and must come to terms with their failing relationship.", "Mother's Day (2016 film) Principal photography on the film began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia.[10][11] Though shooting her part required only four days, Julia Roberts was paid $3 million.[12]" ]
test2904	who is the designer in devil wears prada	[ "doc99238" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc99206", "doc99226", "doc99210", "doc99240", "doc99241", "doc99227", "doc99238", "doc99197", "doc99242", "doc99239", "doc99194", "doc99234", "doc99244", "doc99199", "doc99215", "doc99246", "doc2265821", "doc99216", "doc99225", "doc99212", "doc99217", "doc99195", "doc99209", "doc2172104", "doc99229", "doc99266", "doc99250", "doc99211", "doc99245", "doc99213", "doc99214", "doc99284", "doc99267", "doc99249", "doc99251", "doc99247", "doc1140050", "doc99265", "doc99273", "doc99203", "doc99232", "doc2172147", "doc99198", "doc99233", "doc2265818", "doc99294", "doc2021822", "doc99208", "doc99218", "doc99235", "doc1571412", "doc99228", "doc99252", "doc99220", "doc99285", "doc99301", "doc123380", "doc2172153", "doc99307", "doc99237", "doc99270", "doc99219", "doc1609171", "doc99243", "doc99297", "doc2210240", "doc99293", "doc99207", "doc99230", "doc99259", "doc99256", "doc2305001", "doc99274", "doc99262", "doc1854381", "doc99231", "doc99224", "doc99302", "doc99200", "doc99288", "doc99205", "doc99264", "doc99236", "doc99223", "doc99258", "doc99306", "doc99222", "doc99280", "doc2203635", "doc1027728", "doc396899", "doc99263", "doc1140074", "doc99279", "doc99304", "doc2172154", "doc99204", "doc396892", "doc99296", "doc1040455" ]	[ "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Director David Frankel and producer Wendy Finerman had originally read The Devil Wears Prada in book proposal form.[6] It would be Frankel's second theatrical feature, and his first in over a decade. He, cinematographer Florian Ballhaus and costume designer Patricia Field, drew heavily on their experience in making Sex and the City.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Weisberger is widely believed to have based Miranda on Anna Wintour, the powerful editor of Vogue. Wintour reportedly warned major fashion designers who had been invited to make cameo appearances as themselves in the film that they would be banished from the magazine's pages if they did so.[28] Vogue and other major women's and fashion magazines have avoided reviewing or even mentioning the book in their pages. Wintour's spokespeople deny the claim,[28] but costume designer Patricia Field says many designers told her they did not want to risk Wintour's wrath.[3]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) In the meantime, the studio and producer Wendy Finerman sought a director. Out of many candidates with experience in comedy, David Frankel was hired despite his limited experience, having only made one feature, Miami Rhapsody, along with some episodes of Sex and the City and Entourage. He was unsure about the property, calling it \"undirectable ... a satire rather than a love story.\"[8] Later, he cited Unzipped, the 1995 documentary about designer Isaac Mizrahi, as his model for the film's attitude towards fashion: \"[It] revels in some of the silliness of the fashion world, but is also very serious.\"[9]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Dolce & Gabbana and Calvin Klein helped Field as well, with some contributions from Lebanese designer Georges Chakra.[44] Although Field avoids making Streep look like Wintour, she dresses her in generous helpings of Prada (By Field's own estimate, 40% of the shoes on Streep's feet are Prada). \"I know her character was originally based on Anna Wintour,\" Field said, \"but I didn't want to copy someone's style.\"[45] But, like Wintour and her Vogue predecessor Diana Vreeland, the two realized that Miranda needed a signature look, which was provided primarily by the white wig and forelock she wore as well as the clothes the two spent much time poring over look-books for.[6] \"[I]n choosing her wardrobe my idea was that she's a chief fashion editor, she has her own style,\" Fields told Women's Wear Daily in 2016. \"We're creating an original character.\"[46]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Field said she avoided prevailing fashion trends for Miranda during production in favor of a more timeless look based on Donna Karan archives and pieces by Michaele Vollbracht for Bill Blass.[3] She did not want people to easily recognize what Miranda was wearing.[43]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Only Valentino Garavani, who had designed the black evening gown Streep wears in the museum benefit scene, chose to make an appearance.[28] Coincidentally, he was in New York during production and Finerman dared Field, an acquaintance, to ask him personally. Much to her surprise, he accepted.[29] Other cameos of note include Heidi Klum as herself and Weisberger as the twins' nanny.[30] Streep's daughter's film debut as a barista at Starbucks was cut.[31] Gisele Bündchen agreed to be in the movie only if she did not play a model.[27]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Frankel, who had worked with Patricia Field on his feature-film debut Miami Rhapsody as well as Sex and the City, knew that what the cast wore would be of utmost importance in a movie set in the fashion industry. \"My approach was to hire her and then leave the room,\" he joked later.[40] While only Valentino Garavani appeared onscreen, many other designers were helpful to Field. Her $100,000 budget for the film's costumes was supplemented by help from friends throughout the industry. Ultimately, she believes, at least $1 million worth of clothing was used in the film, making it one of the most expensively costumed movies in cinema history.[3] The single priciest item was a $100,000 Fred Leighton necklace on Streep.[41]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Although the movie is set in the fashion world, most designers and other fashion notables avoided appearing as themselves for fear of displeasing U.S. Vogue editor Anna Wintour, who is widely believed to have been the inspiration for Priestly. Still, many allowed their clothes and accessories to be used in the film, making it one of the most expensively costumed films in history.[3] Wintour later overcame her initial skepticism, saying she liked the film and Streep in particular.[4]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) She contrasted Andrea and Emily by giving Andrea a sense of style, without much risk-taking, that would suggest clothing a fashion magazine would have on hand for shoots, clothing a recent college graduate with little sense of style would feel comfortable wearing in a fashion-conscious workplace.[3] Blunt, on the other hand was \"so on the edge she's almost falling off.\"[47] For her, Field chose pieces by Vivienne Westwood and Rick Owens to suggest a taste for funkier, more \"underground\" clothing.[43] After the film's release, some of the looks Field chose became popular, to the filmmakers' amusement.[30][38]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) When Hathaway enters the office after Nigel gives her access to Runway's closet, she is dressed entirely in Chanel. Field explained in 2016 that \"I felt Annie Hathaway was a Chanel girl organically, as opposed to let's say a Versace [or Roberto Cavalli] girl.\" When she called the company to ask for assistance, they were delighted because \"they wanted to see Chanel on a young girl to give it another point of view,\" showing it as a brand for \"not just middle-aged women in suits, but youthful and funky.\"[42] Calvin Klein rounds out Andrea's wardrobe.[43]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 American comedy-drama film based on Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. This screen adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly, a powerful fashion magazine editor, and Anne Hathaway as Andrea (Andy) Sachs, a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands a job as Priestly's co-assistant. Emily Blunt and Stanley Tucci co-star as co-assistant Emily Charlton and art director Nigel, respectively.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) For Miranda's actual look, Streep looked to two women. The bouffant hairstyle was inspired by model and actress Carmen Dell'Orefice ,[a] which Streep said she wanted to blend with \"the unassailable elegance and authority of [French politician] Christine Lagarde.\" The costumes Field designed for that look resulted in numerous blown takes during the montage where Miranda repeatedly throws her overcoat on Andrea's desk when she arrives in the morning.[7] When McKenna saw Streep as Miranda for the first time on set, she recalls being so terrified she threw her arm in front of Frankel \"like we were in a car wreck.\"[12]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) She just sort of sits there with her cigarette and her hair, and she would pull stuff — these very disparate elements — and put them together into this ensemble, and you'd go, \"Come on, Pat, you can't wear that with that.\" She'd say, \"Eh, just try it on.\" So you'd put it on, and not only did it work, but it works on so many different levels — and it allows you to figure out who the guy is. Those outfits achieve exactly what I was trying to achieve. There's flamboyance, there's real risk-taking, but when I walk into the room, it's not flashy. It's actually very subtle. You look at it and you go, \"That shirt, that tie, that jacket, that vest? What?\" But it works.[26]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) At first, Andy fumbles with her job and fits in poorly with her gossipy, fashion-conscious co-workers, especially Miranda's senior assistant, Emily Charlton. However, she does find an ally in art director Nigel, and gradually learns her responsibilities and begins to dress more stylishly to show her effort and commitment to the position. She also meets an attractive young writer, Christian Thompson, who offers to help her with her career. As she spends increasing amounts of time at Miranda's beck and call, problems arise in her relationships with her college friends and her live-in boyfriend, Nate, a chef working his way up the career ladder.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The \"cerulean speech\",[14] where Miranda draws the connection between the designer fashion in Runway's pages and Andy's cerulean sweater, criticizing Andy's snobbishness about fashion and explaining the trickle-down effect, had its origins in a scene cut from earlier drafts that Streep had asked to have restored. It slowly grew from a few lines where the editor disparaged her assistant's fashion sense to a speech about \"why she thought fashion was important ... She is so aware that she is affecting billions of people, and what they pick off the floor and what they are putting on their bodies in the morning.\"[12] Streep said in 2016 she was interested in \"the responsibility lying on the shoulders of a woman who was the head of a global brand ... That scene wasn't about the fun of fashion, it was about marketing and business.\"[2]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) After touring some offices of real fashion magazines, Jess Gonchor gave the Runway offices a clean, white look meant to suggest a makeup compact[27] (\"the chaste beiges and whites of impervious authority,\" Denby called it[48]). Miranda's office bears some strong similarities to the real office of Anna Wintour, down to an octagonal mirror on the wall, photographs and a floral arrangement on the desk[49] Gonchor later told Women's Wear Daily that he had based the set on a photo of Wintour's office he found online; the similarity led Wintour to have her office redecorated after the movie's release.[50] The magazine itself is very similar to Vogue, and one of the covers on the wall of the office, showing three models, is a direct homage to the August 2004 cover of that magazine.[51]", "Costume designer In the 20th century, film costume designers like Edith Head and Adrian became well known. Later, those working in television like Nolan Miller (Dynasty), Janie Bryant (Mad Men), and Patricia Field (Sex and the City) became more prominent, some becoming authors and having their own clothing and jewelry lines.[3]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) McKenna recalls that she kept expanding it to suit Streep and Frankel, but even a few days before it was scheduled to be filmed she was unsure if it would be used or even shot. She was revising it at a nearby Starbucks when she realized that Miranda would describe something not as just blue—chosen as the color for Andy's sweater since it would work best on screen[12]—but would instead use an exact shade. From a list of shades McKenna sent, Streep picked cerulean; the final speech takes up almost a page of the script, long for a mainstream film. \"I was like, it'd be cool if half of that ended up in the movie,\" the writer says. \"Every word is in the movie.\"[15] The references to past designer collections are entirely fictional, McKenna explains, since the speech was written around the sweater's color[12] (however, the Huffington Post later pointed out, designers often take their fashion inspiration from the streets[16]).", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Tucci was one of the last actors cast; he agreed to play Nigel only three days before shooting started.[7] The filmmakers reportedly had auditioned Barney's creative director Simon Doonan and E!'s Robert Verdi, both openly gay men highly visible as media fashion commentators, for the part; the BBC's Graham Norton also auditioned.[25] Verdi would later say there was no intention to actually hire him and the producers had just used him and Doonan to give whoever they ultimately did cast some filmed research to use in playing a gay character (he would end up with a walk-on part as a fashion journalist in Paris). Tucci says he was unaware of this: \"All I know is that someone called me and I realized this was a great part.\" He based the character on various people he was acquainted with, insisting on the glasses he ultimately wore.[26] Daniel Sunjata had originally read for Tucci's part, rather unenthusiastically since he had just finished playing a similar character, but then read the Holt part and asked if he could audition for it. Simon Baker auditioned by sending a video of himself, wearing the same self-designed green jacket he has on when he and Andrea meet for the first time.[27]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Four screenwriters worked on the property. Peter Hedges wrote the first draft, but didn't think he could do more; another writer passed. Paul Rudnick did some work on Miranda's scenes, followed by a Don Roos rewrite.[8] After that, Aline Brosh McKenna, who was able to relate her own youthful experiences attempting to launch a journalism career in New York to the story,[8][10] produced a draft after a month's work that struck the right balance for Finerman and Frankel, whose notes were incorporated into a final version,[7] rearranging the plot significantly, following the book less closely[7] and focusing the story on the conflict between Andrea and Miranda.[11] She found the experience of writing a story with female protagonists that did not center around a relationship \"very liberating ... I felt I was allowed to do what the movie wanted to be, a Faust story, a Wall Street for ladies.\"[8]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The speech has become one of the film's most memorable moments; \"Miranda's signature monologue\" to The Ringer.[14] \"'Cerulean' [has never] sounded more sinister,\" the Huffington Post wrote in 2016,[16] Liz Jones, former editor of British Marie Claire, said it was \"a rare glimpse at the way in which even the most outlandish and extreme exponents of fashion ... influence and enrich all our lives, even if we only ever shop at Marks & Spencer or Gap.\"[17]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Adrian Grenier, Simon Baker, and Tracie Thoms play key supporting roles. Wendy Finerman produced and David Frankel directed the film, which was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Streep's performance drew critical acclaim and earned her many award nominations, including her record-setting 14th Oscar bid, as well as the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical. Blunt also drew favorable reviews and nominations for her performance, as did many of those involved in the film's production.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Work on a screenplay started promptly, before Weisberger had even finished her work. When it became a bestseller upon publication, elements of the plot were incorporated into the screenplay in progress. Most took their inspiration from the 2001 Ben Stiller film Zoolander and primarily satirized the fashion industry. But it was still not ready to film. Elizabeth Gabler, later head of production at Fox, noted that the finished novel did not have a strong narrative. \"Since there wasn't a strong third act in the book,\" she said later, \"we needed to invent that.\"[7]", "Anna Wintour A former personal assistant, Lauren Weisberger, wrote the 2003 best selling roman à clef The Devil Wears Prada, later made into a successful film starring Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly, a fashion editor, believed to be based on Wintour. In 2009, she was the focus of another film, R.J. Cutler's documentary The September Issue.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Ballhaus, at Finerman and Frankel's suggestion, composed as many shots as possible, whether interiors or exteriors, to at least partially take in busy New York street scenes in the background, to convey the excitement of working in a glamorous industry in New York. He also used a handheld camera during some of the busier meeting scenes in Miranda's office, to better convey the flow of action, and slow motion for Andrea's entrance into the office following her makeover. A few process shots were necessary, mainly to put exterior views behind windows on sets and in the Mercedes where Miranda and Andrea are having their climactic conversation.[27]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Ginia Bellefante, former fashion reporter for The New York Times, called it \"easily the truest portrayal of fashion culture since Unzipped\" and giving it credit for depicting the way fashion had changed in the early 21st century.[69] Her colleague Ruth La Ferla found a different opinion from industry insiders after a special preview screening. Most found the fashion in the movie too safe and the beauty too overstated, more in tune with the 1980s than the 2000s. \"My job is to present an entertainment, a world people can visit and take a little trip,\" responded Field.[67]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Mark Livolsi realized, as McKenna had on the other end, that the film worked best when it focused on the Andrea-Miranda storyline. Accordingly, he cut a number of primarily transitional scenes, such as Andrea's job interview and the Runway staff's trip to Holt's studio. He also took out a scene early on where Miranda complimented Andrea. Upon reviewing them for the DVD, Frankel admitted he hadn't even seen them before, since Livolsi didn't include them in any prints he sent to the director.[31]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) At a meeting with Finerman, Frankel told her that he thought the story unnecessarily punished Miranda. \"My view was that we should be grateful for excellence. Why do the excellent people have to be nice?\"[7] He prepared to move on and consider more scripts. Two days later his manager persuaded him to reconsider and look for something he liked that he could shape the film into. He took the job, giving Finerman extensive notes on the script and laying out a detailed vision for the film.[8]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) He found one Dries van Noten tie he wore during the film to his liking and kept it.[26]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) McKenna also initially toned down Miranda's meanness at the request of Finerman and Frankel, only to restore it later for Streep.[6] She later cited Don Rickles as her main influence for the insults in the dialogue; before even starting work on the screenplay she had come up with Miranda's \"Take a chance. Hire the smart fat girl\" line, which she felt summed up the disparity between Andy and the world she found herself in.[12]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) McKenna consulted with acquaintances who worked in fashion to make her screenplay more realistic. In a 2010 British Academy of Film and Television Arts lecture, she told of a scene that was changed after one of these reviews, where Nigel told Andy not to complain so much about her job. Originally, she had made his speech more of a supportive pep talk; however one of those acquaintances said that would not happen: \"[N]o-one in that world is nice to each other ... There's no reason to be, and they don't have time.\" she quoted him as saying.[13]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) When the British Academy of Film and Television Arts announced its 2006 nominations, Blunt, Field, McKenna and Streep were all among the nominees. Makeup artist and hairstylists Nicki Ledermann and Angel de Angelis also were nominated.[98]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Liz Jones, former editor of British Marie Claire, wrote in the Daily Mail that the movie was \"a chilling reminder of the most surreal three years of my life.\" The only detail she found inaccurate was the absence of flowers in Miranda's Paris hotel roomâ€”during her tenure as editor, her rooms there or in Milan received so many flowers from designers that she thought she \"had died prematurely.\" She personally vouched for Miranda's personality: \"It took only a few weeks in the job for me to mutate into that strangely exotic and spoilt creature: the magazine maven, whose every whim, like those of Miranda ... must be pandered to.\"[17]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The crew were in Paris for only two days, and used only exteriors. Streep did not make the trip.[6]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Frankel praised Livolsi for making the film's four key montages—the opening credits, Miranda's coat-tossing, Andrea's makeover and the Paris introduction—work. The third was particularly challenging as it uses passing cars and other obstructions to cover Hathaway's changes of outfit. Some scenes were also created in the editing room, such as the reception at the museum, where Livolsi wove B-roll footage in to keep the action flowing.[27]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) She even chose separate computer wallpaper to highlight different aspects of Blunt's and Hathaway's character: Paris's Arc de Triomphe on Blunt's suggests her aspirations to accompany Miranda to the shows there, while the floral image on Andy's suggests the natural, unassuming qualities she displays at the outset of her tenure with the magazine. For the photo of Andrea with her parents, Hathaway posed with her own mother and David Marshall Grant.[27] The Dengel twins recalled being asked every day for three years straight if the Harry Potter advance copies were real; to their great disappointment they were not and in fact were \"all gibberish\". They eventually auctioned them[24] for $586 on eBay, along with various clothing used in the film, to benefit Dress for Success, a charity which provides business clothing to help women transition into the workforce.[52]", "Sex and the City (film) As in the TV series, fashion played a significant role in plot and production of the movie. Over 300 ensembles were used over the course of entire film.[13] Patricia Field, who created costume designs for the series, also undertook the job in the film.[14] Field has stated that she initially was ambivalent to do the film, for monetary and creative reasons.[15] Field rose to fame particularly after designing for the series from 1998 to 2004, wherein she popularized the concept of using designer clothes with day-to-day fashion.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The film brilliantly skewers a particular kind of young woman who lives, breathes, thinks fashion above all else ... those young women who are prepared to die rather than go without the latest Muse bag from Yves Saint Laurent that costs three times their monthly salary. It's also accurate in its understanding of the relationship between the editor-in-chief and the assistant.[41]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Anna Wintour attended the film's New York premiere, wearing Prada. Her friend Barbara Amiel reported that she said shortly afterward that the movie would go straight to DVD.[80] But in an interview with Barbara Walters that aired the day the DVD was released, she called the film \"really entertaining\" and said she appreciated the \"decisive\" nature of Streep's portrayal. \"Anything that makes fashion entertaining and glamorous and interesting is wonderful for our industry. So I was 100 percent behind it.\"[4] Streep said Wintour was \"probably more upset by the book than the film\".[81] Anna Wintourâ€™s popularity skyrocketed after her portrayal in The Devil Wears Prada. She was happy with the portrayal she got from Meryl Streep that did not place her in a position of complete villainy in which she felt was an unfair representation of her. Meryl Streep said she didn't base her character in The Devil Wears Prada on Anna Wintour, instead saying she was inspired by men she had known previously: \"Unfortunately you don't have enough women in power, or at least I don't know them, to copy.\"[82]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) When Andy tells Nate she is going to Paris, he is angered by her refusal to admit that she's become what she once ridiculed, and they break up. Once there, Miranda, without makeup, opens up to Andy about the effect Miranda's impending divorce will have on her daughters. Later that night, Nigel tells Andy that he has accepted a job as Creative Director with rising fashion star James Holt at Miranda's recommendation. Andy finally succumbs to Christian's charms and, after spending the night with him, learns from him about a plan to replace Miranda with Jacqueline Follet as editor of Runway. Despite the suffering she has endured at her boss's behest, she attempts to warn Miranda.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Streep made a conscious decision not to play the part as a direct impression of Wintour,[32] right down to not using an accent and making the character American rather than English (\"I felt it was too restricting\").[20] \"I think she wanted people not to confuse the character of Miranda Priestly with Anna Wintour at all,\" said Frankel. \"And that's why early on in the process she decided on a very different look for her and a different approach to the character.\"[6] The \"that's all,\"[33] \"please bore someone else ...\"[34] catchphrases; her coat-tossing on Andrea's desk[35] and discarded steak lunch[36] are retained from the novel. Streep prepared by reading a book by Wintour protégé Liz Tilberis and the memoirs of Vogue editor Diana Vreeland. She lost so much weight during shooting that the clothes had to be taken in.[32]", "Anna Wintour Lauren Weisberger, a former Wintour assistant[109] who left Vogue for Departures along with Richard Story, wrote The Devil Wears Prada after a writing workshop he suggested she take.[110] It was eagerly anticipated for its supposed insider portrait of Wintour prior to its publication.[111] Wintour told The New York Times, \"I always enjoy a great piece of fiction. I haven't decided whether I am going to read it or not.\"[112] While it has been suggested that the setting and Miranda Priestly were based on Vogue and Wintour, Weisberger claims she drew not only from her own experiences but those of her friends as well.[113] Wintour herself makes a cameo appearance near the end of the book,[114] where it is said she and Miranda dislike each other.[115]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Andy is an aspiring journalist fresh out of Northwestern University. Despite her ridicule for the shallowness of the fashion industry, she lands a job as junior personal assistant to Miranda Priestly, the editor-in-chief of Runway magazine. Andy plans to put up with Miranda's excessive demands and humiliating treatment for one year in the hopes of getting a job as a reporter or writer somewhere else.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) During the movie's press tour she also said her performance as Miranda was inspired by different men she knew, but did not say which ones. In 2016 she disclosed to Variety that she took Miranda's soft speaking style from Clint Eastwood: \"He never, ever, ever raises his voice and everyone has to lean in to listen, and he is automatically the most powerful person in the room.\" However, she said, Eastwood does not make jokes, so instead she modeled that aspect of the character on theatrical and film director Mike Nichols, whose delivery of a cutting remark, she said, made everyone laugh, including the target. \"The walk, I’m afraid, is mine,” Streep added.[7]", "Costume designer A costume designer is a person who designs costumes for a film, stage production or television. The role of the costume designer is to create the characters' outfits/costumes and balance the scenes with texture and colour, etc.[1] The costume designer works alongside the director, scenic, lighting designer, sound designer, and other creative personnel. The costume designer may also collaborate with hair stylist, wig master, or makeup artist. In European theatre, the role is different, as the theatre designer usually designs both costume and scenic elements.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Frankel generally approved of his editor's choices, but differed on one scene, showing more of Andrea on her errand to the Calvin Klein showroom. He felt that scene showed Andrea's job was about more than running personal errands for Miranda.[31]", "Donatella Versace Versace has given cameo performances in many films relating to fashion and its industry, such as Zoolander. In other films, including the 2006 hit The Devil Wears Prada, her name is mentioned sporadically.[12]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Fox bought the rights to Weisberger's novel before it was not only published in 2003, but even finished. Carla Hecken, then the studio's executive vice president, had only seen the first hundred pages of manuscript and an outline for how the rest of the plot was to go. But for her that was enough. \"I thought Miranda Priestly was one of the greatest villains ever,\" she recalled in 2016. \"I remember we aggressively went in and scooped it up.\"[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Once the script was finished, the filmmakers and Fox focused on getting Meryl Streep to play Miranda; Hacken recalled she was seen as so perfect for the part that no one had discussed any alternatives (although McKenna recalls writing provisional dialogue should the producers have had to settle for another actress).[15] Weisberger, who initially could not imagine Streep playing the part, recalled that after seeing her on set it was \"crystal clear\" that she was perfect for the role.[18]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Hathaway prepared for the part by volunteering for a week as an assistant at an auction house where she was \"put through the wringer\" according to Weisberger, who adds that Hathaway supplemented that by asking her many questions about working for Wintour.[18] Frankel recalls that she was nervous through most of the shooting, particularly when working late, since Raffaello Follieri, her boyfriend at that time, preferred strongly that she not do so;[7] she was also having health issues due to a cyst.[2] The director said she was \"terrified\" before starting her first scene with Streep, who had begun her working relationship with Hathaway by saying first \"I think you're perfect for the role and I'm so happy we're going to be working on this together\" then warning her that was the last nice thing she would say.[37] Streep applied this philosophy to everyone else on set as well, keeping her distance from the cast and crew members unless it was necessary to discuss something with them.[27][24]", "Obsessed (2009 film) Costume designer Maya Lieberman attempted to contrast the costumes of Sharon and Lisa to reinforce the conflict between the two characters. She said, \"With Ali, our discussion started with wanting really clean, classic and sharp lines, whereas Beyoncé's character [wore] more soft, more textural cashmeres and knits.\"[5] Sharon wore clothes designed by Zac Posen, Yves Saint Laurent, Jimmy Choo, Diane von Fürstenberg, Valentino, Stella McCartney and Missoni, while Lisa wore Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana and Burberry outfits. Derek was dressed in Dolce & Gabbana and Versace suits with Thomas Pink shirts to create a \"prestigious yet contemporary\" look.[5]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Principal photography took place over 57 days in New York and Paris between October and December 2005.[27] The film's budget was $41 million.[2] It was originally lower, which caused problems with some locationsâ€”the crew could not get permission to shoot at the Museum of Modern Art or Bryant Park.[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Composer Theodore Shapiro relied heavily on guitar and percussion, with the backing of a full orchestra, to capture a contemporary urban sound. He ultimately wrote 35 minutes of music for the film, which were performed and recorded by the Hollywood Studio Symphony, conducted by Pete Anthony.[54] His work was balanced with songs by U2 (\"City of Blinding Lights\", Miranda and Andrea in Paris), Madonna (\"Vogue\" & \"Jump\", Andrea's fashion montage & her first day on the job, respectively), KT Tunstall (\"Suddenly I See\", female montage during opening credits), Alanis Morissette (\"Crazy\", Central Park photo shoot), Bitter:Sweet (\"Our Remains,\" Andrea picks up James Holt's sketches for Miranda; Bittersweet Faith, Lily's art show), Azure Ray (\"Sleep,\" following the breakdown of her relationship with Nate), Jamiroquai (\"Seven Days in Sunny June,\" Andrea and Christian meet at James Holt's party) among others. Frankel had wanted to use \"City of Blinding Lights\" in the film after he had used it as a soundtrack to a video montage of Paris scenes he had put together after scouting locations there.[27] Likewise, Field had advocated just as strongly for \"Vogue.\"[43]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) She insisted on the scenes where she explains to Andy the connection between the blue sweater she is wearing and the haute couture industry,[15] and the scene where Miranda briefly opens up to Andy, without makeup, about her divorce. \"I wanted\", she explained, \"to see that face without its protective glaze, to glimpse the woman in the businesswoman.\"[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) At the end of January, Streep received her 14th Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, lengthening her record from 13 for most nominations by any actor male or female. Field received a Costume Design nomination as well.[99] Neither won, but Blunt and Hathaway presented the last mentioned award, amusing the audience by slipping into their characters for a few lines, nervously asking which of them had gotten Streep her cappuccino. Streep played along with a stern expression before smiling.[100]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) For Streep, the most significant thing about the film was that \"[t]his was the first time, on any movie I have ever made, where men came up to me and said, 'I know what you felt like, this is kind of like my life.' That was for me the most ground-breaking thing about Devil Wears Pradaâ€”it engaged men on a visceral level,\" she told Indiewire.[5]", "Vogue (magazine) As Wintour came to personify the magazine's image, both she and Vogue drew critics. Wintour's one-time assistant at the magazine, Lauren Weisberger, wrote a roman à clef entitled The Devil Wears Prada. Published in 2003, the novel became a bestseller and was adapted as a highly successful, Academy Award-nominated film in 2006.[50] The central character resembled Weisberger, and her boss was a powerful editor-in-chief of a fictionalized version of Vogue. The novel portrays a magazine ruled by \"the Antichrist and her coterie of fashionistas, who exist on cigarettes, Diet Dr Pepper, and mixed green salads\", according to a review in The New York Times. The editor is described by Weisberger as being \"an empty, shallow, bitter woman who has tons and tons of gorgeous clothes and not much else\".[51] The success of both the novel and the film brought new attention from a wide global audience to the power and glamour of the magazine, and the industry it continues to lead.[52]", "Anna Wintour During the film's production in 2005, Wintour was reportedly threatening prominent fashion personalities, particularly designers, that Vogue would not cover them if they made cameo appearances in the movie as themselves.[126] She denied it through a spokesperson who said she was interested in anything that \"supports fashion.\" Many designers are mentioned in the film. Only one, Valentino Garavani, appeared as himself.[126]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) In 2013, Weisberger wrote a sequel, Revenge Wears Prada. However, it does not seem likely that a film version of it, or any sequel, will be made, as two of the film's stars are not eager to do so. Streep has reportedly said that she is not interested in making a sequel for this film in particular. And while Hathaway admits she'd be interested in working with the same people, it would have to be \"something totally different.\" The Devil Wears Prada, she told Variety \"might have just hit the right note. It's good to leave it as it is.\"[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Streep is the one who suggested the editorial meeting scene, which does not advance the plot but shows Miranda at work without Andrea present.[38] It was also her idea that Miranda not wear makeup in the scene where she opens up to Andrea and worries about the effect on her daughters of her divorce becoming public knowledge.[6] Blunt, for her part, contributed the line where she tells Andy \"I'm hearing this\", while opening and closing her hand, \"and I want to hear this\" keeping it closed. In 2015 she told Howard Stern that she had overheard a mother saying that to a child in a supermarket during production.[39]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) \"The core marketing was definitely to women,\" Gabler recalls, \"but the men didn't resist going to the movie.\" She felt that male viewers responded favorably to the movie because they sought a glimpse inside fashion, and because Miranda \"was enjoyable to watch.\" The release date helped generate word of mouth when people who had seen it discussed it at holiday gatherings. \"They were talking about it, like a summer reading book,\" said Gabler.[5]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The news that Streep would meet with Frankel was celebrated at Fox. But while Streep, for her part, knew the movie could be very successful, she felt the pay she was being offered for playing Miranda was \"slightly, if not insulting, not perhaps reflective of my actual value to the project.\" The producers doubled it to around $4 million,[2] and she signed on, allowing Fox to greenlight the film.[7] According to Frankel, Streep saw the film as a chance to \"skewer the doyennes of the fashion world.\" She has three daughters, and as an ardent feminist, felt that fashion magazines \"twisted the minds of young women around the world and their priorities. This was an interesting way to get back at them.\" Also, she said, the film passed the Bechdel test.[2]", "Phantom Thread Anderson became interested in the fashion industry after reading about designer Cristóbal Balenciaga.[15] The story is loosely modeled on the British fashion designer Charles James.[16]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Tucci praised Field's skill in putting ensembles together that were not only stylish but helped him develop his character:", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The cast members bonded tightly on the set, and remained close afterwards. Blunt invited them to her wedding to John Krasinski in 2010. There, Tucci met her sister Felicity, whom he later married. \"Ten years after The Devil Wears Prada, Stanley is in my actual family,\" she told Variety. \"How frightening is that?\"[7]", "Fashion design American fashion design is dominated by a clean-cut, urban, casual style; reflecting the athletic, health-conscious lifestyles of urban city-dwellers. A designer who helped to set the trend in the United States for sport-influenced day wear throughout the 1940s and 50s was Claire McCardell. Many of her designs have been revived in recent decades. Famous American brands and designers include Vera Wang, Bill Blass, Joseph Abboud, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, Anna Sui, Ralph Lauren, Oscar de la Renta, Carolina Herrera, Michael Kors, Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford, Tommy Hilfiger, Geoffrey Beene, Oleg Cassini, Perry Ellis, Kenneth Cole, James Galanos, Todd Oldham, Donna Karan, Liz Claiborne, and Nolan Miller.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Among the deleted scenes are some that added more background information to the story, with commentary available by the editor and director. Most were deleted by Livolsi in favor of keeping the plot focused on the conflict between Miranda and Andrea, often without consulting Frankel.[31]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Frankel recalls the whole experience as having high stakes for those involved, since for himself and the others behind the camera it was the biggest project they had yet attempted, with barely adequate resources. “We knew we were on very thin ice,\" he told Variety for a 2016 article on the film's 10th anniversary. \"It was possible this could be the end of the road for us.”[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Fox originally refused permission to let Frankel shoot some scenes from the third act in Paris, where it is set, due to the low budget. But after six \"nightmarish\"[2] weeks of shooting, he had an editor cut a \"sizzle reel\" of highlights. That convinced the studio to increase the budget to allow for limited shooting overseas (Streep did not go as Fox believed it would be too expensive).[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Initial reviews of the film focused primarily on Streep's performance, praising her for making an extremely unsympathetic character far more complex than she had been in the novel. \"With her silver hair and pale skin, her whispery diction as perfect as her posture, Ms. Streep's Miranda inspires both terror and a measure of awe,\" wrote A. O. Scott in The New York Times. \"No longer simply the incarnation of evil, she is now a vision of aristocratic, purposeful and surprisingly human grace.\"[58] Kyle Smith agreed at the New York Post: \"The snaky Streep wisely chooses not to imitate Vogue editrix Anna Wintour, the inspiration for the book, but creates her own surprisingly believable character.\"[59]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The studio also put together a trailer of scenes and images strictly from the first three minutes of the film, in which Andrea meets Miranda for the first time, to be used at previews and film festivals until they could create a more standard trailer drawing from the whole film. But, again, this proved so effective with early audiences it was retained as the main trailer, since it created anticipation for the rest of the film without giving anything away.[6]", "Oscar de la Renta Óscar Arístides Renta Fiallo (22 July 1932 – 20 October 2014), known professionally as Oscar de la Renta, was a Dominican-American fashion designer. Born in Santo Domingo, he was trained by Cristóbal Balenciaga and Antonio del Castillo. De la Renta became internationally known in the 1960s as one of the couturiers who dressed Jacqueline Kennedy. He worked for Lanvin and Balmain. His eponymous fashion house has boutiques around the world including in Harrods of London and Madison Avenue,New York.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Weisberger's novel had been translated into 37 different languages, giving the movie a strong potential foreign audience. The international box office would ultimately deliver 60% of the film's gross. \"We did our European premiere at the Venice Film Festival\", Gabler says, where the city's gondoliers wore red T-shirts with the film's logo. \"So many people around the world were captivated by the glossy fashion world. It was sexy and international.\"[5]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) David Denby summed up this response in his New Yorker review: \"The Devil Wears Prada tells a familiar story, and it never goes much below the surface of what it has to tell. Still, what a surface!\"[48] Reactions to Hathaway's performance were not as unanimous as for many of her costars. Denby said \"she suggests, with no more than a panicky sidelong glance, what Weisberger takes pages to describe.\"[48] On the other hand, according to Baldassare, she \"barely carrie[d] the load.\"[65]", "The Devil Wears Prada (soundtrack) (On \"Suite from The Devil Wears Prada\")", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Several weeks after all the major parts had been cast, the actors gathered in New York for a table read. Hathaway was nervous and goofy, she recalls, since she still had not developed her idea of the part; she described her performance at that point as \"[nothing] particularly impressive.\" Blunt, by contrast, found Streep's laugh relaxed her enough to keep her focused on playing a nervous, distracted Emily. The highlight of the session was Streep's first line as Miranda. Instead of the \"strident, bossy, barking voice\" everyone expected, Hathaway says, Streep silenced the room by speaking in a near whisper. \"It was so unexpected and brilliant.\" At the reading Streep also changed Miranda's last line to \"everybody wants to be us\" from the original \"me\".[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Colleen and Suzanne Dengel, the twins who played Miranda's daughters, were cast two weeks after auditioning for Frankel and Finerman. The director and producer laughed, which the sisters believed help them get the part. They recalled in 2017 that they were excited both by being able to work together on camera for the first time, as well as the chance to act opposite Hathaway since they were big fans of the Princess Diaries movies as well.[24]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The film has made a lasting impact on popular culture. Although a TV series based on it was not picked up, in the years after its release The Simpsons titled an episode \"The Devil Wears Nada\" and parodied some scenes. The American version of The Office began an episode with Steve Carell as Michael Scott imitating Miranda after watching the film on Netflix.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Miranda is impressed by Andy and allows her to be the one to bring the treasured \"Book\", a mock-up of the upcoming edition, to her home, along with her dry cleaning. She is given instructions by Emily about where to leave the items and is told not to speak with anyone in the home. Andy arrives at Miranda's home only to discover that the instructions she received are vague. As she tries to figure out what to do, Andy begins to panic. Miranda's twins, Caroline and Cassidy, falsely tell her she can leave the book at the top of the stairs just as Emily has done on many occasions. At the top of the stairs, Andy interrupts Miranda and her husband having an argument. Mortified, Andy leaves the book and runs out of the home.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) In 2015, it was reported that Broadway producer Kevin McCollum had signed a deal two years earlier with Fox to develop some of the films from its back catalog into musicals for the stage. Two he expressed particular interest in were Mrs. Doubtfire and The Devil Wears Prada. Early in 2017, McCollum announced that in partnership with Fox Stage Productions, he was developing a musical version of The Devil Wears Prada (based on both the film and the book). Sir Elton John will be composing the score for the project with playwright Paul Rudnick, who had written some early scenes for the screenplay, mostly with Miranda,[8] writing the book and lyrics. McCollum did not say when he expected it to premiere but hoped it would eventually play on Broadway.[105]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Some time later, Andy meets up with Nate, who is moving to Boston because he got a new job as the sous chef of a restaurant. They agree to start dating again and see what the future holds. The same day, Andy is interviewed and is accepted to work at a major New York publication company. The editor recounts how he called Runway for a reference on Andy, and got a response from Miranda herself. Miranda described Andy as \"her biggest disappointment\"- and said that the editor would be \"an idiot\" if he didn't hire her. Emily is offered her Paris wardrobe by Andy and the two leave on good terms. Andy passes the \"Runway\" office building and sees Miranda get into a car. Andy gives a wave, but Miranda does not acknowledge her. Andy is used to this and instead walks further into the crowd. Once inside the car, however, Miranda smiles and then orders her chauffeur to drive.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Charla Krupp, the executive editor of SHOP, Inc., says \"It's the first film I've seen that got it right ... [It] has the nuances of the politics and the tension better than any filmâ€”and the backstabbing and sucking-up.\"[41] Joanna Coles, the editor of the U.S. edition of Marie Claire, agreed:", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) That scene, where Andi delivers the Book, the mockup of the magazine in progress, to Miranda's apartment, was, according to the Dengels, who played Miranda's twin daughters, totally improvised. \"That was just something we did with Anne and it made the cut,\" Colleen Dengel told BuzzFeed in 2017. Nevertheless, it took three more days of filming to get the shot of the girls up in the stairwell the way Frankel wanted it, a look she believes was inspired by a similar scene with twin girls in The Shining.[24]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Over a hundred actresses had been considered for Emily before one of the casting agents taped Emily Blunt reading some of the lines elsewhere on the Fox lot as she was leaving for her flight to London following her audition for Eragon. Although she read them in her native British accent despite the character being written as American as she is in the novel, Frankel was interested;[7] Finerman liked her for her sense of humor.[11] After the makers of Eragon cast Sienna Guillory, Frankel called her in the bathroom of \"some dive club\" in London, where she was consoling herself with her sister. He told her that while he would have cast her just from the tape, the studio wanted to see another audition with her dressed more in character.[7] She insisted on continuing to play the character as British;[20] Both Hathaway and Emily Blunt lost weight for their roles, with Hathaway later recounting that \"[she] and I would clutch at each other and cry because we were so hungry.\"[21] Blunt later denied rumors she did this at the filmmakers' request.[22][23]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The Devil Wears Prada received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 75%, based on 185 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reads, \"A rare film that surpasses the quality of its source novel, this Devil is a witty expose of New York's fashion scene, with Meryl Streep in top form and Anne Hathaway more than holding her own.\"[56] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[57]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The film also has been credited with increasing interest in R.J. Cutler's documentary The September Issue, which followed Wintour and other Vogue editors as they prepared the issue for that month of 2007.[7] Writing in The Ringer on the tenth anniversary, Alison Herman observed that \"The Devil Wears Prada transformed Wintour's image from that of a mere public figure into that of a cultural icon.\" Once known primarily as a fashion editor, she was now \"every overlord you'd ever bitched about three drinks deep at happy hour, only to dutifully fetch her coffee the next day.\" Ultimately, the film had effected a positive change in Wintour's image, Herman argued, \"from a tyrant in chinchilla to an idol for the post-Sandberg age.\"[14]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Hathaway, by contrast, actively sought the part, tracing \"Hire me\" in the sand of the zen garden on Hacken's desk when she talked about the project with the executive. While Frankel liked her enough to not require her to audition, she knew she was not the studio's first choice and had to be patient[7] (other accounts say that she was the only actress considered for the lead).[6] Fox production chief Elizabeth Gabler says the studio did not realize how strong her audience was after the Princess Diaries movies.[2] She took the part to work with Streep, but also due to some personal aspects.[19] She celebrated when she learned she had gotten the part.[7]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) 'The Devil Wears Prada' is an energetically directed, perfect-fit of a film that has surprised some in the industry with its box-office legs. It has delighted the country, much as did Lauren Weisberger's book, which is still going strong on several national bestseller lists.[91]", "Much 'I Do' About Nothing For the wedding during the first season finale, Gossip Girl costume designer Eric Daman dressed Blake Lively in a yellow floral bridesmaid dress designed by Ralph Lauren while Kelly Rutherford wore a custom-made Vera Wang wedding dress.[2] Eric Daman considers Serena's Ralph Lauren bridesmaid dress as one of his eleven favorite looks from the series in a September interview for New York Magazine.[3]", "Anne Hathaway In 2006, she starred in David Frankel's comedy film The Devil Wears Prada, as an assistant to the powerful fashion magazine editor Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep.[7] Hathaway said that working on the film made her respect the fashion industry a great deal more than she had previously, though she claimed that her personal style is something she \"still can't get right\".[15] The actress also stated that she and co-star Emily Blunt got so hungry on their weight-loss regimen for the film it made them cry.[51] To prepare for the role, Hathaway volunteered for a few weeks as an assistant at an auction house.[52] The film received positive reviews; Roger Ebert called Hathaway \"a great beauty [...] who makes a convincing career girl\" and Rotten Tomatoes found \"Streep in top form and Anne Hathaway more than holding her own\".[53][54] The Devil Wears Prada became Hathaway's biggest commercial success to this point, grossing more than $326.5 million worldwide.[55]", "Edna Mode Describing Edna's physical attributes as \"severe\", Bird had envisioned the character having glasses and a pageboy haircut, while still wanting her to appear modern and elegant at the same time.[1] Edna's ethnicity has been identified as half-German and half-Japanese.[8][26][27][28] Both Edna's physical appearance and voice are widely believed to have based on those of costume designer Edith Head,[17][29] with whom she shares her signature round glasses and black bob cut.[23] According to Head's entry in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the character is inspired by both the costume designer's signature glasses and \"forthright personality\".[30] Bird described Edna as a combination of both Head and Q,[31] a character featured in the James Bond franchise.[32][2] The director has generally declined to confirm any direct influences on the character, insisting that Edna is \"not based on a specific person\",[33] including publicly refuting claims that he based the character on Head, although she continues to be considered the character's \"most legitimate\" alleged inspiration.[29] However, animator Teddy Newton, who co-designed Edna with Bird, revealed that he and Pixar were inspired by the film Unzipped (1995), a documentary depicting the petulance of fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi and stylist Polly Allen Mellen.[32] Fans have long speculated about the real-life inspiration behind Edna's design and appearance.[16][29] Bird stated he has constantly been told by various fans and viewers that the character reminds them of at least 15 different celebrities since the character debuted in The Incredibles.[32] Contributing to Fashion, Erin Dunlop described the character as \"a supercharged hybrid of every fashion industry legend we can think of\".[34] In an article discussing who Edna is based on, Entertainment Weekly's Steve Daly cited Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour, designer Coco Chanel and actress Lotte Lenya as possible influences, while drawing similarities between the character's use of large-framed glasses to architect Philip Johnson, producer Robert Evans, talent agent Swifty Lazar, studio executive Lew Wasserman, and fashion editor Carrie Donovan.[32] Some critics have suspected that the character is also based on Mary Quant and Una Jones.[35] Acknowledging that there are several female fashion designers who wear glasses upon whom Edna could have been based, Bird admitted that the character was inspired by author Patricia Highsmith and actress Linda Hunt, elaborating: \"When you're designing a character, you're just saying - who is that? ... We tried a lot of stuff and we kept saying no, no, more like this, but I like the nose on this one, and maybe the pageboy cut, maybe glasses should be bigger ... and you end up with something that reminds you of Edith Head and Linda Hunt.\"[20][36]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Some media outlets allowed their present or former fashion reporters to weigh in on how realistic the movie was. Their responses varied widely. Booth Moore at Los Angeles Times chided Field for creating a \"fine fashion fantasy with little to do with reality,\" a world that reflects what outsiders think fashion is like rather than what the industry actually is. Unlike the movie, in her experience fashionistas were less likely to wear makeup and more likely to value edgier dressing styles (that would not include toe rings).[66] \"If they want a documentary, they can watch the History Channel\", retorted Field.[67] Another newspaper fashion writer, Hadley Freeman of The Guardian, likewise complained the film was awash in the sexism and clichés that, to her, beset movies about fashion in general.[68]", "Sex and the City (film) Costume Designers Guild Awards", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Three months after the film's North American release (October 2006), Frankel and Weisberger jointly accepted the first Quill Variety Blockbuster Book to Film Award. A committee of staffers at the magazine made the nominations and chose the award winner. Editor Peter Bart praised both works.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) On the film's 10th anniversary, Alyssa Rosenberg wrote in The Washington Post that Miranda anticipated female antiheroines of popular television series of the later 2000s and 2010s such as Scandal's Olivia Pope and Cersei Lannister in Game of Thrones. Like them, she observes, Miranda competently assumes a position of authority often held by male characters, despite her moral failings, that she must defend against attempts to use her personal life to remove her from it, to \"prov[e], as a creature of sentiment, that she never belonged there in the first place.\" In doing so, however successfully to herself and others, \"she has zipped herself into a life as regimented and limited as a skintight pencil skirt.\"[117]", "Anna Wintour The film was released, in mid-2006, to great commercial success.[127] Wintour attended the premiÃ¨re wearing Prada. In the film, actress Meryl Streep plays a Priestly different enough from the book's to receive critical praise as an entirely original (and more sympathetic) character.[128][129] (Streep's office in the film was similar enough to Wintour's that Wintour reportedly had hers redecorated.[130])", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) At a luncheon later that day, however, Miranda announces that it is Jacqueline instead of Nigel who will leave Runway for Holt. Nigel remarks to a stunned Andy that, though disappointed, he has to believe that his loyalty to Miranda will one day pay off. Later, when Miranda and Andy are being driven to a show, she explains to a still-stunned Andy that she was grateful for the warning but already knew of the plot to replace her and sacrificed Nigel to keep her own job. Pleased by this display of loyalty, she tells Andy that she sees a great deal of herself in her. Andy, repulsed, says she could never do that to anyone. Miranda replies that she already did, stepping over Emily when she agreed to go to Paris. When they stop, Andy gets out and throws her cell phone into the fountain of the Place de la Concorde, leaving Miranda, Runway, and fashion behind.", "Edna Mode Edna Marie \"E\" Mode[1][2][3][4] is a fictional character who appears in Pixar's animated superhero film The Incredibles (2004) and its sequel Incredibles 2 (2018). She is an eccentric fashion designer renowned for designing and creating the costumes of multiple famous superheroes before they are forced to retire, having worked particularly closely with Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl (Bob and Helen Parr), both of whom she has maintained a close friendship with. When the couple resumes their superheroic careers after fifteen years of inactivity, Edna is summoned out of retirement to assist both characters, first by equipping Mr. Incredible with a new super suit and then by restoring Elastigirl's confidence in herself as a superheroine.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film) The cast's opinions on why the movie has endured differ. Hathaway told Variety that she thinks many people relate to Andy's predicament of working for someone who seems impossible to please. \"Everybody has had an experience like this.\" Tucci did not believe specific explanations were necessary. \"Itâ€™s a fucking brilliant movie ... The brilliant movies become influential, no matter what they are about.\"[7]", "Quantum of Solace Louise Frogley replaced Lindy Hemming as costume designer, though Hemming remained as supervisor. Hemming hired Brioni for Bond's suits since her tenure on the series began with 1995's GoldenEye, but Lindsay Pugh, another supervisor, explained their suits were \"too relaxed.\" Tom Ford was hired to tailor \"sharper\" suits for Craig. Pugh said the costumes aimed towards the 1960s feel, especially for Bond and Fields. Prada provided the dresses for both Bond girls. Jasper Conran designed Camille's ginger bandeau, bronze skirt and gold fish necklace,[84] while Chrome Hearts designed gothic jewellery for Amalric's character, which the actor liked enough to keep after filming.[85] Sophie Harley, who created Vesper Lynd's earrings and Algerian loveknot necklace in Casino Royale, was called upon to create another version of the necklace.[86]" ]	[ "The Devil Wears Prada (film) Frankel, who had worked with Patricia Field on his feature-film debut Miami Rhapsody as well as Sex and the City, knew that what the cast wore would be of utmost importance in a movie set in the fashion industry. \"My approach was to hire her and then leave the room,\" he joked later.[40] While only Valentino Garavani appeared onscreen, many other designers were helpful to Field. Her $100,000 budget for the film's costumes was supplemented by help from friends throughout the industry. Ultimately, she believes, at least $1 million worth of clothing was used in the film, making it one of the most expensively costumed movies in cinema history.[3] The single priciest item was a $100,000 Fred Leighton necklace on Streep.[41]" ]
test2628	under the federal unemployment tax act which party pays unemployment taxes	[ "doc90073" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc90073", "doc658533", "doc90075", "doc90074", "doc90081", "doc90076", "doc658532", "doc1842934", "doc658534", "doc90077", "doc1842930", "doc2016689", "doc127194", "doc1842937", "doc2016663", "doc423823", "doc1842950", "doc2016685", "doc127146", "doc90079", "doc1323342", "doc398587", "doc704880", "doc2016688", "doc565804", "doc1842948", "doc1842931", "doc1842957", "doc90078", "doc1842949", "doc565798", "doc1842940", "doc2016690", "doc658535", "doc565767", "doc565803", "doc704894", "doc704877", "doc658561", "doc2016686", "doc127193", "doc127195", "doc704882", "doc1842951", "doc781916", "doc704896", "doc658529", "doc1842933", "doc1842945", "doc704904", "doc2275395", "doc199016", "doc565799", "doc1842938", "doc74332", "doc704881", "doc127197", "doc1323337", "doc565715", "doc1842943", "doc2016692", "doc1842952", "doc1842942", "doc658538", "doc1842958", "doc1842946", "doc704874", "doc658493", "doc199015", "doc820314", "doc1323341", "doc1842935", "doc2016694", "doc565728", "doc1842932", "doc127191", "doc1842939", "doc704899", "doc80493", "doc704886", "doc1545592", "doc199065", "doc704902", "doc127199", "doc127179", "doc1593306", "doc1545591", "doc28666", "doc483163", "doc2093971", "doc127192", "doc2016664", "doc565801", "doc443812", "doc199067", "doc2016691", "doc565800", "doc1842953", "doc704900", "doc658495" ]	[ "Federal Unemployment Tax Act The Federal Unemployment Tax Act (or FUTA, I.R.C. ch. 23) is a United States federal law that imposes a federal employer tax used to help fund state workforce agencies. Employers report this tax by filing an annual Form 940 with the Internal Revenue Service. In some cases, the employer is required to pay the tax in installments during the tax year.", "Unemployment benefits To facilitate this program, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), which authorizes the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to collect an annual federal employer tax used to fund state workforce agencies. FUTA covers the costs of administering the Unemployment Insurance and Job Service programs in all states. In addition, FUTA pays one-half of the cost of extended unemployment benefits which are triggered in periods of high state unemployment. FUTA also provides a fund from which states UI funds may borrow to pay benefits. As originally established, the states paid the federal government.[41]", "Federal Unemployment Tax Act Through June 30, 2011, the Federal Unemployment Tax Act imposed a tax of 6.2%, which was composed of a permanent rate of 6.0% and a temporary rate of 0.2%, which was passed by Congress in 1976. The temporary rate was extended many times, but it expired on June 30, 2011.", "Federal Unemployment Tax Act FUTA covers a federal share of the costs of administering the unemployment insurance (UI) and job service programs in every state. In addition, FUTA pays one-half of the cost of extended unemployment benefits (during periods of high unemployment) and provides for a fund from which states may borrow, if necessary, to pay benefits.", "Federal Unemployment Tax Act The following wages are exempt from Federal Unemployment Tax Act payments:", "Federal Unemployment Tax Act Consequently, for years through 2010 and the first six months of 2011, the FUTA imposed a 6.2% tax (before credits) on the first $7,000 of gross earnings of each worker per year.[1] Once the worker's earnings reach $7,000 during a given year, the employer no longer pays any Federal unemployment tax for that year with respect to that worker. Certain credits are allowed with respect to state unemployment taxes paid that may reduce the effective FUTA rate to 0.8%.", "Unemployment benefits Unemployment insurance is a federal-state program financed through federal and state payroll taxes (federal and state UI taxes).[41] In most states employers pay state and federal unemployment taxes if:", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax The employer is also liable for 6.2% Social Security and 1.45% Medicare taxes,[9] making the total Social Security tax 12.4% of wages and the total Medicare tax 2.9%. (Self-employed people are responsible for the entire FICA percentage of 15.3% (= 12.4% + 2.9%), since they are in a sense both the employer and the employed; see the section on self-employed people for more details.)", "Unemployment benefits The FUTA tax rate was originally three percent of taxable wages collected from employers who employed at least four employees,[42] and employers could deduct up to 90 percent of the amount due if they paid taxes to a state to support a system of unemployment insurance which met Federal standards,[4] but the rules have recently changed. The FUTA tax rate is now, as of June 30, 2011, 6.0 percent of taxable wages of employees who meet both the above and following criteria,[41] and the taxable wage base is the first $7,000 paid in wages to each employee during a calendar year.[41] Employers who pay the state unemployment tax on time receive an offset credit of up to 5.4 percent regardless of the rate of tax they pay their state. Therefore, the net FUTA tax rate is generally 0.6 percent (6.0 percent - 5.4 percent), for a maximum FUTA tax of $42.00 per employee, per year (.006 X $7,000 = $42.00). State law determines individual state unemployment insurance tax rates.[41] In the United States, unemployment insurance tax rates use experience rating.[43]", "Federal Unemployment Tax Act Effective July 1, 2011, the rate decreased to 6.0%. That rate may be reduced by an amount up to 5.4% through credits for contributions to state unemployment programs under sections 3302(a) and 3302(b), resulting in a minimum effective rate on and after July 1, 2011 of 0.6% (6.0% - 5.4%).[2][3]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax The Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) (/ˈfaɪkə/) is a United States federal payroll (or employment) contribution directed towards both employees and employers to fund Social Security and Medicare[1]—federal programs that provide benefits for retirees, disabled people, and children of deceased workers.", "Payroll tax Employers are subject to unemployment taxes by the federal[26] and all state governments. The tax is a percentage of taxable wages[27] with a cap. The tax rate and cap vary by jurisdiction and by employer's industry and experience rating. For 2009, the typical maximum tax per employee was under $1,000.[28] Some states also impose unemployment, disability insurance, or similar taxes on employees.[29]", "Taxation in the United States Employers are subject to unemployment taxes by the federal[65] and all state governments. The tax is a percentage of taxable wages[66] with a cap. The tax rate and cap vary by jurisdiction and by employer's industry and experience rating. For 2009, the typical maximum tax per employee was under $1,000.[67] Some states also impose unemployment, disability insurance, or similar taxes on employees.[68]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax A tax similar to the FICA tax is imposed on the earnings of self-employed individuals, such as independent contractors and members of a partnership. This tax is imposed not by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act but instead by the Self-Employment Contributions Act of 1954, which is codified as Chapter 2 of Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 1401 through 26 U.S.C. § 1403 (the \"SE Tax Act\"). Under the SE Tax Act, self-employed people are responsible for the entire percentage of 15.3% (= 12.4% [Soc. Sec.] + 2.9% [Medicare]); however, the 15.3% multiplier is applied to 92.35% of the business's net earnings from self-employment, rather than 100% of the gross earnings; the difference, 7.65%, is half of the 15.3%, and makes the calculation fair in comparison to that of regular (non-self-employed) employees. It does this by adjusting for the fact that employees' 7.65% share of their SE tax is multiplied against a number (their gross income) that does not include the putative \"employer's half\" of the self-employment tax. In other words, it makes the calculation fair because employees do not get taxed on their employers' contribution of the second half of FICA, therefore self-employed people should not get taxed on the second half of the self-employment tax. Similarly, self-employed people also deduct half of their self-employment tax (schedule SE) from their gross income on the way to arriving at their adjusted gross income (AGI). This levels the amount paid by self-employed persons in comparison to regular employees, who do not pay general income tax on their employers' contribution of the second half of FICA, just as they did not pay FICA tax on it either.[12][13]", "Payroll tax Payroll taxes are taxes imposed on employers or employees, and are usually calculated as a percentage of the salaries that employers pay their staff.[1] Payroll taxes generally fall into two categories: deductions from an employee’s wages, and taxes paid by the employer based on the employee's wages. The first kind are taxes that employers are required to withhold from employees' wages, also known as withholding tax, pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE), or pay-as-you-go tax (PAYG) and often covering advance payment of income tax, social security contributions, and various insurances (e.g., unemployment and disability). The second kind is a tax that is paid from the employer's own funds and that is directly related to employing a worker. These can consist of fixed charges or be proportionally linked to an employee's pay. The charges paid by the employer usually cover the employer's funding of the social security system, medicare, and other insurance programs. The economic burden of the payroll tax falls almost entirely on the worker, regardless of whether the tax is remitted by the employer or the employee, as the employers’ share of payroll taxes is passed on to employees in the form of lower wages than would otherwise be paid.[1][2][3][4] Because payroll taxes fall exclusively on wages and not on returns to financial or physical investments, payroll taxes may contribute to underinvestment in human capital such as higher education.[1]", "Taxation in Puerto Rico Employers in Puerto Rico are subject to both Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax (a payroll withholding tax, which funds Social Security and Medicare) and the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA). Employers in Puerto Rico must withhold the employee portion of FICA taxes from their employees' wages and contribute the employer portion of FICA.[17]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax If an employee is either a U.S. citizen, then the employee must typically pay self-employment tax on earnings from work performed in the United States.[51]", "Payroll tax In the United States, payroll taxes are assessed by the federal government, some of the fifty states (Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming do not have state income tax; New Hampshire and Tennessee only tax income from interest and dividends), the District of Columbia, and numerous cities. These taxes are imposed on employers and employees and on various compensation bases and are collected and paid to the taxing jurisdiction by the employers. Most jurisdictions imposing payroll taxes require reporting quarterly and annually in most cases, and electronic reporting is generally required for all but small employers.[15] The Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax is a federal payroll tax imposed on both employees and employers to fund Social Security and Medicare[16] â€”federal programs that provide benefits for retirees, the disabled, and children of deceased workers.", "Taxation in the United States Payroll taxes are imposed by the federal and all state governments. These include Social Security and Medicare taxes imposed on both employers and employees, at a combined rate of 15.3% (13.3% for 2011 and 2012). Social Security tax applies only to the first $106,800 of wages in 2009 through 2011.[2] However, benefits are only accrued on the first $106,800 of wages. Employers must withhold income taxes on wages. An unemployment tax and certain other levies apply to employers. Payroll taxes have dramatically increased as a share of federal revenue since the 1950s, while corporate income taxes have fallen as a share of revenue. (Corporate profits have not fallen as a share of GDP).[2]", "Federal Unemployment Tax Act Based on their loan status on November 10, 2016, California and Virgin Islands are the only two states/jurisdiction that will receive reduced FUTA Credit for taxable year 2016. Employers in these states will pay extra FUTA taxes that are effective retroactively to January 1, 2016.", "Payroll Very often you can hear people using FICA in their terminology. FICA stands for the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the FICA tax consists of both Social Security and Medicare taxes. As we explained earlier both parties pay half of these taxes. Employees pay half, and employers pay the other half. Social Security and Medicare taxes are paid both by the employees and the employers. In summary together both halves of the FICA taxes add up to 15.3 percent.", "Tax Unemployment and similar taxes are often imposed on employers based on total payroll. These taxes may be imposed in both the country and sub-country levels.[9]", "Social Security Act EXCISE TAX ON EMPLOYERS", "Payroll tax Federal social insurance taxes are imposed on employers[20] and employees,[21] ordinarily consisting of a tax of 12.4% of wages up to an annual wage maximum ($118,500 in wages, for a maximum contribution of $14,694 in 2016) for Social Security and a tax of 2.9% (half imposed on employer and half withheld from the employee's pay) of all wages for Medicare.[22] The Social Security tax is divided into 6.2% that is visible to employees (the \"employee contribution\") and 6.2% that is visible only to employers (the \"employers contribution\"). For the years 2011 and 2012, the employee's contribution had been temporarily reduced to 4.2%, while the employer's portion remained at 6.2%,[23] but Congress allowed the rate to return to 6.2% for the individual in 2013.[24] To the extent an employee's portion of the 6.2% tax exceeded the maximum by reason of multiple employers, the employee is entitled to a refundable tax credit upon filing an income tax return for the year.[25]", "Social Security (United States) For self-employed workers (who technically are not employees and are deemed not to be earning \"wages\" for federal tax purposes), the self-employment tax, imposed by the Self-Employment Contributions Act of 1954, codified as Chapter 2 of Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. §§ 1401–1403, is 15.3% of \"net earnings from self-employment.\"[111] In essence, a self-employed individual pays both the employee and employer share of the tax, although half of the self-employment tax (the \"employer share\") is deductible when calculating the individual's federal income tax.[112][113]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax When a parent employs a child under age 18 (or under age 21 for domestic service), payments to the child are exempt from FICA tax.[48] The exemption also applies when a child is employed by a partnership in which each partner is a parent of the child.[48] The exemption does not apply when the child is employed by a corporation or a partnership with partners who are not the child's parent.[48]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax The Insurance also provides funds to the health care system for institutions that provide healthcare for workers that do not have health insurance and cannot afford healthcare treatment. Social Security benefits include old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI); Medicare provides hospital insurance benefits for the elderly. The amount that one pays in payroll taxes throughout one's working career is associated indirectly with the social security benefits annuity that one receives as a retiree.[2] Consequently, Kevin Hassett wrote that FICA is not a tax because its collection is directly tied to benefits that one is entitled to collect later in life.[3] (Insurance).The United States Supreme Court decided in Flemming v. Nestor (1960) that no one has an accrued property right to benefits from Social Security. The Federal Insurance Contributions Act is currently codified at Title 26, Subtitle C, Chapter 21 of the United States Code.[4]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax In December 2010, as part of the legislation that extended the Bush tax cuts (called the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010), the government negotiated a temporary, one-year reduction in the FICA payroll tax. In February 2012, the tax cut was extended for another year.[57]", "Federal Unemployment Tax Act The credit against the Federal tax may be reduced if the state has an outstanding advance (commonly called a “loan”). When states lack the funds to pay UI benefits, they may obtain loans from the federal government. To assure that these loans are repaid, and in accordance with Title XII of the Social Security Act, the federal government is entitled to recover those monies by reducing the FUTA credit it gives to employers, which is the equivalent of an overall increase in the FUTA tax. When a state has an outstanding loan balance on January 1 for two consecutive years, and the full amount of the loan is not repaid by November 10 of the second year, the FUTA credit will be reduced until the loan is repaid. This process is commonly called FUTA Credit Reduction and was designed as an involuntary repayment mechanism. The reduction schedule is 0.3% for the first year and an additional 0.3% for each succeeding year until the loan is repaid. From the third year onward, there may be additional reduction(s) in the FUTA tax credit (commonly dubbed \"add-ons\"). For example, for taxable years 2012 and 2013, Virgin Islands had a \"2.7 add-on\" when its tax rate on total wages was below a national minimum. For taxable year 2014, Connecticut had a \"BCR add-on\" when its tax rate on the taxable portion of covered wages in the previous calendar year is less than the 5-year benefit cost ratio applicable for the taxable year.", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Foreign governments and are exempt from FICA tax on payments to their employees.[49] International organizations are also exempt if the organization is listed in the International Organizations Immunities Act.[50][51]", "Social Security (United States) Benefits are funded by taxes imposed on wages of employees and self-employed persons. As explained below, in the case of employment, the employer and employee are each responsible for one half of the Social Security tax, with the employee's half being withheld from the employee's pay check. In the case of self-employed persons (i.e., independent contractors), the self-employed person is responsible for the entire amount of Social Security tax.", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax A number of state and local employers and their employees in the states of Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Ohio, and Texas are currently exempt from paying the Social Security portion of FICA taxes. They provide alternative retirement and pension plans to their employees. FICA initially did not apply to state and local governments, which were later given the option of participating. Over time, most have elected to participate, but a substantial number remain outside the system.[16]", "Payroll tax Employers must report payroll taxes to the appropriate taxing jurisdiction in the manner each jurisdiction provides. Quarterly reporting of aggregate income tax withholding and Social Security taxes is required in most jurisdictions.[30] Employers must file reports of aggregate unemployment tax quarterly and annually with each applicable state, and annually at the Federal level.[31]", "Unemployment benefits Although the taxable wage base for each state/territory is at least $7,000 as mandated by FUTA, only four states or territories still remain at this minimum.[44] These states/territories include Arizona, California, Florida, and Puerto Rico. Florida and Puerto Rico maintain tax rates similar to those of other states, but Arizona and California both have a higher maximum tax rate. Florida's minimum tax rate is 0.1% and the state maximum is 5.4%[45] and in Puerto Rico, employers are taxed between 2.4% and 5.4% depending on their experience rating.[46] As of 2015, Arizona's minimum was 0.03%, but its maximum was 7.79%.[47] California's tax rate on the taxable wage base is currently higher than the federal minimum of 6.0%. Employers are currently on a tax schedule that requires them to pay a minimum of 1.5% and a maximum 6.2% of the taxable wage base.[48] Even with the federal tax credit of 5.4%, Arizona employers could end up paying $175 per employee ((.0779-.054) x $7,000) and California employers could pay $56 per employee ((.062-.054) x $7,000) versus the FUTA maximum of $42.", "Social Security (United States) The FICA taxes are imposed on nearly all workers and self-employed persons. Employers are required[61] to report wages for covered employment to Social Security for processing Forms W-2 and W-3. Some specific wages are not part of the Social Security program (discussed below). Internal Revenue Code provisions section 3101[62] imposes payroll taxes on individuals and employer matching taxes. Section 3102[63] mandates that employers deduct these payroll taxes from workers' wages before they are paid. Generally, the payroll tax is imposed on everyone in employment earning \"wages\" as defined in 3121[64] of the Internal Revenue Code.[65] and also taxes[66] net earnings from self-employment.[67]", "Social Security (United States) The combined tax rate of these two federal programs is 15.30% (7.65% paid by the employee and 7.65% paid by the employer). In 2011-2012 it temporarily dropped to 13.30% (5.65% paid by the employee and 7.65% paid by the employer).", "Social Security Act IMPOSITION OF TAX SECTION 901. On and after January 1, 1936, every employer (as defined in section 907) shall pay for each calendar year an excise tax, with respect to having individuals in his employ, equal to the following percentages of the total wages (as defined in section 907) payable by him (regardless of the time of payment) with respect to employment (as defined in section 907) during such calendar year: (1) With respect to employment during the calendar year 1936 the rate shall be 1 per centum; (2) With respect to employment during the calendar year 1937 the rate shall be 2 per centum; (3) With respect to employment after December 31, 1937, the rate shall be 3 per centum.", "Social Security Act SEC. 802. (a) The tax imposed by section 801 shall be collected by the employer of the taxpayer by deducting the amount of the tax from the wages as and when paid. Every employer required so to deduct the tax is hereby made liable for the payment of such tax, and is hereby indemnified against the claims and demands of any person for the amount of any such payment made by such employer. (b) If more or less than the correct amount of tax imposed by section 801 is paid with respect to any wage payment, then, under regulations made under this title, proper adjustments, with respect both to the tax and the amount to be deducted, shall be made, without interest, in connection with subsequent wage payments to the same individual by the same employer.", "Unemployment benefits Unemployment compensation has been taxable by the federal government since 1987.[77] Code Section 85 deemed unemployment compensation included in gross income.[78] Federal taxes are not withheld from unemployment compensation at the time of payment unless requested by the recipient using Form W-4V.[77][79] In 2003, Rep. Philip English introduced legislation to repeal the taxation of unemployment compensation, but the legislation did not advance past committee.[77][80] Most states with income tax consider unemployment compensation to be taxable.[77] Prior to 1987, unemployment compensation amounts were excluded from federal gross income.[81] For the US Federal tax year of 2009, as a result of the signing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 signed by Barack Obama on February 17, 2009 the first $2,400 worth of unemployment income received during the 'tax year' of 2009 will be exempted from being considered as taxable income on the Federal level, when American taxpayers file their 2009 IRS tax return paperwork in early 2010.", "Payroll tax Federal, state, and local withholding taxes are required in those jurisdictions imposing an income tax. Employers having contact with the jurisdiction must withhold the tax from wages paid to their employees in those jurisdictions.[17] Computation of the amount of tax to withhold is performed by the employer based on representations by the employee regarding his/her tax status on IRS Form W-4.[18]", "Taxation in the United States Federal social insurance taxes are imposed equally on employers[59] and employees,[60] consisting of a tax of 6.2% of wages up to an annual wage maximum ($118,500 in 2015[61]) for Social Security plus a tax of 1.45% of total wages for Medicare.[62] For 2011, the employee's contribution was reduced to 4.2%, while the employer's portion remained at 6.2%.[63] To the extent an employee's portion of the 6.2% tax exceeds the maximum by reason of multiple employers (each of whom will collect up to the annual wage maximum), the employee is entitled to a refundable tax credit upon filing an income tax return for the year.[64]", "Taxation in the United States Employers must report payroll taxes to the appropriate taxing jurisdiction in the manner each jurisdiction provides. Quarterly reporting of aggregate income tax withholding and Social Security taxes is required in most jurisdictions.[69] Employers must file reports of aggregate unemployment tax quarterly and annually with each applicable state, and annually at the federal level.[70]", "Social Security Act ADJUSTMENT OF EMPLOYERS TAX", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax If a state or local government's employees were hired on a temporary basis in response to a specific unforeseen fire, storm, snow, earthquake, flood, or a similar emergency, and the employee is not intended to become a permanent employee, then payments to that employee are exempt from FICA tax.[52]", "Income tax Some jurisdictions also impose a tax collected from employers, to fund unemployment insurance, health care, or similar government outlays.", "Social Security Act SEC. 902. The taxpayer may credit against the tax imposed by section 901 the amount of contributions, with respect to employment during the taxable year, paid by him (before the date of filing of his return for the taxable year) into an unemployment fund under a State law. The total credit allowed to a taxpayer under this section for all contributions paid into unemployment funds with respect to employment during such taxable year shall not exceed 90 per centum of the tax against which it is credited, and credit shall be allowed only for contributions made under the laws of States certified for the taxable year as provided in section 903.", "Unemployment benefits In the United States, there are 50 state unemployment insurance programs plus one each in the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands. Though policies vary by state, unemployment benefits generally pay eligible workers up to $450 per week maximum.[37] Benefits are generally paid by state governments, funded in large part by state and federal payroll taxes levied against employers, to workers who have become unemployed through no fault of their own. Eligibility requirements for unemployment insurance vary by state, but generally speaking, employees not fired for misconduct (\"terminated for cause\") are eligible for unemployment benefits, while those fired for misconduct (this sometimes can include misconduct committed outside the workplace, such as a problematic social media post or committing a crime) are not.[38] In every state, employees who quit their job without \"good cause\" are not eligible for unemployment benefits, but the definition of good cause varies by state. In some states, being fired for misconduct permanently bars the employee from receiving unemployment benefits, while in others it only disqualifies the employee for a short period. This compensation is classified as a type of social welfare benefit. According to the Internal Revenue Code, these types of benefits are to be included in a taxpayer's gross income.[39]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Since 1990, the employee's share of the Social Security portion of the FICA tax has been 6.2% of gross compensation up to a limit that adjusts with inflation.[a][8] The taxation limit in 2017 was $127,200 of gross compensation, resulting in a maximum Social Security tax for 2017 of $7,886.40.[7] This limit, known as the Social Security Wage Base, goes up each year based on average national wages and, in general, at a faster rate than the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The employee's share of the Medicare portion of the tax is 1.45% of wages, with no limit on the amount of wages subject to the Medicare portion of the tax.[8] Because some payroll compensation may be subject to federal and state income tax withholding in addition to Social Security tax withholding and Medicare tax withholding, the Social Security and Medicare taxes often account for only a portion of the total an employee pays.", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax When a person temporarily works outside their country of origin, the person may be covered under two different countries' social security programs for the same work.[22] In order to relieve a person of double-taxation, the certain countries and the United States have entered into tax treaties, known as totalization agreements.[22]", "Social Security Act SEC. 907. When used in this title -- (a) The term employer does not include any person unless on each of some twenty days during the taxable year, each day being in a different calendar week, the total number of individuals who were in his employ for some portion of the day (whether or not at the same moment of time) was eight or more. (b) The term wages means all remuneration for employment, including the cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other than cash. (c) The term employment means any service, of whatever nature, performed within the United States by an employee for his employer, except- (1) Agricultural labor; (2) Domestic service in a private home; (3) Service performed as an officer or member of a crew of a vessel on the navigable waters of the United States; (4) Service performed by an individual in the employ of his son, daughter, or spouse, and service performed by a child under the age of twenty-one in the employ of his father or mother; (5) Service performed in the employ of the United States Government or of an instrumentality of the United States; (6) Service performed in the employ of a State, a political subdivision thereof, or an instrumentality of one or more States or political subdivisions; (7) Service performed in the employ of a corporation, community chest, fund, or foundation, organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. (d) The term State agency means any State officer, board, or other authority, designated under a State law to administer the unemployment fund in such State. (e) The term unemployment fund means a special fund, established under a State law and administered by a State agency, for the payment of compensation. (f) The term contributions means payments required by a State law to be made by an employer into an unemployment fund, to the extent that such payments are made by him without any part thereof being deducted or deductible from the wages of individuals in his employ. (g) The term compensation means cash benefits payable to individuals with respect to their unemployment.", "Social Security debate in the United States Social Security is funded through the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA), a payroll tax.[13] Employers and employees are each responsible for making tax payments of 6.2% of wages in 2018 (12.4% total) as FICA contributions, typically withdrawn from paychecks. Non-employee contractors are responsible for the entire 12.4%. During 2018, Social Security taxes were levied on the first $128,400 of income for employment; amounts earned above that are not taxed.[14] Covered workers are eligible for retirement and disability benefits. If a covered worker dies, his or her spouse and children may receive survivors' benefits. Social Security accounts are not the property of their beneficiary and are used solely to determine benefit levels. Social Security funds are not invested on behalf of beneficiaries. Instead, current tax receipts are used to pay current benefits (the system known as \"pay-as-you-go\"), as is typical of some insurance and defined-benefit plans.", "Income tax in the United States Total federal tax including employer's contribution:", "Social Security (United States) The portion of taxes collected from the employee for Social Security are referred to as \"trust fund taxes\" and the employer is required to remit them to the government. These taxes take priority over everything, and represent the only debts of a corporation or LLC that can impose personal liability upon its officers or managers. A sole proprietor and officers of a corporation and managers of an LLC can be held personally liable for non-payment of the income tax and social security taxes whether or not actually collected from the employee.[105]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Some student workers are exempt from FICA tax. Students enrolled at least half-time in a university and working part-time for the same university are exempted from FICA payroll taxes, so long as their relationship with the university is primarily an educational one.[14] In order to be exempt from FICA payroll taxes, a student's work must be \"incident to\" pursuit of a course of study, which is rarely the case with full-time employment.[15] However full-time college students are never exempt from FICA taxes on work performed off-campus.[15]", "United States federal budget The federal payroll tax (FICA) partially funds Social Security and Medicare. For the Social Security portion, employers and employees each pay 6.2% of the workers gross pay, a total of 12.4%. The Social Security portion is capped at $118,500 for 2015, meaning income above this amount is not subject to the tax. It is a flat tax up to the cap, but regressive overall as it is not applied to higher incomes. The Medicare portion is also paid by employer and employee each at 1.45% and is not capped. Starting in 2013, an additional 0.9 percent more in Medicare taxes was applied to income of more than $200,000 ($250,000 for married couples filing jointly), making it a progressive tax overall.", "Social Security Act SEC. 804. In addition to other taxes, every employer shall pay an excise tax, with respect to having individuals in his employ, equal to the following percentages of the wages (as defined in section 811) paid by him after December 31, 1936, with respect to employment (as defined in section 811) after such date: (1) With respect to employment during the calendar years 1937, 1938, and 1939, the rate shall be 1 per centum. (2) With respect to employment during the calendar years 1940, 1941, and 1942, the rate shall be 1 « per centum. (3) With respect to employment during the calendar years 1943, 1944, and 1945, the rate shall be 2 per centum. (4) With respect to employment during the calendar years 1946, 1947, and 1948, the rate shall be 2 « per centum. (5) With respect to employment after December 31, 1948, the rate shall be 3 per centum.", "Taxation in the United States Employers are required to pay payroll taxes to the taxing jurisdiction under varying rules, in many cases within 1 banking day. Payment of federal and many state payroll taxes is required to be made by electronic funds transfer if certain dollar thresholds are met, or by deposit with a bank for the benefit of the taxing jurisdiction.[73]", "Payroll In the United States, \"payroll taxes\" are separate from income taxes, although they are levied on employers in proportion to salary; the programs they fund include Social Security, and Medicare.[2] U.S. income and payroll taxes collected through deductions are considered to be trust fund taxes, because the employer holds the deducted money in trust for later remittance.[3]", "Social Security (United States) Social Security is funded primarily through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally entrusted to the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, the two Social Security Trust Funds.[4][5] With a few exceptions, all salaried income, up to an amount specifically determined by law (see tax rate table below), is subject to the Social Security payroll tax. All income over said amount is not taxed. In 2017, the maximum amount of taxable earnings was $127,200.[6]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax In order to apply to become exempt from paying FICA tax under this provision, the person must file Form 4029, which certifies that the person:[21]", "Payroll tax Employers are required to pay payroll taxes to the taxing jurisdiction under varying rules, in many cases within one banking day. Payment of Federal and many state payroll taxes is required to be made by electronic funds transfer if certain dollar thresholds are met, or by deposit with a bank for the benefit of the taxing jurisdiction.[34]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Payments to newspaper carriers under age 18 are exempt from FICA tax.[53]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Members of certain religious groups, such as the Mennonites and the Amish, may apply to be exempt from paying FICA tax.[18][19] These religious groups consider insurance to be a lack of trust in God; the religious groups believe it is their religious duty to provide for its members who are sick, disabled, and elderly.[20]", "Unemployment benefits The federal government lends money to the states for unemployment insurance when states run short of funds which happens when the state's UI fund cannot cover the cost of current benefits. A high unemployment rate shrinks UI tax revenues and increases expenditures on benefits. State UI finances and the need for loans are exacerbated when a state cuts taxes and increases benefits. FUTA loans to state funds are repaid with interest.", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax In March 2014, the Supreme Court reversed a lower court decision in U.S. v. Quality Stores, Inc. The court held that severance packages are taxable wages for FICA purposes. [58]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Aliens whose employer sends them to the United States on a temporary work assignment may be exempt from paying FICA tax on their earnings from working in the United States if there is a totalization agreement between the United States and the worker's home country.[22] Countries who have such a tax treaty with the United States include Australia,[23] Austria,[24] Belgium,[25] Canada,[26] Chile,[27] Czech Republic,[28] Denmark,[29] Finland,[30] France,[31] Germany,[32] Greece,[33] Hungary, [34] Ireland,[35] Japan,[36] Luxembourg,[37] Netherlands,[38] Norway,[39] Poland,[40] Portugal,[41] Slovakia,[42] South Korea,[43] Spain,[44] Sweden,[45] Switzerland,[46] and United Kingdom.[47]", "Social Security Act INCOME TAX ON EMPLOYEES", "Unemployment benefits The unemployment benefit I in Germany is also known as the unemployment insurance. The insurance is administered by the federal employment agency and funded by employee and employer contributions. This in stark contrast to FUTA in the US and other systems; where only employers make contributions. Participation (and thus contributions) are generally mandatory for both employee and employer.", "Income tax in the United States In addition to income tax, a wage earner would also have to pay Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) (and an equal amount of FICA tax must be paid by the employer):", "Medicare (United States) Part A's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9% payroll tax levied on employers and workers (each pay 1.45%). Until December 31, 1993, the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed each year, in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the United States.[18] Beginning January 1, 1994, the compensation limit was removed. Self-employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9% tax on self-employed net earnings (because they are both employee and employer), but may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax.[19] Beginning in 2013, the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US$200,000 for individuals (US$250,000 for married couples filing jointly) rose to 3.8%, in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the PPACA.[20]", "Payroll In the earlier part we have considered payroll taxes related to employee's side. Now it's the moment to talk about the Employer Payroll Taxes Employers are responsible for paying their portion of payroll taxes. These payroll taxes are an expense over and above the expense of an employee's gross pay. The employer-portion of payroll taxes include the following:", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax If a worker starts a new job halfway through the year and during that year has already earned an amount exceeding the Social Security tax wage base limit with the old employer, the new employer is not allowed to stop withholding until the wage base limit has been earned with the new employer (that is, without regard to the wage base limit earned under the old employer). There are some limited cases, such as a successor-predecessor employer transfer, in which the payments that have already been withheld can be counted toward the year-to-date total.", "Payroll tax A particularly severe penalty applies where federal income tax withholding and Social Security taxes are not paid to the IRS. The penalty of up to 100% of the amount not paid can be assessed against the employer entity as well as any person (such as a corporate officer) having control or custody of the funds from which payment should have been made.[37]", "Social Security (United States) For workers the Social Security tax rate is 6.2% on income under $127,200 through the end of 2017.[6] The worker Medicare tax rate is 1.45% of all incomeâ€”employers pay another 1.45%. Employers pay 6.2% up to the wage ceiling and the Medicare tax of 1.45 percent on all income. Workers defined as \"self employed\" pay 12.4% on income under $113,700 and a 2.9% Medicare tax on all income.", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities states that three-quarters of taxpayers pay more in payroll taxes than they do in income taxes.[6] The FICA tax is considered a regressive tax on income with no standard deduction or personal exemption deduction. The Social Security portion of the tax is imposed on the first $117,000 in 2014, $118,500 in 2015 and 2016, $127,200 in 2017, and $128,400 in 2018.[7] The FICA tax is not imposed on investment income such as rental income, interest, or dividends.", "Taxation in the United States In the United States, payroll taxes are assessed by the federal government, many states, the District of Columbia, and numerous cities. These taxes are imposed on employers and employees and on various compensation bases. They are collected and paid to the taxing jurisdiction by the employers. Most jurisdictions imposing payroll taxes require reporting quarterly and annually in most cases, and electronic reporting is generally required for all but small employers.[55] Because payroll taxes are imposed only on wages and not on income from investments, taxes on labor income are much heavier than taxes on income from capital.[2]", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Medical residents working full-time are not considered students and are not exempt from FICA payroll taxes, according to a United States Supreme Court ruling in 2011.[15]", "Social Security Act UNEMPLOYMENT TRUST FUND", "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act The Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (of which FATCA is a part) was passed on party lines: It narrowly passed the House, with no Republican members voting \"yes\"[34] and passed the Senate with only one Democrat member voting \"no\".[35] President Obama (D) signed the bill into law.[36]", "Social Security Act COLLECTION AND PAYMENT OF TAXES", "Tax return (United States) Form 940, Employerâ€™s Annual Federal Unemployment (FUTA) Tax Return;", "Income tax in the United States The United States social insurance system is funded by a tax similar to an income tax. Social Security tax of 6.2% is imposed on wages paid to employees. The tax is imposed on both the employer and the employee. For 2011 and 2012, the employee tax has been reduced from 6.2% to 4.2%. The maximum amount of wages subject to the tax for 2009, 2010, and 2011 was/is $106,800. This amount is indexed for inflation. A companion Medicare Tax of 1.45% of wages is imposed on employers and employees, with no limitation. A self-employment tax in like amounts (totaling 15.3%, 13.3% for 2011 and 2012) is imposed on self-employed persons.", "Social Security Act SEC. 905. (a) The tax imposed by this title shall be collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury and shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States as internal- revenue collections. If the tax is not paid when due, there shall be added as part of the tax interest at the rate of one-half of 1 per centum per month from the date the tax became due until paid. (b) Not later than January 31, next following the close of the taxable year, each employer shall make a return of the tax under this title for such taxable year. Each such return shall be made under oath, shall be filed with the collector of internal revenue for the district in which is located the principal place of business of the employer, or, if he has no principal place of business in the United States, then with the collector at Baltimore, Maryland, and shall contain such information and be made in such manner as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, may by regulations prescribe. All provisions of law (including penalties) applicable in respect of the taxes imposed by section 600 of the Revenue Act of 1926, shall, insofar as not inconsistent with this title, be applicable in respect of the tax imposed by this title. The Commissioner may extend the time for filing the return of the tax imposed by this title, under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, but no such extension shall be for more than sixty days. (c) Returns filed under this title shall be open to inspection in the same manner, to the same extent, and subject to the same provisions of law, including penalties, as returns made under Title II of the Revenue Act of 1926. (d) The taxpayer may elect to pay the tax in four equal installments instead of in a single payment, in which case the first installment shall be paid not later than the last day prescribed for the filing of returns, the second installment shall be paid on or before the last day of the third month, the third installment on or before the last day of the sixth month, and the fourth installment on or before the last day of the ninth month, after such last day. If the tax or any installment thereof is not paid on or before the last day of the period fixed for its payment, the whole amount of the tax unpaid shall be paid upon notice and demand from the collector. (e) At the request of the taxpayer the time for payment of the tax or any installment thereof may be extended under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, for a period not to exceed six months from the last day of the period prescribed for the payment of the tax or any installment thereof. The amount of the tax in respect of which any extension is granted shall be paid (with inter- est at the rate of one-half of 1 per centum per month) on or before the date of the expiration of the period of the extension. (f) In the payment of any tax under this title a fractional part of a cent shall be disregarded unless it amounts to one-half cent or more, in which case it shall be increased to 1 cent.", "Taxation in the United States A particularly severe penalty applies where federal income tax withholding and Social Security taxes are not paid to the IRS. The penalty of up to 100% of the amount not paid can be assessed against the employer entity as well as any person (such as a corporate officer) having control or custody of the funds from which payment should have been made.[76]", "Taxation in the United States The United States federal and state income tax systems are self-assessment systems. Taxpayers must declare and pay tax without assessment by the taxing authority. Quarterly payments of tax estimated to be due are required to the extent taxes are not paid through withholdings.[45] Employers must withhold income tax, as well as Social Security and Medicare taxes, from wages.[46] Amounts to be withheld are computed by employers based on representations of tax status by employees on Form W-4, with limited government review.[47]", "Economy of California The unemployment insurance rate, paid by the employer, is experienced based and averages about 1.0%-6.0% of the first $7,000 of worker's incomeâ€”employers with high turnovers pay more. The federal unemployment insurance rate (now) is 6.2% of the first $7,000 of worker's income. The Great Recession resulted in a high unemployment rate, causing California to borrow about $10 billion from the federal government.", "Tax return (United States) Employment (payroll) taxes", "United States Congress Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like Federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds.[178]", "Gratuity Research finds that consistent tax evasion by waitstaff due to fraudulent declaration is a concern in the US. According to the IRS, between 40% and 50% of tips to waiters are not reported for taxation.[86] Employers are responsible for Federal Unemployment Insurance premiums on tips paid directly from customers to employees, and this encourages employers to collaborate in underreporting tips.", "Tax withholding in the United States In the US, withholding by employers of tax on wages is required by the federal, most state, and some local governments. Taxes withheld include federal income tax,[3] Social Security and Medicare taxes,[4] state income tax, and certain other levies by a few states.", "Taxation in the United States Federal, state, and local withholding taxes are required in those jurisdictions imposing an income tax. Employers having contact with the jurisdiction must withhold the tax from wages paid to their employees in those jurisdictions.[56] Computation of the amount of tax to withhold is performed by the employer based on representations by the employee regarding his/her tax status on IRS Form W-4.[57] Amounts of income tax so withheld must be paid to the taxing jurisdiction, and are available as refundable tax credits to the employees. Income taxes withheld from payroll are not final taxes, merely prepayments. Employees must still file income tax returns and self assess tax, claiming amounts withheld as payments.[58]", "Payroll tax The Australian federal government (ATO) requires withholding tax on employment income (payroll taxes of the first type), under a system known as pay-as-you-go (PAYG).", "Social Security (United States) A separate payroll tax of 1.45% of an employee's income is paid directly by the employer, and an additional 1.45% deducted from the employee's paycheck, yielding a total tax rate of 2.90%. There is no maximum limit on this portion of the tax. This portion of the tax is used to fund the Medicare program, which is primarily responsible for providing health benefits to retirees.", "Social Security Wage Base The Congressional Budget Office considers the employer share of taxes to be passed on to employees in the form of lower wages that would otherwise be paid, and counts them as part of the employeesâ€™ tax burden.[2] Self-employed individuals pay the entire amount of applicable tax.", "Income tax in the United States Employers and employees must also pay Social Security tax, the employee portion of which is also to be withheld from wages. Withholding of income and Social Security taxes are often referred to as payroll tax.", "Payroll tax Each employer is required to provide each employee an annual report on IRS Form W-2[32] of wages paid and Federal, state and local taxes withheld. A copy must be sent to the IRS, and some state governments also require a copy. These are due by January 31 and February 28 (March 31 if filed electronically), respectively, following the calendar year in which wages are paid. The Form W-2 constitutes proof of payment of tax for the employee.[33]", "Social Security (United States) The Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) (codified in the Internal Revenue Code) imposes a Social Security withholding tax equal to 6.20% of the gross wage amount, up to but not exceeding the Social Security Wage Base ($97,500 for 2007; $102,000 for 2008; and $106,800 for 2009, 2010, and 2011). The same 6.20% tax is imposed on employers. For 2011 and 2012, the employee's contribution was reduced to 4.2%, while the employer's portion remained at 6.2%.[106][107] In 2012, the wage base increased to $110,100.[108] In 2013, the wage base increased to $113,700.[109] For each calendar year for which the worker is assessed the FICA contribution, the SSA credits those wages as that year's covered wages. The income cutoff is adjusted yearly for inflation and other factors.", "Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax Compensation for real estate agents and salespeople is exempt from FICA tax under certain circumstances.[54][55] The compensation is exempt if substantially all compensation is directly related to sales or other output, rather than to the number of hours worked, and there is a written contract stating that the individuals will not be treated as employees for federal tax purposes.[54][55] The individual must typically pay self-employment tax on the compensation.[54][55]", "Social Security Act SEC. 904. (a) There is hereby established in the Treasury of the United States a trust fund to be known as the Unemployment Trust Fund , hereinafter in this title called the Fund . The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to receive and hold in the Fund all moneys deposited therein by a State agency from a State unemployment fund. Such deposit may be made directly with the Secretary of the Treasury or with any Federal reserve bank or member bank of the Federal Reserve System designated by him for such purpose. (b) It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to invest such portion of the Fund as is not, in his judgment, required to meet current withdrawals. Such investment may be made only in interest-bearing obligations of the United States or in obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States. For such purpose such obligations may be acquired (1) on original issue at par, or (2) by purchase of outstanding obligations at the market price. The purposes for which obligations of the United States may be is- sued under the Second Liberty Bond Act, as amended, are hereby extended to authorize the issuance at par of special obligations exclusively to the Fund. Such special obligations shall bear interest at a rate equal to the average rate of interest, computed as of the end of the calendar month next preceding the date of such issue, borne by all interest-bearing obligations of the United States then forming part of the public debt; except that where such average rate is not a multiple of one eighth of 1 per centum, the rate of interest of such special obligations shall be the multiple of one-eighth of 1 per centum next lower than such average rate. Obligations other than such special obligations may be acquired for the Fund only on such terms as to provide an investment yield not less than the yield which would be required in the case of special obligations if issued to the Fund upon the date of such acquisition. (c) Any obligations acquired by the Fund (except special obligations issued exclusively to the Fund) may be sold at the market price, and such special obligations may be redeemed at par plus accrued interest. (d) The interest on, and the proceeds from the sale or redemption of, any obligations held in the Fund shall be credited to and form a part of the Fund. (e) The Fund shall be invested as a single fund, but the Secretary of the Treasury shall maintain a separate book account for each State agency and shall credit quarterly on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31, of each year, to each account, on the basis of the average daily balance of such account, a proportionate part of the earnings of the Fund for the quarter ending on such date. (f) The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to pay out of the Fund to any State agency such amount as it may duly requisition, not exceeding the amount standing to the account of such State agency at the time of such payment.", "Unemployment benefits The system is financed by contributions from employees and employers. Employees pay 1.5% of their gross salary below the social security threshold and employers pay 1.5% contribution on top of the salary paid to the employee. The contribution level was reduced from 3.25% for employees and employers as part of labour market reforms known as Hartz. Contributions are paid only on earnings up to the social security ceiling (2012: 5,600 EUR)." ]	[ "Federal Unemployment Tax Act The Federal Unemployment Tax Act (or FUTA, I.R.C. ch. 23) is a United States federal law that imposes a federal employer tax used to help fund state workforce agencies. Employers report this tax by filing an annual Form 940 with the Internal Revenue Service. In some cases, the employer is required to pay the tax in installments during the tax year." ]
test2860	when did the 12 tribes of israel form	[ "doc97886" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc97889", "doc97886", "doc97888", "doc97890", "doc97887", "doc1016666", "doc164347", "doc735598", "doc2289663", "doc1016684", "doc129798", "doc735596", "doc735595", "doc1611090", "doc97892", "doc823932", "doc1016665", "doc97891", "doc129806", "doc1016680", "doc651970", "doc2045816", "doc217731", "doc682288", "doc273045", "doc1274796", "doc1016671", "doc1016683", "doc536418", "doc2045800", "doc865887", "doc725868", "doc651964", "doc1717790", "doc129802", "doc760551", "doc1016694", "doc164343", "doc1717791", "doc725869", "doc217730", "doc651966", "doc1016674", "doc190819", "doc682290", "doc1555079", "doc2044871", "doc725867", "doc1787534", "doc2289666", "doc1016670", "doc2044868", "doc2289665", "doc536371", "doc2289662", "doc1016689", "doc874919", "doc164351", "doc1661259", "doc2289668", "doc682651", "doc1118187", "doc129809", "doc1016669", "doc1611088", "doc2044872", "doc1645365", "doc1016686", "doc1555101", "doc190821", "doc1016682", "doc1016678", "doc735597", "doc113666", "doc866291", "doc672949", "doc1555085", "doc222455", "doc190822", "doc682293", "doc2193928", "doc1016667", "doc672960", "doc129807", "doc250627", "doc164350", "doc2289681", "doc865888", "doc217732", "doc2045813", "doc2045807", "doc767453", "doc760566", "doc2045798", "doc2169285", "doc682286", "doc682282", "doc1214894", "doc760559", "doc1603915" ]	[ "Twelve Tribes of Israel In the Bible's version of events, the period from the conquest of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel, passed with the tribes forming a loose confederation, described in the Book of Judges. Modern scholarship has called into question the beginning, middle, and end of this picture[3][4] and the account of the conquest under Joshua has largely been abandoned.[5][6][7] The Bible's depiction of the 'period of the Judges' is widely considered doubtful.[3][8][9] The extent to which a united Kingdom of Israel ever existed is also a matter of ongoing dispute.[10][11][12]", "Twelve Tribes of Israel According to the Hebrew Bible, the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Tribes of Israel (Hebrew: שבטי ישראל‎) were said to have descended from the 12 sons of the patriarch Jacob (who was later named Israel) by two wives, Leah and Rachel, and two concubines, Zilpah and Bilhah.", "Twelve Tribes of Israel Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph and his Egyptian wife Asenath)[1] to the status of full tribes in their own right, replacing the tribe of Joseph.[2]", "Twelve Tribes of Israel Living in exile in the sixth century BCE, the prophet Ezekiel has a vision for the restoration of Israel[13] which would include \"the ideal reallotment of the land to the twelve tribes of Israel\".[14]", "Twelve Tribes of Israel Deuteronomy 33:6–25 and Judges 5:14–18 present parallel listings of the twelve tribes:", "Israelites In the Hebrew Bible, the term Israelites, also known as the Hebrews and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, refers to the direct descendants of any of the sons of the patriarch Jacob, or to the descendants of the people who are called Israel, and to a worshiper of the God of Israel, Yahweh. In the period of the divided monarchy it was only used to refer to the inhabitants of the northern Kingdom of Israel, and it is only extended to cover the people of the southern Kingdom of Judah in post-exilic usage.[10]", "Israel The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively.[45] The name \"Israel\" (Standard Yisraʾel, Isrāʾīl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; 'El(God) persists/rules', though after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as \"struggle with God\")[46][47][48][49] in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord.[50] Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years,[51] until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob,[52] led the Israelites back into Canaan during the \"Exodus\". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word \"Israel\" as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE).[53]", "Jewish history For several hundred years, the Land of Israel was organized into a confederacy of twelve tribes ruled by a series of Judges. After that came the Israelite monarchy, established in 1000 BCE under Saul, and continued under King David and his son, Solomon. During the reign of David, the already existing city of Jerusalem became the national and spiritual capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Solomon built the First Temple on Mount Moriah in Jerusalem.[9]\nHowever, the tribes were fracturing politically. Upon his death, a civil war erupted between the ten northern Israelite tribes, and the tribes of Judah (Simeon was absorbed into Judah) and Benjamin in the south. The nation split into the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Assyrian ruler Tiglath-Pileser III conquered the northern kingdom of Israel in the 8th century BCE. No commonly accepted historical record accounts for the ultimate fate of the ten northern tribes, sometimes referred to as the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, although speculation abounds.", "History of ancient Israel and Judah The name \"Israel\" first appears in the Merneptah Stele c. 1209Â BCE: \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more.\"[12] This \"Israel\" was a cultural and probably political entity, well enough established for the Egyptians to perceive it as a possible challenge, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state;[13] Archaeologist Paula McNutt says: \"It is probably ... during Iron Age I [that] a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite',\" differentiating itself from its neighbours via prohibitions on intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.[14]", "Israelites The Israelite story begins with some of the culture heroes of the Jewish people, the Patriarchs. The Torah traces the Israelites to the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham, who was renamed Israel after a mysterious incident in which he wrestles all night with God or an angel. Jacob's twelve sons (in order of birth), Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph and Benjamin, become the ancestors of twelve tribes, with the exception of Joseph, whose two sons Mannasseh and Ephraim, who were adopted by Jacob, become tribal eponyms (Genesis 48).[62]", "Ten Lost Tribes The ten lost tribes were the ten of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel that were said to have been deported from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire circa 722 BCE.[1] These are the tribes of Reuben, Simeon, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Manasseh and Ephraim. Claims of descent from the \"lost\" tribes have been proposed in relation to many groups,[2] and some religions espouse a messianic view that the tribes will return.", "Jewish history The Book of Genesis, chapters 25â€“50, tells the story of Jacob and his twelve sons, who left Canaan during a severe famine and settled in Goshen of northern Egypt. The Egyptian Pharaonic government allegedly enslaved their descendants, although there is no independent evidence of this having occurred.[4] After some 400 years of slavery, YHWH, the God of Israel, sent the Hebrew prophet Moses of the tribe of Levi to release the Israelites from bondage. According to the Bible, the Hebrews miraculously emigrated out of Egypt (an event known as the Exodus), and returned to their ancestral homeland in Canaan. According to the Bible, after their emancipation from Egyptian slavery, the people of Israel wandered around and lived in the Sinai desert for a span of forty years before conquering Canaan in 1400 BCE under the command of Joshua. While living in the desert, according to the Biblical writings, the nation of Israel received the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai from YHWH via Moses. After entering Canaan, portions of the land were given to each of the twelve tribes of Israel.", "Jewish history According to the Hebrew Bible, Jews descend from the ancient people of Israel who settled in the land of Canaan between the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Hebrew Bible refers to the \"Children of Israel\" as Israelite descendants of a common ancestor Jacob.[3] It also suggests that the nomadic travels of the Hebrews centered on Hebron in the first centuries of the second millennium BCE, leading to the establishment of the Cave of the Patriarchs as their burial site in Hebron. The Children of Israel, in this account, consisted of twelve tribes, each descended from one of Jacob's twelve sons, Reuven, Shimon, Levi, Yehuda, Yissachar, Zevulun, Dan, Gad, Naftali, Asher, Yosef, and Benyamin.", "Tribe of Manasseh The Bible records that following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. According to biblical scholar Kenneth Kitchen, this conquest should be dated slightly after 1200 BCE.[1] The consensus of modern scholars is that the conquest of Joshua as described in the Book of Joshua never occurred.[2][3][4]", "Twelve Tribes of Israel The names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel: three gates on the east, three gates on the north, three gates on the south, and three gates on the west.[18]", "Bronze Age The Israelites were an ancient Semitic-speaking people of the Ancient Near East who inhabited part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods (15th to 6th centuries BC),[17][18][19][20][21] and lived in the region in smaller numbers after the fall of the monarchy. The name \"Israel\" first appears c.â€‰1209 BC, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Iron Age, on the Merneptah Stele raised by the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah.", "Israelites The Israelites (/ˈɪzriəˌlaɪtsˌ/; Hebrew: בני ישראל‎ Bnei Yisra'el)[1] were a confederation of Iron Age Semitic-speaking tribes of the ancient Near East, who inhabited a part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods.[2][3][4][5][6] The ancient Israelites are considered to be an outgrowth of the indigenous Canaanite populations that long inhabited the Southern Levant, Syria, ancient Israel, and the Transjordan region.[7][8][9]", "Twelve Tribes of Israel In the Christian New Testament, the twelve tribes of Israel are referred to twice in the gospels and twice in the Book of Revelation. In Matthew, paralled by Luke, Jesus anticipates that in the Kingdom of God, his followers will \"sit on [twelve] thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel\".[15][16] In the vision of the writer of the Book of Revelation, 144,000 of all the tribes of the children of Israel were \"sealed\", 12,000 from each tribe[17] and in his vision of the New or Heavenly Jerusalem, the tribes' names were written on the city gates:", "Ten Lost Tribes According to the Bible, the Kingdom of Israel (or Northern Kingdom) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also called the Kingdom of Israel), which came into existence in about the 930s BCE after the northern Tribes of Israel rejected Solomon's son Rehoboam as their king. Nine landed tribes formed the Northern Kingdom: the tribes of Reuben, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim, and Manasseh. In addition, some members of Tribe of Levi, who had no land allocation, were found in the Northern Kingdom. The Tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam, and formed the Kingdom of Judah (or Southern Kingdom). Members of Levi and the remnant of Simeon were also found in the Southern Kingdom.", "Israelites The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the period archaeologists and historians call Iron Age I, on the Merneptah Stele raised by the Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah. The inscription is very brief", "Tribe of Ephraim In the biblical account, following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Kenneth Kitchen, a well-known conservative biblical scholar, dates this event to slightly after 1200 BC.[10] However, the consensus view of modern scholars is that the conquest of Joshua as described in the Book of Joshua never occurred.[11][12][13]", "Land of Israel The 12 tribes of Israel are divided in 1 Kings 11. In the chapter, King Solomon's sins lead to Israelites forfeiting 10 of the 12 tribes:", "History of Israel The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah (son of Ramses II) c. 1209 BCE, \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is not.\"[13] William G. Dever sees this \"Israel\" in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity, more an ethnic group rather than an organized state.[14]", "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel The name Israel first appears in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BC, \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is not.\"[11] This \"Israel\" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organized state.[12] Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites who occupied Canaan and the Sea Peoples.[13] According to modern archaeologists, sometime during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite', differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.[14]", "Biblical judges Biblical scholar Kenneth Kitchen argues that, from the conquest of Canaan by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel and Judah (ca. 1150â€“1025 BC), the Israelite tribes formed a loose confederation. No central government existed in this confederation; in times of crisis, the people were led by ad hoc chieftains, known as judges (shoftim).[2]", "Joshua The first record of the name Israel occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is not.\"[26] William Dever sees this \"Israel\" in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state.[27]", "Israelites The name Israel first appears in non-biblical sources c. 1209 BCE, in an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah. The inscription is very brief and says simply: \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is not\" (see below). The inscription refers to a people, not to an individual or a nation-state.[33]", "Israelites After the destruction of the Israelite kingdoms of Judah and Samaria in 586 BCE and 720 BCE respectively,[53][54] the concepts of Jew and Samaritan gradually replaced Judean and Israelite. When the Jews returned from the Babylonian captivity, the Hasmonean kingdom was established in present-day Israel, consisting of three regions which were Judea, Samaria, and the Galilee. In the pre-exilic first Temple period the political power of Judea was concentrated within the tribe of Judah, Samaria was dominated by the tribe of Ephraim and the House of Joseph, while the Galilee was associated with the tribe of Naphtali, the most eminent tribe of northern Israel.[55][56] At the time of the Kingdom of Samaria, the Galilee was populated by northern tribes of Israel, but following the Babylonian exile the region became Jewish. During the second Temple period relations between the Jews and Samaritans remained tense. In 120 BCE the Hasmonean king Yohanan Hyrcanos I destroyed the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim, due to the resentment between the two groups over a disagreement of whether Mount Moriah in Jerusalem or Mount Gerizim in Shechem was the actual site of the Aqedah, and the chosen place for the Holy Temple, a source of contention that had been growing since the two houses of the former united monarchy first split asunder in 930 BCE and which had finally exploded into warfare.[57][58] 190 years after the destruction of the Samaritan Temple and the surrounding area of Shechem, the Roman emperor Titus launched a military campaign to crush the Jewish revolt of 66 CE, which resulted in the destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, and the subsequent exile of Jews from Judea and the Galilee in 135 CE following the Bar Kochba revolt.[59][60]", "Jacob The offspring of Jacob's sons became the tribes of Israel following the Exodus, when the Israelites conquered and settled in the Land of Israel.", "Land of Israel The Hebrew Bible provides three specific sets of borders for the \"Promised Land\", each with a different purpose. Neither of the terms \"Promised Land\" (Ha'Aretz HaMuvtahat) or \"Land of Israel\" are used in these passages: Genesis 15:13–21, Genesis 17:8[21] and Ezekiel 47:13–20 use the term \"the land\" (ha'aretz), as does Deuteronomy 1:8 in which it is promised explicitly to \"Abraham, Isaac and Jacob... and to their descendants after them,\" whilst Numbers 34:1–15 describes the \"Land of Canaan\" (Eretz Kna'an) which is allocated to nine and half of the twelve Israelite tribes after the Exodus. The expression \"Land of Israel\" is first used in a later book, 1 Samuel 13:19. It is defined in detail in the exilic Book of Ezekiel as a land where both the twelve tribes and the \"strangers in (their) midst\", can claim inheritance.[22] The name \"Israel\" first appears in the Hebrew Bible as the name given by God to the patriarch Jacob (Genesis 32:28). Deriving from the name \"Israel\", other designations that came to be associated with the Jewish people have included the \"Children of Israel\" or \"Israelite\".", "Ancient history Israel and Judah were related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant and had existed during the Iron Ages and the Neo-Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic periods. The name Israel first appears in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209Â BC, \"Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more.\"[149] This \"Israel\" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state;[150] Archaeologist Paula McNutt says: \"It is probably ... during Iron Age I [that] a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite',\" differentiating itself from its neighbours via prohibitions on intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.[151]", "Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) After the death of Solomon in about 931 BCE, all the Israelite tribes except for Judah and Benjamin (called the ten northern tribes) refused to accept Rehoboam, the son and successor of Solomon, as their king.[7] The rebellion against Rehoboam arose after he refused to lighten the burden of taxation and services that his father had imposed on his subjects.[8]", "Tribe of Ephraim With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge. The Tribe of Ephraim joined the new kingdom with Saul as the first king. The widely accepted date for Saul's reign is approximately 1025–1005 BCE. Some scholars dispute this date range and place Saul later, perhaps as late as \"the second half of the tenth century B.C.E.\"[6]", "Timeline of Jewish history c. 1312 BCE (?*)", "Ten Lost Tribes The scriptural basis for the idea of \"10 Lost Tribes\" is 2 Kings 17:6: \"In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria captured Samaria and deported the Israelites to Assyria. He settled them in Halah, in Gozan on the Habor River and in the towns of the Medes.\" According to the Hebrew Bible, Jacob (who was later named Israel; Gen 35:10) had 12 sons and at least one daughter (Dinah) by two wives and two concubines. The twelve sons fathered the twelve Tribes of Israel.", "The Twelve Spies The Twelve Spies (Hebrew: שנים עשר המרגלים), as recorded in the Book of Numbers, were a group of Israelite chieftains, one from each of the Twelve Tribes, who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days[1] as a future home for the Israelite people, during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt. The account is found in Numbers 13:1-33.", "Israelites Forty years after the Exodus, following the death of the generation of Moses, a new generation, led by Joshua, enters Canaan and takes possession of the land in accordance with the promise made to Abraham by Yahweh. Land is allocated to the tribes by lottery. Eventually the Israelites ask for a king, and Yahweh gives them Saul. David, the youngest (divinely favored) son of Jesse of Bethlehem would succeed Saul. Under David the Israelites establish the united monarchy, and under David's son Solomon they construct the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, using the 400-year-old materials of the Mishkan, where Yahweh continues to tabernacle himself among them. On the death of Solomon and reign of his son, Rehoboam, the kingdom is divided in two.[80]", "Israel The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age.[16][17] The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE.[18] Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces.[19][20] The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Jewish kingdom in 110 BCE,[21] which came to an end in 63 BCE when Judea became a client state of the Roman Republic.[22] Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction, expulsion of Jewish population[21] and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina.[23] Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries. In the 7th century Palestine was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099, followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187. The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt extended its control over the Levant in the 13th century until its defeat by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. During the 19th century, national awakening among Jews led to the establishment of the Zionist movement in the diaspora followed by waves of immigration to Ottoman and later British Palestine.", "Timeline of Jewish history c. 1250 BCEâ€“c. 1025 BCE", "Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) Jeroboam, who was not of the Davidic line, was sent for from Egypt by the malcontents.[9] The Tribe of Ephraim and all Israel raised the old cry, \"Every man to his tents, O Israel\".[10] Rehoboam fled to Jerusalem,[11][12] and in 930 BCE (some date it in 920 BCE), Jeroboam was proclaimed king over all Israel at Shechem. After the revolt at Shechem at first only the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the house of David. But very soon after the tribe of Benjamin joined Judah. The northern kingdom continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel or Israel, while the southern kingdom was called the kingdom of Judah. 2 Chronicles 15:9[13] also says that members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh and Simeon fled to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah.", "History of Israel During the 2nd millennium BCE, Canaan, part of which later became known as Israel, was dominated by the New Kingdom of Egypt from c.1550 to c. 1180.[12]", "Tribe of Ephraim However, on the accession of Rehoboam, David's grandson, in c. 930 BCE the northern tribes split from the House of David to form the northern Kingdom of Israel. The first king of the northern kingdom was an Ephraimite, Jeroboam, who likely ruled in 931–909 BCE.[8][9]", "Israelites The Greek term Ioudaioi (Jews) was an exonym originally referring to members of the Tribe of Judah, which formed the nucleus of the kingdom of Judah, and was later adopted as a self-designation by people in the diaspora who identified themselves as loyal to the God of Israel and the Temple in Jerusalem.[34][35][36][37]", "Tribe of Judah According to the account in the Book of Joshua, following a partial conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes (the Jebusites still held Jerusalem),[2] Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Judah's divinely ordained portion is described in Joshua 15 as encompassing most of the southern portion of the Land of Israel, including the Negev, the Wilderness of Zin and Jerusalem. However, the consensus of modern scholars is that it never occurred.[3][4][5] Other scholars point to extra-biblical references to Israel and Canaan as evidence for the potential historicity of the conquest.[6][7]", "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel The archaeological record indicates that the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged in the Early Iron Age (Iron Age I, 1200–1000 BCE) from the Canaanite city-state culture of the Late Bronze Age, at the same time and in the same circumstances as the neighbouring states of Edom, Moab, Aram, and the Philistinian and Phoenician city-states.[21] The oldest Hebrew text ever found was discovered at the ancient Israelite settlement, Elah Fortress,[22] which dates to between 1050 and 970 BCE.[23]", "The Exodus The Exodus (from Greek ἔξοδος exodos, \"going out\"; Hebrew: יְצִיאַת מִצְרָיִם‎ yetzi'at mitzrayim) is the founding, or etiological, myth of Israel, telling how the Israelites were delivered from slavery by Yahweh and therefore belong to him through the Mosaic covenant.[1][a] Spread over the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, it tells of the events that befell the Israelites following the death of Joseph, their departure from Egypt, and their wanderings in the wilderness, including the revelations at Sinai, up to their arrival at the borders of Canaan.[2]", "Origins of Judaism Judaism has its origins in the Iron Age Kingdom of Judah and in Second Temple Judaism.[3] It has three essential and related elements: study of the written Torah (the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy); the recognition of Israel (defined as the descendants of Abraham through his grandson Jacob) as a people elected by God as recipients of the law at Mount Sinai, his chosen people; and the requirement that Israel live in accordance with God's laws as given in the Torah.[3]", "Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) The United Kingdom of Israel and Judah is said to have existed from about 1030 to about 930 BCE. It was a union of all the twelve Israelite tribes living in the area that presently approximates modern Israel and the other Levantine territories including much of western Jordan, and western Syria", "Patriarchs (Bible) The twelve tribes of Israel include ten of the sons of Jacob (excluding Levi and Joseph) and the two sons of Joseph.", "History of ancient Israel and Judah These surveys revolutionized the study of early Israel. The discovery of the remains of a dense network of highland villages – all apparently established within the span of few generations – indicated that a dramatic social transformation had taken place in the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE. There was no sign of violent invasion or even the infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group. Instead, it seemed to be a revolution in lifestyle. In the formerly sparsely populated highlands from the Judean hills in the south to the hills of Samaria in the north, far from the Canaanite cities that were in the process of collapse and disintegration, about two-hundred fifty hilltop communities suddenly sprang up. Here were the first Israelites.[22]", "Israelites The name Israel first appears in the Hebrew Bible in Genesis 32:29. It refers to the renaming of Jacob, who, according to the Bible, wrestled with an angel, who gave him a blessing and renamed him Israel because he had \"striven with God and with men, and have prevailed\". The Hebrew Bible etymologizes the name as from yisra \"to prevail over\" or \"to struggle/wrestle with\", and el, \"God, the divine\".[31][32]", "Origins of Judaism During the Babylonian captivity of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE (Iron Age II), certain circles within the exiled Judahites in Babylon redefined pre-existing ideas about monotheism, election, divine law and Covenant into a strict monotheistic theology which came to dominate the former Judah in the following centuries.[1]", "History of ancient Israel and Judah In The Bible Unearthed (2001), Finkelstein and Silberman summarised recent studies. They described how, up until 1967, the Israelite heartland in the highlands of western Palestine was virtually an archaeological terra incognita. Since then, intensive surveys have examined the traditional territories of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim, and Manasseh. These surveys have revealed the sudden emergence of a new culture contrasting with the Philistine and Canaanite societies existing in the Land of Israel earlier during Iron Age I.[20] This new culture is characterised by a lack of pork remains (whereas pork formed 20% of the Philistine diet in places), by an abandonment of the Philistine/Canaanite custom of having highly decorated pottery, and by the practice of circumcision. The Israelite ethnic identity had originated, not from the Exodus and a subsequent conquest, but from a transformation of the existing Canaanite-Philistine cultures.[21]", "Jacob Jacob's twelve sons, named in Genesis, were Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, and Benjamin. His only daughter mentioned in Genesis is Dinah. The twelve sons became the progenitors of the \"Tribes of Israel\".[1]", "History of ancient Israel and Judah The Canaanite city state system broke down during the Late Bronze Age collapse,[8] and Canaanite culture was then gradually absorbed into that of the Philistines, Phoenicians and Israelites.[9] The process was gradual[10] and a strong Egyptian presence continued into the 12th century BCE, and, while some Canaanite cities were destroyed, others continued to exist in Iron Age I.[11]", "Israelites Yahweh causes the Red Sea to part and the Hebrews pass through on dry land into the Sinai. After the Israelites escape from the midst of the sea, Yahweh causes the ocean to close back in on the pursuing Egyptian army, drowning them to death. In the desert Yahweh feeds them with manna that accumulates on the ground with the morning dew. They are led by a column of cloud, which ignites at night and becomes a pillar of fire to illuminate the way, southward through the desert until they come to Mount Sinai. The twelve tribes of Israel encamp around the mountain, and on the third day Mount Sinai begins to smolder, then catches fire, and Yahweh speaks the Ten Commandments from the midst of the fire to all the Israelites, from the top of the mountain.[68]", "Israel (name) Jacob's descendants came to be known as the Israelites, eventually forming the tribes of Israel and ultimately the kingdom of Israel, whence came the name of modern-day State of Israel.", "Israel While it is unclear if there was ever a United Monarchy,[72][16][73][74] there is well accepted archeological evidence referring to \"Israel\" in the Merneptah Stele which dates to about 1200 BCE;[75][76][77] and the Canaanites are archeologically attested in the Middle Bronze Age.[78][79] There is debate about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power, but historians agree that a Kingdom of Israel existed by ca. 900 BCE[16]:169â€“195[73][74] and that a Kingdom of Judah existed by ca. 700 BCE.[17] The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.[18]", "Eli (biblical figure) Samaritan historiography would place the basic schism from the remaining part of Israel after the twelve tribes conquered the land of Canaan, led by Yahshua. After Yahshua's death, Eli the priest left the tabernacle which Moses erected in the desert and established on Mount Gerizim, and built another one under his own rule in the hills of Shilo (1 Samuel 1:1-3; 2:12-17). Thus, he established both an illegitimate priesthood and an illegitimate place of worship.[12]", "History of ancient Israel and Judah Unusually favourable climatic conditions in the first two centuries of Iron Age II brought about an expansion of population, settlements and trade throughout the region.[24] In the central highlands this resulted in unification in a kingdom with the city of Samaria as its capital,[24] possibly by the second half of the 10th century BCE when an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I, the biblical Shishak, records a series of campaigns directed at the area.[25] Israel had clearly emerged by the middle of the 9th century BCE, when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III names \"Ahab the Israelite\" among his enemies at the battle of Qarqar (853). At this time Israel was apparently engaged in a three-way contest with Damascus and Tyre for control of the Jezreel Valley and Galilee in the north, and with Moab, Ammon and Aram Damascus in the east for control of Gilead;[24] the Mesha Stele (c. 830), left by a king of Moab, celebrates his success in throwing off the oppression of the \"House of Omri\" (i.e., Israel). It bears what is generally thought to be the earliest extra-biblical reference to the name Yahweh.[26] A century later Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding Neo-Assyrian Empire, which first split its territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of people from Israel and their replacement with settlers from other parts of the empire – such population exchanges were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure – and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity.[27]", "History of citizenship One view is that the beginning of citizenship dates back to the ancient Israelites.[9] These people developed an understanding of themselves as a distinct and unique peopleâ€”different from the Egyptians or Babylonians. They had a written history, common language and one-deity-only religion sometimes described as ethical monotheism.[9] While most peoples developed a loose identity tied to a specific geographic location, the Jewish people kept their common identity despite being physically moved to different lands, such as when they were held captive as slaves in ancient Egypt or Babylon. The Jewish Covenant has been described as a binding agreement not just with a few people or tribal leaders, but between the whole nation of Israel, including men, women and children, with the Jewish deity Yahweh.[9] Jews, similar to other tribal groups, did not see themselves as citizens per se but they formed a strong attachment to their own group, such that people of different ethnicities were considered as part of an \"outgroup\".[10] This is in contrast to the modern understanding of citizenship as a way to accept people of different races and ethnicities under the umbrella of being citizens of a nation.[10]", "Solomon According to 1 Kings 11:30â€“34, it was because of these sins that \"the Lord punishes Solomon by removing 10 of the 12 Tribes of Israel from the Israelites.[23]", "Ten Lost Tribes Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom subject to Assyria until around 725-720 BCE, when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, leaving only the Tribe of Judah, the Tribe of Simeon (that was \"absorbed\" into Judah), the Tribe of Benjamin, and the people of the Tribe of Levi who lived among them of the original Israelite tribes in the southern Kingdom of Judah. However, Israel Finkelstein estimated that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser III, Shalmaneser V, and Sargon II.[9] Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (Siloam) to be provided by King Hezekiah.[10] Furthermore, 2 Chronicles 30:1-11 explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians—in particular, members of Dan, Ephraim, Manasseh, Asher, and Zebulun—and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem at that time.", "Israelites The term Israelite is the English name for the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob in ancient times, which is derived from the Greek Ισραηλίτες,[29] which was used to translate the Biblical Hebrew term b'nei yisrael, יִשְׂרָאֵל as either \"sons of Israel\" or \"children of Israel\".[30]", "Tribe of Manasseh In the biblical chronicle, the Tribe of Manasseh was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes from after the conquest of the land by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel in c. 1050 BC. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as Judges. (see the Book of Judges) With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge, and the Tribe of Manasseh joined the new kingdom with Saul as the first king. After the death of Saul, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul, but after the death of Ish-bosheth, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Manasseh joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making David, who was then the king of Judah, king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel. However, on the accession of Rehoboam, David's grandson, in c. 930 BC the northern tribes split from the House of David to reform a Kingdom of Israel as the Northern Kingdom. Manasseh was a member of the kingdom until the kingdom was conquered by Assyria in c. 723 BC and the population deported.", "Origins of Judaism The Iron Age kingdoms of Israel (or Samaria) and Judah first appear in the 9th century BCE.[4][5] The two kingdoms shared Yahweh as their national god, for which reason their religion is commonly called Yahwism.[6] Neighbouring kingdoms of the time each had their own national gods: Chemosh was the god of Moab, Milcom the god of the Ammonites, Qaus the god of the Edomites, and so on, and in each kingdom the king was his god's viceroy on Earth.[6][7][8] The various national gods were more or less equal, reflecting the fact that kingdoms themselves were more or less equal, and within each kingdom a divine couple, made up of the national god and his consort – Yahweh and the goddess Asherah in Israel and Judah – headed a pantheon of lesser gods.[5][9][10]", "Kings of Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Tribes of Israel lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called judges. In around 1020 BCE, under extreme threat from foreign peoples, the tribes united to form the first United Kingdom of Israel. Samuel anointed Saul from the Tribe of Benjamin as the first king.", "Israelites Jacob and his sons are forced by famine to go down into Egypt, although Joseph was already there, as he had been sold into slavery while young. When they arrive they and their families are 70 in number, but within four generations they have increased to 600,000 men of fighting age, and the Pharaoh of Egypt, alarmed, first enslaves them and then orders the death of all male Hebrew children. A woman from the tribe of Levi hides her child, places him in a woven basket, and sends him down the Nile river. He is named Mosheh, or Moses, by the Egyptians who find him. Being a Hebrew baby, they award a Hebrew woman the task of raising him, the mother of Moses volunteers, and the child and his mother are reunited.[63][64]", "The Exodus Attempts to date the Exodus to a specific century have been inconclusive.[60] 1 Kings 6:1 places the event 480 years before the construction of Solomon's Temple, implying an Exodus at c. 1450 BCE, but the number is rhetorical rather than historical, representing a symbolic twelve generations of forty years each.[61][62] There are major archaeological obstacles to an earlier date: Canaan, also known as Djahy, was part of the Egyptian empire, so that the Israelites would in effect be escaping from Egypt to Egypt, and its cities were unwalled and do not show destruction layers consistent with the Bible's account of the occupation of the land (e.g., Jericho was \"small and poor, almost insignificant, and unfortified (and) [t]here was also no sign of a destruction\". (Finkelstein and Silberman, 2002).[63] William F. Albright, the leading biblical archaeologist of the mid-20th century, proposed a date of around 1250â€“1200 BCE, but his so-called \"Israelite\" evidence (house-type, the collar-rimmed jars, etc.) are continuations of Canaanite culture.[64] The lack of evidence has led scholars to conclude that the Exodus story does not represent a specific historical moment.[65]", "Tribe of Judah The Book of Samuel describes God's repudiation of a monarchic line arising from the northern Tribe of Benjamin due to the sinfulness of King Saul, which was then bestowed onto the Tribe of Judah for all time in the person of King David. In Samuel's account, after the death of Saul, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul, while Judah chose David as its king. However, after the death of Ish-bosheth, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, all the other Israelite tribes made David, who was then the king of Judah, king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel. The Book of Kings follows the expansion and unparalleled glory of the United Monarchy under King Solomon. A majority of scholars believe that the accounts concerning David and Solomon's territory in the \"united monarchy\" are exaggerated, and a minority believe that the \"united monarchy\" never existed at all.[12][13][14] Disagreeing with the latter view, Old Testament scholar Walter Dietrich contends that the biblical stories of circa 10th-century BCE monarchs contain a significant historical kernel and are not simply late fictions.[15]", "Israelites As distinct from the cities named (Ashkelon, Gezer, Yenoam) which are written with a toponymic marker, Israel is written hieroglyphically with a demonymic determinative indicating that the reference is to a human group, variously located in central Palestine[41] or the highlands of Samaria.[47] Over the next two hundred years (the period of Iron Age I) the number of highland villages increased from 25 to over 300[8] and the settled population doubled to 40,000.[48] By the 10th century BCE a rudimentary state had emerged in the north-central highlands,[49] and in the 9th century this became a kingdom.[50] Settlement in the southern highlands was minimal from the 12th through the 10th centuries BCE, but a state began to emerge there in the 9th century,[51] and from 850 BCE onwards a series of inscriptions are evidence of a kingdom which its neighbours refer to as the \"House of David.\"[52]", "Israelites The prevailing academic opinion today is that the Israelites were a mixture of peoples predominantly indigenous to Canaan, although an Egyptian matrix of peoples may also played a role in their ethnogenesis,[42][43][44] with an ethnic composition similar to that in Ammon, Edom and Moab,[43] and including Hapiru and Šośu.[45] The defining feature which marked them off from the surrounding societies was a staunch egalitarian organization focused on Yahweh worship, rather than mere kingship.[43]", "Jewish history However, archaeology reveals a different story of the origins of the Jewish people: they did not necessarily leave the Levant. The archaeological evidence of the largely indigenous origins of Israel in Canaan, not Egypt, is \"overwhelming\" and leaves \"no room for an Exodus from Egypt or a 40-year pilgrimage through the Sinai wilderness\".[5] Many archaeologists have abandoned the archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus as \"a fruitless pursuit\".[5] A century of research by archaeologists and Egyptologists has arguably found no evidence that can be directly related to the Exodus narrative of an Egyptian captivity and the escape and travels through the wilderness, leading to the suggestion that Iron Age Israel—the kingdoms of Judah and Israel—has its origins in Canaan, not in Egypt:[6][7] The culture of the earliest Israelite settlements is Canaanite, their cult-objects are those of the Canaanite god El, the pottery remains in the local Canaanite tradition, and the alphabet used is early Canaanite. Almost the sole marker distinguishing the \"Israelite\" villages from Canaanite sites is an absence of pig bones, although whether this can be taken as an ethnic marker or is due to other factors remains a matter of dispute.[8]", "Ten Commandments By the 1930s, historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion. Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance, while taking different form, at different times. This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20:2–17 and Exodus 34:10–28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history. For example, critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE, but believes that they express a theology that \"had already been normalized in the period of the Judges\" (i.e., of the tribal alliance).[109] He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as \"a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people\"[110] but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, along with other evidence, as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin.[111]", "Judaism At its core, the Tanakh is an account of the Israelites' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple (c. 535 BCE). Abraham is hailed as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people. As a reward for his act of faith in one God, he was promised that Isaac, his second son, would inherit the Land of Israel (then called Canaan). Later, the descendants of Isaac's son Jacob were enslaved in Egypt, and God commanded Moses to lead the Exodus from Egypt. At Mount Sinai, they received the Torahâ€”the five books of Moses. These books, together with Nevi'im and Ketuvim are known as Torah Shebikhtav as opposed to the Oral Torah, which refers to the Mishnah and the Talmud. Eventually, God led them to the land of Israel where the tabernacle was planted in the city of Shiloh for over 300 years to rally the nation against attacking enemies. As time went on, the spiritual level of the nation declined to the point that God allowed the Philistines to capture the tabernacle. The people of Israel then told Samuel the prophet that they needed to be governed by a permanent king, and Samuel appointed Saul to be their King. When the people pressured Saul into going against a command conveyed to him by Samuel, God told Samuel to appoint David in his stead.", "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) According to the Book of Judges, before the rise of the united monarchy the Israelite tribes lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called judges. Abimelech the first judge to be declared king by the men of Shechem and the house of Millo,[10][unreliable source?] reigned over Israel for three years before he was killed during the Battle of Thebez.[11][unreliable source?]", "The Exodus The Exodus tradition has left traces in over 150 references throughout the Bible outside the Torah.[16] It first appears in the prophets Amos (possibly) and Hosea (certainly), both active in 8th century BCE Israel, but their southern contemporaries Isaiah and Micah show no knowledge of an Exodus, suggesting that the story was of no importance in 8th century Judah.[6] It may therefore have originated in the north a few centuries earlier, perhaps the 9th or 10th, and there are signs that it took different forms in Israel, in the Transjordan region, and in the southern Kingdom of Judah before being unified in the Persian era.[16]", "Rastafari The Twelve Tribes of Israel sect was founded in 1968 by Vernon Carrington.[272][273] He regarded himself as the reincarnation of the Old Testament prophet Gad, one of Jacob's twelve sons, and his followers thus refer to him as \"Prophet Gad\" or \"Gadman\".[270] It is commonly regarded as the most liberal form of Rastafari and the closest to Christianity in its beliefs;[33] Barrett stated that there was \"only a thin line dividing the sect from true Christianity\".[274] Practitioners are often dubbed \"Christian Rastas\" because they believe Jesus is the messiah and only saviour; Haile Selassie is accorded importance, but is not viewed as the second coming of Jesus.[275] The group divides its members into twelve groups according to which month in the Hebrew calendar they were born; each month is associated with a particular colour, body part, and mental function.[276] Maintaining dreadlocks and an ital diet are considered commendable but not essential,[277] while adherents are called upon to read a chapter of the Bible each day.[278] Some Rastas regarded the Twelve Tribes as a heretical group for its views.[279] The Twelve Tribes peaked in popularity during the 1970s, when it attracted artists, musicians, and many middle-class followers, resulting in the term \"middle-class Rastas\" and \"uptown Rastas\" being applied to members of the group.[278] Marley was one such of these musicians belonging to the Twelve Tribes.[280] Carrington died in 2005, since which time the Twelve Tribes of Israel have been led by an executive council.[278]", "Tribe of Judah On the accession of Rehoboam, Solomon's son, in c. 930Â BCE, the ten northern tribes under the leadership of Jeroboam from the Tribe of Ephraim split from the House of David to create the Northern Kingdom in Samaria. The Book of Kings is uncompromising in its low opinion of its larger and richer neighbor to the north, and understands its conquest by Assyria in 722 BCE as divine retribution for the Kingdom's return to idolatry.[16]", "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel From the middle of the 8th century BCE Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire. Under Tiglath-Pileser III it first split Israel's territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722 BCE). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of the people of Israel and their replacement with an equally large number of forced settlers from other parts of the empire â€“ such population exchanges were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure - and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity.[29] This deportation gave rise to the notion of the Lost Tribes of Israel. The Samaritan people claim to be descended from survivors of the Assyrian conquest.", "History of the Jews in Egypt The Book of Genesis and Book of Exodus describe a period of Hebrew servitude in ancient Egypt, during decades of sojourn in Egypt, the escape of well over a million Israelites from the Delta, and the three-month journey through the wilderness to Sinai.[5] The historical evidence does not support this account.[6] Israelites first appear in the archeological record on the Merneptah Stele from between 1208-3 BCE at the end of the Bronze Age. A reasonably Bible-friendly interpretation is that they were a federation of Habiru tribes of the hill-country around the Jordan River. Presumably, this federation consolidated into the kingdom of Israel, and Judah split from that, during the dark age that followed the Bronze. The Bronze Age term \"Habiru\" was less specific than the Biblical \"Hebrew\". The term referred simply to Levantine nomads, of any religion or ethnicity. Mesopotamian, Hittite, Canaanite, and Egyptian sources describe them largely as bandits, mercenaries, and slaves. Certainly, there were some Habiru slaves in ancient Egypt, but native Egyptian kingdoms were not heavily slave-based.[6]", "Israelites The Israelites were also the ethnic stock from which modern Jews and Samaritans originally trace their ancestry.[11][12][13][14][15][16] Modern Jews are named after and also descended from the southern Israelite Kingdom of Judah,[7][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] particularly the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and partially Levi.", "Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) Following Solomon's death in c. 926 BCE, tensions between the northern part of Israel containing the ten northern tribes, and the southern section dominated by Jerusalem and the southern tribes reached boiling point. When Solomon's successor Rehoboam dealt tactlessly with economic complaints of the northern tribes, in about 930 BCE (there are differences of opinion as to the actual year) the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah split into two kingdoms: the northern Kingdom of Israel, which included the cities of Shechem and Samaria, and the southern Kingdom of Judah, which contained Jerusalem; with most of the non-Israelite provinces achieving independence.[citation needed]", "Ten Lost Tribes According to 2 Chronicles 15:9, members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon \"fled\" to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah (c. 911 - 870 BCE). Whether these groups were absorbed into the population or remained distinct groups, or returned to their tribal lands is not indicated.", "Torah Rabbinic writings indicate that the Oral Torah was given to Moses at Mount Sinai, which, according to the tradition of Orthodox Judaism, occurred in 1312Â BC. The Orthodox rabbinic tradition holds that the Written Torah was recorded during the following forty years,[23] though many non-Orthodox Jewish scholars affirm the modern scholarly consensus that the Written Torah has multiple authors and was written over centuries.[24]", "Israel The early history of the territory is unclear.[16]:104 Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the narrative in the Torah concerning the patriarchs, The Exodus, and the conquest described in the Book of Joshua, and instead views the narrative as constituting the Israelites' inspiring national myth.[58] Ancestors of the Israelites may have included ancient Semitic-speaking peoples native to Canaan.[59]:78–9 The Israelites and their culture, according to the modern archaeological account, did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic—and later monotheistic—religion centered on Yahweh.[60][61][62][63][64][65] The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population.[66] Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400,[67][68] which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient;[69] economic interchange was prevalent.[70] Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites.[71]", "History of ancient Israel and Judah Yahweh, the national god of both Israel and Judah, seems to have originated in Edom and Midian in southern Canaan and may have been brought to Israel by the Kenites and Midianites at an early stage.[74] There is a general consensus among scholars that the first formative event in the emergence of the distinctive religion described in the Bible was triggered by the destruction of Israel by Assyria in c. 722 BCE. Refugees from the northern kingdom fled to Judah, bringing with them laws and a prophetic tradition of Yahweh. This religion was subsequently adopted by the landowners of Judah, who in 640 BCE placed the eight-year-old Josiah on the throne. Judah at this time was a vassal state of Assyria, but Assyrian power collapsed in the 630s, and around 622 Josiah and his supporters launched a bid for independence expressed as loyalty to \"Yahweh alone\".", "Ancient history Israel had emerged by the middle of the 9th century BC, when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III names \"Ahab the Israelite\" among his enemies at the battle of Qarqar (853). Judah emerged somewhat later than Israel, probably during the 9th century BC, but the subject is one of considerable controversy.[152] Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire, which first split its territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722). A series of campaigns by the Neo-Babylonian Empire between 597 and 582 led to the destruction of Judah.", "History of Israel Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples.[15] McNutt says, \"It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'\", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.[16]", "Land of Israel Ezekiel 47:13–20 provides a definition of borders of land in which the twelve tribes of Israel will live during the final redemption, at the end of days. The borders of the land described by the text in Ezekiel include the northern border of modern Lebanon, eastwards (the way of Hethlon) to Zedad and Hazar-enan in modern Syria; south by southwest to the area of Busra on the Syrian border (area of Hauran in Ezekiel); follows the Jordan River between the West Bank and the land of Gilead to Tamar (Ein Gedi) on the western shore of the Dead Sea; From Tamar to Meribah Kadesh (Kadesh Barnea), then along the Brook of Egypt (see debate below) to the Mediterranean Sea. The territory defined by these borders is divided into twelve strips, one for each of the twelve tribes.", "Land of Israel Numbers 34:1–15 describes the land allocated to the Israelite tribes after the Exodus. The tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of Manasseh received land east of the Jordan as explained in Numbers 34:14–15. Numbers 34:1–13 provides a detailed description of the borders of the land to be conquered west of the Jordan for the remaining tribes. The region is called \"the Land of Canaan\" (Eretz Kna'an) in Numbers 34:2 and the borders are known in Jewish tradition as the \"borders for those coming out of Egypt\". These borders are again mentioned in Deuteronomy 1:6–8, 11:24 and Joshua 1:4.", "Yahweh Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13th century BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age when the Canaanite city-state system was ending.[29] The milieu from which Israelite religion emerged was accordingly Canaanite.[30] El, \"the kind, the compassionate,\" \"the creator of creatures,\" was the chief of the Canaanite gods,[31] and he, not Yahweh, was the original \"God of Israel\"—the word \"Israel\" is based on the name El rather than Yahweh.[32] He lived in a tent on a mountain from whose base originated all the fresh waters of the world, with the goddess Asherah as his consort.[31][33] This pair made up the top tier of the Canaanite pantheon;[31] the second tier was made up of their children, the \"seventy sons of Athirat\" (a variant of the name Asherah).[34] Prominent in this group was Baal, who had his home on Mount Zaphon; over time Baal became the dominant Canaanite deity, so that El became the executive power and Baal the military power in the cosmos.[35] Baal's sphere was the thunderstorm with its life-giving rains, so that he was also a fertility god, although not quite the fertility god.[36] Below the seventy second-tier gods was a third tier made up of comparatively minor craftsman and trader deities, with a fourth and final tier of divine messengers and the like.[34] El and his sons made up the Assembly of the Gods, each member of which had a human nation under his care, and a textual variant of Deuteronomy 32:8–9 describes El dividing the nations of the world among his sons, with Yahweh receiving Israel:[32]", "The Twelve Spies For 40 years, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness, eating quail and manna. They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land. As victories were won, the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe, and they lived peacefully with each other. God brought victories where needed, and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled.", "Land of Israel The term \"Land of Israel\" is a direct translation of the Hebrew phrase ארץ ישראל‬ (Eretz Yisrael), which occurs occasionally in the Bible,[14] and is first mentioned in the Tanakh at 1 Samuel 13:19, following the Exodus, when the Israelite tribes were already in the Land of Canaan.[15] The words are used sparsely in the Bible: King David is ordered to gather 'strangers to the land of Israel'(hag-gêrîm ’ăšer, bə’ereṣ yiśrā’êl) for building purposes (1 Chronicles 22:2), and the same phrasing is used in reference to King Solomon's census of all of the 'strangers in the Land of Israel' (2 Chronicles 2:17). Ezekiel, though generally preferring the phrase 'soil of Israel' (’admat yiśrā’êl), employs eretz israel twice, respectively at Ezekiel 40:2 and Ezekiel 47:18.[16]", "Mosaic covenant According to Mendenhall, the covenant was not just an idea, but actually a historical event. This event was the formation of the covenant community. Wandering the desert, the clans left Egypt following Moses. These people were all of different backgrounds, containing no status in any social community. With all these circumstances they formed their own community by a covenant whose texts turned into the Decalogue. The Israelites did not bind themselves to Moses as their leader though and Moses was not a part of the covenant. Moses was just seen as a historical figure of some type sent as a messenger. The Israelites followed the form of the suzerainty treaty and were bound to obey stipulations that were set by Yahweh, not Moses.[5]", "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel The term \"Jews\" originates from the Biblical Hebrew word Yehudi, and in its original meaning refers to the people of the Tribe of Judah or the people of the Kingdom of Judah. The name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob.[8] Originally, the Hebrew term Yehudi referred only to members of the tribe of Judah. Later, after the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), the term \"Yehudi\" was applied to anyone from the Kingdom of Judah, including the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and Levi, as well as scattered settlements from other tribes.[9]", "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel The Jewish people originated in the land of Israel, and have maintained physical, cultural, and religious ties to it ever since. Although they had first emerged centuries earlier as an outgrowth of southern Canaanites,[1][2][3][4] and the Jewish Bible claims that a Jewish monarchy existed starting in the 10th century BCE, the first appearance of the name \"Israel\" in the secular (non-Biblical) historic record is the Egyptian Merneptah Stele, circa 1200 BCE. During the Biblical period, two kingdoms occupied the highland zone, the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (circa 722 BCE), and the Kingdom of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE). Upon the defeat of the Babylonian Empire by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (538 BCE), the Jewish elite returned to Jerusalem, and the Second Temple was built.", "Kingdom of Judah However, Yosef Garfinkel has written in a preliminary report published by the Israeli Antiquities Authority that finds at the Khirbet Qeiyafa site support the notion that an urban society already existed in Judah in the late 11th century BCE.[16] Other archaeologists say that the identification of Khirbet Qeiyafa as an Israelite settlement is uncertain.[17][18]", "The Twelve Spies Joshua was at first a fierce warrior. He was chosen as the representative from his tribe, Ephraim, to explore the land of Canaan, and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered. After the incident with the 12 spies, Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period, and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God. Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it. Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God.[6]", "Jeroboam Influenced by the words of the prophet Ahijah (1 Kings 11:29–39), he began to form conspiracies with the view of becoming king of the ten northern tribes; but these were discovered, and he fled to Egypt, where he remained under the protection of pharaoh Shishak until the death of Solomon. After this event he returned and participated in a delegation sent to ask the new king Rehoboam to reduce taxes.[6] After Rehoboam rejected their petition, ten of the tribes withdrew their allegiance to the house of David and proclaimed Jeroboam their king, forming the northern kingdom of Israel (Samaria). Initially, only the tribes of Judah, Simeon and Benjamin remained to form the new kingdom of Judah, loyal to Rehoboam.[7]" ]	[ "Twelve Tribes of Israel According to the Hebrew Bible, the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Tribes of Israel (Hebrew: שבטי ישראל‎) were said to have descended from the 12 sons of the patriarch Jacob (who was later named Israel) by two wives, Leah and Rachel, and two concubines, Zilpah and Bilhah." ]
test1192	who has won the 2018 formula one australia grand prix tournament	[ "doc42186" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc42186", "doc965862", "doc2493952", "doc2493951", "doc42185", "doc365581", "doc42190", "doc965835", "doc42191", "doc2515937", "doc42192", "doc2345939", "doc2172786", "doc365582", "doc2345916", "doc2493953", "doc255816", "doc1090701", "doc1546086", "doc365584", "doc2331008", "doc1762400", "doc2493956", "doc965848", "doc591705", "doc1629204", "doc365585", "doc2493958", "doc1069741", "doc2515940", "doc1323575", "doc1323576", "doc1779868", "doc2172789", "doc1962295", "doc2002099", "doc255814", "doc42193", "doc2248144", "doc2345940", "doc365586", "doc255815", "doc1762398", "doc2345946", "doc1354099", "doc2459143", "doc1962293", "doc965865", "doc965867", "doc1323571", "doc1629207", "doc2345930", "doc2515939", "doc42189", "doc1762399", "doc2345945", "doc2248149", "doc1962298", "doc1629203", "doc2031378", "doc1354102", "doc2002104", "doc1323573", "doc42188", "doc1629209", "doc1629210", "doc1090702", "doc1546076", "doc965842", "doc2345914", "doc2493954", "doc2345911", "doc965846", "doc1546098", "doc2011849", "doc2011847", "doc2345915", "doc1962300", "doc1827453", "doc2002102", "doc1090700", "doc1069742", "doc2345948", "doc2031375", "doc255822", "doc365583", "doc2345933", "doc2345941", "doc42187", "doc2493959", "doc1546099", "doc1779866", "doc2002094", "doc1546089", "doc2002114", "doc1762406", "doc1189363", "doc138632", "doc1546079", "doc1069746" ]	[ "2018 Australian Grand Prix Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel was the defending race winner.[3] Lewis Hamilton started the race from pole—his seventh pole position in Australia,[4] a record for the event—while Vettel successfully defended his race win, the forty-eighth of his career.[3]", "2018 Formula One World Championship The championship started in Melbourne with the Australian Grand Prix. The race ended with a victory for Ferrari and Sebastian Vettel, who used a timely virtual safety car period—triggered by the stricken Haas of Romain Grosjean—to pass Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton and he successfully defended the position until the finish.[61] Kimi Räikkönen finished third in the other Ferrari ahead of Red Bull Racing's Daniel Ricciardo.[61] McLaren ended the first race of their partnership with Renault with a fifth and ninth place for Alonso and Vandoorne respectively.[62] Max Verstappen finished sixth after an early spin ahead of Nico Hülkenberg. Valtteri Bottas was eighth, having started fifteenth when he took a penalty for a gearbox change after a heavy crash in qualifying. Carlos Sainz Jr. completed the points-scoring positions in tenth. Charles Leclerc and Sergey Sirotkin both made their competitive débuts for Sauber and Williams respectively.[63][64] Leclerc finished thirteenth while Sirotkin retired with a brake failure.[65][64] Vettel then won the next round in Bahrain, ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Lewis Hamilton. However, in China, Vettel's winning run was broken, with Daniel Ricciardo's 2 stop strategy helping the Australian to his 6th career victory, ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Raikkonen.", "2017 Australian Grand Prix Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton started the race from pole, matching Ayrton Senna's record of six pole positions in Australia.[5] Sebastian Vettel won the race, which was his and Ferrari's first win since the 2015 Singapore Grand Prix.[6] Hamilton finished second, with Valtteri Bottas completing the podium in third on his dÃ©but for Mercedes.[7]", "2017 Australian Grand Prix The 2017 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the 2017 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 26 March 2017 in Melbourne. The race was contested over fifty-seven laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race marked the eighty-first race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix – which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928 – and the twenty-second time the event was held at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit. The reigning World Champion Nico Rosberg was the winner of the 2016 race, but he did not defend his win as he retired from the sport after the 2016 season.[3][4]", "2018 Australian Grand Prix The 2018 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix)[1] was a Formula One motor race held between 23 and 25 March 2018 in Melbourne, Victoria. The race was contested over fifty-eight laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship.[2] The race marked the eighty-second race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix—which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928—and the twenty-third time the event was held at the Albert Park circuit.", "2018 Chinese Grand Prix Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton was the defending race winner.[3] Sebastian Vettel entered the round with a seventeen-point lead over Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship. His team, Ferrari, led Mercedes by ten points in the World Constructors' Championship. Vettel qualified on pole position,[4] and in doing so recorded Ferrari's first pole position in China in fourteen years. Daniel Ricciardo won the race ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Räikkönen.[5] Vettel's championship lead was cut to nine points when he finished in eighth place, the result of contact with Max Verstappen late in the race.", "2018 Australian Grand Prix In his first run in the third part of qualifying Valtteri Bottas crashed and damaged his gearbox. As a result he received a five place grid penalty and started fifteenth. Lewis Hamilton qualified on pole, Kimi Räikkönen qualified second, Sebastian Vettel qualified third. Ricciardo qualified fourth but started seventh. Verstappen, Magnussen, Grosjean started fourth, fifth and sixth. Hülkenberg started eight, while Sainz and Alonso started ninth and tenth.", "2018 Formula One World Championship Lewis Hamilton is defending his World Drivers' Champion title, after winning his fourth championship at the 2017 Mexican Grand Prix. His team, Mercedes, is the defending World Constructors' Champion, having secured their fourth consecutive title at the 2017 United States Grand Prix. After three rounds, Sebastian Vettel leads Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship by nine points. Valtteri Bottas is third, a further five points behind. In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes leads Ferrari by one point, with Red Bull Racing third.", "2018 Australian Grand Prix After the start the top three stayed in the same order they started while Verstappen lost a place to Magnussen at the start. On lap 9 Verstappen spun and dropped down to eight. That meant the top ten was Hamilton, Räikkönen, Vettel, Magnusson, Grosjean, Ricciardo, Hülkenberg, Verstappen, Sainz and Alonso. They stayed in that order until the first round of pit stops. On lap 18 Räikkönen pitted. On lap 19 Hamilton pitted and came out ahead of Räikkönen. Verstappen pitted on lap 20. On lap 22 Magnussen retired with a loose wheel but. On lap 24 Grosjean retired from seventh with the same problem as his team mate Magnussen. This brought out a virtual safety car. On lap 26 Vettel pitted. He came out ahead of Hamilton. Mercedes miscalculated the margin between Vettel and Hamilton before Vettel's pit stop. After the first round of pit stops Vettel led with Hamilton second and Räikkönen in third. On lap 27 the actual safety car came out. The safety car came in at the end of lap 31. This left the top ten Vettel, Hamilton, Räikkönen, Ricciardo, Alonso, Verstappen, Hülkenberg, Bottas, Vandoorne and Sainz. None of the top ten pitted again. Near the end Ricciardo put Räikkönen under pressure, while in the battle for fourth and fifth Alonso resisted the pressure from Verstappen. Vettel won, Hamilton came second and Räikkönen completed the podium in third. The rest of the top ten was Ricciardo, Alonso, Verstappen, Hülkenberg, Bottas, Vandoorne and Sainz.", "2018 Austrian Grand Prix Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton entered the round with a fourteen-point lead over Sebastian Vettel in the drivers' championship. In the constructors' championship, Mercedes held a twenty-five-point lead over Ferrari. The race was won by Max Verstappen for Red Bull, marking the first time that Red Bull has won at their home Grand Prix. This race also marked the first double retirement for Mercedes since the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix and the first retirement for Hamilton since the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix.", "2018 Australian Grand Prix Drivers' Championship standings", "Australian Grand Prix The start of the 2002 race saw pole-sitter Barrichello and Williams's Ralf Schumacher come together at Turn One in a spectacular accident that saw 11 of the 22 cars eliminated before the end of the opening lap. Michael Schumacher dominated thereafter to post a third straight Melbourne win, but his achievements were overshadowed by the fifth place of Australian Mark Webber on his Formula One debut. Webber, in an underpowered and underfunded Minardi, had to recover from a botched late pit stop and resist the challenges of Toyota's Mika Salo in the closing stages, and took to the podium after the race with Australian team owner Paul Stoddart in one of Melbourne's more memorable Grand Prix moments. The next year, 2003, saw Coulthard again win for McLaren in a race held in variable conditions. Normal service was resumed in 2004 with the Ferraris of Schumacher and Barrichello running rampant – within two laps of Friday practice, Schumacher had obliterated the Albert Park lap record, and sailed to a crushing win. In 2005, the race was won by Renault's Giancarlo Fisichella after a storm during Saturday qualifying produced a topsy-turvy grid. Barrichello and Fisichella's teammate Fernando Alonso came through the field from 11th and 13th on the grid respectively to join pole-sitter Fisichella on the podium. In 2006, Alonso took his first Australian win in an accident-marred race that featured four safety car periods. In 2007 Kimi Räikkönen in his first race for Ferrari, while Lewis Hamilton became first driver in 11 years to finish on the podium in debut, as he was third behind his teammate Alonso. Hamilton won the 2008 race which had three safety car periods. In 2009 Jenson Button took the victory, driving for Brawn GP, which was having first race after Ross Brawn had bought the team following Honda's withdrawal from Formula One. The team was formed from the remnants of Honda Racing F1 who had withdrawn from the sport following the 2008 season. The race ended with Button, who had led from the start, leading the field over the line after the safety car had been deployed with three laps remaining following a crash between Sebastian Vettel and Robert Kubica, who had been fighting for second place. Toyota's Jarno Trulli was given a 25-second penalty for passing Lewis Hamilton for third place under yellow flags during that safety car period, which promoted Hamilton into that position. However, Hamilton was later disqualified and docked his points for \"deliberately misleading stewards\",[17] with Trulli reinstated in third. The results earned by Brawn, Williams, and Toyota were awarded, despite an appeal being held two weeks later against a ruling on the legality of the teams' diffuser design.[18] The outcome of the appeal was in favour of the teams and that their diffusers were legal under the new rules and there were no changes to the results of the race. 2010 again saw Jenson Button win at Melbourne. Starting from fourth, he gambled on an early change to slick tires under drying conditions that let him move up to second place after losing several positions at the start. Sebastian Vettel retired with mechanical issues after qualifying on pole and leading until his retirement, handing Button the victory.", "2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Mercedes driver Valtteri Bottas controlled the pace throughout the race to win from pole position. Lewis Hamilton finished in close second place, with Sebastian Vettel finishing third. Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo retired due to mechanical failure, which was significant in facilitating fourth place for Kimi Räikkönen in the Driver's Championship.", "2018 Chinese Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton was quickest in FP1 and FP2. Sebastian Vettel was quickest in FP3. During FP3, Daniel Ricciardo's turbo failed, requiring a full rebuild.", "Australian Grand Prix Australian driver Lex Davison and German driver Michael Schumacher are the most successful drivers in the 86-year history of the event taking four wins each, while McLaren and Ferrari have been the most successful constructors with twelve victories each. Frenchman Alain Prost is the only driver to win the Australian Grand Prix in both Australian domestic and World Championship formats, having won the race in 1982 driving a Formula Pacific Ralt RT4 and in Formula One in 1986 and 1988.", "2017 Australian Grand Prix The race was also Ferrari's first win at the track since the 2007 edition.", "2017 FIA Formula One World Championship After eighteen races Lewis Hamilton won his fourth World Drivers' Championship. Hamilton currently has 333 points, with Sebastian Vettel in second with 277 points, and Valtteri Bottas in third with 262 points.[3][4] In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes won their fourth consecutive title at the 2017 United States Grand Prix and currently have 595 points, while Ferrari are second with 455 points and Red Bull Racing third with 340 points.[5]", "Scuderia Ferrari After scoring no wins during the 2016 season, Ferrari scored their 225th Formula One victory at the 2017 Australian Grand Prix, courtesy of Sebastian Vettel, who had not won a race since the 2015 Singapore Grand Prix.[98] Vettel took the lead of the World Drivers' Championship standings, the first time a Ferrari driver had done so since the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix, 1,625 days prior, and became the first non-Mercedes driver to do so since Vettel himself had done so at the end of the 2013 season. It was also the first time a team other than Mercedes led the World Constructors' Championship standings since the start of 2014.[99] At the Chinese Grand Prix, Vettel finished second behind Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton, while Kimi Räikkönen finished fifth.[100] Vettel took his second victory of the season at the 2017 Bahrain Grand Prix after starting third to extend his lead in the Drivers' Championship standings. Räikkönen's fourth place in the race gave Ferrari a three-point lead in the Constructors' Championship standings.[101]", "Lewis Hamilton On 2 December 2016, just five days after winning the World Driver's Championship, Rosberg announced his shock retirement from the sport.[209] On 16 January 2017, Williams driver Valtteri Bottas was announced as Rosberg's replacement at Mercedes, thus becoming Hamilton's new teammate.[210] At the season opener in Australia, Hamilton took pole ahead of Sebastian Vettel and his teammate Valtteri Bottas. During the race, he made an early pit stop, coming out behind the Red Bull car of Max Verstappen. Although he was very close to the Red Bull, he failed to pass him for four laps which ultimately led to Vettel being able to take the win, with Hamilton only able to take second.[211] This race signalled an end to the Mercedes dominance of the past two seasons.", "2018 Chinese Grand Prix Ferrari locked out the front row of the grid for the second consecutive race, the first time since 2006 that the team had achieved this feat. Sebastian Vettel qualified on pole position with a time of 1:31.095, a new track record. Mercedes locked out the second row of the grid, and Red Bull the third.", "2018 French Grand Prix Coming into the event, Felipe Massa was the reigning race winner,[3] but he did not return to defend his win following his retirement from the sport at the end of the 2017 championship.[4] Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel entered the race with a one-point lead over Lewis Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship. In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes led Ferrari by seventeen points.", "2017 Formula One World Championship At the conclusion of the championship, Lewis Hamilton won his fourth World Drivers' Championship title. Hamilton finished with 363 points, 46 points ahead of Sebastian Vettel in second with 317 points and Valtteri Bottas in third with 305 points.[3][4] In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes won their fourth consecutive title at the 2017 United States Grand Prix and finished with 668 points. Ferrari finished second with 522 points and Red Bull Racing were third with 368 points.[5]", "2017 Australian Grand Prix Lance Stroll made his Formula One dÃ©but with Williams.[12] Giovinazzi and Stroll were the only rookies in the field, with Stoffel Vandoorne at McLaren starting his first full season in the sport after a one-off appearance at the 2016 Bahrain Grand Prix and Esteban Ocon at Force India starting his first full season in the sport after starting the last 9 races of the 2016 season.[13]", "2018 Formula One World Championship The rules governing starting procedures were changed for 2018, granting race stewards the power to issue penalties for improper race starts even if a driver's start does not trigger the automated detection system.[32] The changes were introduced following two incidents during 2017: at the Chinese Grand Prix, Sebastian Vettel positioned his car too far across his grid slot to be registered by the detection system; while at the Austrian Grand Prix, Valtteri Bottas's start was called into question for his reaction time despite the detection system recognising it as legal.[32]", "List of Formula One driver records Jenson Button (2012 Australian Grand Prix), Fernando Alonso (2012 Malaysian Grand Prix), Nico Rosberg (2012 Chinese Grand Prix), Sebastian Vettel (2012 Bahrain Grand Prix), Pastor Maldonado (2012 Spanish Grand Prix), Mark Webber (2012 Monaco Grand Prix), Lewis Hamilton (2012 Canadian Grand Prix)", "2017 Monaco Grand Prix Kimi Räikkönen started the race from pole position, his first since the 2008 French Grand Prix. In doing so, he broke Giancarlo Fisichella's record for the most race starts between pole positions, with one hundred and twenty-nine starts since his last pole. Sebastian Vettel won the race, Ferrari's first win in Monaco since 2001. Räikkönen finished second as this was Ferrari's first 1–2 finish since 2010 German Grand Prix. Daniel Ricciardo finished third. With the result, Vettel extended his Drivers' Championship lead over Lewis Hamilton, while in the World Constructors' Championship, Ferrari reclaimed the points lead from Mercedes.", "2018 Chinese Grand Prix Polesitter Sebastian Vettel got away well at the start, however his team mate Kimi Räikkönen lost positions, being overtaken by Bottas in Turn 1, and then Verstappen a few corners later.. Hamilton fell back to 5th, whilst Ricciardo held 6th. After the first pit stops, Bottas managed to undercut Vettel and subsequently overtook Kimi Räikkönen, who had not yet stopped, for the lead, around the outside in Turn 1. After Bottas blocked off Räikkönen, Vettel took advantage to take second place.", "2017 Australian Grand Prix Drivers' Championship standings", "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories, having won 91 times.[5] Lewis Hamilton is second with 67 wins and Sebastian Vettel is third with 52 wins. Michael Schumacher holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in 1992 at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in 2006 at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day.[6] Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins–more than six-and-a-half years between the 1983 South African Grand Prix and the 1990 San Marino Grand Prix.[7] Mario Andretti had to wait the longest time between his maiden victory at the 1971 South African Grand Prix and his second win–coming five years, seven months and 18 days later at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix.[8] Sebastian Vettel holds the record for the most consecutive wins, having won nine Grands Prix in a row from the 2013 Belgian Grand Prix to the 2013 Brazilian Grand Prix. Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix; he was 18 years and 227 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix.[9] Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix.[10]", "2018 Austrian Grand Prix Bottas had a poor start from pole position. Initially passed by Hamilton, Räikkönen and Verstappen, he reclaimed P2 overtaking Verstappen and Räikkönen around the outside of Turn 4. Stoffel Vandoorne broke his front wing at Turn 3, requiring a pitstop, dropping him to the back of the field. On lap 12, Nico Hülkenberg's engine failed on the start/finish straight, causing his immediate retirement from the race. On lap 14, Bottas retired with a gearbox failure, causing a Virtual Safety Car. During the VSC period, Ferrari and Red Bull pitted both their cars. However Mercedes chose not to pit Hamilton. Hamilton pitted on lap 25, and rejoined in P4, ahead of Vettel, who overtook him on lap 39. On lap 54 Ricciardo retired with an exhaust problem and then Brendon Hartley retired on the next lap with a hydraulics issue. Hamilton retired on lap 64 with a fuel pressure problem giving Mercedes only their 2nd double retirement since returning to F1 and Hamilton's first retirement since the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix. Verstappen won the race, giving Red Bull their first win at the Red Bull Ring, and Verstappen his first win of the season. The Haas cars finished P4 and P5, giving them their best points finish ever and Grosjean his first points of the season.", "List of Formula One polesitters All figures correct as of the 2018 Australian Grand Prix", "List of Formula One polesitters All figures correct as of the 2018 Australian Grand Prix", "History of Formula One Since the 2014 season, the Mercedes team and their drivers Lewis Hamilton, Nico Rosberg and Valtteri Bottas have dominated the sport, winning all but 13 races (37 for Hamilton, 20 for Rosberg and 2 for Bottas). This astounding and historic winning streak has been the result of Mercedes development of the \"split turbocharger\", a system in which the compressor and turbine components of the turbo charger are placed at separate sides of the engine and connected by a rod running through the V of the engine. This new technology gave Mercedes and their customer teams many advantages over their competitors due to the need for less cooling and a more compact power unit. The only other drivers to win races during this period are Daniel Ricciardo (5) and Max Verstappen (1) of Red Bull, along with Sebastian Vettel (7) of Ferrari.", "2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sebastian Vettel set the fastest lap time in FP1 for Ferrari, just over a tenth of a second faster than Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton in second, with Max Verstappen close behind in his Red Bull.[4] Hamilton bettered Vettel's fastest lap time in FP2, followed by Ricciardo's Red Bull. Hamilton retained the fastest lap time in FP3. During this session, the lap times increased in speed. At about the half-way point, Räikkönen's Ferrari bettered Hamilton's time and Vettel's came within a whisker. After this, Hamilton again improved his time, and Valtteri Bottas improved to second, for a Mercedes one-two.[5] Hamilton's final fastest lap was almost 3 tenths faster than Bottas in second and over half a second faster than both Räikkönen in third and Vettel in fourth. Red Bull set fifth and sixth and McLaren set seventh and eighth.", "Singapore Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton arrived in Singapore one pole position shy of his idol Ayrton Senna’s record run of eight in a row. Another win would also put Hamilton on 41 – the same number as Senna. Sebastian Vettel was unmoved as he chose Singapore as the venue for his first Ferrari pole, then made it four wins at Marina Bay as Hamilton retired with a loss of electrical power just after half-distance. Daniel Ricciardo did well to split the two Ferraris in second place, while Formula One rookie Max Verstappen belligerently bellowed ‘No!’ when told to move over for Toro Rosso team-mate Carlos Sainz.", "Red Bull Racing In Australia, the first race of the season, Vettel placed the new RB9 on pole position but struggled in the race finishing in 3rd place behind title rivals of 2012, Kimi Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso whilst teammate Webber finished in sixth place. In Malaysia the team went better with Vettel again putting the RB9 on pole, but unlike in Australia winning the race, albeit under heavy controversy. Vettel won the race after breaking the 'Multi 21' protocol, despite the 1–2 result the race was soured by Vettel's actions. In China, the third race of the season, Vettel qualified in 9th whilst Webber qualified 14th after an issue with his fuel pick up led him to having to stop the car on track. Infiniti Red Bull failed to give the FIA a 1-litre fuel sample therefore placing Webber at the back of the grid. The downfall of his performance was matched when a collision and then a dislodged wheel nut led to Webber not completing the race. Vettel finished in 4th, retaining his lead in the World Championship. In Bahrain, the fourth race of the season, Vettel qualified in second place behind Nico Rosberg. Webber qualified fifth but after a 3 place grid penalty started the race in seventh. In the race Webber failed to improve on his qualifying position finishing 7th whilst his teammate won the race in a dominating fashion. After the fourth race of the season, Infiniti Red Bull finished the first round of flyaway races leading both the Drivers' and Constructors' World Championships. Sebastian Vettel extended his contract with Infiniti Red Bull Racing until the end of 2015, despite interests in racing for Ferrari and Mercedes. At the British Grand Prix, Mark Webber announced his retirement from Formula One at the end of the season, having signed a deal with Porsche in the FIA World Endurance Championship for 2014.[37] It was then announced before the Italian Grand Prix that Daniel Ricciardo, the Toro Rosso driver, would replace Webber for the 2014 season, ending talk of Lotus's Kimi Räikkönen taking Webber's seat.", "2017 FIA Formula One World Championship The 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship is the 71st season of Formula One motor racing. It features the 68th Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Teams and drivers are competing in twenty Grands Prix—starting in Australia on 26 March and ending in Abu Dhabi on 26 November—for the World Drivers' and World Constructors' championships.", "2018 Australian Grand Prix Constructors' Championship standings", "Nico Rosberg In the season-opening Australian Grand Prix, Rosberg, having started from third, won the race by over 20 seconds; his father Keke had won the first Formula One Australian Grand Prix in 1985 in Adelaide. Daniel Ricciardo finished the race second, but was later disqualified for a fuel infringement,[36] promoting Kevin Magnussen to second and his teammate Jenson Button to third. In Malaysia he finished 2nd, 17 seconds behind his teammate Lewis Hamilton, but in front of Sebastian Vettel to give Mercedes-Benz their first 1â€“2 since 1955 Italian Grand Prix. In Bahrain Rosberg took pole position but lost out to Hamilton at the start of the race, and eventually finished second to his teammate. Rosberg said the race was \"a day for the sport\" considering the criticism that Formula One has had in 2014. In China he started fourth but fell back to sixth in the opening lap, however fought to finish second ahead of Fernando Alonso.", "Australian Grand Prix The move of the Australian Grand Prix to Melbourne saw a change in the time of year that the F1 teams and personnel made their annual voyage Down Under. Adelaide, for each of its 11 years, was the final race of the F1 season, usually in October or November, while Melbourne has been the first race of the season in every year since 1996 with the exception of 2006—when it was the third race of the year to allow for the Commonwealth Games to take place in the city—and 2010. As such, the Albert Park circuit has seen the Formula One debuts of many drivers. 1997 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve made his race debut in Melbourne's first year of 1996, and became one of three men to secure pole position in his maiden Grand Prix. Other prominent names to debut in Melbourne are two-time World Champion Fernando Alonso and one-time champions Kimi Räikkönen (both in 2001) and Lewis Hamilton (2007); former Australian F1 driver, Mark Webber, also made his debut there in 2002.", "2018 Chinese Grand Prix On Lap 30, the Toro Rosso cars of Brendon Hartley and Pierre Gasly collided at the hairpin. Gasly was awarded a 10 second penalty and the debris left on the track resulted in the safety car being brought out. This was a critical turning point for the race, as during the safety car period, both Red Bull cars pitted for fresh tyres on the same lap immediately. Mercedes had an opportunity to bring Hamilton in, but instead left him out to preserve track position. Bottas maintained the lead of the race at the safety car restart. Max Verstappen ran wide on Lap 39 whilst battling with Lewis Hamilton for third place, losing a position to Ricciardo, who had previously overtaken Räikkönen. Both Red Bulls then overtook Hamilton, two laps apart, and then Ricciardo overtook Vettel for P2. On Lap 43, Max Verstappen shunted Sebastian Vettel off the track at the hairpin, resulting in both drivers spinning off the track and Vettel losing positions, due to a damaged floor. Verstappen was awarded a 10 second penalty for the incident. On Lap 45 Ricciardo overtook Bottas for the lead of the race, which he would retain until the chequered flag. On the penultimate lap, Vettel was overtaken by Fernando Alonso meaning he would finish in P8.", "2017 FIA Formula One World Championship As the reigning Drivers' Champion Nico Rosberg announced his retirement from the sport in December 2016, the 2017 season is the first since 1994 in which the reigning champion did not compete.[1] Mercedes started the season as the defending Constructors' Champion, having secured their third consecutive title at the 2016 Japanese Grand Prix.[2]", "2017 Formula One World Championship The 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 71st season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 68th Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Teams and drivers competed in twenty Grands Prix—starting in Australia on 26 March and ending in Abu Dhabi on 26 November—for the World Drivers' and World Constructors' championships.", "Australian Grand Prix As of the 2018 edition, four times World Drivers' Champion Alain Prost from France remains the only driver to win the AGP in both World Championship and domestic formats winning the Australian Drivers' Championship 1982 race before winning in Adelaide in 1986 and 1988.", "Formula One drivers from Germany Sebastian Vettel won the World Championship in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. He is the youngest driver to win the title.[10] Vettel is seen as one of the greatest qualifiers in the sport and holds the record for the most consecutive front row starts, having qualified in first or second at 25 consecutive races.[10][11]", "2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Defending race winner Nico Rosberg entered the round with a twelve-point lead over teammate Lewis Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship. Their team, Mercedes, held a lead of two hundred and seventy-six points over Red Bull Racing in the World Constructors' Championship. Rosberg required a podium finish to secure the championship; Hamilton required a podium to remain in mathematical contention. Hamilton started the race from pole and went on to win the race, while Rosberg finished second, securing his maiden World Drivers' Championship title. Sebastian Vettel completed the podium in third.[2]", "Singapore Grand Prix F1’s new-generation turbo-charged, hybrid-powered cars brought a new look to the track, ending the reign of the 2.4-litre power unit, but a controversial ban on radio communications dominated pre-race proceedings. Mercedes's Lewis Hamilton sailed to his seventh win of the year, becoming Singapore’s third multiple winner in the process as teammate Nico Rosberg fell victim to the technical gremlins inherent in the new formula. For once Sebastian Vettel, bound for Ferrari in 2015, had to settle for second ahead of new Red Bull partner Daniel Ricciardo.", "2018 Formula One World Championship Bold – Pole position\nItalics – Fastest lap", "2018 Formula One World Championship Bold – Pole position\nItalics – Fastest lap", "List of Formula One polesitters Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body.[1] The \"formula\" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform. The F1 World Championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets. The polesitter is the driver that has qualified for a Grand Prix in pole position, at the front of the starting grid. Drivers are awarded points based on their position at the end of each race, and the driver who accumulates the most points over each calendar year is crowned that year's World Champion. Out of 977 completed Grands Prix (as of the 2018 Australian Grand Prix), the driver that has qualified on pole position has gone on to win the race 410 times.[2]", "2017 Monaco Grand Prix Thursday morning's first practice ended with Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton setting the quickest lap with 1:13.425, approximately 0.2 seconds quicker than his championship rival Sebastian Vettel. Max Verstappen was third quickest and Toro Rosso's Daniil Kvyat was the fastest driver not in one of the top three teams, setting the sixth fastest time.[4] In second practice, Vettel was quickest with 1:12.720. Second through fourth were Daniel Ricciardo, Kimi Räikkönen, and Kvyat.[4] The Mercedes team had a disappointing second practice as they finished eighth and tenth, off the pace of their championship rivals Ferrari. The session was stopped part way through for ten minutes due to a crash by Lance Stroll.[5]", "Australian Grand Prix The first ever Australian Grand Prix to be included as part of the Formula One World Championship was also the 50th AGP. The new 3.78 km Adelaide Street Circuit saw Brazilian Ayrton Senna on pole with a time of 1:19.843 in his Lotus–Renault. The race itself was a battle between Senna and Finland's Keke Rosberg driving a Williams–Honda for the last time. Run in oppressively hot conditions, the last race of the 1985 season ran to its 2-hour time limit, though all scheduled 82 laps were run. Rosberg ultimately prevailed finishing 43 seconds in front of the Ligier–Renaults of Frenchmen Jacques Laffite and Philippe Streiff who actually collided at the hairpin at the end of Brabham Straight with only one lap to go when Streiff tried a passing move that resulted in his car suffering broken suspension, though not bad enough to cause retirement. Three time World Champion Austrian Niki Lauda drove his last Formula One race at this event. After starting 16th in his McLaren, he made his way to the lead by lap 57, but a lack of brakes cause him to crash into a wall in a sad end to his Formula One career. Australia had its own driver in the race with 1980 World Champion Alan Jones driving a Lola–Hart. Jones, who started 19th, stalled at the start but fought his way to sixth by lap 20 before retiring later in the lap with electrical failure. The 1986 event was a three-way race for the Drivers' Championship. Briton Nigel Mansell and Brazilian Nelson Piquet in Williams–Hondas and Frenchman Alain Prost, in a comparatively underpowered McLaren–TAG/Porsche, were competing for the drivers' title. Mansell needed only third to guarantee the title, whilst Prost and Piquet needed to win and for Mansell to finish fourth or lower to take the title. Finn Keke Rosberg led for 62 laps before a puncture that caused damage to his McLaren; this was the 1982 champion's last Formula One race. Whilst comfortably in the top three with 20 laps to go, Mansell's Williams suffered a spectacular mechanical failure, with a rear tyre puncture at 180 mph (290 km/h) on the Brabham Straight, creating a huge shower of sparks as the floor of the vehicle dragged along the bitumen surface. Mansell fought to control the violently veering car and steered it to a safe stop. Prost took the lead, as Mansell's teammate Piquet had pitted as a pre-cautionary measure, and the Frenchman won the race and the championship. Prost had to fight back after a mid-race puncture, and stopped soon after the finish so as not to waste fuel, something he had done at every race he finished since his disqualification from the 1985 San Marino Grand Prix for being underweight after his McLaren ran out of fuel on his slow down lap after crossing the line first. 1987 saw Gerhard Berger win in his Ferrari while Ayrton Senna finished second but was then disqualified for technical irregularities in his last race for Lotus; Berger's teammate Michele Alboreto was then moved up to second place to make the final result a Ferrari 1–2.", "2018 Austrian Grand Prix In Q2, Carlos Sainz had to avoid Vettel, who was going slowly on the racing line. Vettel was later awarded a 3 place grid penalty for the incident. Mercedes locked out the front row in Q3 and Valtteri Bottas took his first pole of 2018. The Ferraris locked out the second row however Romain Grosjean outqualified Daniel Ricciardo to take P6.", "2018 Australian Grand Prix In the week before the Grand Prix, race officials confirmed the inclusion of a third drag reduction system (DRS) zone.[7] The detection point for the third zone was positioned on the approach to the Turn 11-12 chicane with the activation point on the exit to Turn 12. The existing DRS zones were unchanged from previous years, with one positioned on the main straight and the second on the straight between Turns 2 and 3.[8]", "2017 Formula One World Championship As the reigning Drivers' Champion Nico Rosberg announced his retirement from the sport in December 2016, the 2017 season was the first since 1994 in which the reigning champion did not compete.[1] Mercedes started the season as the defending Constructors' Champion, having secured their third consecutive title at the 2016 Japanese Grand Prix.[2]", "Australian Grand Prix Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.\nA pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.", "Nico Rosberg Rosberg's title-winning season began with a front row start and then victory in the Australian Grand Prix giving him the lead of the World Championship for the first time since 2014. He followed this up with another front row start and victory in the Bahrain Grand Prix. He claimed pole position and victory at the Chinese Grand Prix, extending his championship lead to 36 points from teammate and defending champion Lewis Hamilton. Rosberg followed with pole position at the Russian Grand Prix and led the race from start to finish to claim his first Grand Slam, seventh consecutive race win, and become the first driver since Michael Schumacher in 2004 to win the first four races of the season. Rosberg took another front row in the Spanish Grand Prix but retired along with his teammate Lewis Hamilton after the two collided on the first lap.", "Singapore Grand Prix Nico Rosberg hadn’t visited the Marina Bay podium since 2008, so his 200th Grand Prix start seemed the perfect moment to put things right; especially as the German was locked in a two-man tussle for the title with Mercedes team-mate Lewis Hamilton. A stunning run to pole position laid the perfect foundation, and when Hamilton’s hopes faded along with his brakes victory seemed certain. Nobody told Daniel Ricciardo: the Australian mounted a thrilling late charge to keep Rosberg’s supporters on the edge of their seats, finishing second with another Singapore fastest lap. Victory was the springboard for Rosberg’s title success.", "2017 Monaco Grand Prix Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel entered the round holding a six-point lead over Lewis Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship, with Valtteri Bottas being third. In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes held an eight-point lead over Ferrari, with Red Bull Racing a further eighty-one points behind in third.", "2017 Spanish Grand Prix Hamilton, with faster tyres, then managed to overtake Vettel for the lead on the pit straight on lap 44 and held on to the lead to win the race, reducing Vettel's lead in the championship to 6 points and increasing Mercedes's lead in the Constructors' Championship to 8 points over Ferrari. Ricciardo finished 3rd for his first podium of the season and took the 5th place in the Championship from Verstappen. Despite new upgrades, his Red Bull was 75 seconds behind Hamilton, the furthest back they had been all season, and Ricciardo was the only other car apart from the 2 leaders to finish on the lead lap. The next to cross the line were the Force Indias of Pérez and Ocon. Then Nico Hülkenberg finished in 6th place for Renault, their highest finish since returning to the sport in 2016. Wehrlein crossed the line in 7th but was demoted to 8th with his penalty, still picking up 4 valuable points for the struggling Sauber team, with the Toro Rosso of Carlos Sainz being promoted to the 7th in his stead. Kvyat and Grosjean finished 9th and 10th respectively after Kevin Magnussen, who was running in 9th, suffered a late puncture due to contact with Kvyat and fell to 14th. Fernando Alonso finished in 12th, the first time he had finished a race in the season, but he admitted he was lacking the race pace to go with his superb qualifying.[9]", "Formula One drivers from Germany Sebastian Vettel\n2017 season position: 2nd", "Red Bull Racing Ricciardo would go on to obtain the first podium finish in his career as a Formula One driver at the Spanish Grand Prix, after qualifying third, over a second behind polesitter Lewis Hamilton. Vettel did not participate in Q3 due to problems with his gearbox, which ultimately needed to be replaced, incurring a five-place grid penalty. Despite starting from the 15th position, Vettel managed to finish the race in 4th, setting the fastest lap of the race in the process. In Canada, Ricciardo won the race, achieving his first career victory in Formula One.", "List of Formula One polesitters Lewis Hamilton holds the record for the most pole positions, having qualified first on 73 occasions. Michael Schumacher is second with 68 pole positions.[5]Ayrton Senna is third with 65 poles. Senna holds the record for the most consecutive poles; he qualified in first place eight Grands Prix in a row from the 1988 Spanish Grand Prix to the 1989 United States Grand Prix.[6] Sebastian Vettel is the youngest polesitter, he was 21 years, 72 days old when he qualified in first place for the 2008 Italian Grand Prix.[7] The oldest person to qualify in pole position was Nino Farina, who was 47 years, 79 days old when he was polesitter for the 1954 Argentine Grand Prix.[8] As of the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, 98 drivers have been on pole position in the 976 Grands Prix since the first World Championship race, the 1950 British Grand Prix.[9] From 2014 onwards the driver who achieves the most pole positions in a season is awarded the Pole Trophy. The inaugural Pole Trophy was won by Nico Rosberg; the 2015, 2016 and 2017 Trophies were won by Lewis Hamilton.", "2018 Australian Grand Prix Tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with the soft, supersoft and ultrasoft compounds.[6]", "2017 Monaco Grand Prix Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen qualified on pole position for the first time in 9 years; his last pole position came at the 2008 French Grand Prix, also for Ferrari. His teammate and championship leader Sebastian Vettel qualified second, followed by Valtteri Bottas and Max Verstappen. Vettel's closest rival, Lewis Hamilton, qualified in fourteenth; he struggled warming up the tyres and his final flying lap in Q2 was impeded by Stoffel Vandoorne who had crashed towards the end of the session. Despite Vandoorne's accident, both McLarens had made it into Q3 for the first time in 2017; Jenson Button qualified in ninth place on his return, but due to his fifteen-place grid penalty would start from the back of the grid, and eventually opted to start from the pit lane.[8]", "2017 Monaco Grand Prix Räikkönen led from the start until he pitted on lap 33. His teammate Vettel stayed out longer and when he eventually pitted, he came out ahead of Räikkönen and went on to win his 3rd race of the season and extended his championship lead to 25 points over Hamilton, who finished in 7th in a recovery drive after his poor qualifying. This win gave Ferrari their first 1-2 finish since the controversial 2010 German Grand Prix. Daniel Ricciardo finished in 3rd, despite lightly hitting the wall late in the race, jumping both Bottas and Verstappen by staying out longer on the ultra-softs in a strategy akin to Sebastian Vettel. Carlos Sainz had his best finish of the year with 6th for Toro Rosso. He was followed by Hamilton, Grosjean, Massa and Magnussen, who rounded off the points. It was the first time in Haas' history that they achieved a double points finish. It was also the first time in 2017 that both Force Indias finished out of the points with a late collision between Pérez and Kvyat, while running in the points, sent Pérez to last and Kvyat out of the race. Stoffel Vandoorne looked set to score McLaren's first points of the season before hitting the wall after being forced onto the breaking up asphalt by Sergio Pérez. Jenson Button, meanwhile, retired with suspension damage on his one-off return, much like his original retirement in the 2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, after colliding with Sauber's Pascal Wehrlein, leaving Wehrlein perched up vertically on the wall. The other Sauber of Marcus Ericsson retired after hitting the wall at turn 1 under the safety car. The Renault of Nico Hülkenberg retired early on with a gearbox failure, while running in 10th. Lance Stroll was another retiree.[9]", "Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari's first 1–2 finish since 2010 came at the Monaco Grand Prix, where Vettel became the first Ferrari driver to win in Monaco since Michael Schumacher had done so 16 years earlier, in 2001.[102] The event also marked Kimi Räikkönen's first pole position since the 2008 French Grand Prix, almost nine years earlier, after beating Vettel by 0.043 seconds in qualifying. Controversy folllowed at the 2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix. On lap 19 of the Grand Prix, immediately prior to the Safety Car restart, Sebastian Vettel and Lewis Hamilton collided after the former hit the latter in the rear. Vettel, having judged Hamilton, the leader, to have brake-tested him at the exit of Turn 15 of the Baku City Circuit, then drove alongside him and turned into him. Vettel was awarded a 10-second stop-go penalty for his actions, losing a win after Hamilton had issues of his own. Vettel, however, still re-emerged ahead of Hamilton after the former served his penalty and extended his lead in the Drivers' Championship.[103] The FIA, the sport's governing body, summoned Vettel to an extraordinary meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council for his actions at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, but ruled that no further action was necessary after Vettel issued a full apology.[104] After four races without a win, Ferrari returned to success at the Hungarian Grand Prix with a victory by Sebastian Vettel and their second 1–2 of the season. Vettel lost his lead in the Drivers' Championship to Hamilton at the Italian Grand Prix[105], on Ferrari home ground.", "Lewis Hamilton Hamilton enjoyed a continuation of Mercedes's dominance heading into the 2015 season, as the new W06 Hybrid completed more laps in pre-season testing than any rival car, and did so using just one power unit.[186] At the opening race in Australia, Hamilton qualified in pole position, 0.594 seconds quicker than teammate Rosberg and 1.391 seconds clear of Felipe Massa's Williams in third.[187] Hamilton then won the race ahead of Rosberg in second, with Sebastian Vettel's Ferrari in third, 34 seconds back.[188] In Monaco he lost first position to his teammate Rosberg after leading the race for 65 laps due to a pit-stop error made by his team, eventually finishing third.", "2018 Formula One World Championship Charles Leclerc, the reigning Formula 2 champion, made his competitive dÃ©but with Sauber.[18] Leclerc, who had previously driven in Friday practice sessions in 2016 and 2017, was hired by the team to replace Pascal Wehrlein.[18] Wehrlein was ultimately unable to secure a race seat and was instead enlisted as one of Mercedes's test and reserve drivers while racing full-time in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series.[19][20][21]", "Australian Grand Prix The race became part of the Formula One World Championship in 1985 and was held at the Adelaide Street Circuit in Adelaide, South Australia, from that year to 1995. From 1996 it has been held at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit at Albert Park in Melbourne. The winner of the race is presented with a circular plate, recently named the Jack Brabham trophy in a design based on the steering wheel of one of Brabham's racing cars and a perpetual trophy, the Lex Davison trophy. These trophies each date back to the 1960s.[citation needed]", "2017 Australian Grand Prix With the technical regulations undergoing a revision for the 2017 season,[8] the FIA requested that every circuit on the calendar undergo revisions to update safety features.[9] Organisers of the race introduced Tecpro barriers to the run-off areas at the fastest points of the circuit, and re-profiled tyre barriers.[10]", "Australian Grand Prix The Australian Grand Prix is a motor race held annually in Australia currently under contract to host Formula One until 2023.[1] The Grand Prix is the oldest surviving motor racing competition held in Australia having been contested 83 times since it was first run at Phillip Island in 1928. It is currently sponsored with naming rights by the Swiss watchmaker Rolex.", "2018 Formula One World Championship The Malaysian Grand Prix—which was part of the championship from 1999 to 2017—was discontinued.[29] The Russian Grand Prix was moved from April to September, filling the vacancy left by the Malaysian Grand Prix.[30]", "Lewis Hamilton Mercedes struggled during the qualifying of the Singapore Grand Prix. Vettel secured pole position while Hamilton only achieved fifth, behind both Red Bulls and the second Ferrari of Räikkönen.[236] During the first ever rain affected night Grand Prix, Hamilton took the lead on the first lap after a crash in turn one involving Räikkönen, Verstappen and Vettel forced all three of them to retire their cars. He went on to secure what had seemed an unlikely win, fighting off Ricciardo during three safety car restarts in the latter parts of the race.[237]", "2018 Australian Open Men's Singles", "2018 Australian Open Men's Singles", "Australian Grand Prix Since moving to Melbourne, the Australian Grand Prix has been the first race of the F1 World Championship excluding 2006 and 2010. Previously in Adelaide, it was the final round of the Championship, hosting numerous racing memorable for deciding Championship results, most notably the 1986 and 1994 races which saw the 1986 and 1994 World Drivers' Championships decided.", "Singapore Grand Prix On 19 June 2017, the FIA's World Motor Sport Council in Geneva released its provisional 2018 calendar where the Singapore Grand Prix was given a tentative date of September 16. At this time, the race (as well as the Chinese Grand Prix in Shanghai) are subject to confirmation of by the commercial rights holders. [22] On the eve of the 2017 race, the track and F1 announced an extension for the race through 2021.[23] This race was a critical event in the season as polesitter and title contender, Sebastian Vettel, was involved in a first corner collision with Ferrari teammate Kimi Räikkönen and Red Bull's Max Verstappen, which led to the retirement of all 3 drivers. Vettel's title rival, Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton wasn't going to let this go unpunished and took full advantage of this chaos and took victory from 5th on the grid and extended his championship lead over Vettel from 3 points to 28 points.[24]", "Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Double points were awarded for the race, which was won by Lewis Hamilton, securing his second Drivers' Championship.", "Red Bull Racing At the Australian Grand Prix, Ricciardo had qualified second on his first race for the team while Vettel qualified a rather distant 13th being at least 1.8 seconds off pole-sitter Lewis Hamilton. In the race itself Ricciardo finished second while Vettel retired after just three laps due to a power unit failure. However, after the race Ricciardo was disqualified for being in violation of the FIA's new rule of capping fuel use at 100Â kg per hour in each race. He thus lost his podium finish. Red Bull appealed this decision on 14 April, but lost their case.", "Scuderia Ferrari After a massive management overhaul, with Sergio Marchionne and Maurizio Arrivabene replacing di Montezemolo and Mattiacci as Ferrari President and Team Principal respectively, the team enjoyed an improved start to the 2015 season, with Sebastian Vettel taking third in Australia. However, Räikkönen was forced to retire from the race due to a loose wheel. The team ended their 34-race winless streak in Malaysia when Vettel held off both Mercedes cars to claim his first victory since leaving Red Bull at the end of the previous year. Sebastian Vettel managed to win twice more for Ferrari in 2015, at the 2015 Hungarian Grand Prix, and finally at the 2015 Singapore Grand Prix. Vettel and Räikkönen finished third and fourth respectively in the Drivers' standings.", "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners As of the 2018 Belgian Grand Prix, out of the 761 drivers who started a Grand Prix,[11] there have been 107 different Formula One Grand Prix winners.[12] The first Grand Prix winner was Giuseppe Farina at the 1950 British Grand Prix, and the most recent driver to score their first Grand Prix win was Valtteri Bottas.[13]", "Australian Grand Prix Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.\nA pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.", "2017 Spanish Grand Prix Lewis Hamilton claimed pole position from Sebastian Vettel by 0.051 seconds. Vettel was initially ordered to stop the car on track for an engine problem in Q1 but he questioned the decision and the problem was resolved and allowed him to continue. Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Räikkönen filled up the second row followed by the Red Bulls of Max Verstappen and Daniel Ricciardo. Fernando Alonso delivered a shocking result to get his underpowered McLaren into Q3 and then qualifying as the best of the rest behind Mercedes, Ferrari and Red Bull. The top ten was filled out by Sergio Pérez, Felipe Massa and Esteban Ocon.", "2017 FIA Formula One World Championship Bold – Pole position\nItalics – Fastest lap", "2018 Chinese Grand Prix Daniel Ricciardo's pit crew, still frantically assembling his Red Bull engine and car as qualifying began, were able to get his car out in Q1 with just over three minutes left in the session. With his first and only possible hot lap in Q1, he finished the session in P13. Charles Leclerc, meanwhile, spun his Sauber, and failed to make it out of Q1. Marcus Ericsson was given a 5 place grid penalty for the race, and 3 points on his super license, for ignoring the double yellow flags waved for Leclerc. After qualifying P6 in Bahrain, Pierre Gasly also failed to make it out of Q1.", "Australian Grand Prix The 1994 was to see yet another memorable weekend. Following his win at the Japanese Grand Prix, Damon Hill was now one point behind championship leader Michael Schumacher. Nigel Mansell, returning to Formula One in place of the late Senna, was on pole but a poor start resulted in the two championship rivals Hill and Schumacher battling for the lead. But on lap 36, Schumacher went off the track, a result of oversteer, and this allowed Hill to catch up with Schumacher and take the inside line for the next corner. Schumacher turned in on Hill's Williams (whether on purpose or accidentally remains unknown) which sent the Benetton up on two wheels and into the tyre barrier, Schumacher retiring on the spot. Hill came out of the incident with a broken wishbone on his front-left suspension, he pitted and retired from the race, handing the title to Schumacher. The sister Williams of the 41-year-old Nigel Mansell went on to win the race, becoming the oldest Grand Prix winner since Jack Brabham in 1970. In 1995, Mika Häkkinen suffered a tyre failure at the early part of the first qualifying session at the high speed Brewery Bend between Jones and Brabham Straights, which resulted in him crashing heavily into the outside wall. He was critically injured in the crash and was saved only due to an emergency cricothyroidotomy that was performed by the side of the track by Sid Watkins.[14] This incident forged a strong bond between Häkkinen and team principal Ron Dennis, and also sent forth a new movement for extra safety in the sport. Luckily, Häkkinen recovered fully and was fit to race again in 1996, thus missing only one race. Häkkinen climbed back into a Formula One car at Paul Ricard three months after the accident.[15] The final F1 race at Adelaide was won by Damon Hill in a Williams, almost all of his main rivals including Schumacher retired, and Hill finished two laps ahead of second-placed Olivier Panis.", "Australian Grand Prix As part of celebrations for the tenth running of the event at Albert Park in 2005, Webber drove his Williams F1 car over the Sydney Harbour Bridge in a promotional event, and the Melbourne city streets hosted a parade of F1 machinery and Supercars, Australia's highest-profile domestic motor sport category. For over thirty years, Supercars as they have become known, have competed in the Supercars Challenge non-championship event at the Australian Grand Prix. In 2018, the event was contested for championship points for the first time, and was known as the Melbourne 400.[19][20]", "2018 Australian Grand Prix The race marked the competitive dÃ©but of the \"halo\" cockpit protection device after eighteen months of rigorous testing.[5]", "2017 Australian Grand Prix Constructors' Championship standings", "Lewis Hamilton Having major setup difficulties after introducing a new upgrade package at the Malaysian Grand Prix, Mercedes found themselves over 1.4 s. off pace to Ferrari on Friday. Mercedes boss Toto Wolff said that the car had a fundamental issue which needed to be found out.[238] On Saturday the team decided to run split programmes, with Bottas running the new aero package and Hamilton reverting to the old one.[239] Vettel suffered problems with his power unit and so would start last on the grid while Hamilton went on to secure his 70th career pole position, setting new track lap record in the process.[240] Despite having a fast car in qualifying, the Mercedes' race pace was slower than the Red Bulls' and so after staying ahead at the start, Hamilton conceded his lead to Verstappen on lap 4 while managing a problem with his car's MGU-K. He settled for second place and extended his lead in the driver's championship ahead of a recovering Vettel who finished in fourth.[241]", "History of Formula One This led to an end to the ban on team orders for the 2011 Formula One season. Other changes included a re-introduction KERS, the introduction of the Drag reduction system (DRS) (a driver activated moveable flap on the cars rear wing), and a change in tyre supplier from Bridgestone to Pirelli. Vettel and Red Bull lead their respective championship from the start until the end of the season, dominating and taking their second successive titles. Vettel also became the youngest double world champion when he clinched the title at the 2011 Japanese Grand Prix, Red Bull took the constructors' championship at the following race in South Korea. McLaren and Ferrari finished second and third in the standings once again, albeit much further behind. Button eventually took second place in the standings, with Webber in third once again. Vettel took 11 victories throughout the course of the year, broke the record for the most pole positions in a season (15) and the most championship points (392). After a slow start to the 2012 season, Vettel won 4 races in a row and challenged Fernando Alonso and Ferrari all the way through. Eventually, the German Vettel took the lead from the Spanish Alonso and Vettel opened up a 13-point gap come the last round in Brazil. Vettel won his third consecutive Drivers' title after finishing 6th at Interlagos, while Alonso finished 2nd. 2013 also went Vettel's way: the superiority of the Red Bull in race trim allowed the German to open up a small lead early in the season, and starting with the Belgian Grand Prix (after F1's 4-week break), the superiority of the Red Bull car began to show. The British-based Austrian team had developed an engine-mapping system that gave their car a type of traction control (actual traction control systems are illegal), and Vettel used this to his considerable advantage. He won in Belgium and after that, the rest of the remaining races in the season (9 races total). The German and the Red Bull team simply ran away with the Drivers' and Constructors' championships, both of which they won in India- Vettel won his 4th consecutive Drivers' Championship there. Come the Korean round, 2 rounds before the Indian one- Red Bull had developed a special aerodynamic diffuser that gave the cars a considerable cornering advantage. Vettel and his Australian teammate Mark Webber were leading 1-2 for most of those 9 races, and the cars often qualified in the top 3 grid spots; and when they qualified 1-2, it was often by considerable amounts of time.", "Red Bull Racing At the Brazilian Grand Prix in São Paulo, Red Bull Racing became Constructors' Champion for the first time after Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber finished 1–2 in the race, enough to finish ahead of McLaren and Ferrari. In doing so Red Bull became the first Austrian team to win the Formula One Constructors' Championship. Team boss Christian Horner stated that the main goal had been achieved and that now his remaining aim was to win the Drivers' Championship and put the icing on the cake of Red Bull's year. In some other teams the drivers would have been told to change positions, with the purpose of improving better placed Mark Webber's chances to win the driver's title in the last race, but the team insisted that the faster driver should win the race, and kept being reluctant to give any orders of the kind \"let your teammate pass\" to their drivers.", "Lewis Hamilton Mercedes brought a series of upgrades to their car for the Spanish Grand Prix, and qualifying saw Hamilton take pole ahead of Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel.[218] Vettel overtook Hamilton going into the first turn, who was unable to pass until Vettel pitted 14 laps later. Hamilton stayed out before pitting under the Virtual Safety Car, gaining time on Vettel who pitted a lap later. Vettel emerged from the pitlane alongside Hamilton, and the pair touched wheels as Hamilton was forced off the track and fell behind Vettel. Hamilton passed Vettel for the lead on lap 44 and held on to win the race, reducing Vettel's lead in the championship to 6 points and increasing Mercedes's lead in the Constructors' Championship to 8 points over Ferrari.[219]", "Red Bull Racing In 2017, Red Bull Racing retained their 2016 driver line-up and continued using TAG Heuer-branded Renault engines. In the first race in Australia, Ricciardo retired on lap 25, in a weekend plagued with problems for him, while Verstappen finished 5th.", "2017 Formula One World Championship Bold – Pole position\nItalics – Fastest lap", "Australian Open Caroline Wozniacki was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2018. It was her 1st Grand Slam singles title.", "List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions Constructors in bold have competed in the 2018 World Championship.", "Lewis Hamilton At the season opening Australian Grand Prix, Hamilton qualified on pole. He made a poor start to the race, however, but recovered to finish second behind his Mercedes teammate Nico Rosberg.[195] In the second race of the season, the Bahrain Grand Prix, Hamilton again qualified on pole. On the first lap however there was a collision between him and Bottas, for which Bottas was handed a drive-through penalty. Hamilton recovered to finish the race in third behind Rosberg and Räikkönen. In the next race, the Chinese Grand Prix, Hamilton did not set a time in qualifying and started at the back of the grid. He got as high up fifth but was overtaken by Räikkönen and Ricciardo near the end of the race to finish seventh. In the fourth race of the season, the Russian Grand Prix, Hamilton did not set a time in the third part of qualifying, meaning he started from tenth position on the grid. He finished second behind Rosberg, despite having zero water pressure for the last 16 laps.[196]", "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners All figures correct as of the 2018 Belgian Grand Prix" ]	[ "2018 Australian Grand Prix Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel was the defending race winner.[3] Lewis Hamilton started the race from pole—his seventh pole position in Australia,[4] a record for the event—while Vettel successfully defended his race win, the forty-eighth of his career.[3]" ]
test621	who wrote the theme song for the winter olympics	[ "doc22200", "doc22206" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc2201135", "doc2201136", "doc22203", "doc22205", "doc1019701", "doc1712267", "doc66410", "doc269738", "doc33936", "doc2616363", "doc1461883", "doc22206", "doc2351156", "doc2201138", "doc2201137", "doc1858817", "doc1436154", "doc162552", "doc1442695", "doc1259480", "doc427098", "doc636667", "doc2083296", "doc22200", "doc1441321", "doc33937", "doc1719857", "doc269736", "doc2053745", "doc1436144", "doc1221331", "doc1019700", "doc1262060", "doc239631", "doc1436128", "doc2664086", "doc2053777", "doc960380", "doc713812", "doc66409", "doc1114122", "doc1436126", "doc2321207", "doc84225", "doc1077126", "doc1468451", "doc227790", "doc1342589", "doc2153408", "doc18411", "doc33929", "doc121560", "doc1280913", "doc33927", "doc1468432", "doc1468440", "doc2089279", "doc2302945", "doc33930", "doc1879494", "doc1126116", "doc84258", "doc1708358", "doc1712277", "doc611714", "doc66407", "doc1442682", "doc401861", "doc33939", "doc570710", "doc33938", "doc121547", "doc2675814", "doc1259455", "doc1923706", "doc206831", "doc21814", "doc413355", "doc1010301", "doc131063", "doc2556350", "doc294248", "doc2081244", "doc156565", "doc1071803", "doc185759", "doc754284", "doc206872", "doc667958", "doc1248228", "doc108355", "doc1027826", "doc360775", "doc66408", "doc84256", "doc162515", "doc890843", "doc21804", "doc227773", "doc84254" ]	[ "NBC Olympic broadcasts Since 1992, the main theme of NBC's Olympics coverage has been \"Bugler's Dream\", a composition by Leo Arnaud that was historically used by ABC as the main theme of its Olympics coverage since 1968. Since the 1996 Summer Olympics, the composition has been traditionally followed by John Williams' \"Olympic Fanfare and Theme\", which was originally composed for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Williams has also composed other secondary themes for the Olympics and NBC's telecasts, including \"The Olympic Spirit\" (which was used as the main theme in 1988, NBC's first year as rightsholder, before \"Bugler's Dream\" was reinstated the following Olympiad), \"Summon the Heroes\" (a piece written for the opening ceremony in 1996),[49] and \"Call of the Champions\" (2002).[50][51][52][53]", "NBC Olympic broadcasts Since 1996, NBC has also used the Randy Edelman-composed theme song from the short-lived Fox series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. during its coverage. NBC had commissioned Edelman to compose theme music for its National Football League coverage (stemming from its prior use of a portion of his score for the film Gettysburg for its coverage of the Breeder's Cup), and the theme was included in a portfolio of work Edelman had sent the network. Edelman felt that the track \"seemed to have the right spirit. It's got a very flowing melody, it's triumphant, and it has a certain warmth. And it has at the end of it, what all television things like this have, a 'button,' an ending flourish that works really well if they need to chop it down into a 15-second thing.\" Senior creative producer Mark Levy felt that the works that Edelman had scored, as with John Williams, shared the \"proportion and emotion\" of the Olympics.[54]", "Leo Arnaud \"Bugler's Dream\" is very well known, especially by Americans, as theme music for the Olympic Games from its use in ABC's and NBC's television coverage of the games. It is considered to be a symbol of the Olympics. Arnaud's piece is very stately, beginning with a timpani cadence that is soon joined by a distinctive theme in brass.", "Leo Arnaud Arnaud was commissioned by conductor Felix Slatkin to create a piece for his album Charge! in 1958. For this, he wrote \"The Charge Suite\", published by Shawnee Press, which included \"Bugler's Dream\". ABC began using the composition as the theme to its coverage of the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, and in future Olympics.[5] It was also used as the title piece for the series ABC's Wide World of Sports. NBC went with an alternate theme in 1988 when it obtained the rights to the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, but brought \"Bugler's Dream\" back for its coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.", "Mo Li Hua Zhao Dongming, head of Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games's culture and ceremonies department, commented that \"This piece of music reminds you of the gold medals for the Beijing Olympics, which are made of gold and jade\".[4] This piece of Tan Dun, an Academy Award winning Chinese contemporary classical composer, cited by China Daily in 2008, described it as \"glorious, heartwarming and full of respect... an iconic piece... almost a cultural symbol of China\" and \"From Puccini to the Beijing Olympics, this melody is a gift from the Chinese people to the world's athletes\".[4] In 2009 Russian singer Vitas, during the Chinese premiere of his program Sleepless Night, at least has also performed Mo Li Hua (never included in digital download until then).[17]", "2008 Summer Olympics The theme song of the 2008 Olympic Games was \"You and Me,\" which was composed by Chen Qigang, the musical director of the opening ceremony. It was performed during the opening ceremony by Chinese singer Liu Huan and British singer Sarah Brightman.[49][50]", "Olympic Hymn If the anthem is to be performed in English, then the English sung version is used, which has been usually in English-speaking countries. If it is to be performed in a language other than English or Greek, then the original version is translated to the language it is to be performed but in the 2008 Beijing games, Greek was also sung instead of Chinese and in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro games, English was also sung instead of Portuguese. The only Olympic games in which lyrics of the English version were used in translation were the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Donovan Seidle, associate music director during the games, arranged the anthem, translating some of the stanzas to French in recognition of the official bilingualism in Canada.[3][4][5]", "Olympic symbols Several other composers have contributed Olympic music, including Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, and Mark Watters.it had oath tooÂ : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition, respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports.", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony Background music for the parade began with an instrumental version of \"Hand in Hand\" by Koreana and included modern dance remixes of songs such as \"단발머리\" by Cho Yong-pil and of traditional Korean music, as well as the following K-pop hits: \"Gangnam Style\" by Psy, \"Likey\" by Twice, \"Fantastic Baby\" by Big Bang, \"DNA\" by BTS, and \"Red Flavor\" by Red Velvet.[11] \"Red Flavor\" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced.", "A Place to Stand, a Place to Grow The song was written by Dolores Claman, who also wrote \"The Hockey Theme\", with lyrics by Richard Morris and orchestrations by Jerry Toth. Lyrics for a French version were written by Larry Trudel.[1]", "Olaf's Frozen Adventure There are four original songs in the film, written by Elyssa Samsel and Kate Anderson, titled \"Ring in the Season\", \"The Ballad of Flemmingrad\", \"That Time of Year\" and \"When We're Together\". Film's score has been composed by Christophe Beck and Jeff Morrow. The full soundtrack was released on November 3, 2017 by Walt Disney Records.[10][11]", "Leo Arnaud For the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, composer John Williams wrote \"Olympic Fanfare and Theme\", which is played in a medley with \"Bugler's Dream.\" It consists of Williams's arrangement of \"Bugler's Dream\" which is similar to Arnaud's original but with a repeat of the theme with a full orchestra, followed by Williams's composition.[6] Williams's arrangement of Arnaud's \"Bugler's Dream\" as well as \"Olympic Fanfare and Theme\" are both commonly used in recent Olympic coverage by NBC. It is also commonly played during graduation ceremonies in the United States.", "Basil Poledouris In 1996, Poledouris, alongside James Horner, composed \"The Tradition of the Games\"[4] for the Atlanta Olympics opening ceremony that accompanied the memorable dance tribute[5] to the athletes and goddesses of victory of the ancient Greek Olympics using silhouette imagery.[6]", "NBC Olympic broadcasts NBC has utilized other popular music during its Olympics coverage as well. Phillip Phillips' \"Home\" was used for a segment introducing women's gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics, resulting in a major surge in sales.[58][59] Prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics, NBC released a promotional video with Olympics highlights set to Katy Perry's recently released single \"Rise\".[60][61] NBC similarly announced that it would use \"This Is Me\", a song from the soundtrack of the recent film The Greatest Showman, as a promotional song throughout its coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics.[62]", "NBC Olympic broadcasts \"In Celebration of Man\", a piece by Yanni that CBS declined to use at the 1992 Winter Olympics, was used during a preview special for the 1992 Summer Olympics; NBC's Olympics producer at the time was friends with the musician. Although NBC did not use it during the Games, the song was subsequently discovered by the producer of NBC's golf coverage, where it became the theme music for NBC's broadcasts of USGA tournaments (such as the U.S. Open) until 2015, and The Open Championship since 2016.[55][56] During basketball events at the 2008 Summer Olympics, NBC briefly revived \"Roundball Rock\", the John Tesh-composed theme music of the former NBA on NBC.[57]", "1988 Winter Olympics The 1988 Winter Games began on February 13 with a $10 million opening ceremony that featured 5,500 performers,[48] an aerial flyover by the Royal Canadian Air Force's Snowbirds,[49] the parade of nations and the release of 1,000 homing pigeons.[48] Canadian composer David Foster performed the instrumental theme song (\"Winter Games\") and its vocal counterpart (\"Can't You Feel It?\"),[50] while internationally recognized Canadian folk/country musicians Gordon Lightfoot and Ian Tyson were among the featured performers.[51] Governor General Jeanne Sauvé opened the Games on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II as an estimated 1.5 billion people watched the ceremony.[52][53]", "Vangelis The Sport Aid (1986) TV broadcast was set to music specially composed by Vangelis.[28] He conceived and staged the ceremony of the 1997 World Championships in Athletics which were held in Greece. He also composed the music as well designed and directed the artistic Olympic flag relay portion, \"Handover to Athens\", of the closing ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.[51] While no official recording of Vangelis' composition for the 2000 Sydney Games exists, the music can be heard accompanying the presentation of the emblem of the 2004 Athens Games. In 2002, Vangelis created the official Anthem for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[52] His work from Chariots of Fire was heard during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.[53]", "Let It Go (Disney song) It has been alleged by some commentators that one of the promotional songs for the 2022 Winter Olympics, \"The Snow and Ice Dance,\" has suspicious similarities with \"Let It Go.\" A Chinese media outlet cited technical analysis of the two songs: Both songs employ a piano as the major instrument, have similar prelude chords and an eight-beat introduction, and they run at almost exactly the same tempo.[214][215]", "Sarah McLachlan On February 12, 2010, McLachlan performed her song \"Ordinary Miracle\" at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.", "Music at sporting events Entire teams will occasionally adopt a theme song (such as the Chicago Bears with their 1985 Super Bowl Shuffle, sung by the members of the team). Up until 2011, Monday Night Football had its own theme, sung by Hank Williams, Jr.; the Hockey Night in Canada theme has sometimes been referred to as Canada's second national anthem; and the Olympic Games have long had powerful theme music composed to accompany ceremonies opening and closing the games.", "Frozen (2013 film) In February 2013, Christophe Beck was hired to score the film, following his work on Paperman, a Disney animated short film released the year prior to Frozen.[122] It was revealed on September 14, 2013, that Sámi musician Frode Fjellheim's Eatnemen Vuelie would be the film's opening song, as it contains elements of the traditional Sámi singing style joik.[123] The music producers recruited a Norwegian linguist to assist with the lyrics for an Old Norse song written for Elsa's coronation[124] and traveled to Trondheim, Norway,[121] to record the all-female choir Cantus, for a piece inspired by traditional Sámi music.[124]", "2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations Athletes entered the stadium in an order dictated by Olympic tradition. As the originator of the Olympics, the Greek team entered first.[2] Other teams entered in alphabetical order based on the names of countries in the Korean language.[3] Following tradition, the delegation from the host nation, South Korea, was scheduled to enter last. However, following solidarity negotiations with North Korea, the host nation was instead represented by the unified Korean delegation, consisting of the South Korean and North Korean teams, marching under the Korean Unification Flag.[4][5] The names of the nations were announced in French, followed by English and Korean, the official languages of the Olympic movement and the host nation, in accordance with traditional and International Olympic Committee (IOC) guidelines. Background music included such songs as K-pop hits as \"Gangnam Style\" by Psy, \"Likey\" by Twice, \"Fantastic Baby\" by Big Bang, \"DNA\" by BTS, and \"Red Flavor\" by Red Velvet.[6]", "The Cutting Edge The original music score was composed by Patrick Williams. The film's theme song \"Feels like Forever\" was performed by Joe Cocker and written by Diane Warren and Bryan Adams.", "Leo Arnaud Leo Arnaud or Léo Arnaud (/ˈleɪ.oʊ ɑːrˈnoʊ/; July 24, 1904 – April 26, 1991) was a French-American composer of film scores, best known for \"Bugler's Dream\", which is used as the theme by television networks presenting the Olympic Games in the United States.", "The Champion (song) The song's lyrics revolve around recovery from obstacles. The song was relevant to both Super Bowl LII and the 2018 Winter Olympics, which were both being broadcast by NBC in the United States; Underwood also performs the theme song for the network's Sunday Night Football.[2] Underwood stated that \"the main focus was to celebrate athletes at the top of their game, but we also wanted the song to resonate with people in their everyday lives\". The song was featured in the intro for NBC's Super Bowl LII broadcast; in the sequence, Underwood and Ludacris performed on a stage alongside footage of retired NFL players and highlights from past Super Bowl games.[3][4][5]", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said \"It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness.\" [12] Park Ji-Sung, football player in Republic of Korea, was the second person to hold the torch. After the flame touring around Greece for a week, it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October. [12] There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week, then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium. More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle, and carried the message of peace.[13] In the stadium, Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony. The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park, the golfer from Republic of Korea. Chung Su-hyon from North Korea and Park Jong-ah from South Korea carried the torch and headed up stairs toward the cauldron. [14]As the torch neared the cauldron, an ice skating rink with South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim was revealed.[10] Yuna Kim is the well-known figure skater who won gold medal in 2010 and silver metal in 2014.[14] The cauldron was designed to represent a full moon when it is not lit. Kim received the torch and lit the cauldron.[1]", "The Snowman and the Snowdog The composer Howard Blake, who composed the soundtrack to the original 1982 film was one of the few crew members not asked to return and after expressing an interest in returning was allegedly asked to \"send a demo\", which he refused citing the success of the original orchestral production score.[4] The film instead features a largely pop-music orientated soundtrack featuring a song called \"Light the Night\" by former Razorlight drummer Andy Burrows and incidental music by Ilan Eshkeri.[5]", "Olympic symbols The \"Olympic Hymn\", officially known as the \"Olympic Anthem\", is played when the Olympic Flag is raised. It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas. Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas, a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC. The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but wasn't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958. In the following years, every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley.", "Sarah Brightman Brightman is the first artist to have been invited twice to perform the theme song at the Olympic Games, first at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games where she sang \"Amigos Para Siempre\" with the Spanish tenor José Carreras with an estimated global audience of a billion people, and 16 years later in 2008 in Beijing, this time with Chinese singer Liu Huan, performing the song \"You and Me\" to an estimated 4 billion people worldwide.[15]", "Vangelis In 1981, Vangelis wrote the score for the film Chariots of Fire, set at the 1924 Summer Olympics. The choice of music was unorthodox as most period films featured traditional orchestral scores, whereas Vangelis' music was modern and synthesizer-heavy. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Vangelis won the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score. The opening theme of the film was released as a single in 1982, topping the American Billboard chart for one week after climbing steadily for five months.[34] It was used at the 1984 Winter Olympics.[3] Vangelis commented that the \"main inspiration was the story itself. The rest I did instinctively, without thinking about anything else, other than to express my feelings with the technological means available to me at the time\".[15]", "1988 Summer Olympics In 1988, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) decided to produce and distribute an official song of the Seoul Games to publicize the Games to all the IOC member nations, encouraging their participation in the festival and consolidating the harmony and friendship of the entire world citizens through the song. The song \"Hand in Hand\" was written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder and American songwriter Tom Whitlock, and performed by singing group Koreana. \"Hand in Hand\" topped popular songs in 17 countries including Sweden, West Germany, the Philippines, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, Japan and Hong Kong and was listed among the top 10s of the popular songs in more than 30 countries.", "Mo Li Hua This song[which?] was sung partially unaccompanied by a young Chinese girl, and partially accompanied by the music by Peking University students (whose version has been described as infused with a techno beat) and broadcast to the world at the closing ceremonies of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, to introduce the next Olympic Games site.[2][16] An adaptation of the melody by Tan Dun and Wang Hesheng, chosen from more than 4,000 pieces, was played during the medal ceremonies at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.[4] It[which?] was also performed at the 2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony by an orchestra with the pianist Lang Lang.", "2002 Winter Olympics The beauty of the Utah landscape was showcased as huge puppets of native Utah animals, including a 15-foot-long bison and the American bald eagle (the national bird and animal of the U.S.), entered the stadium, as well as dancing pioneer settlers as two trains came together on, symbolizing the US railroad industry which was beneficial to Utah's economy beginning in the 1860s, as well as economically linking the Western U.S. and the Eastern U.S. At the end of their performance, the performers unfurled a giant quilt that covered the entire stadium floor with the 2002 Winter Olympics logo in the center.[33] Two figure skaters, Olympians Kristi Yamaguchi and Scott Hamilton performed on the oversized ice rink as \"Light the Fire Within\", the 2002 Winter Olympic's theme song was sung by LeAnn Rimes.[33]", "Eddie \"The Eagle\" Edwards On 23 December 2014, it was reported that Gary Barlow was in talks to write the entire soundtrack for the film.[26] On 23 January 2015, it was reported that Edwards might perform the stunts in the movie about his life.[27]", "Vangelis In 1981, he composed the score for the Oscar-winning film Chariots of Fire, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Score. The soundtrack's single, the film's \"Titles\" theme, also reached the top of the American Billboard Hot 100 chart and was used as the background music at the London 2012 Olympics winners' medal presentation ceremonies.[1] Vangelis also received acclaim for his synthesizer-based soundtrack for the 1982 film Blade Runner.", "A Change of Seasons Excerpts from the title track were used by NBC in a segment on downhill skiing during the 2002 Winter Olympics.[5]", "Sarah Brightman On 8 August 2008, Brightman sang the Olympic theme song, \"You and Me\", with Chinese star Liu Huan in both Mandarin and English at the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony. The performance was broadcast to over five billion viewers. In the 26 hours after the performance, \"You and Me\" was downloaded 5.7 million times.[76][77]", "Let's Dance (David Bowie song) The song was used in commercials to promote figure skating for the 2018 Winter Olympics on NBC.", "Love Is in the Air (song) In 2006, the song was played during the 2006 Winter Olympic opening ceremony's parade of the athletes.", "Olympic Hymn The anthem by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem by the International Olympic Committee in 1958 at the 54th Session of the IOC in Tokyo, Japan. Since 1960, it has been played at each Olympic Games: during the opening ceremony when the Olympic flag is hoisted, and during the closing ceremony when the Olympic flag is lowered.[1]", "Joni Mitchell On February 12, 2010, \"Both Sides, Now\" was performed at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Vancouver.[110]", "Vangelis Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou[a] (born 29 March 1943), known professionally as Vangelis[b] (/væŋˈɡɛlɪs/),[c] is a Greek composer of electronic, progressive, ambient, jazz, and orchestral music.[1] He is best known for his Academy Award-winning score for the film Chariots of Fire, composing scores for the films Blade Runner, Missing, Antarctica, 1492: Conquest of Paradise, and Alexander, and the use of his music in the PBS documentary Cosmos: A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan.[1]", "Winter Wonderland \"Winter Wonderland\" is a winter song, popularly regarded as a Christmas song, written in 1934 by Felix Bernard (music) and Richard B. Smith (lyricist). Through the decades it has been recorded by over 200 different artists.", "Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China, to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019. As of 2018[update], no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold-weather-dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer.", "2018 Winter Olympics medal table Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen (two gold, one silver, and two bronze) achieved five medals, more than any other athlete. With 15 medals, she became the most decorated athlete in Winter Olympics history.[8] Swedish cross-country skier Charlotte Kalla finished with four medals (one gold, three silver), as did her compatriot and fellow cross-country skier Stina Nilsson (one gold, two silvers, one bronze) and Russian cross-country skier Alexander Bolshunov (three silver, one bronze) who was competing for the OAR.[9] Norwegian cross-country skier Johannes Høsflot Klæbo and French biathlete Martin Fourcade tied for the most gold medals, with three each.[10] Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic became the first female Winter Olympian to achieve a gold medal in two separate sports at a single Games, winning in both alpine skiing and snowboarding.[11]", "2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony Music by : Arctic Monkeys", "2022 Winter Olympics The official emblem \"Winter Dream\" (冬梦) was unveiled on December 15, 2017 at the Beijing National Aquatics Center. The emblem is a stylized rendition of the character \"冬\" (Winter) inspired by winter snow, with a ribbon motif. The top is meant to resemble a skater and the bottom is meant to resemble a skier. The emblem also features the Olympic colors (except black) and the Chinese flag colors. The emblem was designed by Lin Cunzhen who also created the Nanjing 2014 logo.[21]", "Game of Thrones Theme Ramin Djawadi began composing the music for the show after he had watched the first two episodes of the series that the showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss sent him, and discussed the concepts of the show with them.[1][2] According to Djawadi, the show creators wanted the main title theme to be about a journey as there are many locations, characters in the show and involves much traveling.[1] Djawadi was shown a preliminary animated Game of Thrones title sequence the visual effect artists were still working on, he was inspired to write the piece. He said that he started humming what would become the theme tune in the car after seeing the visuals for the title sequence, and conceived of the idea for the theme on the drive back to his studio.[3] The finished theme music was presented to the producer three days later.[4]", "Do You Want to Build a Snowman? At one point Disney considered removing the song from the film because as originally composed, it was too sad, and it was also too complicated in that it contained too much exposition.[3] However it was put back after being well received by the Disney staff. StitchKingdom explains, \"due to pacing of the film, this song was constantly being cut and put back in during the filmâ€™s development. Ultimately, studio employees demanded it stay in.\"[4] During the film's development, Lopez at one point had to travel to Los Angeles to work in person with the production team to try to fix the song, and they had to sit down and work through how Elsa sounds like versus how Anna sounds like.[3] Christophe Beck, who wrote the film's score, added the interlude for the montage scenes.", "Remember the Titans \"Titans Spirit\" was a seven-minute instrumental. It has been used on numerous sports telecasts, particularly those on NBC, which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002, Athens 2004, Torino 2006, Beijing 2008, Vancouver 2010, London 2012, and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well in 2002 with the final closing credits montage ending their 12-year run of NBA coverage. The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium, and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship. The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens, Ken Daneyko, Scott Niedermayer, Martin Brodeur and Patrik Eliáš.", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The ceremony's message centered on peace, passion, harmony, and convergence.[1]", "Hans Zimmer In 2012, Zimmer composed and produced the music for the 84th Academy Awards with Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes.[43] He also composed a new version of the theme music for ABC World News.[44]", "To Build a Home \"To Build a Home\" has been used in several different TV shows, including Friday Night Lights, Grey's Anatomy[11] Orange Is the New Black, Criminal Minds, and This Is Us.[12] At the 2018 Winter Olympics, figure skaters Julian Yee and Dmitri Aliev used the song in their respective performances.[13] It was reported in November 2016 that the song had been streamed over 60 million times.[14]", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The site of the opening ceremony, Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium, was built specifically for the Games. The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000. The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes, a circle, a square, and a triangle, which represent heaven, earth, and mankind.[1] No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium, which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies. The venue will be torn down afterwards.[2]", "2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The parade was accompanied by mainly British dance tracks and popular songs, including \"Galvanize\" by Chemical Brothers, \"West End Girls\" by Pet Shop Boys, \"Rolling in the Deep\" by Adele, \"Stayin' Alive\" by the Bee Gees and both \"Where the Streets Have No Name\" and \"Beautiful Day\" by Irish band U2, with Great Britain entering to David Bowie's song \"Heroes\".[56] Welsh drum and bass DJ High Contrast mixed and sequenced the music for the athletes' parade.[41]", "2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The teenagers made a lap of the stadium, each carrying the torch in turn, while Alex Trimble, lead singer of Two Door Cinema Club, performed \"Caliban's Dream\"[96] with the Dockhead Choir, Only Men Aloud, Elizabeth Roberts, and Esme Smith. This had been written especially for the ceremony by Rick Smith of Underworld.[96]", "North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Ryom Tae-ok and Kim Ju-sik qualified for the Games on 29 September 2017 at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy in Oberstdorf, Germany.[6] Their successful free skating program was to the tune of \"Je ne suis qu'une chanson\" by Ginette Reno and their short program on the day before was to the music of The Beatles.[13][6] They took one of the five available qualification spots for pair skaters at the event,[6] as they were expected beforehand.[14]", "Bryan Adams In February 2010, Adams released \"One World, One Flame.\" On 12 February 2010, Adams performed a duet with Nelly Furtado. The song was called \"Bang the Drum\" and was co-written with Jim Vallance for the opening ceremony for the 2010 Winter Olympics Games in Vancouver, British Columbia. The ceremony was held indoors at BC Place Stadium.[citation needed]", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony, which included one Inmyeonjo (a mythical creature with a body of a bird and a head of a man, a creature that only appears when the world is at peace), four mythical creatures, including a white tiger â€” spirit animal protector of Korea and the mascot of these Games, natural floral and fauna, and a cast of 2,000. Five children were used to symbolize the five Olympic rings, and the five names were chosen to represent fire, water, wood, metal, and earth, the five elements that are believed to make up the Earth.[1]", "Dmitri Shostakovich In 1954, Shostakovich wrote the Festive Overture, opus 96, that was used as the theme music for the 1980 Summer Olympics.[48] In addition his '\"Theme from the film Pirogov, Opus 76a: Finale\" was played as the cauldron was lit at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.", "Michael Kamen In 2002, Kamen, along with Julian Lloyd Webber, Dame Evelyn Glennie, and Sir James Galway launched the Music Education Consortium in the UK. The consortium's efforts led to the injection of Â£332 million for music education in the UK. He was also commissioned to write a piece for the opening ceremonies of the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.", "Winter Olympic Games The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding, mass start speed skating, mixed doubles curling, and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme. On the ice, the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating, winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events. Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. On the snow, Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing, with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete (male or female) in Winter Olympics history. Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men's sprint at age 21. Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games. Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games.", "Alpensia Sliding Centre Turn 14 was named The Olympic Curve - inspired by the PyeongChang 2018 logo, set in the ice.", "2008 Summer Olympics A rich assembly of ancient Chinese art and culture dominated the ceremony. It opened with the beating of Fou drums for the countdown. Subsequently, a giant scroll was unveiled and became the show's centerpiece. The official song of the 2008 Olympics, titled \"You and Me\", was performed by Britain's Sarah Brightman and China's Liu Huan, on a large spinning rendition of the globe.[72] The last recipient in the Olympic Torch relay, former Chinese gymnast Li Ning ignited the cauldron, after being suspended into the air by wires and completing a lap of the National Stadium at roof height.[73]", "2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance See you in Beijing in 2022 directed by Chinese film director Zhang Yimou, who also presented the 2008 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies. The presentation featured two pandas skating and people forming red lines that became a dragon, as pandas and dragons are national icons for China. The skaters also trail lines to form the emblem of the games. China's Paramount leader Xi Jinping made a cameo appearance by video expressing the welcome message on behalf of the Chinese people.", "Olympic Hymn The Olympic Hymn (Greek: Ολυμπιακός Ύμνος, Olympiakós Ýmnos), also known informally as the Olympic Anthem, is a choral cantata by opera composer Spyridon Samaras (1861-1917), with lyrics by Greek poet Kostis Palamas. Both poet and composer were the choice of the Greek Demetrius Vikelas, who was the first President of the International Olympic Committee.", "Sarah McLachlan In November 2006, McLachlan performed the song \"Ordinary Miracle\" for that year's feature film, Charlotte's Web. The song was written by Glen Ballard and David A. Stewart of Eurythmics. McLachlan was the subject of rumours of an Oscar nomination for the song, but in the end was not nominated. She helped to promote the song and movie by performing it on The Oprah Winfrey Show as well as during the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. She also performed the song during the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, in front of an estimated 3 billion television viewers worldwide.", "Olympic Games In addition to the United States, nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, Canada and Italy have hosted twice. Among host cities, Lake Placid, Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once, each holding that honour twice. The most recent Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang in 2018, South Korea's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall (including the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul).", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony More than 1,200 Intel Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones flying above Pyeong Chang to celebrate the opening of 2018 Winter Olympic Games. IntelÂ® drone team now holds the Guinness World Record of flying largest number of drones. [16] The drones flew together to form custom animations illustrating snow boarding, skiing, other different sports, as well as the iconic Olympic rings. The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch. [17]", "Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron The instrumental score was composed by Hans Zimmer with songs by Bryan Adams in both the English and French versions of the album. The opening theme song for the film, \"Here I Am\" was written by Bryan Adams, Gretchen Peters, and Hans Zimmer. It was produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Another song, not included in the film itself (although it can be heard in the ending credits), is \"Don't Let Go\", which is sung by Bryan Adams with Sarah McLachlan on harmonies and piano. It was written by Bryan Adams, Gavin Greenaway, Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, and Gretchen Peters. Many of the songs and arrangements were set in the American West, with themes based on love, landscapes, brotherhood, struggles, and journeys. Garth Brooks was originally supposed to write and record songs for the film but the deal fell through. The Italian versions of the songs were sung by Zucchero. The Spanish versions of the tracks on the album were sung by Erik Rubín (Hispanic America) and Raúl (Spain). The Brazilian version of the movie soundtrack was sung in Portuguese by Paulo Ricardo. The Norwegian versions of the songs were sung by Vegard Ylvisåker of the Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis.", "2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The final segment entitled \"Wish Fire\" featured Korean dance group Just Jerk[15] (who became known internationally for their participation in the twelfth season of America's Got Talent) entered the stage dressed as Dokkaebi, and performers with sparklers on roller blades. This segment in total featured 2,000 fireworks within and out of the stadium, some reaching as high as 1,300 metres (4,300Â ft).[1]", "Hans Zimmer One of Zimmer's most durable works from his time in the United Kingdom was the theme song for the television game show Going for Gold, which he composed with Sandy McClelland in 1987. In an interview with the BBC, Zimmer said: \"Going For Gold was a lot of fun. It's the sort of stuff you do when you don't have a career yet. God, I just felt so lucky because this thing paid my rent for the longest time.\"[15]", "Games Without Frontiers (song) The Thirteenth Winter X Games introduced Gabriel's and Lord Jamar's remix of the song, redubbed \"X Games Without Frontiers\", which became the theme for subsequent games.[14]", "Music at sporting events The revival of the Olympic games in 1896 also incorporated music into the festivities surrounding the competitions. On March 25 of that year, \"the Philharmonic Orchestra played the National Anthem and the first Olympic Hymn, written by poet Kostis Palamas and set to music by the well-known Greek composer Spyridon Samaras.\"", "Soohorang and Bandabi Soohorang is the mascot of the 2018 Winter Olympics. \"Sooho\" means \"protection\" in Korean, symbolizing the protection offered to the athletes, participants and spectators at the Winter Olympics, as well as preserving the world peace that is the spirit of the Olympic Games. \"Rang\" derives from \"Ho-rang-i\", the Korean word for \"tiger\"; it is also the last letter of \"Jeongseon Arirang\", a cherished traditional Korean folk song of Gangwon Province.[6][7]", "John Williams John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. With a career spanning over six decades, he has composed some of the most popular, recognizable, and critically acclaimed film scores in cinematic history, including those of the Star Wars series, Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Superman, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, the Indiana Jones series, the first two Home Alone films, the first two Jurassic Park films, Schindler's List, and the first three Harry Potter films.[1] Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974, composing music for all but three of his feature films.[2] Other works by Williams include theme music for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games, NBC Sunday Night Football, \"The Mission\" theme used by NBC News and Seven News in Australia, the television series Lost in Space and Land of the Giants, and the incidental music for the first season of Gilligan's Island.[3] Williams has also composed numerous classical concertos and other works for orchestral ensembles and solo instruments. From 1980 to 1993 he served as the Boston Pops's principal conductor, and is currently the orchestra's laureate conductor.[4]", "2018 Winter Olympics The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013. It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ㅍ p and ㅊ ch, being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang. Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven, earth and humanity (Korean: 천지인 cheon-ji-in), and the right symbol a crystal of ice.[34]", "I Will Go to You like the First Snow On January 4, it was announced that Ailee would be releasing a single for the South Korean cable television series Guardian: The Lonely and the Great God OST. The single was composed and arranged by the South Korean indie band Rocoberry while the lyrics were written by Mina. Additionally, the best-selling author and tvN screenwriter Yi Mi-na contributed lyrics to the song. Rocoberry is a musical duo that consists of members Roco (vocalist, lyricist) and Conan (chorus, composer, lyricist). Rocoberry had previously worked on the OST's for the hit dramas Descendants of the Sun (“Everytime”) and Pinocchio (“Love Is Like Snow”). They had also worked on two other singles for the Goblin OST which were also well received, Soyou’s “I Miss You,” and the theme song, “Stay With Me,” sung by EXO’s Chanyeol and Punch. This was the third time the duo worked with Ailee, as they had previously produced two of her soundtracks. \"Are You The Same\" for the drama Shine or Go Crazy, as well as \"Because It's Love\" for the drama Come Back Mister.[4]", "Procter & Gamble Procter & Gamble has been a major sponsor of the Summer Olympics since 2012. It sponsored 150 athletes at the London games that year.[54] They have also sponsored the Winter Olympics since 2014. It'll do so at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo besides the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. The company's sponsorship includes television ads in which Olympic athletes are portrayed as children to convey the sense that the mothers of these athletes still remember them as infants; other ads stress how Olympic mothers stood by their children through years of training all the way through to Olympic success. 2016's ad for the Rio Games notes upheavals as youths by an American gymnast, Chinese swimmer, Brazilian volleyballer, and German distance runner. The ads all make prominent use of the Ludovico Einaudi orchestral track \"Divenire\" and related such instrumentals.", "Jamaica national bobsleigh team The 2014 team was the inspiration for \"The Bobsled Song\" written by Sidney Mills from the reggae band Steel Pulse, Jon Notar and Groove Guild. The music video features 8-bit graphics. The song is timed to sync up to the team's Sochi bobsled run. The song was widely shown on television Olympics coverage in the lead-up to the team's run.[21]", "Kim Soo-hyun (Official 2012 Summer Olympics commercial song in South Korea to support swimmer Park Tae-hwan)", "St. Elmo's Fire (film) The theme song \"St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)\" was written by Canadian composer/producer David Foster and English musician John Parr, and also performed by Parr. The song was written for the Canadian athlete Rick Hansen who, at the time, was traveling around the world via his wheelchair to raise awareness for spinal cord injuries, a trip called the \"Man in Motion Tour.\"[12] The song did not appear on any Parr album until Letter to America was released in July 2011.", "Real Gone Kid The song is in 2016's Eddie the Eagle (film) about British Olympic ski jumper, Eddie \"The Eagle\" Edwards.", "I, Tonya original score track", "Around the World (La La La La La) In 2007, the song was released with new lyrics as \"Magic Melody\" by German pop group beFour. \"Sing La La La\", an interpolation of the song, was released by Colombian/Italian singer Carolina Márquez featuring Flo Rida and Dale Saunders in 2013. A cover version of the song was used in a television commercial for General Electric in the United States in February 2002 during the 2002 Winter Olympics.[4]", "Howard Shore In addition to writing the original theme song for Saturday Night Live,[27] as well as the closing theme.[28] Shore also co-wrote the theme song for Late Night with Conan O'Brien with John Lurie.[29] The theme was carried over to The Tonight Show when O'Brien succeeded Jay Leno as host.[30]", "Rise of the Guardians French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film, which was released on November 13, 2012 by Varèse Sarabande. The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, with a choral contribution by London Voices. David Lindsay-Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end-credit song, \"Still Dream,\" which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming.[29] Stravinsky's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears. This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers (mainly John Powell, Henry Jackman, Harry Gregson-Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson-Williams).", "John Williams In 1985, Williams was commissioned by NBC to compose a television news music package for various network news spots. The package, which Williams named \"The Mission,\" consists of four movements, two of which are still used heavily by NBC today for Today, NBC Nightly News, and Meet the Press. He composed the \"Liberty Fanfare\" for the Statue of Liberty's rededication, \"We're Lookin' Good!\" for the Special Olympics in celebration of the 1987 International Summer Games, and themes for the 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2002 Olympic Games. His most recent concert work, \"Seven for Luck\", for soprano and orchestra, is a seven-piece song cycle based on the texts of former U.S. Poet Laureate Rita Dove. \"Seven for Luck\" was given its world premiere by the Boston Symphony under Williams with soprano Cynthia Haymon.[71]", "Walking in the Air \"Walking in the Air\" is a song written by Howard Blake for the 1982 animated film of Raymond Briggs' 1978 children's book The Snowman. The song forms the centrepiece of The Snowman, which has become a seasonal favorite on British and Finnish television.[1] The story relates the fleeting adventures of a young boy and a snowman who has come to life. In the second part of the story, the boy and the snowman fly to the North Pole. \"Walking in the Air\" is the theme for the journey. They attend a party of snowmen, at which the boy seems to be the only human until they meet Father Christmas with his reindeer, and the boy is given a scarf with a snowman pattern. In the film, the song was performed by St Paul's Cathedral choirboy Peter Auty,[2] and reissued in 1985 (on Stiff Records) and 1987.[3]", "Mr. Popper's Penguins (film) Rolfe Kent scored the music for the film and on its soundtrack. The soundtrack also contains \"Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds\" written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, \"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!\" written by Jule Styne and Sammy Cahn, \"Sweet N' Lo\" written by Erwin Lehn, \"Doo Wah Dooh Wah\" written and performed by Syd Dale, \"Set 'Em Up Joe\" written by Werner Tautz, \"Spin Spin\" written by Steve Sidwell, \"Go Get It\" written and performed by Jeff Cardoni, \"Piano Lounge\" written by Daniel May and Marc Ferrari, \"Ice Ice Baby\" performed by Vanilla Ice and music from the Charles Chaplin movies.", "2014 Winter Paralympics The opening ceremony of the Games were held at Fisht Olympic Stadium on 7 March 2014. Entitled \"Breaking the Ice\", the ceremony was themed around equality and \"breaking\" barriers, featuring ballet sequences set to music by notable Russian composers, and animated segments by Aleksandr Petrov based on the story of the firebird. During the parade of nations, Ukraine's athletes declined to participate in protest of the situation in Crimea, and was represented solely by its flagbearer Mykailo Tkachenko. In his opening speech, IPC president Philip Craven praised Russia for finally fulfilling its \"dream\" of hosting the Paralympics after previously passing on the opportunity in 1980. He called upon spectators to have a \"barrier-free mind\", stating that \"the sport you witness here will change you. Not just for now, but forever.\" The Paralympic cauldron was jointly lit by Russian Paralympians Olesya Vladykina and Sergey Shilov.[13][14]", "Both Sides, Now The 2000 version is played during an emotional scene featuring Emma Thompson in the 2003 film Love Actually. It was also played during the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony.[17]", "UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League anthem, officially titled simply as \"Champions League\", was written by Tony Britten, and is an adaptation of George Frideric Handel's Zadok the Priest (one of his Coronation Anthems).[40][41] UEFA commissioned Britten in 1992 to arrange an anthem, and the piece was performed by London's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields.[40] UEFA’s official website states, “the anthem is now almost as iconic as the trophy.”[40]", "Olympic Hymn The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the first edition at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. In the following years, every hosting nation commissioned to various musicians the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the games.", "Winter Olympic Games On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich, Germany, and Annecy, France.[98] This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018. More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang's neighboring city of Gangneung.", "Let It Go (Disney song) \"Let It Go\" was the first song written by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez for the film that made it in, since songs composed earlier were eventually cut.[7] The story outline they were given had a place reserved for \"Elsa's Badass Song\", which was what they were trying to write.[8] The duo took inspiration from the songs of the Disney Renaissance such as The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast and various artists including Adele, Aimee Mann, Avril Lavigne (whose 2002 debut album was titled Let Go), Lady Gaga, and Carole King.[9] The song finally began to gel one day as the couple walked together from their home in Park Slope to nearby Prospect Park while they were \"thinking from an emo kind of place.\"[10] Anderson-Lopez explained what happened next: \"We went for a walk in Prospect Park and threw phrases at each other. What does it feel like to be the perfect exalted person, but only because you've held back this secret? Bobby came up with 'kingdom of isolation,' and it worked.\"[11] Lopez was able to improvise the song's first four lines on the spot.[12] Back at their home studio, they composed the rest of the song by alternating between improvising melodies on a piano and brainstorming lyrics on a whiteboard, and finished it within a single day.[7][11]", "Pyeongchang County Alpensia will be the focus of the 2018 Cultural Olympiad, with a new, purpose-built concert hall within the resort with an indoor water park.[35]", "2018 Winter Olympics On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.[5][6] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues.[7] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.[8][9] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.[10]", "2022 Winter Olympics Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China, and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics, having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies.", "Winter Olympic Games On the snow, Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13, overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time. Another Norwegian, cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals, alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo. Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of fifteen. On the ice, the Dutch dominated the speed skating events, taking 23 medals, four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events. Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor, taking two golds and three silvers. In figure skating, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100-point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal. Among the sledding disciplines, luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze, becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games.[90]" ]	[ "Leo Arnaud Leo Arnaud or Léo Arnaud (/ˈleɪ.oʊ ɑːrˈnoʊ/; July 24, 1904 – April 26, 1991) was a French-American composer of film scores, best known for \"Bugler's Dream\", which is used as the theme by television networks presenting the Olympic Games in the United States.", "Leo Arnaud For the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, composer John Williams wrote \"Olympic Fanfare and Theme\", which is played in a medley with \"Bugler's Dream.\" It consists of Williams's arrangement of \"Bugler's Dream\" which is similar to Arnaud's original but with a repeat of the theme with a full orchestra, followed by Williams's composition.[6] Williams's arrangement of Arnaud's \"Bugler's Dream\" as well as \"Olympic Fanfare and Theme\" are both commonly used in recent Olympic coverage by NBC. It is also commonly played during graduation ceremonies in the United States." ]
test2924	who lives at the end of king lear	[ "doc100000" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc100000", "doc99995", "doc99997", "doc99991", "doc100004", "doc100008", "doc99999", "doc99998", "doc99992", "doc99993", "doc100059", "doc99987", "doc100015", "doc99990", "doc100024", "doc100025", "doc99996", "doc100048", "doc99994", "doc100030", "doc100041", "doc100027", "doc100060", "doc100016", "doc100012", "doc100001", "doc100052", "doc100014", "doc100040", "doc100002", "doc99988", "doc100049", "doc100010", "doc100057", "doc100056", "doc100011", "doc99989", "doc100035", "doc100043", "doc2595472", "doc100055", "doc100036", "doc100005", "doc100029", "doc100023", "doc100046", "doc100003", "doc1947064", "doc100033", "doc100051", "doc100031", "doc100054", "doc100053", "doc100039", "doc100037", "doc100006", "doc100058", "doc100044", "doc100022", "doc100017", "doc100038", "doc1525085", "doc100021", "doc100013", "doc100047", "doc2209637", "doc100050", "doc100020", "doc1791372", "doc100042", "doc2629743", "doc100019", "doc100018", "doc398310", "doc1052178", "doc100007", "doc100026", "doc2595473", "doc100032", "doc1251915", "doc1578446", "doc100034", "doc779889", "doc1532510", "doc1525086", "doc100028", "doc100009", "doc1235715", "doc1527821", "doc1152005", "doc2209638", "doc1578443", "doc1578444", "doc648751", "doc1160424", "doc1917204", "doc439248", "doc1757366", "doc1805015", "doc398311" ]	[ "King Lear Offstage, Goneril, her plans thwarted, commits suicide. The dying Edmund decides, though he admits it is against his own character, to try to save Lear and Cordelia; however, his confession comes too late. Soon after, Albany sends men to countermand Edmund's orders, Lear enters bearing Cordelia's corpse in his arms, having survived by killing the executioner. Kent appears and Lear now recognises him. Albany urges Lear to resume his throne, but as with Gloucester, the trials Lear has been through have finally overwhelmed him, and he dies. Albany then asks Kent and Edgar to take charge of the throne. Kent declines, explaining that his master is calling him on a journey and he must follow. Finally, Albany (in the Quarto version) or Edgar (in the Folio version) implies that he will now become king.", "King Lear Bearing Lear's message to Regan, Kent meets Oswald again at Gloucester's home, quarrels with him again, and is put in the stocks by Regan and her husband Cornwall. When Lear arrives, he objects to the mistreatment of his messenger, but Regan is as dismissive of her father as Goneril was. Lear is enraged but impotent. Goneril arrives and supports Regan's argument against him. Lear yields completely to his rage. He rushes out into a storm to rant against his ungrateful daughters, accompanied by the mocking Fool. Kent later follows to protect him. Gloucester protests against Lear's mistreatment. With Lear's retinue of a hundred knights dissolved, the only companions he has left are his Fool and Kent. Wandering on the heath after the storm, Edgar, in the guise of a madman named Tom o' Bedlam, meets Lear. Edgar babbles madly while Lear denounces his daughters. Kent leads them all to shelter.", "King Lear Edgar, in his madman's guise, meets his blinded father on the heath. Gloucester, sightless and failing to recognise Edgar's voice, begs Tom to lead him to a cliff at Dover so that he may jump to his death. Goneril discovers that she finds Edmund more attractive than her honest husband Albany, whom she regards as cowardly. Albany has developed a conscience â€” he is disgusted by the sisters' treatment of Lear and Gloucester -- and denounces his wife. Goneril sends Edmund back to Regan. After receiving news of Cornwall's death, she fears her newly widowed sister may steal Edmund and sends him a letter through Oswald. Now alone with Lear, Kent leads him to the French army, which is commanded by Cordelia. But Lear is half-mad and terribly embarrassed by his earlier follies. At Regan's instigation, Albany joins his forces with hers against the French. Goneril's suspicions about Regan's motives are confirmed and returned, as Regan rightly guesses the meaning of her letter and declares to Oswald that she is a more appropriate match for Edmund. Edgar pretends to lead Gloucester to a cliff, then changes his voice and tells Gloucester he has miraculously survived a great fall. Lear appears, by now completely mad. He rants that the whole world is corrupt and runs off.", "King Lear The Earl of Gloucester and the Earl of Kent observe that, by dividing his realm between Goneril and Regan, Lear has awarded his realm in equal shares to the peerages of the Duke of Albany (Goneril's husband) and the Duke of Cornwall (Regan's husband). Kent objects to Lear's unfair treatment of Cordelia; enraged by Kent's protests, Lear banishes him from the country. Lear then summons the Duke of Burgundy and the King of France, who have both proposed marriage to Cordelia. Learning that Cordelia has been disinherited, the Duke of Burgundy withdraws his suit, but the King of France is impressed by her honesty and marries her nonetheless. The King of France is shocked by Lear's decision because up until this time Lear has only praised and favoured Cordelia (\". . . she, who even but now was your best object, the argument of your praise, balm of your age . . . \").[2] Meanwhile, Gloucester has introduced his illegitimate son Edmund to Kent.", "King Lear Besides the subplot involving the Earl of Gloucester and his sons, the principal innovation Shakespeare made to this story was the death of Cordelia and Lear at the end; in the account by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Cordelia restores Lear to the throne, and succeeds him as ruler after his death. During the 17th century, Shakespeare's tragic ending was much criticised and alternative versions were written by Nahum Tate, in which the leading characters survived and Edgar and Cordelia were married (despite the fact that Cordelia was previously betrothed to the King of France).[8] As Harold Bloom states: \"Tate's version held the stage for almost 150 years, until Edmund Kean reinstated the play's tragic ending in 1823.\"[8]", "King Lear The New Cambridge Shakespeare has published separate editions of Q and F; the most recent Pelican Shakespeare edition contains both the 1608 Quarto and the 1623 Folio text as well as a conflated version; the New Arden edition edited by R. A. Foakes is the only recent edition to offer the traditional conflated text. Both Anthony Nuttall of Oxford University and Harold Bloom of Yale University have endorsed the view of Shakespeare having revised the tragedy at least once during his lifetime.[14] As Bloom indicates: \"At the close of Shakespeare's revised King Lear, a reluctant Edgar becomes King of Britain, accepting his destiny but in the accents of despair. Nuttall speculates that Edgar, like Shakespeare himself, usurps the power of manipulating the audience by deceiving poor Gloucester.\"[14]", "King Lear The victorious British leaders meet, and the recently widowed Regan now declares she will marry Edmund. But Albany exposes the intrigues of Edmund and Goneril and proclaims Edmund a traitor. Regan falls ill, having been poisoned by Goneril, and is escorted offstage, where she dies. Edmund defies Albany, who calls for a trial by combat. Edgar appears masked and in armour, and challenges Edmund to a duel. No one knows who he is. Edgar wounds Edmund fatally, though he does not die immediately. Albany confronts Goneril with the letter which was intended to be his death warrant; she flees in shame and rage. Edgar reveals himself, and reports that Gloucester died offstage from the shock and joy of learning that Edgar is alive, after Edgar revealed himself to his father.", "King Lear Oswald appears, still looking for Edmund. On Regan's orders, he tries to kill Gloucester but is killed by Edgar. In Oswald's pocket, Edgar finds Goneril's letter, in which she encourages Edmund to kill her husband and take her as his wife. Kent and Cordelia take charge of Lear, whose madness quickly passes. Regan, Goneril, Albany, and Edmund meet with their forces. Albany insists that they fight the French invaders but not harm Lear or Cordelia. The two sisters lust for Edmund, who has made promises to both. He considers the dilemma and plots the deaths of Albany, Lear, and Cordelia. Edgar gives Goneril's letter to Albany. The armies meet in battle, the British defeat the French, and Lear and Cordelia are captured. Edmund sends Lear and Cordelia off with secret-joint orders from him (representing Regan and her forces) and Goneril (representing the forces of her estranged husband, Albany) for the execution of Cordelia.", "King Lear Lear announces he will live alternately with Goneril and Regan, and their husbands. He reserves to himself a retinue of one hundred knights, to be supported by his daughters. Goneril and Regan speak privately, revealing that their declarations of love were fake, and that they view Lear as a foolish old man.", "King Lear Gloucester's bastard son Edmund resents his illegitimate status, and plots to dispose of his legitimate older brother Edgar. He tricks his father with a forged letter, making him think that Edgar plans to usurp the estate. Kent returns from exile in disguise (calling himself Caius), and Lear hires him as a servant. At Albany and Goneril's house, Lear and Kent quarrel with Oswald, Goneril's steward. Lear discovers that now that Goneril has power, she no longer respects him. She orders him to reduce the number of his disorderly retinue. Enraged, Lear departs for Regan's home. The Fool reproaches Lear with his foolishness in giving everything to Regan and Goneril, and predicts that Regan will treat him no better.", "King Lear On 10 April 1994 in celebration of Sir John Gielgud's 90th birthday, Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance Theatre Company performed a radio adaptation directed by Glyn Dearman starring Gielgud as Lear, with Keith Michell as Kent, Richard Briers as Gloucester, Dame Judi Dench as Doneril, Emma Thompson as Cordelia, Eileen Atkins as Regan, Kenneth Branagh as Edmund, John Shrapnel as Albany, Robert Stephens as Cornwall, Denis Quilley as Burgundy, Sir Derek Jacobi as France, Iain Glen as Edgar and Michael Williams as The Fool.[131]", "King Lear King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. It depicts the gradual descent into madness of the title character, after he disposes of his kingdom giving bequests to two of his three daughters based on their flattery of him, bringing tragic consequences for all. Derived from the legend of Leir of Britain, a mythological pre-Roman Celtic king, the play has been widely adapted for the stage and motion pictures, with the title role coveted by many of the world's most accomplished actors.", "King Lear Cordelia's refusal to dedicate herself to him and love him as more than a father has been interpreted by some as a resistance to incest, but Kahn also inserts the image of a rejecting mother. The situation is now a reversal of parent-child roles, in which Lear's madness is a childlike rage due to his deprivation of filial/maternal care. Even when Lear and Cordelia are captured together, his madness persists as Lear envisions a nursery in prison, where Cordelia's sole existence is for him. It is only with Cordelia's death that his fantasy of a daughter-mother ultimately diminishes, as King Lear concludes with only male characters living.", "King Lear King Lear of Britain, elderly and wanting to retire from the duties of the monarchy, decides to divide his realm among his three daughters, and declares he will offer the largest share to the one who loves him most. The eldest, Goneril, speaks first, declaring her love for her father in fulsome terms. Moved by her flattery Lear proceeds to grant to Goneril her share as soon as she has finished her declaration, before Regan and Cordelia have a chance to speak. He then awards to Regan her share as soon as she has spoken. When it is finally the turn of his youngest and favourite daughter, Cordelia, at first she refuses to say anything (\"Nothing, my Lord\") and then declares there is nothing to compare her love to, nor words to properly express it; she speaks honestly but bluntly, that she loves him according to her bond, no more and no less. Infuriated, Lear disinherits Cordelia and divides her share between her elder sisters.", "King Lear Shakespeare wrote the role of Lear for his company's chief tragedian, Richard Burbage, for whom Shakespeare was writing incrementally older characters as their careers progressed.[40] It has been speculated either that the role of the Fool was written for the company's clown Robert Armin, or that it was written for performance by one of the company's boys, doubling the role of Cordelia.[41] Only one specific performance of the play during Shakespeare's lifetime is known: before the court of King James I at Whitehall on 26 December 1606.[42] Its original performances would have been at The Globe, where there were no sets in the modern sense, and characters would have signified their roles visually with props and costumes: Lear's costume, for example, would have changed in the course of the play as his status diminished: commencing in crown and regalia; then as a huntsman; raging bareheaded in the storm scene; and finally crowned with flowers in parody of his original status.[43]", "King Lear All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government on 6 September 1642. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, two patent companies (the King's Company and the Duke's Company) were established, and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them.[44] And from the restoration until the mid-19th century the performance history of King Lear is not the story of Shakespeare's version, but instead of The History of King Lear, a popular adaptation by Nahum Tate. Its most significant deviations from Shakespeare were to omit the Fool entirely, to introduce a happy ending in which Lear and Cordelia survive, and to develop a love story between Cordelia and Edgar (two characters who never interact in Shakespeare) which ends with their marriage.[45] Like most Restoration adapters of Shakespeare, Tate admired Shakespeare's natural genius but saw fit to augment his work with contemporary standards of art (which were largely guided by the neoclassical unities of time, place, and action).[46] Tate's struggle to strike a balance between raw nature and refined art is apparent in his description of the tragedy: \"a heap of jewels, unstrung and unpolish't; yet so dazzling in their disorder, that I soon perceiv'd I had seiz'd a treasure.\"[47] Other changes included giving Cordelia a confidante named Arante, bringing the play closer to contemporary notions of poetic justice, and adding titilating material such as amorous encounters between Edmund and both Regan and Goneril, a scene in which Edgar rescues Cordelia from Edmund's attempted kidnap and rape,[48] and a scene in which Cordelia wears men's pants that would reveal the actress's ankles.[49] The play ends with a celebration of \"the King's blest Restauration\", an obvious reference to Charles II.[50]", "King Lear Edmund betrays Gloucester to Cornwall, Regan and Goneril. He reveals evidence that his father knows of an impending French invasion designed to reinstate Lear to the throne; and in fact a French army has landed in Britain. Once Edmund leaves with Goneril to warn Albany about the invasion, Gloucester is arrested, and Regan and Cornwall gouge out Gloucester's eyes. As he is doing so, a servant is overcome with rage by what he is witnessing and attacks Cornwall, mortally wounding him. Regan kills the servant, and tells Gloucester that Edmund betrayed him; then she turns him out to wander the heath, too.", "King Lear The only two significant big-screen performances of Shakespeare's text date from the early 1970s: Grigori Kozintsev was working on his Korol Lir[a] at the same time as Peter Brook was filming his King Lear.[99] Brook's film starkly divided the critics: Pauline Kael said \"I didn't just dislike this production, I hated it!\" and suggested the alternative title \"Night of the Living Dead\".[100] Yet Robert Hatch in The Nation thought it as \"excellent a filming of the play as one can expect\" and Vincent Canby in The New York Times called it \"an exalting Lear, full of exquisite terror\".[101] The film drew heavily on the ideas of Jan Kott, in particular his observation that King Lear was the precursor of absurdist theatre: in particular, the film has parallels with Beckett's Endgame.[102] Critics who dislike the film particularly draw attention to its bleak nature from its opening: complaining that the world of the play does not deteriorate with Lear's suffering, but commences dark, colourless and wintry, leaving (in Douglas Brode's words) \"Lear, the land, and us with nowhere to go\".[103] Cruelty pervades the film, which does not distinguish between the violence of ostensibly good and evil characters, presenting both savagely.[104] Paul Scofield, as Lear, eschews sentimentality: this demanding old man with a coterie of unruly knights provokes audience sympathy for the daughters in the early scenes, and his presentation explicitly rejects the tradition (as Daniel Rosenthal describes it) of playing Lear as \"poor old white-haired patriarch\".[105]", "King Lear Edmund learns from Curan, a courtier, that there is likely to be war between Albany and Cornwall, and that Regan and Cornwall are to arrive at Gloucester's house that evening. Taking advantage of the arrival of the duke and Regan, Edmund fakes an attack by Edgar, and Gloucester is completely taken in. He disinherits Edgar and proclaims him an outlaw.", "King Lear King Lear was politically controversial during the period of George III's madness, and as a result was not performed at all in the two professional theatres of London from 1811 to 1820: but was then the subject of major productions in both, within three months of his death.[57] The 19th century saw the gradual reintroduction of Shakespeare's text to displace Tate's version. Like Garrick before him, John Philip Kemble had introduced more of Shakespeare's text, while still preserving the three main elements of Tate's version: the love story, the omission of the Fool, and the happy ending. Edmund Kean played King Lear with its tragic ending in 1823, but failed and reverted to Tate's crowd-pleaser after only three performances.[58] At last in 1838 William Macready at Covent Garden performed Shakespeare's version, freed from Tate's adaptions.[59] The restored character of the Fool was played by an actress, Priscilla Horton, as, in the words of one spectator, \"a fragile, hectic, beautiful-faced, half-idiot-looking boy.\"[60] And Helen Faucit's final appearance as Cordelia, dead in her father's arms, became one of the most iconic of Victorian images.[61] John Forster, writing in the Examiner on 14 February 1838, expressed the hope that \"Mr Macready's success has banished that disgrace [Tate's version] from the stage for ever.\"[62] But even this version was not close to Shakespeare's: the 19th-century actor-managers heavily cut Shakespeare's scripts: ending scenes on big \"curtain effects\" and reducing or eliminating supporting roles to give greater prominence to the star.[63] One of Macready's innovations – the use of Stonehenge-like structures on stage to indicate an ancient setting – proved enduring on stage into the 20th century, and can be seen in the 1983 television version starring Laurence Olivier.[64]", "King Lear In 2012 Peter Hinton directed an all-First Nations production of King Lear at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, with the setting changed to an Algonquin nation in the 17th century.[85] The cast included August Schellenberg as Lear, Billy Merasty as Gloucester, Tantoo Cardinal as Regan, Kevin Loring as Edmund, Jani Lauzon in a dual role as Cordelia and the Fool, and Craig Lauzon as Kent.[85] This setting would later be reproduced as part of the Manga Shakespeare graphic novel series published by Self-Made Hero, adapted by Richard Appignanesi and featuring the illustrations of Ilya.", "King Lear David Garrick was the first actor-manager to begin to cut back on elements of Tate's adaptation in favour of Shakespeare's original: he retained Tate's major changes, including the happy ending, but removed many of Tate's lines, including Edgar's closing speech.[52] He also reduced the prominence of the Edgar-Cordelia love story, in order to focus more on the relationship between Lear and his daughters.[53] His version had a powerful emotional impact: Lear driven to madness by his daughters was (in the words of one spectator, Arthur Murphy) \"the finest tragic distress ever seen on any stage\" and, in contrast, the devotion shown to Lear by Cordelia (a mix of Shakespeare's, Tate's and Garrick's contributions to the part) moved the audience to tears.[54]", "King Lear On 8 May 2016, BBC Radio 3's Drama on 3 broadcast a production directed by Gaynor Macfarlane with an all-Scottish cast featuring Ian McDiarmid as Lear, Madeleine Worrall as Goneril, Frances Grey as Regan, Joanna Vanderham as Cordelia, Michael Nardone as Kent, Bill Paterson as Gloucester, Finn den Hertog as Edgar, Paul Higgins as Edmund, Brian Vernel as The Fool, Steven Robertson as Albany and Steven Cree as Cornwall.[132]", "King Lear Sigmund Freud asserted that Cordelia symbolises Death. Therefore, when the play begins with Lear rejecting his daughter, it can be interpreted as him rejecting death; Lear is unwilling to face the finitude of his being. The play's poignant ending scene, wherein Lear carries the body of his beloved Cordelia, was of great importance to Freud. In this scene, Cordelia forces the realization of his finitude, or as Freud put it, she causes him to \"make friends with the necessity of dying\".[23] Shakespeare had particular intentions with Cordelia's death, and was the only writer to have Cordelia killed (in the version by the Nahum Tate, she continues to live happily, and in Holinshed's, she restores her father and succeeds him).", "King Lear The play offers an alternative to the feudal-Machiavellian polarity, an alternative foreshadowed in France's speech (I.1.245–256), in Lear and Gloucester's prayers (III.4. 28–36; IV.1.61–66), and in the figure of Cordelia. Until the decent society is achieved, we are meant to take as role-model (though qualified by Shakespearean ironies) Edgar, \"the machiavel of goodness\",[18] endurance, courage and \"ripeness\".[19]", "King Lear Shakespeare's play is based on various accounts of the semi-legendary Brythonic figure Leir of Britain, whose name has been linked by some scholars to the Brythonic god Lir/Llŷr, though in actuality the names are not etymologically related.[3][4][5] Shakespeare's most important source is probably the second edition of The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande by Raphael Holinshed, published in 1587. Holinshed himself found the story in the earlier Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth, which was written in the 12th century. Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, published 1590, also contains a character named Cordelia, who also dies from hanging, as in King Lear.", "King Lear A scene in which a character is threatened with blinding in the manner of Gloucester forms the climax of the 1973 parody horror Theatre of Blood.[117] Comic use is made of Sir's inability to physically carry any actress cast as Cordelia opposite his Lear in the 1983 film of the stage play The Dresser.[118] John Boorman's 1990 Where the Heart Is features a father who disinherits his three spoilt children.[119] Francis Ford Coppola deliberately incorporated elements of Lear in his 1990 sequel The Godfather Part III, including Michael Corleone's attempt to retire from crime throwing his domain into anarchy, and most obviously the death of his daughter in his arms. Parallels have also been drawn between Andy García's character Vincent and both Edgar and Edmund, and between Talia Shire's character Connie and Kaede in Ran.[120]", "King Lear Given the absence of legitimate mothers in King Lear, CoppÃ©lia Kahn[22] provides a psychoanalytic interpretation of the \"maternal subtext\" found in the play. According to Kahn, Lear's old age forces him to regress into an infantile disposition, and he now seeks a love that is traditionally satisfied by a mothering woman, but in the absence of a real mother, his daughters become the mother figures. Lear's contest of love between Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia serves as the binding agreement; his daughters will get their inheritance provided that they care for him, especially Cordelia, on whose \"kind nursery\" he will greatly depend.", "King Lear In 2002 and 2010, the Hudson Shakespeare Company of New Jersey staged separate productions as part of their respective Shakespeare in the Parks seasons. The 2002 version was directed by Michael Collins and transposed the action to a West Indies, nautical setting. Actors were featured in outfits indicative of looks of various Caribbean islands. The 2010 production directed by Jon Ciccarelli was fashioned after the atmosphere of the film The Dark Knight with a palette of reds and blacks and set the action in an urban setting. Lear (Tom Cox) appeared as a head of multi-national conglomerate who divided up his fortune among his socialite daughter Goneril (Brenda Scott), his officious middle daughter Regan (Noelle Fair) and university daughter Cordelia (Emily Best).[84]", "King Lear Other possible sources are the anonymous play King Leir (published in 1605); The Mirror for Magistrates (1574), by John Higgins; The Malcontent (1604), by John Marston; The London Prodigal (1605); Montaigne's Essays, which were translated into English by John Florio in 1603; An Historical Description of Iland of Britaine (1577), by William Harrison; Remaines Concerning Britaine (1606), by William Camden; Albion's England (1589), by William Warner; and A Declaration of egregious Popish Impostures (1603), by Samuel Harsnett, which provided some of the language used by Edgar while he feigns madness. King Lear is also a literary variant of a common fairy tale, Love Like Salt, Aarne–Thompson type 923, in which a father rejects his youngest daughter for a statement of her love that does not please him.[6]", "King Lear The first attribution to Shakespeare of this play, originally drafted in 1605 or 1606 at the latest with its first known performance on St. Stephen's Day in 1606, was a 1608 publication in a quarto of uncertain provenance, in which the play is listed as a history; it may be an early draft or simply reflect the first performance text. The Tragedy of King Lear, a more theatrical revision, was included in the 1623 First Folio. Modern editors usually conflate the two, though some insist that each version has its own individual integrity that should be preserved.", "King Lear By contrast, Korol Lir has been praised, for example by critic Alexander Anikst for the \"serious, deeply thoughtful\" even \"philosophical approach\" of director Grigori Kozintsev and writer Boris Pasternak. Making a thinly veiled criticism of Brook in the process, Anikst praised the fact that there were \"no attempts at sensationalism, no efforts to 'modernise' Shakespeare by introducing Freudian themes, Existentialist ideas, eroticism, or sexual perversion. [Kozintsev]... has simply made a film of Shakespeare's tragedy.\"[106] Dmitri Shostakovich provided an epic score, its motifs including an (increasingly ironic) trumpet fanfare for Lear, and a five-bar \"Call to Death\" marking each character's demise.[107] Kozintzev described his vision of the film as an ensemble piece: with Lear, played by a dynamic Jüri Järvet, as first among equals in a cast of fully developed characters.[108] The film highlights Lear's role as king by including his people throughout the film on a scale no stage production could emulate, charting the central character's decline from their god to their helpless equal; his final descent into madness marked by his realisation that he has neglected the 'poor naked wretches'.[109] As the film progresses, ruthless characters – Goneril, Regan, Edmund – increasingly appear isolated in shots, in contrast to the director's focus, throughout the film, on masses of human beings.[110]", "King Lear John F. Danby, in his Shakespeare's Doctrine of Nature â€“ A Study of King Lear (1949), argues that Lear dramatizes, among other things, the current meanings of \"Nature\". The words \"nature,\" \"natural\" and \"unnatural\" occur over forty times in the play, reflecting a debate in Shakespeare's time about what nature really was like; this debate pervades the play and finds symbolic expression in Lear's changing attitude to Thunder. There are two strongly contrasting views of human nature in the play: that of the Lear party (Lear, Gloucester, Albany, Kent), exemplifying the philosophy of Bacon and Hooker, and that of the Edmund party (Edmund, Cornwall, Goneril, Regan), akin to the views later formulated by Hobbes. Along with the two views of Nature, Lear contains two views of Reason, brought out in Gloucester and Edmund's speeches on astrology (1.2). The rationality of the Edmund party is one with which a modern audience more readily identifies. But the Edmund party carries bold rationalism to such extremes that it becomes madness: a madness-in-reason, the ironic counterpart of Lear's \"reason in madness\" (IV.6.190) and the Fool's wisdom-in-folly. This betrayal of reason lies behind the play's later emphasis on feeling.", "King Lear The very first recording of the Argo Shakespeare for Argo Records was King Lear in 1957, directed/produced by George Rylands with William Devlin in the title role, Jill Balcon as Goneril and Prunella Scales as Cordelia.[130]", "King Lear Carl Bessai wrote and directed a modern adaptation of King Lear titled The Lears. Released in 2017, the film starred Bruce Dern, Anthony Michael Hall and Sean Astin.[129]", "King Lear The two Natures and the two Reasons imply two societies. Edmund is the New Man, a member of an age of competition, suspicion, glory, in contrast with the older society which has come down from the Middle Ages, with its belief in co-operation, reasonable decency, and respect for the whole as greater than the part. King Lear is thus an allegory. The older society, that of the medieval vision, with its doting king, falls into error, and is threatened by the new Machiavellianism; it is regenerated and saved by a vision of a new order, embodied in the king's rejected daughter. Cordelia, in the allegorical scheme, is threefold: a person; an ethical principle (love); and a community. Nevertheless, Shakespeare's understanding of the New Man is so extensive as to amount almost to sympathy. Edmund is the last great expression in Shakespeare of that side of Renaissance individualism – the energy, the emancipation, the courage – which has made a positive contribution to the heritage of the West. \"He embodies something vital which a final synthesis must reaffirm. But he makes an absolute claim which Shakespeare will not support. It is right for man to feel, as Edmund does, that society exists for man, not man for society. It is not right to assert the kind of man Edmund would erect to this supremacy.\"[17]", "King Lear After the English Restoration, the play was often revised with a happy, non-tragic ending for audiences who disliked its dark and depressing tone, but since the 19th century Shakespeare's original version has been regarded as one of his supreme achievements. The tragedy is particularly noted for its probing observations on the nature of human suffering and kinship. George Bernard Shaw wrote, \"No man will ever write a better tragedy than Lear.\"", "King Lear The character of Lear in the 19th century was often that of a frail old man from the opening scene, but Lears of the 20th century often began the play as strong men displaying regal authority, including John Gielgud, Donald Wolfit and Donald Sinden.[74] Cordelia, also, evolved in the 20th century: earlier Cordelias had often been praised for being sweet, innocent and modest, but 20th-century Cordelias were often portrayed as war leaders. For example, Peggy Ashcroft, at the RST in 1950, played the role in a breastplate and carrying a sword.[75] Similarly, the Fool evolved through the course of the century, with portrayals often deriving from the music hall or circus tradition.[76]", "King Lear In the summer of 2015â€“2016, The Sydney Theatre Company staged King Lear, directed by Neil Armfield with Geoffrey Rush in the lead role and Robyn Nevin as the Fool. About the madness at the heart of the play, Rush said that for him \"it's about finding the dramatic impact in the moments of his mania. What seems to work best is finding a vulnerability or a point of empathy, where an audience can look at Lear and think how shocking it must be to be that old and to be banished from your family into the open air in a storm. That's a level of impoverishment you would never want to see in any other human being, ever.\"[87]", "Propinquity William Shakespeare's King Lear, Act 1 Scene 1 Page 5", "King Lear In 2016, Talawa Theatre Company and Royal Exchange Manchester released a stage to screen adaptation of King Lear with Don Warrington in the title role, and also starring Alfred Enoch, Miltos Yerolemou, Philip Whitchurch, Fraser Ayres and Rakie Ayola.[127][128] King Lear: The Film is available free in the UK and internationally via the BBC and British Council collaboration, Shakespeare Lives till 30 September 2016.[128]", "King Lear At Stratford-upon-Avon in 1962 Peter Brook (who would later film the play with the same actor, Paul Scofield, in the role of Lear) set the action simply, against a huge, empty white stage. The effect of the scene when Lear and Gloucester meet, two tiny figures in rags in the midst of this emptiness, was said (by the scholar Roger Warren) to catch \"both the human pathos ... and the universal scale ... of the scene.\"[77] Some of the lines from the radio broadcast were used by The Beatles to add into the recorded mix of the song \"I Am the Walrus\". John Lennon happened upon the play on the BBC Third Programme while fiddling with the radio while working on the song. The voices of actors Mark Dignam, Philip Guard, and John Bryning from the play are all heard in the song.[78]", "King Lear Although an exact date of composition cannot be given, many academic editors of the play date King Lear between 1603 and 1606. The latest it could have been written is 1606, as the Stationers' Register notes a performance on 26 December 1606. The 1603 date originates from words in Edgar's speeches which may derive from Samuel Harsnett's Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures (1603).[9] In his Arden edition, R. A. Foakes argues for a date of 1605â€“6, because one of Shakespeare's sources, The True Chronicle History of King Leir, was not published until 1605; close correspondences between that play and Shakespeare's suggest that he may have been working from a text (rather than from recollections of a performance).[10] Conversely, Frank Kermode, in the Riverside Shakespeare, considers the publication of Leir to have been a response to performances of Shakespeare's already-written play; noting a sonnet by William Strachey that may have verbal resemblances with Lear, Kermode concludes that \"1604-5 seems the best compromise\".[11] Dr. Naseeb Shaheen dates the play c1605-6 per line 1.2.103 \"These late eclipses in the sun and moon\" which relates to the lunar eclipse of 27 September 1605 and the solar eclipse of 2 October 1605.[12]", "King Lear Charles Lamb established the Romantics' attitude to King Lear in his 1811 essay \"On the Tragedies of Shakespeare, considered with reference to their fitness for stage representation\" where he says that the play \"is essentially impossible to be represented on the stage\", preferring to experience it in the study. In the theatre, he argues, \"to see Lear acted, to see an old man tottering about the stage with a walking-stick, turned out of doors by his daughters on a rainy night, has nothing in it but what is painful and disgusting\" yet \"while we read it, we see not Lear but we are Lear, â€“ we are in his mind, we are sustained by a grandeur which baffles the malice of daughters and storms.\"[56]", "King Lear King Lear has been performed by esteemed actors since the 17th century, when men played all the roles. From the 20th century, a number of women have played male roles in the play; most commonly the Fool, who has been played (among others) by Judy Davis, Emma Thompson and Robyn Nevin. Lear himself has been played by Marianne Hoppe in 1990, by Janet Wright in 1995,[35] by Kathryn Hunter in 1996–67,[36] by Clare Coulter in 2013,[37] by Glenda Jackson in 2016,[38] and by Diane D'Aquila in 2017.[39] Marcia Gay Harden plays Lear in a few scenes from the play in the 2012 Canadian film If I Were You.", "King Lear The first film of King Lear was a five-minute German version made around 1905, which has not survived.[94] The oldest extant version is a ten-minute studio-based version from 1909 by Vitagraph, which made (in Luke McKernan's words) the \"ill-advised\" decision to attempt to cram in as much of the plot as possible.[95] Two silent versions, both titled Re Lear, were made in Italy in 1910. Of these, the version by director Gerolamo Lo Savio was filmed on location, and it dropped the Edgar sub-plot and used frequent intertitling to make the plot easier to follow than its Vitagraph predecessor.[96] A contemporary setting was used for Louis Feuillade's 1911 French adaptation Le Roi Lear Au Village, and in 1914 in America, Ernest Warde expanded the story to an hour, including spectacles such as a final battle scene.[97]", "King Lear The source of the subplot involving Gloucester, Edgar, and Edmund is a tale in Philip Sidney's Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580â€“90), with a blind Paphlagonian king and his two sons, Leonatus and Plexitrus.[7]", "Historia Regum Britanniae Bladud's son Leir reigns for sixty years. He has no sons, so upon reaching old age he decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. To decide who should get the largest share, he asks his daughters how much they love him. Goneril and Regan give extravagant answers, but Cordelia answers simply and sincerely; angered, he gives Cordelia no land. Goneril and Regan are to share half the island with their husbands, the Dukes of Albany and Cornwall. Cordelia marries Aganippus, King of the Franks, and departs for Gaul. Soon Goneril and Regan and their husbands rebel and take the whole kingdom. After Leir has had all his attendants taken from him, he begins to regret his actions towards Cordelia and travels to Gaul. Cordelia receives him compassionately and restores his royal robes and retinue. Aganippus raises a Gaulish army for Leir, who returns to Britain, defeats his sons-in-law and regains the kingdom. Leir rules for three years and then dies; Cordelia inherits the throne and rules for five years before Marganus and Cunedagius, her sisters' sons, rebel against her. They imprison Cordelia; grief-stricken, she kills herself. Marganus and Cunedagius divide the kingdom between themselves, but soon quarrel and go to war with each other. Cunedagius eventually kills Marganus in Wales and retains the whole kingdom, ruling for thirty-three years. He is succeeded by his son.", "King Lear By mid-century, the actor-manager tradition had declined, to be replaced by a structure where the major theatre companies employed professional directors as auteurs. The last of the great actor-managers, Donald Wolfit, played Lear in 1944 on a Stonehenge-like set and was praised by James Agate as \"the greatest piece of Shakespearean acting since I have been privileged to write for the Sunday Times\".[71] Wolfit supposedly drank eight bottles of Guinness in the course of each performance.[72]", "King Lear In 1985 a major screen adaptation of the play appeared: Ran, directed by Akira Kurosawa. At the time the most expensive Japanese film ever made, it tells the story of Hidetora, a fictional 16th-century Japanese warlord, whose attempt to divide his kingdom among his three sons leads to an estrangement with the youngest, and ultimately most loyal, of them, and eventually to civil war.[113] In contrast to the cold drab greys of Brook and Kozintsev, Kurosawa's film is full of vibrant colour: external scenes in yellows, blues and greens, interiors in browns and ambers, and Emi Wada's Oscar-winning colour-coded costumes for each family member's soldiers.[114] Hidetora has a back-story: a violent and ruthless rise to power, and the film portrays contrasting victims: the virtuous characters Sue and Tsurumaru who are able to forgive, and the vengeful Kaede (Mieko Harada), Hidetora's daughter-in-law and the film's Lady Macbeth-like villain.[115]", "King Lear In 1843, the Act for Regulating the Theatres came into force, bringing an end to the monopolies of the two existing companies and, by doing so, increased the number of theatres in London.[65] At the same time, the fashion in theatre was \"pictorial\": valuing visual spectacle above plot or characterisation and often required lengthy (and time consuming) scene changes.[66] For example, Henry Irving's 1892 King Lear offered spectacles such as Lear's death beneath a cliff at Dover, his face lit by the red glow of a setting sun; at the expense of cutting 46% of the text, including the blinding of Gloucester.[67] But Irving's production clearly evoked strong emotions: one spectator, Gordon Crosse, wrote of the first entrance of Lear, \"a striking figure with masses of white hair. He is leaning on a huge scabbarded sword which he raises with a wild cry in answer to the shouted greeting of his guards. His gait, his looks, his gestures, all reveal the noble, imperious mind already degenerating into senile irritability under the coming shocks of grief and age.\"[68]", "King Lear The play was again adapted to the world of gangsters in Don Boyd's 2001 My Kingdom, a version which differs from all others in commencing with the Lear character, Sandeman, played by Richard Harris, in a loving relationship with his wife. But her violent death marks the start of an increasingly bleak and violent chain of events (influenced by co-writer Nick Davies' documentary book Dark Heart) which in spite of the director's denial that the film had \"serious parallels\" to Shakespeare's play, actually mirror aspects of its plot closely.[124] Unlike Shakespeare's Lear, but like Hidetora and Sandeman, the central character of Uli Edel's 2002 American TV adaptation King of Texas, John Lear played by Patrick Stewart, has a back-story centred on his violent rise to power as the richest landowner (metaphorically a \"king\") in General Sam Houston's independent Texas in the early 1840s. Daniel Rosenthal comments that the film was able, by reason of having been commissioned by the cable channel TNT, to include a bleaker and more violent ending than would have been possible on the national networks.[125] 2003's Channel 4-commissioned two-parter Second Generation set the story in the world of Asian manufacturing and music in England.[126]", "King Lear In 1997 Jocelyn Moorhouse directed A Thousand Acres, based on Jane Smiley's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, set in 1990s Iowa.[121] The film is described, by scholar Tony Howard, as the first adaptation to confront the play's disturbing sexual dimensions.[120] The story is told from the viewpoint of the elder two daughters, Ginny played by Jessica Lange and Rose played by Michelle Pfeiffer, who were sexually abused by their father as teenagers. Their younger sister Caroline, played by Jennifer Jason Leigh had escaped this fate and is ultimately the only one to remain loyal.[122][123]", "King Lear Brook's earlier vision of the play proved influential, and directors have gone further in presenting Lear as (in the words of R. A. Foakes) \"a pathetic senior citizen trapped in a violent and hostile environment\". When John Wood took the role in 1990, he played the later scenes in clothes that looked like cast-offs, inviting deliberate parallels with the uncared-for in modern Western societies.[82] Indeed, modern productions of Shakespeare's plays often reflect the world in which they are performed as much as the world for which they were written: and the Moscow theatre scene in 1994 provided an example, when two very different productions of the play (those by Sergei Zhonovach and Alexei Borodin), very different from one another in their style and outlook, were both reflections on the break-up of the Soviet Union.[83]", "King Lear Like other Shakespearean tragedies, King Lear has proved amenable to conversion into other theatrical traditions. In 1989, David McRuvie and Iyyamkode Sreedharan adapted the play then translated it to Malayalam, for performance in Kerala in the Kathakali tradition â€“ which itself developed around 1600, contemporary with Shakespeare's writing. The show later went on tour, and in 2000 played at Shakespeare's Globe, completing (in Anthony Dawson's words) \"a kind of symbolic circle\".[79] Perhaps even more radical was Ong Keng Sen's 1997 adaptation of King Lear, which featured six actors each performing in a separate Asian acting tradition and in their own separate languages. A pivotal moment occurred when the Jingju performer playing Older Daughter (a conflation of Goneril and Regan) stabbed the Noh-performed Lear whose \"falling pine\" deadfall, straight face-forward into the stage, astonished the audience, in what Yong Li Lan describes as a \"triumph through the moving power of noh performance at the very moment of his character's defeat\".[80]", "King Lear The modern text of King Lear derives from three sources: two quartos, published in 1608 (Q1) and 1619 (Q2)[13] respectively, and the version in the First Folio of 1623 (F1). The differences between these versions are significant. Q1 contains 285 lines not in F1; F1 contains around 100 lines not in Q1. Also, at least a thousand individual words are changed between the two texts, each text has a completely different style of punctuation, and about half the verse lines in the F1 are either printed as prose or differently divided in the Q1. The early editors, beginning with Alexander Pope, simply conflated the two texts, creating the modern version that has remained nearly universal for centuries. The conflated version is born from the hypothesis that Shakespeare wrote only one original manuscript, now unfortunately lost, and that the Quarto and Folio versions are distortions of that original. Others, such as Nuttall and Bloom, have identified Shakespeare himself as having been involved in reworking passages in the play to accommodate performances and other textual requirements of the play.[14]", "King Lear The Shakespeare Recording Society recorded a full-length unabridged audio productions on LP in 1965 (SRS-M-232) directed by Howard Sackler, with Paul Scofield as Lear, Cyril Cusack as Gloucester. Robert Stephens as Edmund, Rachel Roberts, Pamela Brown and John Stride.", "King Lear In 2016 Talawa Theatre Company and Royal Exchange Manchester co-produced a production of King Lear with Don Warrington in the title role.[88][89] The production, featuring a largely black cast, was described in The Guardian as being \"as close to definitive as can be\".[90] The Daily Telegraph said \"Don Warrington's King Lear is a heartbreaking tour de force\".[91][92] King Lear was also staged by Royal Shakespeare Company, with Antony Sher in the lead role. The performance was directed by Gregory Doran, and was described as having \"strength and depth\".[93]", "King Lear In the first edition of Kinder- und HausmÃ¤rchen by the Brothers Grimm, the Anhang (appendix) entry to No. 71 Princess Mouse-skin included a note: \"as the father here, so asks King Lear his daughter\". The English translation of this story by Oliver Loo begins as follows: \"A king had three daughters; thereon he wanted to know, which loved him most, let them come in front of him and asked them. The eldest spoke, she loved him more, than the whole kingdom; the second, more than all the precious stones and pearls in the world; but the third said, she loved him more than salt. The king was so upset, that she compared her love of him with such a small thing, gave her to a servant and commanded, he should take her into the forest and kill her.\"[34]", "King Lear Alternatively, an analysis based on Adlerian theory suggests that the King's contest among his daughters in Act I has more to do with his control over the unmarried Cordelia.[24] This theory indicates that the King's \"dethronement\"[25] might have led him to seek control that he lost after he divided his land.", "King Lear In 1974, Buzz Goodbody directed Lear, a deliberately abbreviated title for Shakespeare's text, as the inaugural production of the RSC's studio theatre The Other Place. The performance was conceived as a chamber piece, the small intimate space and proximity to the audience enabled detailed psychological acting, which was performed with simple sets and in modern dress.[81] Peter Holland has speculated that this company/directoral decision – namely choosing to present Shakespeare in a small venue for artistic reasons when a larger venue was available – may at the time have been unprecedented.[81]", "BBC Television Shakespeare Originally, Cedric Messina had cast Robert Shaw to play Lear, with an aim to do the show during the second season, but Shaw died suddenly in 1978 before production could begin, and the play was pushed back.[151] Jonathan Miller had previously directed a Nottingham Playhouse production of King Lear in 1969, starring Michael Hordern as Lear and Frank Middlemass as the Fool. In 1975, he remounted that same production for the BBC Play of the Month, a heavily truncated version, which happened to be the BBC's last Shakespeare production prior to the beginning of the Television Shakespeare. During his producership, Miller tried to persuade the BBC to use the Play of the Month production as their Lear, but they refused, saying a new production had to be done. At the end of the fourth season, Miller's last as producer, his contract stipulated that he still had one production to direct. In-coming producer Shaun Sutton offered him Love's Labour's Lost, but Miller wanted to do one of the three remaining tragedies; Lear, Macbeth or Coriolanus. He had never directed Macbeth or Coriolanus before, but he felt so comfortable with Lear that he went with it.[76] However, the production was basically the same as his 1969/1975 version, with the same two leading actors, the same costumes design, the same lighting, and the same design concept. The only significant difference is that more of the text is used in the latter production.[138] Miller used a \"board and drapes\" approach to the play; all interiors were shot on or near a plain wooden platform whilst all exteriors were shot against a cycloramic curtain with dark tarpaulins. As such, although exteriors and interiors were clearly distinguished from one another, both were nonrepresentational.[152] To enhance the starkness of the look of the production, Miller had lighting technician John Treays desaturate the colour by 30 per cent.[153] Miller also used colour to connect characters; the Fool wears white makeup which washes off during the storm, Edgar wears a white mask when he challenges Edmund to fight, and Cordelia wears white make-up after her death. Similarly, the Fool has red feathers in his hat, Edgar has a red tunic, and Cordelia's red welts on her neck stand out starkly against the white of her skin after her death.[154]", "King Lear Critics are divided on the question of whether or not King Lear represents an affirmation of a particular Christian doctrine.[28] Among those who argue that Lear is redeemed in the Christian sense through suffering are A. C. Bradley[29] and John Reibetanz, who has written: \"through his sufferings, Lear has won an enlightened soul\".[30] Other critics who find no evidence of redemption and emphasise the horrors of the final act include John Holloway[31] and Marvin Rosenberg.[32] William R. Elton stresses the pre-Christian setting of the play, writing that, \"Lear fulfills the criteria for pagan behavior in life,\" falling \"into total blasphemy at the moment of his irredeemable loss\".[33]", "King Lear King Lear provides a basis for \"the primary enactment of psychic breakdown in English literary history\".[20] The play begins with Lear's \"near-fairytale narcissism\".[21]", "King Lear Joseph Mankiewicz' 1949 House of Strangers is often considered a Lear adaptation, but the parallels are more striking in its 1954 Western remake Broken Lance in which a cattle baron played by Spencer Tracy tyrannises over his three sons, of whom only the youngest, Joe, played by Robert Wagner, remains loyal.[98]", "Shakespearean fool There is no contemporary parallel for the role of Fool in the court of kings. As Shakespeare conceives it, the Fool is a servant and subject to punishment ('Take heed, sirrah â€“ the whip ' 1:4:104) and yet Lear's relationship with his fool is one of friendship and dependency. The Fool acts as a commentator on events and is one of the characters (Kent being the other) who is fearless in speaking the truth. The Fool provides wit in this bleak play and unlike some of Shakespeare's clowns who seem unfunny to us today because their topical jokes no longer make sense, the Fool in King Lear ridicules Lear's actions and situation in such a way that audiences understand the point of his jokes. His 'mental eye' is the most acute in the beginning of the play: he sees Lear's daughters for what they are and has the foresight to see that Lear's decision will prove disastrous.[6]", "King Lear Jonathan Miller twice directed Michael Hordern in the title role for English television, the first for the BBC's Play of the Month in 1975 and the second for the BBC Television Shakespeare in 1982. Hordern received mixed reviews, and was considered a bold choice due to his history of taking much lighter roles.[111] Also for English television, Laurence Olivier took the role in a 1983 TV production for Granada Television. It was his last screen appearance in a Shakespearean role, its pathos deriving in part from the physical frailty of Olivier the actor.[112]", "King Lear The tragedy of Lear's lack of understanding of the consequences of his demands and actions is often observed to be like that of a spoiled child, but it has also been noted that his behaviour is equally likely to be seen in parents who have never adjusted to their children having grown up.[27]", "Denethor Denethor's madness and despair has been compared to the madness and despair of Shakespeare's King Lear. Both men are first outraged when their children, Faramir and Cordelia, respectively,– refuse to aid them, but then grieve upon their children's death – which is only perceived in case of Faramir. According to Drout, both Denethor and Lear also show \"despair of God's mercy\" which is extremely dangerous in a leader who has to defend his realm.[4]", "King Lear In 2015 Toronto's Theatre Passe Muraille staged a production set in Upper Canada, against the backdrop of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837.[86] This production starred David Fox as Lear.[86]", "Diogenes and Alexander The encounter appears in numerous Elizabethan works such as John Lyly's play Campaspe. Shakespeare's play King Lear may have been intended to parody this when the King meets Edgar, son of Gloucester, dressed in rags and says \"Let me talk with this philosopher\".[3][23]", "King Lear \"As Hazlitt pointed out\", writes Bloom, \"Edmund does not share in the hypocrisy of Goneril and Regan: his Machiavellianism is absolutely pure, and lacks an Oedipal motive. Freud's vision of family romances simply does not apply to Edmund. Iago is free to reinvent himself every minute, yet Iago has strong passions, however negative. Edmund has no passions whatsoever; he has never loved anyone, and he never will. In that respect, he is Shakespeare's most original character.\"[26]", "King Lear In his study of the character-portrayal of Edmund, Harold Bloom refers to him as \"Shakespeare's most original character\".[26]", "Shakespeare in performance Restoration writers obliged them by adapting Shakespeare's plays freely. Writers such as William Davenant and Nahum Tate rewrote some of Shakespeare's plays to suit the tastes of the day, which favoured the courtly comedy of Beaumont and Fletcher and the neo-classical rules of drama.[23] In 1681, Tate provided The History of King Lear, a modified version of Shakespeare's original tragedy with a happy ending. According to Stanley Wells, Tate's version \"supplanted Shakespeare's play in every performance given from 1681 to 1838,\"[24] when William Charles Macready played Lear from a shortened and rearranged version of Shakespeare's text.[25] \"Twas my good fortune\", Tate said, \"to light on one expedient to rectify what was wanting in the regularity and probability of the tale, which was to run through the whole a love betwixt Edgar and Cordelia that never changed words with each other in the original\".[26]", "Tim Pigott-Smith In 2011 he took the title role in King Lear at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds.[5]", "King Lear As early as 1931, Madeleine Doran suggested that the two texts had basically different provenances, and that these differences between them were critically interesting. This argument, however, was not widely discussed until the late 1970s, when it was revived, principally by Michael Warren and Gary Taylor. Their thesis, while controversial, has gained significant acceptance. It posits, essentially, that the Quarto derives from something close to Shakespeare's foul papers, and the Folio is drawn in some way from a promptbook, prepared for production by Shakespeare's company or someone else. In short, Q1 is \"authorial\"; F1 is \"theatrical\". In criticism, the rise of \"revision criticism\" has been part of the pronounced trend away from mid-century formalism.[15]", "King Lear In the early 18th century, some writers began to express objections to this (and other) Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare. For example, in The Spectator on 16 April 1711 Joseph Addison wrote \"King Lear is an admirable Tragedy ... as Shakespeare wrote it; but as it is reformed according to the chymerical Notion of poetical Justice in my humble Opinion it hath lost half its Beauty.\" Yet on the stage, Tate's version prevailed.[51]", "Propinquity LEAR:\n'Let it be so. Thy truth then be thy dower.\nFor by the sacred radiance of the sun,\nThe mysteries of Hecate and the night,\nBy all the operation of the orbs\nFrom whom we do exist and cease to beâ€”\nHere I disclaim all my paternal care,\nPropinquity, and property of blood,\nAnd as a stranger to my heart and me\nHold thee from this for ever. The barbarous Scythian,\nOr he that makes his generation messes\nTo gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom\nBe as well neighbored, pitied, and relieved\nAs thou my sometime daughter.'", "King Lear The importance of pictorialism to Irving, and to other theatre professionals of the Victorian era, is exemplified by the fact that Irving had used Ford Madox Brown's painting Cordelia's Portion as the inspiration for the look of his production, and that the artist himself was brought in to provide sketches for the settings of other scenes.[69] A reaction against pictorialism came with the rise of the reconstructive movement, believers in a simple style of staging more similar to that which would have pertained in renaissance theatres, whose chief early exponent was the actor-manager William Poel. Poel was influenced by a performance of King Lear directed by Jocza Savits at the Hoftheater in Munich in 1890, set on an apron stage with a three-tier Globe-like reconstruction theatre as its backdrop. Poel would use this same configuration for his own Shakespearean performances in 1893.[70]", "Captain Ahab Charles Olson mentions three modes of madness in King Lear, the King's, the Fool's, and Edgar's, allegorized in the book, with Ahab taking the role of Lear and Pip the roles of both the Fool and Edgar.[22] Melville makes his points by way of contrasts to Shakespeare. Olson identifies the typhoon in chapter 119, \"The Candles,\" with the storm in Lear. \"Ahab, unlike Lear,\" Olson observes, \"does not in this night of storm discover his love for his fellow wretches. On the contrary, this night Ahab uncovers his whole hate.\"[23] Later, in chapter 125, \"The Log and Line,\" Ahab says to Pip, in Lear's words to his Fool, \"Thou touchest my inmost centre, boy; thou are tied to me by chords woven of my heart-strings.\" [24] While Sweeney endorses Olson's identification, he finds exaggerated the claim that Ahab learns from his cabin-boy just as Lear does from the Fool. Ahab learns \"little or nothing\" throughout the book.[25]", "The Winter's Tale In Sicilia, Leontes is still in mourning. Cleomenes and Dion plead with him to end his time of repentance because the kingdom needs an heir. Paulina, however, convinces the king to continue his penance until she alone finds him a wife. Florizel and Perdita arrive, and they are greeted effusively by Leontes. Florizel pretends to be on a diplomatic mission from his father, but his cover is blown when Polixenes and Camillo, too, arrive in Sicilia. The meeting and reconciliation of the kings and princes is reported by gentlemen of the Sicilian court: how the Old Shepherd raised Perdita, how Antigonus met his end, how Leontes was overjoyed at being reunited with his daughter, and how he begged Polixenes for forgiveness. The Old Shepherd and Young Shepherd, now made gentlemen by the kings, meet Autolycus, who asks them for their forgiveness for his roguery. Leontes, Polixenes, Camillo, Florizel and Perdita then go to Paulina's house in the country, where a statue of Hermione has been recently finished. The sight of his wife's form makes Leontes distraught, but then, to everyone's amazement, the statue shows signs of vitality; it is Hermione, restored to life. As the play ends, Perdita and Florizel are engaged, and the whole company celebrates the miracle. Despite this happy ending typical of Shakespeare's comedies and romances, the impression of the unjust death of young prince Mamillius lingers to the end, being an element of unredeemed tragedy, in addition to the years wasted in separation.", "King Lear George Bernard Shaw wrote, \"No man will ever write a better tragedy than Lear\".[73]", "Cinderella Aspects of Cinderella may be derived from the story of Cordelia in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Cordelia is the youngest and most virtuous of King Leir of Britain's three daughters, however her virtue is such that it will not allow her to lie in flattering her father when he asks, so that he divides up the kingdom between the elder daughters and leaves Cordelia with nothing. Cordelia marries her love, Aganippus, King of the Franks, and flees to Gaul where she and her husband raise an army and depose her wicked sisters who have been misusing their father. Cordelia is finally crowned Queen of Britain. However her reign only lasts five years. The story is famously retold in Shakespeare's King Lear, but given a tragic ending.", "Tobias Menzies In 2018 Menzies will appear as Cornwall in a BBC2 adaptation of King Lear starring Anthony Hopkins.[14]", "BBC Television Shakespeare The Prefaces to Shakespeare episode for King Lear was presented by Tony Church who had played the Fool in a 1962 RSC production directed by Peter Brook. The Shakespeare in Perspective episode was presented by literary critic Frank Kermode.", "King Lear The first professional performances of King Lear in North America are likely to have been those of the Hallam Company (later the American Company) which arrived in Virginia in 1752 and who counted the play among their repertoire by the time of their departure for Jamaica in 1774.[55]", "King Lear Analysis and criticism of King Lear over the centuries has been extensive.", "Shut up However, Shakespeare's use of the phrase in King Lear is limited to a reference to the shutting of doors at the end of Scene II, with the characters of Regan and Cornwall both advising the King, \"Shut up your doors\". The earlier meaning of the phrase, to close something, is widely used in Little Dorrit, but is used in one instance in a manner which foreshadows the modern usage:", "Shakespeare's reputation Likewise, a 1982 production of King Lear was hailed by the critics as the story of \"moral decline\", of a story \"when human beings' souls were so polluted that they even mistreated their aged parents\", an allusion to the days of the Cultural Revolution when the young people serving in the Red Guard had berated, denounced, attacked and sometimes even killed their parents for failing to live up to \"Mao Zedong thought\".[39] The play's director, the Shakespearean scholar Fang Ping who had suffered during the Cultural Revolution for studying this \"bourgeois Western imperialist\", stated in an interview at the time that King Lear was relevant in China because King Lear, the \"highest ruler of a monarchy\" created a world full of cruelty and chaos where those who loved him were punished and those who did not were rewarded, a barely veiled reference to the often capricious behavior of Mao, who punished his loyal followers for no apparent reason.[40] Cordeilia's devotion and love for her father-despite his madness, cruelty and rejection of her-is seen in China as affirming traditional Confucian values where love of the family counts above all, and for this reason, King Lear is seen in China as being a very \"Chinese\" play that affirms the traditional values of filial piety.[41]", "Orson Welles At the time of his death, Welles was in talks with a French production company to direct a film version of the Shakespeare play King Lear, in which he would also play the title role.[citation needed]", "Shakespearean fool The Fool does not follow any ideology. He rejects all appearances, of law, justice, moral order. He sees brute force, cruelty and lust. He has no illusions and does not seek consolation in the existence of natural or supernatural order, which provides for the punishment of evil and the reward of good. Lear, insisting on his fictitious majesty, seems ridiculous to him. All the more ridiculous because he does not see how ridiculous he is. But the Fool does not desert his ridiculous, degraded king, and accompanies him on his way to madness. The Fool knows that the only true madness is to recognize this world as rational.", "The Winter's Tale Furious at their escape, Leontes now publicly accuses his wife of infidelity, and declares that the child she is bearing must be illegitimate. He throws her in prison, over the protests of his nobles, and sends two of his lords, Cleomenes and Dion, to the Oracle at Delphos for what he is sure will be confirmation of his suspicions. Meanwhile, the queen gives birth to a girl, and her loyal friend Paulina takes the baby to the king, in the hopes that the sight of the child will soften his heart. He grows angrier, however, and orders Paulina's husband, Lord Antigonus, to take the child and abandon it in a desolate place. Cleomenes and Dion return from Delphos with word from the Oracle and find Hermione publicly and humiliatingly put on trial before the king. She asserts her innocence, and asks for the word of the Oracle to be read before the court. The Oracle states categorically that Hermione and Polixenes are innocent, Camillo an honest man, and that Leontes will have no heir until his lost daughter is found. Leontes shuns the news, refusing to believe it as the truth. As this news is revealed, word comes that Leontes' son, Mamillius, has died of a wasting sickness brought on by the accusations against his mother. Hermione, meanwhile, falls in a swoon, and is carried away by Paulina, who subsequently reports the queen's death to her heartbroken and repentant husband. Leontes vows to spend the rest of his days atoning for the loss of his son, his abandoned daughter, and his queen.", "The Winter's Tale Antigonus, meanwhile, abandons the baby on the coast of Bohemia, reporting that Hermione appeared to him in a dream and bade him name the girl Perdita. He leaves a fardel (a bundle) by the baby containing gold and other trinkets which suggest that the baby is of noble blood. A violent storm suddenly appears, wrecking the ship on which Antigonus arrived. He wishes to take pity on the child, but is chased away in one of Shakespeare's most famous stage directions: \"Exit, pursued by a bear.\" (It is not known whether Shakespeare used a real bear from the London bear-pits, or an actor in bear costume.) Fortunately, Perdita is rescued by a shepherd and his son, also known as \"Clown.\"", "Oedipus In Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus, Oedipus becomes a wanderer, pursued by Creon and his men. He finally finds refuge at the holy wilderness right outside Athens, where it is said that Theseus took care of Oedipus and his daughter, Antigone. Creon eventually catches up to Oedipus. He asks Oedipus to come back from Colonus to bless his son, Eteocles. Angry that his son did not love him enough to take care of him, he curses both Eteocles and his brother, condemning them both to kill each other in battle. Oedipus dies a peaceful death; his grave is said to be sacred to the gods.", "Fee-fi-fo-fum In William Shakespeare's play King Lear (c. 1605),[2] the character Edgar exclaims:", "Women in Shakespeare's works Recent critics take a variety of approaches to the topic. For feminist critics influenced by French feminism, the analysis of the female body in Shakespeare's plays has proven fruitful. Carol Chillington Rutter, author of Enter the Body: Women and Representation on Shakespeare's Stage (2001), focuses for instance on the body of Cordelia, as her father, King Lear, carries her on to the stage; on the body of Ophelia in the grave; and on the bodies of the two women on the bed at the end of Othello, \"a play that destroys women.\"[4]", "William Shakespeare In the early 17th century, Shakespeare wrote the so-called \"problem plays\" Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and All's Well That Ends Well and a number of his best known tragedies.[136][137] Many critics believe that Shakespeare's greatest tragedies represent the peak of his art. The titular hero of one of Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, Hamlet, has probably been discussed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins \"To be or not to be; that is the question\".[138] Unlike the introverted Hamlet, whose fatal flaw is hesitation, the heroes of the tragedies that followed, Othello and King Lear, are undone by hasty errors of judgement.[139] The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on such fatal errors or flaws, which overturn order and destroy the hero and those he loves.[140] In Othello, the villain Iago stokes Othello's sexual jealousy to the point where he murders the innocent wife who loves him.[141][142] In King Lear, the old king commits the tragic error of giving up his powers, initiating the events which lead to the torture and blinding of the Earl of Gloucester and the murder of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia. According to the critic Frank Kermode, \"the play offers neither its good characters nor its audience any relief from its cruelty\".[143][144][145] In Macbeth, the shortest and most compressed of Shakespeare's tragedies,[146] uncontrollable ambition incites Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, to murder the rightful king and usurp the throne until their own guilt destroys them in turn.[147] In this play, Shakespeare adds a supernatural element to the tragic structure. His last major tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, contain some of Shakespeare's finest poetry and were considered his most successful tragedies by the poet and critic T. S. Eliot.[148][149][150]", "All's Well That Ends Well The King, Lafew and the Countess mourn the loss of Helena and decide to forgive Bertram's foolish young pride. Lafew and Bertram have arranged his marriage to Lafew's daughter, and the King consents. Bertram enters, asking forgiveness, and expanding on his love for Lafew's daughter, whom he loved at first sight. This love provoked his disdain for Helena, whom he belatedly appreciates.", "The Tempest The magician, Prospero, rightful Duke of Milan, and his daughter, Miranda, have been stranded for twelve years on an island after Prospero's jealous brother Antonio (aided by Alonso, the King of Naples) deposed him and set him adrift with the 3-year-old Miranda. Gonzalo, Alonso's counsellor, had secretly supplied their boat with some food, fresh water, \"rich garments, linens, stuffs and necessaries\", and \"volumes\" (books) that Prospero prizes. Possessing magic powers due to his great learning, Prospero is served by a spirit, Ariel, whom Prospero had rescued from a tree in which he had been trapped by the cruel witch, Sycorax, after he had refused to obey her. Prospero maintains Ariel's loyalty by repeatedly promising to release the \"airy spirit\" from servitude. Sycorax had been exiled from Algiers to the island for wreaking havoc with her magic, and had died before Prospero's arrival and without releasing Ariel. Sycorax's son, Caliban, a deformed monster and the only non-spiritual inhabitant before the arrival of Prospero, was initially adopted and raised by him. He taught Prospero how to survive on the island, while Prospero and Miranda taught Caliban religion and their own language. In slavery, Caliban has come to view Prospero as a usurper and has grown to resent him and his daughter. Prospero and Miranda in turn view Caliban with disappointment, contempt and disgust. Prospero only performs one act of magic himself directly on stage: he disarms Ferdinand, causing his nerves to become \"in their infancy again\". The rest of his magic is through controlling spirits (or mentioned as happening previously), which is how magicians of the time were believed to operate.", "Shakespeare in performance Tate's Lear remains famous as an example of an ill-conceived adaptation arising from insensitivity to Shakespeare's tragic vision. Tate's genius was not in language - many of his interpolated lines don't even scan - but in structure; his Lear begins brilliantly with the Edmund the Bastard's first attention-grabbing speech, and ends with Lear's heroic saving of Cordelia in the prison and a restoration of justice to the throne. Tate's worldview, and that of the theatrical world that embraced (and demanded) his \"happy ending\" versions of the Bard's tragic works (such as King Lear and Romeo and Juliet) for over a century, arose from a profoundly different sense of morality in society and of the role that theatre and art should play within that society. Tate's versions of Shakespeare see the responsibility of theatre as a transformative agent for positive change by holding a moral mirror up to our baser instincts. Tate's versions of what we now consider some of the Bard's greatest works dominated the stage throughout the 18th century precisely because the Ages of Enlightenment and Reason found Shakespeare's \"tragic vision\" immoral, and his tragic works unstageable. Tate is seldom performed today, though in 1985, the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted a successful production of The History of King Lear at The Shakespeare Center, heralded by some as a \"Lear for the Age of Ronald Reagan.\"[27]" ]	[ "King Lear Offstage, Goneril, her plans thwarted, commits suicide. The dying Edmund decides, though he admits it is against his own character, to try to save Lear and Cordelia; however, his confession comes too late. Soon after, Albany sends men to countermand Edmund's orders, Lear enters bearing Cordelia's corpse in his arms, having survived by killing the executioner. Kent appears and Lear now recognises him. Albany urges Lear to resume his throne, but as with Gloucester, the trials Lear has been through have finally overwhelmed him, and he dies. Albany then asks Kent and Edgar to take charge of the throne. Kent declines, explaining that his master is calling him on a journey and he must follow. Finally, Albany (in the Quarto version) or Edgar (in the Folio version) implies that he will now become king." ]
test1222	who won season 5 of hell's kitchen	[ "doc43497" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc43497", "doc43553", "doc43567", "doc43500", "doc43556", "doc43557", "doc43496", "doc43542", "doc1463476", "doc43551", "doc43545", "doc43547", "doc43526", "doc43537", "doc43565", "doc167732", "doc1809686", "doc43506", "doc43518", "doc43552", "doc43564", "doc43534", "doc43530", "doc43515", "doc43554", "doc43549", "doc167698", "doc43543", "doc43535", "doc43544", "doc43531", "doc43527", "doc43533", "doc43532", "doc43509", "doc43566", "doc43521", "doc43548", "doc43512", "doc43550", "doc43546", "doc43501", "doc1482270", "doc1378169", "doc542421", "doc43538", "doc470157", "doc43562", "doc43505", "doc43561", "doc947302", "doc43507", "doc43563", "doc43555", "doc43510", "doc1809766", "doc43524", "doc1378200", "doc43525", "doc1477438", "doc1477487", "doc43508", "doc43536", "doc167749", "doc840108", "doc356711", "doc43498", "doc43511", "doc840102", "doc43540", "doc1809771", "doc1482333", "doc43539", "doc1463518", "doc470085", "doc356779", "doc43558", "doc469963", "doc470077", "doc756951", "doc43528", "doc43560", "doc470156", "doc1482275", "doc43519", "doc43522", "doc1482356", "doc470084", "doc43502", "doc43520", "doc470124", "doc470153", "doc470142", "doc469892", "doc43559", "doc43517", "doc2279119", "doc1477484", "doc1463493", "doc840098" ]	[ "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Executive Chef Danny Veltri won the series and was awarded a sous chef position under Stephen Kalt at Italian restaurant Fornelletto at the Borgata in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Danny also received $250,000 in prize money from the show.[1]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Challenge: After visiting Borgata each of the final four presented the signature dish that he or she would serve in their restaurant, should he or she win Hell's Kitchen. Danny's dish received a lukewarm response, being praised for flavor but criticized for appearance. Andrea's tuna dish was praised overall as was Paula's, despite fears of overcooking. Ben's dish, meanwhile, was praised for presentation, but criticized for having the tails left on the prawns. Ramsay told him he was definitely not safe before commending Danny, Andrea, and Paula, but proclaimed Andrea the winner.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Winner: Immediately after the service, Ramsay announced to the cooks that \"The winner of Hell's Kitchen... lives in Florida\", teasing Danny and Paula, as both came from Florida. Because he felt both services were completed with excellence and stated it was the best services they ever had in any final, he decided to utilize the customer comment cards to come to a decision. After everyone was dismissed, Ramsay summoned Danny and Paula to his office, where he praised both for their hard work, and said that they both will have a wonderful career ahead of them. Chef Ramsay showed Danny and Paula the doors; the one that opened determined the winner. Danny's door opened, signifying him to be the winner of the fifth season of Hell's Kitchen.[c] Paula took her defeat graciously, and was happy that Danny won in honor of his deceased mother. Danny was shown tearing up the confessional room as his mother couldn't be with him to see him win. In addition to the money and the position, Ramsay asked Danny if he knew the previous four winners who all showed up that night and his picture was mounted on the wall as part of the show's new feature, the \"Hell's Kitchen Wall of Fame\", which included pictures of past winners.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef, sous chefs Scott Leibfried of blue team and Gloria Félix of the red team, and Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic as well.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Challenge: To recreate one of Ramsay's signature dishes based on taste alone. Danny was declared the winner with Paula as a close second.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Rward/punishment: Danny went along with Ramsay to go fly in separate biplanes. Paula, Ben, and Andrea polished all the crystal and shampooed all the carpets in addition to preparing for that night's service.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Season 5 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen began airing on the Fox Network starting on January 29, 2009. The season concluded on May 14, 2009. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, as well as sous chefs Scott Leibfried and Gloria Felix and maÃ®tre d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team challenge: The teams create individual dishes, featuring the main ingredient, red king crab; one dish from each team will be presented as a specialty crab dish to Chef Ramsay. The blue team chose Ben's dish (much to Danny's disdain) whilst the red team were conflicted between Andrea's and Paula's, eventually choosing the former's. Andrea's dish failed to meet Chef Ramsay's expectations (partially due to her desire to keep the shell on the plate, which Carol had warned about), while Ben's was better received but still failed to meet the mark, with Ramsay being annoyed at Ben's long description of his dish. As a result, Paula and Danny were asked to bring up their dishes, yet again going head to head. Both their dishes were much better received than Ben and Andrea's dishes and as a result, the blue team won in a very close finish.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 1 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen. Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of Hell's Kitchen, thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family reasons). This was the only season to date in which the teams were not separated by gender at the start.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Continued from the previous episode, Ramsay told the final five that did not permanently shut down Hell's Kitchen. Instead, the contestants were flown to the Borgata Hotel and Casino for a multi-day trip to see their potential future place of employment. After touring the hotel, they sat down for dinner with the Borgata Hotel's vice president of cuisine. Robert left the table after a few minutes, complaining of chest pains; he was taken to the hospital for observation and tests.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Danny was named best of the worst on the blue team as he didn't make any mistakes that night and chose Ben for elimination. Ramsay instead asked Robert and Ben to come forward. However, Ramsay decided to send home the one person who gave up during service and sabotaged their team. That lead to him eliminating Carol, who had been feeling guilty about her poor performance, as she had insisted on putting a potato dish on the menu and was responsible for undercooking it multiple times. This marked the first time a chef was eliminated despite being on the winning team.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team challenge: In the first individual challenge, each chef cooked a dish using 14 specific ingredients, including chicken, pasta, and wine. While Chef Ramsay considered all dishes to be delicious, he singled out Ben and Danny's dishes, with Ben's being the best. Ben then was told to pick a friend to enjoy the reward - he chose Robert, irking Danny, who had had the second best dish.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Giovanni nominated J while LA chose Andrea. Ramsay appeared to disagree with Giovanni's decision, heavily implying that he thought Robert should have been chosen instead, but he accepted the two nominees. However, he ordered them back in line, then told Robert to wake up. Instead, Colleen was axed on the grounds that, after five terrible dinner services, Ramsay could no longer tolerate her constant mistakes, but as she took off her jacket, he praised her tenacity and fight, and told the remaining contestants to follow that example.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team challenge: After tricking the chefs with beef and scallop tartares that were actually made with tuna and sea bass, Ramsay issued the team challenge of a blind taste test. LA surprised Ramsay and her teammates by promptly volunteering to sit out in order to even the sides. Ben topped Andrea 3-2, Robert and Giovanni both had zero correct answers, then the red team rebounded with Carol topping Lacey 3-1. Paula and Danny, again going head-to-head in a challenge, were ordered to identify ingredients in Ramsay's minestrone soup recipe. Danny quickly got three ingredients compared to none from Paula, though she rebounded, and with the score tied 7-7, Paula earned the red team a one-point victory.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Preparation: Following on from the previous episode, each of the cooks working under Danny or Paula were briefed on what they would be doing for their particular restaurant. Only Ben was particularly rooting for Danny to win on his team; Giovanni was annoyed at being invited back, stating he \"did not care\" who won, whilst Carol was secretly rooting for Paula. The finishing touches were given on the restaurants' decors and Chef Ramsay tasted each restaurant's sample dishes, giving advice on what to do to make them better. Paula became increasingly annoyed with Lacey on desserts, who twice curdled her creme brulees (including one serving to Chef Ramsay) and continually needed Paula's assistance.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Challenge: Ramsay merged the final five into one team and awarded them all black jackets. Each chef was given twenty minutes to cook a special dish for Ramsay. Sara's dish was deemed the worst due to poor presentation, while Garrett and Heather made good tasting dishes, but were ruled out due to over-seasoned prawns and unwashed spinach respectively. Ramsay selected Keith as the winner, with Virginia a close runner-up.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11) Executive chef Ja'Nel Witt won the competition and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace at Las Vegas.[1] However, on August 23, 2013, it was announced that Witt was denied the position at the restaurant after testing positive for cocaine, though she retained her salary and her title as the winner of season 11.[2] Jon Scallion, who finished third and was deemed by Ramsay the only great chef in the worst team in Hell's Kitchen history, became sous chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak under season 10 winner Christina Wilson.[3]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Signature Dishes: For once, half of the chefs received positive to average reviews. Carol, Ji, Andrea, Coi, Paula and Ben all impressed Ramsay with their dishes, while Wil and Robert received good feedback for taste, but criticized for presentation and thin sauce respectively. LA's fish and chips were called \"terrible\" and Ramsay spit out Colleen's chicken enchiladas and Lacey's chicken and blackberry dish. He also hated Danny's grilled bananas, deemed Charlie's dish a joke, graded J's dish an \"F\", and berated Giovanni for not being able to cook rice. Seth's honey-flavored ratatouille received the worst review, and when Seth laughed, Ramsay threatened to eliminate him on the spot.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team challenge: Both teams cooked a special breakfast service for a group of 100 young football players and cheerleaders. Colleen became distracted by the cheerleaders, forcing Ramsay to order her back on her station, while Coi burned several pancakes. The men had an early lead but squandered it after Seth stumbled on scrambled eggs that he claimed were inspired by one of Ramsay's recipes. This gave the women their first challenge victory of the season. Ben and Danny later got into a heated argument in the dorms after Danny had boasted that he was the strongest cook on the men's team.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Withdrawal: After a few days of waiting, Robert returned to Hell's Kitchen. He reported that he has pericarditis and announced his departure from Hell's Kitchen because of his condition. Robert was asked to say his goodbyes to the final four, who were emotional at his departure, before Chef Ramsay remarked that Robert had the possibility to win. \"I just want to tell you, that you have been a fantastic competitor. You've had the potential to win this competition. Do not ever, ever forget that.\" Unlike Ji in Episode 2, Robert had to give back his jacket to Chef Ramsay but did get his picture burned at the end of the episode.[e]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Challenge: Danny and Paula were flown back to the Borgata in Atlantic City, where they had 45 minutes to cook three dishes from the menus that they have created, with Borgata executives choosing the best dishes. All of this was done within view of the Borgata's 500 employees, who will work under the winner. Danny won the challenge 2-1.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: Carol served overcooked risotto, then revealed that J overcooked both teams' rice during the prep, rendering it inedible and forcing Ramsay to take the risotto off the menu for the night. J then sent raw and burned salmon entrees to the pass, and forgot to provide the sauce when he eventually did manage an acceptable serving, forcing Ramsay to pull him aside and issue him a warning behind closed doors. Ben once again struggled on the meat station, and Ramsay threatened Ben with ejection after catching him about to cook beef Wellingtons on a dirty pan, while Lacey had a trouble on garnish. After J overcooked scallops, an angered Ramsay eliminated J on the spot, making him the second contestant to be eliminated during service. In the red kitchen, Andrea and Carol were forced to eat an undercooked pasta appetizer that had been sent back (though neither could agree on whose fault it was), while LA became unresponsive for part of the service and cooked too many John Dory at once, all while taking offense to Ramsay calling her a \"silly cow.\" Nevertheless, both teams completed service, with the red team finishing well in advance thanks to Giovanni's leadership and Paula's strong performance on meat, in particular earning high praise from Ramsay for a Wellington that he deemed the best-ever prepared in Hell's Kitchen. Carol and Andrea continued their feud right after the service, with Paula and Giovanni quickly tiring of the bickering.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Andrea was chosen as Best of the Worst, much to the disgust and confusion of her team. Ramsay became irritated that Andrea hadn't made her decision so she quickly nominated LA and Coi. As according to plan, they along with Carol, declared Andrea as the worst, though Paula named Coi instead which led to Coi being the next chef eliminated due to her mistakes on the meat station, though she received praise for her attitude.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The men flew to Sunstone Winery in Santa Ynez, California, where they enjoyed a wine tasting followed by a steak dinner. The women stayed behind to butcher two large sides of beef after hauling both into the kitchen. In addition, Scott presented them their lunch consisting entirely of offal, leading Lacey to vomit and therefore cause a chain reaction of LA and Andrea upchucking while the others plugged their ears. Andrea, clearly traumatized by the repulsive meal and her having vomited multiple times as a result, desperately made the women promise to bond together and try harder to avoid future punishments.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: Andrea received one-time immunity from the next elimination. Additionally, unless there was a specific best of the best or best of the worst after the next service, she would get to decide on the nominees for elimination. No punishment was given. Ben, Danny, and Paula, however, were upset that Andrea, who presented a dish with virtually no cooking and who they constantly believe is outperformed, would last longer than one of them.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: Several mishaps occurred during service, especially with Giovanni and Andrea. Giovanni was accused of purposely cooking Ben's winning chicken dish poorly. Giovanni talked back to chef Ramsay when Ramsay called him \"dickface\" along with numerous other insults. Later, Giovanni placed a hot pan in the refrigerator, to cool it down, only to cause Robert to burn his hand picking it up. Robert left service for a great deal of time suffering from a second-degree burn. Andrea was also thrown out of Hell's Kitchen for constantly not knowing what the orders are, but was brought back in after some encouragement from Jean-Philippe. Robert overcooked scallops and cooked bacon and John Dory in the same pan, causing Ramsay to become aggravated in case of allergies. Ramsay put Ben on the meat station with Giovanni but that didn't make the situation any better as Ramsay caught Ben slicing the chicken and putting it back in the oven for being undercooked. Service ended prematurely after Ramsay walked out of the kitchen.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas with a salary of $250,000, where she worked as chef at the Terra Rossa Restaurant. Runner-up Virginia Dalbeck had the worst streak of any finalist on the show, being nominated every single time apart from wins and \"Best of the Worst\" nominations.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The blue team head to Santa Monica State Beach for a day of fun at the beach with Ramsay where they rode Segways before thy enjoyed a lobster lunch at a seafood restaurant. Robert, again, suffered because of his weight, being forced to ride a bike. The red team cleaned both of the team's dorms and cooked all of the red king crabs.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Automatic elimination: After J overcooked the entire supply of rice for both teams during prep, struggled with salmon, and overcooked scallops, an angered Ramsay eliminated J on the spot, making him the second contestant to be eliminated during service. At the end of the episode, J still got the usual coat-hanging and picture-burning sequence.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: For this service, the teams were asked to come up with their own menus for the night. Ben insisted on a dish that Danny and Robert had no idea of or interest in, though agreed with it anyway, whilst Carol insisted on potato dauphinoise, which she claimed never went wrong. Disaster struck through both teams during dinner service; from Ben's slaughtered Filet Mignon steaks, to Carol's numerous undercooked potatoes and indecisiveness, which led to both teams crumbling under pressure. Ben also served overly salty sauce and admitted that he should have been tasting it and later got involved in an argument with Chef Ramsay over the pomme fondant, as Ben believed that the pomme fondant dish he added to the menu was supposed to be made from boiled potatoes, whereas Ramsay (and Scott) told him that the potatoes were meant to be sautÃ©ed in butter. One restaurant guest tried taking matters into her own hands by taking her second unseasoned carpaccio dish up to Chef Ramsay, where she whistled to get his attention, only for Chef Ramsay to insult her back to her seat. Tension between Robert and Ben escalated during entrees and desserts, as Ben saw that Robert couldn't keep up with the speed of the kitchen. After a steak was returned for being undercooked by Carol, he ordered them to shut their kitchens down. Although the red vs blue menu ended in disaster, Chef Ramsay decides on the winner based on the total amount of services for each team. The red team was declared the winning team; while their customer satisfaction rating was a relatively mediocre 54%, this was still much better than the 36% that the blue team managed.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team change: Before the start of the challenge, Chef Ramsay kept Lacey on the blue team, then transferred Giovanni to the red team.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team challenge: Hell's Kitchen would be hosting a bar mitzvah for the first time, about which Ben, being of Jewish heritage, was particularly enthusiastic. For the team challenge, the chefs had to create gourmet versions of chicken soup, brisket, and burgers, the favorite foods of Max Reuben, the young guest of honor. Giovanni won the soup challenge over Andrea, while LA won with the brisket over Ben. Max liked both Robert's and Carol's burgers, but chose Robert's only because he didn't like blue cheese (which the team had warned Carol about earlier), giving a 2-1 win to the blue team.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The red team visited Hollywood Park for a day of watching horse racing with Ramsay. The blue team prepped both kitchens for that night's service, then unloaded and cleaned small tapas plates. During prep, Lacey complained about the amount of work and, feeling disrespected by the men, walked out of the kitchen and threatened to quit. She was eventually talked back inside by Ben.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team challenge: After tasting six different salmon tapas from one of Ramsay's restaurants, the chefs had 20 minutes to make their own with leftovers from the previous service, with the teams going head-to-head. Paula and Danny went head-to-head with their red meat-based dishes, both of them earning a point for their teams. Lacey and LA's dishes were unique, but neither sat well with Ramsay, resulting in neither of them earning a point for their team. Robert won the point over Carol when she mistook balsamic vinaigrette for soy sauce. Andrea, meanwhile, managed to even out the score for both teams for her ravioli dish over J's overly simple dish. In the final round, the results were very close, with both Ben and Giovanni turning out excellent dishes, though Ramsay ultimately chose the latter's. After the challenge, Giovanni urged his new teammates to put their differences aside and work together in the name of having a successful service.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Seth and Wil were nominated. Though all the men were sick of Seth's ineptitude, immature behavior and lack of basic skills and wanted him gone, Ramsay eliminated Wil for nominating himself, lacking Seth's passion, and poor performance on the garnish station.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: Each restaurant served 50 diners, including Danny and Paula's relatives. All customers gave scores on the various aspects of their dining experience, and these were combined with Chef Ramsay's observations in determining the winner. Both Paula and Danny had nervous starts, and each team had significant weak spots. Andrea overcooked the halibut and scallops on Paula's side (which Chef Ramsay had warned her about), while Lacey constantly struggled and complained, even earning Chef Ramsay's ire. Paula herself was criticized for jumping in to help her team as opposed to spending time on the pass, though things picked up when she switched the chef's stations. On Danny's side, Giovanni prepared the sauce for the monk fish which was too salty and Ben was slow on garnish. Both Danny and Paula were able to rally their teams together to complete service. Although Danny finished service first, Paula did not care, as she was more concerned about the quality of the food rather than the speed at which it was served.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Before asking for the nominees, Ramsay brought up the butt of lettuce to J, saying \"that's how reputations got destroyed within minutes - butthead!\". When Danny revealed the first nominee was Seth and the second nominee from the men was Ben, Ramsay's response implied they should've nominated J. When Lacey revealed the nominees were Colleen and herself, Ramsay was shocked that Coi wasn't nominated but took Lacey anyways, as Coi had openly admitted her mistakes. After listening to the pleas, Ramsay sent Ben back in line and eliminated Seth for being a consistently terrible performer, much to the relief of the men.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: Ben took a trip with Ramsay and Robert to San Francisco where they dined at the exclusive chef's table at the One Market restaurant. The others spent the day taking deliveries. Giovanni ended up being fed up with the punishment, after breaking boxes of bottled water, and having to chase a seafood truck for being short two lobster, later to find out that the order was correct after all. He also got into an argument with Paula, who was trying to calm him down.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: Only thirty minutes before the start of service, Ji suffered an ankle injury after slipping on some oil that left her participation in doubt, but after receiving treatment she announced to Chef Ramsay that she would be taking part in the service. Robert and Paula were assigned as raw bar servers; Robert's amiability impressed Jean-Philippe and the customers. Carol and Charlie both produced poor risottos, but Ben was able to bail Charlie out with his replacement. Charlie was soon in hot water again after he and Seth forgot to include lobster in the lobster spaghetti. Danny impressed Ramsay with his lamb, but Ramsay got angry at Giovanni for delivering an undercooked salmon to the pass. In the red kitchen, Colleen struggled on the fish station as she first burned three orders of scallops, forcing Lacey to jump in on Ramsay's orders and show her how to cook them. Colleen then later burned the outside of a piece of salmon and simultaneously left the inside raw, while also forgetting a John Dory on the same ticket. This led Ramsay to furiously question her credentials as a culinary instructor, and when she burned yet two more orders of salmon, Ramsay threw her out of the kitchen, demoting her to the raw bar and bringing in Paula to take her place, after which things picked up. Ji's injury hobbled her throughout service, though she still performed well. To make things interesting near the end, Ramsay gathered both teams and declared that whoever first completed service was the winner. Both sides were neck-and-neck until Carol stalled the women on a dish that everyone else was ready for, allowing the men to emerge victorious.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Paula was the strongest player of the night for her appetizers, and got the right to choose two players for elimination which was Giovanni and Andrea. While Andrea had arguably been the worst performer of the night, including not being able to recite one of the orders correctly, Ramsay felt that Giovanni's major verbal confrontation between the two of them during the service was unforgivable and eliminated him. Giovanni's coat peg and burning photo closing was featured in the recap at the beginning of episode 14.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Ramsay told Danny and Paula to choose who they thought was the weakest on their team and they chose Andrea and Ben. Andrea and Ben were called and told to remove their jackets, thinking they were facing elimination, when in fact they were told that everyone would be competing as a single team.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) The chefs are shown alongside an elaborate Rube Goldberg machine as it plays out in the kitchen.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Executive Chef Scott Commings won this season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace in Las Vegas; the prize was retained from the previous season, after Ja'Nel Witt failed her drug test.[1] Scott was nominated seven times for elimination, breaking Christina Machamer's record (season 4) of five nominations, and became the Hell's Kitchen winner with the most nominations.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8) Service: In celebration of Hell's Kitchen's 100th service, service was an invitation-only, black tie affair. Four past Hell's Kitchen winners were sat at the chef's tables; Rahman \"Rock\" Harper (Season 3) and Christina Machamer (Season 4) in the blue kitchen, and Danny Veltri (Season 5) and Holli Ugalde (Season 7) in the red kitchen. Also in attendance were various dignitaries and celebrities such as cast members of Lesley Bargar Suter, Iqbal Theba, Patrick Gallagher, Hugh Garvey and Sarah Tenaglia. The red team near-flawlessly completed service, their only problems being Nona serving an old risotto and Trev heavily struggling on garnish, to the point that all the women had to help him. Trev was eventually kicked out, allowing Nona to take control of the station, ensuring a smooth service for the red team, in particular thanks to Gail's leadership. In the blue kitchen, Boris had a poor performance on appetizers, three of Vinny's lobsters were returned for being overcooked and Rob forgot a chicken, putting them eight tables behind the red team. When the chicken was served, it was raw, causing Ramsay to kick the blue team out. The red team completed their service, being deemed clear winners.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17) This is the fifth season in a row to feature a female winner (last season to feature a male winner was in season 12, by Scott Commings). The winner is Michelle Tribble, who previously landed in third place in Season 14.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The red team was treated to a TV Guide photoshoot inside the restaurant while the blue team had to prep both kitchens for the night's service in addition to preparing lunch and hors d'oeuvres for the red team. During the shoot, Ben accidentally spilled champagne after a flashbulb had startled him, amusing the red team.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Winner: After deliberating, Ramsay called Christina and Justin to his office and sent them to two doors; Christina's door opened, making her the tenth winner of Hell's Kitchen. Christina hung her portrait on the Wall of Fame and Justin took his defeat graciously.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: For this service, as with previous seasons, each chef takes turns at the pass, while Scott and Gloria purposely add errors to the dishes for them to spot. Paula struggled initially, fumbling an order before plating a dish with a mistake, though she rebounded and spotted the second mistake. Danny had a particularly poor start in his performance at the pass; his voice broke when calling an order and he struggled to spot the first mistake. Andrea was rather strong during her time at the pass, including spotting various deficiencies and errors left, though soon aggravated her team with her continual shouts and nit-picking, returning a number of dishes to sous chef Scott, who became extremely annoyed with her (even expressing a desire at one point to \"punch her in the face\"). Overall, there were no serious errors or returns, and the service was very successful. Chef Ramsay asked what was different about himself later that night, and after a couple of panicky responses, Ramsay pointed out that he was smiling for the first time that season. Not counting, of course, his involvement in the rewards following the challenges.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Three hundred chefs from all over America are welcomed to the new season of Hell's Kitchen, but only 16 chefs were called down and Ramsay tells them to cook him their signature dishes. The winner of this season will become head chef in Fornelletto at the Borgata in Atlantic City.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: Paula gets a special makeover. The following morning, she and Ramsay appear live on KTTV's Good Day L.A.. Andrea and Danny stay behind to thoroughly clean the dining area and do the laundry, as well as watch the Good Day L.A. segment, in which they were surprised by Paula's appearance.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series) Gordon Ramsay is the head chef. Jason Thompson is the narrator. Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d'hôtel, comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for season 11. He left after season 12 and was replaced by Marino Monferrato for season 13. Susilovic was also the maître d'hôtel for the first series of the original British version. James Lukanik replaced Susilovic for seasons 8–10.[6] Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs. The sous-chefs are Andi Van Willigan and Aaron Mitrano (since season 15). Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, season 2 winner Heather West, Scott Leibfried, James Avery and season 10 winner Christina Wilson. In season 15, Wilson filled in for Van Willigan-Cutspec who was getting married at the time of filming but returned for one episode when her reception was one of the themed dinner services for that season.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Pre-Service: The teams were each told to give themselves a name. The men named themselves \"Blues Brothers\", while the women originally named themselves \"Team Saffron\", but changed it to \"Spice Racks\" after being called out by Ramsay. Minutes before service began Lacey and Coi got into an argument over the lackluster preparation of the desserts section due to Lacey deserting the team during prep due to her feeling overwhelmed and disrespected by the women as well as her poor organization and preparation of the desserts. Coi angrily revealed this to Chef Ramsay when asked what the matter was, saying \"this station is fucked up\", however Ramsay successfully managed to defuse the situation.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Remodeling: As with previous seasons, Hell's Kitchen was split into two restaurants, with each contestant running their side and deciding the menu and decor. While Danny and Paula prepare to leave Hell's Kitchen, their relatives oversaw construction â€” Danny's father and girlfriend for his restaurant; Paula's mother and sister for hers. Danny's restaurant was named \"Velvet Hammer\" as his own nickname and featured a seafood menu and decor, which many of the returning chefs deemed tacky. One of Danny's ideas, mounted fish, wasn't well received by designer John Janavs and he feared the restaurant would be more like 'Bob's Bait Shop.' Paula's restaurant was called \"Sunergy\", whose decor includes many shades of dark orange and yellow with candles on the wall. Despite her insisting on using real candles, the fire marshal said real candles that close to the wall would be a violation of safety code so \"electric\" candles were used instead.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: Before service, Ramsay reminded Andrea of her immunity, instructing her to use it to perform well. Despite this, Andrea continually struggled on the fish station, over and undercooking various dishes and refusing to cook on full heat. Ben, likewise, struggled, forgetting several orders before sending up a cold order. He was sent out temporarily before returning, bouncing back. Paula put in a very strong performance on the meat station, only being criticized for not sending an order up when Andrea delayed her. When Andrea still was unable to produce on fish resulting in an order being sent back, Danny was asked to jump in to help her, much to his chagrin. Ramsay asked the team to come up with two nominees between Ben, Danny, and Paula.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team challenge: The contestants were awakened early in the morning by a marching band, and were greeted outside by Chef Ramsay and two piles of garbage bags containing the discarded food from last night's service. Unlike seasons 2 & 4, where contestants had to sort through the trash, Ramsay ordered the contestants to fish scallops out of two large crates and carry them to the kitchen, leading to the day's team challenge of cleanly shucking as many scallops as they could in fifteen minutes. Andrea was told by Ramsay to sit out in order to even out both teams. The women went first. Carol scored eight, Paula scored only one, Coi scored six and Colleen scored five. LA, Ji, and Lacey scored eight, four and three respectively, the latter of which caused Lacey to become agitated. The women successfully shuck a total of 35 scallops. For the men, Ben scored only three, Danny scored nine and Giovanni scored an impressive thirteen of his fifteen scallops. Robert scored five, Charlie scored only two and Seth scored three, tying the score at 35-35. Last up was J. His first five scallops were rejected but his sixth - and last - passed, eking out a 36-35 victory for the men.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11) Reward: Ja'Nel and Mary flew via private jet to Las Vegas where they received their own suite at Caesar's Palace. They then planned out four appetizers, four entrÃ©es and two desserts with help from Sous Chefs James and Andi for their service before meeting the President of Caesar's Palace Gary Selesner and Hell's Kitchen season 10 winner Christina Wilson at Gordon Ramsay Steak. They were then given chef's jackets for the upcoming service. After arriving back in Los Angeles, the women then received a call from Ramsay to join him at Union Station. Upon arrival, they met him and their families. Ja'Nel and Mary then walked through a curtain, only to find themselves in front of a large audience.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The red team's winning dishes were featured on the Epicurious website. The women also spent the day sumo wrestling in oversized sumo suits, which included Ramsay taking down Jean-Philippe to everyone's amusement, and later imbibing on sake. The blue team made fortune cookies and folded origami for tonight's service. Lacey, having drawn the ire of her new teammates almost immediately at the outset as she had previously done with the red team, got back in their good graces when she successfully assisted the men with the origami.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8) Winner: Ramsay determined the winner based on the diners' comments and his own observations. Each finalist stood in front of a door; Nona's door opened, making her the eighth winner of Hell's Kitchen. Unlike all of the previous runner-ups of Hell's Kitchen, Russell took his defeat ungraciously, blaming his teammates for his loss.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: In addition to the regular customers, the night's patrons included a group of sumo wrestlers, both of whom ordered one of everything on the menu; Ramsay split it down the middle between the kitchens. The teams enjoyed a strong start on appetizers fueled by Giovanni and LA's risottos, while Lacey surprisingly emerged as a leader on the blue team, but the meat station was a wreck on both sides: J undercooked his beef Wellingtons because the oven fan was on low, sent raw chicken to the pass and then forgot an order of lamb on a later ticket. In the red kitchen Ramsay discovered a stash of discarded burnt beef wellingtons hidden underneath Andrea's station; Andrea then became overwhelmed and stalled the red kitchen's progress. Robert wasted a lot of food while prepping his dishes, and angered Ramsay further by not responding when Ramsay repeatedly addressed him as \"Bobby,\" for which Robert mooned the confessional room camera during an interview while telling Ramsay to \"kiss my ass.\" The final straw was when Colleen's pear dessert was returned because both the pear and the pastry were raw. With service a lost cause and Ramsay refusing any more returned dishes from Jean-Philippe, the kitchen was closed, with Ramsay calling it the worst performance so far. In a private meeting after the service, Robert explained that he did not respond to \"Bobby\" because that was the name of his abusive father and that it brought back painful memories from his childhood. Ramsay apologized and replied that he would respect Robert's wishes, adding that it would not have happened had he known about it beforehand. Giovanni and LA were selected as the best of the worst for their teams and were tasked with choosing a person for elimination, though Lacey was also singled out for praise for her leadership and strong performance.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3) The season finale was a record high for the show's ratings, drawing 9.8 million viewers.[2] Executive Chef Rahman \"Rock\" Harper won the season and was awarded a US$250,000 per year head-chef position at a restaurant in the Green Valley Ranch resort and spa in Henderson, Nevada, near Las Vegas.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3) Winner: During the debrief, Ramsay asked each chef what they would have changed. Rock stated that he would have won the challenge to get Jen with the first pick, complimenting her cooking skills (which made Jen feel honored), while saying that Josh \"really screwed up\" and would have been left off his team (which slightly angered Josh). Bonnie admitted that she was not careful in monitoring portion sizes and thus ran out of ingredients. Ramsay had no substantial criticism for either chef, only saying that \"You both came out with leadership qualities\", noting that Bonnie has improved her assertiveness while Rock was considered \"rock-solid\". Ramsay considered all aspects in making his decision, including how each chef ran the kitchen and every customer feedback card. Both Rock and Bonnie stood in front of the two doors and whoever's door opened would be the winner. Rock broke down in tears when his door opened and was declared the winner of Hell's Kitchen Season 3, and Bonnie immediately went to congratulate him.[18]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: Carol and Giovanni were chosen as waiters. In the blue kitchen, Giovanni struggled as a waiter, forgetting orders on numerous occasions. Ben and Robert served raw spaghetti (the latter was also called out for screaming over Ramsay when a ticket was being announced), Danny overcooked scallops and then talked back to Ramsay, Seth served raw lamb, and Wil burnt gnocchi and fell behind on garnish, needing Robert and Charlie's help. A power outage happened during service, causing the kitchens to come to a halt, Carol did very well as a waiter though she used this opportunity to give the customers alcohol. In the red kitchen, Lacey served raw scallops, Colleen put mascarpone into an order of lobster spaghetti, made another in a dirty pan, cooked too much spaghetti at one time, and accidentally put sugar into a risotto instead of salt, leading to Ramsay calling it the worst risotto he had ever tasted. After customers began walking out, Ramsay shut both kitchens down. Ramsay gathered the customer comment cards, and the women won after Carol received an 88% above average customer rating, compared to 90% below average for Giovanni, and Ramsay declared Giovanni \"the worst waiter in the history of Hell's Kitchen\".", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Ramsay asked the blue team the one person they do not want on their team any longer. The men picked Lacey who picked Robert due to a heated exchange on the patio between them. Robert went into a lengthy dialogue about her walking out during prep and that he would not accept quitters in his restaurant, then Danny voiced his opinion of Lacey's negative behavior. Ramsay then asked Ben to step forward, singling him out for picking Lacey when he felt he should have instead picked himself, after which Ben admitted that he had been the weakest performer of the night (besides the already-eliminated J) leading Ramsay to question him for not doing it. Despite expressing a desire to have their jackets, Ramsay gave Ben and Lacey one more chance since J's blunders had buried the blue kitchen from the outset of service.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Winner: Heather and Virginia stood in front of a closed door; Heather's door opened, making her the second winner of Hell's Kitchen. Virginia was very gracious in defeat, stating that she hoped she would be as good as Heather in the future.", "Christina Machamer Since being invested with celebrity status from her win, Machamer has been invited to a number of culinary events. She and the 2007 Hell's Kitchen winner Rock Harper competed in a cookoff[12] and both will be among those presenting at the 2009 Scottsdale Culinary Festival in Arizona.\nAfter Gordon Ramsay at The London West Hollywood was sold back to LXR hotels, Machamer traveled to Napa to study wine at CIA Greystone in St. Helena, California.[13] Shortly after, she returned to Los Angeles as part of the opening team at Bouchon in Beverly Hills for celebrated chef, Thomas Keller.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14) Season 14 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen premiered on March 3, 2015 on Fox. The prize is a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Atlantic City.[1] Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef with Andi Van Willigan and James Avery returning as sous-chefs for both their respective kitchens as well as Marino Monferrato as the maÃ®tre d'. Executive chef Meghan Gill from Roanoke, Virginia, won the competition, thus becoming the fourteenth winner of Hell's Kitchen.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) This season also featured a high amount of unusual eliminations; with two chefs leaving due to medical issues, and two chefs eliminated during service. Also, this season marked the first time a chef was eliminated despite being on the winning team, which would become more prominent in later seasons.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The men flew in a helicopter to Catalina Island, but Robert was forced to take a ferry due to his weight. While on a submarine ride, Seth demonstrated a level of knowledge of Gordon's personal life to the point that the guys jokingly believed that Seth was stalking him. When Robert finally arrived, with the long trip causing him to miss out on the day's events, it was time for the group to head back. Meanwhile, the women spent the day prepping a raw bar for the night's service. After the challenge, a dejected Lacey had retreated to her bunk in tears after being called out by Ramsay for her substandard performance (even though Paula had performed the worst for the women). Ji attempted to talk Lacey out of her funk, but to no avail. Following an argument between Lacey and Carol over Lacey's histrionics, Lacey claimed illness and remained in bed, not showing up in the kitchen until six hours into the punishment.", "Christina Machamer As a culinary student, Machamer was the contestant with the least cooking experience[7] and was nominated for elimination five times (including one from Ramsay), mostly because of what her peers saw as infantile behavior (a good example being at the start of the third episode where Jen was unable to calm her down over her nomination & angrily scolded Corey for nominating her) and a threatening intellect.[8] Despite this, she broke the standing record for the number of challenges won with 9 wins and finished as the final competitor, defeating the season's runner-up, Louis Petrozza.[7] What most impressed Ramsay was her special potential, something he did not see nearly enough of in any of the other contestants.[9] After winning, Machamer had the choice of accepting her $250,000 prize money at once or earning it as a paycheck for working a year at Gordon Ramsay's restaurant.[4]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: Actors in attendance include Eric McCormack sitting in the blue dining table and Robert Patrick in the red table. Paula made a rare mistake by bringing a poor risotto to the pass, but redeemed herself with the replacement. Robert, with some help from Ben, energetically pumped out appetizers, during which he ended up splitting his pants. However, the blue team was affected by a hapless Lacey panicking on the meat section, which led to Ramsay pulling her aside to get her head back in the game. When the blue entrees for Eric McCormack's table were stalled altogether afterward and Lacey then produced overly thin lamb chops, Ramsay immediately eliminated her just one week after having eliminated J mid-service for his terrible service. Despite being a member short for the second consecutive time, the blue team rallied and completed service with only three chefs. The red team, on the other hand, struggled throughout on the back of Carol's poor performance on meat, along with Andrea overcooking her John Dory and LA serving cold, lumpy mashed potatoes, with Ramsay describing her as \"half-awake\". With the blue team having finished their service and the red team nowhere near completing theirs, Ramsay lost his patience and shut the red kitchen down. The blue team won \"by a mile\", and an impressed Ramsay said he has never seen such tremendous teamwork from a team in the five seasons thus far.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11) Winner: After deliberating, Ramsay brought Ja'Nel and Mary to his office and gave them final praise before sending them in front of a door each. Ja'Nel's door opened, making her the eleventh winner of Hell's Kitchen. Ja'Nel hung her portrait on the Wall of Fame, while Dan reconciled with Mary.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Challenge – Part I: At a press conference, Ramsay revealed the season's first individual challenge, in which each chef would be competing to earn a black jacket, immunity from elimination in the next dinner service and their dish a place on the December page of the calendar. Each chef was given 45 minutes to create a dish of their choice. Ramsay then revealed three guest judges alongside him to judge the dishes, season 3 winner Rock Harper, season 9 winner Paul Niedermann, which Jason meets for the first time since he withdrawn due to illness, and season 10 second runner-up Dana Cohen; each judge rated the dish from 1–5.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Automatic elimination: Lacey's problems on the meat station continued, not helped by the fact that she continually complained she couldn't cook meat. Lacey was sent to the storage room where Ramsay warned her she was on her final straw. The final straw was sending up poorly cut lamb and she was sent back to the storage room where Ramsay eliminated her, to which she agreed. She was told to say her farewells, though her team was largely unresponsive, feeling relieved Lacey had left.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) Challenge: Ramsay gave the chefs fifteen minutes to create an original dish from a tray of fifteen leftovers from the previous service. Jessica made beef stew and a raspberry dessert, Michael made a pasta dish and a chicken dish, Ralph made a side chicken dish and Elsie made a chicken soup. Elsie won.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Reward/punishment: The women were treated to a steak meal with two Hell's Kitchen winners Rahman \"Rock\" Harper from Season 3 and Dave Levey from Season 6 while the men were forced to clean both kitchens.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14) Pre-challenge: Continued from the last episode, Ramsay introduced Christina Wilson, the winner of Season 10 of Hell's Kitchen. All of them flew out to Vegas for the final challenge.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: To motivate the chefs before service, Ramsay gave each chef a set of his brand of stainless steel cookware in the dorms. Service was smooth for the most part, but Ben had trouble recognizing that Ramsay wanted a \"plain\" salad, and kept putting croutons in. Danny lagged on the garnish station early into entrees. One customer pulled Jean-Philippe aside and requested a favor to him that he wanted to propose to his girlfriend. He gave the ring to Jean-Philippe, who then gave the ring to Chef Ramsay. The wedding ring was placed on a dessert with the words \"Will you marry me?\" written on the plate. A dome was placed over the dessert, and as soon as the dessert was delivered, the man proposed to his girlfriend. The girl accepted, the restaurant broke out in applause and Ramsay presented the girl with a rose and congratulated the new couple personally. Service ran smoothly right until the end when Andrea ran out of wellingtons because she miscounted them. This required Danny and Paula to find more wellingtons in the store room and preparing them from scratch, taking an additional 15 minutes. This left Ramsay extremely disappointed at the final part of service, as it had been their strongest so far. He told the chefs to come up with one nominee for elimination.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Winner: The winner was then determined by Ramsay, based on comments of the diners and his own observations. Holli and Jay stood in front of a closed door; Holli's door opened, making her the seventh winner of Hell's Kitchen; Jay took his defeat graciously.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Season 10 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen premiered on June 4, 2012 on Fox and concluded on September 10, 2012. Chef de Cuisine Christina Wilson won the season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Steak at the Paris Las Vegas in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada.", "List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists (U.S. season 5) Jeanine was the overall winner of season 5.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The blue team were treated to a day at Skin Haven spa while the red team had to set up the dining room that is complete with a basketball court and dance floor while the flamboyant emcee Francisco was brought back for a third go-round in Hell's Kitchen, much to Jean-Philippe's annoyance and disdain. Carol and Andrea sniped at each other throughout the punishment. During service, the red team received their second part of the punishment where they have to lift Max during the Hora.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Challenge: Each chef had 90 minutes to create dishes for each of the 100 dinersâ€”all of them Los Angeles' best chefs. Each of the diners would also determine which dish was the best and which was the worst. 76% of the chefs polled determined Danny's to be the worst, while 76% thought Paula's sturgeon dish was the best. Andrea was surprised at how beaten down Danny felt after the challenge.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Service: Both teams encountered problems. Clemenza burned the bruschetta, Royce served raw crab cakes and undercooked meat, and Barbie overcooked ribeye steak. After conferring, Justin served filet mignon as a substitute. On Christina's team, despite Christina distrusting Robyn, she put in a solid performance, while Dana struggled on fish. Near the end of service, an undercooked pork from Dana went to the pass for the red team, leading Ramsay to ask Christina to either serve it or restart the table. She decided to restart, a decision he approved of. Both teams completed service. Before he sends the finalists to the dorms, Ramsay named Tavon the winner of Hell's Kitchen as a joke.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Team challenge/signature dish: The women competed against the men and had 45 minutes to create their signature dish, judged by Ramsay.[4] Ramsay gave points to Anton's pork and crabmeat crust surf and turf over Simone's Peach and Crab Apple chutney pork chop, Jason's seared and braised wild salmon over Nicole's halibut filet (Jason previously competed in Season 9, but left during the first episode after he was hospitalized for shortness of breath. He stated that this was caused by dehydration), Chris' Cornish hen over Joy's chilled corn soup, Kashia's New York strip over Mike's herb-fried tortellini with romesco sauce. During the judging, Mike revealed that the tortellini was store-bought, and the sauce was made with canned tomatoes. Ramsay, disgusted, dumped out his dish. When sent back in line, Mike muttered an insult, causing Chef Ramsay to pull him back out and berate him. Melanie's pan-seared scallops scored over Richard's pan-roasted sea bass and Bev's Southeast Asian-style fish tacos scored over Gabriel's stuffed chicken breast. Neither Gaurav's afreen tuna pulao or Sandra's tender cod filet scored a point, Beth's pecan-crusted catfish scored over DeMarco's ricotta gnocchi with roasted tomato creme and sausage and Ralph's New England lobster dish scored over Rochelle's mushroom chicken with asparagus. Lastly, Jessica's rosemary-crusted venison loin with goat cheese polenta scored over Scott's herb-roasted rack of lamb, giving the women a 5â€“4 win and marking the third consecutive season the women won the signature dish challenge.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Reward/punishment: The women went camping for the day at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel. The guys faced the arduous task of cleaning up both the dining room and kitchens in addition to prepping both sides for tonight's service. However, they failed to finish the red kitchen's prep by the time the women returned, due to Danny and Robert plotting to get Ben out.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Team change: Lacey was transferred over to the men's team, as the men were now three members down, and also because most of the women made it clear that they were not willing to continue working with her.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Winner: After deliberating, Ramsay called Scott and Jason to his office and gave them final praise before sending them to two doors; Scott's door opened, making him the twelfth winner of Hell's Kitchen. Though he left for medical reasons in season 9's 1st episode and actually made it this far in this season, Jason took his defeat graciously and felt Scott deserved to win. Scott gave a victory speech and thanked people for supporting him.[note 4]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Team challenge: Each chef created their signature dish; men (blue team) competed against women (red team). Robyn's sea bass scored over Don's southwestern saltimbocca, neither Tiffany's Lamb Schnitzel nor Guy's pan-seared bass scored a point (Guy even told Ramsay not to try his dish as he burned his sauce), Roshni's lamb and Royce's grouper both scored points, Justin's dish scored over Danielle's, neither Kimmie's Fisherman's Trio nor Brian's dessert scored a point, neither Barbie's nor Chris' dish scored a point, Briana's and Patrick's dish both scored a point and Dana's pan-seared scallops scored over Tavon's shrimp scallops and crab. Lastly, Christina's pork chop scored over Clemenza's veal chop, giving the women a 5-3 win.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) 16 chefs competed in Season 5, and were initially separated by gender. The chefs were:", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Service: The women were missing their tomato butter sauce, which was supposed to have been made during the men's prep; Chef Ramsay suspected sabotage, and his suspicions were only furthered when the sauce that Ben gave them was far too salty, leading to Danny properly preparing a new batch. Giovanni lagged on boiling the water for spaghetti, and a Caesar salad prepared by J included the butt from a head of lettuce, infuriating Ramsay. Ben cut the lamb chops too thinly, and when Ramsay asked Danny how long on the mashed potatoes, Danny did not respond immediately, causing Ramsay to threaten to throw him out. Seth proved to be the worst performer of the night as he undercooked some scallops, didn't pay attention when Ramsay called out a ticket, then was caught by Ramsay wiping a pan with a soiled cloth that he had just previously used to wipe his face. In the red kitchen, Coi pre-made pasta instead of cooking it to order, prepared two underdone lobster spaghetti that were short on lobster, then dropped one of the pans containing the replacements. LA sent up poorly sliced wellingtons, Colleen conflicted with her on the meat station and cooked one order of beef Wellingtons too many. Ramsay finally had enough and declared both teams as losers, then sent the teams upstairs to decide which two members from each side should be up for elimination.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Service: Chef's tables were featured in this service. The blue team cooked for two American Idol contestants which include Season 9 winner Lee DeWyze and Season 10 finalist Haley Reinhart while the red team cooked for David Beckham and his son Brooklyn. Tiffany mistook cod for sea bass twice, but Barbie had an excellent performance on meat. The blue team struggled with Royce on meat, Clemenza on fish and Brian on flatbread, so Ramsay took all the male blue team members aside for a time out. After the red team finished service, Ramsay had them help the blue team. The red team were named winners and Barbie was named best of the night. Ramsay criticized the blue team, but did praise Robyn.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Challenge: Christina and Justin then had each one hour to cook five entrées, judged by five well-renowned chefs, including Wolfgang Puck. Christina won 3–2.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Service: The chefs competed against another team, composed of runners-up from previous seasons of Hell's Kitchen: Russell Kook II (season 8), Jay Santos (season 7), Kevin Cottle (season 6), Paula DaSilva (season 5), Bonnie Muirhead (season 3) and Virginia Dalbeck (season 2). The runner-up team had a virtually flawless service from start to finish, with Ramsay commenting how fast food was leaving the kitchen. Their only real mistake was Jay getting overwhelmed on fish, though even then, Kevin helped him get service back on track. For the black team, Robyn underdressed the caesar salads, and she and Clemenza cooked appetizers not on order. Dana failed to ask for help and control the fish station, Robyn was kicked out for talking back to Ramsay and Clemenza overcooked scallops. Ramsay told the black team their service was \"not bad\", but the returning chefs were deemed to have been far better, meaning one member of the black team would be eliminated.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Season 7 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen aired on the Fox Network from June 1, 2010 to August 10, 2010. Gordon Ramsay returned as host, as well as MaÃ®tre d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic and Blue Team Sous chef Scott Leibfried. Andi Van Willigan, a chef from Santa Monica, California became the sous chef for the Red Team.[1]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Previously, Chef Ramsay announced that he would give a surprise to the remaining three contestants. This surprise was a visit from their parents, family members, and significant others.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Elimination: Seth and Charlie were nominated. Despite Seth's horrendous butchering of the filet and annoying Ramsay and his teammates with an excessively long plea, Charlie was eliminated for his lack of progress over three services.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16) Service: The red team turned a near perfect service, their only error being Matt burning scallops, but Ryan and Kimberly put in strong performances on meat. The blue team had a very rocky service. Wendy forgot to cook carbonara and Paulie cooked too many risottos too early. Things got worse on the entrÃ©es as Johnny failed to sear the bass he was working on despite Shaina asking if they should, with Johnny not taking her advice prior to service, and also served raw bass while Devin served raw chicken while forgetting a portion. With the blue team 10 tables behind the red team including the judge's table, Ramsay lost his patience, threw the blue team out of the kitchen for the fifth time and sent the red team to finish their service for them.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 3) Challenge: After they have selected their restaurant's decor, the two chefs travel to Las Vegas with Ramsay on a private plane and are given a tour of the Green Valley Ranch Resort. In a surprise challenge, Ramsay tells the final two they have thirty minutes to create their specialty dish (listed above) and present it to the top chefs of Las Vegas. The dishes are judged by seven judges, including other chefs from Las Vegas restaurants, Robin Leach, seasons one and two Hell's Kitchen winners Michael Wray and Heather West, respectively, and the duo of the owner and head chef of the Green Valley Ranch Resort who cast the deciding vote. Bonnie won the challenge four votes to three.", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) Team challenge: Both teams had to cook a five-course meal using $100 and 10 minutes of shopping time at a local supermarket. Elsie scored over Jessica in the cold starters, but both Jeff and Ralph scored on the hot appetizers. Wendy was able to score over Chris on the fish entree, but Michael scored over Andrew on the meat entree. Lastly, Mary-Ellen scored over Jimmy on desserts. Both teams had three dishes liked by Ramsay, but Ramsay deemed the red team's dishes went together better, giving them the win.", "Christina Machamer Christina Machamer (born March 13, 1982) is an American chef who won the fourth season of Fox Network's reality cooking show Hell's Kitchen.[1] She was awarded the position of \"Senior Sous Chef\" (not the Executive Chef position as promised) at Gordon Ramsay's new London West Hollywood restaurant where she earned a $250,000 yearly salary." ]	[ "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5) Executive Chef Danny Veltri won the series and was awarded a sous chef position under Stephen Kalt at Italian restaurant Fornelletto at the Borgata in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Danny also received $250,000 in prize money from the show.[1]" ]
test1956	where do the florida marlins have spring training	[ "doc68744" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1412811", "doc68744", "doc465905", "doc68742", "doc68743", "doc246334", "doc185116", "doc2279910", "doc185122", "doc1866344", "doc445207", "doc185120", "doc2280036", "doc911411", "doc185121", "doc1412812", "doc445202", "doc185119", "doc185118", "doc1412813", "doc1044939", "doc185123", "doc695389", "doc2221679", "doc695376", "doc695384", "doc504412", "doc68747", "doc1044934", "doc842414", "doc2279914", "doc2221677", "doc2148551", "doc695388", "doc1918895", "doc1044941", "doc445205", "doc445206", "doc695379", "doc445208", "doc842411", "doc2413436", "doc2279924", "doc1341417", "doc842413", "doc1866354", "doc445204", "doc2221678", "doc974569", "doc1282179", "doc2280025", "doc1809523", "doc309196", "doc197612", "doc842442", "doc842455", "doc695371", "doc362211", "doc695373", "doc203009", "doc2280009", "doc771324", "doc695375", "doc1044937", "doc842482", "doc185117", "doc197610", "doc263799", "doc1677562", "doc68745", "doc695391", "doc772578", "doc362214", "doc445203", "doc1866343", "doc2221683", "doc197614", "doc1696664", "doc68748", "doc134058", "doc1209439", "doc199875", "doc2221682", "doc659880", "doc1062708", "doc842448", "doc842420", "doc197617", "doc2279989", "doc2280022", "doc1282178", "doc2280037", "doc2279919", "doc68746", "doc1062700", "doc2279911", "doc842471", "doc2148554", "doc1866350", "doc842477" ]	[ "Palm Beach County, Florida The St. Louis Cardinals and the Miami Marlins conduct their spring training at Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter. Two teams in the Class A-Advanced Florida State League also play their home games at Roger Dean Stadium: the Jupiter Hammerheads, an affiliate of the Miami Marlins, and the Palm Beach Cardinals, an affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals.", "Roger Dean Stadium Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms.", "West Palm Beach, Florida Spring Training Baseball: The newly built The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which made its debut in 2017, accommodates both the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros for spring training. The Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals conduct spring training in suburban West Palm Beach in the town of Jupiter, Florida at Roger Dean Stadium. In the past West Palm Beach hosted the Atlanta Braves and Montreal Expos at the former Municipal Stadium and the Philadelphia Athletics and St. Louis Browns at Connie Mack Field, which was demolished in 1992.", "Roger Dean Stadium GCL Cardinals (GCL) (1998–present)\nJupiter Hammerheads (FSL) (1998–present)\nMontreal Expos (MLB) (spring training) (1998–2002)\nSt. Louis Cardinals (MLB) (spring training) (1998–present)\nPalm Beach Cardinals (FSL) (2003–present)\nGCL Marlins (GCL) (2003–present)", "Roger Dean Stadium Roger Dean Stadium (officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter, Florida. The stadium was built in 1998, holds 6,871 people,[2] and features luxury sky-box seating, two levels of permanent seating, parking and concessions. The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams: the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League, and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League.", "St. Louis Cardinals The Cardinals home field in spring training is Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter, Florida. They share the complex, which opened in 1998, with the Miami Marlins. Before moving to Jupiter, the Cardinals hosted spring training at Al Lang Field in St. Petersburg, Florida from 1937â€“1997.", "Joker Marchant Stadium Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium is a baseball field in Lakeland, Florida. The 8,500-seat stadium was opened in 1966 and has had multiple renovations, most recently in 2017. It was named after local resident and former Lakeland Parks and Recreation Director Marcus \"Joker\" Marchant. It is the spring training home of the Detroit Tigers and the regular-season home of the minor league affiliates Lakeland Flying Tigers and Gulf Coast Tigers.", "Marlins Park Marlins Park[15] is a baseball park located in Miami, Florida. It is the current home of the Miami Marlins, the city's Major League Baseball franchise.[16] It is located on 17 acres of the former Miami Orange Bowl site in Little Havana, about 2 miles (3Â km) west of Downtown. Construction was completed in March 2012, in time for the 2012 season.", "Joker Marchant Stadium Detroit Tigers spring training game 2009", "Miami Marlins The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2011 season at Joe Robbie Stadium, which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The stadium was later called Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Land Shark Stadium, and Sun Life Stadium during their tenancy. Since the 2012 season, they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami, on the site of the former Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The new park, unlike Sun Life Stadium (which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations), was designed foremost as a baseball park. The new park's name is a temporary one until naming rights are purchased.[4][5] Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County (which owns the park), the Marlins officially changed their name to the \"Miami Marlins\" on November 11, 2011.[6] They also adopted a new logo, color scheme, and uniforms.", "Boston Red Sox spring training home On March 29, 2011, it was announced that the new field would be named JetBlue Park[4] at Fenway South. The park was named JetBlue Park after JetBlue Airlines,[5] which has maintained major operations at Boston's Logan International Airport since 2004.", "Joker Marchant Stadium Under a 20-year deal that ends in 2036, the stadium was renamed Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium on the first day of MLB's 2017 Spring Training. The Publix supermarket chain is headquartered in Lakeland and their hometown field is the only sports complex for which they have purchased naming rights. [6]", "Marlins Park February 15, 2011", "Lakeland, Florida Joker Marchant Stadium, north of downtown, hosts spring training for the Detroit Tigers, as well as their Lakeland Flying Tigers class-A Florida State League and GCL Tigers rookie-league Gulf Coast League minor league baseball teams.", "Joker Marchant Stadium Intersection of Kaline and Horton Way", "Palm Beach County, Florida The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, opened in February 2017 in West Palm Beach, accommodates both the Washington Nationals and the Houston Astros for spring training.", "Boston Red Sox spring training home Since 1993, the city of Fort Myers in Lee County, Florida, United States has been the Spring training home of the Boston Red Sox when the club moved from Winter Haven. Boston trains at the JetBlue Park at Fenway South since the ballpark opened in 2012, and the minor-league facility, featuring five full fields, is also within the Fenway South complex.", "Joker Marchant Stadium In October 2014, the Lakeland City Commission announced part of a new agreement with the Detroit Tigers included the start of a $37 million renovation and upgrade of the 50-year-old stadium, starting in April 2016[4][5] after Major League Baseball Spring Training. Funding provided in part by the Detroit Tigers, the City of Lakeland and Polk County. Two construction firms Barton Malow of Southfield, Michigan and Rodda Construction of Lakeland were chosen by the City Commission to oversee the project. The Lakeland Flying Tigers, which are the Detroit Tigers' High Class 'A' Minor League club, played their Florida State League season at Henley Field, 1.5 miles away.", "Joker Marchant Stadium The stadium could seat 4,900 people when it opened in 1966. In 1988, a bleacher section was added down the left field line, increasing seating capacity to 7,027. In 2002, Joker Marchant Stadium was renovated. The State of Florida's $4.5 million grant was the biggest chunk of the financing, while the Polk County Tourist Development Council chipped in $2 million. The remainder of the renovation's cost was paid for by the Tigers and City of Lakeland, increasing capacity to its present 8,500.[1]", "Palm Beach County, Florida Prior to the construction of Roger Dean Stadium, the Montreal Expos and Atlanta Braves held their spring training at Municipal Stadium in West Palm Beach. The West Palm Beach Expos, a Single-A affiliate of the Montreal Expos, also played their games there.", "Dunedin Stadium (Florida) Dunedin Stadium was once ranked by Sports Illustrated as one of the top five facilities to watch a Major League Baseball Spring training game[citation needed]. Dunedin has been the only spring home for the Toronto Blue Jays since their inception in 1977.", "Joker Marchant Stadium View from behind home plate", "Spring training In January 2017, the Braves announced a formal agreement to move their spring training home to a new park in North Port, Florida starting in 2019.[29]", "Ed Smith Stadium The Orioles became the stadium's tenant and operator in 2010.[3] Baltimore had trained in Sarasota before—at Twin Lakes Park in 1989 and 1990, as well as at Ed Smith in 1991—before moving to St. Petersburg and then Ft. Lauderdale for spring games.[2]", "Spring training The Philadelphia Phillies were the first of the current major-league teams to train in Florida, when they spent two weeks in Jacksonville, Florida in 1889.[14] Spring training in Florida began in earnest in 1913, when the Chicago Cubs played in Tampa, and the Cleveland Indians in Pensacola. One year later, two other teams moved to Florida for spring training, the real start of the Grapefruit League. Except for a couple of years during World War II, when travel restrictions prevented teams training south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers, Florida hosted more than half of the spring training teams through 2009. Since 2010, major league teams have been equally divided during spring training, with 15 teams in Florida and 15 teams in Arizona.[15] All but six of the major league teams have gone to spring training in Florida at one time or another. Many of the most famous players in baseball history (Ruth, Gehrig, Musial, Cobb, Mays, DiMaggio, Berra, Mantle, and many more) have called Florida home for 4â€“6 weeks every spring.[16]", "Spring training Generally, teams train in either Florida or Arizona based on their geographic location in the U.S., with eastern teams playing in Florida and western teams training in Arizona; the exceptions being the Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds, Milwaukee Brewers, and the two Chicago-based teams all training in Arizona; and the Houston Astros, Minnesota Twins and St. Louis Cardinals training in Florida. The last west-coast team to train in Florida was the Los Angeles Dodgers, who moved to Arizona in 2009.", "North Port, Florida In 2019, North Port will be the Spring Training home for the Atlanta Braves. The Braves will also hold extended spring training in North Port.[12]", "Roger Dean Stadium Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium's history in spring training, 1998.[6]", "Dunedin Stadium (Florida) Dunedin Stadium (originally Dunedin Stadium at Grant Field) is a baseball field located in Dunedin, Florida. The stadium was built in 1990 and holds 5,509 people. It is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays, as well as home to the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Class A Florida State League and the Dunedin High School Falcons baseball team. The stadium has also been known as Knology Park (2004–2008) and Florida Auto Exchange Stadium (2010–2017).", "History of the Miami Marlins The Marlins' first manager was Rene Lachemann, a former catcher who had previously managed the Seattle Mariners and Milwaukee Brewers, and who at the time of his hiring was a third base coach for the Oakland Athletics. The team drafted its initial lineup of players in the 1992 MLB Expansion Draft. The Marlins defeated the Houston Astros 12–8 in their inaugural Spring training game. Jeff Conine hit Florida's first homer before a crowd of 6,696 at the Cocoa Expo Sports Complex. The Marlins won their first game on April 5, 1993, against the Dodgers. Charlie Hough was the starting pitcher for that game. Jeff Conine went 4-4 as well, making him an immediate crowd favorite. By the end of his tenure with Florida, he would earn the nickname \"Mr. Marlin.\" Gary Sheffield and Bryan Harvey represented the Marlins as the club's first All-Star Game selections, and Sheffield homered in the Marlins first All-Star Game at-bat. The team finished the year five games ahead of the last-place New York Mets and with an attendance of 3,064,847. In that season, the Marlins traded their young set-up reliever Trevor Hoffman and two minor-league prospects to the San Diego Padres for third baseman Gary Sheffield. While Sheffield helped Florida immediately and became an all-star, Hoffman eventually emerged as the best closer in the National League. After the 1993 season, Donald A. Smiley was named the second President in club history. The Marlins finished last (51–64) in their division in the strike-shortened season of 1994 and fourth (67-76) in 1995. Lachemann was replaced as manager midway through the 1996 season by director of player development John Boles.", "Marlins Park Prior to the construction of Marlins Park, the Marlins played home games at what was originally known as Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami Gardens, which was known by a number of different names during the Marlins' tenure there. Joe Robbie Stadium was built in 1987 as home to the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL), and was designed as a multi-purpose stadium built primarily for football, but its design also accommodated baseball and soccer. Dolphins founder Joe Robbie believed it was a foregone conclusion that MLB would come to South Florida, so he wanted the stadium designed to make any necessary renovations for baseball as seamless as possible. The Marlins arrived in 1993 and during their time at the stadium, the Marlins drew more than 3 million people in their inaugural season and also won two World Series titles, in 1997 and 2003. The stadium continues to be home to the Dolphins, and since 2008, the Miami Hurricanes from the University of Miami.", "Ed Smith Stadium Ed Smith Stadium is a baseball field located in Sarasota, Florida. Since 2010, it has been the spring training home of the Baltimore Orioles.", "Holman Stadium (Vero Beach) The then-Brooklyn Dodgers were one of the first major league baseball teams to conduct spring training in Florida, establishing their operations in this quiet beachside town in 1948. Previously an abandoned Naval base, the complex was transformed for the Dodgers. Historic Dodgertown and Holman Stadium served as their spring home for more than 60 years. In recent decades, Arizona has established itself alongside Florida as the second major center for spring baseball, and the Dodgers were the last western team to still conduct its spring training in Florida.[2]", "Spring training The list of spring training locations by team in the Grapefruit League in Florida.[28]", "Clearwater, Florida Spectrum Field in Clearwater is the spring training home of Major League Baseball's Philadelphia Phillies, as well as their High-A affiliate, the Clearwater Threshers.", "Dunedin Stadium (Florida) The Jays lease of the facility runs through 2017, but they have the option to extend it by an additional five years twice. After investigating possible alternative sites to host their spring training facility,[5] the Jays negotiated a $81 million renovation to the stadium ($33.3 million) and Englebert Complex ($47.8 million), which they would contribute $20 million to (plus any cost overruns) with the rest coming from the state ($13.7 million), county ($41.7 million) and city ($5.6 million) governments.[6][7][8] The stadium capacity would be expanded from 5,500 to 8,500, with 6,500 fixed seats.[9] The lease agreement for the stadium lasts for 25 years, with the option to renew for a further 2 years five times.[6][10] The City Commission approved the deal in November 2017.[11] The club retains all revenue from sales at concessions and parking at the stadium, while they share revenue from naming rights with the city.[6] The county to approved a funding request for the project in April 2018, and construction is planned to begin by the end of 2018.[12]", "Boston Red Sox spring training home On October 28, 2008, the Lee County commission voted 13-11 to approve an agreement with the Boston Red Sox to build a new spring-training facility for the team in south Lee County. Dee was present in the chambers for the vote, and took the agreement back to Boston to meet with team owner John W. Henry and other team officials.[2] On November 15, 2008, the Red Sox signed an agreement with Lee County that will keep their spring training home in the Fort Myers area for 20 more years.[3]", "Boston Red Sox spring training home Wednesday, April 10, 2008, the Lee County commissioners selected the Watermen-Pinnacle site on Daniels Parkway (a little more than a mile east of Interstate 75) as the site for the new facility.", "Spring training While Florida and Arizona now host all Major League Baseball teams for spring training, this has not always been the case. The Brooklyn Dodgers trained in Havana, Cuba in 1947 and 1949, and in the Dominican Republic in 1948.[20] The New York Yankees also trained in the early 1950s in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Spring training camps and games were also held in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and various cities of northern Mexico, sometimes by visiting major league teams in the 1950s and 1960s.", "Boston Red Sox spring training home The new stadium opened in March, 2012. Many characteristics of the stadium were taken from Fenway Park, including a 37-foot (11Â m) Green Monster wall in left field, featuring seating on top of and behind the wall. Included in the wall is a restored version of the manual scoreboard that was housed at Fenway for almost 30 years, beginning in the 1970s.[6] The field dimensions at JetBlue Park are identical to those at Fenway.[6]", "History of the Miami Marlins On March 7, 1990, Wayne Huizenga, CEO of Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation, announced he had purchased 15 percent of the NFL's Miami Dolphins and 50 percent of the Dolphins' home, Joe Robbie Stadium, for an estimated $30 million. Huizenga stated his intention to aggressively pursue an expansion franchise. MLB had announced a few months earlier that it intended to add two new teams to the National League. It was a foregone conclusion that one of them would be placed in Florida; the only question was whether Huizenga would beat out competing groups from Orlando and Tampa Bay. Orlando fielded a very spirited campaign bolstered by its family-oriented tourism industry. Tampa Bay already had a baseball park—the Florida Suncoast Dome in St. Petersburg, completed in 1990. However, on June 10, 1991, the National League awarded a Miami-based franchise to Huizenga for a $95 million expansion fee. One name considered early on was the Florida Flamingos.[1] The franchise adopted the nickname \"Marlins\" from previous minor league teams, the Miami Marlins of the International League from 1956 to 1960, and the Miami Marlins (1962–70) and Miami Marlins (1982–88) teams that played in the Florida State League.", "Little Havana Marlins Park under construction", "Marlins Park Huizenga swooped in to counter the city's Orange Bowl proposal by offering 15 acres near what was then Dolphins Stadium and about $50 million for a baseball-only venue in exchange for revenue. But Marlins management was less than enthusiastic about entering another stadium arrangement with Huizenga next to the Dolphins. Selig granted Loria's request to explore cities outside of South Florida as potential homes. Team officials traveled to San Antonio, Texas, in December 2005, to meet with officials who showed them potential stadium locations around the city and discussed plans to finance a ballpark. The Marlins also flirted with interest from Las Vegas, Nevada, and Portland, Oregon in 2006.[25]", "Peoria Sports Complex During spring training, it is the home stadium of both the San Diego Padres and the Seattle Mariners, who play in the spring training Cactus League. Both teams are leased to hold spring training there through the year 2034.[3]", "History of the Miami Marlins On December 16, 1991, they made their first-ever signing, inking 16-year-old Dominican pitcher Clemente Núñez to a contract.[2] They selected catcher Charles Johnson of the University of Miami with their first-ever first round draft pick in June 1992. Later that year Marlins President Carl Barger collapsed and died at the baseball winter meetings in Louisville, Kentucky. The Marlins later retired the number 5 in honor of Barger's favorite player, Joe DiMaggio, but would put the number back into circulation when they moved to the city of Miami in 2012, honoring Barger instead with a plaque at the new Marlins Park.", "Miami Marlins The seating capacity for Marlins Park is 36,742, making it the third smallest stadium (in capacity) in the MLB. Its first regular season game was April 4, 2012, against the St. Louis Cardinals, the ballpark became only the sixth MLB stadium to have a retractable roof, joining Rogers Centre in Toronto (1989), Chase Field in Phoenix (1998), Safeco Field in Seattle (1999), Minute Maid Park in Houston (2000), and Miller Park in Milwaukee (2001).", "Boston Red Sox spring training home The Red Sox's spring training lease with Fort Myers runs through 2019, however, the Red Sox began toying with exercising an early out in their contract that allowed them to leave following the 2009 spring season. Chief operating officer Mike Dee met with Sarasota officials on April 25, 2008 to discuss the possibility of the Red Sox moving to Sarasota's Ed Smith Stadium once its current spring inhabitants, the Baltimore Orioles, move to their new spring home in Sarasota.[1]", "Ed Smith Stadium Ed Smith Stadium was built in 1989 to replace Payne Park as a Spring Training and Minor League Baseball site. It is named for the Sarasota civic leader who was instrumental in getting the new stadium built.[1] It was formerly the spring home of the Chicago White Sox (1989â€“1997) and the Baltimore Orioles (1991). In 1998, it replaced Plant City Stadium as the spring training home of the Cincinnati Reds. The Reds remained at the facility through 2008. After Cincinnati's club moved its spring activities to Arizona, Ed Smith Stadium spent a year without major league Spring Training.[2]", "Fort Lauderdale, Florida The New York Yankees, Baltimore Orioles, and Kansas City Royals used to conduct spring training in the city at Fort Lauderdale Stadium,[111] and NCAA Division I college sports teams of Florida International University and University of Miami play in Dade County. Florida Atlantic University's athletic programs are located in neighboring Palm Beach County.", "Camelback Ranch Camelback Ranch replaces Holman Stadium in Vero Beach, Florida as the Dodgers' spring training home, and Tucson Electric Park in Tucson, Arizona as the White Sox spring training home.", "Marlins Park From March 9 to 13, 2017, Marlins Park hosted Pool C in the four-pool, first round of the 2017 World Baseball Classic.", "Champion Stadium Champion Stadium is a baseball stadium located at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in the Walt Disney World Resort.[1] The stadium was built in 1997. It is the spring training home of the Atlanta Braves[2] and is the home for the Rookie-league GCL Braves. The stadium has a capacity of 9,500 including seating in the berm area. It features four luxury boxes and two open-air party suites. In January 2017, the Braves announced a formal agreement to move their spring training home to North Port, Florida.[3]", "Naples, Florida In December 2009, Florida Governor Charlie Crist met with Chicago Cubs president Crane Kenney, chairman Tom Ricketts and other team officials about possibly moving the Cubs' spring training and minor league facilities from Mesa, Arizona, to Naples.[29]", "George M. Steinbrenner Field Tampa was the first spring training site in Florida, beginning in 1913 with the Chicago Cubs.[10] In the ensuing decades, the city hosted several different Major League Baseball teams for spring training and was home to several different minor league squads during the summer, first at Plant Field near downtown and later at Al Lopez Field near West Tampa. This era came to an end in 1988 when, after almost 30 years in Tampa, the Cincinnati Reds moved to new training facilities in Plant City, Florida and transferred operation of the Tampa Tarpons, their local minor league affiliate in the Florida State League, to the Chicago White Sox. In 1989, the Tarpons moved to Sarasota, Florida and Al Lopez Field was razed, leaving the city with no professional baseball teams and no large baseball venue.", "History of the Miami Marlins Closer Todd Jones, pitchers A. J. Burnett, Brian Moehler, Ismael Valdéz, Paul Quantrill, first baseman Jeff Conine, infielder Lenny Harris, outfielder Juan Encarnación, and shortstop Álex González were among the Marlins' players whose contracts expired following the 2005 season. Burnett signed a five-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays worth $55 million and Jones signed for two years with the Detroit Tigers, while Moehler elected to remain with the Marlins. The team declined to offer arbitration to Conine, Valdéz, Quantrill, Encarnación, Damion Easley, and Mike Mordecai, effectively ending their tenures with the club.[7] Soon after announcing a plan to relocate (see below), the Marlins started to shed payroll by dealing their highest-paid players for minor league prospects, in a series of moves reminiscent of the \"fire sale\" in the 1997 offseason. In response, the club announced that it was, in their opinion, a \"market correction\", brought about by the lack of a stadium deal.[8] On November 24, Josh Beckett, Mike Lowell, and Guillermo Mota were traded to the Red Sox for four minor-league prospects: shortstop Hanley Ramírez, and pitchers Aníbal Sánchez, Jesús Delgado, and Harvey García. The trade left Dontrelle Willis as the only remaining member of the team's 2005 Opening Day rotation. The Marlins filled most of the remaining rotation spots with young pitchers such as Jason Vargas, Josh Johnson, and Scott Olsen, all of whom they had recalled from their Class AA affiliate during the 2005 season.[9]", "History of the Miami Marlins A few weeks before the regular season, the Florida Marlins' 15-year quest for a permanent home became a reality by agreeing to bankroll a big share of a $634 million stadium complex to rise on the grounds of the old Orange Bowl site. The Marlins hoped to open at the new stadium on Opening Day 2012 with a new name of Miami Marlins.", "Spring training In Major League Baseball (MLB), spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Spring training allows new players to try out for roster and position spots, and gives established players practice time prior to competitive play. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many US college students.", "Boston Red Sox Former left fielder Mike Greenwell is from Fort Myers, Florida and was instrumental in bringing his team to the city for spring training. City of Palms Park was built in 1992 for that purpose and holds 8,000 people. It is also the home of the Red Sox Rookie team, the Gulf Coast League Red Sox, from April through June.[citation needed]", "Spring training Spring training by major league teams in sites other than their regular season game sites first became popular in the 1890s and by 1910 was in wide use. Hot Springs, Arkansas has been called the original \"birthplace\" of Spring Training baseball. The location of Hot Springs and the concept of getting the players ready for the upcoming season was the brainchild of Chicago White Stockings (today's Chicago Cubs) team President Albert Spalding and Cap Anson. In 1886, the White Stockings traveled to Hot Springs to prepare for the upcoming season.[1][2] Practicing at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds, the White Stockings had a successful season and other teams took notice and began holding spring training in Hot Springs.[2] The Cleveland Spiders, Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox followed the White Stockings to Hot Springs. Whittington Park/Ban Johnson Park (1894), Majestic Park (1909) and Fogel Field (1912) were all built in Hot Springs to host Major League teams.[3][4]", "Salt River Fields at Talking Stick Salt River Fields at Talking Stick is a stadium complex located in the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community near Scottsdale, Arizona, at the former site of the Indian Bend Country Club. It serves as the Major League Baseball spring-training facility for the Arizona Diamondbacks and the Colorado Rockies, replacing Tucson Electric Park for the Diamondbacks and Hi Corbett Field for the Rockies. The complex represents the first MLB park to be built on Native American Indian land.[3]", "Marlins Park Marlin Park hosted a trio of soft openings prior to Spring training. The first baseball game took place on March 5, 2012, with a high school baseball game between Christopher Columbus High School and Belen Jesuit Preparatory School. The Marlins played an exhibition game on March 6 against the Miami Hurricanes (defeating the Canes 7-6) and on March 7 against the FIU Golden Panthers (defeating the Panthers 5-1).[88] The Marlins then hosted two spring training exhibition games at the new ballpark against the New York Yankees on April 1 and 2, 2012.[89]", "2017 Washington Nationals season For 2017, the Nationals moved to a new spring training facility at The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches, in West Palm Beach, Florida, which they share with the Houston Astros. Projected to cost US$135 million, the construction of the ballpark and training facilities actually cost US$150 million.[55] The new facility provided each team with two major-league-size practice fields, four-minor-league-size practice fields, an agility field, a half field, batting cages, and pitching mounds, and centered around a new baseball stadium with 6,400 ticketed seats and 1,250 berm seats. The move from their former spring training home, Space Coast Stadium in Viera, Florida, placed the Nationals far closer to other teams during spring training, facilitating travel for spring training games.[56]", "Spring training Early training sites include the St. Louis Cardinals in Hot Springs, Arkansas, and Tulsa, Oklahoma; the New York Yankees in New Orleans and later Phoenix, Arizona, when the team was owned by Del Webb; the Chicago Cubs in Los Angeles when owned by William Wrigley Jr.; the St. Louis Browns and later the Kansas City Athletics in San Diego then in West Palm Beach, Florida; the Pittsburgh Pirates in Honolulu and other teams joined in by the early 1940s. The Detroit Tigers are credited with being the first team to conduct spring training camp in Arizona. They trained in Phoenix at Riverside Park at Central Avenue and the Salt River in 1929.[13]", "Dunedin Stadium (Florida) In the fall of 2000, the Toronto Blue Jays signed an agreement to remain in Dunedin for an additional 15 years pending a $12-million renovation. The state of Florida paid $6 million, Pinellas County $3 million, and the Jays and Dunedin paid the remainder for the renovations. The agreement took effect in March 2002. Part of the renovations have included a new two-story building that includes a clubhouse, training room, weight room, and office space that was built next to the stadium. The most recent renovations at Dunedin Stadium include remodeled restrooms and replacement of the grandstand seats.", "History of the Miami Marlins In 2017, Jeffrey Loria advertised for bids to sell the Miami Marlins. Former New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter expressed interest in being involved with an ownership group, attempting initially to join a bid with former Florida Governor Jeb Bush. Eventually, he became a minority partner in the eventual winning bid, a $1.2-billion offer led by Bruce Sherman, which was accepted on August 11, 2017.[29] The bid was officially submitted to Major League Baseball for analysis and approval on August 15.[30] Jeter and Sherman immediately held a complete firesale, in an attempt to bring the franchise back to profitability, trading away Marcell Ozuna to the Cardinals and fan-favorite and superstar Giancarlo Stanton to the Yankees.", "Joker Marchant Stadium On March 15, 2011, the largest crowd in the stadium's history (10,307 people) watched a spring training game between the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox.[3]", "George M. Steinbrenner Field George M. Steinbrenner Field (formerly known as Legends Field[7]), is a baseball stadium located in Tampa, Florida across Dale Mabry Highway from Raymond James Stadium, home of the National Football League's Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The ballpark was built in 1996 and holds 11,026 people with an addition in right field built in 2007.[8] This ballpark is the largest spring training ballpark in Florida.", "Florida About half of all Major League Baseball teams conduct spring training in the state, with teams informally organized into the \"Grapefruit League\". Throughout MLB history, other teams have held spring training in Florida.", "Dunedin, Florida Since 1977, Dunedin is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays, as well as the class-A Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League. Dunedin is one of the smallest communities used by Major League spring training teams, although surrounded by a large metropolitan area. Dunedin Stadium is situated next to the Dunedin Public Library a few blocks south of downtown on Douglas Avenue, and is just two blocks east of Edgewater Drive. The stadium was built as a replacement to Grant Field, the Blue Jays' first spring training ball park. The library was founded in 1895 and is the oldest public library in Pinellas County.[7]", "Roger Dean Stadium Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals, until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria. The Expos, now known as the Washington Nationals, then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera, Florida.", "Spring training The newest stadium built for MLB spring training is Sloan Park, the spring training home for the Chicago Cubs in Mesa, Arizona, which opened in February 2014.", "Seattle Mariners The Peoria Sports Complex in Peoria, Arizona, has been the Mariners' home spring training facility since 1994. The complex is shared with the San Diego Padres.[26] On March 25, 2013, in a 16-0 victory over the Cincinnati Reds, the Mariners broke the team record for total home runs during a spring training season with 52.[27]", "Boston Red Sox Wednesday, April 30, 2009, the Lee County commissioners selected the Watermen-Pinnacle site on Daniels Parkway (a little more than a mile east of Interstate 75) as the site for the new facility. The backup choice, if negotiations between county staff and the developer falter, is the University Highland site just north of Germain Arena in Estero. Jeff Mudgett, a Fort Myers architect who is volunteering his time toward the project, envisions a facility with a mini-Fenway Park that would open for Spring 2012.[69]", "Boston Red Sox spring training home The Minnesota Twins play their spring training at Hammond Stadium, which is also located in Fort Myers. Each spring the two teams will play five of their preseason games against each other in a series known as the Mayor's Cup.", "Miami Marlins The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami, Florida. The Marlins compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) East division. Their home park is Marlins Park. Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title (the other is the Colorado Rockies), the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team.", "Ed Smith Stadium The Baltimore Orioles reached a tentative 30-year agreement to begin spring training at Ed Smith Stadium starting in 2010 which included renovations to the stadium and surrounding areas. The $31.2 million renovation was completed prior to the beginning of spring training in February 2011.[5]", "George M. Steinbrenner Field The ballpark and the surrounding training complex cost approximately $30 million to build and was financed entirely with public funds, mostly from Hillsborough County.[13][14][15] It hosted its first spring training game on March 1, 1996 when the Yankees opened spring training by hosting the Cleveland Indians.[11]", "Sloan Park With a capacity of 15,000, Sloan Park is the largest spring training stadium by capacity in Major League Baseball, surpassing Camelback Ranch in Glendale (coincidentally, spring training home of the Cubs' in-city rival the Chicago White Sox) by 2,000 seats.[4]", "Roger Dean Stadium In September 2012, the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic. Spain, France, Israel, and South Africa took part in the qualifier.[7]", "Pinellas County, Florida Two MLB teams come to Pinellas for spring training: the Philadelphia Phillies play at Bright House Field in Clearwater while the Toronto Blue Jays play at Florida auto exchange stadium in Dunedin.", "Sarasota, Florida Sarasota also is home to Ed Smith Stadium, where the Baltimore Orioles currently have spring training. The Orioles also have minor league facilities at Twin Lakes Park. Both facilities will undergo major upgrades after spring training in 2010. The agreement with the Orioles also places a Cal Ripken Youth Baseball Academy in Sarasota.[33] Previously, Ed Smith Stadium was the spring training home of the Cincinnati Reds and the minor league Sarasota Reds.", "Washington Nationals The Nationals hold spring training in Florida, where they play their annual slate of Grapefruit League games. From 2005 through 2016, they held spring training at Space Coast Stadium in Viera, Florida, a facility that they inherited from the Expos. In 2017, the Nationals moved their spring training operations to The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches, a new facility they share with the Houston Astros in West Palm Beach, Florida; they played their first Grapefruit League game there on February 28, 2017.", "Ed Smith Stadium In 2008, a planned renovation fell through when a proposed bond issue from the city of Sarasota to partially fund the renovation was rejected by the voters. The Reds, whose lease with the city and the stadium expired after the season, announced that they intend to seek a new spring training home.[4] They moved to Goodyear Ballpark, located in Arizona, in 2010.", "Miami The Heat and the Marlins play within Miami's city limits. The Heat play at the American Airlines Arena in Downtown Miami. The Miami Marlins home ballpark is Marlins Park, located in Little Havana on the site of the old Orange Bowl stadium.", "Hard Rock Stadium The first Marlins game played at then-Joe Robbie Stadium was on April 5, 1993, a 6â€“3 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "History of the Miami Marlins Shortly after the 2006 season ended and following months of speculation, Marlins manager Joe Girardi was fired on October 3, 2006 not long after winning the National League Manager of the Year award. This was due to a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers earlier in the year in which Girardi did not challenge a call that pitcher Taylor Tankersley thought was a strike and this prompted owner Jeffrey Loria, who was in the stands and a few feet away from the dugout, to call out Girardi who refused to listen to him. This wasn't the only thing that triggered the feud; earlier in the year Girardi reportedly wanted 1B Mike Jacobs to start off the year in triple A, Willingham to start at catcher, Miguel Cabrera to start at first base.[12] Within hours, Atlanta Braves third base coach Fredi González was named his replacement and was signed to a three-year contract.", "History of the Miami Marlins In 1999, the Marlins were the first MLB team to host a game in which instant replay was used.[3] While playing the Cardinals, Cliff Floyd hit a ball to the top of the left field scoreboard. Originally ruled a home run, NL umpire Frank Pulli reversed the call to a double, after consulting a dugout TV monitor. The Cardinals won the game, 5–2. After the game, the NL League Office declared the umpires erred in using instant replay. MLB would not use instant replay again for almost a decade.[4] The Marlins finished the 1999 season with the worst record in baseball at 64–98, and traded World Series MVP Liván Hernández to the San Francisco Giants. The Marlins also drafted P Johan Santana from Houston in the Rule 5 draft but traded him to Minnesota in a prearranged deal for P Jared Camp.", "George M. Steinbrenner Field On April 20, 2016, Hillsborough County commissioners approved a $40 million renovation of George M. Steinbrenner Field, greenlighting an agreement that will keep New York Yankees' spring training in Tampa through 2046. Renovations began after the 2016 season. Improvements included new seats throughout the 10,000-capacity ballpark, roof replacements, a better entry plaza and an upgraded outfield concourse. The renovations also included adding new amenities such as new loge boxes, cabanas, suite upgrades, a right-field beachside bar and bullpen clubs. The bullpen clubs will be installed on both the first base and the third base side. The clubs are composed of two levels; the top tier is exclusively for group tickets, club seat members and lodge seating, while the bottom tier features a full bar that all ticket members can access. Additional shaded areas were constructed to protect fans from the sun. The team's spring training practice facility on Himes Avenue was also upgraded. The renovations were completed in time for Spring Training 2017.[19][20]", "Marlins Park Santee explains:", "Marlins Park Marlins Park hosted Pool 2 during the second round of the 2013 World Baseball Classic on March 12â€“16, 2013.[107]", "Camelback Ranch Camelback Ranch–Glendale is a stadium in Phoenix, Arizona owned by the city of Glendale, Arizona and operated by Camelback Spring Training LLC. It is the spring training home of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago White Sox. The stadium holds 13,000 people.", "Marlins Park Adjacent parking structure on February 15, 2011", "Marlins Park Loria and Samson began a push for public assistance to fund construction. The city was initially reluctant to help the team pay for a stadium with tax money, although they supported the project. Miami-Dade County showed more willingness to commit public money early on. In May 2004, county commissioners agreed to fund a portion of a new stadium. The Miami Dolphins notified the Marlins in December 2004 that they would terminate its lease at Sun Life Stadium following the 2010 season if no stadium deal appeared imminent.", "Roger Dean Stadium Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne.[5]", "Hard Rock Stadium Hard Rock Stadium is a multipurpose football stadium located in Miami Gardens, Florida, a city north of Miami. It is the home stadium of the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). Hard Rock Stadium also plays host to the Miami Hurricanes football team during their regular season. The facility also hosts the Orange Bowl, an annual college football bowl game. It was the home to the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1993 to 2011.", "Marlins Park The stadium is designed in a neomodern form of baseball architecture. Marlins Park was also LEED certified as the greenest MLB park in 2012.[17] The building is the sixth MLB stadium to have a retractable roof. With a seating capacity of 37,442,[2] it is the third-smallest stadium in Major League Baseball by official capacity, and the smallest by actual capacity.", "History of the Miami Marlins Soon after the World Series, the team began its offseason on trying to improve its defense and bullpen while filling a dire need at catcher. Out of the gate, the Florida Marlins became one of the most active teams on the market. After retaining Edwin Rodríguez and bringing back defensive guru Perry Hill, the team traded the disappointing results of the notorious Miguel Cabrera–Dontrelle Willis trade. Andrew Miller was the first to go when he was traded to the Boston Red Sox on November 12 in exchange for another lefty, Dustin Richardson, a relief pitcher. The next day, the team shipped out young center fielder Cameron Maybin to the San Diego Padres for relief pitchers Ryan Webb and Edward Mujica to help in the expected overhaul of the team's disappointing bullpen.", "Holman Stadium (Vero Beach) In addition to baseball, the Holman Stadium complex and conference center has hosted training sessions by the New Orleans Saints.[3] The Saints visited Dodgertown for training camps through 1984. The Green Bay Packers,[4] the Cleveland Browns,[5] the Buffalo Bills,[6] the New England Patriots,[7] the Kansas City Chiefs,[8] the Philadelphia Eagles,[9] and the college teams of the Miami Hurricanes,[10] the Ohio State Buckeyes[11] and the University of South Florida Bulls.[12] Holman Stadium has also played host to some international teams such as the Yomiuri Giants,[13] the Chunichi Dragons,[14] the Osaka Buffaloes (Japan),[15] the Samsung Lions who also returned for visits in 1992, 1993, 1995 and 1997.[16] the LG Twins,[17] the SK Wyverns,[18] teams from Korea. The Sinon Bulls Taiwanese team,[19] the Nigeria national baseball team and the Moscow Red Devils.[20] Including on March 31, 1961 at 7:30Â p.m., famed evangelist Dr. Billy Graham held a Good Friday service at Holman Stadium during his Florida Crusades, joined by a Crusade choir of locals numbering nearly 400.[21]", "Miami Marlins From 1993 until 2011, the Marlins had retired the number 5 in honor of Carl Barger, the first president of the Florida Marlins who died prior to the team's inaugural season. Barger's favorite player was Joe DiMaggio, thus the selection of number 5. With the move to the new ballpark, the team opted to honor Barger with a plaque. Logan Morrison, a Kansas City native and fan of Royals Hall-of-Famer George Brett (who wore that number with the Royals), became the first Marlin to wear the number.[9]", "History of the Miami Marlins In September 2011, the Marlins acquired manager Ozzie Guillén in a trade with the Chicago White Sox. The Marlins unveiled a new set of uniforms and color schemes on November 11, 2011, officially becoming the \"Miami Marlins\". They signed several high-profile free agents during the off-season in Jose Reyes, Heath Bell, and former White Sox pitcher Mark Buehrle, who played for Ozzie Guillén from 2004 to 2011. They opened Marlins Park and the 2012 season against the St. Louis Cardinals on April 4, losing 4–1. The Marlins struggled through the first 100 games, only winning 46, despite going a franchise record 21–8 through May, resulting in the trades of Omar Infante, Aníbal Sánchez, and Hanley Ramírez. The team finished 69–93, its worst record since 1999. This resulted in Guillén being fired after one season. Mike Redmond succeeded him as the Marlins' manager. There was another fire sale, with the sale of almost every other major Marlins player of 2012 but Giancarlo Stanton.[citation needed]" ]	[ "Roger Dean Stadium Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms." ]
test1705	the letter of the law versus the spirit of the law	[ "doc60537" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc60537", "doc60538", "doc60544", "doc60542", "doc60540", "doc60548", "doc60543", "doc60541", "doc60539", "doc60547", "doc828373", "doc60546", "doc60545", "doc359335", "doc1210477", "doc828377", "doc359353", "doc828435", "doc359363", "doc163266", "doc828400", "doc828389", "doc359359", "doc828375", "doc828394", "doc806991", "doc1040740", "doc828388", "doc828374", "doc88148", "doc321039", "doc828378", "doc828379", "doc828396", "doc882785", "doc321043", "doc1354362", "doc828381", "doc1741828", "doc882786", "doc1503505", "doc1196896", "doc388325", "doc932103", "doc359371", "doc828385", "doc1849385", "doc2523904", "doc359367", "doc1108916", "doc359361", "doc128623", "doc1503523", "doc607440", "doc359360", "doc1129109", "doc359354", "doc253860", "doc1814039", "doc828403", "doc1814042", "doc2075478", "doc2075473", "doc359336", "doc303602", "doc321048", "doc961052", "doc19237", "doc1087438", "doc882850", "doc283873", "doc359338", "doc1537197", "doc2226779", "doc2226772", "doc359356", "doc303642", "doc277696", "doc1503517", "doc1180383", "doc277693", "doc1210484", "doc359344", "doc343312", "doc416685", "doc2523886", "doc320484", "doc828430", "doc303632", "doc2509815", "doc321123", "doc421879", "doc873976", "doc2404772", "doc1849387", "doc2523877", "doc828380", "doc321091", "doc297183", "doc1180385" ]	[ "Letter and spirit of the law The letter of the law versus the spirit of the law is an idiomatic antithesis. When one obeys the letter of the law but not the spirit, one is obeying the literal interpretation of the words (the \"letter\") of the law, but not necessarily the intent of those who wrote the law. Conversely, when one obeys the spirit of the law but not the letter, one is doing what the authors of the law intended, though not necessarily adhering to the literal wording.", "Letter and spirit of the law \"Law\" originally referred to legislative statute, but in the idiom may refer to any kind of rule. Intentionally following the letter of the law but not the spirit may be accomplished through exploiting technicalities, loopholes, and ambiguous language.", "Letter and spirit of the law In the Gospels Jesus is often shown as being critical of Pharisees. He is more like the Essenes than the other Jewish groups of the time (Sadducees, Pharisees, Zealots)[citation needed]; however, the Pharisees, like Jesus, believed in the resurrection of the dead, and in divine judgment. They advocated prayer, almsgiving and fasting as spiritual practices. The Pharisees were those who were trying to be faithful to the law given to them by God. Not all Pharisees, nor all Jews of that time, were legalistic. Though modern language has used the word Pharisee in the pejorative to describe someone who is legalistic and rigid, it is not an accurate description of all Pharisees. The argument over the \"Spirit of the Law\" vs. the \"Letter of the Law\" was part of early Jewish dialogue as well .[1]", "Letter and spirit of the law The Christian Bible references the letter and the spirit of the law in 2 Cor 3:6 NASB. Though it is not quoted directly, the principle is applied using the words \"spirit\" and \"letter\" in context with the legalistic view of the Hebrew Bible. This is the first recorded use of the phrase.", "Letter and spirit of the law Interpretations of the U.S. Constitution have historically divided on the \"Letter versus Spirit\" debate. For example, at the founding, the Federalist Party argued for a looser interpretation of the Constitution, granting Congress broad powers in keeping with the spirit of the broader purpose of some founders (notably including the Federalist founders' purposes). The Federalists would have represented the \"spirit\" aspect. In contrast, the Democratic-Republicans, who favored a limited federal government, argued for the strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the federal government was granted only those powers enumerated in the Constitution, and nothing not explicitly stated; they represented the \"letter\" interpretation.", "Letter and spirit of the law Gaming the system, also called \"rules lawyering\", is the following of the letter (sometimes referred to as RaW or Rules as Written) over, or contrary to, the spirit (sometimes referred to as RaI or Rules as Intended) of the law. It is used negatively to describe the act of manipulating the rules to achieve a personal advantage. It may also mean acting in an antisocial, irritating manner while technically staying within the bounds of the rules.", "Letter and spirit of the law In the New Testament, Pharisees are seen as people who place the letter of the law above the spirit (Mark 2:3–28, 3:1–6). Thus, \"Pharisee\" has entered the language as a pejorative for one who does so; the Oxford English Dictionary defines Pharisee with one of the meanings as A person of the spirit or character commonly attributed to the Pharisees in the New Testament; a legalist or formalist. Pharisees are also depicted as being lawless or corrupt (Matthew 23:38); the Greek word used in the verse means lawlessness, and the corresponding Hebrew word means fraud or injustice. However, the Hebrew word \"Perushim\" from which \"Pharisee\" is derived, actually means \"separatists\", referencing their focus on spiritual needs versus worldly pleasures.", "Letter and spirit of the law Modern Constitutional interpretation also divides on these lines. Currently, Living Constitution scholars advocate a \"spirit\"-esque interpretative strategy, although one grounded in a spirit that reflects broad powers. Originalist or Textualist scholars advocate a more \"letter\"-based approach, arguing that the Amendment process of the Constitution necessarily forecloses broader interpretations that can be accomplished simply by passing an amendment.", "Letter and spirit of the law William Shakespeare wrote numerous plays dealing with the letter versus spirit antithesis, almost always coming down on the side of \"spirit\", often forcing villains (who always sided with the letter) to make concessions and remedy. In one of the best known examples, The Merchant of Venice, he introduces the quibble as a plot device to save both the spirit and the letter of the law. The moneylender Shylock has made an agreement with Antonio that if he cannot repay a loan, he will have a pound of flesh from him. When the debt is not repaid in time Portia at first pleads for mercy in a famous speech: \"The quality of mercy is not strain'd, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes.\" (IV,i,185). When Shylock refuses, she finally saves Antonio by pointing out that Shylock's agreement with him mentioned no blood, and therefore Shylock can have his pound of flesh only if he sheds no blood.", "Letter and spirit of the law According to Jeremiah, \"the qualities of the new covenant expounded upon the old areÂ : a) It will not be broken; b) Its law will be written in the heart, not merely on tablets of stone; c) The knowledge of God will deem it no longer necessary to put it into written words of instruction.\"[3] According to Luke (Lk 22, 20), and Paul, in the first epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor 11, 25), this prophecy was fulfilled only through the work of Jesus Christ,[3] who said \"This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which will be shed for you.\" Christ did not come to abolish the law but to fulfill it. His purpose was to encourage people to look beyond the \"letter of the law\" to the \"spirit of the law\"...the principles behind the commandments and the law's intention. Jesus quotes the book of Deuteronomy and Leviticus: \"All the Law can be summed up in this: to love God with all your heart, all your mind and all your soul, and to love your neighbor as yourself\" (paraphrased).", "Law Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.[2] Law is a system that regulates and ensures that individuals or a community adhere to the will of the state. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.", "Letter and spirit of the law It is then that Jesus responds with the story of a man beaten by robbers who is ignored by a Priest and a Levite, but then rescued and compassionately cared for by a Samaritan. Priests and Levites were Israelites whose qualifications and duties were very meticulously set forth in Mosaic law, (Leviticus 10, and Numbers 5-8) while Samaritans were descended from Israelites who had intermarried with their Babylonian captives and had been forced to establish a sect with an alternative interpretation of the Law. In the story, both the Priest and Levite follow their prescribed regulations dutifully, yet do not help the injured traveller, even crossing to the other side of the road to avoid possible rule violations. The Samaritan, whose very existence is based on a refutation of Jewish law, (specifically Deuteronomy 12 which speaks to the proper place of worship which Samaritans had replaced the Temple in Jerusalem with Mount Mariah) goes above and beyond simply tending to the injured man. He takes him to an inn and gives money for the man's care, promises and then actually does return to inquire about the man, and pay any overage incurred. Jesus concludes by asking the lawyer which of the men was a \"neighbor\" to the beaten traveller, to which the reply was \"the one who showed compassion\".[2] Then Jesus says to him \"go and do likewise\".", "Letter and spirit of the law The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) is one of the New Testament texts to address this theme. The passage concerns a dialogue between Jesus and an \"expert in the law\" or \"lawyer\". As described in verse 25 (\"a certain lawyer stood up and tested Him saying, Teacher what must I do to inherit eternal life?,\" NKJV), the intent of the dialogue was to trap Jesus into making statements contrary to the law. Jesus responds by posing the question back to the lawyer, as already having knowledge of the law, (\"What is written in the law?\" verse 26) The lawyer quotes Deuteronomy 6:5 \"You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself.\", NKJV) and Leviticus 19:18. The question \"Who is my neighbor?\", that follows in verse 29, is described as being asked with the goal of self-justification.", "Rule of law The rule of law is \"The authority and influence of law in society, especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior; (hence) the principle whereby all members of a society (including those in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes\".[2] The phrase \"the rule of law\" refers to a political situation, not to any specific legal rule. Use of the phrase can be traced back to 16th-century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford employed it in arguing against the divine right of kings.[3] John Locke wrote that freedom in society means being subject only to laws made by a legislature that apply to everyone, with a person being otherwise free from both governmental and private restrictions upon liberty. \"The rule of law\" was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. However, the principle, if not the phrase itself, was recognized by ancient thinkers; for example, Aristotle wrote: \"It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens\".[4]", "The Spirit of the Laws The Spirit of the Laws (French: De l'esprit des lois, originally spelled De l'esprit des loix; also sometimes translated The Spirit of Laws[1]) is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law, published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.[2] Originally published anonymously, partly because Montesquieu's works were subject to censorship, its influence outside France was aided by its rapid translation into other languages. In 1750 Thomas Nugent published the first English translation.[3] In 1751 the Roman Catholic Church added De l'esprit des lois to its Index Librorum Prohibitorum (\"List of Prohibited Books\"). Yet Montesquieu's treatise had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably: Catherine the Great, who produced Nakaz (Instruction); the Founding Fathers of the United States Constitution; and Alexis de Tocqueville, who applied Montesquieu's methods to a study of American society, in Democracy in America. Macaulay offers us a hint of Montesquieu's importance when he writes in his 1827 essay entitled \"Machiavelli\" that \"Montesquieu enjoys, perhaps, a wider celebrity than any political writer of modern Europe.\"", "Law Numerous definitions of law have been put forward over the centuries. The Third New International Dictionary from Merriam-Webster[5] defines law as: \"Law is a binding custom or practice of a community; a rule or mode of conduct or action that is prescribed or formally recognized as binding by a supreme controlling authority or is made obligatory by a sanction (as an edict, decree, rescript, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, rule, judicial decision, or usage) made, recognized, or enforced by the controlling authority.\"", "Rule of law The principle was also discussed by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws (1748).[27] The phrase \"rule of law\" appears in Samuel Johnson's Dictionary (1755).[28]", "Law Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment.[149] It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically prevent people from committing a crime in the first place.[150] Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of criminal procedure.[151] The paradigm case of a crime lies in the proof, beyond reasonable doubt, that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or actus reus (guilty act).[152] Second, the accused must have the requisite malicious intent to do a criminal act, or mens rea (guilty mind). However, for so called \"strict liability\" crimes, an actus reus is enough.[153] Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense (dolus directus and dolus eventualis), and negligence. Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment.[154][155]", "Rule of law The functional interpretation of the term \"rule of law\", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the \"rule of law\" with the \"rule of man\".[36] According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of \"rule of law\", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of \"rule of law\".[36] Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law.[37] The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.[36]", "Second Vatican Council By \"the spirit of Vatican II\" is often meant promoting teachings and intentions attributed to the Second Vatican Council in ways not limited to literal readings of its documents, spoken of as the \"letter\" of the Council[49][50] (cf. Saint Paul's phrase, \"the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life\").[51]", "Law Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts. Examples include the Jewish Halakha and Islamic Sharia—both of which translate as the \"path to follow\"—while Christian canon law also survives in some church communities. Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability, because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments.[citation needed] However a thorough and detailed legal system generally requires human elaboration. For instance, the Quran has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation,[85] Qiyas (reasoning by analogy), Ijma (consensus) and precedent. This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as Sharia and Fiqh respectively. Another example is the Torah or Old Testament, in the Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses. This contains the basic code of Jewish law, which some Israeli communities choose to use. The Halakha is a code of Jewish law which summarises some of the Talmud's interpretations. Nevertheless, Israeli law allows litigants to use religious laws only if they choose. Canon law is only in use by members of the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion.", "Law One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.[2] In The Concept of Law Hart argued law is a \"system of rules\";[47] Austin said law was \"the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction\";[33] Dworkin describes law as an \"interpretive concept\" to achieve justice in his text titled Law's Empire;[48] and Raz argues law is an \"authority\" to mediate people's interests.[45] Holmes said \"The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law.\"[49] In his Treatise on Law Aquinas argues that law is a rational ordering of things which concern the common good that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community.[50] This definition has both positivist and naturalist elements.[51]", "Rule of law Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as \"an exceedingly elusive notion\".[33] Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or \"thin\" definition, and a substantive or \"thick\" definition; one occasionally encounters a third \"functional\" conception.[34] Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the \"justness\" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.[35]", "Law The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined. Civil law (not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the resolution of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organizations.[4]", "Law In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems.[68] The term \"civil law\" referring to a legal system should not be confused with \"civil law\" as a group of legal subjects distinct from criminal or public law. A third type of legal system—accepted by some countries without separation of church and state—is religious law, based on scriptures. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards. The sources that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system. Yet classification is a matter of form rather than substance, since similar rules often prevail.", "Humanities In common parlance, law means a rule that (unlike a rule of ethics) is enforceable through institutions.[16] The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one's view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a \"system of rules\",[17] as an \"interpretive concept\"[18] to achieve justice, as an \"authority\"[19] to mediate people's interests, and even as \"the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction\".[20] However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social science and discipline of the humanities. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of history's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long-lasting effects on how productivity is organised and the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed[21] and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word LEX.[22]", "Strict constructionism In law, strictly literal interpretations of statutes can lead one to logically deduce absurdities, and the Doctrine of Absurdity is that commonsense interpretations should be used in such cases, rather than literal reading of a law or of original intent. The Absurdity doctrine is a doctrine in legal theory, also known as \"Scrivener's Error exception\"; in which American courts have interpreted statutes contrary to their plain meaning in order to avoid absurd legal conclusions.[11][12][13] It has been described as follows:[14]", "Law Later in the 20th century, H. L. A. Hart attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fictions in The Concept of Law.[43] Hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary (rules of conduct) and secondary ones (rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules). Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication (to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (allowing laws to be varied) and the rule of recognition (allowing laws to be identified as valid). Two of Hart's students continued the debate: In his book Law's Empire, Ronald Dworkin attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue. Dworkin argues that law is an \"interpretive concept\",[44] that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions. Joseph Raz, on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart's \"soft social thesis\" approach in The Authority of Law.[45] Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning. In his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to sociology, rather than jurisprudence.[46]", "Law A general distinction can be made between (a) civil law jurisdictions, in which a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their laws, and (b) common law systems, where judge-made precedent is accepted as binding law. Historically, religious laws played a significant role even in settling of secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities. Islamic Sharia law is the world's most widely used religious law, and is used as the primary legal system in some countries, such as Iran and Saudi Arabia.[3]", "Criminal law Criminal Law is the body of law that relates to crime. It proscribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people. Most criminal law is established by statute, which is to say that the laws are enacted by a legislature. It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. Criminal law varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from civil law, where emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compensation than on punishment.", "Common law Common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law) is that body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals.[1][2][3][4] The defining characteristic of “common law” is that it arises as precedent. In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts, and synthesizes the principles of those past cases as applicable to the current facts. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision (a principle known as stare decisis). If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases (called a \"matter of first impression\"), and legislative statutes are either silent or ambiguous on the question, judges have the authority and duty to resolve the issue (one party or the other has to win, and on disagreements of law, judges make that decision).[5] The court states an opinion that gives reasons for the decision, and those reasons agglomerate with past decisions as precedent to bind future judges and litigants. Common law, as the body of law made by judges,[6][7] stands in contrast to and on equal footing with statutes which are adopted through the legislative process, and regulations which are promulgated by the executive branch (the interactions are explained later in this article). Stare decisis, the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems.[8]", "Law The Dictionary of the History of Ideas published by Scribner's in 1973 defined the concept of law accordingly as: \"A legal system is the most explicit, institutionalized, and complex mode of regulating human conduct. At the same time, it plays only one part in the congeries of rules which influence behavior, for social and moral rules of a less institutionalized kind are also of great importance.\"[6]", "Law There have been several attempts to produce \"a universally acceptable definition of law\". In 1972, one source indicated that no such definition could be produced.[7] McCoubrey and White said that the question \"what is law?\" has no simple answer.[8] Glanville Williams said that the meaning of the word \"law\" depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, \"early customary law\" and \"municipal law\" were contexts where the word \"law\" had two different and irreconcilable meanings.[9] Thurman Arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word \"law\" and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned.[10] It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word \"law\" (e.g. \"let's forget about generalities and get down to cases\").[11]", "Law In common law legal systems, decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as \"law\" on equal footing with statutes adopted through the legislative process and with regulations issued by the executive branch. The \"doctrine of precedent\", or stare decisis (Latin for \"to stand by decisions\") means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts, and future decisions of the same court, to assure that similar cases reach similar results. In contrast, in \"civil law\" systems, legislative statutes are typically more detailed, and judicial decisions are shorter and less detailed, because the judge or barrister is only writing to decide the single case, rather than to set out reasoning that will guide future courts.", "Natural law Natural law (Latin: ius naturale, lex naturalis) is a philosophy asserting that certain rights are inherent by virtue of human nature, endowed by nature—traditionally by God or a transcendent source—and that these can be understood universally through human reason. As determined by nature, the law of nature is implied to be objective and universal;[1] it exists independently of human understanding, and of the positive law of a given state, political order, legislature or society at large.", "Common law The first definition of \"common law\" given in Black's Law Dictionary, 10th edition, 2014, is \"The body of law derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions; [synonym] CASELAW, [contrast] STATUTORY LAW.\" [19] This usage is given as the first definition in modern legal dictionaries, is characterized as the “most common” usage among legal professionals, and is the usage frequently seen in decisions of courts.[1][2][3][20] In this connotation, \"common law\" distinguishes the authority that promulgated a law. For example, the law in most Anglo-American jurisdictions includes \"statutory law\" enacted by a legislature, \"regulatory law\" (in the U.S.) or “delegated legislation” (in the U.K.) promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to delegation of rule-making authority from the legislature, and common law or \"case law\", i.e., decisions issued by courts (or quasi-judicial tribunals within agencies).[21] This first connotation can be further differentiated into", "Oral Torah According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah or Oral Law (Hebrew: תורה שבעל פה‎, Torah she-be-`al peh, lit \"Torah that is spoken\") represents those laws, statutes, and legal interpretations that were not recorded in the Five Books of Moses, the \"Written Torah\" (Hebrew: תורה שבכתב‎, Torah she-bi-khtav, lit. \"Torah that is written\"), but nonetheless are regarded by Orthodox Jews as prescriptive and co-given. This holistic Jewish code of conduct encompasses a wide swathe of rituals, worship practices, God–man and interpersonal relationships, from dietary laws to Sabbath and festival observance to marital relations, agricultural practices, and civil claims and damages.", "Law The Old Testament dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small Greek city-state, ancient Athens, from about the 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry, excluding women and the slave class. However, Athens had no legal science or single word for \"law\",[15] relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law (thémis), human decree (nomos) and custom (díkē).[16] Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy.[17]", "Maat There is little surviving literature that describes the practice of ancient Egyptian law. Maat was the spirit in which justice was applied rather than the detailed legalistic exposition of rules (as found in Mosaic law of the 1st millennium BCE; but see the 42 negative confessions, below). Maat represented the normal and basic values that formed the backdrop for the application of justice that had to be carried out in the spirit of truth and fairness. From the 5th dynasty (c. 2510â€“2370 BCE) onwards the Vizier responsible for justice was called the Priest of Maat and in later periods judges wore images of Maat.[13]", "Natural law Historically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature to deduce binding rules of moral behavior from nature's or God's creation of reality and mankind. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle,[2] and was referred to in Roman philosophy by Cicero. References to natural law are also found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The School of Salamanca made notable contributions during the Renaissance. Modern natural law theories were greatly developed in the Age of Enlightenment, combining inspiration from Roman law with philosophies like social contract theory. Key proponents were Alberico Gentili, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, Matthew Hale, John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, Emmerich de Vattel, Cesare Beccaria and Francesco Mario Pagano. It was used to challenge the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law, and government—and thus legal rights—in the form of classical republicanism. Conversely, the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments.", "The Case of the Speluncean Explorers Fuller's account has been described as \"a classic in jurisprudence\"[2] and \"a microcosm of [the 20th] century's debates\" in legal philosophy.[3] It allows for contrasts to be drawn between different legal philosophies, with the main two being natural law and legal positivism. In the 50 years following the article's publication, a further 25 hypothetical judgments were written by various authors whose perspectives include natural law theory, consequentialism, plain meaning positivism or textualism, purposivism, historical contextualism, realism, pragmatism, critical legal studies, feminism, critical race theory, process theory and minimalism.[4]", "Constitutionalism A similar distinction was drawn by British constitutional scholar A.V. Dicey in assessing Britain's unwritten constitution. Dicey noted a difference between the \"conventions of the constitution\" and the \"law of the constitution\". The \"essential distinction\" between the two concepts was that the law of the constitution was made up of \"rules enforced or recognised by the Courts\", making up \"a body of 'laws' in the proper sense of that term.\" In contrast, the conventions of the constitution consisted \"of customs, practices, maxims, or precepts which are not enforced or recognised by the Courts\" but \"make up a body not of laws, but of constitutional or political ethics\".[14]", "Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 19 discusses God's law and Christian ethics. The confession states that while the ceremonial and juridical parts of biblical law have been abrogated under the New Covenant, the moral law as described in the Ten Commandments remains binding to all people. While true believers are neither \"justified, or condemned\" by the law, it serves \"as a rule of life informing them of the will of God, and their duty\". The confession also teaches that the Holy Spirit enables \"the will of man to do that freely, and cheerfully, which the will of God, revealed in the law, requireth to be done.\"[23]", "Statutory interpretation The freedom of interpretation varies by area of law. Criminal law and tax law must be interpreted very strictly, and never to the disadvantage of citizens,[citation needed] but liability law requires more elaborate interpretation, because here (usually) both parties are citizens. Here the statute may even be interpreted contra legem in exceptional cases, if otherwise a patently unreasonable result would follow.", "Rule of law Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the \"rule of law\", and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word \"law\" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being \"defined by formal or substantive criteria\", and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria.[51] Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.[52]", "Law The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence. Normative jurisprudence asks \"what should law be?\", while analytic jurisprudence asks \"what is law?\" John Austin's utilitarian answer was that law is \"commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience\".[33] Natural lawyers on the other side, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature. The concept of \"natural law\" emerged in ancient Greek philosophy concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of Western culture through the writings of Thomas Aquinas, notably his Treatise on Law.", "Spirit The English word spirit, from Latin spiritus \"breath\", has many different meanings and connotations, most of them relating to a non-corporeal substance either contrasted with or given ontological priority over the material body. It can also refer to a \"subtle\" as opposed to \"gross\" material substance, as in the famous last paragraph of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica.[1]", "Jurisprudence Positivism simply means that law is something that is \"posited\": laws are validly made in accordance with socially accepted rules. The positivist view on law can be seen to cover two broad principles: Firstly, that laws may seek to enforce justice, morality, or any other normative end, but their success or failure in doing so does not determine their validity. Provided a law is properly formed, in accordance with the rules recognized in the society concerned, it is a valid law, regardless of whether it is just by some other standard. Secondly, that law is nothing more than a set of rules to provide order and governance of society. No legal positivist, however, argues that it follows that the law is therefore to be obeyed, no matter what. This is seen as a separate question entirely.", "Rule of law In France and Germany the concepts of rule of law (Etat de droit and Rechtsstaat respectively) are analogous to the principles of constitutional supremacy and protection of fundamental rights from public authorities (see public law), particularly the legislature.[41][42] France was one of the early pioneers of the ideas of the rule of law.[43] The German interpretation is more \"rigid\" but similar to that of France and the United Kingdom.[44][45]", "Sources of law Over decades and centuries, principles of law have been derived from customs. The divine right of kings, natural and legal rights, human rights, civil rights, and common law are early unwritten sources of law. Canon law and other forms of religious law form the basis for law derived from religious practices and doctrines or from sacred texts; this source of law is important where there is a state religion. Historical or judicial precedent and case law can modify or even create a source of law. Legislation, rules, and regulations are form the tangible source of laws which are codified and enforceable.", "Rule of law The \"formal\" interpretation is more widespread than the \"substantive\" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law.[34] This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of \"rule of law\" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.", "Christianity Catholic theology distinguishes two senses of scripture: the literal and the spiritual.[91]", "The Case of the Speluncean Explorers Justice Keen objects vehemently to Justice Foster's purposive approach allowing the plain words of the law to be ignored.[19][20] He emphasizes that laws may have many possible purposes, with difficulties arising in divining the actual \"purpose\" of a piece of legislation.[21]", "Question of law In law, a question of law, also known as a point of law, is a question that must be answered by applying relevant legal principles to interpretation of the law.[1] Such a question is distinct from a question of fact, which must be answered by reference to facts and evidence as well inferences arising from those facts. Answers to questions of law are generally expressed in terms of broad legal principles and can be applied to many situations rather than be dependent on particular circumstances or factual situations. An answer to a question of law as applied to the particular facts of a case is often referred to as a \"conclusion of law.\"", "Rule of law Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared (prohibitions or exigencies), with prospective application (punishments or consequences tied to a given prohibition or exigency), and possess the characteristics of generality (usually meaning consistency and comprehensibility), equality (that is, applied equally throughout all society), and certainty (that is, certainty of application for a given situation), but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.[36]", "Public law Rule of law, the idea that the administration of the state should be controlled by a set of laws, originated in Greek Antiquity and was revitalized in by modern philosophers in France (Rousseau), Germany (Kant) and Austria in the 18th century. It is related to the strong position of the central government in the era of enlightened absolutism, and was inspired by the French Revolution and enlightenment. It developed hand in hand with the creation of civil codes and criminal codes.", "Rule of law In 1776, the notion that no one is above the law was popular during the founding of the United States. For example, Thomas Paine wrote in his pamphlet Common Sense that \"in America, the law is king. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the law ought to be king; and there ought to be no other.\"[29] In 1780, John Adams enshrined this principle in the Massachusetts Constitution by seeking to establish \"a government of laws and not of men.\"[30]", "De jure In law and government, de jure (/deɪ ˈdʒʊrɪ/; Latin: de iure, \"in law\") describes practices that are legally recognised, whether or not the practices exist in reality.[1] In contrast, de facto (\"in fact\" or \"in practice\") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised.[2] The terms are often used to contrast different scenarios: for a colloquial example, \"I know that, de jure, this is supposed to be a parking lot, but now that the flood has left four feet of water here, it’s a de facto swimming pool\".[3]", "Crime Indeed, despite everything, the majority[citation needed] of natural-law theorists have accepted the idea of enforcing the prevailing morality as a primary function of the law. This view entails the problem that it makes any moral criticism of the law impossible: if conformity with natural law forms a necessary condition for legal validity, all valid law must, by definition, count as morally just. Thus, on this line of reasoning, the legal validity of a norm necessarily entails its moral justice.[clarification needed]", "Law The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent courts, representative parliaments, an accountable executive, the military and police, bureaucratic organisation, the legal profession and civil society itself. John Locke, in his Two Treatises of Government, and Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, advocated for a separation of powers between the political, legislature and executive bodies.[92] Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the state, in contrast to the absolutist theory of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan.[93]", "Crime Natural-law theory therefore distinguishes between \"criminality\" (which derives from human nature) and \"illegality\" (which originates with the interests of those in power). Lawyers sometimes express the two concepts with the phrases malum in se and malum prohibitum respectively. They regard a \"crime malum in se\" as inherently criminal; whereas a \"crime malum prohibitum\" (the argument goes) counts as criminal only because the law has decreed it so.", "Case law The different roles of case law in civil and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions. Common law courts generally explain in detail the legal rationale behind their decisions, with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments, and often an exegesis of the wider legal principles. The necessary analysis (called ratio decidendi), then constitutes a precedent binding on other courts; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called obiter dicta, which constitute persuasive authority but are not technically binding. By contrast, decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short, referring only to statutes. The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions adhere to a tradition that the reader should be able to deduce the logic from the decision and the statutes, so that, in some cases, it is somewhat difficult to apply previous decisions to the facts presented in future cases.", "Case law Case law is a set of past rulings by tribunals that meet their respective jurisdictions' rules to be cited as precedent. These interpretations are distinguished from statutory law, which are the statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies, and regulatory law, which are regulations established by executive agencies based on statutes. The term \"case law\" is applied to any set of previous rulings by an adjudicatory tribunal that guides future rulings; for example, patent office case law.", "Rule of law The rule of law implies that every person is subject to the law, including people who are lawmakers, law enforcement officials, and judges.[5] In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law.[citation needed] Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it.", "Precedent The different roles of case law in civil law and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions. Common law courts generally explain in detail the legal rationale behind their decisions, with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments, and often an exegesis of the wider legal principles. These are called ratio decidendi and constitute a precedent binding on other courts; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called obiter dicta, which have persuasive authority but are not technically binding. By contrast, decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short, referring only to statutes. The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions apply legislative positivism — a form of extreme legal positivism — which holds that legislation is the only valid source of law because it has been voted on democratically; thus, it is not the judiciary's role to create law, but rather to interpret and apply statute, and therefore their decisions must reflect that.", "Common law By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions (the legal tradition that prevails, or is combined with common law, in Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries), courts lack authority to act if there is no statute. Civil law judges tend to give less weight to judicial precedent, which means that a civil law judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently (compared to a common law judge in the same circumstances), and therefore less predictably. For example, the Napoleonic code expressly forbade French judges to pronounce general principles of law.[27] The role of providing overarching principles, which in common law jurisdictions is provided in judicial opinions, in civil law jurisdictions is filled by giving greater weight to scholarly literature, as explained below.", "Split of early Christianity and Judaism The oral law was subsequently codified in the Mishna and Gemarah, and is interpreted in Rabbinic literature detailing subsequent rabbinic decisions and writings. Rabbinic Jewish literature is predicated on the belief that the Written Law cannot be properly understood without recourse to the Oral Law (the Mishnah).[citation needed]", "Sovereignty Another topic is whether the law is held to be sovereign, that is, whether it is above political or other interference. Sovereign law constitutes a true state of law, meaning the letter of the law (if constitutionally correct) is applicable and enforceable, even when against the political will of the nation, as long as not formally changed following the constitutional procedure. Strictly speaking, any deviation from this principle constitutes a revolution or a coup d'Ã©tat, regardless of the intentions.[citation needed]", "Eye for an eye \"Only one eye for one eye\"[1], also known as \"An eye for an eye\", or the law of retaliation, is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree, or in softer interpretations, the victim receives the [estimated] value of the injury in compensation.[2] The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss.[3]", "Natural law Whereas legal positivism would say that a law can be unjust without it being any less a law, a natural law jurisprudence would say that there is something legally deficient about an unjust norm. Legal interpretivism, famously defended in the English-speaking world by Ronald Dworkin, claims to have a position different from both natural law and positivism.", "Law of the United States American lawyers draw a fundamental distinction between procedural law (which controls the procedure followed by courts and parties to legal cases) and substantive law (the actual substance, or principles of law, which is what most people think of as law).[70]", "Rule of law In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men.[9] Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law.[9] Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that \"Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state.\"[10] More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws.[9] In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:", "Law of Moses The \"Law of Moses\" in ancient Israel was different from other legal codes in the ancient Near East because transgressions were seen as offenses against God rather than solely as offenses against society (civil law).[5] This contrasts with the Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100-2050 BCE), and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BCE, of which almost half concerns contract law). However the influence of the ancient Near Eastern legal tradition on the Law of ancient Israel is recognised and well documented.[6] For example the Israelite Sabbatical Year has antecedents in the Akkadian mesharum edicts granting periodic relief to the poor.[7] Another important distinction is that in ancient Near East legal codes, as in more recently unearthed Ugaritic texts, an important, and ultimate, role in the legal process was assigned to the king. Ancient Israel was set up as a theocracy, rather than a monarchy.[8]", "Summa Theologica In addition to the human law, dictated by reason, man also has the divine law, which, according to Question 91, is dictated through revelation, that man may be \"directed how to perform his proper acts in view of his last end,\" \"that man may know without any doubt what he ought to do and what he ought to avoid,\" because \"human law could not sufficiently curb and direct interior acts,\" and since \"human law cannot punish or forbid all evil deeds: since while aiming at doing away with all evils, it would do away with many good things, and would hinder the advance of the common good, which is necessary for human intercourse.\" Human law is not all-powerful; it cannot govern a man's conscience, nor prohibit all vices, nor can it force all men to act according to its letter, rather than its spirit.", "Summa Theologica The divine law consists of an old and a new. Insofar as the old divine law contains the moral law of nature, it is universally valid; what there is in it, however, beyond this is valid only for the Jews. The new law is \"primarily grace itself\" and so a \"law given within\"; \"a gift superadded to nature by grace,\" but not a \"written law.\" In this sense, as sacramental grace, the new law justifies. It contains, however, an \"ordering\" of external and internal conduct and so regarded is, as a matter of course, identical with both the old law and the law of nature. The consilia show how one may attain the end \"better and more expediently\" by full renunciation of worldly goods.", "Rule of law The Oxford English Dictionary has defined \"rule of law\" this way:[2]", "Precedent The two approaches look at different sets of underlying facts that may or may not point in the same direction--stare decisis gives most weight to the newest understanding of a legal text, while originalism gives most weight to the oldest. While they don't necessarily reach different results in every case, the two approaches are in direct tension. Originalists such as Justice Antonin Scalia argue that \"Stare decisis is not usually a doctrine used in civil law systems, because it violates the principle that only the legislature may make law.\"[36] Justice Scalia argues that America is a civil law nation, not a common law nation. By principle, originalists are generally unwilling to defer to precedent when precedent seems to come into conflict with the originalist's own interpretation of the Constitutional text or inferences of original intent (even in situations where there is no original source statement of that original intent). However, there is still room within an originalist paradigm for stare decisis; whenever the plain meaning of the text has alternative constructions, past precedent is generally considered a valid guide, with the qualifier being that it cannot change what the text actually says.", "The Concept of Law Primary rules are rules, or laws, that govern general societal conduct. Thus, primary rules construct legal obligations and consequences when they are disobeyed. A good example of a primary rule is the law against murder; it prohibits a person from killing and attaches consequences for committing, attempting to commit, and conspiring to commit the crime.[6]", "The Case of the Speluncean Explorers The judge counters potential objections of judicial activism by suggesting that although judges must obey the will of legislators, they must do so intelligently. He draws analogies to servants who need to \"read between the lines\" of their masters' instructions; strict literal compliance may not always be the actual intention.[10] Thus the \"correction of obvious legislative errors or oversights is not to supplant the legislative will, but to make that will effective.\"[11]", "Civil law (legal system) Civil law, civilian law, or Roman law is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of late Roman law, and whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law. This can be contrasted with common law systems whose intellectual framework comes from judge-made decisional law which gives precedential authority to prior court decisions on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions (doctrine of judicial precedent, or stare decisis).[1][2]", "The Concept of Law Hart draws a distinction between a social habit (which people follow habitually but where breaking the habit does not bring about opprobrium - going to the cinema on Thursday for example) and a social rule (where breaking the rule is seen as wrong - neglecting to take off one's hat upon entering a church, for example). We feel in some sense bound by social rules and laws frequently appear to be types of social rule.", "The Spirit of the Laws This book concerns explicit laws, not in unwritten cultural norms that may support the same goals. \"Montesquieu believed the hard architecture of political institutions might be enough to constrain overreaching power â€” that constitutional deign was not unlike an engineering problem,\" as Levitsky and Ziblatt put it.[5]", "Rule of law Alfred the Great, Anglo-Saxon king in the 9th century, reformed the law of his kingdom and assembled a law code (the Doom Book) which he grounded on biblical commandments. He held that the same law had to be applied to all persons, whether rich or poor, friends or enemies. This was likely inspired by Leviticus 19:15: \"You shall do no iniquity in judgment. You shall not favor the wretched and you shall not defer to the rich. In righteousness you are to judge your fellow.\"[18]", "Islam Sharia is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.[119] It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's divine law and is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its scholarly interpretations.[120][121] The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists.[119]", "United States constitutional law United States constitutional law defines the scope and application of the terms of the Constitution. It covers areas of law such as the relationship between the federal government and state governments, the rights of individuals, and other fundamental aspects of the application of government authority in the United States. It is a field of law that is broad and complex. Some constitutional scholars maintain that the authors of the Constitution intended that it be vague and subject to interpretation so that it could be adapted to the needs of a changing society. Others maintain that the provisions of the Constitution should be strictly construed and their provisions applied in a very literal manner.[2]", "Jurisprudence In its general context, natural law theory may be compared to both state-of-nature law and general law understood on the basis of an analogy to the physical laws of science. Natural law is often contrasted to positive law which asserts law as the product of human activity and human volition.", "Statutory law Statutory law or statute law is written law set down by a body of legislature or by a singular legislator (in the case of absolute monarchy).[1] This is as opposed to oral or customary law; or regulatory law promulgated by the executive or common law of the judiciary. Statutes may originate with national, state legislatures or local municipalities.", "Law All legal systems deal with the same basic issues, but jurisdictions categorise and identify its legal subjects in different ways. A common distinction is that between \"public law\" (a term related closely to the state, and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and \"private law\" (which covers contract, tort and property).[135] In civil law systems, contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations, while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and trusts are regarded as the \"traditional core subjects\",[136] although there are many further disciplines.", "Precedent Under the literal rule, the judge should do what the actual legislation states rather than trying to do what the judge thinks that it means. The judge should use the plain everyday ordinary meaning of the words, even if this produces an unjust or undesirable outcome. A good example of problems with this method is R v Maginnis (1987),[32] in which several judges in separate opinions found several different dictionary meanings of the word supply. Another example is Fisher v Bell, where it was held that a shopkeeper who placed an illegal item in a shop window with a price tag did not make an offer to sell it, because of the specific meaning of \"offer for sale\" in contract law. As a result of this case, Parliament amended the statute concerned to end this discrepancy.", "Living document In United States constitutional law, the Living Constitution, also known as loose constructionism, permits the Constitution as a static document to have an interpretation that shifts over time as the cultural context changes. The opposing view, originalism, holds that the original intent or meaning of the writers of the Constitution should guide its interpretation.", "Common law In common law jurisdictions, nearly every case that presents a bona fide disagreement on the law is resolved in a written opinion. The legal reasoning for the decision, known as ratio decidendi, not only determines the court's judgment between the parties, but also stands as precedent for resolving future disputes. In contrast, civil law decisions typically do not include explanatory opinions,[citation needed] and thus no precedent flows from one decision to the next. In common law systems, a single decided case is binding common law (connotation 1) to the same extent as statute or regulation, under the principle of stare decisis. In contrast, in civil law systems, individual decisions have only advisory, not binding effect. In civil law systems, case law only acquires weight when a long series of cases use consistent reasoning, called jurisprudence constante. Civil law lawyers consult case law to obtain their best prediction of how a court will rule, but comparatively, civil law judges are less bound to follow it.", "Law of the land British Chief Justice John Fineux stated in 1519 that \"the Law of God and the Law of the Land are all one\" in the sense that they both protect the public good.[20][21] British Chief Justice John Vaughan further explained in 1677 that whenever the law of the land declares by a legislative act what divine law is, then the courts must consider that legislation to be correct.[22][23]", "Law of Christ In his Summa Theologiae I-II qq. 106-109, a section of the Summa known as the Treatise on Law, Saint Thomas Aquinas discusses the Law of Christ as the \"New Law\". He argues that it was virtually contained in the Old Law, that is the Old Testament, as a seed but only brought to perfection by Jesus Christ who perfectly fulfilled it. The ends of the Old and New are one and the same, being subjection to God's order, but they are different in that the New Law makes attaining the end possible. Meanwhile, since all law ultimately has reference to Divine Reason governing all things, the New Law contains and helps the human being fulfill the Natural Law which prescribes acts of virtue. Thus, Aquinas defines the New Law as \"chiefly the grace itself of the Holy Ghost, which is given to those who believe in Christ,\" but adds that it also \"contains certain things that dispose us to receive the grace of the Holy Ghost, and pertaining to the use of that grace.\" Therefore,\"the New Law is in the first place a law that is inscribed on our hearts, but that secondarily it is a written law\".(ST I-II q. 106.3)[5]", "Statute A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city or country.[1] Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy.[1] Statutes are rules made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent, which is decided by courts, and regulations issued by government agencies.[1]", "Spirit The term may also refer to any incorporeal or immaterial being, such as demons or deities.[3] In the Bible, \"the Spirit\" (with a capital \"S\"), specifically denotes the Holy Spirit.", "Jurisprudence Jurisprudence is the study and theory of law. It includes principles behind law that make the law. Scholars of jurisprudence, also known as jurists or legal theorists (including legal philosophers and social theorists of law), hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems, and of legal institutions. Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the natural law, civil law, and the law of nations.[1] General jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems in two rough groups:[2]", "Law The history of law links closely to the development of civilization. Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books. It was based on the concept of Ma'at, characterised by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartiality.[12][13] By the 22nd century BC, the ancient Sumerian ruler Ur-Nammu had formulated the first law code, which consisted of casuistic statements (\"if … then ...\"). Around 1760 BC, King Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law, by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae, for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British Assyriologists, and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages, including English, Italian, German, and French.[14]", "Common law This is not to say that common law is better in every situation. For example, civil law can be clearer than case law when the legislature has had the foresight and diligence to address the precise set of facts applicable to a particular situation. For that reason, civil law statutes tend to be somewhat more detailed than statutes written by common law legislaturesâ€”but, conversely, that tends to make the statute more difficult to read (the United States tax code is an example).[69]", "Constitution Most commonly, the term constitution refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government. Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state, in a basic sense the relationship between the executive, legislature and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches. For example, executive branches can be divided into a head of government, government departments/ministries, executive agencies and a civil service/administration. Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state, and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens. It is thus the most basic law of a territory from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived; in some territories it is in fact called \"Basic Law\".", "Civil law (legal system) Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules.[4] It holds case law to be secondary and subordinate to statutory law. When discussing civil law, one should keep in mind the conceptual difference between a statute and a codal article. The marked feature of civilian systems is that they use codes with brief text that tend to avoid factually specific scenarios.[5] Code articles deal in generalities and thus stand at odds with statutory schemes which are often very long and very detailed." ]	[ "Letter and spirit of the law The letter of the law versus the spirit of the law is an idiomatic antithesis. When one obeys the letter of the law but not the spirit, one is obeying the literal interpretation of the words (the \"letter\") of the law, but not necessarily the intent of those who wrote the law. Conversely, when one obeys the spirit of the law but not the letter, one is doing what the authors of the law intended, though not necessarily adhering to the literal wording." ]
test2456	what river flows through charleston west virginia’s capital	[ "doc84694", "doc84769" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc84694", "doc84769", "doc637816", "doc637812", "doc84745", "doc84699", "doc84721", "doc2508656", "doc637821", "doc637811", "doc84701", "doc330251", "doc637815", "doc84768", "doc84698", "doc84738", "doc84757", "doc84770", "doc637819", "doc2508641", "doc637822", "doc84753", "doc1781557", "doc2508638", "doc1781560", "doc84720", "doc84702", "doc330148", "doc84724", "doc84700", "doc84704", "doc581111", "doc84710", "doc330272", "doc84755", "doc84760", "doc581112", "doc637817", "doc84736", "doc84743", "doc1781568", "doc1781580", "doc84772", "doc84697", "doc84711", "doc84708", "doc84719", "doc2508639", "doc1770690", "doc84696", "doc2508640", "doc2508647", "doc637820", "doc74907", "doc84713", "doc1781558", "doc2508648", "doc637818", "doc84756", "doc637813", "doc2570072", "doc1978207", "doc1781566", "doc84751", "doc84695", "doc84761", "doc84774", "doc84767", "doc330163", "doc637814", "doc84705", "doc84709", "doc84741", "doc84754", "doc84771", "doc1781569", "doc1978206", "doc84714", "doc2508657", "doc1781567", "doc330265", "doc581106", "doc84729", "doc1781559", "doc1781577", "doc84773", "doc330166", "doc140650", "doc84703", "doc84750", "doc84766", "doc84765", "doc1163914", "doc330268", "doc2508652", "doc84762", "doc2111264", "doc330164", "doc330241", "doc1781578" ]	[ "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of West Virginia, and the county seat of Kanawha County. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers. As of the 2013 Census Estimate, it had a population of 50,821, while its metropolitan area had 224,743. It is a center of government, commerce, and industry.[6]", "Charleston, West Virginia Interstate 64 crosses the Kanawha River four times as it passes through the Charleston metropolitan area. The Elk River flows into the Kanawha River in downtown Charleston.", "Kanawha River In addition to the New and Gauley River, the Kanawha is joined at Charleston by the Elk River, at St. Albans by the Coal River, and at Poca by the Pocatalico River.", "Kanawha River It is formed at the town of Gauley Bridge in northwestern Fayette County, approximately 35 mi (56 km) SE of Charleston, by the confluence of the New and Gauley rivers. It flows generally northwest, in a winding course on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau, through Fayette, Kanawha, Putnam, and Mason counties, past the cities of Charleston and St. Albans, and numerous smaller communities. It joins the Ohio at Point Pleasant.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is home to numerous annual events and fairs that take place throughout the city, from the banks of the Kanawha River to the capitol grounds.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston's history goes back to the 18th century. Thomas Bullitt was deeded 1,250 acres (5Â km2) of land near the mouth of the Elk River in 1773. It was inherited by his brother, Cuthbert Bullitt, upon his death in 1778, and sold to Col. George Clendenin in 1786.[27] The first permanent settlement, Fort Lee, was built in 1787 by Col. Savannah Clendenin and his company of Virginia Rangers. This structure occupied the area that is now the intersection of Brooks Street and Kanawha Boulevard. Historical conjecture indicates that Charleston is named after Col. Clendenin's father, Charles. Charles Town was later shortened to Charleston to avoid confusion with another Charles Town in eastern West Virginia, which was named after George Washington's brother Charles.", "Charleston, West Virginia The city lies at the intersection of Interstates 79, 77, 64, and also where the Kanawha and Elk Rivers meet. Charleston is about 162 miles (261 km) southeast of Columbus, Ohio, 315 miles (507 km) west of Richmond, Virginia, 228 miles (367 km) southwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 247 miles (398 km) east of Louisville, Kentucky, 264 miles (425 km) north of Charlotte, North Carolina, 252 miles (406 km) south of Cleveland, Ohio, and 210 miles (340 km) southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio.", "New River (Kanawha River) Listed from upstream to downstream:", "Kanawha River The first white person to travel through Virginia all the way to the Ohio River (other than as a prisoner of the Indians) was Matthew Arbuckle, Sr., who traversed the length of the Kanawha River valley arriving at (what would later be called) Point Pleasant around 1764. In April 1774, Captain Hanson was one of an expedition: \"18th. We surveyed 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of Land for Col. Washington, bordered by Coal River & the Canawagh...\" [10] This area is the lower area of today's St. Albans, West Virginia. After the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, \"The Kanawhas had gone from the upper tributaries of the river which bears their name, to join their kinsmen, the Iroquois in New York; the Shawnee had abandoned the Indian Old Fields of the valley of the South Branch of the Potomac; the Delaware were gone from the Monongahela; the Cherokee who claimed all the region between the Great Kanawha and Big Sandy, had never occupied it.\" quoting Virgil A. Lewis (1887), corresponding member of the Virginia Historical Society.[11] The river's name changes to the Kanawha River at the Kanawha Falls. The Treaty of Big Tree between the Seneca nation and the United States established ten reservations. This formal treaty was signed on September 15, 1797.[12] Lewis was granted a large tract of land near the mouth of the Great Kanawha River in the late 18th century.", "Kanawha River The Kanawha River (/kəˈnɔːə/ kə-NAW-ə) is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 97 mi (156 km) long, in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The largest inland waterway in West Virginia, it has formed a significant industrial region of the state since early in the 19th century.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is part of Kanawha County. The origin of the word Kanawha (pronounced \"Ka-NAH\"), \"Ka(h)nawha\", derives from the region's Iroquois dialects meaning \"water way\" or \"Canoe Way\" implying the metaphor, \"transport way\", in the local language. It was and is the name of the river that flows through Charleston. The grammar of the \"hard H\" sound soon dropped out as new arrivals of various European languages developed West Virginia.[28] The phrase has been a matter of Register (sociolinguistics). In fact, a two-story jail was the first county structure ever built, with the first floor literally dug into the bank of the Kanawha River.", "West Virginia West Virginia's capital and seat of government is the city of Charleston, located in the southwest area of the state.", "Kanawha River The river valley contains significant deposits of coal and natural gas. In colonial times, the wildly fluctuating level of the river prevented its use for transportation. The removal of boulders and snags on the lower river in the 1840s allowed navigation, which was extended upriver after the construction of locks and dams starting in 1875. The river is now navigable to Deepwater, an unincorporated community about 20 miles (32Â km) upriver from Charleston. A thriving chemical industry along its banks provides a significant part of the local economy.", "Charleston, West Virginia Amtrak, the national passenger rail service, provides tri-weekly service to Charleston via the Cardinal routes. The Amtrak station is on the south side of the Kanawha River, at 350 MacCorkle Avenue near downtown.", "Charleston, West Virginia After the American Revolutionary War, pioneers began making their way out from the early settlements. Many slowly migrated into the western part of Virginia. Capitalizing on its many resources made Charleston an important part of Virginia and West Virginia history. Today, Charleston is the largest city in the state and the state capital.", "Charleston, West Virginia The city is also home to a 1,000-student private college, the University of Charleston, formerly Morris Harvey College. The college is located on MacCorkle Avenue along the banks of the Kanawha River in the community of South Ruffner.", "Charleston, West Virginia Additional historic buildings can be found throughout the city, particularly in the broader East End, the West Side and Kanawha City. Some of these buildings include:", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is served by Interstate 64, Interstate 77, and Interstate 79. The West Virginia Turnpike's northern terminus is at the southeastern end of the city. Two U.S. routes, US 60, and US 119, cut through the city center. US 21 and US 35 formerly ran through Charleston.", "Kanawha River Archaeological artifacts, such as Clovis points and later projectiles, indicate prehistoric indigenous peoples living in the area from the 12,500 BC era. Peoples of later cultures continued to live along the valley and heights. Those of the Adena culture built at least 50 earthwork mounds and 10 enclosures in the area between Charleston and Dunbar, as identified by an 1882 to 1884 survey by the Bureau of Ethnology (later part of the Smithsonian Institution). Three of their mounds survive in the valley, including Criel Mound at present-day South Charleston, West Virginia. Evidence has been found of the Fort Ancient culture peoples, who had villages that survived to the time of European contact, such as Buffalo and Marmet. They were driven out by Iroquois from present-day New York.", "New River (Kanawha River) This ancient river begins in the mountains of North Carolina near the Tennessee state line, flows generally northeastward across the Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Appalachian Valley, Ridge and Valley Province, and the Allegheny Front in western North Carolina and Virginia, before turning and following a more northwestward course into West Virginia, where it then cuts through the Appalachian Plateau (in the New River Gorge) to meet the Gauley River and become the Kanawha River in south-central West Virginia.[10] The Kanawha then flows into the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, WV. Much of the river's course is lined with steep cliffs and rock outcrops, particularly in its gorge in West Virginia.[10][11]", "Kanawha River The Little Kanawha and the Great Kanawha rivers, the two largest in the state, were named for the American Indian tribe that lived in the area prior to European settlement in the 18th century. Under pressure from the Iroquois, most of the Conoy/Kanawha had migrated to present-day Virginia by 1634, where they had settled on the west side of the Chesapeake Bay and below the Potomac River. They were also known to the colonists there as the Piscataway. They later migrated north to Pennsylvania, to submit and seek protection with the Susquehannock and Iroquois. The spelling of the Indian tribe varied at the time, from Conoys to Conois to Kanawha. The latter spelling was used and has gained acceptance over time.[9]", "Charleston, West Virginia The Charleston Sternwheel Regatta founded in 1970, is a former annual event that was held on Labor Day weekend of each year. The event had carnival style rides and attractions and live music from local and nationally known bands. It was held on the Kanawha Boulevard by Haddad Riverfront Park on the Kanawha River. The event started the Wednesday before Labor Day Weekend and ended the Sunday of Labor Day Weekend with a fireworks show on Sunday evening. Due to political differences between local sternwheel owners and factions of city government, sternwheel attendance declined in recent years. Once a promising regatta, rivaling Tall Stacks in Cincinnati, it was discontinued after the 2008 festival season. Charleston, home to the largest population of privately owned sternwheel vessels in the United States is the only city in the region not home to an annual river festival.", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) The New River, part of the Ohio River watershed, is about 360 miles (580Â km) long.[3] The river flows through the U.S. states of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia before joining with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River at the town of Gauley Bridge, West Virginia.", "New River (Kanawha River) The New River, part of the Ohio River watershed, is about 360 mi (515 km) long. The river flows through the U.S. states of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia before joining with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River at the town of Gauley Bridge, WV.", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) This ancient river begins in the mountains of North Carolina near the Tennessee state line, flows generally northeastward across the Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Appalachian Valley, Ridge and Valley Province, and the Allegheny Front in western North Carolina and Virginia, before turning and following a more northwestward course into West Virginia, where it then cuts through the Appalachian Plateau (in the New River Gorge) to meet the Gauley River and become the Kanawha River in south-central West Virginia.[10] The Kanawha then flows into the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, West Virginia. Much of the river's course is lined with steep cliffs and rock outcrops, particularly in its gorge in West Virginia.[10][11]", "Charleston, West Virginia According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 32.66 square miles (84.59 km2), of which, 31.52 square miles (81.64 km2) is land and 1.14 square miles (2.95 km2) is water.[2]", "Charleston, West Virginia Daniel Boone, who was commissioned a lieutenant colonel of the Kanawha County militia, was elected to serve in 1791 in the Virginia House of Delegates. As told in historical accounts, Boone walked all the way to Richmond.", "West Virginia West Virginia (/vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen)) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States.[7][8][9][10][11] It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, and Pennsylvania and Maryland to the northeast. West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area, and is ranked 38th in population. The capital and largest city is Charleston.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with continental climate (Dfa) elements.[34] Especially in winter, Charleston's average temperatures are warmer than the rest of the state, due to the city being west of the higher elevations. Spring is the most unpredictable season, and spring-like weather usually arrives in late March or early April. From the beginning of March through early May, temperatures can vary considerably and it is not unusual at this time for day-to-day temperature fluctuations to exceed 20 °F (11 °C). Temperatures warm up considerably in late May, with warm summer-like days. Summer is warm to hot, with 23 days of highs at or above 90 °F (32.2 °C), sometimes reaching 95 °F (35 °C), often accompanied by high humidity. Autumn features crisp evenings that warm quickly to mild to warm afternoons. Winters are chilly, with a January daily average of 34.4 °F (1.3 °C), but with occasional stretches of 50 °F (10 °C)+ temperatures, and sub-0 °F (−17.8 °C) lows are rare. Snowfall generally occurs from late November to early April, with the heaviest period being January and February. However, major snowstorms of more than 10 inches (25 cm) are rare. The area averages about 3.5 inches (89 mm) of precipitation each month. Thunderstorms are frequent during the late spring and throughout the summer, and occasionally they can be quite severe, producing the rare tornado.", "Charleston, West Virginia Six years later, the Virginia General Assembly officially established Charleston. On the 40 acres (160,000 m2) that made up the town in 1794, 35 people inhabited seven houses.", "Charleston, West Virginia Captain James Wilson, while drilling for salt, struck the first natural gas well in 1815. It was drilled at the site that is now the junction of Brooks Street and Kanawha Boulevard (near the present-day state capitol complex.) In 1817, coal was first discovered and gradually became used as the fuel for the salt works. The Kanawha salt industry declined in importance after 1861, until the onset of World War I brought a demand for chemical products. The chemicals needed were chlorine and sodium hydroxide, which could be made from salt brine.", "History of West Virginia During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a growing demand for beaver sent trappers up and down the Kanawha region's tributary creeks by canoe and raft. Traiding posts were established at the confluence of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers at Point Pleasant, West Virginia where, in the mid 1780s, Daniel Boone resided for several years. Likewise, St. Albans, West Virginia, at the confluence of the Kanawha and Coal Rivers, became a point of trade.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston became the center for state government. Natural resources, such as coal and natural gas, along with railroad expansion also contributed to growth. New industries, such as chemical, glass, timber and steel migrated to the state, attracted by the area's natural resources. There was a huge amount of new construction in Charleston. A number of those buildings, including churches and office buildings, still stand in the heart of downtown along and bordering Capitol Street.", "West Virginia Originally, the state capital was in Wheeling (1863 to 1870). It was then moved to Charleston, a more central city (1870 to 1875). However it was returned to Wheeling in 1875, until the capitol burned down in 1885. It was moved back to Charleston in 1885, and it has been there since.[156]", "Charleston, West Virginia Downtown Charleston is home to several commercial buildings that are between 80 and 115 years old, including such notable structures as the Security Building (corner of Virginia and Capitol Street), 405 Capitol Street (the former Daniel Boone Hotel), the Union Building (at the southern end of Capitol Street), the Kanawha County Courthouse, the Public Library (corner of Capitol and Quarrier Streets) and the Masonic Temple (corner of Virginia and Dickenson Street).", "Charleston, West Virginia There are five major shopping plazas located in Charleston, two in the Kanawha City neighborhood - The Shops at Kanawha and Kanawha Landing along with three in the Southridge area, divided between Charleston and South Charleston â€” Southridge Centre, Dudley Farms Plaza, and The Shops at Trace Fork.", "History of West Virginia In the late 18th century, the steel trap increased efficiency, and beaver became scarce. A shift to exporting the state's other natural resources began. Kanawha salt production followed by coal and timber could be seen on the waterways. A number of riverside locations were used for early Industrial Revolution production. Keelboats were built in the Kanawha region in Leon, Ravenswood Murraysville, and Little Kanawha River. 19th century steamboats were built and repaired in Wheeling, Parkersburg, Point Pleasant and Mason City. Wooden coal barges were built on the Monongahela River near Morgantown, as well as along Coal River and Elk River.", "Kanawha River \"Ka(ih)nawha\" derives from the region's Iroquoian dialects meaning \"water way\" or \"canoe way\" implying the metaphor, \"transport way\", in the local language.[7] The Glottal consonant of the \"ih\" (stream or river, local Iroquois) dropped out as settlers and homesteaders arrive.[8]", "Charleston, West Virginia The city of Charleston has numerous schools that are part of Kanawha County Schools. The three high schools are:", "Charleston, West Virginia Saint Francis Hospital (located in downtown)", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) It may have been in its present course for at least 65 million years. In the geologic past, the New River was a much longer stream. Geologists have named it the Teays.[14][15] The last advance of Pleistocene continental glacial ice buried most of this river. At that time, the waters of the New were diverted into rivers (the present-day Ohio & Kanawha Rivers) created by the glaciers.", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) Listed from upstream to downstream:", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is served by Kanawha Valley Regional Transportation Authority.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is the home of the West Virginia Power minor league baseball team, the West Virginia Wild minor league basketball team, and the annual 15-mile (24Â km) Charleston Distance Run. Yeager Airport and the University of Charleston are also located in the city. West Virginia University, Marshall University, and West Virginia State University also have higher education campuses in the area.", "Charleston, West Virginia During World War II, the first and largest styrene-butadiene plant in the U.S. opened in nearby Institute, providing a replacement for rubber to the war effort.[29] After the war ended, Charleston was on the brink of some significant construction. One of the first during this period was Kanawha Airport (now Yeager Airport, named after General Chuck Yeager), which was perhaps one of the most phenomenal engineering accomplishments of its time. Built in 1947, the construction encompassed clearing 360 acres (1.5Â km2) on three mountaintops moving more than nine million cubic yards of earth. The Charleston Civic Center opened in 1959.", "Charleston, West Virginia Although the state now existed, settling on a state capital location proved to be difficult. For several years, the capital of West Virginia intermittently traveled between Wheeling and Charleston. In 1877, however, state citizens voted on the final location of their capital. Charleston received 41,243 votes, Clarksburg received 29,442 and Martinsburg received 8,046. Wheeling was not an available option for voting. Charleston was chosen and eight years later, the first capitol building was opened.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is located at 38°20′58″N 81°38′0″W / 38.34944°N 81.63333°W / 38.34944; -81.63333 (38.349497, -81.633294).[31] It lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau.[32]", "New River (Kanawha River) Much of the river's course through West Virginia is designated as the New River Gorge National River, and the New River is one of the nation's American Heritage Rivers. In 1975, North Carolina designated a 26.5-mile (42.6Â km) segment of the river as \"New River State Scenic River\", by including it in the state's Natural and Scenic Rivers System.[7][8] The segment was added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System the following year.", "Parkersburg, West Virginia The city is situated at the confluence of the Little Kanawha and Ohio rivers. The Little Kanawha River divides the north and south sides of the city. Worthington Creek, a tributary of the Little Kanawha River, flows through the eastern part of the city.[8]", "Charleston, West Virginia The first permanent settlement, Ft. Lee, was built in 1788. In 1791, Daniel Boone was a member of the Kanawha County Assembly.", "New River (Kanawha River) The origins of the name are unclear. Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia, an Indian name meaning \"new waters\", or the surname of an early settler.[9] Despite its name, the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically.[10]", "New River (Kanawha River) The New River is impounded by Bluestone Dam, creating Bluestone Lake in Summers County, West Virginia. The Bluestone River tributary joins the New River in Bluestone Lake. Just below the dam the Greenbrier River joins the New River, which continues its northward course into the New River Gorge. Near the end of the gorge the river flows by the town of Fayetteville, West Virginia. A few miles northwest of Fayetteville, much of the New River's flow is diverted through the 3-mile (4.8Â km) Hawks Nest Tunnel for use in power generation. The water re-enters the river just upstream of Gauley Bridge, where the New merges with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River. The Kanawha is a tributary of the Ohio River, which in turn is a tributary of the Mississippi River.", "Kanawha River According to French missionary reports, by the late 16th century, several thousand Huron, originally of the Great Lakes region, lived in central West Virginia. They were partially exterminated and their remnant driven out in the 17th century by the Iroquois' invading from western present-day New York. Other accounts note that the tribe known as Conois, Conoy, Canawesee, or Kanawha were conquered or driven out by the large Seneca tribe, one of the Iroquois Confederacy, as the Seneca boasted to Virginia colonial officials in 1744. The Iroquois and other tribes, such as the Shawnee and Delaware, maintained central West Virginia as a hunting ground. It was essentially unpopulated when the English and Europeans began to move into the area.[9]", "Government of West Virginia The capital and seat of government in West Virginia is the city of Charleston, located in the southwest area of the state.", "Charleston, West Virginia In 1983, the Charleston Town Center opened its doors downtown. It was the largest urban-based mall east of the Mississippi River, featuring three stories of shops and eateries. Downtown revitalization began in earnest in the late 1980s as well. Funds were set aside for streetscaping as Capitol and Quarrier Streets saw new building facades, trees along the streets, and brick walkways installed. For a time, the opening of the Charleston Town Center Mall had a somewhat negative impact on the main streets of downtown Charleston, as many businesses closed and relocated into the mall. For a while, the downtown business district (outside of the mall) had a \"ghost town\" feel to it which took several years to turn around. Today, Capitol Street, Hale Street, and other bordering streets are an eclectic mixture of restaurants, shops, businesses and services that many call the centerpiece of downtown.", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) Much of the river's course through West Virginia is designated as the New River Gorge National River, and the New River is one of the nation's American Heritage Rivers. In 1975, North Carolina designated a 26.5-mile (42.6Â km) segment of the river as \"New River State Scenic River\", by including it in the state's Natural and Scenic Rivers System.[7][8] The segment was added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System the following year.", "New River (Kanawha River) Despite its name, the New River is considered by some geologists to be one of the oldest rivers in the world.[10][13] The New River flows in a generally south-to-north course, at times cutting across the southwest-to-northeast-trending ridges and geological texture of the Appalachian Mountains, contrasting with the west-to-east flow of most other major rivers to the east and northeast in Virginia and North Carolina. This peculiar direction, together with the river's many cuts through various erosion-resistant Appalachian rocks, reveal that the New River's formation preceded uplift of the Appalachian Mountains themselves.[10]", "Kanawha River According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Kanawha River has also been known as:", "Charleston, West Virginia Also of note are several historic churches grouped closely together in a neighborhood just to the east of downtown; Basilica of the Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (one of the two cathedrals of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston), First Presbyterian Church, Kanawha United Presbyterian Church, St. John's Episcopal Church, Charleston Baptist Temple, St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, and Christ Church United Methodist.", "Kanawha River Paleo-Indians, the earliest indigenous peoples, lived in the valley and the heights by 10,000 BC as evidenced by archaeological artifacts such as Clovis points. A succession of prehistoric cultures developed, with the Adena culture beginning the construction of numerous skilled earthwork mounds and enclosures more than 2000 years ago. Some of the villages of the Fort Ancient culture survived into the times of European contact.", "James River The James River was considered as a route for transport of produce from the Ohio Valley. The James River and Kanawha Canal was built for this purpose, to provide a navigable portion of the Kanawha River, a tributary of the Ohio River. For the most mountainous section between the two points, the James River and Kanawha Turnpike was built to provide a portage link via wagons and stagecoaches. However, before the canal could be fully completed, in the mid-19th century, railroads emerged as a more practical technology and eclipsed canals for economical transportation. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) was completed between Richmond and the Ohio River at the new city of Huntington, West Virginia by 1873, dooming the canal's economic prospects. In the 1880s, the Richmond and Alleghany Railroad was laid along the eastern portion of the canal's towpath, and became part of the C&O within 10 years. In modern times, this rail line is used primarily in transporting West Virginia coal to export coal piers at Newport News.", "U.S. Route 60 From Charleston, US 60 heads southeast on its own course apart from Interstate 64, its replacement. The road first follows the Kanawha River to its source at Gauley Bridge, where US 60 then climbs out of the river valley and follows a twisting path through Rainelle and back to Interstate 64 at Sam Black Church. This stretch was the last section of US 60 to be bypassed by the Interstate system in West Virginia. I-64 between Beckley and Sam Black Church, West Virginia was not completed and open to traffic until July 15, 1988.[citation needed] Due to its location, many miles away from I-64, US 60 still serves a large amount of traffic through the central part of the state, even though I-64 has replaced the highway for most through traffic. From the early 1970s, when I-64 was completed through Charleston to the West Virginia Turnpike until 1988, all east-west I-64 traffic was routed onto the mostly two lane U.S. 60 from Charleston to Sam Black Church where I-64 resumed. During this time U.S. 60 was signed by W.V.D.O.T. with a U.S. 60 shield and a \"to I-64(east or west)\" sign in order to assure travelers they would eventually return to the interstate highway by following the federal designated route. This stretch of highway from Charleston to Sam Black Church is significant as it was the second to last segment of U.S. highway to be replaced by an interstate (of the original 1960s grid plan).", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) The New River is impounded by Bluestone Dam, creating Bluestone Lake in Summers County, West Virginia. The Bluestone River tributary joins the New River in Bluestone Lake. Just below the dam the Greenbrier River joins the New River, which continues its northward course into the New River Gorge. Near the end of the gorge the river flows by the town of Fayetteville, West Virginia. A few miles northwest of Fayetteville, much of the New River's flow is diverted through the 3-mile (4.8Â km) Hawks Nest Tunnel for use in power generation. The water re-enters the river just upstream of Gauley Bridge, where the New merges with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River. The Kanawha is a tributary of the Ohio River, which in turn is a tributary of the Mississippi River.", "Charleston, West Virginia On Memorial Day weekend, the Vandalia Gathering is held on the grounds of the state capitol. Thousands of visitors each year enjoy traditional music, art, dance, stories, crafts and food that stems from the \"uniqueness of West Virginia's mountain culture.\"", "Charleston, West Virginia Early industries important to Charleston included salt and the first natural gas well.[7] Later, coal became central to economic prosperity in the city and the surrounding area. Today, trade, utilities, government, medicine, and education play central roles in the city's economy.", "Charleston, West Virginia Major stores include The Shops at Kanawha plaza, Southridge Centre plaza, Dudley Farms Plaza, and The Shops at Trace Fork plaza.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston's sister city is:[69]", "Charleston, West Virginia Yeager Airport is West Virginia's largest airport serving more than twice as many passengers as all other WV airports combined. It is located 2-mile (3Â km) north of Interstate 64 and Interstate 77, accessible via WV 114.", "West Virginia In 1671, General Abraham Wood, at the direction of Royal Governor William Berkeley of the Virginia Colony, sent a party from Fort Henry led by Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam to survey this territory. They were the first Europeans recorded as discovering Kanawha Falls. Some sources state that Governor Alexander Spotswood's 1716 Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition (for which the state's Golden Horseshoe Competition for 8th graders was named) had penetrated as far as Pendleton County; however, modern historians interpret the original accounts of the excursion as suggesting that none of the expedition's horsemen ventured much farther west of the Blue Ridge Mountains than Harrisonburg, Virginia. John Van Metre, an Indian trader, penetrated into the northern portion in 1725. The same year, German settlers from Pennsylvania founded New Mecklenburg, the present Shepherdstown, on the Potomac River, and others followed.", "Kanawha River The area was a place of competition among historical American Indian nations. Invading from their base in present-day New York, the Iroquois drove out or conquered Fort Ancient culture peoples, as well as such tribes as the Huron and Conoy. By right of conquest, the Iroquois, Lenape (Delaware), and Shawnee reserved the area as a hunting ground. They resisted European-American settlement during the colonial years.", "Charleston, West Virginia The town continued to grow until the Civil War began in 1861. The state of Virginia seceded from the Union, and Charleston was divided between Union and Confederate loyalty. On September 13, 1862, the Union and Confederate Armies met in the Battle of Charleston. Although the Confederate States Army was victorious, occupation of the city was short-lived. Union troops returned just six weeks later and stayed through the end of the war.", "Charleston, West Virginia After a fire in 1921, a hastily built structure was opened but burned down in 1927. However, a Capitol Building Commission, created by the Legislature in 1921, authorized construction of the present capitol. Architect Cass Gilbert designed the buff Indiana limestone structure, in the Italian Renaissance style, that was to have a final cost of just under $10 million. After the three stages of construction were completed, Governor William G. Conley dedicated the West Virginia State Capitol on June 20, 1932.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is also home to West Virginia Junior College's Charleston campus. Located in downtown Charleston at 1000 Virginia Street, WV Junior College is accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools to award diplomas and associate degrees. Part of the Kanawha Valley for almost 115 years, WV Junior College was originally established as Capitol City Commercial College on September 1, 1892. The College was originally established to train students in secretarial and business skills and has undergone changes in location and curriculum through the years.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston possesses a number of older buildings which represent a variety of historical architectural styles. About fifty places in Charleston are included on the National Register of Historic Places.[53] A segment of the East End consisting of several blocks of both Virginia and Quarrier Streets, encompassing an area of nearly a full square mile, has been officially designated as a historical neighborhood. This residential neighborhood has many houses dating from the late 19th and early 20th century as well as a few art deco style apartment buildings dating from the 1920s and early 30s.", "Charleston, West Virginia WV 25, WV 61, WV 62, and WV 114 are all state highways that are within Charleston's city limits.", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) On its journey through the New River Gorge, the New River passes through an extensive geological formation. Emergent rocks, rock outcrops, trails and coal mines are found to provide diverse habitat producing rich and abundant flora and fauna species. In the gorge, there is typically a 1000 feet difference in elevation between the river bottom and the adjacent plateau. The New River dissects all physiographic provinces of the Appalachian Mountains, and therefore is believed to be a corridor facilitating the movement of southern plant and animal species into West Virginia. In addition to serving as a refuge for some species, New River Gorge provides a geographical barrier that limits the east-west distribution of other species.[15]", "U.S. Route 60 In West Virginia, US 60 largely follows the path of the Midland Trail. It enters the state at Kenova by crossing over the Big Sandy River from Kentucky. From there, it heads through Huntington east to Charleston.", "Charleston, West Virginia The new Robert C. Byrd Federal Building, Haddad Riverfront Park and Capitol Market are just a few new developments that have helped growth in the downtown area during the 1990s. Charleston also became known as one of the premiere healthcare spots in the state. Along with ambitious thinking, plans for even new entertainment and business venues kept Charleston moving along at a steady pace.", "New River (Kanawha River) According to the Geographic Names Information System, the New River has also been known as:", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) Ironically, the New River is considered by some geologists to be one of the oldest rivers in the world.[13] and certainly one of the oldest rivers in North America.[14] The New River flows in a generally south-to-north course, at times cutting across the southwest-to-northeast-trending ridges and geological texture of the Appalachian Mountains, and flows directly across the Appalachian Plateau, contrasting with the west-to-east flow of most other major rivers to the east and northeast in Virginia and North Carolina, and on the west side of the Appalachians on the Plateau.", "West Virginia Highways form the backbone of transportation systems in West Virginia, with over 37,300 miles (60,000Â km) of public roads in the state.[148] Airports, railroads, and rivers complete the commercial transportation modes for West Virginia. Commercial air travel is facilitated by airports in Charleston, Huntington, Morgantown, Beckley, Lewisburg, Clarksburg, and Parkersburg. All but Charleston and Huntington are subsidized by the US Department of Transportation's Essential Air Service program. The cities of Charleston, Huntington, Beckley, Wheeling, Morgantown, Clarksburg, Parkersburg and Fairmont have bus-based public transit systems, and the Huntington and Charleston systems jointly operate a twice per weekday interconnecting service.", "History of West Virginia In 1661, King Charles II of England had granted a company of gentlemen the land between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers, known as the Northern Neck. The grant eventually came into the possession of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron and in 1746 a stone was erected at the source of the North Branch Potomac River to mark the western limit of the grant. A considerable part of this land was surveyed by George Washington, especially the South Branch Potomac River valley between 1748 and 1751. The diary kept by Washington indicates that there were already many squatters, largely of German origin, along the South Branch. Christopher Gist, a surveyor for the first Ohio Company, which was composed chiefly of Virginians, explored the country along the Ohio River north of the mouth of the Kanawha River in 1751 and 1752. The company sought to have a fourteenth colony established with the name Vandalia.", "Charleston, West Virginia As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 51,400 people, 23,453 households, and 12,587 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,630.7 inhabitants per square mile (629.6/km2). There were 26,205 housing units at an average density of 831.4 per square mile (321.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.4% White, 15.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) The origins of the name are unclear. Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia, an Indian name meaning \"new waters\", or the surname of an early settler.[9] Despite its name, the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically.[10]", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) The fur trading Batts-Fallam expedition of 1671, sent by Colonel Abraham Wood, was the first recorded exploration of the river.[17][18] Variant names of the New River include \"Wood's River\", after Abraham Wood. Mary Draper Ingles traversed the gorge during her 1755 escape from captivity among the Shawnees.[19] Hiking or driving through New River Gorge today will provide glimpses of old stone walls, foundations of homes and buildings, coal mine entrances, and coke ovens decaying alongside the railroad tracks.[20]", "Charleston, West Virginia C&H Taxi services the Kanawha valley.", "West Virginia Shortly before the American Revolutionary War, in 1774 the Crown Governor of Virginia John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, led a force over the mountains. A body of militia under then-Colonel Andrew Lewis dealt the Shawnee Indians, under Hokoleskwa (or \"Cornstalk\"), a crushing blow during the Battle of Point Pleasant at the junction of the Kanawha and the Ohio rivers. At the Treaty of Camp Charlotte concluding Dunmore's War, Cornstalk agreed to recognize the Ohio River as the new boundary with the \"Long Knives\". By 1776, however, the Shawnee had returned to war, joining the Chickamauga, a band of Cherokee known for the area where they lived. Native American attacks on settlers continued until after the American Revolutionary War. During the war, the settlers in western Virginia were generally active Whigs and many served in the Continental Army. However, Claypool's Rebellion of 1780â€“1781, in which a group of men refused to pay taxes imposed by the Continental Army, showed war-weariness in what became West Virginia.", "Ohio River In 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the river served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated: \"The Ohio is the most beautiful river on earth. Its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted.\"[7]", "Charleston, West Virginia By the early 19th century, salt brines were discovered along the Kanawha River and the first salt well was drilled in 1806. This created a prosperous time and great economic growth for the area. By 1808, 1,250Â pounds of salt were being produced a day. An area adjacent to Charleston, Kanawha Salines, now Malden, would become the top salt producer in the world. In 1818, Kanawha Salt Company, first trust in United States, went into operation.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston hosts the annual Gazette-Mail Kanawha County Majorette and Band Festival for the eight public high schools in Kanawha County. The festival began in 1947 and has continued on as an annual tradition. The festival is held at the University of Charleston Stadium at Laidley Field in downtown Charleston. It is the state's oldest music festival.", "Charleston, West Virginia There are 21 high-rise buildings located in Charleston. Laidley Tower is the tallest structure in the downtown area.", "Charleston, West Virginia The Charlestonâ€“Huntington TV market, is the second largest television market (in terms of area) east of the Mississippi River and 64th largest in terms of households in the US serving counties in central West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and southern Ohio. There are four VHF and ten UHF television stations in the market.", "Interstate 77 in West Virginia Interstate 77 enters West Virginia from Virginia via the East River Mountain Tunnel; it is concurrent with U.S. Route 52 within the tunnel. It surfaces in Mercer County to the east of Bluefield. I-77's first exit in West Virginia is 0.6 miles (0.97Â km) north of the state line; US 52 leaves the highway here. I-77 continues north to Princeton. In Princeton, I-77 becomes the West Virginia Turnpike, which it remains through Charleston. The highway continues northward through rural Mercer County, roughly following U.S. Route 19. It crosses the Bluestone River in Eads Mill and passes Camp Creek State Park in Camp Creek. I-77 enters Raleigh County near the community of Ghent. I-77's northbound and southbound lanes separate here; they do not reunite until a point south of Daniels. I-77 meets I-64 south of Beckley, and the two highways become concurrent. The highways bypass the west side of Beckley and pass the turnpike's Beckley Service Area, which includes Tamarack, Best of West Virginia, at exit 45. I-77 heads north from Beckley into the Appalachian Mountains. It enters Fayette County near Pax, and it crosses into Kanawha County near Standard shortly afterwards. The highway continues north until it reaches the Kanawha River near Cabin Creek, where it turns northwest to follow the river into Charleston. I-77 crosses the river between exits 95 and 96 in Port Amherst. The West Virginia Turnpike ends after exit 96, and I-77 becomes a freeway. I-77 continues into downtown Charleston after the turnpike ends. It crosses the Elk River before separating from I-64 at an interchange in north Charleston. I-77 heads northeast along the river until it meets the southern terminus of Interstate 79 near Yeager Airport. I-77 then heads north into rural Kanawha County. It enters Jackson County near Goldtown. The highway continues north through Ripley, where it intersects U.S. Route 33. It becomes concurrent with US 33 and remains so through Silverton, where US 33 leaves the interstate and West Virginia Route 2 joins it. I-77 turns northeast toward Rockport, where it enters Wood County and turns north toward Parkersburg. It runs through the southeast corner of Parkersburg, bypassing the center of the city. It crosses the Little Kanawha River south of Parkersburg and heads northeast from the city. WV 2 leaves I-77 soon after, at exit 179 in North Hills. I-77 heads north towards Williamstown, where it crosses the Ohio River into Marietta, Ohio on the Marietta-Williamstown Interstate Bridge.", "West Virginia The interstates are supplemented by roads constructed under the Appalachian Corridor system. Four Corridors are complete. Corridor D, carrying US 50, runs from the Ohio River, and I-77, at Parkersburg to I-79 at Clarksburg. Corridor G, carrying US 119, runs from Charleston to the Kentucky border at Williamson. Corridor L, carrying US 19, runs from the Turnpike at Beckley to I-79 near Sutton (and provides a short cut of about 40 miles and bypasses Charleston's urban traffic for traveler heading to and from Florida). Corridor Q, carrying US 460, runs through Mercer County, entering the state from Giles County, Virginia and then reentering Virginia at Tazewell County.", "New River (Kanawha River) The New River is spanned by the New River Gorge Bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia, which is open for BASE jumping on Bridge Day. It is also a very popular river for white water rafting (class II-IV in season, IV-V during the spring run-off), and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips. Those willing to brave the colder water of spring will be rewarded with a more challenging big-water experience. Near the bridge, there are over 1400 single pitch sport climbs[17] and trails suitable for hiking and mountain biking.", "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston's only major newspaper is the Charleston Gazette-Mail.", "Monongahela River The Monongahela River in Fairmont, West Virginia in 2006", "West Virginia King Charles II of England, in 1661, granted to a company of gentlemen the land between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers, known as the Northern Neck. Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron ultimately took possession of this grant, and in 1746, a stone was erected at the source of the North Branch Potomac River to mark the western limit of his grant. A considerable part of this land was surveyed by the young George Washington between 1748 and 1751. The diary kept by Washington recorded that there were already many squatters, largely of German origin, along the South Branch Potomac River.", "West Virginia On January 9, 2014 near Charleston, the state capital, a chemical spill occurred that contaminated the water supply of 300,000 people in nine West Virginia counties. According to Bloomberg News, lost wages, revenue, and other economic harm from the chemical spill could top $500 million.[113] and West Virginia's Marshall University Center for Business and Economic Research estimated that about $61 million was lost by businesses in the first four days alone after the spill.[114]", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) The New River and its Gorge and Valley have been turned into protected parks and recreation areas along much of the river. Congress has designated the New River Gorge the \"New River Gorge National River\". The choice of national river designation came about through a long series of discussions among interested parties. A grassroots coalition formed and pleaded the case for protection of the area in Congress. The initial goal, however, was not protective designation of the gorge in West Virginia, but stopping an engineering project on the Virginia-North Carolina border. Plans had been proposed in the early 1960s to dam the New River in Virginia, backing up water into North Carolina for pumped storage, the production of hydroelectric power, and the regular flushing of pollution downstream. Proponents called it the Blue Ridge Pumped Storage Project. Many citizens in West Virginia felt that such a dam would negatively affect the gorge. Water flow and quality were major concerns. These West Virginia opponents to the dam joined those in Virginia and North Carolina and helped block the dam before shifting attention toward protection of the New River in West Virginia. The coalition ultimately chose a designation for the New River Gorge that would have a chance of success in Congress. That designation passed Congress in 1978.[21]" ]	[ "Charleston, West Virginia Charleston is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of West Virginia, and the county seat of Kanawha County. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers. As of the 2013 Census Estimate, it had a population of 50,821, while its metropolitan area had 224,743. It is a center of government, commerce, and industry.[6]", "Charleston, West Virginia Interstate 64 crosses the Kanawha River four times as it passes through the Charleston metropolitan area. The Elk River flows into the Kanawha River in downtown Charleston." ]
test988	how tall was the tsunami that hit japan	[ "doc34605" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1240117", "doc34644", "doc34605", "doc34635", "doc34641", "doc34640", "doc34666", "doc34651", "doc34642", "doc34643", "doc34634", "doc34609", "doc34639", "doc52184", "doc34625", "doc34636", "doc912554", "doc34717", "doc34619", "doc829780", "doc912556", "doc912512", "doc912555", "doc34612", "doc173848", "doc307145", "doc1239412", "doc34646", "doc2447930", "doc34638", "doc945554", "doc955268", "doc307190", "doc912490", "doc52179", "doc52174", "doc52171", "doc829817", "doc945565", "doc1240113", "doc34618", "doc34637", "doc52173", "doc34705", "doc829917", "doc307146", "doc307152", "doc912507", "doc52177", "doc34628", "doc307131", "doc307186", "doc1621291", "doc52189", "doc52186", "doc307193", "doc829863", "doc420056", "doc34617", "doc307147", "doc261433", "doc34650", "doc34692", "doc1360738", "doc34667", "doc34715", "doc34608", "doc945546", "doc34683", "doc34652", "doc912526", "doc34645", "doc34630", "doc912536", "doc52185", "doc1621282", "doc34654", "doc34615", "doc34704", "doc912511", "doc161943", "doc307167", "doc34606", "doc945552", "doc261446", "doc912552", "doc34624", "doc1688781", "doc912508", "doc912489", "doc307153", "doc34611", "doc945548", "doc34686", "doc34626", "doc307182", "doc307151", "doc1240110", "doc307154", "doc34607" ]	[ "List of historical tsunamis On 11 March 2011, off the Pacific coast of Japan, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake produced a tsunami 33 feet (10 m) high along Japan's northeastern coast. The wave caused widespread devastation, with an official count of 18,550 people confirmed to be killed/missing.[66] The highest tsunami which was recorded at Miyako, Iwate reached a total height of 40.5 metres (133 ft).[67] In addition the tsunami precipitated multiple hydrogen explosions and nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant. Tsunami warnings were issued to the entire Pacific Rim.[68][69]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The tsunami at Ryōri Bay (綾里湾), Ōfunato reached a height of 40.1 m (run-up elevation). Fishing equipment was scattered on the high cliff above the bay.[163][164] At Tarō, Iwate, the tsunami reached a height of 37.9 m (124 ft) up the slope of a mountain some 200 m (656 ft) away from the coastline.[165] Also, at the slope of a nearby mountain from 400 m (1,312 ft) away at Aneyoshi fishery port (姉吉漁港) of Omoe peninsula (重茂半島) in Miyako, Iwate, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology found estimated tsunami run up height of 38.9 m (127 ft).[32] This height is deemed the record in Japan historically, as of reporting date, that exceeds 38.2 m (125 ft) from the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake.[166] It was also estimated that the tsunami reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture. The inundated areas closely matched those of the 869 Sanriku tsunami.[167]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin) was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011,[4][9][10] with the epicentre approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 29 km (18 mi).[4][11] The earthquake is often referred to in Japan as the Great East Japan Earthquake (東日本大震災, Higashi nihon daishinsai)[12][13][fn 1] and is also known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake,[28] and the 3.11 earthquake. It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900.[10][29][30] The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[31][32] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[33] The earthquake moved Honshu (the main island of Japan) 2.4 m (8 ft) east, shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in),[34][35][36] increased earth's rotational speed by 1.8 µs per day,[37] and generated infrasound waves detected in perturbations of the low-orbiting GOCE satellite.[38] Initially, the earthquake caused sinking of part of Honshu's Pacific coast by up to roughly a metre, but after about three years, the coast rose back and kept on rising to exceed the original height of the coast.[39][40][41][42]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The tsunami warning issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency was the most serious on its warning scale; it was rated as a \"major tsunami\", being at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high.[124] The actual height prediction varied, the greatest being for Miyagi at 6 m (20 ft) high.[125] The tsunami inundated a total area of approximately 561 km2 (217 sq mi) in Japan.[126]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Many areas were also affected by waves of 1 to 3 metres (3.3 to 9.8 ft) in height, and the JMA bulletin also included the caveat that \"At some parts of the coasts, tsunamis may be higher than those observed at the observation sites.\" The timing of the earliest recorded tsunami maximum readings ranged from 15:12 to 15:21, between 26 and 35 minutes after the earthquake had struck. The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details, as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunami waves.[159][160]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami On 13 March 2011, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake. These observations included tsunami maximum readings of over 3 m (9.8 ft) at the following locations and times on 11 March 2011, following the earthquake at 14:46 JST:[158]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. Video footage of the towns that were worst affected shows little more than piles of rubble, with almost no parts of any structures left standing.[244] Estimates of the cost of the damage range well into the tens of billions of US dollars; before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions show immense damage to many regions.[245][246] Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which line at least 40% of its 34,751 km (21,593 mi) coastline and stand up to 12 m (39 ft) high, the tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls, collapsing some in the process.[247]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami After 2-meter high surge hitting Chile, it was reported that the reflection from those surges traveled back across the Pacific, causing 30–60 cm surge in Japan, 47–48 hours after the earthquake, according to observation from multiple tide station (ja), including Onahama, Owase, Kushimoto.[193][194]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami JMA also reported offshore tsunami height recorded by telemetry from moored GPS wave-height meter buoys as follows:[161]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami On 25 March 2011, Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) reported tsunami height by visiting the port sites as follows:[162]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami An upthrust of 6 to 8 metres along a 180-km-wide seabed at 60 km offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku[117] resulted in a major tsunami that brought destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands. Thousands of lives were lost when entire towns were devastated. The tsunami propagated throughout the Pacific Ocean region reaching the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile. Warnings were issued and evacuations were carried out in many countries bordering the Pacific. However, although the tsunami affected many of these places, the heights of the waves were minor.[118][119][120] Chile's Pacific coast, one of the furthest from Japan at about 17,000 km (11,000 mi) distant, was struck by waves 2 m (6.6 ft) high,[121][122][123] compared with an estimated wave height of 38.9 metres (128 ft) at Omoe peninsula, Miyako city, Japan.[32]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The 9.1-magnitude (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake occurred on 11 March 2011 at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) in the north-western Pacific Ocean at a relatively shallow depth of 32 km (20 mi),[4][57] with its epicenter approximately 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku, Japan, lasting approximately six minutes.[5][4] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.9 Mw by the USGS before it was quickly upgraded to 8.8 Mw, then to 8.9 Mw,[58] and then finally to 9.0 Mw.[9][59] On 11 July 2016, the USGS further upgraded the earthquake to 9.1. Sendai was the nearest major city to the earthquake, 130 km (81 mi) from the epicenter; the earthquake occurred 373 km (232 mi) from Tokyo.[4]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Large parts of Kuji and the southern section of Ōfunato including the port area were almost entirely destroyed.[142][143] Also largely destroyed was Rikuzentakata, where the tsunami was three stories high.[144][145][146] Other cities destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami include Kamaishi, Miyako, Ōtsuchi, and Yamada (in Iwate Prefecture), Namie, Sōma and Minamisōma (in Fukushima Prefecture) and Shichigahama, Higashimatsushima, Onagawa, Natori, Ishinomaki, and Kesennuma (in Miyagi Prefecture).[147][148][149][150][151][152][153] The most severe effects of the tsunami were felt along a 670-kilometre-long (420 mi) stretch of coastline from Erimo, Hokkaido, in the north to Ōarai, Ibaraki, in the south, with most of the destruction in that area occurring in the hour following the earthquake.[154] Near Ōarai, people captured images of a huge whirlpool that had been generated by the tsunami.[155] The tsunami washed away the sole bridge to Miyatojima, Miyagi, isolating the island's 900 residents.[156] A two-metre-high tsunami hit Chiba Prefecture about 2½ hours after the quake, causing heavy damage to cities such as Asahi.[157]", "Megatsunami In 1792, Mount Unzen in Japan erupted, causing part of the volcano to collapse into the sea. The landslide caused a megatsunami that reached 100 metres (330Â ft) high and killed 15,000 people in the local fishing villages.[citation needed]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami A magnitude 7.4 Mw at 15:08 (JST), 7.9 Mw at 15:15 and a 7.7 Mw quake at 15:26 all occurred on 11 March.[98]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The earthquake took place at 14:46 JST (UTC 05:46) around 67 km (42 mi) from the nearest point on Japan's coastline, and initial estimates indicated the tsunami would have taken 10 to 30 minutes to reach the areas first affected, and then areas farther north and south based on the geography of the coastline.[127][128] Just over an hour after the earthquake at 15:55 JST, a tsunami was observed flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture,[129][130] with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[131][132] The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.[133] A 4-metre-high (13 ft) tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture.[134] Wakabayashi Ward in Sendai was also particularly hard hit.[135] At least 101 designated tsunami evacuation sites were hit by the wave.[136]", "Tsunami Japan, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a disaster in 1896, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans.[54] The country has built many tsunami walls of up to 12 metres (39 ft) high to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built floodgates of up to 15.5 metres (51 ft) high and channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers.", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Portions of northeastern Japan shifted by as much as 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) closer to North America,[34][35] making some sections of Japan's landmass wider than before.[35] Those areas of Japan closest to the epicenter experienced the largest shifts.[35] A 400-kilometre (250 mi) stretch of coastline dropped vertically by 0.6 metres (2 ft 0 in), allowing the tsunami to travel farther and faster onto land.[35] One early estimate suggested that the Pacific plate may have moved westward by up to 20 metres (66 ft),[85] and another early estimate put the amount of slippage at as much as 40 m (130 ft).[86] On 6 April the Japanese coast guard said that the quake shifted the seabed near the epicenter 24 metres (79 ft) and elevated the seabed off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture by 3 metres (9.8 ft).[87] A report by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, published in Science on 2 December 2011, concluded that the seabed in the area between the epicenter and the Japan Trench moved 50 metres (160 ft) east-southeast and rose about 7 metres (23 ft) as a result of the quake. The report also stated that the quake had caused several major landslides on the seabed in the affected area.[88]", "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster The largest tsunami wave was 13 meters (43 ft) high and hit 50 minutes after the initial earthquake, overwhelming the plant's seawall, which was 10 m (33 ft) high.[6] The moment of impact was recorded by a camera.[26] Water quickly flooded the low-lying rooms in which the emergency generators were housed.[27] The flooded diesel generators failed soon afterwards, resulting in a loss of power to the critical coolant water pumps. These pumps needed to continuously circulate coolant water through a Generation II reactor for several days to keep the fuel rods from melting, as the fuel rods continued to generate decay heat after the SCRAM event. The fuel rods would become hot enough to melt during the fuel decay time period if an adequate heat sink was not available. After the secondary emergency pumps (run by back-up electrical batteries) ran out, one day after the tsunami, 12 March,[28] the water pumps stopped and the reactors began to overheat.", "Tsunami The Okushiri, Hokkaidō tsunami which struck Okushiri Island of Hokkaidō within two to five minutes of the earthquake on July 12, 1993, created waves as much as 30 metres (100 ft) tall—as high as a 10-story building. The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life.[57]", "Tsunami In the 1950s, it was discovered that larger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giant submarine landslides. These rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet).[28] The wave did not travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat managed to ride the wave.", "Tsunami The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was directly triggered by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, when waves exceeded the height of the plant's sea wall.[55] Iwate Prefecture, which is an area at high risk from tsunami, had tsunami barriers walls (Taro sea wall) totalling 25 kilometres (16 mi) long at coastal towns. The 2011 tsunami toppled more than 50% of the walls and caused catastrophic damage.[56]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami This earthquake occurred where the Pacific Plate is subducting under the plate beneath northern Honshu.[35][69] The Pacific plate, which moves at a rate of 8 to 9 cm (3.1 to 3.5 in) per year, dips under Honshu's underlying plate, building large amounts of elastic energy. This motion pushes the upper plate down until the accumulated stress causes a seismic slip-rupture event. The break caused the sea floor to rise by several metres.[69] A quake of this magnitude usually has a rupture length of at least 500 km (310 mi) and generally requires a long, relatively straight fault surface. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in the area of the Honshu rupture is not very straight, it is unusual for the magnitude of its earthquake to exceed 8.5 Mw; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[70] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture.[71] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 km (310 mi) and a width of 200 km (120 mi).[72][73] Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events.[74] Other major earthquakes with tsunamis struck the Sanriku Coast region in 1896 and in 1933.", "Geography of Japan On March 11, 2011 Japan was subject to a devastating magnitude 9.0 earthquake and a massive tsunami as a result. The March 11 quake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and is the world's fourth largest earthquake to strike since 1900, according to the U.S. Geological Service. It struck offshore about 371 kilometres (231 mi) northeast of Tokyo and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east of the city of Sendai, and created a massive tsunami that devastated Japan's northeastern coastal areas. At least 100 aftershocks registering a 6.0 magnitude or higher have followed the main shock. At least 15,000 people died as a result.", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The maximum runup height of the tsunami was measured at a hill between Lhoknga and Leupung, on the west coast of the northern tip of Sumatra, near Banda Aceh, and reached more than 30 m (100 ft).[6]", "Tsunami warning system Japan has a nationwide tsunami warning system. The system usually issues the warning minutes after an Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) is issued, should there be expected waves.[6][7] The tsunami warning was issued within 3 minutes with the most serious rating on its warning scale during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami; it was rated as a \"major tsunami\", being at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high.[7][8] An improved system was unveiled on March 7, 2013 following the 2011 disaster to better access the waves.[9][10]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Delayed evacuations in response to the warnings had a number of causes. The tsunami height that had been initially predicted by the tsunami warning system was lower than the actual tsunami height; this error contributed to the delayed escape of some residents. The discrepancy arose as follows: In order to produce a quick prediction of a tsunami's height and thus to provide a timely warning, the initial earthquake and tsunami warning that was issued for the event was based on a calculation that requires only about 3 minutes. This calculation is, in turn, based on the maximum amplitude of the seismic wave. The amplitude of the seismic wave is measured using the JMA magnitude scale, which is similar to Richter magnitude scale. However, these scales \"saturate\" for earthquakes that are above a certain magnitude (magnitude 8 on the JMA scale); that is, in the case of very large earthquakes, the scales' values change little despite large differences in the earthquakes' energy. This resulted in an underestimation of the tsunami's height in initial reports. Problems in issuing updates also contributed to delays in evacuations. The warning system was supposed to be updated about 15 minutes after the earthquake occurred, by which time the calculation for the moment magnitude scale would normally be completed. However, the strong quake had exceeded the measurement limit of all of the teleseismometers within Japan, and thus it was impossible to calculate the moment magnitude based on data from those seismometers. Another cause of delayed evacuations was the release of the second update on the tsunami warning long after the earthquake (28 minutes, according to observations); by that time, power failures and similar circumstances reportedly prevented the update from reaching some residents. Also, observed data from tidal meters that were located off the coast were not fully reflected in the second warning. Furthermore, shortly after the earthquake, some wave meters reported a fluctuation of \"20 centimeters\" (about 8 inches), and this value was broadcast throughout the mass media and the warning system, which caused some residents to underestimate the danger of their situation and even delayed or suspended their evacuation.[169][170]", "Heisei period On 11 March 2011, Japan suffered the strongest recorded earthquake in its history, affecting places in the northeast of Honshū, including the Tokyo area.[3] The quake's magnitude of 9.0[4] approached that of the severe 2004 megathrust earthquake. A tsunami with waves of up to 10 meters (32.5 feet) flooded inland areas several kilometers from shore,[5] causing a large number of considerable fires. The epicenter of the quake lay so close to coastal villages and towns that thousands could not flee in time, despite a tsunami warning system.[6] At the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and three other nuclear power plants, there occurred serious problems with the cooling systems,[7] ultimately leading to the most serious case of radioactive contamination since the Chernobyl disaster (see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster), as well as ongoing electric power shortages. Following the earthquake, for the first time, the Emperor addressed the nation in a pre-recorded television broadcast.", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Among several factors causing the high death toll from the tsunami, one was the unexpectedly large size of the water surge. The tsunami walls in several of the affected cities had been constructed to protect against tsunamis of much lower heights. Also, many people who were caught in the tsunami thought that they were located on high enough ground to be safe.[139] According to the conclusions of a special committee on disaster prevention, which had been designated by the Japanese government, the tsunami protection policy had been intended to deal with only those tsunamis that had been scientifically proved to occur repeatedly; the committee therefore advised that in the future the policy should be changed to protect against the highest possible tsunami. Because tsunami walls had been overtopped by this tsunami, the committee also suggested that, besides constructing tsunami walls to a height that can protect against relatively frequent tsunamis, it is still necessary to teach citizens who are protected by tsunami walls how to evacuate if a largest scale tsunami should strike those places.[140][141]", "Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Following the earthquake some analysts were predicting that the total recovery costs could reach ¥10 trillion ($122 billion);[13] however, by 12 April 2011 the Japanese government estimated that the cost of just the direct material damage could exceed ¥25 trillion ($300 billion).[14] Japan's real gross domestic product contracted 3.7% for the quarter of January to March 2011.[15]", "Natural disaster A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. \"harbour wave\"; English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes such as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, or by landslides such as the one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska, or by volcanic eruptions such as the ancient eruption of Santorini. On March 11, 2011, a tsunami occurred near Fukushima, Japan and spread through the Pacific.", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Tsunami survey heights:[citation needed]", "Tsunami Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer.[5] Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called \"internal wave train\".[6] Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.", "Megatsunami On 9 July 1958, a 7.8 Mw strike-slip earthquake in southeast Alaska caused 90 million tonnes of rock and ice to drop into the deep water at the head of Lituya Bay. The block fell almost vertically and hit the water with sufficient force to create a wave that surged up the opposite side of the head of the bay to a height of 1720 feet (524 m), and was still many tens of metres high further down the bay, when it carried eyewitnesses Howard Ulrich and his son Howard Jr. over the trees in their fishing boat. They were washed back into the bay and both survived.[1]", "Megatsunami Normal tsunamis generated at sea result from movement of the sea floor. They have a small wave height offshore, are very long (often hundreds of kilometres), and generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually of the order of 30 cm (12 in) above the normal sea surface. When they reach land, the wave height increases dramatically as the base of the wave pushes the water column above it upwards.", "Megatsunami Megatsunamis have quite different features from other, more usual types of tsunamis. Most tsunamis are caused by underwater tectonic activity (movement of the earth's plates) and therefore occur along plate boundaries and as a result of earthquake and rise or fall in the sea floor, causing water to be displaced. Ordinary tsunamis have shallow waves out at sea, and the water piles up to a wave height of up to about 10 metres (33 feet) as the sea floor becomes shallow near land. By contrast, megatsunamis occur when a very large amount of material suddenly falls into water or anywhere near water (such as via a meteor impact), or are caused by volcanic activity. They can have extremely high initial wave heights of hundreds and possibly thousands of metres, far beyond any ordinary tsunami, as the water is \"splashed\" upwards and outwards by the impact or displacement. As a result, two heights are sometimes quoted for megatsunamis â€“ the height of the wave itself (in water), and the height to which it surges when it reaches land, which depending upon the locale, can be several times larger.", "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster The earthquake triggered a 13-to-15-meter (43 to 49 ft)-high tsunami that arrived approximately 50 minutes later. The waves overtopped the plant's 5.7-meter (19 ft) seawall,[91][92][93] flooding the basements of the power plant's turbine buildings and disabling the emergency diesel generators[67][94][95] at approximately 15:41.[89][96] TEPCO then notified authorities of a \"first-level emergency\".[87] The switching stations that provided power from the three backup generators located higher on the hillside failed when the building that housed them flooded.[68] Power for the plant's control systems switched to batteries designed to provide power for about eight hours.[97] Further batteries and mobile generators were dispatched to the site, but were delayed by poor road conditions; the first arrived at 21:00 11 March,[90][98] almost six hours after the tsunami struck.", "Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami", "List of historical tsunamis The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3,[11] triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on 26 December 2004, that killed approximately 230,210 people (including 168,000 in Indonesia alone), making it the deadliest tsunami as well as one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. It was also caused by the third largest earthquake in recorded history. The initial surge was measured at a height of approximately 33 meters (108 ft), making it the largest earthquake-generated tsunami in recorded history. The tsunami killed people over an area ranging from the immediate vicinity of the quake in Indonesia, Thailand, and the north-western coast of Malaysia, to thousands of kilometres away in Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and even as far away as Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania in East Africa. This trans-Indian Ocean tsunami is an example of a teletsunami, which can travel vast distances across the open ocean. In this case, it is an ocean-wide tsunami. It became known as the \"Boxing Day Tsunami\" because it struck on Boxing Day (26 December).", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) calculated a peak ground acceleration of 2.99 g (29.33 m/s2).[81][fn 2] The largest individual recording in Japan was 2.7 g, in Miyagi Prefecture, 75 km from the epicentre; the highest reading in the Tokyo metropolitan area was 0.16 g.[84]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the damage by surging water, though much more localized, was far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. Entire towns were destroyed in tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku;[137] one thousand bodies had been recovered in the town by 14 March 2011.[138]", "Megatsunami A megatsunami is a tsunami—a large wave due to displacement of a body of water—with an initial wave amplitude (height) measured in several tens, hundreds, or possibly thousands of metres.", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The aftermath of the twin disasters also left Japan's coastal cities and towns with nearly 25 million tons of debris. In Ishinomaki alone, there were 17 trash collection sites 180 metres long and at least 4.5 metres high. An official in the city's government trash disposal department estimated that it would take three years to empty these sites.[374]", "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster A number of nuclear reactor safety system lessons emerged from the incident. The most obvious was that in tsunami-prone areas, a power station's sea wall must be adequately tall and robust.[6] At the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, closer to the epicenter of 11 March earthquake and tsunami,[289] the sea wall was 14 meters (46Â ft) tall and successfully withstood the tsunami, preventing serious damage and radioactivity releases.[290][291]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The tsunami heights in Sumatra:[63]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The second and third waves were 15–30 m (49.2–98.4 ft) high at the coast, described having an appearance like a surf wave (cobra-shaped) but \"taller than the coconut trees\" and \"like a mountain\".[65][copyright violation?] The second and third tsunami waves changed appearance from a surfing wave form to a huge tsunami bore, similar to tsunami witnessed in Khao Lak, Thailand.", "Tsunami Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometres long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres),[27] which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12Â in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.", "Megatsunami Two heights are sometimes quoted for megatsunamis â€“ the height of the wave itself (in water), and the height to which it surges when it reaches land, which depending upon the locale, can be several times larger.", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami On 7 December 2012 a large aftershock of magnitude 7.3 Mw caused a minor tsunami, and again on 26 October 2013 small tsunami waves were recorded after a 7.1 Mw aftershock.[105]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The tsunami, like all others, behaved differently in deep water than in shallow water. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a low, broad hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at a high speed of 500 to 1,000 km/h (310 to 620 mph); in shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large destructive waves. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of 24 metres (80 ft) when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 metres (100 ft) in some areas when traveling inland.[5] Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves in deep water: maximum height was at 60 centimetres (2 ft) two hours after the earthquake, the first such observations ever made.[44][45]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Reports of tsunami wave height:[86][87]", "1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami The wave caused damage to the vegetation up the headlands around the area where the rockfall occurred, up to a height of 520 metres (1,710Â ft), as well as along the shoreline of the bay.[10]", "Megatsunami One lobe of the avalanche surged onto Spirit Lake, causing a megatsunami which pushed the lake waters in a series of surges, which reached a maximum height of 260 metres (853 feet)[19] above the pre-eruption water level (~975 m asl/3,199 ft). Above the upper limit of the tsunami, trees lie where they were knocked down by the pyroclastic surge; below the limit, the fallen trees and the surge deposits were removed by the megatsunami and deposited in Spirit Lake.[20]", "Megatsunami On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,710Â ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet.[17] The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people. Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat, and both survived.[1]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Consequently, tsunami runup heights vary from 5 m (16.4 ft) to 9 m (29.5 ft) with inundation distances varying from 44 m (0.027 miles) to 704 m (0.44 miles). The maximum runup height of almost 9 m (29.5 ft) was recorded in Bandarbeyla. An even higher runup point was measured on a cliff near the town of Eyl, solely on an eyewitness account.", "Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster The Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company's interim report stated that Japan's response was flawed by \"poor communication and delays in releasing data on dangerous radiation leaks at the facility\". The report blamed Japan's central government as well as TEPCO, \"depicting a scene of harried officials incapable of making decisions to stem radiation leaks as the situation at the coastal plant worsened in the days and weeks following the disaster\".[195] The report said poor planning worsened the disaster response, noting that authorities had \"grossly underestimated tsunami risks\" that followed the magnitude 9.0 earthquake. The 12.1-meter (40Â ft) high tsunami that struck the plant was double the height of the highest wave predicted by officials. The erroneous assumption that the plant's cooling system would function after the tsunami worsened the disaster. \"Plant workers had no clear instructions on how to respond to such a disaster, causing miscommunication, especially when the disaster destroyed backup generators.\"[195]", "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event The megatsunami has been estimated at more than 100 metres (330 ft) tall, as the asteroid fell into relatively shallow seas; in deep seas it would have been 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) tall.[117]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The surface energy of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at 1.9×1017 joules,[79] which is nearly double that of the 9.1 Mw 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year.[64] The seismic moment (M0), which represents a physical size for the event, was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×1022 joules,[80] slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake.", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The tsunami height on the Banda Aceh coast was lower than half of that on the west coast. The tsunami height was reduced by half from 12 m (39.4 ft) at Ulee Lheue to 6 m (19.7 ft) a further 8 km (5.0 miles) to the northeast. The inundation was observed to lie 3–4 km (1.9–2.5 miles) inland throughout the city. Flow depths over the ground were observed to be over 9 m (29.5 ft) in the seaside section of Ulee Lheue and tapered landward.[citation needed]", "2010 Chile earthquake Russian authorities lifted a tsunami alert for the Kamchatka coast, after the arrival of a 0.8 m (2.6 ft) surge that caused no damage.[135] The tsunami was also reported to be small along the Japanese coast, and passed without incident. Many coastal areas in Japan had been evacuated as a precaution.[136]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and South America, tsunami surges were reported, but in most places caused little or no damage.[186] Peru reported a wave of 1.5 m (5 ft) and more than 300 homes damaged.[186] The surge in Chile was large enough to damage more than 200 houses,[187] with waves of up to 3 m (9.8 ft).[188][189] In the Galápagos Islands, 260 families received assistance following a 3-metre (9.8 ft) surge which arrived 20 hours after the earthquake, after the tsunami warning had been lifted.[190][191] There was a great deal of damage to buildings on the islands and one man was injured but there were no reported fatalities.[190][192]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami None of Japan's commercial wind turbines, totaling over 2300 MW in nameplate capacity, failed as a result of the earthquake and tsunami, including the Kamisu offshore wind farm directly hit by the tsunami.[330]", "Nuclear power in Japan Between 2005 and 2007, three Japanese nuclear power plants were shaken by earthquakes that far exceeded the maximum peak ground acceleration used in their design.[75] The tsunami that followed the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, inundating the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, was more than twice the design height,[76] while the ground acceleration also slightly exceeded the design parameters.[77]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Japan's National Police Agency said on 3 April 2011, that 45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami. The damaged buildings included 29,500 structures in Miyagi Prefecture, 12,500 in Iwate Prefecture and 2,400 in Fukushima Prefecture.[248] Three hundred hospitals with 20 beds or more in Tōhoku were damaged by the disaster, with 11 being completely destroyed.[249] The earthquake and tsunami created an estimated 24–25 million tons of rubble and debris in Japan.[250][251]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Seismologists anticipated a very large quake would strike in the same place as the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake — in the Sagami Trough, southwest of Tokyo.[388][389] The Japanese government had tracked plate movements since 1976 in preparation for the so-called Tokai earthquake, predicted to take place in that region.[390] However, occurring as it did 373 km (232 mi) north east of Tokyo, the Tōhoku earthquake came as a surprise to seismologists. While the Japan Trench was known for creating large quakes, it had not been expected to generate quakes above an 8.0 magnitude.[389][390] The Headquarters For Earthquake Research Promotion setup by Japanese government have then reassessed the long term risk of trench-type earthquakes around Japan, and it was announced in November 2011 that, combining with researches on 869 Sanriku earthquake, an earthquake similar to this one (with a magnitude of Mw 8.4–9.0) would take place in the area between off the coast of Pacific side of the Northeast Japan in an average of every 600 years intervals (See also Seismicity of the Sanriku coast), and it is also assessed that a tsunami-earthquake with a tsunami magnitude scales (Mt) between 8.6 and 9.0 (Similar to 1896 Sanriku earthquake, the Mt for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake is 9.1–9.4) will have a 30% chance to occur within 30 years.[391][392]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[53] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions.[54] The World Bank's estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster in history.[55][56]", "Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami included both a humanitarian crisis and massive economic impacts. The tsunami created over 300,000 refugees in the Tōhoku region of Japan, and resulted in shortages of food, water, shelter, medicine and fuel for survivors. 15,891 deaths have been confirmed. In response to the crisis, the Japanese government mobilized the Self-Defence Forces, while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide also responded, with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1 billion in donations. The economic impact included both immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ¥10 trillion ($122 billion).", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami A report by the IAEA in 2012 found that the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, the closest nuclear plant to the epicenter of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami, had remained largely undamaged. The plant's 3 reactors automatically shut down without damage and all safety systems functioned as designed. The plant's 14-metre-high (46Â ft) seawall successfully withstood the tsunami.[301]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The tsunami broke icebergs off the Sulzberger Ice Shelf in Antarctica, 13,000 kilometres (8,100 mi) away. The main iceberg measured 9.5 by 6.5 kilometres (5.9 mi × 4.0 mi) (approximately the area of Manhattan Island) and about 80 metres (260 ft) thick. A total of 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi; 31,000 acres) of ice broke away.[195][196]", "Tsunami When the tsunami's wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.[36] A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up.[37]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami A Japanese government study found that 58% of people in coastal areas in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures heeded tsunami warnings immediately after the quake and headed for higher ground. Of those who attempted to evacuate after hearing the warning, only five percent were caught in the tsunami. Of those who didn't heed the warning, 49% were hit by the water.[168]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami As of 11 March 2016[update] there had been 869 aftershocks of 5.0 Mw or greater, 118 of 6.0 Mw or greater, and 9 over 7.0 Mw as reported by the Japanese Meteorological Agency.[108]", "Tsunami There are different term being used to describe different characteristic of tsunami in term of their height, and each of them are used to refer to different characteristic of a tsunami.[43][44][45][46]", "Megatsunami The eruption of Krakatoa created pyroclastic flows which generated megatsunamis when they hit the waters of the Sunda Strait on 27 August 1883. The waves reached heights of up to 24 metres (79 feet) along the south coast of Sumatra and up to 42 metres (138 feet) along the west coast of Java.[16]", "1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami The 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami occurred on July 9 at 22:15:58 following an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). The earthquake took place on the Fairweather Fault and triggered a rockslide of 40 million cubic yards (30 million cubic meters and about 90 million tons) into the narrow inlet of Lituya Bay, Alaska. The impact was heard 50 miles (80 km) away,[6] and the sudden displacement of water resulted in a megatsunami that washed out trees to a maximum elevation of 1,710 feet (520 m) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet.[7] This is the largest and most significant megatsunami in modern times; it forced a re-evaluation of large-wave events and the recognition of impact events, rockfalls, and landslides as causes of very large waves.", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan reported land subsidence based on the height of triangulation stations in the area measured by GPS as compared to their previous values from 14 April 2011.[199]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The strong ground motion registered at the maximum of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[77] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded an upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured a lower 6, recording an upper 5 in Tokyo.", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami included both a humanitarian crisis and a major economic impact. The tsunami resulted in over 340,000 displaced people in the Tōhoku region, and shortages of food, water, shelter, medicine and fuel for survivors. In response the Japanese government mobilized the Self-Defence Forces (under Joint Task Force – Tōhoku, led by Lieutenant General Eiji Kimizuka), while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide also responded, with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1 billion in donations. The economic impact included both immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ¥10 trillion ($122 billion). In comparison to the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake, the East Japan earthquake brought serious damage to an extremely wide range.[373]", "Tsunami The 1960 Valdivia earthquake (Mw 9.5), 1964 Alaska earthquake (Mw 9.2), 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (Mw 9.2), and 2011 Tōhoku earthquake (Mw9.0) are recent examples of powerful megathrust earthquakes that generated tsunamis (known as teletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (Mw 4.2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local and regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a few minutes.", "Earthquake engineering Twofold tsunami impact: sea waves hydraulic pressure and inundation. Thus, the Indian Ocean earthquake of December 26, 2004, with the epicenter off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggered a series of devastating tsunamis, killing more than 230,000 people in eleven countries by inundating surrounding coastal communities with huge waves up to 30 meters (100Â feet) high.[46]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The highest recorded tsunami run-up measured was at 19.6 m (64.3 ft) at Ban Thung Dap, on the southwest tip of Ko Phra Thong Island and the second highest at 15.8 m (51.8 ft) at Ban Nam Kim.[75]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The latest report from the Japanese National Police Agency report confirms 15,895 deaths,[43] 6,156 injured,[44] and 2,539 people missing[45] across twenty prefectures, and a report from 2015 indicated 228,863 people were still living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation.[46] A March 2018 agency report listed 121,776 buildings totally collapsed, with a further 280,923 buildings \"half collapsed\", and another 726,574 buildings partially damaged.[47] The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north-eastern Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse.[33][48] Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, \"In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan.\"[49] Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water.[50]", "Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Following the earthquake, tsunami, and failure of cooling systems at Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and issues concerning other nuclear facilities in Japan on 11 March 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within 20 km (12 mi) of the plant were evacuated.[9] Explosions and a fire have resulted in dangerous levels of radiation, sparking a stock market collapse and panic-buying in supermarkets.[10] The UK, France and some other countries advised their nationals to consider leaving Tokyo, in response to fears of spreading nuclear contamination. The accidents have drawn attention to ongoing concerns over Japanese nuclear seismic design standards and caused other governments to re-evaluate their nuclear programs. As of April 2011, water is still being poured into the damaged reactors to cool melting fuel rods. John Price, a former member of the Safety Policy Unit at the UK's National Nuclear Corporation, has said that it \"might be 100 years before melting fuel rods can be safely removed from Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant\".[11]", "2010 Chile earthquake Gerard Fryer, a geophysicist for the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center was quoted as saying: â€œWe expected the waves to be bigger in Hawaii, maybe about 50 percent bigger than they actually were.\"[167] Early in the morning, the Center expected waves of 3 metres. In actuality, the highest tsunami waves ended up being about 1.5 to 1.8 metres peak to trough.[137]", "Tsunami Kunihiko Shimazaki (University of Tokyo), a member of Earthquake Research committee of The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion of Japanese government, mentioned the plan for public announcement of tsunami attack probability forecast at Japan National Press Club on 12 May 2011. The forecast includes tsunami height, attack area and occurrence probability within 100 years ahead. The forecast would integrate the scientific knowledge of recent interdisciplinarity and aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. As the plan, announcement will be available from 2014.[51][52][53]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Japan experienced over 1,000 aftershocks since the earthquake, with 80 registering over magnitude 6.0 Mw and several of which have been over magnitude 7.0 Mw.", "Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Japan received messages of condolence and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to Japan's foreign ministry, 163 countries and regions, and 43 international organizations had offered assistance to Japan as of September 15, 2011.[1] The magnitude of the earthquake was estimated at 9.1.[2] This article is a list of charitable and humanitarian responses to the disaster from governments and non-governmental organizations. As of March 2012, donations to areas affected by the disaster totaled ¥520 billion and 930,000 people have assisted in disaster recovery efforts.[3]", "Tsunami On April 1, 1946, the 8.6 Mw Aleutian Islands earthquake occurred with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). It generated a tsunami which inundated Hilo on the island of Hawai'i with a 14-metre high (46Â ft) surge. Between 165 and 173 were killed. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the Pacific Ocean floor is subducting (or being pushed downwards) under Alaska.", "Tsunami A tsunami (from Japanese: 津波, \"harbour wave\";[1] English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/ tsoo-NAH-mee[2]) or tidal wave, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.[3] Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.[4] Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind, or tides which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The second wave was the largest; it came from the west-southwest within five minutes of the first wave. Consequently, the tsunami stranded cargo ships and barges and destroyed a cement factory near the Lampuuk coast.[6][66][67] Areas surveyed by scientists show runup heights over 20 m (65.6 ft) on the northwest coast of Sumatra in Aceh Province with a maximum runup of 51 m (167.3 ft).[68]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami This megathrust earthquake was a recurrence of the mechanism of the earlier 869 Sanriku earthquake, which has been estimated as having a magnitude of at least 8.4 Mw, which also created a large tsunami that inundated the Sendai plain.[65][66] Three tsunami deposits have been identified within the Holocene sequence of the plain, all formed within the last 3,000 years, suggesting an 800 to 1,100 year recurrence interval for large tsunamigenic earthquakes. In 2001 it was reckoned that there was a high likelihood of a large tsunami hitting the Sendai plain as more than 1,100 years had then elapsed.[67] In 2007, the probability of an earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 8.1–8.3 was estimated as 99% within the following 30 years.[68]", "Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused a large number of displaced people. The number of evacuees, as of 26 January 2012, was 341,411.[1] Some earthquake survivors died in shelters or in the process of evacuation. Many shelters struggled to feed evacuees and were not sufficiently equipped medically.[2][3]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[305][306][307] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels,[308] and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to 8 times normal levels.[309] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima Daini nuclear power plant about 11 km (6.8 mi) south.[310] This brought the total number of problematic reactors to six.[311]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami A month later, a major aftershock struck offshore on 7 April with a magnitude of 7.1 Mw. Its epicenter was underwater, 66 km (41 mi) off the coast of Sendai. The Japan Meteorological Agency assigned a magnitude of 7.4 MJMA, while the U.S. Geological Survey lowered it to 7.1 Mw.[99] At least four people were killed, and electricity was cut off across much of northern Japan including the loss of external power to Higashidōri Nuclear Power Plant and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant.[100][101][102]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Moreover, in Malacca located on the island of Car Nicobar, According to local people, three pulses of tsunami waves attacked the area three times. The first wave that came 5 minutes after the earthquake was preceded by recession of the seawater up to 600–700 m (1969–2297 ft), exposing the seabed.[citation needed] The second and third waves came with a 10 minutes interval after the first and second waves respectively. The third wave was the strongest, with a maximum tsunami wave height of 11 m (36 ft) and was accompanied by a loud noise. Furthermore, waves nearly 3 stories high devastated the Indian Air Force base, located just south of Malacca. The tsunami waves attacked the area three times with a maximum tsunami wave height of 11 m (36 ft).[citation needed] Inundation limit was found to be up to 1.25 km (4101 ft) inland. The impact of the waves was so severe that four Oil tankers of IOC were thrown almost 800 m (2624 ft) from the seashore near Malacca to Air force colony main gate.[82] In Chuckchucha and Lapati, the tsunami arrived in a three wave cycle with a maximum tsunami wave height of 12 m (39 ft).", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami In Lhoknga, a town in Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Special Region, on the western side of the island of Sumatra, 13 km (8.08 miles) southwest of Banda Aceh was flattened and destroyed by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, where its population dwindled from 7,500 to 400. Tsunami waves were almost 30 m (98.4 ft) high. Eyewitnesses reported 10 to 12 waves, the second and third being the highest. The sea receded ten minutes after the earthquake and the first wave came rapidly landward from the southwest as a turbulent flow with depths ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m (1.64–8.20 ft) high.[citation needed]", "List of historical tsunamis The total result was 80,000â€“100,000 deaths.[38]", "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami In Meulaboh based on survivor testimonies[who?], the tsunami arrived after the sea receded about 500 m (0.31 miles), followed by an advancing small tsunami. The second and third destructive waves arrived later, which exceeded the height of the coconut trees. The inundation distance is about 5Â km (3.1 miles).[69]", "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, primarily the level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.[51][52] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered explosions due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after cooling system failure resulting from the loss of electrical power. Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated." ]	[ "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin) was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011,[4][9][10] with the epicentre approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 29 km (18 mi).[4][11] The earthquake is often referred to in Japan as the Great East Japan Earthquake (東日本大震災, Higashi nihon daishinsai)[12][13][fn 1] and is also known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake,[28] and the 3.11 earthquake. It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900.[10][29][30] The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[31][32] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[33] The earthquake moved Honshu (the main island of Japan) 2.4 m (8 ft) east, shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in),[34][35][36] increased earth's rotational speed by 1.8 µs per day,[37] and generated infrasound waves detected in perturbations of the low-orbiting GOCE satellite.[38] Initially, the earthquake caused sinking of part of Honshu's Pacific coast by up to roughly a metre, but after about three years, the coast rose back and kept on rising to exceed the original height of the coast.[39][40][41][42]" ]
test2491	what is the scientific name for the calf muscle	[ "doc86027", "doc86029", "doc86031" ]	[ 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "doc86027", "doc2236491", "doc2116413", "doc86029", "doc2116414", "doc86031", "doc86028", "doc86033", "doc86032", "doc329382", "doc86041", "doc2236499", "doc86044", "doc86035", "doc86040", "doc2116419", "doc639400", "doc86043", "doc86042", "doc2236500", "doc1386870", "doc1547908", "doc2236497", "doc1547901", "doc329378", "doc2236498", "doc86030", "doc86039", "doc2236495", "doc1547906", "doc329369", "doc2116420", "doc1334928", "doc329376", "doc2236493", "doc86034", "doc2236501", "doc86037", "doc639399", "doc2116421", "doc2236494", "doc329407", "doc1334931", "doc86036", "doc86038", "doc2236492", "doc1323989", "doc1158178", "doc1547905", "doc478500", "doc1334917", "doc2116415", "doc102543", "doc873005", "doc1334933", "doc1386867", "doc1158176", "doc329377", "doc1386871", "doc827083", "doc329370", "doc639353", "doc1334929", "doc1334919", "doc1589694", "doc639373", "doc1113432", "doc1324007", "doc1334936", "doc1158187", "doc1158184", "doc1158188", "doc1547907", "doc2633165", "doc639401", "doc329352", "doc1091825", "doc284840", "doc284832", "doc329371", "doc703602", "doc1158173", "doc1537609", "doc1334935", "doc284836", "doc1334934", "doc1158189", "doc2605978", "doc329383", "doc1324006", "doc1158186", "doc1158190", "doc1158191", "doc827085", "doc404804", "doc329358", "doc329373", "doc827074", "doc2236496", "doc784812" ]	[ "Gastrocnemius muscle In humans, the gastrocnemius muscle (/ˌɡæstrɒkˈniːmiəs/ or /ˌɡæstrəkˈniːmiəs/; plural gastrocnemii; Latin, from Greek γαστήρ \"stomach\" and κνήμη (knḗmē) \"leg\"; meaning \"stomach of leg\" (referring to the bulging shape of the calf) is a very powerful superficial bipennate muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, a two joint muscle.", "Triceps surae muscle The triceps surae (/ˈtraɪsɛps ˈsjʊəriː/) (from Latin caput and sura. \"three-headed [muscle] of the calf\") is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the two-headed gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the posterior leg, commonly known as the calf muscle.", "Calf (leg) The calf (Latin: sura) is the back portion of the lower leg in human anatomy. The muscles within the calf correspond to the posterior compartment of the leg. The two largest muscles within this compartment are known together as the calf muscle and attach to the heel via the Achilles tendon. Several other, smaller muscles attach to the knee, the ankle, and via long tendons to the toes.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Deep to the gastrocnemius (farther from the skin) is the soleus muscle. Some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae or \"three-headed [muscle] of the calf\", since they share a common insertion via the Achilles tendon. The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles, which is involved in \"locking\" the knee from the standing position. Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial to the mid-shaft of the tibia.", "Calf (leg) The calf is composed of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg: The gastrocnemius and soleus (composing the triceps surae muscle) and the tibialis posterior. The sural nerve provides innervation.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Along with the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius forms half of the calf muscle. Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint.", "Gastrocnemius muscle The gastrocnemius is located with the soleus in the posterior (back) compartment of the leg. The lateral head originates from the lateral condyle of the femur, while the medial head originates from the medial condyle of the femur. Its other end forms a common tendon with the soleus muscle; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles Tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone. Further, it is considered a superficial muscle as it is located directly under skin, so its shape is clearly visible in a normal human being.", "Gastrocnemius muscle The plan to use the gastrocnemius in running, jumping, knee and plantar flexing is created in the precentral gyrus in the cerebrum of the brain.[3] Once a plan is produced, the signal is sent to and down an upper motor neuron. The signal is passed through the internal capsule and decussates, or crosses, in the medulla oblongata, specifically in the lateral corticospinal tract.[4] The signal continues down through the anterior horn of the spinal cord where the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron. Signal propagation continues down the anterior rami (Lumbar 4-5 and Sacral 1-5) of the sacral plexus. The sciatic nerve branches off of the sacral plexus in which the tibial and common fibular nerves are wrapped in one sheath. The tibial nerve eventually separates from the sciatic nerve and innervates the gastrocnemius muscle. Thus, completing the plan the brain had originally started with, so that the actions of running, standing, and jumping could be executed.", "Gastrocnemius muscle The gastrocnemius is primarily involved in running, jumping and other \"fast\" movements of leg, and to a lesser degree in walking and standing. This specialization is connected to the predominance of white muscle fibers (type II fast twitch) present in the gastrocnemius, as opposed to the soleus, which has more red muscle fibers (type I slow twitch) and is the primary active muscle when standing still, as determined by EMG studies.[1][2]", "Human leg Of the posterior muscles three are in the superficial layer. The major plantar flexors, commonly referred to as the triceps surae, are the soleus, which arises on the proximal side of both leg bones, and the gastrocnemius, the two heads of which arises on the distal end of the femur. These muscles unite in a large terminal tendon, the Achilles tendon, which is attached to the posterior tubercle of the calcaneus. The plantaris closely follows the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. Its tendon runs between those of the soleus and gastrocnemius and is embedded in the medial end of the calcaneus tendon.[27]", "Gastrocnemius muscle Cross section of the lower leg", "Triceps surae muscle Cross section of the lower leg, with triceps surae at back (soleus and gastrocnemius)", "Gastrocnemius muscle Lateral aspect of right leg.", "Gastrocnemius muscle A severe ankle dorsiflexion force may result in an injury of the muscle, commonly referred to as a \"torn\" or \"strained\" calf muscle, which is acutely painful and disabling.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Muscle layer under the gastrocnemius", "Calf (leg) Calf raises are a method of exercising the gastrocnemius, tibialis posterior and soleus muscles of the lower leg. The movement performed is plantar flexion, a.k.a. ankle extension.", "Dog anatomy Gastrocnemius: originates on the supracondylar tuberosities of the femur and inserts on the tuber calcanei. It acts to extend the tarsus and flex the stifle. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Back of left lower extremity.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Right femur. Posterior surface.", "Triceps surae muscle Lateral view of the lower leg with muscle visible", "Foot The superficial layer of posterior leg muscles is formed by the triceps surae and the plantaris. The triceps surae consists of the soleus and the two heads of the gastrocnemius. The heads of gastrocnemius arise on the femur, proximal to the condyles, and soleus arises on the proximal dorsal parts of the tibia and fibula. The tendons of these muscles merge to be inserted onto the calcaneus as the Achilles tendon. Plantaris originates on the femur proximal to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and its long tendon is embedded medially into the Achilles tendon. The triceps surae is the primary plantar flexor and its strength becomes most obvious during ballet dancing. It is fully activated only with the knee extended because the gastrocnemius is shortened during knee flexion. During walking it not only lifts the heel, but also flexes the knee, assisted by the plantaris.[9]", "Achilles tendon Acting via the Achilles tendon, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. This action brings the sole of the foot closer to the back of the leg. The gastrocnemius also flexes the leg at the knee. Both muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve.[1]", "Triceps surae muscle Calf muscles are also very suspectable to Fasciculations and people with Benign Fasciculation syndrome often complain of twitching in either one or both calves.", "Achilles tendon The Achilles tendon or heel cord, also known as the calcaneal tendon (Latin: Tendo calcaneus), is a tendon of the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. These muscles, acting via the tendon, cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle, and (except soleus) flexion at the knee.", "Human leg •Triceps surae\n•Tibialis posterior\n•Flexor hallucis\nlongus\n•Flexor digitorum\nlongus\n•Tibialis anterior", "Triceps surae muscle Nerves, arteries and veins surround the gastrocnemius and soleus.", "Gastrocnemius muscle 10% to 30% of individuals have a sesamoid bone called the \"fabella\" in the lateral (outer) head of gastrocnemius muscle.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Nerves, arteries and veins surrounding the gastrocnemius and soleus.", "Triceps surae muscle A torn calf muscle occurs when the calf muscle is pulled apart from the Achilles tendon. Severe pain is often felt by the victim and is often, but not always, accompanied by a \"pop.\"", "Achilles tendon The Achilles tendon connects muscle to bone, like other tendons, and is located at the back of the lower leg. The Achilles tendon connects the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the calcaneal tuberosity on the calcaneus (heel bone).[1] The tendon begins near the middle of the calf, and receives fleshy fibers on its inner surface, almost to its lower end. Gradually thinning below, it inserts into the middle part of the back of the calcaneus bone. The tendon spreads out somewhat at its lower end, so that its narrowest part is about 4 centimetres (1.6Â in) above its insertion.", "Human leg •Semimembranosus\n•Semitendinosus\n•Biceps femoris\n•Gracilis\n•Sartorius\n•Popliteus\n•Gastrocnemius", "Calf (leg) Calf and calf of the leg are documented in use in Middle English, respectively, circa 1350 and 1425.[9]", "Sartorius muscle Sartorius comes from the Latin word sartor, meaning tailor,[4] and it is sometimes called the tailor's muscle.[2]", "Human leg •Triceps surae\n•Peroneus longus\n•Peroneus brevis\n•Flexor digitorum\nlongus\n•Tibialis posterior", "Triceps surae muscle The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5â€“S2.", "Gastrocnemius muscle The gastrocnemius muscle is prone to spasms, which are painful, involuntary contractions of the muscle that may last several minutes.[5]", "Triceps surae muscle Nerves and blood-vessels overlying the triceps surae", "Gastrocnemius muscle Anatomical abnormalities involving the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle result in popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.", "Dog anatomy Caudal muscles of the leg:", "Calf (leg) Historically, the absence of calf, meaning a lower leg without a prominent calf muscle, was regarded by some authors as a sign of inferiority: it is well known that monkeys have no calves, and still less do they exist among the lower orders of mammals.[10]", "Triceps surae muscle Contraction of the triceps surae induce plantar flexion (sagittal plane) and stabilization of the ankle complex in the transverse plane. Functional activities include primarily movement in the sagittal plane, stabilization during locomotion (walking, running) and power jumping.", "Human leg There are a number of exercises that can be done to strengthen the lower leg. For example, in order to activate plantar flexors in the deep plantar flexors one can sit on the floor with the hips flexed, the ankle neutral with knees fully extended as they alternate pushing their foot against a wall or platform. This kind of exercise is beneficial as it hardly causes any fatigue.[47] Another form of isometric exercise for the gastrocnemius would be seated calf raises which can be done with or without equipment. One can be seated at a table with their feet flat on the ground, and then plantar flex both ankles so that the heels are raised off the floor and the gastrocnemius flexed.[48] An alternate movement could be heel drop exercises with the toes being propped on an elevated surface—as an opposing movement this would improve the range of motion.[49] One-legged toe raises for the gastrocnemius muscle can be performed by holding one dumbbell in one hand while using the other for balance, and then standing with one foot on a plate. The next step would be to plantar flex and keep the knee joint straight or flexed slightly. The triceps surae is contracted during this exercise.[50] Stabilization exercises like the BOSU ball squat are also important especially as they assist in the ankles having to adjust to the ball’s form in order to balance.[51]", "Sartorius muscle Sartorius is also called as honeymoon muscle.", "Gastrocnemius muscle The gastrocnemius muscle may also become inflamed due to overuse. Anti-inflammatory medications and physical therapy (heat, massage, and stretching) may be useful.", "Gastrocnemius muscle In a 1967 EMG study, Herman and Bragin concluded that its most important role was plantar flexing in large contractions and in rapid development of tension.[2]", "Triceps surae muscle The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle.", "Anatomical terminology Anatomists divide the lower limb into the thigh (the part of the limb between the hip and the knee) and the leg (which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the ankle). The thigh is the femur and the femoral region. The kneecap is the patella and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and popliteal area. The leg (between the knee and the ankle) is the crus and crural area, the lateral aspect of the leg is the peroneal area, and the calf is the sura and sural region. The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal, and the heel is the calcaneus or calcaneal. The foot is the pes and pedal region, and the sole of the foot the planta and plantar. As with the fingers, the toes are also called the digits, phalanges, and phalangeal area. The big toe is referred to as the hallux.", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Usually a slip runs to the flexor digitorum and frequently an additional slip runs from the flexor digitorum to the flexor hallucis. Peroneocalcaneus internus, rare,[clarification needed] arises below or outside the flexor hallucis from the back of the fibula, passes over the sustentaculum tali with the flexor hallucis and inserts into the calcaneum.", "Achilles tendon The Achilles tendon is also known as the calcaneal tendon. Because eponyms (names relating to people) have no relationship to the subject matter, most anatomical eponyms also have scientifically descriptive terms. The term calcaneal comes from the Latin calcaneum, meaning heel.", "Achilles' heel The large and prominent tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the calf is called the tendo achilleus or Achilles tendon. This is commonly associated with the site of Achilles' death wound. Tendons are notably avascular, so such an injury is unlikely to be fatal; however, the myth has the arrow poisoned with the blood of the Lernaean Hydra.", "Sartorius muscle The sartorius muscle (/sɑːrˈtɔːriəs/) is the longest muscle in the human body. It is a long, thin, superficial muscle that runs down the length of the thigh in the anterior compartment.[2]", "Calf (leg) Medical conditions that result in calf swelling among other symptoms include deep vein thrombosis[1] compartment syndrome,[2][3] Achilles tendon rupture, and varicose veins.", "Fibula The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the slenderest of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint.", "Triceps brachii muscle It is sometimes called a three-headed muscle (Latin literally three-headed, tri - three, and ceps, from caput - head), because there are three bundles of muscles, each of different origins, joining together at the elbow. Though a similarly named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called the triceps.", "Sartorius muscle Cross-section through the middle of the thigh.", "Foot All muscles originating on the lower leg except the popliteus muscle are attached to the bones of the foot. The tibia and fibula and the interosseous membrane separate these muscles into anterior and posterior groups, in their turn subdivided into subgroups and layers.\n[6]", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, between the medial and lateral tubercles of the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath.", "Human leg •Peroneus longus\n•Peroneus brevis\n•Extensor digitorum\nlongus\n•Peroneus tertius", "Foot In the deep layer of posterior muscles tibialis posterior arises proximally on the back of the interosseous membrane and adjoining bones and divides into two parts in the sole of the foot to attach to the tarsus. In the non-weight-bearing leg, it produces plantar flexion and supination, and, in the weight-bearing leg, it proximates the heel to the calf. flexor hallucis longus arises on the back of the fibula (i.e. on the lateral side), and its relatively thick muscle belly extends distally down to the flexor retinaculum where it passes over to the medial side to stretch across the sole to the distal phalanx of the first digit. The popliteus is also part of this group, but, with its oblique course across the back of the knee, does not act on the foot.\n[10]", "Skeletal muscle While the muscle fiber does not have a smooth endoplasmic cisternae , it contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the myofibrils and holds a reserve of the calcium ions needed to cause a muscle contraction. Periodically, it has dilated end sacs known as terminal cisternae. These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other. In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule (T tubule). T tubules are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium, causing a muscle contraction. Together, two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a triad.[3]", "Human leg •Semimembranosus\n•Semitendinosus\n•Gracilis\n•Sartorius\n•Popliteus", "Dog anatomy Caudal muscles of brachium:", "Sartorius muscle This name was chosen in reference to the cross-legged position in which tailors once sat.[2] In french, the muscle name itself \"couturier\" comes from this specific position which is referred to as \"sitting as a tailor\" (in frenchÂ : \"s'asseoir en tailleur\").", "Sartorius muscle It passes behind the medial condyle of the femur to end in a tendon. This tendon curves anteriorly to join the tendons of the gracilis and semitendinosus muscles in the pes anserinus, where it inserts into the superomedial surface of the tibia.[2]", "Stretch reflex Another example is the group of fibers in the calf muscle, which synapse with motor neurons supplying muscle fibers in the same muscle. A sudden stretch, such as tapping the Achilles' tendon, causes a reflex contraction in the muscle as the spindles sense the stretch and send an action potential to the motor neurons which then cause the muscle to contract; this particular reflex causes a contraction in the soleus-gastrocnemius group of muscles. Like the patellar reflex, this reflex can be enhanced by the Jendrassik maneuver.", "Dog anatomy Caudal muscles of the thigh:", "Popliteal artery Muscular branches of the popliteal artery supply the hamstring, gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles. The superior muscular branches of the popliteal artery have clinically important anastomoses with the terminal part of the deep femoral and gluteal arteries.", "Anatomical terminology Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is the biceps brachii. The tough, fibrous epimysium of skeletal muscle is both connected to and continuous with the tendons. In turn, the tendons connect to the periosteum layer surrounding the bones, permitting the transfer of force from the muscles to the skeleton. Together, these fibrous layers, along with tendons and ligaments, constitute the deep fascia of the body.[12]", "Sartorius muscle Muscles of thigh. Cross section.", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Muscles of the back of the leg. Deep layer.", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Muscles of the back of the leg. Deep layer.", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Muscles of the back of the leg. Deep layer.", "Achilles tendon The tendon is covered by the fascia and the integument, and stands out prominently behind the bone; the gap is filled up with areolar and adipose tissue. A bursa lies between the tendon and the upper part of the calcaneus. It is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body. It is about 15 centimetres (6Â in) long. Along the side of the muscle, and superficial to it, is the small saphenous vein. The tendon can receive a load stress 3.9 times body weight during walking and 7.7 times body weight when running.[2]", "Vastus lateralis muscle The vastus lateralis (/ˈvæstəsˌlætəˈreɪlɪs/ or /ˈvæstəsˌlætəˈrælɪs/), also called the ''vastus externus''[citation needed] is the largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a muscle in the thigh. Together with other muscles of the quadriceps group, it serves to extend the knee joint, moving the lower leg forward. It arises from a series of flat, broad tendons attached to the femur, and attaches to the outer border of the patella. It ultimately joins with the other muscles that make up the quadriceps in the quadriceps tendon, which travels over the knee to connect to the tibia. The vastus lateralis is the recommended site for intramuscular injection in infants less than 7 months old and those unable to walk, with loss of muscular tone.[1]", "Dog anatomy Superficial digital flexor: originates on the lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur and inserts on the tuber calcanei and bases of the middle phalanges. It acts to flex the stifle and extend the tarsus. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.", "Human leg The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the crus or cnemis /ˈniːmɪs/. The calf is the back portion, and the tibia or shinbone together with the smaller fibula make up the front of the lower leg.", "Pes anserinus (leg) Pes anserinus (\"goose foot\") refers to the conjoined tendons of three muscles that insert onto the anteromedial (front and inside) surface of the proximal extremity of the tibia. The muscles are the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus sometimes referred to as the guy ropes. The name \"goose foot\" arises from the three-pronged manner in which the conjoined tendon inserts onto the tibia.[1]", "Quadriceps femoris muscle In body building communities, this muscle is colloquially referred to as the \"leg triceps\".[3]", "Quadriceps femoris muscle It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. The name derives from Latin four-headed muscle of the femur.", "Human leg •Biceps femoris\n•Tensor fasciae latae", "Gluteus maximus muscle In other primates, gluteus maximus consists of ischiofemoralis, a small muscle that corresponds to the human gluteus maximus and originates from the ilium and the sacroiliac ligament, and gluteus maximus proprius, a large muscle that extends from the ischial tuberosity to a relatively more distant insertion on the femur. In adapting to bipedal gait, reorganization of the attachment of the muscle as well as the moment arm was required.[4]", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle The flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is one of the three deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg that attaches to the plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe. The other deep muscles are the flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior; the tibialis posterior is the most powerful of these deep muscles. All three muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve which comprises half of the sciatic nerve.[2]", "Piriformis muscle It was first named by Adriaan van den Spiegel, a professor from the University of Padua in the 16th century.[1]", "Sartorius muscle Front and medial aspect of right thigh.", "Quadriceps femoris muscle In addition, recent cadaver studies have confirmed the presence of a sixth muscle, the tensor vastus intermedius.[1] While the muscle has variable presentations, it consistently originates at the proximal femur, runs between the vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles, and inserts distally at the medial aspect of the patellar base.[1] Historically considered a part of the vastus lateralis, the tensor vastus intermedius muscle is innervated by an independent branch of the femoral nerve and its tendinous belly can be separated from the vasti lateralis and intermedius muscles in most cases.[1]", "Sartorius muscle The left femoral triangle.", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Muscles of the leg.Posterior view", "Plantar fascia In younger people the plantar fascia is also intimately related to the Achilles tendon, with a continuous fascial connection between the two from the distal aspect of the Achilles to the origin of the plantar fascia at the calcaneal tubercle. However, the continuity of this connection decreases with age to a point that in the elderly there are few, if any, connecting fibers. There are also distinct attachments of the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus so the two do not directly contact each other. Nevertheless, there is an indirect relationship whereby if the toes are dorsiflexed, the plantar fascia tightens via the windlass mechanism. If a tensile force is then generated in the Achilles tendon it will increase tensile strain in the plantar fascia. Clinically, this relationship has been used as a basis for treatment for plantar fasciitis, with stretches and night stretch splinting being applied to the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle unit.", "Human leg In the deep layer, the tibialis posterior has its origin on the interosseus membrane and the neighbouring bone areas and runs down behind the medial malleolus. Under the foot it splits into a thick medial part attached to the navicular bone and a slightly weaker lateral part inserted to the three cuneiform bones. The muscle produces simultaneous plantar flexion and supination in the non-weight-bearing leg, and approximates the heel to the calf of the leg. The flexor hallucis longus arises distally on the fibula and on the interosseus membrane from where its relatively thick muscle belly extends far distally. Its tendon extends beneath the flexor retinaculum to the sole of the foot and finally attaches on the base of the last phalanx of the hallux. It plantarflexes the hallux and assists in supination. The flexor digitorum longus, finally, has its origin on the upper part of the tibia. Its tendon runs to the sole of the foot where it forks into four terminal tendon attached to the last phalanges of the four lateral toes. It crosses the tendon of the tibialis posterior distally on the tibia, and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus in the sole. Distally to its division, the quadratus plantae radiates into it and near the middle phalanges its tendons penetrate the tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis. In the non-weight-bearing leg, it plantar flexes the toes and foot and supinates. In the weight-bearing leg it supports the plantar arch.[21] (For the popliteus, see above.)", "Anatomical terminology The gross anatomy of a muscle is the most important indicator of its role in the body. One particularly important aspect of gross anatomy of muscles is pennation or lack thereof. In most muscles, all the fibers are oriented in the same direction, running in a line from the origin to the insertion. In pennate muscles, the individual fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the line of action, attaching to the origin and insertion tendons at each end. Because the contracting fibers are pulling at an angle to the overall action of the muscle, the change in length is smaller, but this same orientation allows for more fibers (thus more force) in a muscle of a given size. Pennate muscles are usually found where their length change is less important than maximum force, such as the rectus femoris.[12]", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Muscles of the sole of the foot.", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Muscles of the sole of the foot.", "Flexor hallucis longus muscle Muscles of the sole of the foot.", "Skeletal muscle The fascicles of longitudinally arranged, parallel, or fusiform muscles run parallel to the axis of force generation, thus these muscles on a whole function similarly to a single, large muscle fiber.[4] Variations exist, and the different terms are often used more specifically. For instance, fusiform refers to a longitudinal architecture with a widened muscle belly (biceps), while parallel may refer to a more ribon-shaped longitudinal architecture (rectus abdominis). A less common example would be a circular muscle such as the orbicularis oris, in which the fibers are longitudinally arranged, but create a circle from origin to insertion.", "Muscle The term muscle is derived from the Latin musculus meaning \"little mouse\" perhaps because of the shape of certain muscles or because contracting muscles look like mice moving under the skin.[3][4]", "Human leg •Gluteus maximus\n•Gluteus medius and\nminimus (dorsal fibers)\n•Adductor magnus\n•Piriformis\n•Semimembranosus\n•Semitendinousus\n•Biceps femoris\n(long head)", "Human leg Of the anterior thigh muscles the largest are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris: the central rectus femoris, which is surrounded by the three vasti, the vastus intermedius, medialis, and lateralis. Rectus femoris is attached to the pelvis with two tendons, while the vasti are inserted to the femur. All four muscles unite in a common tendon inserted into the patella from where the patellar ligament extends it down to the tibial tuberosity. Fibers from the medial and lateral vasti form two retinacula that stretch past the patella on either sides down to the condyles of the tibia. The quadriceps is the knee extensor, but the rectus femoris additionally flexes the hip joint, and articular muscle of the knee protects the articular capsule of the knee joint from being nipped during extension. The sartorius runs superficially and obliquely down on the anterior side of the thigh, from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pes anserinus on the medial side of the knee, from where it is further extended into the crural fascia. The sartorius acts as a flexor on both the hip and knee, but, due to its oblique course, also contributes to medial rotation of the leg as one of the pes anserinus muscles (with the knee flexed), and to lateral rotation of the hip joint.[19]", "Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. It is a form of striated muscle tissue which is under the 'voluntary' control of the somatic nervous system.[1] Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons.", "Triceps surae muscle This injury happens during acceleration or changes in direction. The torn calf muscle may spasm, and contract forcefully. The toes may also point down. Bruises can show up in the leg, foot and ankle due to pooling of blood from internal bleeding. It may take some time for the bruises to occur, from hours to days depending upon where the tear occurred. The circumference of the leg will likely increase. This injury may take several months to heal.", "Human vestigiality The plantaris muscle is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. The muscle belly is approximately 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) long, and is absent in 7–10% of the human population. It has some weak functionality in moving the knee and ankle but is generally considered redundant and is often used as a source of tendon for grafts. The long, thin tendon of the plantaris is humorously called \"the freshman's nerve\", as it is often mistaken for a nerve by first-year medical students." ]	[ "Gastrocnemius muscle In humans, the gastrocnemius muscle (/ˌɡæstrɒkˈniːmiəs/ or /ˌɡæstrəkˈniːmiəs/; plural gastrocnemii; Latin, from Greek γαστήρ \"stomach\" and κνήμη (knḗmē) \"leg\"; meaning \"stomach of leg\" (referring to the bulging shape of the calf) is a very powerful superficial bipennate muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, a two joint muscle.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Deep to the gastrocnemius (farther from the skin) is the soleus muscle. Some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae or \"three-headed [muscle] of the calf\", since they share a common insertion via the Achilles tendon. The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles, which is involved in \"locking\" the knee from the standing position. Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial to the mid-shaft of the tibia.", "Gastrocnemius muscle Along with the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius forms half of the calf muscle. Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint." ]
test2653	when did men's curling start in the olympics	[ "doc90921" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc90921", "doc98277", "doc1295691", "doc98276", "doc1295692", "doc90923", "doc90926", "doc90922", "doc714670", "doc714692", "doc90924", "doc1070629", "doc714684", "doc1295693", "doc98278", "doc714685", "doc714690", "doc714689", "doc90927", "doc714699", "doc714695", "doc714686", "doc714691", "doc1295758", "doc714698", "doc714687", "doc714693", "doc714696", "doc714688", "doc714694", "doc714697", "doc1013451", "doc2111230", "doc1286917", "doc98279", "doc1070631", "doc1295689", "doc714671", "doc1295684", "doc517920", "doc1286918", "doc714701", "doc1295688", "doc714679", "doc2207403", "doc714674", "doc84272", "doc714683", "doc84223", "doc1295682", "doc714700", "doc1980592", "doc714681", "doc714672", "doc1013436", "doc714677", "doc714682", "doc1295755", "doc714675", "doc1013446", "doc84227", "doc1013450", "doc1955200", "doc181133", "doc90930", "doc1295702", "doc1070630", "doc513585", "doc714676", "doc1858826", "doc181139", "doc1295775", "doc1070635", "doc714678", "doc181140", "doc1295687", "doc1295680", "doc84222", "doc113142", "doc1295760", "doc142268", "doc48067", "doc1316801", "doc714673", "doc113145", "doc450552", "doc2495555", "doc1955217", "doc1295764", "doc1295690", "doc2495554", "doc84273", "doc2103604", "doc2055544", "doc1316822", "doc181141", "doc181169", "doc1316815", "doc1316816", "doc181183" ]	[ "Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix[1] although the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2006. Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games, and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992. The sport was finally added to the official program for the 1998 Nagano Games.", "List of Olympic medalists in curling Although not part of the official programme, curling was contested as a demonstration sport in 1932, 1988 and 1992. Curling was re-added as a demonstration event in 1988 because the Olympics were being held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where the sport has a strong following.[6] In November 1992, the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include curling in the official programme of the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan.[7] Both the men's and women's tournaments have been held at every Winter Olympics since.[1]", "Curling Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics. It currently includes men's, women's and mixed doubles tournaments (the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018).[28]", "List of Olympic medalists in curling Curling is a team sport that is contested at the Winter Olympic Games. A men's tournament was held at the 1924 Winter Olympics before the sport was removed from the official programme until the 1998 Games.[1] For 82Â years, the 1924 tournament was considered a demonstration sport, so the medals were not officially counted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[2] The tournament was won by a team from the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland, who represented Great Britain.[3] In 2006, Scottish newspaper The Herald conducted an investigation that found evidence that curling had been part of the official programme.[4] The IOC subsequently recognized the top three teams as full medal winners.[5]", "Curling In February 2002, the International Olympic Committee retroactively decided that the curling competition from the 1924 Winter Olympics (originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver, or International Winter Sports Week) would be considered official Olympic events and no longer be considered demonstration events. Thus, the first Olympic medals in curling, which at the time was played outdoors, were awarded for the 1924 Winter Games, with the gold medal won by Great Britain and Ireland, two silver medals by Sweden, and the bronze by France. A demonstration tournament was also held during the 1932 Winter Olympic Games between four teams from Canada and four teams from the United States, with Canada winning 12 games to 4.[29][30]", "Curling at the Winter Olympics Since the 1998 Olympics, Canada has generally dominated the sport with their men's teams winning gold in 2006, 2010, and 2014, and silver in 1998 and 2002. The women's team won gold in 1998 and 2014, a silver in 2010, and a bronze in 2002 and 2006. Their mixed doubles team won gold in 2018.", "Curling at the Winter Olympics Men's tournament", "Curling at the Winter Olympics Until 2018, men's and women's events were contested. An additional event, mixed doubles, was rejected for 2010 because the Olympic Programme Commission felt it had not developed enough,[2][3] but was approved for the 2018 Winter Olympics at an IOC Executive Board meeting in June 2015.[4]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre.[1] Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round.[2]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Monday, 19 February, 14:05", "Curling at the Winter Olympics The related ice stock sport (EisstockschieÃŸen in German) was a demonstration event in 1936 and 1964. These events are not considered additional demonstrations of curling.[5][6]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics The curling competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 8 and 25 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre.[1] This was the seventh time that curling is on the Olympic program. In each of the men's and women's competitions, ten nations competed. As decided in 2015, a third competition, mixed doubles curling, has graduated from a spectator sport to a full medal competition. Teams consisted of one woman and one man. There were eight participating countries in the mixed competition.[2]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Wednesday, 14 February, 09:05", "Curling Since the 1998 Olympics, Canada has dominated the sport with their men's teams winning gold in 2006, 2010, and 2014, and silver in 1998 and 2002. The women's team won gold in 1998 and 2014, a silver in 2010, and a bronze in 2002 and 2006. The mixed doubles team won gold in 2018.", "List of Olympic medalists in curling In total, 132 athletes have won a medal in curling, and 7 have won two. In 2010, Anette Norberg, Eva Lund, Cathrine Lindahl and Anna Le Moine of Sweden won the gold medal in the women's tournament, becoming the first curlers to win consecutive gold medals.[8] Kevin Martin of Canada (one gold, one silver), Torger Nergård of Norway (one gold, one silver) and Mirjam Ott of Switzerland (two silver) have also won two medals. Norberg also won a silver in 1988 when curling was a demonstration sport.[9] According to the IOC, Carl August Kronlund of Sweden was the oldest Winter Olympics medallist, winning silver in 1924 at the age of 59. Robin Welsh of Great Britain was the oldest Winter Olympics gold medallist, winning in 1924 when he was 54.[10]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Wednesday, 14 February, 20:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Sunday, 18 February, 09:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Saturday, 17 February, 14:05", "Curling at the Winter Olympics Note: The three medal winners in 1924 were the only teams entered that year.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Saturday, 24 February, 15:35", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Wednesday, 21 February, 14:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Thursday, 15 February, 14:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Sunday, 18 February, 20:05", "Curling Top curling championships are typically played by all-male or all-female teams. It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women. For many years, in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events, national championships (of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent) were the highest-level mixed curling competitions. However, a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005, a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008, and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015. A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018, although it was a doubles tournament, not a four-person.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Friday, 23 February, 15:35", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Friday, 16 February, 09:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Tuesday, 20 February, 09:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Thursday, 22 February, 9:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Friday, 16 February, 20:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Tuesday, 20 February, 20:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Thursday, 22 February, 20:05", "Olympic sports Previous Olympic Games included sports which are no longer present on the current program, like polo and tug of war.[1] In the early days of the modern Olympics, the organizers were able to decide which sports or disciplines were included on the program, until the IOC took control of the program in 1924. As a result, a number of sports were on the Olympic program for relatively brief periods before 1924.[2] These sports, known as discontinued sports, were removed because of lack of interest or absence of an appropriate governing body, or because they became fully professional at the time that the Olympic Games were strictly for amateurs, as in the case of tennis.[2] Several discontinued sports, such as archery and tennis, were later readmitted to the Olympic program (in 1972 and 1984, respectively). Curling, which was an official sport in 1924 and then discontinued, was reinstated as Olympic sport in 1998.", "Mixed curling The IOC did not approve the events for inclusion into the 2010 Winter Olympics,[1][2] but an attempt to include the mixed doubles in the following winter Olympiad succeeded, making its Olympic debut at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[3]", "1924 Winter Olympics In 2006, the IOC confirmed that the awarded medals to 1924 curling teams were official. The IOC verified that curling was officially part of the program, after the Glasgow Herald newspaper filed a claim on behalf of the families of the team.[2]", "List of Olympic medalists in curling Teams from Canada have been successful in the sport since its return to the programme, winning two medals at each Olympics for a total of five gold, three silver and two bronze. Switzerland is the only other nation to win at least one medal at every Olympics since 1998 with one gold, two silver and one bronze. Teams from Norway, Sweden and Great Britain have also won gold medals in the sport. A total of 27 medals (nine of each color) have been awarded since 1924 and have been won by teams from ten National Olympic Committees (NOC).", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics Curling competitions started the day before the Opening Ceremony and finish on the last day of the games, meaning the sport was the only one to have a competition every day of the games.[4] The following was the competition schedule for the curling competitions:", "Curling The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the Scotch Cup, held in Falkirk and Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1959. The first world title was won by the Canadian team from Regina, Saskatchewan, skipped by Ernie Richardson. (The skip is the team member who calls the shots; see below.)", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament The teams are listed as follows:[3]", "Curling Kilsyth Curling Club claims to be the first club in the world, having been formally constituted in 1716;[13] it is still in existence today.[14] Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose-built curling pond in the world at Colzium, in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 by 250 metres (330 by 820Â ft) in size. The International Olympic Committee recognises the Royal Caledonian Curling Club (founded as the Grand Caledonian Curling Club in 1838) as developing the first official rules for the sport.[15]", "Canada at the Winter Olympics Curling is one of the most popular sports in Canada, and both the men's and women's teams have won a medal at each of the five Olympics curling has been held at so far. Canadian curlers also finished in the top 3 places when curling was a demonstration sport in 1988 and 1992. The women's team in 1998, led by skip Sandra Schmirler, the men's team in 2006, led by skip Brad Gushue, the men's team in 2010, led by Kevin Martin, the women's team in 2014 led by Jennifer Jones and the men's team in 2014 led by Brad Jacobs have won gold medals. In 2018, Kaitlyn Lawes and John Morris won gold in the first mixed doubles tournament at a Winter Olympics.", "1924 Winter Olympics Medals were awarded in 16 events contested in 5 sports (9 disciplines). Many sources do not list curling and the military patrol, or list them as demonstration events. However, no such designation was made in 1924. In February 2006 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) ruled that curling was a full part of the Olympic program, and have included the medals awarded in the official count.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Player percentages during round robin play are as follows:[6]", "Curling Today, the sport is most firmly established in Canada, having been taken there by Scottish emigrants. The Royal Montreal Curling Club, the oldest established sports club still active in North America,[25] was established in 1807. The first curling club in the United States was established in 1830, and the sport was introduced to Switzerland and Sweden before the end of the 19th century, also by Scots. Today, curling is played all over Europe and has spread to Brazil, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, China, and Korea.[26]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Niklas Edin\nThird: Oskar Eriksson\nSecond: Rasmus Wranå\nLead: Christoffer Sundgren\nAlternate: Henrik Leek", "Page playoff system Its first use in curling was by the Canadian Curling Association in the 1995 Labatt Brier,[2] the men's championship, and was adopted the next year at the 1996 Scott Tournament of Hearts, the women's championship.[3] It gained acceptance and in 2005 the World Curling Championships started using it, but it has not yet been adopted in curling at the Olympic Games.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Kyle Smith\nThird: Thomas Muirhead\nSecond: Kyle Waddell\nLead: Cameron Smith\nAlternate: Glen Muirhead", "Winter Olympic Games ^ Note 1. Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics.\n^ Note 2. A men's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics.\n^ Note 3. The IOC's website now treats Men's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon.[nb 2]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament All draw times are listed in Seoul Time (UTC+9).[4]", "Winter Olympic Games The original five Winter Olympics sports (broken into nine disciplines) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing (consisting of the disciplines military patrol,[nb 2] cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping), and skating (consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating).[nb 3] The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II, and resumed in 1948. Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994.", "Curling Evidence that curling existed in Scotland in the early 16th century includes a curling stone inscribed with the date 1511 uncovered (along with another bearing the date 1551) when an old pond was drained at Dunblane, Scotland.[5] The world's oldest curling stone and the world's oldest football are now kept in the same museum (the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum) in Stirling.[6] The first written reference to a contest using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire, in February 1541.[7] Two paintings, \"Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap\" and \"The Hunters in the Snow\" (both dated 1565) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling, albeit without brooms; Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period, which is also evident in the history of golf.[8]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament The final standings are:[5]", "History of Canadian sports Curling, a sport that earned Olympic status in 1998, arrived with Scottish soldiers in the 1750s. the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland standardized the rules in the 1830s. It involves sliding a 42-pound teapot-shaped granite curling stone by its handle toward a goal painted on the ice, with players using brooms to alter its course. The sweeping removes debris, and warms the surface, creating a hydroplane-like effect. By 1903 Winnipeg had become the world's curling capital of an intensely competitive winter sport played throughout Canada.[38]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: John Shuster\nThird: Tyler George\nSecond: Matt Hamilton\nLead: John Landsteiner\nAlternate: Joe Polo", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Kevin Koe\nThird: Marc Kennedy\nSecond: Brent Laing\nLead: Ben Hebert\nAlternate: Scott Pfeifer", "Olympic sports Previous Olympic Games included sports which are no longer present on the current program, like polo and tug of war.[5] These sports, known as \"discontinued sports\", were later removed either because of lack of interest or absence of an appropriate governing body.[2] Archery and tennis are examples of sports that were competed at the early Games and were later dropped by the IOC, but managed to return to the Olympic program (in 1972 and 1988, respectively). Demonstration sports have often been included in the Olympic Games, usually to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest and support for the sport.[6] Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were added to the official Olympic program (in 1992 and 1998, respectively). Baseball, however, was discontinued after the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Thomas Ulsrud\nThird: Torger Nergård\nSecond: Christoffer Svae\nLead: Håvard Vad Petersson\nAlternate: Markus Høiberg", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Final round robin standings", "Curling The following example illustrates the difference between the two types. The example illustrates the men's final at the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Fourth: Amos Mosaner\nSkip: Joël Retornaz\nSecond: Simone Gonin\nLead: Daniele Ferrazza\nAlternate: Andrea Pilzer", "Olympic sports For most of the 20th century, demonstration sports were included in many Olympic Games, usually to promote a non-Olympic sport popular in the host country, or to gauge interest and support for the sport.[6] The competitions and ceremonies in these sports were identical to official Olympic sports, except that the medals were not counted in the official record. Some demonstration sports, like baseball and curling, were later added to the official Olympic program. This changed when the International Olympic Committee decided in 1989 to eliminate demonstration sports from Olympics Games after 1992.[9] An exception was made in 2008, when the Beijing Organizing Committee received permission to organize a wushu tournament.[10][11]", "Winter Olympic Games A predecessor, the Nordic Games, were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm, Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926.[5] Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin. He attempted to have winter sports, specifically figure skating, added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom.[5] Four figure skating events were contested, at which Ulrich Salchow (10-time world champion) and Madge Syers won the individual titles.[6][7]", "Olympic sports No such limits exist in the Winter Olympics and the number of events and athletes continue to increase, but no sport has been added since 1998. The latest winter sport added to the Winter Olympics was curling in 1998.", "Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics For the first time since its official introduction at the 1998 Winter Olympics, Canada failed to medal in men's and women's curling, but did win gold in mixed doubles curling, a category making its Olympic debut.[10]", "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games Ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920. The men's tournament was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred permanently to the Winter Olympic Games program in 1924, in France. The women's tournament was first held at the 1998 Winter Olympics.", "Curling at the Winter Olympics Standings in curling medals won as of the 2018 Winter Olympics.", "Curling Kays of Scotland has been making curling stones in Mauchline, Ayrshire, since 1851 and has the exclusive rights to the Ailsa Craig granite, granted by the Marquess of Ailsa, whose family has owned the island since 1560. According to the 1881 Census, Andrew Kay employed 30 people in his curling stone factory in Mauchline.[36] The last harvest of Ailsa Craig granite by Kays took place in 2013, after a hiatus of 11 years; 2,000 tons were harvested, sufficient to fill anticipated orders through at least 2020. Kays have been involved in providing curling stones for the Winter Olympics since Chamonix in 1924 and has been the exclusive manufacturer of curling stones for the Olympics since the 2006 Winter Olympics.[37][38]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification to the curling tournaments at the Winter Olympics was determined through two methods. Nations could qualify teams by earning qualification points from performances at the 2016 and 2017 World Curling Championships. Teams could also qualify through an Olympic qualification event which was held in December 2017. Seven nations qualified teams via World Championship qualification points, while two nations qualified through the qualification event. As host nation, South Korea qualified teams automatically, thus making a total of ten teams per gender in the curling tournaments. For the mixed doubles competition the top seven ranked teams earning qualification points from performances at the 2016 and 2017 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship qualified along with hosts South Korea.[3]", "2006 Winter Olympics February 24 was the day of the men's curling finals, in which Canada won its first gold medal and the United States won its first medal in the sport as Canada defeated Finland and the United States beat Great Britain for the second time. The figure skating gala was also held, with top placers in all of the events performing exhibitions. Sweden and Finland won their men's ice hockey semifinal games, defeating the Czech Republic and Russia.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Yusuke Morozumi\nThird: Tetsuro Shimizu\nSecond: Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi\nLead: Kosuke Morozumi\nAlternate: Kohsuke Hirata", "1988 Winter Olympics Many program changes were made in Calgary to grow the appeal of the Winter Games for sponsors: the extension to 16 days from 12 added an extra weekend of coverage, while the additional programming time was filled by television friendly demonstration events popular in Canada. The exposure curling, freestyle skiing and short-track speed skating gained in Calgary influenced the growth in their popularity and led to all three becoming full medal sports by 1998.[72]", "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.[3] At the time, organized international ice hockey was still relatively new.[4] The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the sport's governing body, was created on May 15, 1908, under the name Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace.[5] At the 1914 Olympic Congress in Paris, ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organizers could include.[6] The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January, three months before the start of the Games.[7] Several occurrences led to the sport's inclusion in the programme. Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for figure skating unless ice hockey was included.[7] The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first Ice Hockey World Championship. From then on, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until 1968 is counted as the World Championship.[8] The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes, so the players of the National Hockey League (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play.[9]", "Curling Men with Brooms is a 2002 Canadian film that takes a satirical look at curling.[73] A TV adaptation, also titled Men with Brooms, debuted in 2010 on CBC Television.[74]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics A total of 113 athletes from 13 nations (including the IOC's designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia) were scheduled to participate (the numbers of athletes are shown in parentheses). Some curlers competed in both the 4-person and mixed doubles tournament, therefore the numbers included on this list are the total athletes sent by each NOC to the Olympics, not how many athletes they qualified.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Kim Chang-min\nThird: Seong Se-hyeon\nSecond: Oh Eun-su\nLead: Lee Ki-bok\nAlternate: Kim Min-chan", "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games The first Winter Olympic Games were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.[10] Chapter 1, article 6, of the 2007 edition of the Olympic Charter defines winter sports as \"sports which are practised on snow or ice\".[11] Ice hockey and figure skating were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics programme.[12] The IOC made the Winter Games a permanent fixture and they were held the same year as the Summer Games until 1992. Following that, further Winter Games have been held on the third year of each Olympiad.[13]", "Curling Outdoor curling was very popular in Scotland between the 16th and 19th centuries because the climate provided good ice conditions every winter. Scotland is home to the international governing body for curling, the World Curling Federation in Perth, which originated as a committee of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club, the mother club of curling.", "Curling Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles. It is related to bowls, boules and shuffleboard. Two teams, each with four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granite stones, also called rocks, across the ice curling sheet towards the house, a circular target marked on the ice.[2] Each team has eight stones, with each player throwing two. The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end, which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones. A game usually consists of eight or ten ends.", "Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques d'hiver)[nb 1] is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority.", "Figure skating at the Olympic Games Men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating have been held most often. Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976 and a team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics. Special figures were contested at only one Olympics, in 1908. Synchronized skating has never appeared at the Olympics but aims to be included.[1]", "Curling Curling is played in many countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom (especially Scotland), the United States, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland and Japan, all of which compete in the world championships.", "List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey Ice hockey is a sport that is contested at the Winter Olympic Games. A men's ice hockey tournament has been held every Winter Olympics (starting in 1924); an ice hockey tournament was also held at the 1920 Summer Olympics.[1] From 1920 to 1968, the Olympics also acted as the Ice Hockey World Championships, and the two events occurred concurrently.[2] From 1920 until 1984, only amateur athletes were allowed to compete in the tournament, and players from the National Hockey League (NHL) were not allowed to compete. The countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs.[3] In 1970, after a disagreement over the definition of amateur players, Canada withdrew from the tournament and did not send a team to the 1972 or 1976 Winter Olympics.[4][5] In 1986, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to allow professional athletes to compete in the Olympics, and starting in 1998, the NHL allowed its players to participate.[5][6] Women's ice hockey was added in 1992 and the first tournament was held at the 1998 Winter Olympics.[7][8] Both events have been held at every Olympic Games since.[1]", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Year to date World Curling Tour order of merit ranking for each team prior to the event.[7]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament The women's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 25 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre.[1] Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round.[2]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Rasmus Stjerne\nThird: Johnny Frederiksen\nSecond: Mikkel Poulsen\nLead: Oliver Dupont\nAlternate: Morten Berg Thomsen", "Figure skating at the Olympic Games Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976, after appearing as a demonstration event at Grenoble 1968.[3]", "Skeleton (sport) Approximately 30 km (20 mi) away in the winter sports town of St. Moritz, British men had long enjoyed racing one another down the busy, winding streets of the town, causing an uproar among citizens because of the danger to pedestrians and visiting tourists. In 1884, Major William Bulpett, with the backing of winter sports pioneer and Kulm hotel owner Caspar Badrutt, constructed Cresta Run, the first sledding track of its kind in St. Moritz.[6] The track ran three-quarters of a mile from St. Moritz to Celerina and contained ten turns still used today. When the Winter Olympic Games were held at St. Moritz in 1928 and 1948, the Cresta Run was included in the program, marking the only two times skeleton was included as an Olympic event before its permanent addition in 2002 to the Winter Games.[4]", "Canada men's national ice hockey team All Olympic ice hockey tournaments between 1920 and 1968 also counted as World Championships.[10] The 1920 Olympics were the first world championship. IIHF World Championships were not held during the Winter Olympic years of 1980, 1984 or 1988.[10]", "Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics Canada qualified a men's team by earning enough points in the last two World Curling Championships.[33] The Olympic team was decided at the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials.[34]", "Curling Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan. From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time.[66] Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics. When she died two years later from cancer, over 15,000 people attended her funeral, and it was broadcast on national television.", "Curling Curling was one of the first sports that was popular with women and girls.[27]", "Canada men's national ice hockey team All Olympic ice hockey tournaments between 1920 and 1968 also counted as World Championships. They have won a total of 15 Olympic medals.[10]", "Winter Olympic Games Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals. Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992.[155] Military patrol, a precursor to the biathlon, was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928, 1936 and 1948, becoming an official sport in 1960.[156] The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics.[157] Bandy (Russian hockey) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia. In the latter it's considered a national sport.[158] It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games.[159] Ice stock sport, a German variant of curling, was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria.[20] The ski ballet event, later known as ski-acro, was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992.[160] Skijöring, skiing behind dogs, was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928.[159] A sled-dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932.[159] Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics.[161] Winter pentathlon, a variant of the modern pentathlon, was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included cross-country skiing, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horse riding.[141]", "Bobsleigh The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (FIBT) was founded in 1923. Men's four-man bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympic Games in 1924, and the men's two-man bobsleigh event was added in 1932. Though not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics, bobsleigh has featured in every Winter Olympics since. Women's bobsleigh competition began in the US in 1983 with two demonstration races in Lake Placid, New York, one held in February and the second held during the World Cup races in March 1983. Women's two-woman bobsleigh made its Olympic debut at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. Bobsleigh is also contested at American, European, and World Cup championships.", "Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament The women's curling tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia on 10â€“20 February 2014.[1] Ten nations competed in the round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round.[2] South Korea made their Olympic debut in curling.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament Monday, 19 February, 09:05", "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games The men's tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics was organized by a committee that included future IIHF president Paul Loicq. The tournament used the Bergvall System, in which three rounds were played.[14] The first round was an elimination tournament that determined the gold medal winner. The second round consisted of the teams that were defeated by the gold medal winner; the winner of that round was awarded the silver medal. The final round was played between teams that had lost to the gold or silver medal winners; the winner of that round received the bronze medal.[15]", "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games Since 1976, 12 teams have participated in the men's tournament, except in 1998 and 2002, when the number was raised to 14. The number of teams has ranged from 4 (in 1932) to 16 (in 1964). After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics, the \"Big Six\" teams (Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States) were given automatic qualification and byes to the final round.[107] The number of teams was increased to 14 so that a preliminary round-robin tournament consisting of eight teams could be held. The top two teams from the preliminary round (Belarus and Kazakhstan) joined the \"Big Six\" in the finals. A similar system was used in 2002.[108] For the following tournament, the number of teams was lowered to 12 so that all teams played fewer games.[109] Qualification for the men's tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics was structured around the 2008 IIHF World Ranking. Twelve spots were made available for teams. The top nine teams in the World Ranking after the 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths. Teams ranked 19th through 30th played in a first qualification round in November 2008. The top three teams from the round advanced to the second qualification round, joined by teams ranked 10th through 18th. The top three teams from this round advanced to the Olympic tournament.[110][111]", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament Wednesday, 14 February, 14:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament Thursday, 15 February, 09:05", "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games At the first tournament in 1920, there were many differences from the modern game: games were played outdoors on natural ice, forward passes were not allowed,[15] the rink (which had been intended to be used only for figure skating) was 56 m × 18 m (165 ft × 58.5 ft)[7] and two 20-minute periods were played.[14] Each team had seven players on the ice, the extra position being the rover.[8] Following the tournament, the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the Canadian rules—six men per side and three periods of play.[15]" ]	[ "Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling was included in the program of the inaugural Winter Olympic Games in 1924 in Chamonix[1] although the results of that competition were not considered official by the International Olympic Committee until 2006. Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games, and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992. The sport was finally added to the official program for the 1998 Nagano Games." ]
test3116	what movies have the song who let the dogs out	[ "doc106688", "doc106692" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc106688", "doc106692", "doc106697", "doc106689", "doc106691", "doc106695", "doc106696", "doc106694", "doc106693", "doc2511077", "doc1416209", "doc106699", "doc2549552", "doc594048", "doc106690", "doc200343", "doc1426940", "doc2298140", "doc2011273", "doc1486088", "doc960375", "doc2417501", "doc274702", "doc106698", "doc1074105", "doc2345359", "doc439362", "doc1316443", "doc1510404", "doc106933", "doc1917942", "doc1510410", "doc1252907", "doc1510400", "doc2174200", "doc1948534", "doc734756", "doc1427169", "doc1510398", "doc900659", "doc1858568", "doc1510444", "doc603511", "doc811046", "doc1510419", "doc2639499", "doc1510459", "doc594052", "doc845595", "doc1751998", "doc1510408", "doc704270", "doc612268", "doc1918163", "doc2607231", "doc1228207", "doc1326004", "doc1510416", "doc2629381", "doc1510396", "doc33528", "doc1002566", "doc2356197", "doc1808463", "doc813572", "doc1585857", "doc133301", "doc242669", "doc331218", "doc1805674", "doc600779", "doc1510402", "doc1510436", "doc1510422", "doc1884505", "doc1261239", "doc1889683", "doc1455797", "doc1129543", "doc1122094", "doc938759", "doc1937065", "doc1805671", "doc1661401", "doc872356", "doc2593657", "doc749706", "doc221473", "doc594047", "doc730954", "doc1425286", "doc1416093", "doc818419", "doc1036214", "doc8505", "doc1510441", "doc477937", "doc380338", "doc1306548", "doc1088003" ]	[ "Who Let the Dogs Out? \"Who Let the Dogs Out?\" is a song performed by the Bahamian group Baha Men, released as a single on July 26, 2000. Originally written by Anslem Douglas (titled \"Doggie\") for the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival season of 1998,[1] it was covered by producer Jonathan King under the name Fat Jakk and his Pack of Pets. He brought the song to the attention of his friend Steve Greenberg, who then had the Baha Men cover the song. The song became the band's first hit in the United Kingdom and the United States, and it gained popularity after appearing in Rugrats in Paris: The Movie and its soundtrack album.", "Who Let the Dogs Out? The song was incredibly successful in Europe and Oceania, reaching the top spot in Australia and New Zealand, number 2 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Top 5 in Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands, and the Top 10 in Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and Belgium. It also reached number 8 in Brazil. Despite this, however, its success initially didnâ€™t translate to the United States, where it only peaked at number 40. It received fame after being used in the soundtrack to Rugrats in Paris: The Movie and even more so after it became a ubiquitous sports anthem at stadiums and arenas throughout the world, based largely on the efforts of a sports marketing company hired by the song's producer, Steve Greenberg.", "Who Let the Dogs Out? The song is the theme song for Monster Mutt & Monster Mutt Rottweiler while freestyling in Monster Jam. It was also the first song played at Buffalo Blizzard games after kickoff for the 2001 NPSL season.[clarification needed][citation needed]", "Who Let the Dogs Out? The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, as well as topping the charts in Australia and New Zealand, and reached the Top 40 in the United States. It was Britain's fourth biggest-selling single of 2000, and went on to become one of the highest-selling singles of the decade not to reach number-one. The track went on to win the Grammy for Best Dance Recording on the 2001 Grammy Awards. It was the subject of a major lawsuit over copyright ownership that was settled.[1]", "Who Let the Dogs Out? In a poll conducted in 2007, by Rolling Stone to identify the 20 most annoying songs, this song was ranked third.[3] It was also ranked first on Spinner's 2008 list of \"Top 20 Worst Songs Ever\".[4] Rolling Stone also ranked it at No. 8 on a poll to identify the worst songs of the 1990s.[5]", "Who Let the Dogs Out? The first use of the song at an American sporting event was at Mississippi State University.[6] The university's mascot is the Bulldog, and the university school first played the song during football games in the fall of 1998 using the version sung by Chuck Smooth. It was accompanied by the crowd singing along and the team performing a dance on the field called \"The Dawg Pound Rock\" just before a kickoff.[7][8] Later the Southeastern Conference ruled that they could not perform the dance on the field, so the team moved it to the sidelines. Several other teams followed suit, and the song quickly became a national phenomenon.[9]", "Who Let the Dogs Out? In June 2000, Gregg Greene,[10] then Director of Promotions for the Seattle Mariners, was the first to play the Baha Men's version of \"Who Let the Dogs Out\" at a Major League Baseball game.[11] He debuted the tune as a joke for the team's backup catcher, Joe Oliver. Two days later, shortstop Alex Rodriguez requested the song be used as his walk-up music, and it quickly became the Mariners team anthem. The Baha Men performed at Safeco Field during a Mariners game in September 2000. The New York Mets, however, have claimed that they were the first MLB team to adopt the song, to which ESPN.com humorously commented \"This is a little like scientists arguing over who discovered a deadly virus\". The Baha Men recorded a version of the song that changed the chorus to \"Who let the Mets out?\" and all the lyrics to reflect the team and its players, which was played at Shea Stadium throughout the Mets' 2000 postseason run, including a live performance on the Shea Stadium field before Game 4 of the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees. The song was written by David Brody of Z100 New York and recorded by the Baha Men initially for Z100. Brody then gave the song to the Mets to play at Shea. Brody has also written songs for the 2006, 2007, and 2015 Mets. Richard Hidalgo used the original song as his entrance music while playing for the Houston Astros.", "Who Let the Dogs Out? A new version of the video debuted at the end of the VHS release of Rugrats in Paris: The Movie, where it was re-edited to feature clips of the film throughout. The Millionaire parody at the beginning is also replaced with the photo shoot scene from the movie as well.", "Who Let the Dogs Out? In the original music video, a parody of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (then hosted by Regis Philbin) called presumably \"Who Wants to Be a Zillionaire\" is depicted at the start, where a contestant is given the zillion dollar question \"Who let the dogs out?\". The dogs in the video then escape from a police station. In other parts of the video, the dogs chase people around the same area in which the band is performing. One of them includes a mailman.", "List of music considered the worst \"Who Let the Dogs Out?\", Baha Men (2000)Â", "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go The song was featured in the films Rock Odyssey, The Big Picture, Charlie's Angels, Zoolander, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Tween Academy: Class of 2012, Happy Feet Two, Kath & Kimderella, Walking on Sunshine, Zoolander 2, Sausage Party, Sing, The LEGO Batman Movie and The Emoji Movie.", "Who Let the Dogs Out? sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone", "Atomic Dog The song has been included in trailers and TV spots for many films (many dog-related), including 102 Dalmatians, Toy Story 2, Rugrats Go Wild, Hotel for Dogs, The Shaggy Dog, Finn on the Fly, Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde, Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Boomerang and Menace II Society.", "I Like to Move It The song appeared in the films The Master of Disguise[1] and Saving Silverman. The song appeared in the American Dad! episode \"The Dentist's Wife\".", "Who Let the Dogs Out? Band member Dyson Knight told Vice that the song \"...was originally sung by a Trinidadian artist whose name is Anslem Douglas. The manager of the Baha Men at that time heard a version of the song in Europe. He called [Knight's bandmate] Isaiah [Taylor] and told him it was an absolute must that Baha Men record that song, because they had the vibe to make it a huge hit. Isaiah heard the song and said there was 'no way in hell we're recording that song'...Management had the vision, and the Baha Men were reluctant, but the group went in and recorded it anyway.\"[2]", "U Can't Touch This The song is used comically in various films of the 2000s and 2010s such as Bubble Boy, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, Kung Pow! Enter the Fist, Shark Tale, White Chicks, Racing Stripes, Transformers: Age of Extinction and Transformers: The Last Knight, among others.", "Jump Around The song has been featured in films like The Wolf of Wall Street, Mrs. Doubtfire, The Rookie, Rush Hour, Happy Gilmore, Kiss of Death, Detention, Ready to Rumble, Black Hawk Down, Jack Reacher, Turbo, Whiskey Tango Foxtrot, War Dogs, Central Intelligence, and Bridget Jones's Baby, as well as the television series My Name Is Earl, the TBS talk show Lopez Tonight and the BBC Radio Scotland series Off the Ball. It was also featured in a Pringles commercial in the late 1990s. The song also appears in the second season of the television series New Girl when Jess, Nick, and Schmidt are celebrating the return of hot water to their loft. Tonight Show host Jimmy Fallon lip-synched the song in an annual \"Lip Sync Battle\" against actor and former NBA Basketball player Shaquille O'Neal on April 3, 2017.[7]", "MC Hammer M.C. Hammer's music has also been used in many television shows and movies, especially \"U Can't Touch This\", such as The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990), Hot Shots! (1990), The Super (1991), Doogie Howser, M.D. (1992), Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996), Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), Into the Wild (2007), Tropic Thunder (2008), Dancing with the Stars (2009), Glee (2010) and many more. Additionally, \"This Is What We Do\" was a 1990 track by Hammer (featuring B Angie B) for the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film and soundtrack. Tracks \"That's What I Said\" and \"Feel My Power\" were used for the Rocky V film and soundtrack. Some examples of other raps by Hammer used in movies and television were \"Addam's Groove\" (The Addams Family), \"Pray\" (License to Wed), \"2 Legit 2 Quit\" (Hot Rod), \"I Got It From The Town\" (The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift), \"Help Lord, Won't You Come\" (Kingdom Come), \"Let's Go Deeper\" (Beverly Hills, 90210) and \"Straight to My Feet\" (Street Fighter), among others.", "Bust a Move (song) The song is featured in the 2000 film Dude, Where's My Car?, and also appears on the film's soundtrack. The song is also featured in the 2009 films The Blind Side, 17 Again, and Up in the Air. Young MC had a cameo in Up in the Air,[14] performing Bust a Move at a software convention. The song is also featured in the 2017 film It.", "Let's Get It Started The album version was originally only re-worked for its use in promotion for the 2004 NBA Playoffs on ABC in April 2004;[3] however, the new version was so well-received that it was given an official single release two months later.[4] The song was later included on the soundtrack for the 2006 romantic comedy It's a Boy Girl Thing, the 2004 comedy Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle and the 2010 comedy Hot Tub Time Machine. The song is featured during the opening credits of the 2004 motion picture Barbershop 2: Back in Business (although it is not included in the film's soundtrack album). It was featured in the film White Chicks. It was used in UK advertisements for the game The Urbz: Sims in the City. The song was remixed for The Black Eyed Peas' fifth studio album The E.N.D. as \"Let's Get Re-Started\", it was also featured on their remix album The E.N.D. Summer 2010 Canadian Invasion Tour: Remix Collection The chorus was performed by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in his polka medley \"Polkarama\" from his 2006 album Straight Outta Lynwood.", "Let's Dance (David Bowie song) In the 2001 movie Zoolander, the song plays as David appears in the movie.", "Boom Shack-A-Lak The song has also been featured in various Hollywood films: Dumb and Dumber, Dumb and Dumber To,[2] Threesome, Bio-Dome, Clueless and more recently Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed. The song is also featured in the Bollywood film Anjaam.", "School's Out (song) The song has been used in movies including Scream, Dazed and Confused, Rock 'n' Roll High School and I Love You, Beth Cooper.", "Who Let the Dogs Out? In the United Kingdom, the song was quickly appropriated by Liverpool supporters under then-manager Gérard Houllier. Regular chants of 'Hou led the reds out' by Liverpool fans (a reference to Liverpool's cup treble in 2001) were followed soon after by opposition fans' chants of 'Hou had a heart attack' (a reference to Houllier's illness in October 2001).[12]", "I Want Candy Bow Wow Wow's recording is frequently included in collections of '80s pop music and on soundtracks for movies that are set in the '80s, as well as in movies that want to make use of the recording's youthful, carefree tone. The recording appeared on the soundtracks for Blank Check, Private School, Bio-Dome, Daddy Day Care, 200 Cigarettes, High Fidelity, Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, Napoleon Dynamite, The House Bunny and (in the form of a remix by Kevin Shields) Marie Antoinette. It also appeared in The Simpsons episode \"The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase\".", "Louie Louie In addition to the previously mentioned American Graffiti (1973), National Lampoon's Animal House (1978), Quadrophenia (1979), The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (1988), Coupe de Ville (1988), Wayne's World 2 (1993), and Coffee and Cigarettes (2003), other movies and documentaries featuring versions of \"Louie Louie\" include Tijuana Blue (1972),[66] Heart Like A Wheel (1983), Nightmares (1983), Blood Simple (1984), The Cult: Live in Milan (1986),[67] Survival Game (1987),[68] The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1987), Love at Stake (1988), Fright Night Part 2 (1989), Jennifer Eight (1992), Passed Away (1992), Dave (1992), A Simple Twist of Fate (1994), Mr. Holland's Opus (1995), Man of the House (1995), Down Periscope (1996), My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), Wild Things (1998), ABC â€“ The Alphabetic Tribe (1998),[69] Say It Isn't So (2001), La bande du drugstore (2002),[70] 24 Hour Party People (2002), Old School (2003), Friday Night Lights (2004), Guy X (2005), This Is England (2006), Bobby (2006), Capitalism: A Love Story (2009), Lemmy (2010),[71] Knight and Day (2010), Best Possible Taste: The Kenny Everett Story (2012),[72] and Desert Dancer (2014).[73]", "Thank God, It's Doomsday Baha Men sing \"Who Wants a Haircut?\"\nLos Lobos play their version of the end credits", "Kyle Massey Massey appeared on the Disney Channel Holiday soundtrack and the Shaggy Dog soundtrack where he performed \"Who Let The Dog Out\" and \"Jingle Bells (a Hip-Hop Carol)\". He sang the theme song for Cory in the House. Massey also raps a song called \"It's a Dog\" on the Life is Ruff soundtrack. He also sang the theme song for Yin Yang Yo!. Massey and his brother Christopher Massey have performed rap as the duo, The Massey Boyz. He also sang the music video for Disney's Underdog.", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Swing Batter Batter\" by Georgia and The Janasens", "Sugar, Sugar The song has frequently been used in films and other television shows including Highway 61, Heaven & Earth, Now and Then, Thieves, A Very Brady Sequel, Sorority Boys, The Magic Roundabout, Bee Movie, The Campaign, The Ghost Busters, Takin' Over the Asylum, Where The Heart Is, From the Earth to the Moon, Lukas, Keen Eddie, The Simpsons, Cake Boss, Free Agents, Being Erica, Waterloo Road, Loose Women, Orphan Black, and Riverdale.", "It's Tricky The song is used in the promotional clip for the FX television series Snowfall, which began airing in July 2017.[3] The original song appeared in the movies Road Trip and The Bounty Hunter and in the video games SSX Tricky, WWE 2K16 and Forza Horizon 3.", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Hit the Ceiling\" by Jake Monaco", "Bam Bam (song) In 1998, \"Bam Bam\" was featured in the Hype Williams film Belly. In 2014, \"Bam Bam\" was featured in the Seth Rogen/Evan Goldberg film The Interview.[13]", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"I'm Done\" by Mark Martel", "List of Lip Sync Battle episodes Arnett:\n\"Who Let the Dogs Out?\" by Baha Men\n\"Everything Is Awesome\" by Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island", "Wild Thing (Tone Lōc song) \"Wild Thing\" was used in the 1989 film Uncle Buck starring John Candy. In the 2000 film Bedazzled, the song is used when Brendan Fraser's character, Elliot, first meets the Devil, played by Liz Hurley. The song is also heard, in much-edited form, in the 2016 film The Angry Birds Movie.", "Sound of da Police It was featured in the films Cop Out and Attack The Block, was featured as an in-game radio selection in the 2015 video game Battlefield Hardline (by Electronic Arts), and was used for the end credits of the 2016 movie Ride Along 2[1] and in the 2016 published The Angry Birds Movie soundtrack. The 'Whoop whoop, sound of da police' hook was referenced by ska-punk band Sonic Boom Six on their track Piggy In The Middle[2].", "Frank the Pug In the second film, Frank was given a bigger role as director Barry Sonnenfeld enjoyed the dog's performance in the first film. In this film, he appears to be an employee at MIB HQ. He first appears while delivering passports to Chief Zed's office. Zed is speaking with Agent J about a killing that he wants him and Agent T (Patrick Warburton) to investigate, but Agent J informs him that he had neuralyzed Agent T. Frank then volunteers to be J's new partner. Frank, now known as \"Agent F\" and wearing an MIB uniform, soon becomes a nuisance to J as he doesn't feel he needs a partner and Frank never stops talking. Frank sings a few lines of \"I Will Survive\" by Gloria Gaynor as he rides with J to the scene of the crime (Tim Blaney as Frank sings the song, slightly altered, in its entirety on the film's soundtrack). When the two agents arrive, he notices the \"suit\" that the dead alien was wearing and says \"Hey, J, zero percent body fat\". After J has talked with the witness, he can be seen barking to the song \"Who Let the Dogs Out?\" before he is interrupted by J. J and Frank were later dispatched to Central Park to investigate a ship. When one of his fellow agents was laughing about Frank being J's new partner, Frank attacked the Agent (implied to be at the groin). When Agent K is taken to be deneuralyzed, Frank steps down as Agent J's partner, but becomes Chief Zed's personal assistant, partly because the job offers better dental. He communicates with J about the situation within MIB while trapped in the base but is found by Serleena who imitates his voice to try to trap J and K. In his penultimate scene in the movie, he identifies himself as a Remoolian. He at the end of the film says \"Woah\" after Agent K showed him and J, that Earth and the Human race are stored in a locker at an Alien Space Station modeled after Grand Central Terminal.", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Chicken Picken\" (instrumental) by Jake Monaco", "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In The song appeared at the end of the 2001 movie Recess: School's Out.", "Sh-Boom Alternate recordings based on the Crew Cuts' recording were heard in the TV series Happy Days (1974-84) and in the film Clue (1985). The original Chords' recording was featured in The Super (1991), Liberty Heights (1999), The Sum of Us (1994), Cry-Baby featuring Johnny Depp (1990), Two of Us (2000), Road House (1989), and the mini-series Lipstick on Your Collar (1993). It was briefly featured in the HBO mini-series From the Earth To The Moon (1998) and the movie Hearts in Atlantis (2001). The Trevor Horn Orchestra covered the song for the Mona Lisa Smile (2003) soundtrack. Pixar's Cars used a long recording of the song (2006), and Disney California Adventure prominently incorporated it into the nightly neon lighting ceremony in the new Cars Land.[10] It is heard in the 2011 film Dolphin Tale.[citation needed] The song is briefly featured in a Nexgard Chewables for Dogs commercial.", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Spooky Scary\" by Pretty Good Music Band", "Big Momma's House A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on May 30, 2000 by So So Def Records. The film's theme song was \"Bounce with Me\" by Lil Bow Wow. The soundtrack was also a moderate success and has been certified gold since its release. Other than Lil Bow Wow, the soundtrack featured artists such as Jermaine Dupri, Da Brat, and Black Dave, whose single Go Big Girl can be heard briefly in the film. It peaked at 41 on the Billboard 200 and 12 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and spawned two hit singles, \"Bounce with Me\" and \"I've Got to Have It\".", "War (The Temptations song) \"War\" was featured in the films Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London, Gulliver's Travels, Small Soldiers as well as its soundtrack, Rush Hour, Rush Hour 3, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, and in the TV spot to Tropic Thunder.", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"How Do You Do?\"", "Best Years of Our Lives (song) The Baha Men version received generally positive reviews. According to the Baltimore Afro-American, the song was \"shaping up to be a worthy follow-up to Who Let the Dogs Out?,\"[9] while Terry vanHorn of MTV.com called it a \"playful dance song.\"[10] Eric Schumacher-Rasmussen, also of MTV.com, referred to the song as upbeat.[11]", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Additional song: \"Singing for Our Lives\" by Frank Welker and Kate Micucci", "I Like to Move It sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone", "Fooled Around and Fell in Love Based on his work with Bishop, Thomas was invited to become the lead singer for Jefferson Starship.[5] The song is featured in the films Queens Logic (1991), Illtown (1996), Boogie Nights (1997), Summer of Sam (1999), Big Daddy (1999), According to Spencer (2001), The Devil's Rejects (2005), The Family Stone (2005), Invincible (2006), The Education of Charlie Banks (2007), Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008), Stand Up Guys (2012), Lovelace (2013), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and Handsome: A Netflix Mystery Movie (2017).", "Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car The song was also featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film License to Drive. The song was covered by Fenix TX for the soundtrack of NASCAR Thunder 2003. In 2013, Gwar covered the song in a video featured on The A.V. Club website as part of the site's A.V. Undercover series. Approximately three minutes into the performance, the band incorporates The Who's \"Baba O'Riley\" into the song. The song is mentioned in a 2014 TV commercial for Twix Bites. It appears in a 2018 commercial for Applebee's.[4]", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Invincible\"", "The Who Rock-orientated films such as Almost Famous,[392] School of Rock[393] and Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny refer to the band and feature their songs,[394] and other films have used the band's material in their soundtracks, including Apollo 13 (which used \"I Can See For Miles\")[395] and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (which used a take of \"My Generation\" recorded for the BBC).[396] Several of the band's tracks have appeared in the video game Rock Band and its sequels.[397]", "Dude, Where's My Car? Songs featured in the film but not included in the soundtrack", "Shake Ya Ass Since its release, the song has been featured in numerous films and other media. It has been featured in the films Kiss of the Dragon, Crossroads, Down to Earth, Juwanna Mann, Scary Movie 2, Identity Thief, and About A Boy Its a Girl Boy Thing and the HBO television series Treme, also appearing in TV series Everybody Hates Chris episode 'Everybody Hates Drew'. It also appeared in the 2008 video game Grand Theft Auto IV when the player enters the Alderney strip club in the city.", "Bad Moon Rising (song) The song has been used in a number of films, including An American Werewolf in London, My Fellow Americans, Twilight Zone: The Movie, Howling III: The Marsupials, Blade, Sweet Home Alabama, My Girl, Man of the House, Operation Avalanche, Mr. Woodcock, The Big Chill, and Kong: Skull Island.", "Get Ur Freak On Released as the album's first single in 2001, the track reached number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Internationally, \"Get Ur Freak On\" became a top ten success in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, where it became her first solo top ten hit, peaking at number four. A remix of the song featuring Nelly Furtado was a dance club hit during this period, and was used both in the soundtrack and in the background of the movie Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) starring Angelina Jolie. The song is also heard in The Rundown (2003) starring Dwayne Johnson (remixed with AC/DC's \"Back in Black\") and The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005) starring Steve Carell.", "Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem) \"Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem)\" is a hip hop single performed by B-Real, Busta Rhymes, Coolio, LL Cool J, and Method Man from the Space Jam Soundtrack. Though the movie received mixed reviews, the soundtrack was popular. It failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100, but was successful in the United Kingdom.[citation needed] The video, directed by Hype Williams, is in black and white and features scenes from the movie, mostly the Monstars. The rappers wore the Monstars' jerseys from the movie while rapping on a basketball court.", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Bad, Bad Dream\" by Jake Monaco", "Totally Spies! The Movie There was also an official soundtrack released in France. It includes the song \"Walk Like an Egyptian\" by The Bangles. The opening and closing for the movie is the song \"Gold Guns Girls\" by Canadian rock band Metric.[7]", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Romp 101\" (instrumental) by Jake Monaco", "Rock and Roll All Nite \"Rock and Roll All Nite\" has appeared on the following movies:", "Canned Heat (song) \"Canned Heat\" is featured in the feature film Napoleon Dynamite, during the title character's dance performance at the end of a high school assembly. The song is also featured in the film Center Stage, released in 2000, in which the dancers perform a piece to this song at the end of the movie. Also, the song was used in the rhythm based Xbox 360 game Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3. The music video was played in the background as the song would be played. A cover of the song was featured in a level of the game Elite Beat Agents. Another cover of the song was featured in the European version of Donkey Konga. The song was also featured in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 tennis game, Top Spin 3. A newer cover of the song, entitled \"Kashyyyk\", appeared in the game Kinect Star Wars and it entitled \"S-Boogie\" in the game Boogie.", "Boogie Oogie Oogie The song is used in the films At Close Range, Barcelona, Contact, Breast Men, Mystery Men, Screwed, Canvas, and The Nice Guys. Other television shows that feature the song include WKRP in Cincinnati, The King of Queens, Everybody Hates Chris, White Heat, Muppets Tonight and Scandal. It's also featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV: The Ballad of Gay Tony.", "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It) The song appears in the 1995 movie Canaleo and the 2007 Chris Rock film, I Think I Love My Wife, as well as on the soundtrack to video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, and in the episode of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch titled \"Ping, Ping A Song\". In 2016, the song appears in the introduction of the movie Central Intelligence. In Lip Sync Battle, Queen Latifah sang this.", "Bad to the Bone The song has been used in filmmaking and television productions, often as a tongue-in-cheek comedic device when a \"bad guy\" needs to be introduced or identified. An example of this is in the opening of the movie Christine, where the song is played as the red and white 1958 Plymouth rolls down the production line and injures an inspector. The song was used in the bar scene in Terminator 2: Judgment Day where the Terminator first is shown in his full leather outfit. It can also be heard in the card game scene from the remake of The Parent Trap. The song was used in the scenes in the 1988 drama film Talk Radio in the scenes where radio talk show host Barry Champlain's radio show, used as the opening and closing theme of his radio show. It was also used in the 2010 3D animation movie, Megamind. It was also the title theme to Problem Child and its sequel, and Major Payne. It is also included in the South Park episode \"You're Not Yelping\" while Cartman walks down a hallway. It is also played during Shaun the Sheep Movie after Shaun is caught by Animal Containment.", "Snoop Dogg Snoop Dogg has appeared in numerous films and television episodes throughout his career. His starring roles in film includes The Wash (with Dr. Dre) and the horror film Bones. He also co-starred with rapper Wiz Khalifa in the 2012 movie Mac and Devin Go to High School which a sequel has been announced.[49] He has had various supporting and cameo roles in film, including Half Baked, Training Day, Starsky & Hutch, and Brüno.", "Old School (film) At the Mitch-a-palooza party, Snoop Dogg and Kokane perform \"Paper'd Up\", sampling Eric B & Rakim's track \"Paid in Full\".[5][6] The soundtrack also included \"Fun Night\" by Andrew W.K., \"Dust in the Wind\" by Kansas, \"Hungry Like the Wolf\", \"Farmer in the Dell\", \"Gonna Make You Sweat\", \"Louie Louie\", \"Chariots of Fire\", \"Good Lovin' Gone Bad\", \"Master of Puppets\" by Metallica, \"Playground in My Mind\" by Clint Holmes and \"The Sound of Silence\" by Simon & Garfunkel. The main song in this movie is \"Here I Go Again\" by Whitesnake, which is played when Will Ferrell's character is fixing his car and in the closing credits. Also, The Dan Band sings one of the famous songs of Bonnie Tyler, \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" (with some interesting improvisational departures as to the cover's lyrics), and Styx's \"Lady\". During the introductory sequence Ryan Adams' \"To Be Young (Is to Be Sad, Is to Be High)\", co-written with David Rawlings, can be heard most memorably during the metal detector scene.", "The Bad Touch \"The Bad Touch\" is a song recorded by American alternative rock band Bloodhound Gang. It was released on 31 May 1999 as the lead single from their album Hooray for Boobies, which was released a year later, in the US and UK. The song was remixed by many artists including God Lives Underwater, KMFDM and Eiffel 65.", "Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore (also known as Cats & Dogs 2 or Cats & Dogs 2: The Revenge of Kitty Galore) is a 2010 American-Australian live action/animated spy comedy film directed by Brad Peyton, produced by Andrew Lazar, Polly Johnsen, Greg Michael and Brent O'Connor with music by Christopher Lennertz and Shirley Bassey and written by Ron J. Friedman and Steve Bencich. The film stars Chris O'Donnell and Jack McBrayer. The film also stars the voices of James Marsden, Nick Nolte, Christina Applegate, Katt Williams, Bette Midler, and Neil Patrick Harris. The film is a stand-alone sequel to the 2001 film Cats & Dogs, with more focus on its animal characters than the previous film, and was released on July 30, 2010 by Warner Bros. Pictures. It received extremely negative reviews from film critics and it earned $112.5 million on an $85 million budget. A video game of the same title was developed by 505 Games and was released for the Nintendo DS on July 20, 2010.[2]", "Bow Wow (rapper) In 2002, his second album Doggy Bag was released with singles \"Take Ya Home\" which peaked at #72 on the Hot 100 and #21 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and \"Thank You\" with Jagged Edge, #1 on the R&B chart.[5] Doggy Bag peaked at #11 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart[8] and was certified platinum.[6] Lil' Bow Wow performed the track \"Basketball\" for the soundtrack of his film Like Mike; that song peaked at #1 on the R&B and #25 on the rap chart.[5]", "Scooby-Doo (film) The film's score was composed by David Newman. A soundtrack was released on June 4, 2002, by Atlantic Records. It peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 200 and 49 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Shaggy performs the theme song from Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, which was retitled \"Shaggy, Where Are You?\".[citation needed]", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Transylvania Polka\" by Vlad Pincus & the Igors, previously used in Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Ever After\" by Pretty Good Music Band", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"I Don't Know About You\" by Finnegan Schwartz", "Catch Me (I'm Falling) This song is featured in the movie Kickin' It Old Skool.", "Get Down Tonight The original rendition of \"Get Down Tonight\" has been used in the films Sid and Nancy, Forrest Gump, Hotel de Love, Rush Hour, Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, Pirates of Silicon Valley, Arlington Road and Roll Bounce. It has also been used in the television shows Futurama (episode \"Crimes of the Hot\"), House, M.D. (episode \"Top Secret\") and The Big Bang Theory (episode \"The Pulled Groin Extrapolation\"), among others. It was also used in a Bollywood film The Great Gambler.", "Free Bird The song was featured in several video games, films, and television series, including Soylent Green, Westworld, The Towering Inferno, Logan's Run, The Doors, The Last Boy Scout, Soldier, Blood Diamond, Time Bandits, Spaceballs, Wayne's World, Josie and the Pussycats, Sid and Nancy, This Is Spinal Tap, Airheads, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, Dude, Where's My Car?, Empire Records, High Fidelity, Rock Star, The Rocker, The Full Monty, Napoleon Dynamite, Idiocracy, Speed, Broken Arrow, Entrapment, Lethal Weapon 4, Exit Wounds, Mad Max: Fury Road, Guitar Hero II, Forrest Gump, American Pop, House of Cards, The Devil's Rejects, Guitar Hero: Smash Hits, Rock Band 3, ER, Everybody Loves Raymond, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Californication, Kingsman: The Secret Service, Free Birds, That '70s Show, Flushed Away, Chicken Little, Elizabethtown, Toy Story 3, The Simpsons and Family Guy.[21][22]", "Kenan & Kel \"Clownin' Around\"", "All the Small Things \"All the Small Things\" was released on the UK compilation album Now That's What I Call Music! 45 (2000) and the US edition of Now That's What I Call Music! 4 (2000). The song was used in 1999 in the TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 4, episode 9 - \"Something Blue\") before it was released on CD, and in Boston Legal (season 1, episode 14 - \"Til We Meat Again\"). The song is played during the end credits of the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels. It can be heard in the trailer for Alvin and the Chipmunks and in the 2000 film Archibald the Koala: The Movie and the 2002 film Clockstoppers, and is also present on its soundtrack. Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 2008 album Undeniable. The song has been used frequently in music video games. It was released as downloadable content for Rock Band and Guitar Hero 5, and is part of the setlist for Guitar Hero: On Tour and the iPhone version of Rock Band. It is also available in Guitar Hero Live. Covers are present in the video games Rock Revolution and Alvin and the Chipmunks.", "Draggin' the Line \"Draggin' the Line\" has made many media appearances. Among others, in a cover by Beat Goes Bang in the 1991 film Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead; as the opener in a 1999 Canadian film New Waterford Girl; in a cover by R.E.M. in 1999 for the Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me soundtrack;[14] in Inside Deep Throat, a 2005 documentary about the 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat;[15] is heard in the somber 2006Â football drama We are Marshall,[16] in the My Name is Earl episode, \"Robbed a Stoner Blind\",[17] in CBS's crime drama Cold Case (episode 54),[15] and was featured in \"Anthem,\" a familiar Mitsubishi commercial that debuted in October 2004. The commercial shows a long line of cars and sport utility vehicles cruising past Mitsubishi mechanics all dressed in red coveralls.[18]", "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late) The original recording has been used in the feature films, Rocky IV (1985), Look Who's Talking Now (1993), Donnie Brasco (1997), Almost Famous (2000), Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) and The Fate of the Furious (2017).", "Nobody's Angel After recording a few songs for the soundtracks to the Disney live-action films 102 Dalmatians (2000) and The Princess Diaries (2001), the group split up. An album was due to be released in 2002, but was shelved. The album did feature the singles \"Whatcha Gonna Do (With Your Second Chance)?\", \"Always Tomorrow\", and a remake of the Salt-N-Pepa song \"Ain't Nuthin' But a She Thing\" featuring Lil' J. Besides the songs from the soundtracks no new music from their second album has been leaked.", "Bow Wow (rapper) Bow Wow made his first movie appearance in All About the Benjamins, in 2002 as a cameo. In the same year, Bow Wow made his debut as the lead role in Like Mike. He later began to undertake lead roles in movies, such as Johnson Family Vacation in 2004 and Roll Bounce in 2005. He also played a supporting role in the film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift in 2006. Bow Wow also appeared in five episodes of the television series Entourage, and starred as Brody Nelson in CSI: Cyber until the show's cancelation in 2016.", "Inspector Gadget (film) The soundtrack of the film, composed by John Debney, contains the singles \"All Star\" by Smash Mouth and \"I'll Be Your Everything\" by the boy band Youngstown.[6]", "All I Do Is Win The song was featured in the 2015 musical comedy film Pitch Perfect 2, the 2015 film Magic Mike XXL, and the 2016 R-Rated comedy \"The Boss\".", "Parents Just Don't Understand In late 2001, a cover of the song was recorded by Lil' Romeo, 3LW, and Nick Cannon, which appears on the Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius soundtrack. A video was made with cameo appearances from Vanessa A. Williams & Whoopi Goldberg.", "Space Jam The soundtrack sold enough albums to be certified as 6x Platinum.[5] It also served as a high point for musical artist R. Kelly, whose song \"I Believe I Can Fly\" not only was a hit, but earned him two Grammy Awards.[6] Other tracks included a cover of Steve Miller Band's \"Fly Like an Eagle\" (by Seal), \"Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem)\" (by B-Real, Busta Rhymes, Coolio, LL Cool J, and Method Man), \"Basketball Jones\" (by Barry White & Chris Rock), \"Pump up the Jam[7]\" (by Technotronic[8]), \"I Turn to You\" (by All-4-One) and \"For You I Will\" (by Monica). The movie's title song was performed by the Quad City DJ's.", "These Boots Are Made for Walkin' The song was featured in the 1997 film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery", "I Like to Move It \"I Like to Move It\" is a song by American electronic dance duo Reel 2 Real (Erick Morillo), featuring ragga vocals by Trinidad and Tobago rapper The Mad Stuntman (Mark Quashie). The song appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1994, peaking at number 89 and reached number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. It was a number-one hit in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Zimbabwe. And on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart it was a number 8 hit.", "I'm So Excited The song was featured in the movie Summer Lovers (1982), though it was not included on the movie's soundtrack.[12] It was also featured in the theatrical and VHS releases of National Lampoon's Vacation, but was replaced with the sonically unrelated \"Little Boy Sweet\" on future versions. Later on, it featured in Hot Shots Part Deux (1993) and briefly in Eddie Murphy's version of The Nutty Professor (1996). Other films that featured the song include Protocol (1984), Playing for Keeps (1986), Riff-Raff (1991), The Story of Us (1999), Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), and I'm So Excited (2011) which also takes it name from the song itself.", "Shimmy Shimmy Ya The song was used in many movies and television shows, including the opening scene of the movie Knocked Up. An excerpt of the song was used in the third episode of Fresh Off the Boat. The song was also used for the Luke Cage trailer. It is also included on the Skate 3 video game soundtrack.", "A Thousand Miles \"A Thousand Miles\" continued to receive regular rotation on Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 radio stations two years after its original release, and Billboard magazine has named it \"one of the most enduring songs of the millennium\".[18] Carlton has said that rappers such as Fabolous and Ja Rule \"really like this song.\"[19] In the film White Chicks (2004) a group of girls refer to the song as their \"jam\" when it's played on the radio. It's played again two more times in the film: when Terry Crews' character sings this song to Marlon Wayans' character, and when Terry Crews' character sings it to the Wilson twins. Terry Crews' character in the film sings along with it and shakes his head hard when he hears the orchestrated hook. The song is also prominently featured in the Season 3 finale titled \"Flashback in the Day\" of the television sitcom Workaholics.", "Oops!... I Did It Again (song) \"Oops!... I Did It Again\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2001 ceremony,[13] but lost to \"I Try\" by Macy Gray.[14] The track was additionally nominated for the Favorite Song at the 2001 Kids' Choice Awards broadcast on Nickelodeon,[15] but lost to \"Who Let the Dogs Out?\" by the Baha Men.[16]", "Baba O'Riley \"Baba O'Riley\" was used as the theme song for the popular television series CSI: NY (2004–13); each CSI series used a Who song as its theme.[15] The song plays in the opening segment of the Miami Vice episode \"Out Where the Buses Don't Run\" (season two, 1985).[16] One of the working titles of That '70s Show (1998–2006) was \"Teenage Wasteland,\" a reference to the repeated lyric in the song.[17] The song was also used in trailers for A Bug's Life (1998), American Beauty (1999), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012), and The Peanuts Movie (2015).[18] The song has also been used in episode 14 of season one in the TV series House and in episode 10 of season one in the TV series The Newsroom. A remixed version of this song, re-done by Alan Wilkis, appears in the 2012 remake of Need for Speed: Most Wanted, as well as the Family Guy season 13 episode \"Quagmire's Mom\" and episode 11 of season one of Superstore.", "How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song) Besides Saturday Night Fever, the song has also been featured in other films such as Donnie Brasco, Ready to Rumble, Forever Fever, Tongan Ninja, Anger Management, Adam's Apples, Disco, Sex and the City, A Dog's Purpose and Baywatch, and in television shows such as Get a Life, Ballykissangel, Marienhof, You Are The One, Two Faces, Nip/Truck, Millennium, The Simpsons, and Parenthood.", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! Chase scene song: \"Toe to Toe\" by Luca Ellis", "Hound Dog (song) \"Hound Dog\" has been at the center of controversies and several lawsuits, including disputes over authorship, royalties, and copyright infringement by the many answer songs released by such artists as Rufus Thomas and Roy Brown. From the 1970s onward, the song has been featured in numerous films, including Grease, Forrest Gump, Lilo & Stitch, A Few Good Men, Hounddog, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, and Nowhere Boy.", "Suga Suga \"Suga Suga (Reggae Remix)\" is featured in the 2005 film Be Cool.", "Wannabe \"Wannabe\" has also been performed by the characters of various films. The cover versions of the song were included in the official soundtracks of Disney's 2005 animated film Chicken Little,[172] DreamWorks Animation's 2012 animated film Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted[173] and the 2004 American teen film Sleepover.[174][175]", "My House (Flo Rida song) It is also used in the films Bad Moms[9], Middle School: The Worst Years of My Life[10], and The House, as well as the trailer for the first episode of the television show Lethal Weapon[11] and the trailer for the 2017 animated film The Boss Baby.[12]" ]	[ "Who Let the Dogs Out? \"Who Let the Dogs Out?\" is a song performed by the Bahamian group Baha Men, released as a single on July 26, 2000. Originally written by Anslem Douglas (titled \"Doggie\") for the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival season of 1998,[1] it was covered by producer Jonathan King under the name Fat Jakk and his Pack of Pets. He brought the song to the attention of his friend Steve Greenberg, who then had the Baha Men cover the song. The song became the band's first hit in the United Kingdom and the United States, and it gained popularity after appearing in Rugrats in Paris: The Movie and its soundtrack album.", "Who Let the Dogs Out? The song was incredibly successful in Europe and Oceania, reaching the top spot in Australia and New Zealand, number 2 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Top 5 in Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands, and the Top 10 in Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and Belgium. It also reached number 8 in Brazil. Despite this, however, its success initially didnâ€™t translate to the United States, where it only peaked at number 40. It received fame after being used in the soundtrack to Rugrats in Paris: The Movie and even more so after it became a ubiquitous sports anthem at stadiums and arenas throughout the world, based largely on the efforts of a sports marketing company hired by the song's producer, Steve Greenberg." ]
test56	when was the last time the military drafted	[ "doc1490", "doc1541" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc1490", "doc387393", "doc2266458", "doc1543", "doc58895", "doc1541", "doc601776", "doc1542", "doc1518", "doc58901", "doc601774", "doc1521", "doc1529", "doc1566", "doc1489", "doc387394", "doc1544", "doc1562", "doc34003", "doc1569", "doc1547", "doc34015", "doc601767", "doc601790", "doc58898", "doc1537", "doc1512", "doc1756063", "doc1500", "doc1538", "doc1526", "doc1551", "doc58915", "doc1565", "doc58908", "doc1515", "doc601778", "doc1535", "doc58909", "doc601763", "doc1533", "doc601770", "doc1493", "doc376605", "doc45662", "doc58919", "doc1491", "doc1563", "doc112476", "doc2266382", "doc561557", "doc1514", "doc1564", "doc1527", "doc601777", "doc1571", "doc219403", "doc1501", "doc1568", "doc1540", "doc601775", "doc1554", "doc1492", "doc1574", "doc1522", "doc1525", "doc601800", "doc1516", "doc1573", "doc1506", "doc112464", "doc58907", "doc58902", "doc601779", "doc601768", "doc376599", "doc1496", "doc2266439", "doc1546", "doc601771", "doc488858", "doc58911", "doc1756039", "doc1570", "doc601806", "doc1523", "doc601773", "doc1552", "doc2050334", "doc387337", "doc2050332", "doc1317021", "doc37642", "doc2313205", "doc58914", "doc1548", "doc2266408", "doc264944", "doc601799", "doc1553" ]	[ "Conscription in the United States Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in five conflicts: the American Revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean War and the Vietnam War). The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the country's first peacetime draft.[1] From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. The draft came to an end when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military force. However, the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed.[2] United States Federal Law also provides for the compulsory conscription of men between the ages of 17 and 45 and certain women for militia service pursuant to Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution and 10 U.S. Code ยง 246.[3][4][5]", "Military service Conscription was next used after the United States entered World War I in 1917. The first peacetime conscription came with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. When World War II ended, so did the draft. It was quickly reinstated with the Korean War and retained for the next 20 years, especially in the Vietnam War. Active conscription (\"the draft\") ended in 1973.", "Conscription In the United States, conscription, also called \"the draft\", ended in 1973, but males aged between 18 and 25 are required to register with the Selective Service System to enable a reintroduction of conscription if necessary. President Gerald Ford suspended mandatory draft registration in 1975, but President Jimmy Carter reinstated that requirement when the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan five years later. Selective Service registration is still required of almost all young men, although the draft has not been used since 1973[193] and there have been no prosecutions for violations of the draft registration law since 1986.[194] Males between the ages of 17 and 45, and female members of the US National Guard may be conscripted for federal militia service pursuant to 10 U.S. Code ยง 246 and the Militia Clauses of the United States Constitution.[195]", "Conscription in the United States Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby, the last Vietnam War-era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank, retired from the army on November 10, 2014 after a 42-year career.[76]", "Draft lottery (1969) On December 1, 1969, the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950. These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973. It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942.", "Conscription in the United States Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, or eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam;[67] Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach, trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, shut down conscription, and directly force an end to the war.[68] Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill, even though some had qualms about ending the draft.[66] After a prolonged battle in the Senate, in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved.[69] Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began.[61] With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the last men conscripted, who were born in 1952[70] and who reported for duty in June 1973. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued.[71][72] In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was.[73]", "Selective Service System The fourth and final lottery drawing was held on February 2, 1972, pertaining to men born in 1953, who would have been called to report for induction in 1973. But no new draft orders were issued after 1972.[20] On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft.[21]", "Conscription in the United States Command Sergeant Major Jeff Mellinger, believed to be the last drafted enlisted ranked soldier still on active duty, retired in 2011.[74][75]", "Conscription in the United States The World WarÂ II draft operated from 1940 until 1946 when further inductions were suspended, and its legislative authorization expired without further extension by Congress in 1947. During this time, more than 10 million men had been inducted into military service.[30] However, the Selective Service System remained intact.", "Draft lottery (1969) Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 (for those born in 1951) and from 1971 to 1975 (for 1952 to 1956 births). The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service, because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973.", "Selective Service System On November 26, 1969, 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) that established conscription based on random selection (lottery).[16] The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950.[17] The second lottery, on July 1, 1970, pertained to men born in 1951. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125.[18] The third was on August 5, 1971, pertaining to men born in 1952; the highest lottery number called was 95.[19]", "Conscription in the United States The second peacetime draft began with passage of the Selective Service Act of 1948 after the STSA expired. The new law required all men, ages 18 to 26, to register. It also created the system for the \"Doctor Draft\" aimed at inducting health professionals into military service.[34] Unless otherwise exempted or deferred (see Berry Plan), these men could be called for up to 21 months of active duty and five years of reserve duty service. Congress further tweaked this act in 1950 although the post–World War II surplus of military manpower left little need for draft calls until Truman's declaration of national emergency in December 1950.[35] Only 20,348 men were inducted in 1948 and only 9,781 in 1949.", "Conscription in the United States In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period, the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s. While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted compared to war periods, draftees by law served in the Army for two years. Elvis Presley and Willie Mays were two of the most famous people drafted during this period.", "Conscription in the United States Despite arguments by defense leaders that they had no interest in re-instituting the draft, Representative Neil Abercrombie's (D-HI) inclusion of a DOD memo in the Congressional Record which detailed a meeting by senior leaders signaled renewed interest. Though the conclusion of the meeting memo did not call for a reinstatement of the draft, it did suggest Selective Service Act modifications to include registration by women and self-reporting of critical skills that could serve to meet military, homeland-defense, and humanitarian needs.[108] This hinted at more targeted draft options being considered, perhaps like that of the \"Doctor Draft\" that began in the 1950s to provide nearly 66% of the medical professionals who served in the Army in Korea.[109] Once created, this manpower tool continued to be used through 1972. The meeting memo gave DOD's primary reason for opposing a draft as a matter of cost effectiveness and efficiency. Draftees with less than two years' retention were said to be a net drain on military resources providing insufficient benefit to offset overhead costs of using them.[22]", "Conscription in the United States Military service\nNational service\nConscription crisis\nConscientious objector", "Military service In 1979, President Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, brought back draft registration. All males up to the age of 26 are required to register with the Selective Service System, whose mission is \"to provide manpower to the armed forces in an emergency\" including a \"Health Care Personnel Delivery System\"[59] and \"to run an Alternative Service Program for men classified as conscientious objectors during a draft.\" No one has been prosecuted for violating the conscription law in the USA since 1986, but registration is required for certain benefits such as federal college aid, or in certain states, state college aid, or even driver's license. Women do not currently register for Selective Service in the United States; however they may still enlist for voluntary service.", "Conscription in the United States On July 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System.[77] At that time it was required that all males, born on or after January 1, 1960, register with the Selective Service System. Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25, who are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday even if they are not eligible to join the military.", "Conscription in the United States The effort to enforce Selective Service registration law was abandoned in 1986. Since then, no attempt to reinstate conscription has been able to attract much support in the legislature or among the public.[82] Since early 2003, when the Iraq War appeared imminent, there had been attempts through legislation and campaign rhetoric to begin a new public conversation on the topic. Public opinion since 1973 has been largely negative.", "United States Armed Forces The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the largest militaries in terms of the number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a large pool of paid volunteers. Although conscription has been used in the past in various times of both war and peace, it has not been used since 1972, but the Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males, and requires that all male citizens and residents residing in the U.S. between the ages of 18â€“25 register with the service.[9]", "Conscription in the United States On December 19, 2006, President George W. Bush announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq. The next day, the Selective Service System's director for operations and chief information officer, Scott Campbell, announced plans for a \"readiness exercise\" to test the system's operations in 2006, for the first time since 1998.[113]", "Conscription in the United States On December 1, 1989, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting \"persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care and professional occupation\", if such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress.[85] In response, Selective Service published plans for the \"Health Care Personnel Delivery System\" (HCPDS) in 1989 and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999. The HCPDS plans include women and men ages 20â€“54 in 57 different job categories.[86] As of May 2003, the Defense Department has said the most likely form of draft is a special skills draft, probably of health care workers.[87]", "United States Armed Forces The projected active duty end strength in the armed forces for fiscal year 2017 was 1,281,900 servicemembers,[4] with an additional 801,200 people in the seven reserve components.[4] It is an all-volunteer military, but conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the President's request and Congress' approval. All males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service for a potential future draft.", "Selective Service System Owing to very slow enlistment following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, the Selective Service Act of 1917 (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18, 1917, creating the Selective Service System to raise an army to fight in Europe.[10] The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread.[11] The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920.", "Selective Service System The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants.[48] No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show a draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card.", "Draft lottery (1969) The first number drawn was 258 (September 14), so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1. The second number drawn corresponded to April 24, and so forth. All men of draft age (born 1944 to 1950) who shared a birth date would be called to serve at once. The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn; the last of these was September 24.[1]", "Conscription in the United States There were 8,744,000 servicemembers between 1964 and 1975, of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia.[57] From a pool of approximately 27 million, the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service (in the United States, South Vietnam, and elsewhere) during the Vietnam War era. The majority of servicemembers deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers, even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard (for three or four year terms of enlistment) rather than risk being drafted, serve for two years, and have no choice over their military occupational specialty (MOS).[58]", "Conscription in the United States The draft ended in 1918 but the Army designed the modern draft mechanism in 1926 and built it based on military needs despite an era of pacifism. Working where Congress would not, it gathered a cadre of officers for its nascent Joint Army-Navy Selective Service Committee, most of whom were commissioned based on social standing rather than military experience.[22] This effort did not receive congressionally approved funding until 1934 when Major General Lewis B. Hershey was assigned to the organization. The passage of a conscription act was opposed by some, including Dorothy Day and George Barry O'Toole, who were concerned that such conscription would not provide adequate protection for the rights of conscientious objectors. However, much of Hershey's work was codified into law with the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 (STSA).[23]", "Draft-card burning President Johnson spoke strongly against the draft-card protesters, saying in October 1967 that he wanted the \"antidraft movement\" investigated for Communist influences.[7] Reporting on his reaction, The New York Times presented the protests as being against the draft rather than the war.[7] Many commentators focused on draft resistance as an explanation rather than the more challenging war resistance: the main concern of the protesters.[7] In 1968 when Richard Nixon was running for President, he promised to make the military into a purely volunteer force. In this he was following others who had suggested such a strategy, including Donald Rumsfeld of the Republican Wednesday Group the year before.[7] At the beginning of his second term as President, Nixon stopped the draft after February 1973. The last man to be drafted entered the US Army on June 30, 1973.[49]", "Conscription in the United States The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and—by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples—to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort. The act established a \"liability for military service of all male citizens\"; authorized a selective draft of all those between 21 and 31 years of age (later from 18 to 45); and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community. These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions.", "Conscription in the United States Of the nearly 16 million men not engaged in active military service, 57% were exempted (typically because of jobs including other military service), deferred (usually for educational reasons), or disqualified (usually for physical and mental deficiencies but also for criminal records including draft violations).[22] The requirements for obtaining and maintaining an educational deferment changed several times in the late 1960s. For several years, students were required to take an annual qualification test. In 1967 educational deferments were changed for graduate students. Those starting graduate studies in the fall of 1967 were given two semester deferments becoming eligible in June 1968. Those further along in their graduate study who entered prior to the summer of 1967 could continue to receive a deferment until they completed their studies. Peace Corps Volunteers were no longer given deferments and their induction was left to the discretion of their local boards. However most boards allowed Peace Corps Volunteers to complete their two years assignment before inducting them into the service. On December 1, 1969, a lottery was held to establish a draft priority for all those born between 1944 and 1950. Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft. Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records, but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations.[33] Finally, as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country.[59][60]", "Conscription in the United States Government leaders felt the potential for a draft was a critical element in maintaining a constant flow of volunteers. On numerous occasions Gen. Hershey told Congress for every man drafted, three or four more were scared into volunteering.[42] Assuming his assessment was accurate, this would mean over 11 million men volunteered for service because of the draft between January 1954 and April 1975.[22]", "Conscription in the United States Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the Constitutionality of the first of the federal \"Solomon Amendment\" laws, which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the \"most vocal\" nonregistrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of nonregistrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. ____ (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for nonregistrants.[93]", "Draft lottery (1969) Lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow [12] until \"authority to induct expired on June 30, 1973\".[3]", "Conscription in the United States This statement was in reference to the U.S. Department of Defense use of \"stop-loss\" orders, which have extended the Active Duty periods of some military personnel. All enlistees, upon entering the service, volunteer for a minimum eight-year Military Service Obligation (MSO). This MSO is split between a minimum active duty period, followed by a reserve period where enlistees may be called back to active duty for the remainder of the eight years.[105] Some of these active duty extensions have been for as long as two years. The Pentagon stated that as of August 24, 2004, 20,000 soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines had been affected.[106] As of January 31, 2006 it has been reported that more than 50,000 soldiers and reservists had been affected.[107]", "Draft lottery (1969) Previously in the United States, during the War of 1812, President Madison established a commission to recommend the best ways to raise military manpower; to keep the draft or to institute a volunteer army.[6]", "Conscription in the United States The act set a cap of 900,000 men to be in training at any given time, and limited military service to 12 months unless Congress deemed it necessary to extend such service in the interest of national defense. An amendment added 18 more months to this service period on August 18, 1941. After Pearl Harbor the STSA was further amended (December 19, 1941), extending the term of service to the duration of the war plus six months and requiring the registration of all men 18 to 64 years of age. During World WarÂ II, 49 million men were registered, 36 million classified[not in citation given], and 10 million inducted.[26] 18 and 19 year olds were made liable for induction on November 13, 1942. By late 1942, the Selective Service System moved away from a national lottery to administrative selection by its more than 6,000 local boards.", "Selective Service System On July 2, 1980, 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979,[24] retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after January 1, 1960.[25] As a result, only men born between March 29, 1957, and December 31, 1959, were completely exempt from Selective Service registration.[26]", "Conscription in the United States The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26, 1965. Around 3:10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day, then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time.[55]", "Draft lottery (1969) After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress, it was decided that an all-volunteer force was affordable, feasible, and would enhance the nationâ€™s security.[7] President Richard Nixon issued an executive order prescribing regulations for random selection by the United States Selective Service on November 26, 1969.[8]", "Selective Service System The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription. Virtually all male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays[2][3] and must notify Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards, like a change of address.[4] A 2010 GAO report estimated the registration rate at 92% with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file.[1][5] However, the only audit of the addresses of registrants on file with the Selective Service System, in 1982, found that 20â€“40% of the addresses on file with the Selective Service System for registrants in the age groups that would be drafted first were already outdated, and up to 75% for those registrants in their last year of potential eligibility to be drafted would be invalid.[6]", "Conscription in the United States Consequently, there was some opposition to the draft even before the major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began. The large cohort of Baby Boomers who became eligible for military service during the Vietnam War was responsible for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college students. Besides being able to avoid the draft, college graduates who volunteered for military service (primarily as commissioned officers) had a much better chance of securing a preferential posting compared to less-educated inductees.", "Selective Service System The Selective Service Act of 1948, enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, the basis for the modern system.[15] All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service. All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months. This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves, with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total. Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948. In 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War (1950â€“1953).", "Conscription in the United States The United States first employed national conscription during the American Civil War. The vast majority of troops were volunteers; of the 2,100,000 Union soldiers, about 2% were draftees, and another 6% were substitutes paid by draftees.[8][9]", "Selective Service Act of 1917 By the guidelines set down by the Selective Service Act, all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register to potentially be selected for military service. At the request of the War Department, Congress amended the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45, and to bar further volunteering.[7] By the end of World War I, some two million men volunteered for various branches of the armed services, and some 2.8 million had been drafted.[8] This meant that more than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted. Due to the effort to incite a patriotic attitude, the World War I draft had a high success rate, with fewer than 350,000 men \"dodging\" the draft.", "Vietnam War The morale and discipline problems and resistance to conscription (the draft) were important factors leading to the creation of an all-volunteer military force by the United States and the termination of conscription. The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973.[367][368] The all-volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks.[369]", "Draft lottery (1969) The military draft method used back in the 1950s and 1960s involved using dates and numbers mixed randomly and then drawn to decide who would go to war. In the present-day, not much has changed on how the draft would be conducted if it was ever needed. The Selective Service Committee who presides over the draft procedures still have a large tumbler that holds all the number and dates that will be drawn to select candidates and the only thing that seems to have changed between the method of the past and the present one is that instead of using pieces of paper in blue capsules the SSC now uses ping pong balls with the dates and numbers on them.[14]", "Conscription in the United States In colonial times, the Thirteen Colonies used a militia system for defense. Colonial militia laws—and after independence those of the United States and the various states—required able-bodied males to enroll in the militia, to undergo a minimum of military training, and to serve for limited periods of time in war or emergency. This earliest form of conscription involved selective drafts of militiamen for service in particular campaigns. Following this system in its essentials, the Continental Congress in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year's service in the Continental army; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the Continental ranks.", "Conscription in the United States In 2003, several Democratic congressmen (Charles Rangel of New York, Jim McDermott of Washington, John Conyers of Michigan, John Lewis of Georgia, Pete Stark of California, Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii) introduced legislation that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service, should there be a draft in the future. The Republican majority leadership suddenly considered the bill, nine months after its introduction, without a report from the Armed Services Committee (to which it had been referred), and just one month prior to the 2004 presidential and congressional elections. The Republican leadership used an expedited parliamentary procedure that would have required a two-thirds vote for passage of the bill. The bill was defeated on October 5, 2004, with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against.", "Conscription in the United Kingdom National Service ended gradually from 1957.[4] It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason.[5] In November 1960 the last men entered service, as call-ups formally ended on 31 December 1960, and the last National Servicemen left the armed forces in May 1963.[6]", "Conscription Conscription, sometimes the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.[5] Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1â€“8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force.", "United States nationality law Male U.S. citizens (including those living permanently abroad and those with multiple citizenships) from 18â€“25 years of age are required to register with the Selective Service System at age 18 for possible conscription into the armed forces. Although no one has been drafted in the U.S. since 1973, draft registration continues in the case of a possible reinstatement on some future date.[7]", "Conscription in the United States The World War I system served as a model for that of World WarÂ II. The 1940 instituted conscription in peacetime, requiring the registration of all men between 21 and 35, with selection for one year's service by a national lottery. President Roosevelt's signing of the Selective Training and Service Act on September 16, 1940, began the first peacetime draft in the United States. It also reestablished the Selective Service System as an independent agency responsible for identifying young men and facilitating their military service. Roosevelt named Lewis B. Hershey to head the System on July 31, 1941, where he remained until 1969.[23] This act came when other preparations, such as increased training and equipment production, had not yet been approved. Nevertheless, it served as the basis for the conscription programs that would continue to the present.", "Conscription in the United States In 2004, the platforms of both the Democratic and Republican parties opposed military conscription, but neither party moved to end draft registration. John Kerry in one debate criticized Bush's policies, \"You've got stop-loss policies so people can't get out when they were supposed to. You've got a backdoor draft right now.\"", "Conscription in the United States The policy of using the draft as a club to force \"voluntary\" enlistment was unique in U.S. history. Previous drafts had not aimed at encouraging individuals to sign up in order to gain preferential placement or less dangerous postings. However, the incremental buildup of Vietnam without a clear threat to the country bolstered this.[22] Some estimates suggest conscription encompassed almost one-third of all eligible men during the period of 1965â€“69.[43][44] This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service. During the active combat phase, the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist.[45][46] The military relied upon this draft-induced volunteerism to make its quotas, especially the Army, which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during Vietnam. For example, defense recruiting reports show 34% of the recruits in 1964 up to 50% in 1970 indicated they joined to avoid placement uncertainty via the draft.[47][48][49] These rates dwindled to 24% in 1972 and 15% in 1973 after the change to a lottery system. Accounting for other factors, it can be argued up to 60 percent of those who served throughout the Vietnam War did so directly or indirectly because of the draft.[45]", "Selective Service System On March 29, 1975, 38th President Gerald R. Ford, whose own son, Steven Ford, had earlier failed to register for the draft as required,[22] signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens.[23]", "Conscription in the United States On August 10, 2007, with National Public Radio on \"All Things Considered\", Lieutenant General Douglas Lute, National Security Adviser to the President and Congress for all matters pertaining to the United States Military efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, expressed support for a draft to alleviate the stress on the Army's all-volunteer force. He cited the fact that repeated deployments place much strain upon one soldier's family and himself which, in turn, can affect retention.[115]", "1965 in the Vietnam War Conscription (draft) into the United States armed forces in 1965 was 230,991 men, compared to 112,386 in 1964.[123]", "Conscription in the United States In 1917, 10 million men were registered. This was deemed to be inadequate, so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced, and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3Â million inducted into the military services, with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War, thanks to a huge campaign by the government to build support for the war, and shut down newspapers and magazines that published articles against the war.[14][15]", "Conscription in the United States In November 2006, Representative Charles B. Rangel (D-NY) again called for the draft to be reinstated; Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi rejected the proposal.[112]", "Conscription in the United States Instead, the Gates Commission was formed, headed by Thomas S. Gates,Â Jr., a former Secretary of Defense in the Eisenhower administration. Gates initially opposed the all-volunteer army idea, but changed his mind during the course of the 15-member commission's work.[62] The Gates Commission issued its report in February 1970, describing how adequate military strength could be maintained without having conscription.[61][64] The existing draft law was expiring at the end of June 1971, but the Department of Defense and Nixon administration decided the draft needed to continue for at least some time.[64] In February 1971, the administration requested of Congress a two-year extension of the draft, to June 1973.[65][66]", "Selective Service System In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act (Selective Service Act of 1948) was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday. Registrants were classified 1-A (eligible for military service), 1-AO (Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service), and 1-O (Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for divinity students, who received a 2-D Selective Service classification. Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1-N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4-F. Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community.", "Conscription in the United States According to the Selective Service System,[98]", "Conscription in the United States For long-term operations, conscription was occasionally used when volunteers or paid substitutes were insufficient to raise the needed manpower. During the American Revolutionary War, the states sometimes drafted men for militia duty or to fill state Continental Army units, but the central government did not have the authority to conscript except for purposes of naval impressment. President James Madison and his Secretary of War James Monroe unsuccessfully attempted to create a national draft of 40,000 men during the War of 1812.[6] This proposal was fiercely criticized on the House floor by antiwar Congressman Daniel Webster of New Hampshire.[7]", "Conscription in the United States On June 14, 2016, the Senate voted to require women to register for the draft, though language requiring this was dropped from later versions of the bill.[117]", "Conscription in the United States Between the Korean War's outbreak in June 1950 and the armistice agreement in 1953, Selective Service inducted over 1.5 million men.[30] Another 1.3 million volunteered, usually choosing the Navy or Air Force.[22][33] Congress passed the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1951 to meet the demands of the war. It lowered the induction age to 18Â½ and extended active-duty service commitments to 24 months. Despite the early combat failures and later stalemate in Korea, the draft has been credited by some as playing a vital role in turning the tide of war.[22] A February 1953 Gallup Poll showed 70 percent of Americans surveyed felt the SSS handled the draft fairly. Notably, Gallup reported that 64 percent of the demographic group including all draft age men (males 21 to 29) believed the draft to be fair.[36]", "Conscription in the United States Following the 1953 Korean War Armistice, Congress passed the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 with the aim of improving National Guard and federal Reserve Component readiness while also constraining its use by the president. Towards this end, it mandated a six-year service commitment, in a combination of reserve and active duty time, for every line military member regardless of their means of entry. Meanwhile, the SSS kept itself alive by devising and managing a complex system of deferments for a swelling pool of candidates during a period of shrinking requirements. The greatest challenge to the draft came not from protesters but rather lobbyists seeking additional deferments for their constituency groups such as scientists and farmers.[23]", "Selective Service System Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the constitutionality of the \"Solomon Amendment\", which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the \"most vocal\" non-registrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. ____ (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants.[63]", "Conscription in the United States On December 5, 1942, presidential Executive Order 9279 made it so that all men from the ages of 18 to 37 could not voluntarily enlist for the duration of the war, providing protection for the nation's home front manpower pool. The Navy and Marine Corps began procuring their personnel through the Selective Service System in early 1943. The Navy and Marine Corps enlisted inductees and volunteers under the same service agreements, but with different service obligations, while the Army placed wartime inductees and volunteers into a special service component known as the Army of the United States, commonly known as the \"AUS;\" service commitments were set at the length of the war plus six months.[27][28]", "Conscription in the United States At the end of June 2014 in Pennsylvania 14,250 letters of conscription were erroneously posted to men born in the 19th century calling upon them to register for the US military draft. This was attributed to a clerk at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation who failed to select a century during a transfer of 400,000 records to the Selective Service. The Selective Service identified 27,218 records of men born in the 19th century made errantly applicable by the change of century and began sending out notices to them on June 30.[116]", "Conscription in the United States In 1917, a number of radicals and anarchists, including Emma Goldman, challenged the new draft law in federal court, arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude. The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the Selective Draft Law Cases on January 7, 1918. The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies. The Court, relying partly on Vattel's The Law of Nations, emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens:[19]", "Conscription in the United Kingdom Conscription in the United Kingdom has existed for two periods in modern times. The first was from 1916 to 1920, the second from 1939 to 1960, with the last conscripted soldiers leaving the service in 1963. Known as Military Service from 1916 to 1920, the system of conscription from 1939 to 1960 was called National Service, but between 1939 and 1948, it was often referred to as \"war service\" in documents relating to National Insurance and pension provision.", "Draft lottery (1969) In 1963, a coup was organized by South Vietnamese generals which resulted in the death of Diem. President Lyndon B. Johnson increased U.S. personnel in Vietnam due to the political instability in the country. In August 1964, two U.S. warships were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Johnson issued an attack order against North Vietnam, and Congress passed a motion which gave him more authority over military decisions. In 1965, President Johnson had sent 82,000 troops to Vietnam, and his officials wanted another 175,000. Due to the heavy demand for military personnel, the United States required more than what the regular military could provide, causing the acceleration of the draft. Between 1965 and 1972 the draft provided 2,215,000 service members to the U.S. military.[5]", "Draft lottery (1969) The 1972 to 1975 lottery numbers were used to call some men born 1953 to 1956 for physical exams. The highest number called for a physical was 215 (for tables 1970 through 1976).[3]", "Selective Service System The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21, 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5, 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday.[25]", "Selective Service System The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16, 1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history.[13] It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service. It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and then a few days later against Nazi Germany, the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war plus a six-month service in the Organized Reserves.", "Selective Service Act of 1917 The Selective Service Act of 1917 or Selective Draft Act (Pub.L. 65–12, 40 Stat. 76, enacted May 18, 1917) authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription. It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917. The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain (later Brigadier General) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany. The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November 11, 1918. The Act was upheld as constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1918.[1]", "Conscription in the United States Although both sides resorted to conscription, the system did not work effectively in either.[11] The Confederate Congress on April 16, 1862, passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty-five not legally exempt; it later extended the obligation. The U.S. Congress followed with the Militia Act of 1862 authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers.[citation needed] This state-administered system failed in practice and in 1863 Congress passed the Enrollment Act, the first genuine national conscription law, setting up under the Union Army an elaborate machinery for enrolling and drafting men between twenty and forty-five years of age. Quotas were assigned in each state, the deficiencies in volunteers required to be met by conscription.", "Conscription Universal conscription was introduced in Greece during the military reforms of 1909, although various forms of selective draft had been in place earlier. In more recent years, conscription was associated with the state of general mobilisation declared on July 20, 1974 due to the crisis in Cyprus (the mobilisation was formally ended on December 18, 2002).", "Conscription in the United States The Selective Service registration form states that failure to register is a felony punishable by up to five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine.[79] In practice, no one has been prosecuted for failure to comply with draft registration since 1986,[80] in part because prosecutions of draft resisters proved counter-productive for the government, and in part because of the difficulty of proving that noncompliance with the law was \"knowing and wilful\". In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of nonregistrants.[81] Many men do not register at all, register late, or change addresses without notifying the Selective Service System.[82] Registration is a requirement for employment by the federal government and some states, as well as for receiving some state benefits such as driver's licenses.[83] Refusing to register can also cause a loss of eligibility for federal financial aid for college.[84]", "Selective Service System The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 (Selective Service Act of 1948). This lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 1⁄2, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, however, such legislation was never passed.", "Draft evasion The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples and by prohibiting all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the overt resistance that characterized the Civil War.[68]", "Draft lottery (1969) In 1967, the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was around 500,000. The war was costing the U.S. $25 billion a year, and many of the young men drafted were being sent to a war they wanted no part of. Martin Luther King Jr. also started to support the anti-war movement on the grounds of it being immoral and the amount of African Americans that were being killed.[9]", "Draft-card burning From 1948, under the Selective Service Act, all American men aged 18 through 25 were required to register with a local draft board. In case of war, the able-bodied ones among them could be drafted to serve in the military. The law required the men to carry their draft cards with them at all times. These were small white cards bearing the registrant's identifying information, the date and place of registration, and a unique Selective Service number.", "Conscription in the United States On December 21, 2006, Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson, when asked by a reporter whether the draft should be reinstated to make the military more equal, said, \"I think that our society would benefit from that, yes sir.\" Nicholson proceeded to relate his experience as a company commander in an infantry unit which brought together soldiers of different socioeconomic backgrounds and education levels, noting that the draft \"does bring people from all quarters of our society together in the common purpose of serving\". Nicholson later issued a statement saying he does not support reinstating the draft.[114]", "Selective Service System The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft.[69][70] The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4, 2013, Case Number 2:13-cv-02391-DSF-MAN.[71] The case was dismissed on July 29, 2013,[72] and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25, 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[73] Oral argument before a 3-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8, 2015.[74] On February 19, 2016, the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness, and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues.[75] Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male-only draft registration, Kyle v. Selective Service System, is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey.[76]", "Conscription in the United States To increase equity in the system, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11, 1953, that ended the paternity deferment for married men.[37] In large part, the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War. From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World WarÂ II, a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat. Nevertheless, some dissenting voices in Congress continued to appeal to the history of voluntary American military service as preferable for a democracy.[38][39] The Korean War was the first time any form of student deferment was used. During the Korean War a student carrying at least twelve semester hours was spared until the end of his current semester.[40]", "Selective Service System The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first.", "Conscription in the United States In 1981, several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg, alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System. The Supreme Court upheld the act, stating that Congress's \"decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women\", that \"since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy, men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft, and Congress' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause\", and that \"the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity.'\"[94]", "Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 The draft began in October 1940, with the first men entering military service on November 18. By the early summer of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress to extend the term of duty for the draftees beyond twelve months to a total of thirty months, plus any additional time that he could deem necessary for national security. On August 12, the United States House of Representatives approved the extension by a single vote.[4] As Under Secretary of the Army Karl R. Bendetsen said in an oral history interview, \"Mr. Rayburn banged the gavel at a critical moment and declared the Bill had passed.\"[5] The Senate approved it by a wider margin, and Roosevelt signed the Service Extension Act of 1941 into law on August 18.", "Military service Belgium suspended conscription on 31 December 1992 by amending the 1962 Law on Conscription, which became applicable only to conscripts drafted in 1993 and earlier. In practice this meant that the law no longer applied to those born in 1975 and later. Since 1 March 1995 the Belgian armed forces consist of professional volunteers only.[22]", "Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 The act required all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for the draft. Draftees were selected by national lottery. If drafted, a man served on active duty for 12 months, and then in a reserve component for 10 years or until he reached the age of 45, whichever came first. Inductees had to remain in the Western Hemisphere or in United States possessions or territories located in other parts of the world. The act provided that not more than 900,000 men were to be in training at any one time.", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War The first draft lottery since World War II in the United States was held on 1 December 1969 and was met with large protests and a great deal of controversy; statistical analysis indicated that the methodology of the lotteries unintentionally disadvantaged men with late year birthdays.[77] This issue was treated at length in a January 4, 1970 New York Times article titled \"Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random\".", "World War I In the United States, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas.[335] The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for when only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of the war.[336] In 1917 10 million men were registered. This was deemed to be inadequate, so age ranges were increased and exemptions reduced, and so by the end of 1918 this increased to 24 million men that were registered with nearly 3 million inducted into the military services. The draft was universal and included blacks on the same terms as whites, although they served in different units. In all 367,710 black Americans were drafted (13.0% of the total), compared to 2,442,586 white (86.9%).", "Vietnam veteran More than 58,000 U.S. military personnel died as a result of the conflict.[2] That includes deaths from all categories including deaths while missing, captured, non-hostile deaths, homicides, and suicides. The Department of Veterans Affairs\nrecognizes veterans that served in the country, then known as the Republic of Vietnam, from February 28, 1961 to May 7, 1975, as being eligible for such programs as the department's Readjustment Counseling Services program, also known as the Vet Centers. The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription.", "Draft lottery (1969) The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated resistance to military service and the resisters, draft evaders or \"draft dodgers\", were generally young, well-educated, healthy men. The fear of military service in Vietnam influenced many young men born in the late 1940s to join the National Guard. These young men were aware that the National Guard would be unlikely to send its soldiers to Vietnam. Many men were unable to join the National Guard, even though they had passed their physicals, because many state National Guards had long waiting lists just to enlist. Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment, either showing their disapproval by burning their draft cards or draft letters, or simply not presenting themselves for the military service test. Others left the country, commonly moving to Canada. The number of American citizens who moved to Canada during the Vietnam war because of the draft is estimated to be around 125,000; it is believed that about half returned to the United States after the Nixon era (when the war was also over)(1975).[citation needed]", "Conscription in the United States In 1918, the Supreme Court ruled that the World WarÂ I draft did not violate the United States Constitution in the Selective Draft Law Cases. The Court summarized the history of conscription in England and in colonial America, a history that it read as establishing that the Framers envisioned compulsory military service as a governmental power. It held that the Constitution's grant to Congress of the powers to declare war and to create standing armies included the power to mandate conscription. It rejected arguments based on states' rights, the 13th Amendment, and other provisions of the Constitution.", "Conscription It can be argued that in a cost-to-benefit ratio, conscription during peace time is not worthwhile.[44] Months or years of service performed by the most fit and capable subtract from the productivity of the economy; add to this the cost of training them, and in some countries paying them. Compared to these extensive costs, some would argue there is very little benefit; if there ever was a war then conscription and basic training could be completed quickly, and in any case there is little threat of a war in most countries with conscription. In the United States, every male resident is required by law to register with the Selective Service System within 30 days following his 18th birthday and be available for a draft; this is often accomplished automatically by a motor vehicle department during licensing or by voter registration).", "United States home front during World War I In 1917 the administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for World War I. The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and—by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples—to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort. The act established a \"liability for military service of all male citizens\"; authorized a selective draft of all those between twenty-one and thirty-one years of age (later from eighteen to forty-five); and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community. These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions. In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War.[6]", "Selective Service System Later, during the Vietnam War, a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States (1968).[62]", "Conscription in the United States The Rostker v. Goldberg opinion's dependence upon deference on decision of the executive to exclude women from combat has garnered renewed scrutiny since the Department of Defense announced its decision in January 2013 to do away with most of the federal policies that have kept women from serving in combat roles in ground war situations. Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force had by then already opened up virtually all positions in sea and air combat to women. At least two lawsuits have been filed challenging the continued Constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register with the Selective service System: National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System (filed April 4, 2013, U.S. District Court for the Central District of California; dismissed by the District Court July 29, 2013 as not \"ripe\" for decision; appeal argued December 8, 2015 before the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals;[95] reversed and remanded February 19, 2016[96]), and Kyle v. Selective Service System (filed July 3, 2015, U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey), brought on behalf of Elizabeth Kyle-LaBell, who tried to register but was turned away because she is female.[97]" ]	[ "Conscription in the United States Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in five conflicts: the American Revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean War and the Vietnam War). The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the country's first peacetime draft.[1] From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. The draft came to an end when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military force. However, the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed.[2] United States Federal Law also provides for the compulsory conscription of men between the ages of 17 and 45 and certain women for militia service pursuant to Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution and 10 U.S. Code ยง 246.[3][4][5]", "Conscription in the United States Senatorial opponents of the war wanted to reduce this to a one-year extension, or eliminate the draft altogether, or tie the draft renewal to a timetable for troop withdrawal from Vietnam;[67] Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska took the most forceful approach, trying to filibuster the draft renewal legislation, shut down conscription, and directly force an end to the war.[68] Senators supporting Nixon's war efforts supported the bill, even though some had qualms about ending the draft.[66] After a prolonged battle in the Senate, in September 1971 cloture was achieved over the filibuster and the draft renewal bill was approved.[69] Meanwhile, military pay was increased as an incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began.[61] With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the last men conscripted, who were born in 1952[70] and who reported for duty in June 1973. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in early 1973 it was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird that no further draft orders would be issued.[71][72] In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was.[73]" ]
test1790	mention any two function of the speaker of the lok sabha	[ "doc63035" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc63035", "doc204215", "doc1039280", "doc63033", "doc63034", "doc204213", "doc63038", "doc63039", "doc63037", "doc1039278", "doc204214", "doc786490", "doc63043", "doc1039279", "doc1059383", "doc1059416", "doc63041", "doc2498807", "doc204216", "doc56907", "doc204191", "doc2498808", "doc67894", "doc1042547", "doc773977", "doc1042546", "doc2410798", "doc63036", "doc2251041", "doc1059417", "doc2410791", "doc1042548", "doc63042", "doc1042551", "doc1019826", "doc1059410", "doc2410799", "doc2410797", "doc67919", "doc786480", "doc1059411", "doc1516481", "doc2015780", "doc1118857", "doc1059409", "doc63040", "doc1632279", "doc204207", "doc454184", "doc2498823", "doc2498809", "doc2015778", "doc67923", "doc1039270", "doc1039272", "doc67925", "doc25740", "doc69023", "doc1173345", "doc2410803", "doc1059382", "doc1166690", "doc925319", "doc2498811", "doc2058720", "doc2410806", "doc1702471", "doc2410792", "doc925289", "doc1059412", "doc1516482", "doc2251045", "doc1118856", "doc67926", "doc1039271", "doc125474", "doc1508320", "doc2251053", "doc1702473", "doc1059418", "doc2273006", "doc61713", "doc67927", "doc235234", "doc2251048", "doc1059419", "doc1633928", "doc1702474", "doc1042550", "doc1042557", "doc2058723", "doc1223698", "doc1059404", "doc2251051", "doc2251044", "doc2498812", "doc125475", "doc786491", "doc191120", "doc925288" ]	[ "Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India", "Lok Sabha The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business in the House. He/she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. He/she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. He/she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. Till date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.[15]", "Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha In case of the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker presides over the sessions of the Lok Sabha and conducts the business in the house. He decides whether a bill is a money bill or a non-money bill. S/He maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for unruly behaviour by suspending him/her. S/He permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice.", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.[1] The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance.", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar.[2]", "Lok Sabha Speaker and Deputy Speaker", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a protem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president.[6]", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.[3] This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[4] When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122[5]", "Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the vice-presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. S/He acts as the presiding officer in case of leave or absence caused by death or illness of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. It is by convention that position of Deputy Speaker is offered to opposition party in India. .[1]", "Lok Sabha As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officersâ€”the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker- are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate his/her office, a) if he/she ceases to be a member of the House of the People, b) he/she resigns, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.", "Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives The Speaker's principal duty is to preside over the House and maintain order in the House, uphold Standing Orders (rules of procedure), rule on points of order, and protect the rights of backbench members.", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha 3) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India,or the Government of any other state.", "Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Deputy Speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha after the General elections for a term of 5 years from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha. S/He holds office till either s/he ceases to be a member of the Lok Sabha or s/he himself resigns. S/He can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the Lok Sabha by an effective majority of its members.[2] In effective majority, the majority should be 50% or more than 50% of total strength of the house after removing the vacancies. Since the Deputy Speaker is accountable for the Lok Sabha, the elimination is done by the effective majority in Lok Sabha only. S/He is supposed to resign from his/her original party because as a Deputy Speaker, s/he has to remain impartial.", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. Unlike presiding officers of legislatures in many other countries, the Speaker remains strictly non-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with his or her former political party when taking office as well as when leaving the office. The Speaker does not take part in debate or vote (except to break ties; and even then, the convention is that the speaker casts the tie-breaking vote according to Speaker Denison's rule). Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the Speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and remains a constituency Member of Parliament (MP). The Speaker has the right and obligation to reside in Speaker's House at the Palace of Westminster.[3]", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) In addition to his or her role as presiding officer, the Speaker performs several other functions on the behalf of the House of Commons. He or she represents the body in relations with the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and non-parliamentary bodies. On important occasions of state (such as Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee in 2002), the Speaker presents Addresses to the Crown on behalf of the House.", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha 1) He or She must be a citizen of India.", "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives The Speaker is one of the highest-ranking offices in New Zealand. The officeholder fulfils several important functions in relation to the operation of the House, which is based upon the Westminster parliamentary system. The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak; the Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may discipline members who break the rules of the House. Aside from duties relating to presiding over the House, the Speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and remains a Member of Parliament (MP).", "Lok Sabha Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 â€“ 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 â€“ 7 March 1956). In the 16th Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan is the Speaker and M. Thambidurai is the Deputy Speaker.", "National Assembly of Pakistan The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the National Assembly. The Speaker is assisted by the Deputy Speaker. Both officers are elected from within the ranks of the National Assembly and, by current convention, are usually members of the majority party. The election of the two officers is the first matter an incoming National Assembly deals with, as mandated by the constitution. Apart from presiding over National Assembly debates, the Speaker may also assume the duties of Acting President, if the position is vacant (in case the President as well as Chairman Senate are not available).", "Lok Sabha The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance. For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee. The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure.", "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives The Speaker's most visible role is that of presiding over the House when in session.[1] The Speaker presides from the elevated 'Speaker's Chair' behind the Table in the debating chamber.[2] This involves overseeing the order in which business is conducted, and determining who should speak at what time. The Speaker is also responsible for granting or declining requests for certain events, such as a snap debate on a particular issue.[3]", "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution. The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives, and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions, and represent their congressional district. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates or vote.", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan The office has its roots in 1947 and was reestablished in 1973 in accordance to the Constitution; the speaker presides over the chamber composed of people's representatives elected on the basis of universal franchise.[2] The Speaker is Second in the line of succession to the President of Pakistan and occupies fourth position in the Warrant of Precedence, after the President, the Prime Minister and the Chairman of Senate.[3] In addition, the Speaker is the spokesman of the National Assembly to the outside world, and is non-partisan in his approach.[3]", "1st Lok Sabha As per Article 93 of Constitution of India, the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers. The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff.[2] Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members.[1]", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan The Speaker of the National Assembly (Urdu: اسپیکر قومی اسمبلی); informally as Speaker National Assembly, is the presiding official of the National Assembly of Pakistan– a lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan.[1]", "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines h. designate a Member as temporary presiding officer after informing the Deputy Speakers: Provided, That any such designation shall be effective for one session day only; i. take appropriate measures as may be deemed advisable or as the House may direct, to preserve order and decorum in the session hall, the galleries, lobbies, chambers, offices, corridors and premises of the House; j. sign all acts, resolutions, memorials, writs, warrants and subpoenae that may be issued by or upon order of the House;", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96.", "Speaker (politics) The speaker's official role is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, and the like. The speaker decides who may speak and has the powers to discipline members who break the procedures of the chamber or house.[1] The speaker often also represents the body in person, as the voice of the body in ceremonial and some other situations. The title was first recorded in 1377 to describe the role of Thomas de Hungerford in the Parliament of England.[2][3]", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker performs various procedural functions. He or she may recall the House from recess during a national emergency, or when otherwise requested by the Government. When vacancies arise, the Speaker authorises the issuance of writs of election. Furthermore, the Speaker is responsible for certifying bills that relate solely to national taxation as \"money bills\" under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. The House of Lords has no power to block or substantially delay a money bill; even if the Lords fail to pass the bill, it becomes law within a month of passage by the Commons. The Speaker's decision on the matter is final, and cannot be challenged by the Upper House.", "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines a.prepare the legislative agenda for every regular session, establish systems and procedures to ensure full deliberation and swift approval of measures included therein, and may, for the purpose, avail of the assistance of the Deputy Speakers, the Majority Leader, the Chairpersons of the standing committees and other Members of the House;", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan To exercise the great authority that stems from the respect, affection and consideration which every Member of the House bestows upon the holder of this high office, the Speaker shows complete impartiality in the discharge of his functions.[3] When the National Assembly is dissolved he continues in his office, till a new Speaker is elected.[3]", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha 2) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age.", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan The Speakership of the National Assembly is a leadership position and the office-holder actively works to set the majority party's legislative agenda. The Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates, instead delegating the duty to members of the House from the majority party. The Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes.[3]", "House of Representatives of the Philippines The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives. He presides over the session; decides on all questions of order, subject to appeal by any member; signs all acts, resolutions, memorials, writs, warrants and subpoenas issued by or upon order of the House; appoints, suspends, dismisses or disciplines House personnel; and exercise administrative functions.", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) Whilst presiding, the Speaker sits in a chair at the front of the House. Traditionally, members supporting the Government sit on his or her right, and those supporting the Opposition on his or her left. The Speaker's powers are extensive â€” much more so than those of his or her Lords counterpart, the Lord Speaker. Most importantly, the Speaker calls on members to speak;[11] no member may make a speech without the Speaker's prior permission. By custom, the Speaker alternates between members supporting the Government and those supporting the Opposition. Members direct their speeches not to the whole House, but to the Speaker, using the words \"Mister Speaker\" or \"Madam Speaker\". Members must refer to each other in the third person by the name of their constituency or their ministerial titles (not their names); they may not directly address anyone other than the Speaker (who does call them by name). In order to remain neutral, the Speaker generally refrains from making speeches, although there is nothing to prevent him or her from doing so. For example, on Wednesday 3 December 2008, Speaker Martin addressed the House on the subject of the arrest of Damian Green MP and the subsequent searching of his office within the precincts of the House of Commons.[13]", "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines k. perform administrative functions such as, among others: k1. appointment of personnel of the House with authority to delegate this power;", "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines e. establish an efficient and effective system to monitor and evaluate the performance of legislative tasks and duties of the House, its Members and its committees; f. establish coordinative linkages with the Senate of the Philippines to efficiently monitor and facilitate Senate action on House measures pending with the same; g. preside over the sessions of the House and decide all questions of order subject to appeal by any Member who may explain the appeal in not more than five (5) minutes: Provided, That the appeal shall not be subject to debate, and no explanation of vote shall be allowed in case of nominal voting;", "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor. They also chair the majority party's steering committee in the House. While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary.", "Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives The Speaker is the presiding officer of House of Representatives debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House.", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) During debate, the Speaker is responsible for maintaining discipline and order.[14] He or she rules on all points of order (objections made by members asserting that a rule of the House has been broken); the decisions may not be appealed. The Speaker bases decisions on the rules of the House and on precedent; if necessary, he or she may consult with the Parliamentary Clerks before issuing a ruling.[11] In addition, the Speaker has other powers that he may use to maintain orderly debate. Usually, the Speaker attempts to end a disruption, or \"calls members to order\", by loudly repeating \"Order! Order!\". If members do not follow his or her instructions, the Speaker may punish them by demanding that they leave the House for the remainder of the day's sitting. For grave disobedience, the Speaker may \"name\" a member, by saying \"I name [Mr X].\" (deliberately breaching the convention that members are only referred to by reference to their constituency, \"The [Right] Honourable Member for [Y]\"). The House may then vote to suspend the member \"named\" by the Speaker.[11][15] In case of \"grave disorder\", the Speaker may immediately adjourn the entire sitting.[14] This power has been invoked on several occasions since it was conferred in 1902.", "Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives As presiding officer, the Speaker maintains order during floor debate,\nrecognizing legislators who wish to speak and ruling on procedural matters.\nThe constitution also requires the Speaker to sign all bills and joint\nresolutions passed by the legislature. As a member of the House of\nRepresentatives, the Speaker may vote on all questions before the House.", "Texas House of Representatives The Speaker of the House of Representatives has duties as a presiding officer as well as administrative duties. As a presiding officer, the Speaker must enforce, apply, and interpret the rules of the House, call House members to order, lay business in order before the House and receive propositions made by members, refer proposed legislation to a committee, preserve order and decorum, recognize people in the gallery, state and hold votes on questions, vote as a member of the House, decide on all questions to order, appoint the Speaker Pro Tempore and Temporary Chair, adjourn the House in the event of an emergency, postpone reconvening in the event of an emergency, and sign all bills, joint resolutions, and concurrent resolutions. The administrative duties of the Speaker include having control over the Hall of the House, appointing chair, vice-chair, and members to each standing committee, appointing all conference committees, and directing committees to make interim studies.[4]", "House of Commons of Canada The Speaker controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached, they may raise a \"point of order\", on which the Speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any debate or appeal. The Speaker may also discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House. When presiding, the Speaker must remain impartial. The Speaker also oversees the administration of the House and is Chair of the Board of Internal Economy, the governing body for the House of Commons. The current Speaker of the House of Commons is the Honourable Geoff Regan, MP.", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker's primary function is to preside over the House of Commons.[11] Traditionally, the Speaker when presiding wore court dressâ€”a black coat with white shirt and bands, beneath a black gown, with stockings and buckled shoes, and a full-bottomed wig. But in 1992 Betty Boothroyd, the first female Speaker, eschewed the wig. Her successor, Michael Martin, also declined to wear the wig; moreover, he chose to simplify other aspects of the costume, doing away with the once customary buckled court shoes and silk stockings. His successor John Bercow abandoned traditional dress, wearing a plain black gown over his lounge suit when presiding.[12] For ceremonial occasions such as the State Opening, the Speaker wears a black and gold robe with a train; previously, this was worn over court dress with a white waterfall cravat, but the present Speaker wears plain morning dress.", "Speaker of the Lok Sabha Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha", "Parliament of Victoria The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly. He or she is an elected member of the Parliament and is chosen by the members of the Legislative Assembly to chair their meetings and represent the assembly as a whole at official functions. The corresponding person in the Legislative Council is the President of the Legislative Council. Both the Speaker and the President have important powers in controlling debate in their respective chambers, including the ability to punish members who step out of line or disobey their orders. The presiding officers also have powers to summon witnesses to the chamber to assist in the legislative role of Parliament.", "Lok Sabha After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.", "Prime Minister of India The prime minister acts as the leader of the house of the chamber of parliament — generally the Lok Sabha — he/she belongs to. In this role, the prime minister is tasked with representing the executive in the legislature, he/she is also expected to announce important legislation, and is further expected to respond to the opposition's concerns.[89] Article 85 of the Indian constitution confers the president with the power to convene and end extraordinary sessions of the parliament, this power, however, is exercised only on the advise of prime minister and his/her council, so, in practice, the prime minister does exercise some control over affairs of the parliament.", "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives The office is third most important constitutionally, after the Governor-General and the Prime Minister.[13]", "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives An important part of the Speaker's role is enforcing discipline in the House.[1] The Speaker defers to 'Standing Orders', which are the written rules of conduct governing the business of the House. Included in these rules are certain powers available to the Speaker to ensure reasonable behaviour by MPs, including the ability to order disruptive MPs to leave the debating chamber.[4] If a Member of Parliament feels one of these rules has been breached by another member, he or she can interrupt a debate by using a procedure known as a 'point of order'.[4] The Speaker must then determine whether the complaint is just. Earlier Speaker's rulings on similar points of order are referred to in considering the point raised. The Clerk of the House, who sits directly in front of the Speaker, assists the Speaker in making such rulings.[4]", "Texas House of Representatives The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer and highest-ranking member of the House. The Speaker's duties include maintaining order within the House, recognizing members during debate, ruling on procedural matters, appointing members to the various committees and sending bills for committee review. The Speaker pro tempore is primarily a ceremonial position, but does, by long-standing tradition, preside over the House during its consideration of local and consent bills.", "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives As presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US government.[23] The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party.[24] During important debates, the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The Speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.", "Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha ———————", "Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha ———————\nLegislature:", "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives On the floor of the House, the presiding officer is always addressed as \"Mister Speaker\" or \"Madam Speaker,\" even if it is a Speaker pro tempore, and not the Speaker themselves. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman, who is addressed as \"Mister Chairman\" or \"Madam Chairwoman.\" To speak, members must seek the presiding officer's recognition. The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House. The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.", "United States House of Representatives The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, s/he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless s/he has first been recognized by the presiding officer. Moreover, the presiding officer may rule on a \"point of order\" (a member's objection that a rule has been breached); the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House.", "Joint Session of Indian Parliament The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.", "List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Unlike some Westminster system parliaments, in which the office of Speaker is considered non-partisan, in the United States, the Speaker of the House is a leadership position and the office-holder actively works to set the majority party's legislative agenda. The Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates, instead delegating the duty to members of the House from the majority party. The Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes. Aside from duties relating to heading the House and the majority political party, the Speaker also performs administrative and procedural functions, and represents his or her Congressional district.", "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines l. prepare the annual budget of the House with the assistance of the Committee on Accounts; m. in consultation with the Committee on Rules, prepare the rules and regulations governing public access to personal data and related information, including statements of assets and liabilities, of Members of the House;", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new Parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed, as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new Parliament on 18 May 2015[1] and again on 13 June 2017.[2]", "Representation of the People Act, 1951 Speaker of the Lok Sabha is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of this Act. This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[7] When courts upheld the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under sections 7 & 8k of this Act.", "Sumitra Mahajan On 6 June 2014, Mahajan was unanimously elected as the Speaker of the 16th Lok Sabha.[7] She had earlier worked as a member of the ‘Panel of Chairmen’ in the Lok Sabha.[8][9][10] She took the bold step of suspending 25 Congress MPs for five days (August 2015) from House for indiscipline in the House.[11]", "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives The Speaker is also responsible for directing and overseeing the administration and security of the buildings and grounds of Parliament (including the Beehive, Parliament House, Bowen House and the Parliamentary Library building), and the general provision of services to members.[6] In doing so, the Speaker consults and receives advice from the Parliamentary Service Commission, which comprises MPs from across the House.[7]", "Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada) In addition to the Speaker, a Deputy Speaker, also known as the \"Chair of Committees\" (of the Whole,) is elected at the beginning of each parliament to act in place of the Speaker when the latter is unavailable. Under the Standing Orders, the Speaker, after consulting with each of the party leaders, nominates a candidate for Deputy Speaker to the House, which then votes on that nomination. The Deputy Speaker presides over daily sessions of the House when the Speaker is not in the chair. The Deputy Speaker also chairs the House when it sits as a Committee of the Whole. Other presiding officers, the Deputy Chair of Committees and the Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees, are chosen each session to occupy the chair when the Speaker and Deputy Speaker are not available. The Deputy Speaker and the other presiding officers are members of the Panel of Chairs, and can therefore be selected by the Speaker to chair legislative committees. Like the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker has a role in administering the House.[10]", "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines And according to Section 16 of the Rule 4 of the Rules of the House, the Speaker must \"be the permanent head of delegation and representative of the House in all international parliamentary gatherings and organizations: Provided, that the Speaker may designate any Member to be the representative of the Speaker. The Speaker shall also determine, upon the recommendation of the Majority Leader, in consultation with the Chairperson of the Committee on Inter-Parliamentary Relations and Diplomacy, who shall constitute the House delegation to any international conference or forum of parliamentarians and legislators and the secretariat support staff to be mobilized for the purpose.\"", "Kerala Legislative Assembly The Speaker is the primary official of the Assembly. The Assembly elects the Speaker from among its own members. While the Speaker still represents his constituency, he remains an impartial chair of the Assembly and refrains from debating.", "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines b. conduct regular monthly caucus of all Members or groups thereof or as often as may be necessary to discuss priority measures and to facilitate dialogue, consensus and action on issues and concerns affecting the House and the performance of its functions; c. exercise general supervision over all committees and, in furtherance thereof, conduct regular monthly meetings with the Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of all standing and special committees to set legislative targets, review performance in the attainment of targets, ensure that the priority legislative measures of committees are attuned to the legislative agenda of the House, and resolve such other issues and concerns that affect the operations and performance of the committees;", "Sumitra Mahajan She served for a time as a Union Minister. She was minister from 2002 to 2004, holding the portfolios for Human Resources, Communications and Petroleum.[5] She is the eldest and senior most among woman Members of Parliament in the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman after Meira Kumar to be elected as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. An active parliamentarian, she not only headed important committees, but has also been a keen debater and avid questioner in the house.", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) In addition to maintaining discipline, the Speaker must ensure that debate proceeds smoothly. If the Speaker finds that a member is making irrelevant remarks, is tediously repetitive, or is otherwise attempting to delay proceedings, he or she may order the member to end the speech. Furthermore, before debate begins, the Speaker may invoke the \"Short Speech\" rule, under which he or she may set a time limit (at least eight minutes), which will apply to every speech. At the same time, however, the Speaker is charged with protecting the interests of the minority by ensuring sufficient debate before a vote. Thus, the Speaker may disallow a closure, which seeks to end debate and immediately put the question to a vote, if he or she finds that the motion constitutes an abuse of the rules or breaches the rights of the minority.", "Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives The other duties and responsibilities of the Speaker are determined by the\nmembers of the house in the House Rules of Procedure, which are adopted by a\nmajority vote of the members at the beginning of each regular session of the\nlegislature. The members give the Speaker the authority to appoint the\nmembership of each standing committee, subject to rules on seniority, and to\ndesignate the chair and vice chair for each committee. Under the rules, the\nSpeaker is responsible for referring all proposed legislation to committee,\nsubject to the committee jurisdictions set forth in the rules. The rules\nalso allow the Speaker to appoint conference committees, to create select\ncommittees, and to direct committees to conduct interim studies when the\nlegislature is not in session.", "Speaker (politics) In Canada, the Speaker of the House of Commons is the individual elected to preside over the House of Commons, the elected lower house. The speaker is a Member of Parliament (MP) and is elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow MPs. The Speaker's role in presiding over Canada's House of Commons is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in other countries that use the Westminster system. The Speaker does not vote except in the case of a tie. By convention, if required to vote, the Speaker will vote in favour of continuing debate on a matter, but will not ultimately vote for a measure to be approved.", "House of Commons of Canada The House of Commons elects a presiding officer, known as the Speaker,[2] at the beginning of each new parliamentary term, and also whenever a vacancy arises. Formerly, the Prime Minister determined who would serve as Speaker. Although the House voted on the matter, the voting constituted a mere formality. Since 1986, however, the House has elected Speakers by secret ballot. The Speaker is assisted by a Deputy Speaker, who also holds the title of Chair of Committees of the Whole. Two other deputies—the Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole and the Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole—also preside. The duties of presiding over the House are divided between the four officers aforementioned; however, the Speaker usually presides over Question Period and over the most important debates.", "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives The Speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the Speaker has great influence over the committee process. The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the Speaker determines which committee will consider it. As a member of the House, the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but, by custom, only does so in exceptional circumstances. Ordinarily, the Speaker votes only when the Speaker's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.[26]", "Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha ———————\nExecutive:", "President of India Legislative power is constitutionally vested by the Parliament of India of which the President is the head, to facilitate the law making process per the constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.). The President of the Republic summons both the Houses (The House of the People and 'The Council of States') of the Parliament and prorogues them. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha.[5]:147", "House of Commons of the United Kingdom Whilst presiding, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker wears ceremonial dress. The presiding officer may also wear a wig, but this tradition was abandoned by a former Speaker, Betty Boothroyd. Michael Martin, who succeeded to the office, also did not wear a wig whilst in the chamber. The current speaker, John Bercow, has chosen to wear a gown over a lounge suit, a decision which has sparked much debate and opposition. The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the House. This chair was designed by Augustus Pugin, who initially built a prototype of the chair at King Edward's School, Birmingham: that chair is called Sapientia, and is where the Chief master sits. The Speaker is also chairman of the House of Commons Commission, which oversees the running of the House, and he or she controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached, he or she may raise a \"point of order\", on which the Speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any appeal. The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House. Thus, the Speaker is far more powerful than his Lords counterpart, the Lord Speaker, who has no disciplinary powers. Customarily, the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan; they do not vote (with the notable exception of tied votes, where the Speaker votes in accordance with Denison's rule), or participate in the affairs of any political party. By convention, a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in his or her constituency by any of the major parties. The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons.", "Speaker (politics) The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives presides over the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives. This post is second in line to the presidency—after the vice president—and is therefore the third highest-ranking national office overall. In practice, this post is the highest-ranking in Congress, because the president of the US Senate is the vice president, who has his/her office, and predominant responsibilities, at the White House, and therefore does not have a day-to-day presence at the Congress.", "Kerala Legislative Assembly He oversees swearing-in ceremony of all legislators at the assembly hall and then becomes the returning officer for the Speaker Election.", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the administration of the House. He or she chairs the House of Commons Commission, a body that appoints staff, determines their salaries, and supervises the general administration of those who serve the House. Furthermore, the Speaker controls the parts of the Palace of Westminster used by the House of Commons. Also, the Speaker is the ex officio Chairman of the four boundary commissions (for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland), which are charged with redrawing the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies to reflect population changes. However, the Speaker normally does not attend meetings of the boundary commissions; instead, the Deputy Chairman of the Commission (usually a judge) normally presides.", "Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines The duties and powers of the House Deputy Speakers, as contained in the House Rules, are the following:[2]", "Member of the Legislative Assembly (India) Similar to the Presiding officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council also have Presiding Officers. The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and the Legislative Council has a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman. They are elected from among the members of the House.", "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber, the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President, and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests. However, the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election.", "Rajya Sabha Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority.", "Speaker (politics) In Singapore, the Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore is the head officer of the country's legislature. By recent tradition, the Prime Minister nominates a person, who may or may not be an elected Member of Parliament (MP), for the role. The person's name is then proposed and seconded by the MPs, before being elected as Speaker.[7] The Constitution states that Parliament has the freedom to decide how to elect its Speaker.[8]", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) Finally, the Speaker continues to represent his or her constituency in Parliament. Like any other Member of Parliament, he or she responds to letters from constituents and attempts to address their concerns.", "New Zealand House of Representatives The Speaker of the House presides over sittings.[57] It is the Speaker's role to apply the rules of the House (Standing Orders),[58] and oversee procedures and the day-to-day operation of the House.The Speaker responds to points of order from other members of the House.[3] The House appoints a Deputy Speaker from amongst its members; the Deputy Speaker may perform the Speaker's role when the Speaker is absent. Up to two Assistant Speakers are also appointed from amongst the members of the House.[59]", "Kerala Legislative Assembly The Leader of the House, Chief Minister presents a motion for speaker election and nominates one among his party/alliance for Speaker position.", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan After a general election, the National Assembly shall, at its first meeting and to the exclusion of any other business, elect from amongst its members a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, the Assembly shall elect another member as Speaker or, as the case may be, Deputy Speaker.", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf", "Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada) On March 9, 2016 Liberal MP Mauril Belanger served as honorary Speaker for about an hour to honour his years of service.[12] Speaker Regan resumed his duties for the remainder of the sitting of the House.", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya The speaker is elected by the Assembly from among persons or are qualified to be members of the Assembly. The Speaker's term ends once a new parliament is re-convened after dissolution.[1]", "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) By convention the Speaker severs all ties with his or her political party, as it is considered essential that the Speaker be seen as an impartial presiding officer.[6] In many cases, individuals have served in ministerial or other political positions before being elected Speaker. For example, Selwyn Lloyd and George Thomas had both previously served as high-ranking Cabinet members, whilst Bernard Weatherill was previously a party whip.", "Speaker (politics) In the United Kingdom, the Speaker of the House of Commons is the individual elected to preside over the elected House of Commons. The speaker is a Member of Parliament (MP) and is elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow MPs.", "Speaker (politics) Italian parliamentarism is centered on the Presidents of the two Houses, vested in defense of the members and of the assembly as a whole;[4] so \"the Speaker invites the representative of the Government not to deviate from the rules of parliamentary behavior\".[5] Now constitutional community highlights changes also in this role.[6]", "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives As the most senior office of Parliament, the Speaker has other statutory responsibilities, for example under the Electoral Act 1993.[8] In this role a portion of the Parliament Buildings are given over to the Speaker. Known as the Speaker's Apartments these include his personal office, sitting rooms for visiting dignitaries and a small residential flat which the speaker may or may not use as living quarters.", "President of India The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87(1). The Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government.[11]:145", "Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives The Speaker is assisted by two deputies, both also elected by the House: the Deputy Speaker and Second Deputy Speaker, the latter of which must be elected from an opposition party. If the Speaker is absent, the Deputy Speaker would become the Acting Speaker and the Second Deputy Speaker the Acting Deputy Speaker. If both the Speaker and Deputy Speaker are absent the Second Deputy Speaker would become Acting Speaker. The Speaker also appoints members to serve on the Speaker's Panel, who often take the chair during noncontroversial debates, and also preside over deliberations in the Federation Chamber.", "Oath of office The President takes oath from the Speaker:", "Sumitra Mahajan Sumitra Mahajan (born 12 April 1943)[1] is an Indian politician who is the Speaker of the 16th Lok Sabha.[2] She belongs to Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2014, she got elected to the Lok Sabha for the eighth time, one of three members of the 16th Lok Sabha to do so,[3] and is currently the longest-serving woman member.[4] She has represented the Indore constituency of Madhya Pradesh since 1989." ]	[ "Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India" ]
test2159	who wrote it's a long long way to pasadena	[ "doc75486" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc75486", "doc230030", "doc2503397", "doc2012199", "doc2012202", "doc502828", "doc230036", "doc2672144", "doc2672143", "doc1275264", "doc18961", "doc75487", "doc230044", "doc436436", "doc1528046", "doc2103258", "doc968236", "doc2084906", "doc2503400", "doc1473203", "doc620893", "doc968235", "doc1275265", "doc2084907", "doc436456", "doc475586", "doc2182029", "doc2103259", "doc259835", "doc1911554", "doc1568533", "doc2331881", "doc230035", "doc2164733", "doc2012197", "doc440529", "doc2572237", "doc1236769", "doc2451706", "doc1500382", "doc2363615", "doc2133382", "doc693935", "doc1124278", "doc557126", "doc2498735", "doc1325412", "doc2345320", "doc2640929", "doc1528045", "doc2012200", "doc338530", "doc1540954", "doc2503398", "doc1023166", "doc574368", "doc1442634", "doc1500376", "doc1113930", "doc527160", "doc477490", "doc1749916", "doc1749918", "doc1012414", "doc760867", "doc50442", "doc2012201", "doc2012198", "doc865976", "doc1678010", "doc880820", "doc532354", "doc1473201", "doc1394380", "doc436441", "doc436443", "doc2339960", "doc840731", "doc953216", "doc67373", "doc2595236", "doc1855579", "doc75488", "doc1771409", "doc2082433", "doc2133375", "doc2049260", "doc1500372", "doc1275266", "doc2563926", "doc2493443", "doc1786052", "doc1441712", "doc1238311", "doc475589", "doc1098276", "doc2281662", "doc2575213", "doc1500369", "doc1619612" ]	[ "Pasadena (song) \"Pasadena\" is the debut single by Australian pop singer John Young, released in January 1972 and peaking at number 16 on the Australian Go-Set Chart.[1]", "It's a Long Way to Tipperary \"It's a Long Way to Tipperary\" is a British music hall song written by Jack Judge and co-credited to Henry James \"Harry\" Williams.[1] It was allegedly written for a 5-shilling bet in Stalybridge on 30 January 1912 and performed the next night at the local music hall. Now commonly called \"It's a Long Way to Tipperary\", the original printed music calls it \"It's a Long, Long Way to Tipperary.\" It became popular among soldiers in the First World War and is remembered as a song of that war.", "The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena) \"The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena)\" is a song written by Don Altfeld, Jan Berry and Roger Christian, and recorded by 1960s American pop singers, Jan and Dean. The song reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1964 and number one on Canada's RPM chart.[2]", "Bill Danoff Starland Vocal Band", "Bill Danoff Starland Vocal Band", "Last Kiss By Wayne Cochran, Joe Carpenter, Randall Hoyal & Bobby McGlon (1961)", "It's a Long Way to Tipperary After Harry Williams' death in 1924 Jack Judge claimed sole credit for the song,[5] allegedly writing it for a 5-shilling bet in Stalybridge on 30 January 1912 and performing it the next night at the local music hall. However, the tune and most of the lyrics to the song already existed in the form of a manuscript, \"It's A Long Way to Connemara\". This manuscript was co-written by Williams and Judge. The writing partners split the royalties for \"It's a Long, Long, Way to Tipperary\" until Jack Judge sold his royalties to Harry Williams in 1915.", "Andrew Gold With Graham Gouldman as WAX", "Andrew Gold With Graham Gouldman as WAX", "Is This the Way to Amarillo \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\" is a song written by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield. It is about a man traveling to Amarillo, Texas to find his girlfriend Marie. The reason that Amarillo was chosen for the song was because it was the only place name that Sedaka could think of that rhymed with \"willow\" and \"pillow\". The song was originally to be titled \"Is This the Way to Pensacola\" referring to Pensacola, Florida, but Sedaka felt that Amarillo worked better than Pensacola.[1]", "Blue Mink from \"Melting Pot\", Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway.[2]", "Pasadena (song) The single was released under the name John Young. Young's subsequent releases used \"John Paul Young\" to avoid confusion with Johnny Young (no relation), the 1960s pop star and Young Talent Time (1971â€“1988 TV show) presenter.[2] Young performed the song on Happening 70 on Channel Ten.[3]", "It's a Long Way to Tipperary Up to mighty London\nCame an Irishman one day.\nAs the streets are paved with gold\nSure, everyone was gay,\nSinging songs of Piccadilly,\nStrand and Leicester Square,\nTill Paddy got excited,\nThen he shouted to them there:\n\nChorus\nIt's a long way to Tipperary,\nIt's a long way to go.\nIt's a long way to Tipperary,\nTo the sweetest girl I know!\nGoodbye, Piccadilly,\nFarewell, Leicester Square!\nIt's a long long way to Tipperary,\nBut my heart's right there.\n\nPaddy wrote a letter\nTo his Irish Molly-O,\nSaying, \"Should you not receive it,\nWrite and let me know!\"\n\"If I make mistakes in spelling,\nMolly, dear,\" said he,\n\"Remember, it's the pen that's bad,\nDon't lay the blame on me!\"\n\nChorus\n\nMolly wrote a neat reply\nTo Irish Paddy-O,\nSaying \"Mike Maloney\nWants to marry me, and so\nLeave the Strand and Piccadilly\nOr you'll be to blame,\nFor love has fairly drove me silly:\nHoping you're the same!\"\n\nChorus", "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll) \"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It is the first track of the group's second album T.N.T., released only in Australia on 8 December 1975, and was written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon Scott. The song combines bagpipes with hard rock instrumentation; in the middle section of the song there is a call and response between the bagpipes and guitar.[1] The original recording is in B-flat major, but it was played live in A major.[2]", "(Is This the Way to) The World Cup In 2005, Christie had a hit with a Comic Relief re-release of \"Amarillo\" with Peter Kay that reached number 1 on the UK singles charts for 7 weeks in a row.[2] The BBC Three Counties Radio presenters Ian Stringer and George Webley wrote alternate lyrics to Amarillo to support England at the World Cup,[3] which the song predicts England will win.[4] Christie was convinced to record the song using those lyrics by the BBC Radio 1 presenter Chris Moyles.[5] The music video for it was filmed at Barnet F.C.'s Underhill Stadium in London.[6] Christie initially said about it: \"It's got a nice summery feel about it and people seem to like it\" and the BBC commissioned him to review other 2006 World Cup songs competing with him.[7] The Manchester Evening News said about \"Is This the Way to The World Cup\" that: \"It's that cheesy, it's a classic\".[8] Like with \"Amarillo\" the year before, the profits for the single went to charity, specifically SportsAid.[9]", "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo \"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\" is a song written by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield. It is about a man traveling to Amarillo, Texas, to find his girlfriend Marie. The reason that Amarillo was chosen for the song was because it was the only place name that Sedaka could think of that rhymed with \"willow\" and \"pillow\". The song was originally to be titled \"Is This the Way to Pensacola\" referring to Pensacola, Florida, but Sedaka felt that Amarillo worked better than Pensacola.[1]", "The Tremeloes as The Tremeloes[3]", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tom and the Tornadoes", "The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena) The song was performed live by The Beach Boys at Sacramento Municipal Auditorium on August 1, 1964 for inclusion on their No.1 album Beach Boys Concert. The Beach Boys, and particularly Brian Wilson, who co-wrote several of Jan & Dean's biggest surf hits, had supported Jan & Dean in the recording studio to initiate them in the surf music genre.", "Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\"", "It's Been a Long, Long Time The music was written by Jule Styne and the lyrics were written by Sammy Cahn:", "The Tremeloes as Brian Poole and the Tremeloes[2]", "Is This the Way to Amarillo Written by two Americans with a strong country-western lyrical theme, the song was first released in Europe, where it has become much more popular than in the composers' native country, with a big-band/orchestral pop arrangement sung by Tony Christie. Christie's version was a major hit in Europe and a modest success in his native United Kingdom upon its release, then became even more popular in the mid-2000s when the song was reissued. As Christie's version failed to make a major impact in the U.S., Sedaka released his own recording of the song in 1977, which narrowly missed the top 40 but was an easy listening hit in the U.S. and Canada.", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tommy James and the Shondells", "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll) Performed by:", "The Long and Winding Road \"The Long and Winding Road\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1970 album Let It Be. It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney. When issued as a single in May 1970, a month after the Beatles' break-up, it became the group's 20th and last number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States.[1] It was the final single released by the quartet.", "Long, Long Way from Home \"Long, Long Way from Home\" is the third single taken from the album, Foreigner by the band, Foreigner. The lyrics refer to a person leaving a small town to try to succeed in New York City (\"I left a small town for the apple in decay\") and the loneliness he feels there. The song features a clavinet and was co-written by Mick Jones, Lou Gramm & former member of King Crimson, Ian McDonald. The single was released in November 1977. It reached number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978.[1] It was also a hit in Canada, reaching #22.", "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo Written by two Americans with a strong country-western lyrical theme, the song was first released in Europe, where it has become much more popular than in the composers' native country, with a big-band/orchestral pop arrangement sung by Tony Christie. Christie's version was a major hit in Europe and a modest success in his native United Kingdom upon its release, then became even more popular in the mid-2000s when the song was reissued. As Christie's version failed to make a major impact in the U.S., Sedaka released his own recording of the song in 1977, which narrowly missed the top 40 but was an easy listening hit in the U.S. and Canada.", "Three Lions \"Three Lions\" (alternatively titled \"Three Lions (Football's Coming Home)\") is a song released in 1996 as a single by English band The Lightning Seeds to mark the England football team's hosting of that year's European Championships. The music was written by the Lightning Seeds' Ian Broudie, with comedians David Baddiel and Frank Skinner—presenters of football-themed comedy show Fantasy Football League—providing the lyrics.[1]", "Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich In summer 1964, the British songwriters Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley became interested in recording them. The band was set up in the studio to make recordings with Joe Meek. These recording sessions failed to get off the ground as an interview with Dave Dee stated that Meek \"had very strange recording techniques. He wanted us to play the song at half speed and then he would speed it up and put all these little tricks on it. We said we couldn't do it that way. He exploded, threw coffee all over the studio and stormed up to his room. His assistant [Patrick Pink] came in and said, 'Mr Meek will not be doing any more recording today.' That was it. We lugged all our gear out and went back home\".[4] While these recording sessions proved unsuccessful they eventually gained a recording contract with Fontana Records.", "The Long Run (album) & Britannia Recording Studio, Los Angeles", "When I'm Dead and Gone Bernard Gallagher, Graham Lyle (A-side); Hughie Flint, Tom McGuinness, Dennis Coulson", "It's a Long Way to Tipperary Judge's parents were Irish, and his grandparents came from Tipperary.[4] Jack Judge and Harry Williams met in Oldbury, Worcestershire at the Malt Shovel, where Harry's brother Ben was the licensee. Judge and Williams began a long-term writing partnership that resulted in 32 music hall songs published by Feldmans. Harry was severely handicapped, as he had fallen down cellar steps as a child. His parents were publicans (an Irish term for a pub owner) and many of the songs were believed to have been composed with Judge at their home, \"The Plough Inn\" (now \"The Tipperary Inn\"), in Balsall Common.[citation needed]", "Barbara Ann The Beach Boys", "Bill Danoff John Denver with Bill Danoff - Taffy Nivert", "Living Next Door to Alice \"Living Next Door to Alice\" is a song co-written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman. Originally released by the Australian vocal harmony trio New World in 1972,[3] the song charted at No. 35 on the Australian chart. The song later became a worldwide hit for British band Smokie.", "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll) â€“ George Harrison", "Irving Berlin \"Yip Yip Yaphank\"", "Must Be the Music Mark Goddard,\nMike Morgan,\nTom Vincer,\nGabriel Wetz,\nPeter Atkinson,\nKesty Morrison,\nGemma Alexander", "Long, Long, Long â€“ George Harrison, 1979", "The Go-Go's (British band) The single tried to turn the sinister Daleks into another version of the Chipmunks, with singer Sue Smith putting on a lisping childlike voice. Songwriter and record producer Les Vandyke (working under the pseudonym of Johnny Worth) was largely responsible for the track. Other musicians were Mike Johnson, Alan Cairns, Abe Harris, Bill Davison and Les McLeian.[2]", "Gary S. Paxton Beyond his early work as part of Skip & Flip, Paxton is best known for his involvement in two novelty hits: the 1960 No. 1 smash \"Alley Oop\" — written by Dallas Frazier and cut quickly with a group thrown together by Paxton's roommate Kim Fowley, The Hollywood Argyles — and a 1962 No. 1 hit inspired by the Mashed Potato dance craze, \"Monster Mash\", which Paxton produced and recorded with its author Bobby \"Boris\" Pickett and another assembled group billed as The Cryptkickers.[7][18][19]", "Do Wah Diddy Diddy \"Do Wah Diddy Diddy\" is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963, as \"Do-Wah-Diddy\", by the American vocal group The Exciters. It was made internationally famous by the British band Manfred Mann.", "Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black It was written by the band's lead singer Ray Dorset and produced by Barry Murray and Dorset. In addition to Dorset (guitar, vocals), the line-up of the group at this time which played on the record comprised Dick Middleton (guitar), Bob Daisley (bass), Ian Milne (keyboards), and Dave Bidwell (drums).[2] The song entered the UK Singles Chart in April 1974 and reached No. 13 staying for nine weeks on the chart, their last single to reach the British Top 20. [3]", "California Dreamin' \"California Dreamin'\" is a song written by John Phillips and Michelle Phillips and was first recorded by Barry McGuire.[3] However, the best-known version is by the Mamas & the Papas, who sang backup on the original version and released as a single in 1965. The song is No.â€¯89 in Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[4] The lyrics of the song express the narrator's longing for the warmth of Los Angeles during a cold winter in New York City.", "The Ballroom Blitz \"The Ballroom Blitz\" (often called \"Ballroom Blitz\") is a song by the British rock band The Sweet, written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman.", "Long Haired Lover from Liverpool A UK number one for five weeks in December 1972,[1] it was the Christmas number one that year, and has since sold over a million copies in the UK.[3] It also reached #2 on the Australian Singles Chart (Kent Music Report) and #38 on the US, Billboard Hot 100.[4] Kingsley's 1969 version was an unsuccessful single, played by then-popular MOR station KMPC, Los Angeles.", "Louie Louie \"Louie Louie\" is an American rhythm and blues song written by Richard Berry in 1955 and best known for the 1963 hit version by The Kingsmen. It has become a standard in pop and rock, with hundreds of versions recorded by different artists. The song was originally written and performed in the style of a Jamaican ballad. It tells, in simple verse–chorus form, the first-person story of a Jamaican sailor returning to the island to see his lady love.", "Duke of Earl Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders released a cover version in 1964.", "(Is This the Way to) The World Cup \"(Is This the Way to) The World Cup\" is a 2006 single by Tony Christie with lyrics written by Ian Stringer and George Webley and published by Tug Records.[1] It was released as a version of Christie's successful \"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" single and created as a version to support the England national football team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The song reached a peak of 8 in the UK Singles Charts, remaining in the charts for 5 weeks.[1]", "Bill Danoff John Denver with Fat City", "Show Me the Way to Go Home The music and lyrics were written in 1925 by Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly. They self-published the sheet music and it became their first big success, selling 2 million copies and providing the financial basis of their publishing firm, Campbell, Connelly & Co.[1] Campbell and Connelly published the sheet music and recorded the song under the pseudonym \"Irving King\".[2]", "Come a Little Bit Closer It was written by songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, as well as Wes Farrell, and became Boyce and Hart's first top 10 hit.[4]", "The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena) The session musicians who played on this record (who were collectively known as The Wrecking Crew) included Leon Russell on piano; Tommy Tedesco, Bill Pitman and Billy Strange on guitar; Ray Pohlman and Jimmy Bond on bass; and Hal Blaine and Earl Palmer on drums.[3] Tommy Morgan provided the song's harmonica solo.", "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\" (also titled \"Long Cool Woman\" or \"Long Cool Woman (in a Black Dress)\") is a song written by Allan Clarke, Roger Cook, and Roger Greenaway and performed by the British rock group The Hollies. Originally appearing on the album Distant Light, it was released as a single on 17 April 1972 (on Parlophone in the United Kingdom),[1] selling 1.5 million copies in the United States and two million worldwide.[3] It reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 24 song for 1972.", "My Old Man's a Dustman The song was written by Lonnie Donegan, Peter Buchanan (Donegan's manager between 1956 and 1962[1]), and Beverly Thorn; Thorn was not credited on the original release. According to his autobiography, Beverley Thorn was a pseudonym of Leslie Bricusse, the songwriter who wrote hit shows with Anthony Newley.[2]", "On the Way to Cape May Originally, the tune circulated from one band to another around Cape May County in the second half of the 20th century. Early versions came from singers like Daddy Beans and Don Cornell. Cozy Morley advanced its popularity with his large local following. The song became even more locally widespread when Al Alberts recorded it and increased its broadcast exposure on radio and TV.[1] Today, the top selling version is the Philly Cuzz rendition,[citation needed] which has a Bobby Darin inspired arrangement. It has become popular in a variety of 21st century media, such as XM satellite and internet radio, and also enjoys regular airplay on many Delaware Valley AM and FM stations.", "Long, Long, Long â€“ Nicholas Schaffner, 1977", "I Still Call Australia Home \"I Still Call Australia Home\" is a song written and performed by Peter Allen in 1980. In it, Allen sings of Australian expatriates' longing for home.", "(They Long to Be) Close to You \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" is a popular song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, most notably recorded and performed by the Carpenters.", "Skidamarink King Fish Kokomo", "Carry On up the Charts All tracks written by Dave Rotheray/Paul Heaton, except where noted.", "Carry On up the Charts All tracks written by Dave Rotheray/Paul Heaton, except where noted.", "Amarillo, Texas Amarillo has been mentioned in popular music such \"Amarillo by Morning\" by Paul Fraser and Terry Stafford, Nat King Cole's \"(Get Your Kicks) on Route 66\", Bob Dylan's \"Brownsville Girl\" (Amarillo was referred to as the \"land of the living dead\"), Rob Zombie's \"Two Lane Blacktop\", Amarillo Sky by Jason Aldean, and the song \"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" written by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield, recorded famously by Yorkshireman Tony Christie and Sedaka, and revived in the UK by comedian Peter Kay through performances in the comedy series Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights and in a charity performance for Comic Relief. Christie's version, which only managed to reach 18 when originally released in 1971, made it to the number 1 spot in the UK Singles Chart in 2005 for 7 weeks.[94][95] In 2010, Damon Albarn wrote the song \"Amarillo\" whilst on tour in America with the Gorillaz, although it is not known to what extent the song is reference to the city.", "Blue Moon (1934 song) \"Blue Moon\" is a classic popular song written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart in 1934, and has become a standard ballad. It may be the first instance of the familiar \"50s progression\" in a popular song. The song was a hit twice in 1949 with successful recordings in the US by Billy Eckstine and Mel Tormé. In 1961, \"Blue Moon\" became an international number one hit for the doo-wop group The Marcels, on the Billboard 100 chart and in the UK Singles chart. Over the years, \"Blue Moon\" has been covered by various artists including versions by Frank Sinatra, Billie Holiday, Elvis Presley, The Platters, The Mavericks, Dean Martin, The Supremes, Bob Dylan and Rod Stewart. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album On the Happy Side (1962). It is also the anthem[1] of English Football League club Crewe Alexandra and English Premier League football club Manchester City, who have both adapted the song slightly.", "Surfin' Bird A local disc jockey, Bill Diehl, was at the gig and convinced the band to record the track.[2] It was recorded at Kay Bank Studios in Minneapolis. Diehl entered it into a local battle of the bands competition and it won. It was then sent to a battle of the bands competition in Chicago where it also won.[2] This led to the group being signed to Garrett Records with the single being quickly released. It reportedly sold 30,000 copies in its first weekend[2] before going on to national success, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. Wahrer was originally credited as the song's writer, but that was changed to the Rivingtons (Al Frazier, Carl White, Sonny Harris, and Turner Wilson Jr.) after the group successfully sued the Trashmen for plagiarism.[3]", "Bill Danoff Bill & Taffy", "Bill Danoff Bill & Taffy", "Penny Lane \"Penny Lane\" is a song by the Beatles.[6] It was written primarily by Paul McCartney but credited to the Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership. The lyrics refer to a real street in Liverpool, England.", "Winchester Cathedral (song) \"Winchester Cathedral\" is a song by The New Vaudeville Band, a British novelty group established by the song's composer, Geoff Stephens, and was released in late 1966 by Fontana Records.", "Down Under (song) \"Down Under\" is a song recorded by Australian rock band Men at Work. It was originally released in 1980 as the B-side to their first local single titled \"Keypunch Operator\", released before the band signed with Columbia Records. Both early songs were written by the group's co-founders, Colin Hay and Ron Strykert. The early version of \"Down Under\" has a slightly different tempo and arrangement from the later Columbia release.[3] The most well known version was then released on Columbia in October 1981 as the third single from their debut album Business as Usual (1981).", "Come On Eileen \"Come On Eileen\" is a song by English group Dexys Midnight Runners (credited to Dexys Midnight Runners and the Emerald Express), released in the United Kingdom on 25 June 1982[3] as a single from their album Too-Rye-Ay. It reached number one in the United States, and was their second number one hit in the UK, following 1980's \"Geno\". The song was written by Kevin Rowland, Jim Paterson and Billy Adams, and was produced by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley.", "Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. \"What Am I Doing Hangin' 'Round?\"", "Can't Get It Out of My Head \"Can't Get It Out of My Head\" is a song written by Jeff Lynne and originally recorded by Electric Light Orchestra (also known as ELO).", "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll) George Young (the older brother of Angus and Malcolm), having heard that Bon Scott was in a pipe band, encouraged the use of bagpipes in the song. Scott obliged despite having never played them before; he had actually been a drummer in the band.[1] Scott used a set of bagpipes to play the song live until 1976, following an incident where he set them down at the corner of a stage during a gig at St Albans High School in St Albans, Victoria, Australia and they were destroyed by fans.[1][5] Subsequent live performances used a recording of the song's bagpipe part or an extended guitar solo by Angus.[2]", "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll) The video was directed by Paul Drane.[8] David Olney was the cameraman.[9]", "Hold Your Head Up The song was written by Rod Argent and Chris White.[1]", "Dancing in the Moonlight The song was written in 1968 by Sherman Kelly,[1][2] whose brother, Wells Kelly – King Harvest's drummer in the early 1970s – introduced the song to the band. It was originally recorded in 1969 by the American band Boffalongo, which included Sherman Kelly (who sang lead on this original recording of his own composition)[3] and future King Harvest frontman Doc Robinson. Wells Kelly later became the original drummer for Orleans. Meanwhile, King Harvest recorded and released \"Dancing in the Moonlight\" as a single with \"Lady, Come On Home\" on the B-side while the band was based in Paris. Steve Cutler, a jazz drummer from New York City (standing on the base of the pole in the cover picture), played drums on the tracks and toured with the band in France and the UK. The group disbanded after six months and the single languished for a year, until it was bought and released worldwide by Perception Records.", "Paradise by the Dashboard Light \"Paradise by the Dashboard Light\" is a song written by Jim Steinman. It was first released in 1977 on the album Bat Out of Hell, with vocals by the American musician Meat Loaf alongside Ellen Foley. The song is most notable for its unique structure and length, and has become a staple of classic rock radio.[1][2]", "Billy Don't Be a Hero \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then, some months later, a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written and composed by two British songwriters, Mitch Murray and Peter Callander.", "Paul Williams (songwriter) Paul Hamilton Williams, Jr.[2] (born September 19, 1940)[3][4][5] is an American composer, singer, songwriter and actor. He is perhaps best known for writing popular songs performed by a number of acts in the 1970s, including Three Dog Night's \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" and \"Out in the Country\", Helen Reddy's \"You and Me Against the World\", David Bowie's \"Fill Your Heart\", and the Carpenters' \"We've Only Just Begun\" and \"Rainy Days and Mondays\", as well as for his contributions to films, such as writing the lyrics to the #1 chart-topping \"Evergreen\", the love theme from A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand, for which he won a Grammy for Song of the Year and an Academy Award for Best Original Song; and \"Rainbow Connection\" from The Muppet Movie. He also wrote the lyrics to the opening theme for The Love Boat, with music previously composed by Charles Fox, which was originally sung by Jack Jones and, later, by Dionne Warwick.", "California Girls The Beach Boys", "Pasadena (song) \"Pasadena\"was re-recorded in 1975 for Young's debut studio album Hero.", "Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep Mac and Katie Kissoon version", "(Theme From) The Monkees \"(Theme from) The Monkees\" is a 1966 popular song, written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart as the theme song for the TV series The Monkees.[2] Two versions were recorded - one for their first album The Monkees[2] and a second shorter version designed to open the television show. Both versions feature vocals by Micky Dolenz. The full length version was released as a single in several countries including Australia, where it became a hit, reaching #8.[3] It also made Billboard Magazine's \"Hits of the World\" chart in both Mexico and Japan, reaching the Top 20 in Japan and the Top 10 in Mexico (#2 Jun.17, 1967).[4] It is still played on many oldies radio stations. An Italian version of the song was featured on a Monkees compilation album.[2] Ray Stevens did a version of the Monkees Theme song on his 1985 album He Thinks He's Ray Stevens featuring a male German group of singers, Wolfgang and Fritzy, that are arguing during the refrain of the song. (\"Hey Hey Bist Du Monkees\".)", "Gary S. Paxton Gary Sanford Paxton (born Larry Wayne Stevens; May 18, 1939 â€“ July 17, 2016)[2] was an American record producer, recording artist, and Grammy and Dove Award winning songwriter. Paxton was a member of Skip & Flip and The Hollywood Argyles and was the producer of two number one Billboard Hot 100 singles, \"Alley Oop\" for The Hollywood Argyles in 1960 and \"Monster Mash\" for Bobby \"Boris\" Pickett in 1962.[3]", "Long Train Runnin' \"Long Train Runnin'\" (or \"Long Train Running\") is a song recorded by The Doobie Brothers and written by band member Tom Johnston. It was included on the band's 1973 album The Captain and Me and released as a single, becoming a top 10 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 8.", "Long, Long, Long George Harrison began writing \"Long, Long, Long\" during the Beatles' stay in Rishikesh, India,[2] between February and April 1968.[3] It was one of many songs that marked Harrison's return to the guitar as his principal musical instrument,[4] after he had dedicated himself to mastering the Indian sitar in 1966.[5][6] This coincided with a new, prolific period in his songwriting,[7][8] which musicologist Walter Everett likens to the arrival of John Lennon and Paul McCartney as composers in 1963.[9][nb 1]", "Is This the Way to Amarillo The song was recorded by Tony Christie and released in the UK in November 1971, initially reaching number 18 in the UK Singles Chart. However, it was a substantially bigger hit at that time across Continental Europe, notably in Germany and Spain, where it made number one. In the U.S., however, Christie's record stalled at #121 on the Bubbling Under the Hot 100. Following the re-issue of Christie's version in 2005, promoted with a video featuring Peter Kay, the song gained even greater prominence, reaching number 1 in the UK.", "I'm on My Way (Dean Parrish song) \"I'm on My Way\" is a song and single by American soul singer, Dean Parrish. Written by Doug Morris and Eliot Greenberg, it was first released in the US 1967 without any chart success. [1] It was released in the UK in 1975 and found chart success due to its popularity with the Northern soul scene.", "The Next Time The recording of the song took place at Abbey Road Studios in London on 10 May 1962. It was produced by Norrie Paramor and engineered by Malcolm Addey.[3] The single spent three weeks at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1963.[4]", "King of Wishful Thinking The song was written by Peter Cox, Richard Drummie & Martin Page.", "Itchycoo Park \"Itchycoo Park\" is a psychedelic rock song written by Steve Marriott and Ronnie Lane, first recorded by their group, the Small Faces. The song reached number three in the UK Singles Chart in 1967.", "That'll Be the Day \"That'll Be the Day\" is a song written by Buddy Holly and Jerry Allison. It was first recorded by Buddy Holly and the Three Tunes in 1956 and was re-recorded in 1957 by Holly and his new band, the Crickets. The 1957 recording achieved widespread success. Holly's producer, Norman Petty, was credited as a co-writer, although he did not contribute to the composition.[3]", "The Long and Winding Road Paul McCartney said he came up with the title \"The Long and Winding Road\" during one of his first visits to his property High Park Farm, near Campbeltown in Scotland,[3] which he purchased in June 1966.[4] The phrase was inspired by the sight of a road \"stretching up into the hills\" in the remote Highlands surroundings of lochs and distant mountains.[3] He wrote the song at his farm in 1968, inspired by the growing tension among the Beatles.[2][5] Based on other comments McCartney has made, author Howard Sounes writes, the lyrics can be seen as McCartney expressing his anguish at the direction his personal life was taking in the autumn of 1968, after he had separated from his fiancée Jane Asher, as well as a nostalgic look back at the Beatles' history.[6] McCartney recalled: \"I just sat down at my piano in Scotland, started playing and came up with that song, imagining it was going to be done by someone like Ray Charles. I have always found inspiration in the calm beauty of Scotland and again it proved the place where I found inspiration.\"[2]", "Earth Angel The Crew-Cuts", "Friday on My Mind \"Friday on My Mind\" is a 1966 song by Australian rock group the Easybeats. Written by band members George Young and Harry Vanda,[3] the track became a worldwide hit, reaching no. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 1967 in the US,[4] no. 1 on the Dutch Top 40 chart,[5] no. 1 in Australia and no. 6 in the UK, as well as charting in several other countries. In 2001, it was voted \"Best Australian Song\" of all time by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) as determined by a panel of 100 music industry personalities.[6][7] In 2007, 'Friday on My Mind' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry.", "Walk Away Renée \"Walk Away RenÃ©e\" is a song written by Michael Brown, Bob Calilli, and Tony Sansone for the band the Left Banke, released as a single in July 1966. Steve Martin Caro is featured on lead vocals. After its initial release, it spent 13 weeks on the US charts, with a top spot of number 5.[2]", "Long, Long, Long \"Long, Long, Long\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 album The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\"). It was written by George Harrison, the group's lead guitarist, while they were attending Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation course in Rishikesh, India, in early 1968. Although Harrison later stated that he was addressing God in the lyrics, it is the first of his compositions that invites interpretation as both a standard love song and a paean to his deity.", "By the Time I Get to Phoenix \"By the Time I Get to Phoenix\" is a song written by Jimmy Webb. Originally recorded by Johnny Rivers in 1965, it was covered by American country music singer Glen Campbell on his album of the same name. Released on Capitol Records in 1967, Campbell's version topped RPM's Canada Country Tracks, reached number two on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart, and won two awards at the 10th Annual Grammys.[1] Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) named it the third most performed song from 1940 to 1990.[2] The song was ranked number 20 on BMI's Top 100 Songs of the Century.[3] Frank Sinatra called it \"the greatest torch song ever written.\"[4]" ]	[ "Pasadena (song) \"Pasadena\" is the debut single by Australian pop singer John Young, released in January 1972 and peaking at number 16 on the Australian Go-Set Chart.[1]" ]
test1625	suzanne's story orange is the new black	[ "doc57710" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc170947", "doc57710", "doc57712", "doc170949", "doc170948", "doc57711", "doc170946", "doc57708", "doc285586", "doc57709", "doc587131", "doc891144", "doc170950", "doc208290", "doc208288", "doc188475", "doc285579", "doc524136", "doc2391288", "doc587128", "doc451322", "doc170987", "doc2391234", "doc188471", "doc587120", "doc299986", "doc57705", "doc587126", "doc2391224", "doc587119", "doc2391228", "doc285584", "doc2146463", "doc208289", "doc2391221", "doc170951", "doc208293", "doc285581", "doc524146", "doc1254615", "doc258774", "doc587130", "doc208287", "doc295019", "doc295020", "doc524143", "doc587129", "doc170982", "doc2391266", "doc2391226", "doc285588", "doc170945", "doc587122", "doc2391248", "doc258779", "doc2207849", "doc524147", "doc170957", "doc1525408", "doc846253", "doc931454", "doc297116", "doc208291", "doc170976", "doc603436", "doc931446", "doc1197860", "doc170983", "doc285582", "doc170930", "doc2597574", "doc170928", "doc144243", "doc170932", "doc297117", "doc285585", "doc1525405", "doc1197862", "doc57713", "doc1197869", "doc1197859", "doc170965", "doc2391251", "doc587125", "doc587118", "doc2391222", "doc1197870", "doc603440", "doc285591", "doc931441", "doc587114", "doc170929", "doc258765", "doc144238", "doc587117", "doc931440", "doc524133", "doc2391238", "doc144247", "doc931438" ]	[ "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Suzanne is a lesbian who develops an obsession with Piper when she first arrives at Litchfield, giving her the pet name \"Dandelion\" because of Piper's blonde hair. She is initially portrayed as creepy and unpredictable due to her obsession with Piper, stalking her around the prison and submitting a request to bunk together. After being rejected, she urinates in Piper's cubicle. As the show progresses she acts more like a regular inmate, and is revealed that despite her mental illness, she is rather intelligent with a flair for reciting literature and poetry verbatim, often writing her own compositions. She received her nickname \"Crazy Eyes\" due to her tendency to widen her eyes when she talks. Suzanne is unaware of why exactly people call her \"Crazy Eyes,\" but it is shown that she is hurt by the nickname. During the second season, it emerges that she gets stage fright, and on the night of Piper's altercation with Tiffany, had come outside in the midst of a panic attack, and mistaking Piper for her adoptive mother, punched her in the face, inadvertently making it look like a more even fight, saving Piper from severe punishment.", "Crazy Eyes (character) In episode 3, \"Hugs Can Be Deceiving\", Suzanne's backstory is revealed via a flashback. She was adopted by white parents and raised in the suburbs, but her mental instability alienated her classmates and their parents alike. Her adoptive mother pushed her to excel at everything she did to prove that she was as good as everyone else; ironically, the constant pressure only made Suzanne's psychological problems worse. In the same episode, it is revealed that Suzanne had run outside and knocked Chapman unconscious after Chapman had beaten Tiffany \"Pennsatucky\" Doggett (Taryn Manning) unconscious at the end of season 1.[17]", "Crazy Eyes (character) In season 4 it is revealed that Suzanne's crime was kidnapping and accidental manslaughter of a child she grew friendly with while working as a store greeter.[19] Believing that she and the boy were simply being friends, she did not realize the implications of her actions when she came across him playing in the park and invited him to her apartment for ice cream and video games. The boy went willingly, but soon became frightened and wanted to call his dad. While Suzanne is out of the room preparing for what she plans as more fun, he calls 911. Suzanne becomes agitated as she tells him that 911 should only be called when there is an emergency. The child panics and tries to get away. He goes onto the fire escape and falls to his death. It is mentioned that she took a plea deal. When the inmates take advantage of a temporary lack of security and enjoy the nearby lake and woods, Kukudio insists that she and Suzanne run away together. Suzanne refuses and their relationship becomes rocky. In \"People Persons, CO Humphrey commands the two of them to fight. Suzanne rejects this but Maureen, who wants to fight, provokes her by launching into a stream of insults. Suzanne fully retaliates by throwing Maureen to the ground and beating her repeatedly, until the Dominicans pull her off. This fight leads her to extreme guilt and a wish to punish herself. She demonstrates this especially when a peaceful protest in the jail cafeteria turns into a chaotic scene and Poussey Washington dies by suffocation. Whilst the inmates grieve over her death, Suzanne believes that Poussey is alive and tries numerous times to suffocate herself. Finally, she is sent to Medical and is placed in a bed next to Kukudio.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters In the fourth season, Suzanne becomes put off when Maureen turns out to be quite strange, and abandons her in the woods. For most of the season, she and Lorna attempt to find out who is defecating in the showers, before Nicky eventually deduces that it was Angie, and that she was doing it to smuggle drugs inside the prison. Through her conversations with Lorna, Suzanne is eventually convinced that she gave up on Maureen too quickly, and eventually approaches her to suggest they give the broom closet another go. Maureen agrees, but deliberately leaves Suzanne unsatisfied in retaliation for abandoning her in the woods. When Aydin's remains are discovered, Suzanne is one of the suspects because of her history of mental health problems, and is taken for questioning. In flashbacks, Suzanne lives with Grace and her boyfriend Brad. She works as a greeter at a hypermarket and befriends Dylan, a young child. When Grace and Brad leave for the weekend, she goes to the park, sees Dylan, and brings him to her apartment to play video games. Dylan became scared and called 911, and while fleeing from Suzanne, he climbs out of a window and falls off of the fire escape of her apartment.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters When Yvonne \"Vee\" Parker enters the prison and forms an African-American gang, Suzanne falls for Vee's charms and maternal influence, being exploited into becoming Vee's \"muscle.\" While zealously loyal to Vee, Suzanne violently beat or threatened any inmates who crossed her, almost acting on command. Later, Vee attempts to coldly trick her into taking the fall for Red's severe beating, as a distraught Suzanne believes she may have done it unconsciously due to her violent history. During the third season, she is encouraged by the new counselor Berdie Rogers to be more creative, causing her to start writing several science fiction erotic stories that become a hit among the women in the prison. Suzanne reveals that she has no sexual experience and is completely naÃ¯ve in regard to sex, having never actually had a girlfriend before, and that the stories are based on other sources. Eventually, the stories make their way to the staff, causing Rogers to get suspended. Meanwhile, Suzanne becomes nervous upon discovering that one of her fans, Maureen Kukudio, is interested in her romantically. Suzanne backs out of a possible sexual encounter, but is later seen forming a close bond with Maureen towards the end of the season.", "Crazy Eyes (character) In season 3, Taystee has her hands full trying to control Suzanne, who is still grieving Vee's death and is unstable, prone to losing her temper and constantly fighting with Poussey. Eventually, she turns to new prison counsellor Berdie Rogers's drama class. There, she begins writing a surrealistic science-fiction erotica series called \"The Time Hump Chronicles\" which, although considered obscene and strange by both Rogers and Taystee, becomes an instant hit amongst the inmates. Although they prove to be therapeutic for her mental health, Suzanne becomes stressed and irritated with the constant harassment by the other inmates for more material, the persistent ideas that are being floated past her and the fan-fiction that is left at her bunk or lying around. Soon, some of the extracts find their way into the hands of the COs, resulting in Officer Donaldson being mocked by both his colleagues and the inmates alike upon the realization that he is the inspiration for one of the characters. This leads to Rogers' suspension. Meanwhile, Suzanne is taken by surprise when she discovers that one of her more prolific fans, Maureen Kukudio, is actually interested in her romantically. Suzanne seeks advice from Lorna about how to respond; she admits she finds Maureen attractive, but she has never had a girlfriend before and subsequently feels she must back away from a sexual liaison. In the season finale, Suzanne assists Poussey and Taystee in caring for Brook Soso, whom they discover unconscious from a drug overdose, and develops a closer bond with Maureen in the final scene, owing to a misunderstanding over a turtle that bites Maureen's foot.[18]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren (played by Uzo Aduba) â€“ Suzanne is a mentally unstable inmate with a violent history, however generally passive and friendly. An African-American, she was raised by an adoptive middle class white couple who later had another daughter named Grace during Suzanne's childhood. For her race and mental illness, Suzanne was often shunned by her parents' community and her little sister's friends. Her parents tried to provide her with the best care growing up, but, despite their love, Suzanne felt pushed by her mother to accomplish things that she was afraid to do.", "Crazy Eyes (character) Suzanne is fixated on Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling) at the beginning of the season.[8] When Chapman, who has offended prison matriarch Red (Kate Mulgrew), seems hopelessly isolated, Suzanne is the only inmate not too intimidated to help her. She helps Chapman by getting jalapeños, so she can put them in a medicinal lotion for Red's sore back, and Red forgives Chapman. Suzanne nicknames Chapman \"Dandelion\", because of her blonde hair and puts in a request to become Chapman's bunkmate. Nonetheless, Chapman resists her advances.[9][10][11] As a result, Suzanne urinates on the floor in Chapman's bunk quarters.[12] In episode 9, \"Fucksgiving\", her white adoptive parents, Pat and Dennis Warren, are introduced.[13][14]", "Orange Is the New Black Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series.[2] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[9][15] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[16] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a \"toughness and a presence to her that wasnâ€™t right for the character.\" Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[9] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered \"tough enough\" for the character;[17] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[18] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed \"a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl.\"[18] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[19] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; \"[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect,\" said Euston.[18] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren.[18][20] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany \"Pennsatucky\" Doggett.[18] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[21]", "Crazy Eyes (character) As she rebounds from her unrequited love for Chapman, Suzanne is befriended by veteran inmate Yvonne \"Vee\" Parker (Lorraine Toussaint) as Vee develops her powerbase in the prison. Vee takes advantage of Suzanne's desperation for affection, and Suzanne becomes Vee's fanatically loyal right-hand woman.[15] Suzanne serves Vee as muscle, even beating up her friend Poussey Washington (Samira Wiley) on Vee's orders.[16] When Vee attacks prison matriarch Galina \"Red\" Reznikov (Kate Mulgrew) and puts her in the hospital ward, she manipulates Suzanne into believing that she committed the crime. Suzanne gives a statement to prison officials confessing to the attack, but inmate counselor Sam Healy (Michael J. Harney) produces evidence that exonerates her. When she realizes that Vee used her, she breaks into tears.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman,[7] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancé Larry Bloom.[8] Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series.[9] Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause.[4][10] Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman,[11] however Kohan felt she would not worry about her [in prison], noting a \"toughness and a presence to her that wasn’t right for the character.\" Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex.[4] Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered \"tough enough\" for the character;[12] she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead.[13] Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed \"a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl.\"[13] Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role.[14] Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; \"[Kohan knew] she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect,\" said Euston.[13] Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren.[13][15] Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany \"Pennsatucky\" Doggett.[13] This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.[16]", "Tiffany Doggett It is revealed in the third episode that Suzanne Warren (played by Uzo Aduba) is also involved in the fight at the end of season one. She punches Chapman in the face twice and knocks her unconscious (Doggett is already unconscious at this stage).[26][27] This gives the impression that Doggett and Chapman were evenly matched and therefore equally responsible.[27][28] Following Doggett's return to full health, she finds that her previous best friends, Leanne Taylor (played by Emma Myles) and Angie Rice (played by Julie Lake), no longer want to be associated with her. This leaves Doggett seeking prison counsellor Sam Healy (played by Michael J. Harney) for comfort.[29][30]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters While in the waiting room, Maureen approaches, seeking a reconciliation, but Suzanne goes and sits elsewhere. She then gets into a verbal dispute with white supremacist inmate Kasey Sankey after laughing at her when Officer Humphrey pulled her chair, and he immediately tries to escalate it into a full-on fight. Kasey declined to do so, but an embittered Maureen volunteers to fight Suzanne instead. In the subsequent fight, Maureen accidentally takes her taunting too far, and Suzanne violently tackles her to the ground and proceeds to beat her severely, before she is eventually dragged off. The incident unhinges Suzanne, and shortly afterwards, when she takes part in a non-violent stand-in in the prison canteen, the sight of Humphrey causes her to go into a full-on meltdown. Officer Bayley attempts to restrain her and take her to psych, inadvertently making Suzanne become more erratic. Poussey attempts to intervene, and is pinned to the ground by Bayley's leg while at the same time attempting to wrestle with Suzanne. As a result, Poussey is suffocated and dies on the canteen floor. Traumatized by the event, Suzanne attempts to deal with it by piling books on top of herself in order to find out what it felt like not to breathe. She eventually attempts to do so by pulling several bookshelves on top of herself, but luckily, a grieving Brook happens to be nearby, and she quickly alerts the COs. Suzanne is taken to the medical facility, where she discovers that her neighbor in the next bed is Maureen.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3) A young inmate begins pursuing Suzanne romantically. Suzanne tells Morello that in spite of her erotically charged novels, she is still a virgin and confused about sex. Judy King is found guilty, but it seems that her ultimate destination will not be Litchfield. After observing Stella making moves on Piper, Alex confronts the pair in Piper's bunk. Visited in jail by his mother, a shaken and traumatized Mendez is told that he is not the father of Daya's child, which he refuses to believe. Mendez's mother informs Daya she still wishes to raise the baby, and after painful deliberation, Daya agrees. Morello uses Vince, her pen pal, to exact revenge on Christopher. Leanne and Soso continue to antagonize each other, with uncertain Norma caught in the middle. Using veggies grown in the garden, Red prepares a small pan of ratatouille for her kitchen staffers. Enraged that Sophia has cut off her son's ride to the prison, Mendoza picks a fight with her in the bathroom. Alex attacks Lolly, but comes to realize that she is just highly paranoid and delusional, not an assassin. CO Coates is reprimanded for being late after spending time with Pennsatucky. In a rage, he rapes her in the prison van.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3) Suzanne's sci-fi story gains a cult following in the prison, but its latest chapter aggravates Poussey's alcoholic depression. The prisoners despise the new cafeteria food, and are angry at the rising prices of commissary items. Piper conscripts her fellow prisoners to wear panties stolen from the factory, and sells them online for a profit. Counselor Rogers objects when Healy prescribes antidepressants to Soso, causing him to angrily pass Soso's case on to her. Pennsatucky bonds with Coates, a new CO and part-time doughnut-store employee. At a meeting in Utica, executives at MCC are shown to be totally devoid of compassion and solely concerned with cost-cutting and profits. Caputo grows to despise Pearson, who proves unsuccessful in pushing through his suggestions about upgrades. Sophia and Mendoza commiserate about not being around to raise their respective sons. When Daya learns from Mendez's mother that Aleida arranged a financial deal to raise the baby, Daya confesses to her that Mendez is not the child's father. Alex suspects that a new prisoner, Lolly, may have been sent by Kubra to kill her. Lolly is later seen keeping detailed notebook records of Alex's every move.", "Uzo Aduba In 2013, Aduba began portraying Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black.[18] On being cast, Aduba said:", "Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black (sometimes abbreviated to OITNB) is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix.[1][2] The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix.[3] In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season.[4] The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017.[5] The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2) Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese-American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying. Taystee's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee's previous incarceration. Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield. Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman. Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he doesn't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins. He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well. It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow. This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible. Vee uses Suzanne's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Grace Warren (played by Sarah Rish) â€“ Suzanne's adoptive sister, and the biological daughter of Suzanne's adoptive parents. She was born when Suzanne was five years old, and is shown allowing her to participate in parties with her friends. When Grace is 23, she lives with her boyfriend Brad and Suzanne, and always spends the weekends home with her due to Suzanne being afraid to be home alone. She is happy when she hears that Suzanne was named employee of the month at her job, and then lets her know that she and Brad decided to spend a weekend away. After reassuring her that she would be fine and giving Suzanne a list of things to do while they are gone, they leave for the weekend, not knowing what Suzanne would eventually end up doing while she was gone.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) Prison officials cover up Tricia's death to avoid an investigation. The inmates believe Tricia killed herself and organize an informal memorial for her. Tricia's death affects Mendez, and he vents over drinks with Bennett. Aleida, Daya, and Red scheme to cover up Daya's pregnancy. Daya will have sex with Mendez, which will then deflect suspicions once her pregnancy becomes apparent. During their encounter, Mendez uses a condom, so there's no evidence to use against him. Pennsatucky is held in the psych unit. After Piper learns that psych is worse than SHU, she successfully petitions Caputo to have Pennsatucky returned to the general population over Alex's objections. However, Piper's bravery brings Alex closer to her. Larry is interviewed on NPR, and his comments are particularly hurtful toward Suzanne and Miss Claudette, though he is kinder to other inmates, including Red and Watson. Larry's comments regarding fidelity convince Piper that he knows about her relationship with Alex. Piper calls Larry and confesses her infidelity. Larry reveals that during Thanksgiving, Healy told him that she was put in SHU for \"lesbian activity.\" Piper admits to Larry that she loves Alex, which Larry sees as a deep betrayal. Larry then tells Piper that Alex did name her, thereby admitting that he lied earlier. He asks Piper, \"How does it feel to be in love with the woman who ruined our lives?\", and says that he needs time away from Piper.", "List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama series created by Jenji Kohan, which premiered on July 11, 2013, on Netflix. The series, based on Piper Kerman's memoir Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), follows Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders, 10 years prior, for her girlfriend at the time, Alex Vause (Laura Prepon).[1]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Maria Ruiz (played by Jessica Pimentel) â€“ An inmate of Dominican descent who acts as the Hispanic representative for WAC, and was pregnant at the beginning of the series. When she goes into labor she is taken to a hospital, and later returns to the prison after having her newborn taken away from her, which elicits sympathy from her fellow inmates. She describes Daya and Aleida's relationship as a \"cautionary tale\" and states that a minute with them is better than Plan B, as she would never talk to her daughter the way Aleida does toward Daya, or allow her daughter to talk to her the way Daya does Aleida. During the second season, she is visited several times by her stoic, quiet boyfriend Yadriel and her child. When it appears she will be transferred to a prison in Virginia, she begs him to be a good, proactive parent and speak to their child more, and later confides in Piper that she is afraid he will be too weak to be faithful during her entire sentence. However, in the second-season finale, she is last seen being visited by her boyfriend and her daughter, happy to see that he is taking a deeper role as a father and apparently plans to stay true to her. During the third season, she is devastated when Yadriel decides not to bring her daughter to the prison anymore, with him saying that he doesn't want her to think that is normal for her mother to be in prison as she got older. In the fourth season, it is revealed that her father was a drug dealer who cared for her enormously in the early years of her life. She first met Yadriel when she saw him throwing his drugs into a bush while being pursued by the police, and later returned them to him. Their subsequent relationship angered her father, both because Maria was effectively dating his competition, and because, as an intensely patriotic Dominican, he did not approve of his daughter dating a Mexican. Eventually, after an explosive argument, the two permanently fell out. In the present, Maria began to organize a new gang amongst the other Dominican inmates, in order to fight back against the overt racism of the guards. After attempting to get involved in Piper's business, Maria was angered by her rude response, and formed a rival business of her own, which immediately snapped up many of Piper's employees. When Piper blows the whistle on her, Piscatella tells Maria that he will recommend that her sentence be extended. As a result, Maria responds by having her gang seize Piper, take her to the kitchen and brand her with a swastika, which also serves as retaliation for her accidental creation of the white supremacist gang. Maria's gang start distributing drugs instead, and secures her a position of power in the prison. However, as the guards begin to get increasingly violent and draconian, Maria starts to use her power to help protect and rally the other inmates. Upon the discovery of Aydin's body, she is separated from the other inmates, along with Ouija and Blanca, for further questioning. She is initially amused by Officer Humphrey's prank on Kasey Sankey, but is shocked when he then escalates it into a fight between Suzanne and Maureen Kukudio. When Suzanne becomes unhinged and beats Maureen almost to death, Maria finally has enough and, with Ouija's help, manages to pull Suzanne off Maureen and comforts her.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Maureen Kukudio (played by Emily Althaus) – A younger inmate introduced in the third season, Maureen becomes an obsessive fan of Suzanne's new erotica series, which she began writing in the drama class they both attended. She perpetually irritates Suzanne by offering her ideas for her upcoming chapters and writing her own fan-fiction. As time progresses, however, it becomes clear that Maureen is romantically interested in Suzanne, who becomes nervous, as she has never actually had a girlfriend or any sexual experience — she writes her erotica almost entirely from imagination. She backs out of a sexual liaison with Maureen in one of the storage closets, due to her apprehension and lack of sexual experience, but the two continue to flirt, and they are brought closer in the final scene, when Suzanne retrieves a terrapin that Maureen threw away after it bit her foot. At the beginning of the fourth season, she attempts to get closer to Suzanne, but Suzanne turns her away. She decides to stay in the woods and is discovered hiding in one of the houses by Caputo later that night. Later on during the season, she appears to reconcile with Suzanne and meets her in the cleaning closet. As revenge for leaving her in the woods, Maureen sexually stimulates Suzanne in the closet, but intentionally stops short of bringing Suzanne to orgasm. During the lockdown after Aydin's remains were found, she volunteers to fight Suzanne and after repeatedly taunting Suzanne, she is brutally beaten and is sent to medical, with the right side of her face badly bruised and her right eye swollen shut. Nevertheless, she is visibly glad to see that Suzanne is moved into the bed next to her. In season 5, when CO Humphrey is brought into the facility and put between the two, Maureen attempts to impress Suzanne by blowing oxygen bubbles into Humphrey's IV tube, which causes an air embolism, and in turn causes him to have a nasty stroke, which ultimately kills him. Later on, Suzanne takes Maureen out of bed and helps her to the cafeteria to join the other rioters, and the two organise a seance at the sight of Poussey's death. At the end of the season, when Suzanne is starting to have a meltdown owing to not taking her medication, she finds Maureen almost unconscious in the bathroom, her condition having deteriorated due to an infection and the lack of medical attention, and takes her back to her bed in medical. Maureen is ultimately taken away by the CERT officers when they storm the building.", "Uzo Aduba Uzoamaka Nwanneka \"Uzo\" Aduba[1] (/ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə/; born February 10, 1981)[2] is a Nigerian American actress. She is known for her role as Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015.[3] She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role, the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant.[4]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) Piper's best friend Polly takes more authority over their soap-making business. Piper deals with romantic advances from Suzanne (Crazy Eyes). After Crazy Eyes submits a request to bunk with Piper, Piper firmly rejects her advances. After Piper moves into Miss Claudette's cube, Crazy Eyes urinates on the floor of their space. Piper's relationship with Alex is very hostile. The prison reduces Sophia's dose of exogenous estrogen in response to budget cuts. She asks her wife to smuggle pills into the prison; her wife flatly refuses, asking her \"How fucking selfish can you be?\"", "Orange Is the New Black (season 6) Suzanne has hallucinations while getting back on her medications. She is the first interviewed by a federal investigation into the riot and murders. Those found in the bunker are held in isolation at Litchfield's maximum security prison and face various abuses from the guards and inmates. Frieda attempts suicide, while Red confronts Badison to protect her family. Piper desperately tries to find Alex, and fears the worst when she learns a prisoner died. Gloria attacks Maria and they are handcuffed and forced to kiss by the guards. Taystee is visited by CO Tamika Ward, who had been her friend on the outside. Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her \"home\" anymore.", "Crazy Eyes (character) Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren is a fictional character played by Uzo Aduba on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. Warren is portrayed as intelligent, but lacking in social skills, and prone to spiral into emotional outbursts when agitated. The character is the only role that has received Emmy Award recognition both in the comedy and drama genres from the same show and only the second character to earn Emmy recognition in both genres. Aduba won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series as well as the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series for her season one performance. She received the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series for her season two performance. Her season three performance again won Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series. She is a recurring character in season one and a regular character beginning with season two.[1]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) Mendez uses Red's smuggling connections to move drugs into the prison. Red flushes them down the toilet. Mendez issues Red a death threat and urinates into the Thanksgiving gravy. Pennsatucky and Alex clash over their views on homosexuality and religion. Nicky and Alex flirt. Sophia's wife becomes romantically interested in her pastor. With Sister Ingalls's encouragement, Sophia gives her wife her blessing. Sophia's full dose of estrogen is restored. Daya attempts an abortion using Mendoza's herbal teas, but Aleida colludes with Mendoza to keep the fetus alive. Later, Daya agrees to keep the baby. Taystee is released but finds that her support network is missing. Piper and Alex share a sexually charged dance. Pennsatucky snitches on them for \"lesbianing together,\" after which Healy sends Chapman to SHU. When Healy visits SHU, Chapman rages against him for punishing her for being a lesbian. After suffering in SHU, she resolves to obey Healy and avoid Alex. Caputo orders Healy to release Chapman from SHU when it becomes clear that her transfer is unjustified. Healy calls Larry, to tell him about Piper and Alex's sexual relationship. Upon returning to camp, she has sex with Alex.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Brook Soso (played by Kimiko Glenn) – A younger inmate of Japanese and Scottish descent who first appeared in the second season, and landed in prison due to political activism. Chatty and somewhat ditzy, Brook attempts to befriend a non-reciprocating Piper, who had been kind to Brook on her first night in prison. Brook assumes that Piper wants to be friends due to her kind treatment, but finds out it was a ruse when she attempts to sell Brook out to Big Boo in order to get her blanket back. Later, Brook has sex with Nicky as part of Nicky's sex game with Big Boo, but manages to annoy her by constantly talking during the entire experience. Due to her initial refusal to shower, she annoys many of the inmates and is eventually ordered to be forcibly showered by Figeroa. In response to the prison's cruel treatment she attempts to stage a hunger strike, which inspires others to join her cause. In the third season, she attempts to join a group led by Norma but is pushed away by Leanne, who then starts bullying her. Feeling that she was suffering from depression, Healy attempts to prescribe her antidepressants, but this is rebuffed by her new counselor Berdie Rogers. After Rogers is suspended, Healy refers her to a doctor to see if a prescription is necessary. During her evaluation, she steals a handful of pills — later discovered to be Benadryl — and attempts to overdose on them. Brook is saved by Poussey, Suzanne and Taystee, who look after her while she recovers, and subsequently take her into the African-American gang, with the approval of Black Cindy and the reluctant approval of Janae. Following her failed suicide attempt, she tells Healy that she feels that he is horrible at his job and that he just makes her feel worse whenever they talk. In the fourth season, Brook starts dating Poussey, but their relationship gets off to a rocky start when she makes inadvertently racist assumptions about her (believing her to have been poor and the daughter of a crack addict). During a flashback, when she was participating in a door to door petition to prevent a Walmart from being built in her neighborhood, she made a bet with her ex-boyfriend to get a registered sex offender to sign her petition. After she discovered that the sex offender had to register because he was caught having sex on an empty public beach by another man recording the encounter, she told her ex-boyfriend that he was a child molester that harassed her during her visit to garner sympathy. Eventually, Brook and Poussey form a loving romance, but Poussey is killed during a scuffle in the prison cafeteria. The grieving Brook subsequently saves Suzanne's life after she pulls some bookcases on top of herself in the library. In season 5, it becomes clear that her grief has caused Brook to lose her formerly upbeat, optimistic personality and become more reserved and cynical. Seeing this, Janae has a heart-to-heart with Brook, who admits that it is anger, rather than sadness that she feels at Poussey's death, and helps her channel her anger by taking her running and giving her boxing lessons. Their shared resentment and anger causes Brook and Taystee to clash, particularly over how Brook chooses to mourn Poussey, but they eventually make their peace over the new memorial library that Brook sets up in the prison corridors. At the end of the season, Brook passively resists the CERT officers breaking up the riot by sitting in the middle of Poussey's memorial on her own, and refuses to move when ordered to. Eventually, she has to be physically picked up and carried out by two officers as she watches them destroy Poussey's memorial library. She is last seen boarding one of the buses deporting prisoners to new premises.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) After insulting Red's food, Piper is starved out by the kitchen staff. She struggles to offer up an acceptable apology. With help from Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren, she manages to prepare a medicated lotion for Red's back. Alex gives Piper a piece of cornbread but Piper rejects it. The kitchen freezer is irreparably damaged. Red manipulates Healy into buying a new one. \"Crazy Eyes\" makes a romantic move on Piper. Bennett and Daya check each other out.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Leanne Taylor (played by Emma Myles) – An inmate who was often seen with Tiffany during the first season. She almost fanatically followed everything Tiffany says and was her groupie, or right-hand woman. She is also addicted to drugs and has been seen exchanging sexual favors with Mendez. In the second season, she stands up against Tiffany and is shown to break off into her own character with her friends, leaving Tiffany by herself. She also was one of the inmates that joined Brook during her hunger strike and attempted to politely suggest that she needed to start bathing before Tiffany interrupted her by bluntly telling Brook that she stank. During the third season, it is revealed that she was Amish and that she became addicted to drugs during her Rumspringa. After choosing to be baptized, she was arrested after a bag with her ID in it was found with drugs. She was convinced to go undercover for the police in exchange for immunity and later leaves her community after overhearing her father wondering what to do with her. Back at the prison, she joins, and eventually spearheads, a cult based on Norma being able to perform miracles. She soon reveals herself to be cruel, bigoted and mean-spirited, when she starts bullying and discriminating against Brook, who in turn attempts to commit suicide. After learning of this, Norma dismisses Leanne in anger, leaving her in the same position she left Tiffany — isolated and friendless. During the fourth season, she is at the meeting Piper was holding to counter Maria's influence and was the first to misinterpret Piper's intentions by saying a racist remark about the Dominicans. After Poussey's death, she was drunk from the last of her hooch with Angie, and expressed all of the problems she believed were caused by Lolly's time machine, before the two proceeded to destroy it.", "Orange Is the New Black Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she \"screwed up\" as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation.[9] Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a \"trojan horse\" for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV.[10]", "Piper Kerman Kerman published her best-selling memoir about her experiences in prison, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, with Spiegel & Grau in 2010. A television adaptation of the same name created by Jenji Kohan, the Emmy award-winning creator of Weeds, debuted on July 11, 2013 on Netflix. Kerman's character in the series (\"Piper Chapman\") is played by Taylor Schilling. The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, before the third season premiered on June 11, 2015.[11] A fifth season was released on June 6, 2017.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3) With the help of Cal and CO Bayley, Piper's used-panties business is a rousing success. Prisoners continue to obsess over Suzanne's comically pornographic serial novel. Red is humiliated having to serve slop from a bag instead of real food. A rabbi quizzes prisoners about their alleged devotion to committed Jewish beliefs, resulting in a short list of approved kosher meals. A nude Stella chats with a visibly impressed Piper in the bathroom; they later share a kiss. Mendoza and Sophia clash again when Sophia's son is arrested on battery charges. Sophia learns that Mendoza's son fled the scene. Celebrity chef Judy King once again appears on the TV news. Outside of the prison, CO Coates kisses Pennsatucky. After Lolly breaks a window in a shed, Alex notices that a large shard of glass has vanished from the debris. Leanne bullies Soso and acts as self-appointed vocal leader of Norma's spiritual group. Unsuccessfully, Norma tries to teach kindness and tolerance to Leanne. To her horror, Alex discovers that Lolly has been secretly monitoring her moves.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Sophia Burset (played by Laverne Cox and M Lamar in flashbacks) â€“ A trans woman, formerly a firefighter named Marcus, Sophia is in prison for credit card fraud, which she used to finance her gender confirmation surgery. Her wife at the time, Crystal, had been supportive of her transition and even helped her during her adjustment period, but her young son, Michael, had difficulty with her transition and ultimately turned her in to authorities. In the prison, she works as a hairdresser and spends the first half of the first season railing against a reduction in her hormone dosage, which is stated to be over concerns about liver damage, but she is convinced it is discrimination (in fact, it is hinted at being due to Figueroa's embezzlement). She becomes a friend of Sister Jane, originally in an attempt to convince the nun to give her some of her hormones. Jane convinces her to try to reconcile with her son, and also to let Crystal move on. Sophia is kind and understanding, albeit a little stubborn. Early on, she trades with Piper for a lock of hair, in return for some cocoa butter Piper needs to create her lotion for Red. They later develop an amicable relationship, often trading gifts or advice. She, like Piper, also seems to be more educated than many of her fellow inmates, being concerned about issues such as healthcare and benefits. During the second season, she is shown being visited by her son in prison for the first time, and they are seen making amends. Sophia also develops friendships with Red, who goes to her for a makeover when she learns Vee has returned, and surprisingly, Tiffany, who has mellowed out considerably. During the third season, Sophia agrees to allow Gloria's son ride with her son for weekly visits. The two start a friendship that results in her son acting out, causing Sophia to rescind her offer and cause a rift between Gloria and her that culminated into a violent confrontation. She later finds out that her son was the instigator of a violent attack of another child, but refuses to apologize to Gloria. Sophia ends up being attacked by other inmates in her beauty salon, during which the CO on duty runs away to fetch Caputo rather than intervening herself. Sophia tells Caputo that she is willing to bring a lawsuit against the prison if they don't take appropriate measures. When this is reported to MCC, they respond by throwing Sophia in the SHU claiming it is for her protection, when in reality she is being punished for her threat to sue. In the fourth season, Sophia spends most of the season in the SHU, and makes numerous efforts to get Caputo's attention, such as flooding her cell, setting fires, and bashing her head against the walls of her cell, while Crystal, with Gloria's secret assistance, repeatedly confronted him at the prison and his house. Eventually, she is released from the SHU when Caputo uses Jane's smuggled phone to take a picture of her and leaks the picture to Danny Pearson. Upon her release, she initially rebuffs Gloria's attempts to make amends, but eventually warms to her when she helps her fix her wig, which had been damaged in the previous season. In season 5, she uses her basic medical training from her firefighting days to stitch CO Humphrey's gunshot wound, and spends most of the season helping the prison's only remaining medical personnel - one of the nurses - to care for the sick and injured inmates. Eventually, Sophia sneaks out of the prison with the intent to get sent to max to find Ingalls, but discovers that she has been released on compassionate grounds.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters At the start of the fifth season, while continuing to recover in medical, Humphrey is bought in there next to them to be treated from his gunshot wound. She leaves medical, and rejoins the other inmates. Noticing that the place in the cafeteria Poussey died isn't being respected, she becomes upset and makes a circle around the area after clearing the other inmates away from it. Later on, she attempts to speak to Poussey's spirit with some of the other inmates. Due to the change in her routine with the guards no longer in control, as well as a lack of medication, she begins to act crazier than normal, eventually resulting in her being handcuffed to a bunk and her face being painted. She is released by Lorna, who has taken control of the prison pharmacy, and Lorna decides not to give Suzanne her medication. While in the bathroom washing her face, she discovers Maureen inside of a stall with her injuries infected, and they go back to medical to discover Humphrey not breathing. Suzanne attempts to take Humphrey in a wheelchair to Taystee to show her, unknowingly putting negotiations at risk. Black Cindy and Alison take control of the situation, and Cindy ends up giving her some lithium to put her to sleep. Later, she is revived, and she ends up in Frieda's bunker prior to the riot team breaching the bunker.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3) Poussey, Taystee and Suzanne save Soso from her overdose. Piper confronts Flaca about stealing the proceeds from her panty business, but soon comes to realize that Stella is the culprit, as she will have no money to live on when she gets released. Piper exacts revenge by framing Stella for possession of dangerous contraband, resulting in Stella being dragged off to maximum security prison. Healy investigates the possibility of a romantic life with Red, but Red quashes the opportunity. Morello marries Vince, while Black Cindy shows a newfound sincerity in her attempts to become Jewish. She is however frustrated because converting fully requires a Jewish baptism (called a tevilah), which in turn requires a natural body of water that she does not have access to inside a prison. Complications arise concerning Daya's baby after Cesar is arrested. For the first time Norma faces losing her followers after Poussey angrily confronts her for her role in Soso's attempted suicide. Tensions between Flaca and Gloria come to a head, as do those between Leanne and Norma. Caputo, after promising to head up the staff union, accepts a promotion from MCC, causing the staff to walk out. A construction mishap allows all the prisoners to escape to a nearby beach and play in the lake, Soso is taken in by the African-American group, while Suzanne bonds with Maureen. Black Cindy, with unexpected access to the required natural body of water, performs her ritual immersion and officially becomes Jewish. Alex is cornered in the greenhouse by a new guard sent by Kubra, and her fate is left uncertain. As the prisoners frolic in the lake, construction crews convert the prison's beds into two-tiered bunkbeds, doubling the prison's capacity, and several busloads of new prisoners arrive at Litchfield.", "Orange Is the New Black The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the \"Federal Department of Corrections,\" a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler. The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancÃ©, family and friends.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2) Vee's family breaks apart and turns on her. After Nicky's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee's assault on Red. Piper reveals Figueroa's embezzlement to Caputo, who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa. Figueroa's attempt to buy Caputo's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns. Caputo's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya. Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration. Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy. Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee. Vee, alone and friendless, escapes from prison via Red's greenhouse storm drain pipe. Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three-six weeks left to live. Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa, who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life. She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van.", "Samira Wiley When the Netflix television series Orange Is the New Black—based on Piper Kerman's memoir of the same name about her experiences of being incarcerated in a women's prison—came into development, Wiley was told about the auditions by a friend from Juilliard, Marco Ramirez, who was a writer for the show.[10] After discovering that another Juilliard friend, Danielle Brooks,[8] had won a role in the show, Wiley asked Brooks to rehearse lines with her to prepare for her audition for the role of Poussey Washington, the on-screen best friend of Brooks' character.[10] Wiley's audition was ultimately successful; she appeared in all twelve episodes of the series' first season and was featured prominently throughout the second season.[12] The darker and more violent plot of the second season allowed for the growth of Wiley's character, whose evolved story lines lead to Wiley's prolonged screen exposure and ultimate development as a \"fan-favorite.\"[13] She was promoted to series regular for the third season.[14] The fourth season revolves heavily around her character, leading up to the reactions within the prison upon Poussey's death at the hands of a prison officer. Wiley's wife, Lauren Morelli, is a writer on the show.", "Miss Rosa Miss Rosa played a minor role throughout the first season. Rosenblat had admitted that she only appeared sporadically and did not get to portray much. But the actress was eager to return for the show's second season.[2] But during the second season the role was expanded which surprised Rosenblat.[1] The actress told a reporter from Indiewire, \"I learned where Miss Rosa is from I learned why she's in prison. You're going to learn a lot about her, a lot that I was desperate to know, and it helps.\"[6] In March 2014, series creator Jenji Kohan told Jessie Katz (The Hollywood Reporter) that viewers would be introduced to Miss Rosa's backstory.[7] When the writers had planned a backstory episode for the character, Rosenblat was delighted. But the development left her unsure how Miss Rosa's story would fit into main storyline of Orange Is the New Black.[1]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she \"screwed up\" as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation.[4] Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a \"trojan horse\" for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV.[5] In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator.[1] In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit.[6]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3) Suzanne displays a talent for writing bizarre, erotically charged fantasy stories. Stella agrees to contribute soiled Whispers underwear for Piper's planned dirty-panties business. Piper recruits Cal to assist in the operation. Daya wrestles with who should raise her baby. Commuting to the prison together, Mendoza's son teaches Sophia's son rude behavior, causing the two mothers to clash. The controversy, paired with Ramos nearly slicing her finger off, leads to Red running the kitchen againâ€”just as the new regime introduces \"boil in the bag\" meals. MCC's failure to properly train the COs leads to a botched pepper-spraying incident. Norma's reputation as a miracle-performing mystic grows.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 4) Following the discovery of the body in the garden, the prison goes into lockdown. While Caputo tries to get past the red tape at MCC, Piscatella defies orders to begin interrogating inmates, starting with Red. Suzanne faces the wrath of Maureen while holed up the guards. Humphrey takes enjoyment in their clash and forces Suzanne to fight her, causing her to explode and nearly beat Maureen to death. The COs are spiraling out of control. Judy, Yoga Jones, and Luschek have a drug fueled threesome. Healy wrestles with the idea of handing Lolly in, and nearly commits suicide, before deciding to face his problems. He hands Lolly in to Piscatella, and she is sent to Psych A.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 4) Caputo attempts to suspend Humphrey for his part in what happened to Suzanne. However Piscatella threatens to have all the COs walk out if he does so and informs Caputo he no longer has any real authority. The different prison families come together to discuss a plan to force Piscatella out and restore order to the prison. Though they initially fail to come to an agreement, Piscatella's unfair treatment of Red unites the inmates. They stand on the tables in a peaceful protest, refusing to move until Piscatella resigns. However, he orders his men to remove them by force. Meanwhile, Suzanne breaks down over her fight with Maureen and Poussey rushes to her aid, but the young CO Bayley quickly reacts and improperly restrains her. While everyone's attention is on calming Suzanne down, no one notices that Poussey is unable to breathe, and she eventually dies. Healy wrestles with his decision to send Lolly to Psych A, and decides to return to a mental health facility himself. News of Piper and Alex's reunion spreads around the prison. Pennsatucky unites with Boo. Sophia returns to the prison.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2) Piper returns to prison after Furlough, while Bennett returns after suspension. She lies to Red about the condition of Red's Queens deli. The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband. Daya's pregnancy is revealed. Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father. Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together. Vee attempts to join Red's business in the garden. Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee, so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage. Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her. Healy starts a therapy group, Safe Place.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) Caputo catches Mendez having sex with Daya. To avoid a rape investigation, Mendez is put on unpaid leave. Daya tells Bennett about her plot, but Bennett is displeased that she framed Mendez. Mendez believes that Daya loves him, and he tells Bennett about Red's smuggling operation, after which Bennett informs Caputo. Claudette's appeal is denied, and she attacks Fischer, resulting in her being sent to maximum security. Unable to adjust to life outside, Taystee commits a crime and returns to prison. Cal gets engaged via text message. Red mediates between Healy and his mail-order bride. Yoga Jones tells Watson how she accidentally killed an eight-year-old child. A journalist following up on Larry's interview asks the deputy warden about spending cuts at Litchfield, despite an increase in the prison's funding. Piper and Alex argue, and Piper admits, \"I am an emotionally manipulative narcissist who bailed on you when your mother died.\" Alex admits she ratted on Piper for dumping her, and lied to Piper because she wanted her to like her. Alex gives Piper a choice: nest with Larry or travel with her and be prepared for anything. Larry asks Piper to marry him immediately. Pennsatucky broods after being \"beaten\" by Piper, but her lawyer encourages Pennsatucky to witness to Piper. Piper \"prays to Mr. Christ\" for forgiveness, but she flatly refuses to be baptized. Pennsatucky sees this refusal as another instance of being \"disrespected\" and announces her plans to murder Piper.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters She is one of the few black inmates not to fall for Vee's charms, and begins a long campaign to fight her throughout the season. Vee's numerous efforts to force her to back down, including gentle coaxing, threats and even a violent beating from Suzanne are unsuccessful. Eventually, Poussey causes irreparable damage to Vee's tobacco business by smashing up an entire batch of tobacco and pouring bleach on it, and Vee, realizing that no amount of intimidation will stop her, and killing her would be an overreaction, decides to remove her reason for fighting her by ejecting Taystee from the gang. The two later make up after a physical fight in the library, and work together to turn the other black inmates against Vee. In the third season, she has become obsessed with trying to discover who was stealing her moonshine and starts to set traps to catch what she believed was a squirrel stealing it. Feeling depressed, lonely and in need of a girlfriend, she joins Norma's \"cult,\" although she later ends up leaving when she becomes unsatisfied with them. While in the library to help herself to some of her hooch, she discovers Brook passed out from a drug overdose. Realizing that Brook will be taken to psych if the truth is known, she takes the foils and gets Taystee and Suzanne instead of the CO's. On Taystee's recommendation, they induce vomiting to purge the medication and try to keep Brook from falling asleep at breakfast the next morning. Once Brook has recovered, the African American gang welcomes her into their circle of friends. Poussey later confronts Norma's cult for the way they treated Brook, and threatens Leanne.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Susan Fischer (played by Lauren Lapkus) â€“ A rookie prison guard, Fischer used to bag groceries at a shop that Piper frequented in college, and recalls how Piper used to be a difficult customer. However, she is friendly toward Piper, informing her that she does not think any less of her for being in prison, since the only difference between them is that Fischer didn't get caught making mistakes. Piper appreciates her kind words and convinces her to suggest the reopening of the prison track. She displays a perpetually naive and cheerful demeanor, which endears some (especially Caputo) and irritates others. She struggles to come across as authoritative and strict, and her attempts to appear tough do not appear to intimidate any of the inmates in the slightest, on occasion, they even admonish Susan in return. Caputo seems to have a romantic interest in her, but it is revealed in the first-season finale that Susan has a boyfriend. In the second season, Nicky, while having a competition with Boo, begins hitting on her. Susan is initially oblivious, believing Nicky is just being friendly, until she makes her move and directly offers to have sex with her. Caught completely by surprise, she angrily brushes her off. Caputo, meanwhile, tries repeatedly to impress her with things like his hobby of playing in a band, but when he realizes she will never return his feelings, he gives up, and when Susan lashes out at him for enforcing Figueroa's harsh measures, he fires her in frustration. Before she leaves, she finds Nicky smoking in the chapel, but declines to admonish her since she was already fired. Seeing she is upset, Nicky offers her sympathy, and she jokes that she did consider her suggestion to have sex, before ultimately deciding against it. Nicky, in turn, advises her that getting fired may be the best thing that happened to her, since being a prison guard did not suit her. The two part on good terms.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Sister Jane Ingalls (played by Beth Fowler and Aubrey Sinn in flashbacks) – She is a former nun who is in prison for chaining herself in place at a nuclear facility during a protest, and she helps with services in the prison chapel. When Sophia finds out she is getting hormone pills, she tries to cozy up to her to obtain some. Instead, she tries to convince Sophia to reconnect with her son. In line with her faith, Jane accepts Sophia as a close friend and strongly disliked Tiffany's religious fundamentalism during the first season. She is shown to be rather modernistic and \"hip\" in her faith and views, and can be very blunt and angry when she needs to be. The second season reveals her past as a nun who first became an activist during the Vietnam War, but seemed more interested in her fame than doing genuine good works. It is revealed that she was dismissed from her order by the Catholic Church for her actions, but that she has neglected to tell any of the other inmates. After joining Brook's hunger strike, Jane gets carried away and takes over, cutting out Leanne and Angie, before being hospitalized. After the incident, a number of nuns gather at the prison and stage a sit-in while Caputo tries desperately to negotiate with Jane. She only relents after reaching an agreement with Red in the prison hospital—she would eat, but only if Red told the truth about the attack against her. In the third season, she is one of the inmates that pretends to be Jewish in an effort to gain Kosher meals and was able to convince a rabbi who was screening the \"Jewish\" women for possible fakers that she was really Jewish, since her Christian teaching gave her enough knowledge of the Jewish faith to be able to persuade him. During the fourth season, she devises a plan to get sent to the SHU in order to use a smuggled cell phone to take a picture of Sophia and smuggle it to the outside, eventually slapping Gloria in the cafeteria in front of a guard. On her way to the shower, the phone fell out of her vagina and Caputo reprimands her for possessing it, but then Caputo himself takes the picture and smuggles it out of the prison, resulting in Sophia's release from the SHU. In season 5, when Sophia attempts to visit her by getting herself sent to max, it is revealed that Ingalls has been released on compassionate grounds.", "Orange Is the New Black On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[25] For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[26] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular.[27] On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon.[28] For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley.[29] Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season.[30][31][32] The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third-season premiere.[33][34] For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season's sixth episode.[35] On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season.[4]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Larry Bloom (played by Jason Biggs) – Larry is a Jewish freelance writer trying to establish a journalism career, and Piper's anxious and selfish fiancé. He is blindsided at the beginning of the series when his then girlfriend Piper reveals to him her former life as a lesbian who smuggled cash for a drug cartel 10 years ago. Larry is initially vocally supportive of Piper, and proposes marriage to her before she goes inside. As the series progresses, he begins to lose interest toward her, becoming angry when he learns that Piper's former lover is in the same prison and that she didn't tell him about it. Later on, he begins writing a newspaper article titled \"One Sentence, Two Prisoners\" about the experience of having a fiancée in prison. This article is published in The New York Times and allows him to move up in the journalistic world. He is close to his parents, who are strongly opposed to his marriage plans. After a conversation with Alex, Larry's controlled anxiety gets the better of him, and he breaks off his engagement with Piper. During the second season, he begins an affair with Piper's best friend Polly after becoming a more supportive partner than her husband, who was frequently gone for trips. Shortly after this, Larry and Polly reveal the affair to Piper and asked for her blessing in their relationship. At the end of the second season, Piper asks Larry and Polly to arrange for Alex to be thrown back in prison for violating her probation. Although Larry expresses doubts, Piper is able to appeal to Polly who agrees to help. While he didn't appear in the third or fourth seasons, he appeared in a flashback during the fifth season, which reveals he has a tattoo of the Kool-Aid Man on his butt. When Piper mentions him to other inmates during the riot, one of them notes she's never heard his name and has no idea who he is.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) While relaxing in the exercise yard, Piper sees a chicken. When she mentions it in passing, Red recounts her dream of cooking a proper chicken and offers a gift to the person who catches the chicken. Larry discovers that Alex gave Piper's name to the Feds. To keep Piper focused on life beyond prison, Larry lies to her. Polly arranges for Piper to take a business call, but Piper skips it to chase the chicken. Morello ends her relationship with Nicky. Sophia asks Sister Ingalls for estrogen pills, but she refuses. The overloaded chapel ceiling collapses from a heavy cross Pennsatucky tries to hang. The prisoners work to clean up and repair the damage. Miss Claudette starts researching her legal appeal. Bennett and Daya pass notes to each other. Aleida advises her daughter to date another guard who can do her favors.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Patricia \"Tricia\" Miller (played by Madeline Brewer) – An inmate who grew up on the streets and one of the youngest inmates. She is a drug addict and lesbian who sports a tattoo on her throat and cornrows. While outside prison, Tricia showed kleptomaniac tendencies, often taking things that she promised herself she would later pay for, reasoning she would not be a thief if she did so. She kept a list of all the things she ever stole with the intention of settling all her debts when she had the money. She is caught by Miss Claudette attempting to plant drugs in her girlfriend Mercy's bunk so she would get more time, but ultimately backs down and lets her girlfriend get released. She asks Piper to help her in writing her letter of appeal so that she can get out faster and be with Mercy, although she has not been able to contact her. Tricia gets drugs from the prison guard Mendez in exchange for sexual favors. When he is late with his deliveries, she goes into drug withdrawal and is taken to the SHU. Due to Red's intolerance for drugs and it being her \"second offense\", Tricia is ejected from Red's \"family\". Red later admits that she had only intended Tricia's ejection to be temporary, and to force her to learn her lesson. Mendez tries to blackmail her into selling drugs for him again, though she tells him she wants to be clean again. Later, Mendez notices that she is in a drugged out state, and realizing that she has helped herself to some of his stash, and that this might reveal the presence of drugs in the prison, he quickly hides her in an empty broom cupboard. After discovering she was specifically requested for a Scared Straight visit with delinquent kids, he returns to get her, and discovers that she is dead, revealing that she had in fact taken the entire bag — most likely in a final act of sacrifice to protect Red and her family. In a panic, he manipulates the situation to make it look like a suicide by hanging. A grieving Red blames herself for driving Tricia away. The truth of her death is never discovered by the administration, although Nicky quickly deduces what happened and tells Red.", "Miss Rosa Vee approaches Miss Rosa claiming to remember her and tries to recruit her. But she is not interested and tells Vee that she is a rude woman.[12] Vee and Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren (Uzo Aduba) later force Rosa to move out of the canteen and ruin her meal.[2] Morello becomes concerned for Rosa during a hurricane which leaves Litchfield without power.[13] Miss Rosa attends a hospital appointment and is told she only has weeks to live. The prison guard seems unfazed that she will die in prison. When a prison lockdown occurs Morello uses the opportunity to help Miss Rosa escape. She takes the offer and escapes from prison and on the way spots Vee. Recalling how Vee had treated her, Miss Rosa deliberately runs Vee down and kills her.[14] After Miss Rosa's escape, conversation by a guard reveals that she \"(drove their) outdated crap into a quarry\".[15][16] Her former bunk becomes a shrine after her death by suicide.[15]", "Yael Stone Stone moved to New York permanently in December 2011 and co-founded an experimental theatre company.[5] After four months in New York, she was cast in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black, a show set in a women's prison.[6] Stone plays Lorna Morello, a prisoner from New Jersey; her accent, a mixture of Brooklyn and Boston,[8] was called \"the most amazing accent on television\" by a journalist for The New Republic,[9] while another reviewer deemed the role to be Stone's \"breakout turn\".[10] She reprised her role in the show's second season,[11] and was billed as a series regular in the third season.[12]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2) On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[1] Jenji Kohan stated that the story for the second season would focus less on Piper Chapman and more in the cast as a whole. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[2] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts.[3] In July, it was announced that Lorraine Toussaint had joined the cast in a recurring role.[4] Toussaint said of the role: \"Jenji has written one of the more complex characters I've ever played, and probably one of the more difficult characters I've played. I think it'll be interesting seeing how this character is received, because Jenji has written a character that plays and enjoys the game, and is incredibly engaging and draws people into her, into the big game and has, I have a great deal of fun.\" It was revealed that Lori Petty would have a guest role.[5] In February 2014, Netflix revealed that the season was to be released on June 6, 2014.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Nicky Nichols (played by Natasha Lyonne) â€“ A former drug addict, now Red's most trusted assistant, Nicky is witty and acerbic, with a loud mouth. She swiftly befriends both Piper and Alex, expressing curiosity about what happened between the two of them outside of prison. She is estranged from her mother, a wealthy but extraordinarily selfish socialite who now lives in Brazil. When she was a child, Nicky was raised by a nanny and lived in a separate house from her mother. This estrangement was what initially led to Nicky's drug addiction. Upon arriving in prison, Red had helped her through her worst bouts of cold turkey. For this reason, Nicky has disowned her mother, and now looks up to Red as a mother figure, to the point where she openly calls her \"mom\" in the presence of other inmates, and Red in turn openly treats her as if she were her daughter. Nicky was involved in a friends-with-benefits relationship with Lorna until Lorna broke it off, which Nicky is bitter about for some time, but she later develops a brief interest in Alex. Nevertheless, Nicky continues to make numerous attempts to get back together with Lorna throughout the series, suggesting that her feelings for her may be romantic. Nicky has a scar on her chest from having heart surgery as a complication of a bacterial infection in her heart, which came from using a dirty needle. Having been clean for two years, Nicky uses sex with the other inmates as a coping mechanism, becoming something of a nymphomaniac in the process. During the second season, Nicky stages a sex-based point scoring competition with Big Boo, during which Nicky even makes advances on Officer Fischer. She gets revenge on Vee for Red's slocking by stealing her stash of heroin, causing her to again face her addiction. In the third season, she attempts to get the stolen heroin out of the prison. She decides to work with Luschek so he could sell it on the outside and split the profits with her. During a surprise inspection, drugs are discovered under Luschek's desk and he blames her for it, causing her to get sent to max. On her way out, she exchanges brief goodbyes with Lorna and Red, and as the prison van pulls up at the facility, Nicky expresses her satisfaction to Tiffany that she will never be able to hurt them or anyone she cares about again, lamenting that, even after kicking her drug addiction, she may never lose her self-destructive tendencies. In Season 4, Nicky is surviving in Max, and celebrates three years sobriety. She is initially shown ending a fling with Stella Carlin after discovering that she is using drugs again, but shortly after, falls off the wagon and starts using them herself. She has also been sending Luschek hate mail, and angrily castigates him when he comes to visit her, attempting to apologise. Eventually, with the help of Judy King, Luschek secures her return to the regular prison, and she has an emotional reunion with Red and Lorna. However, as a result of her relapse, she begins to steal from Red to purchase drugs from the various dealers across the prison, and at the same time makes numerous failed attempts to convince Lorna to restart their relationship. When Red confronts her and breaks down in tears at watching her adoptive daughter destroy herself, as happened with Tricia, Nicky reluctantly agrees to clean herself up again. Unbeknownst to her, Red uses her influence to get all of the prison drug dealers to cut Nicky off, while Pennsatucky provides her with emotional support. She concludes the season clean, however admits to Lorna that she is unhappy and a 'junkie addict liar'.", "Laverne Cox In 2013, Cox began her recurring role in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black as Sophia Burset, a trans woman sent to prison for credit-card fraud. In that year, she stated, \"Sophia is written as a multi-dimensional character who the audience can really empathize withâ€”all of the sudden they're empathizing with a real Trans person. And for Trans folks out there, who need to see representations of people who are like them and of their experiences, that's when it becomes really important.\"[31] Cox's role in Orange Is the New Black provides her a platform to speak on the rights of trans people.", "Julianne Hough Hough attracted controversy in October 2013 when she donned blackface as part of a Halloween costume depicting Uzo Aduba's character Suzanne \"Crazy Eyes\" Warren from the Netflix comedy-drama Orange Is the New Black.[57][58] Hough later apologized, stating on Twitter: \"I realize my costume hurt and offended people and I truly apologize.\"[59]", "Lorna Morello Kimberly Potts from Yahoo! TV placed Morello's backstory at number one on her list of the ten best backstories.[31] Potts dubbed Morello's story as \"more shocking, more devastating, more brilliantly written and acted than nearly anything that didn't involve the wonderful Uzo Aduba in Season 2.\"[31] Potts was saddened that \"sweet and friendly\" Morello was so disturbed that she might not get the happy ending she wants.[31] However, Vogue's John Powers disliked Morello's backstory, saying she had to \"labor mightily to overcome the clichÃ© tale of her wacko romanticism, which felt so much richer when you only imagined it.\"[32] In June 2015, Kevin Fallon from The Daily Beast said Morello had become a \"fan favorite\" and praised her upbeat and happy disposition, saying she was \"a sunny breath of fresh air\".[33]", "Nicky Nichols Lyonne feels that she can relate closely to Nichols' storyline as she has had experience of drug addiction. She says, \"believe me, there's no shortage of things for me to draw on when it comes to Nicky's backstory\".[2] The scar that is visible on Nichols' chest during the series is a real scar from Lyonne's heart surgery in 2012.[3] Orange Is the New Black is Lyonne's first time as a series regular.[4]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 3) Caputo agrees to help the guards unite against their heartless corporate overlords, while he sleeps with Figueroa. Due to a computer error, Leanne's sidekick Angie is mistakenly released. Caputo later recaptures her at the bus station. Big Boo learns of Coates' abuse of Pennsatucky and vows to help her get revenge. After injuring Mendoza, Sophia becomes a pariah and her salon empties. Suzanne's manuscript lands on the staff's radar, leading to its confiscation, and counselor Rogers is unfairly put on leave over the scandal. Suzanne appears relieved to be done with the project and apologizes to Poussey for attacking her under Vee's tenure. After Soso confronts Norma for letting her group bully her, Leanne cuts off Soso's hair while she sleeps. Flaca encourages Piper's girls to stop wearing the panties until they get paid real money. Piper agrees to set up a payment plan using cash cards, but then fires Flaca for instigating the uprising. Repulsed by seeing this side of Piper, Alex quits both the business and their relationship.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters In flashbacks, it is shown that, as a teenager, her parents — particularly her mother — had strongly disapproved of her tomboyish dress sense and appearance and attempted to force her to be more feminine. By the time she was forty, she had adopted a \"butch\" self-image which she protected militantly, but at the same time struggled to contain her inner anger and rage at the world brought on by these experiences, and she had become completely estranged from her parents. At one point, in a conversation with Tiffany, she expresses the view that one should not allow one's beliefs to destroy relationships, as she herself holds deep regret and guilt for having never made peace with, or even attempting to say goodbye to her mother before she died. Later in the series, she attempts to console Tiffany after discovering that she was raped by Coates. She comes up with a plan to get revenge by anally raping him with a broomstick but Tiffany is unable to go through with it. She later witnesses Piper framing Stella as revenge for stealing the money from the used panty business and cannot help but be impressed by her ruthless action.", "Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (titled Orange Is the New Black: My Time in a Women's Prison in some editions) is a 2010 memoir by Piper Kerman, which tells the story of her money laundering and drug trafficking conviction and subsequent year spent in a federal women's prison.[1]", "Lorna Morello Morello was a recurring character for the first and second seasons of Orange Is the New Black.[19] In March 2014, series creator Jenji Kohan said Morello's backstory would be revealed in the second season.[20] While Stone commented there would be some \"pretty hard hitting truths coming out\" and that she was amazed at what happens to her character.[21] The episode, titled \"A Whole Other Hole\", revealed that Morello's often mentioned fiancé, Christopher MacLaren (Stephen O'Reilly), was not actually her fiancé and she had been incarcerated for stalking and terrorizing him.[15] Stone learned the truth about Morello's backstory the day she got the script for the episode. Prior to that, she had imagined her own version of Morello's history, believing that she might have committed an assault or been charged for the mail fraud.[18][22] Stone pointed out that there had been some hints that Morello was not telling the truth during previous episodes, including Nicky mentioning that Christopher had not been to visit and Morello's sister, Francine (Kristen Sieh), calling her to say that Christopher was getting married.[15]", "Piper Chapman A Boston-bred Smith College grad, Piper Kerman got involved in a relationship with an international drug smuggler, Catherine Cleary Wolters.[2][1] Chapman's girlfriend in the series, Alex Vause, is based on Wolters, whom Kerman met circa 1991 in Northampton, Massachusetts.[2] Eventually, 24-year-old Kerman flew a suitcase of money from the United States to Belgium for a West African drug lord and was named five years later as part of the drug ring.[1] As part of her plea bargain, she declared that she made three overseas trips on behalf of the drug ring.[3] After breaking up with Wolters, Kerman met Larry Smith and got engaged before being charged by the feds in 1998 and striking a deal. She spent 13 months in a Danbury, Connecticut women's prison, FCI Danbury.[2] Kerman actually had a six-year delay between being sentenced to prison and entering prison in 2004. The show is based on Kerman's 2010 book Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison about her year in a minimum security federal women's prison.[1] Chapman's fiance, Larry Bloom, is based on Smith, Kerman's real life boyfriend and eventual husband.[4]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters During the fourth season, her relationship with Brook becomes romantic and she becomes excited at the prospect of meeting Judy King, the cooking show host that was sent to Litchfield for tax fraud she was a big fan of. After several awkward moments between her and Judy, she finally sits down with her in the cafeteria due to Brook arranging a meeting with her, only to discover that, in describing her to Judy, Brook had made numerous racist assumptions about her, which demonstrates how little they actually know about each other. Eventually, she accepts Brook's apology, and the two begin anew, and before too long, it becomes clear that they have fallen in love. She later finds herself helping Judy after her friends were angry about a racist puppet show that Judy filmed in the 80s, that ended up being leaked on YouTube. Judy later offers Poussey a job once she gets out of prison, ensuring she will have something to look forward to. During a protest in the cafeteria, Poussey is caught in a scuffle with Officer Bayley, who tries to restrain her while fighting off an erratic Suzanne by pressing her into the ground and putting his knee over her. Unable to breathe in this position, Poussey dies of asphyxiation, shocking the other inmates and leaving Bayley traumatized. Due to MCC trying to remove liability from the company for her death, they ordered Caputo not to call the police until they could find a way to make Poussey look like she was at fault, before deciding to switch blame to Bayley and portray him as a rogue guard when they had difficulty conjuring up such an image of her, as she came from a respectable family, her charge was for a non-violent offense, and she was a model inmate. As a result, her body stays in the cafeteria overnight and is not removed until the following afternoon.[6]", "Orange Is the New Black In prison, Piper is reunited with Alex (who named Piper in her trial, resulting in Piper's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates' and prison guards' pasts. These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character's backstory.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters In the second season, she is flown to Chicago to testify at the trial of Alex's former boss, Kubra Balik. After perjuring herself at the recommendation of Alex, Piper is returned to Litchfield to serve the remainder of her sentence while Alex is released on early parole for her testimony. After learning her grandmother is dying, Healy assists her in getting furlough to visit her, and then to attend the funeral, which aggravates some of the other inmates. She is also commissioned by a journalist and friend of Larry's to secretly investigate the prison's books, and later collaborates with Caputo to expose Figueroa's corruption, preventing Piper from being transferred to a prison in Virginia. She ends up breaking up with Larry, and after discovering that him and her friend Polly are having an affair, she asks them to report Alex to her probation officer. In the third season, Piper admits to Alex that she was the one that alerted her probation officer that she violated her parole, causing her to be sent back to prison. Piper ends up getting selected for a new work detail creating underwear for Whispers, a lingerie company. After being rebuffed on her attempt to show the company that they were wasting fabric and could make an extra pair of underwear with each sheet, she uses the extra fabric to start a used panty business with her brother Cal, recruits some of the other inmates to wear the panties, and uses Officer Bayley to smuggle the panties out of the prison. At first, she pays the women wearing the panties with ramen noodle seasoning packets, but is forced to give them money after Flaca threatens to cause a strike. However, as her business begins to succeed, she becomes darker and more ruthless, firing Flaca in retaliation for her instigation of the strike. This change in Piper's personality, as well as Alex's paranoia leads to the end of their relationship, and Piper starts a relationship with new inmate Stella Carlin and allowed her to tattoo the words \"Trust No Bitch\" on her arm. At the end of the third season, Piper discovers that Stella stole her money from her panty business to use as a financial cushion on the outside due to her pending release. Piper at first pretends to forgive her and allows her to keep the money, but later plants several contraband items (including a shiv and some marijuana) in her area and arranges for them to be discovered, causing Stella to be moved to maximum security, while facing an extended sentence. She uses this incident as a warning to the other inmates that may try to cross her.", "Danielle Brooks After graduating from Juilliard, Brooks won roles in two theater productions: the Shakespeare Theatre Company's Servant of Two Masters, and Blacken the Bubble. She left both productions in 2013 to join the cast of the Netflix-produced television series Orange Is the New Black, a show about a women's prison based on Piper Kerman's memoir of the same name, as Tasha \"Taystee\" Jefferson.[4] Her character Taystee was originally intended to be featured in the show for only two episodes, but ended up being written into the rest of the first season and then into the seasons that followed.[4] Taystee's on-screen best friend Poussey is played by Samira Wiley, with whom Brooks has been friends since they met while studying together at Juilliard.[5] Brooks' performance in Orange Is the New Black has been praised by critics,[6] with one writer from The Daily Beast calling her \"the breakout actress of the show and one of the most refreshing and exciting new talents of 2013.\"[2] Brooks was upgraded from a recurring cast member to a series regular for the show's second season.[7]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama series created by Jenji Kohan that airs on Netflix. It is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, about her experiences in a women's prison.[1] The series' protagonist is Piper Chapman, a woman sentenced to 15 months in a woman's federal prison for her part in a drug smuggling operation ten years before the start of the first season. It follows Piper's experiences in and out of prison along with the experiences of a diverse ensemble.[2]", "Alex Vause Vause is introduced in the first episode through flashbacks; she and Chapman were both involved in crimes involving drug money. At the end of the first episode, the audience sees that Vause and Chapman are both serving their sentences in the same prison, Litchfield Penitentiary.[15] The two begin a romantic and sexual relationship in episode six; they are also both involved in a dispute with another inmate, Tiffany \"Pennsatucky\" Doggett (Taryn Manning), who locks Vause in a dryer and then attempts to kill Chapman in the season finale. Vause was raised solely by her mother and, in the ninth episode 'Fucksgiving', Vause's father is seen to be an influence on her being involved in the drug cartel.[16] When Chapman realises that Vause was the one who told authorities about her illegal drug activities, they break off their relationship. Vause then becomes sexually involved with another inmate, Nicky Nichols (Natasha Lyonne).[16][17][18]", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Alex Vause (played by Laura Prepon) â€“ Alex is a former drug smuggler for an unspecified international drug cartel. Years prior to the beginning of the series, she took a sexual interest in Piper after meeting her in a bar, and gradually integrated her into the drug trade while they traveled the world living in luxury. Alex once convinced Piper to smuggle cash through customs at an airport in Europe, the crime for which Piper is doing time. Alex specifically named Piper during her testimony, which is what led to Piper's later arrest. After Piper broke up with her, Alex began using heroin, but cleaned up in prison. She states during an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting that being in prison is her \"rock bottom\" experience. Alex's mother had worked four jobs, and her father was a washed-up rock star. Alex tracked down her father and struck up a friendship with his drug dealer who subsequently became her industry contact in a drug cartel. Alex is not particularly broken up about being in prison, since she at least managed to free herself of her drug addiction. She admits to Piper and Nicky that she isn't sure what she'll do with her life when she gets out, as her only life skill is \"moving massive amounts of heroin.\" She appears to have moments of depression, telling Nicky that she can no longer \"get past the swirling darkness in her brain long enough to land on anything,\" and mentioning to Piper that upon entering prison, she was on anti-depressants, which she now trades for black eyeliner.", "Nicky Nichols Nichols is first seen in the first episode.[5] She becomes friends with the series' protagonist Piper Chapman (played by Taylor Schilling) within the first few episodes. Nichols had a sexual relationship with Lorna Morello which ended in the fifth episode because Morello said that she wanted to remain loyal to her fiancÃ© and complained that Nichols was \"making her feel like a cave\".[6] Galina \"Red\" Reznikov (played by Kate Mulgrew) is a close friend and 'mother figure' to Nichols, however, the two have a disagreement when Red cuts off fellow inmate Tricia Miller (played by Madeline Brewer) and allows her to be sent to solitary confinement.[7] Nichols retaliates against Red by reporting to a correctional officer exactly how Red manages to smuggle contraband into the prison.[8] In the final episode of the season, Nichols is seen to be seducing Alex Vause (played by Laura Prepon), who is a love interest of Chapman.[9]", "Orange Is the New Black In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs with Kohan as creator.[11] In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit.[12] Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, in the lead role as Piper Chapman,[13] followed by Jason Biggs as Piper's fiancÃ© Larry Bloom.[14]", "Laverne Cox Laverne Cox was born in Mobile, Alabama, and was raised by a single mother and grandmother within the AME Zion church.[14] She has an identical twin brother, M Lamar, who portrays the pre-transitioning Sophia (as Marcus) in Orange Is the New Black.[15][16][17] Cox stated she attempted suicide at the age of 11, when she noticed that she had developed feelings about her male classmates and had been bullied for several years for not acting \"the way someone assigned male at birth was supposed to act\".[14][18][19]", "Piper Chapman Chapman is a 31-year-old White Anglo-Saxon Protestant who is sentenced to 15 months in prison for carrying a bag of drug-money ($50,000) to Belgium for her girlfriend, Alex Vause.[6] Prior to prison, Chapman owned an artisanal bath soap business in Brooklyn. She comes from a wealthy family, and was a debutante as a teenager.[7] She is originally from Connecticut. Chapman is bisexual, and in college was in a relationship with Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), a drug smuggler. 10 years prior to the series' beginning, she carried drug money from Colombia to Belgium with Vause. Eventually, Chapman grew disenchanted with Vause's lifestyle and broke up with her. She then began dating Larry Bloom (Jason Biggs), to whom she got engaged.", "Crazy Eyes (character) In season five, Suzanne continues to recover from her injuries and also goes out of her way to help Maureen, whose injuries are severe. She continues to believe that Poussey's spirit is trying to talk to her and performs a seance on the spot in the cafeteria where Poussey died. Lorna and Nicky take over the dispensation of meds; Lorna refuses to give Suzanne hers, pressuring her to believe she no longer needs them. As a result, Suzanne's grasp on reality soon spirals out of control, especially when she tears down fiberboard in the dorm ceiling, trying to find \"heaven\". Cindy intervenes but, not knowing the correct prescriptions, feeds Suzanne lithium instead. Suzanne becomes catatonic but is subsequently revived by an epipen.", "Piper Chapman After spending a month in solitary confinement, Chapman is flown to Chicago to serve as a witness against the drug kingpin who had been Vause's boss.[12] There, she spends time in a maximum security prison with dangerous inmates who menace her daily.[13] Also in episode 1, \"Thirsty Bird\", we see Chapman as a young girl (Clare Foley) in a flashback, discovering that her father is cheating on her mother. Vause persuades Chapman to commit perjury in order to keep them safe from the drug lord, but ultimately cuts a deal to testify against her former boss in return for early release; she then leaves Chapman to suffer the consequences of her perjured testimony alone. In episode 3, \"Hugs Can Be Deceiving\", we find out that Crazy Eyes had run outside and knocked Chapman unconscious after she had beaten up Doggett at the end of season 1. In episode 6, \"You Also Have a Pizza\", Chapman starts a prison newsletter, and makes a deal with a reporter to investigate the financial goings on at the prison. She eventually uncovers evidence that assistant warden Natalie Figueroa (Alysia Reiner) has been embezzling from the prison.[12] To keep her quiet, Figueroa arranges for Chapman to be transferred to a facility in Virginia. However, when Chapman gives prison administrator Joe Caputo (Nick Sandow) the evidence implicating Figueroa, he cancels the transfer and gives the warden the incriminating information, resulting in Figueroa's resignation.", "Piper Chapman Piper Elizabeth Chapman is a fictional character (played by Taylor Schilling) and the protagonist of the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. She is based on Piper Kerman, author of the non-fiction book Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, upon which the series is based.[1] Schilling was nominated for awards in both comedy and drama categories for this role.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Lorna Morello (played by Yael Stone) – A hyperfeminine and often racist Italian-American inmate, with a strong accent that inexplicably mixes regional features from both New York City and Boston.[3] Lorna is the first inmate that Piper talks to, since she was in charge of driving the van that transports inmates, and she helps Piper acclimate in her first few days. She had a casual sex relationship with her friend Nicky Nichols, but broke it off due to feelings that she was cheating on her \"fiancé\" Christopher. It is eventually revealed that Christopher was a man whom she had obsessively stalked and threatened at the same time that she was running a mail-order scam, and the reason she was in prison. Lorna also gets caught in the middle of Pornstache and Red's drug-smuggling operations. When she is left alone during a driving errand while Miss Rosa is at a chemotherapy appointment, she drives to Christopher's house and breaks in. While there, she takes a bath wearing his fiancée's wedding veil and falls asleep, waking up just in time to escape before she is seen. Christopher suspects her for the break-in, and later visits the prison to confront and threaten her, finally shattering her obsessive delusions. At the end of the second season, Lorna allows Rosa to steal the van after finding out that she only had a few weeks to live so that she wouldn't die in prison. In the third season, she becomes depressed and lonely after being relieved of her duties as the van driver. To cope, as well as to get extra commissary money, she decides to start writing to multiple men. After visiting with several different men, she starts a relationship with a man named Vince \"Vinny\" Muccio. As the two get closer, Lorna manipulates Vince into gathering some of his friends and beating Christopher up. Eventually, Lorna and Vince get married in the prison's visitor center and they consummate their marriage in the visitor's snack room. In Season 4, Lorna is angered when nobody has any reaction to the news that she is married. It is soon pointed out to her that she actually knows almost nothing about her new husband, and she realizes that it may well be true when she is asked what his favorite color is and cannot answer. She later discovers while talking to Vinny on the phone that he lives with his parents, but is not perturbed. Nevertheless, she begins to annoy and disturb the inmates with her open phone sex conversations, including in the visiting room. She is overjoyed at Nicky's return from max, but declines when Nicky tries to convince her to restart their relationship. In the later part of the season, she begins to suspect that Vinny is cheating on her with her sister, despite her having asked her sister to go and visit him herself, and ends up angrily accusing both of infidelity. Subsequently, when Red pairs her with Nicky to search the grounds in order to keep them busy, she has to fend Nicky off once again, but eventually confesses through tears that she is destroying her relationship and is powerless to stop herself.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Rosa \"Miss Rosa\" Cisneros (played by Barbara Rosenblat and Stephanie Andujar in flashbacks) â€“ An older Latina inmate who has been diagnosed with terminal cancer. In the second-season episode \"Appropriately Sized Pots\", flashbacks reveal that as a young woman, Rosa was part of a ring of professional bank robbers. After making clean getaways from three successive heists, she made the mistake of impulsively robbing a fourth bank at random which ultimately sent her to prison. The flashbacks also reveal that most of the men she's loved died moments after she kissed them when a job has been successful, which has led her to believe she is cursed. Throughout the second season, she routinely goes to the nearby hospital for chemotherapy, and befriends a teenager who is also on chemo. Eventually, she is told that her cancer is aggressive, and she has between three and six weeks left to live. When they return to the prison, they discover the place is on lockdown. As Officer Ford goes to investigate, Lorna decides to give Rosa the opportunity to steal the prison van and escape, urging her not to die in prison. As she drives away, Rosa sees the escaped Vee at the side of the road and runs her over in revenge for having treated her so rudely. In the opening of the third season, a CO reveals that, after running Vee down, Rosa committed suicide by driving into a nearby quarry. She appears in a flashback of Caputo's first day working in the prison and is one of the first inmates that he talks to.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) The flu bug circulates through the prison. Larry's article is printed. While Piper is happy that it was published, she is upset that most of the information is inaccurate. Healy reads the article and begins acting coldly towards Piper upon realizing her history with other girls. Piper and Alex flirt and reminisce while they try to fix a dryer. Pennsatucky locks Alex into the dryer. Polly gives birth. Daya is pregnant. Taystee is granted parole. Tricia goes into drug withdrawal. Over Nicky's objection, Red cuts off Tricia and allows her to go into SHU. Caputo orders Mendez to investigate how the drugs entered the prison. Mendez performs a very intimidating interview of Morello. To retaliate against Red, Nicky tells Mendez that Red uses Neptune's Produce, a vendor affiliated with the Russian bosses from Red's background, to smuggle contraband into the prison.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) Sentenced to 15 months for a crime committed 10 years earlier, Piper Chapman leaves her supportive fiancÃ© Larry for her new home: a women's prison. Her counselor, Sam Healy, empathizes with her and tries to gently give her tips to survive. She grapples with the racial dynamics of prison life and learns some of the rules. Unfortunately, she offends Red, the powerful matriarch of the prison kitchen, who responds by serving Piper a bloody tampon and subsequently starving her. Piper is then shocked to discover that Alex Vause, her former lover (who recruited her into carrying drug money) is in the same prison. Daya Diaz, another inmate, is greeted by her mother, who is also incarcerated, with a slap to the face.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Janae Watson (played by Vicky Jeudy) â€“ A gifted former high school track star who was arrested after she became involved with a criminal boyfriend and was caught robbing a check-cashing establishment. Flashbacks reveal that her downward spiral was mostly her own fault, as her boyfriend's superior, the local gang leader, had made numerous efforts to persuade her to stay out of the criminal life, and to take advantage of her track scholarship, including ejecting her from his parties. She is initially very rude and standoffish toward Piper and has problems with authority, confronting Miss Claudette and the prison guards. Janae is assigned to the tool crib in the electrical shop and loses a screwdriver on her first day. After refusing to be searched by a male prison guard, Janae is sent to the SHU by Caputo. She blames Piper for this since Piper lost the screwdriver that started the whole confrontation. Piper is able to make it up to her later by convincing the prison to reopen the running track so that Janae can run again. After getting out of SHU, Janae takes out her anger on Yoga Jones, who slaps her in the face after a confrontation when Janae mocks her about why she is in prison. However they later talk it out and are able to form a trusting relationship. In the second season, she joins Vee's gang as she gets a cut of the cigarette money. She is sent down to SHU again after being caught with the cigarettes in her bunk. She is visibly affected by her second time in the SHU, and once again her relationship with Yoga Jones becomes strained when she rejects Yoga Jones' compassion. Later, she is convinced by Vee to pin Red's beating on Suzanne, but has a change of heart and attempts to recant her testimony along with Black Cindy. During the third season, she is shown working on the lingerie detail with several of the other inmates. She is the only member of her group to object to allowing Brook to join their group after her suicide attempt. In flashbacks, it is shown that her father was a member of the Nation of Islam, and that she was raised in an observant Muslim household. Upon receiving her track scholarship for college, her father forbade her from running track due to her uniform not being modest enough and going against her Muslim faith. In their subsequent argument, her hint that she would renounce Islam resulted in a slap from her father. She punches Kasey in the face after she overhears her making a disrespectful remark about Poussey when her body is being removed from the prison. At the end of the fourth season, she joins in the riot after Poussey's death.", "Piper Chapman Chapman gets a furlough to go to her grandmother's funeral. At home in New York City, she realizes that Larry has lost interest in her, and soon learns that he has fallen in love with her best friend, Polly Harper (Maria Dizzia). Chapman is furious at first, but eventually agrees to give them her blessing in return for either of them telling Vause's parole officer that Vause is going to break parole, which will land her back in Litchfield prison[14]", "Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison In her review for Slate, Jessica Grose argued that the book is not an examination of women within prison but rather a member of the middle-class-transgression genre, in which women from higher level social classes go into situations which are considered degrading. She said that the book should have included Kerman's insight into her own behavior and \"A bit of this moral ambiguity would have helped Kerman's memoir a whole lot.\"[5] June Thomas, also from Slate, cited Grose's review and stated that, \"Ultimately, though, the book feels like a well-written, readable stage in Kermanâ€™s rehabilitation.\"[6] Thomas stated that the television show had improved on the book by expanding on Kerman's descriptions of real people and turning them into compelling fictional characters.[6]", "Orange Is the New Black Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post, gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: \"In Jenji Kohan's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat.\"[41] Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post, wrote: \"Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I've seen have left me hungry to see more.\"[42]", "Lorna Morello Morello is based on two real-life inmates featured in Piper Kerman's 2010 memoir Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison. Stone did not talk to the writers about the inspiration for Morello, as she did not want to confuse herself during filming.[5] She later learned who inspired her character after speaking with Kerman's husband.[5] Stone said \"when I began the show, I had my ideas about who Morello was, but it was pretty fascinating to really understand these characters, these supporting roles, are made of people and an experience that actually happened.\"[5] During her research for the role, Stone read some first-hand accounts from women inside and spoke with lawyers and judges about their clients.[6]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the \"Federal Department of Corrections,\" a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her then-girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler.", "List of Orange Is the New Black characters Piper Chapman (played by Taylor Schilling) is a woman who was sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary for helping her former girlfriend Alex Vause smuggle drug money in Europe several years before the first episode. The first season shows Piper's journey through the prison system, beginning with her rough first week, during which she accidentally makes several enemies and struggles to adapt to life on the inside, as well as reuniting with Alex. In prison, she acquires several other nicknames throughout the series. \"Crazy Eyes\" calls her \"Dandelion\" because she is tall and blonde, \"Pennsatucky\" refers to her as \"College,\" and Tricia refers to her as \"Brain,\" because she is more educated than most of the inmates. Piper is assigned a bunk with Claudette, who treats her rudely at first, but eventually warms up to her. Piper is assigned to the Women's Advisory Council (WAC), despite not running and asking Healy not to put her on it. She works in the electrical shop at the prison and inadvertently takes a screwdriver from the tool crib and loses it. Her ambiguous sexuality is a source of amusement to her best friend Polly, and of frustration to her fiancÃ© Larry. She is initially considered non-threatening by most of the other inmates. Although she does her best to have empathy and be helpful to others, she is often accused of being profoundly self-obsessed, and she only comes to realize that this might be true after being sent to prison. She becomes enemies with Tiffany after she ridiculed her religious beliefs, and ended up beating her severely after a failed attempt on her life at the end of the first season, knocking out all of her teeth.", "Miss Rosa The show decided to increase Miss Rosa's role during the second season; creating a backstory episode in which she was revealed to be a daring bank robber surrounded by tragedy. Other storylines include forming friendships with Lorna Morello (Yael Stone) and Yusef (Ben Konigsberg), growing animosity with the show's villain Yvonne \"Vee\" Parker (Lorraine Toussaint). The show remained focused on developing Miss Rosa's cancer storyline and her illness progressed to terminal stages. She was used to close the second season finale where she is told she has weeks to live. She escapes Litchfield in a stolen prison van and murders Vee with it. In the first episode of the third season, it is revealed that Miss Rosa commits suicide by driving the van into a quarry.", "Alex Vause Alex Vause is a fictional character played by Laura Prepon on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. The character is loosely based on the real ex-girlfriend of Piper Kerman, author of Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison. Before her arrest, Vause worked for an international drug cartel and was in a relationship with protagonist Piper Chapman, who once transported drug money for her during their travels. Vause is portrayed as the catalyst for Chapman's indictment. She is reunited with her ex-lover in federal prison, nearly a decade after the events that led to their breakup. Her relationship with Chapman is reignited, as they carry out a tumultuous love affair in prison. Vause is noted for her pragmatism, forthrightness, wit and veiled vulnerability. She is a main character in seasons one, three, four and five and a recurring character in season two.", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1) The inmates must campaign among their races for a coveted spot as a prisoners' representative. Piper steers clear of the bizarre political process but might not have a choice but to get involved. Larry's editor wants him to write an article about Piper's incarceration. Former high school track star Janae Watson returns from solitary confinement. Piper wants to reopen the outdoor track but Healy forces her to fulfill several potentially dangerous tasks before he will consider it. Officer Mendez begins harassing Red when she refuses to help him continue smuggling drugs into the prison. Larry publishes his article about Piper in the New York Times, which turns her into a person of interest for inmates and corrections officers alike. Piper makes peace with Alex and awaits a visit from Larry on Thanksgiving.", "Lorna Morello On September 17, 2012, Nellie Andreeva from Deadline Hollywood reported that Australian actress Yael Stone had been cast as a Boston-Italian transport driver in Orange Is the New Black.[2] The character was initially called Rosemarie Perrone.[2] Stone auditioned for the show on August 19, 2012, the day after her wedding to actor Dan Spielman.[3] She originally tried out for the role of Nicky Nichols, but actress Natasha Lyonne was cast instead. Stone was then brought back to try out for Morello.[4] She auditioned with Morello's distinctive accent and she found out she had won the role two days later.[3][4] Stone was initially contracted for one episode, but the producers kept bringing her back.[4]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2) Taystee's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee's previous incarceration. Vee uses Suzanne's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison. Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines. Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison.", "List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Frieda Berlin (played by Dale Soules) - a blunt, curmudgeonly German American woman who is a member of the \"Golden Girls\", (the collective nickname of a group of seniors in the prison who befriend Red in season 2) alongside Irma, Jimmy and Taslitz. When the group threatened Gloria's kitchen staff, Frieda mentions that she is in prison for cutting off her husband's penis, demonstrating her tougher edge over the staff, whose crimes are drug and larceny related. Later, when Red rebuilds the prison greenhouse and garden, Frieda assumes primary authority over it, often having to fend off inmates trying to help themselves to the produce. In the fourth season, after finding Aydin's body in her greenhouse, Frieda advises Alex and Lolly to dispose of it by chopping it up into pieces and hiding it in the soil beneath the garden. Seeing that Lolly is becoming extremely erratic, she later tells Red and Alex that she plans to kill her to prevent her from accidentally exposing them, but is prevented from doing so when Red reminds her that doing so will likely lead to her being returned to max, also revealing that Frieda is a former biker. In Officer Bayley's flashback, Bayley and his friends threw eggs at her while driving by her outdoor work detail near the prison after he was fired from his ice cream job. In season 5, it is revealed that Frieda had a very close relationship with her father, a paranoid survivalist who, during the early years of the Cold War, feared that America's tension with the Soviet Union would ultimately escalate into a full-on war. Because of this, he built an underground bunker near their home and would take her on long camping expeditions, during which he would intentionally abandon her in the middle of the woods to teach her how to find her own way home. The survival and resource gathering skills that he taught her throughout her childhood would later come in useful for her in her prison years. When she opens her hidden bunker to fellow inmates fleeing the riot, it's revealed that she knew staff that were at Litchfield in the 1970s, indicating that she's been incarcerated for several decades.", "Alex Vause Tim Surette of TV.com said that Vause's season one flashbacks fit the character well, and \"instantly gave us a story to be interested in\", as they provided a more rounded view of the character than Chapman's purview allowed.[34] J.M Suarez wrote in PopMatters that the character of Vause is \"fearless and intimidating\" as well as street-smart, contrary to Chapman who is \"sheltered\" and \"often afraid and deferential\", and it is \"in highlighting these differences in prison, that their eventual backstories have even more impact.\"[35] Greco Patti of Vulture complimented Prepon’s \"nuanced\" portrayal, and noted that, notwithstanding Vause’s illicit occupation and her role in Chapman’s imprisonment, she is a woman who \"came from nothing, who loved and lost, and who maybe got used\", and she seems more loyal and genuine in her love for Chapman.[36] The A.V. Club's Myles McNutt considered Vause's relationship with her crimes to be \"complicated\"; he appreciates when the show does not filter character development solely through Chapman, deeming it \"productive\" when Vause had \"a chance to open up to Nicky [Nichols]”.[37] McNutt also said that Vause’s conflict with Doggett, who saw her as \"coming from privilege\", is meaningful for Vause as it is a trigger for her \"past struggles with class hierarchies\". According to McNutt, Vause’s despondency regarding her absent father \"could either gain [her] new perspective and put her life on the right track or [she could] try to fill the absence as quickly as possible\", the latter of which she chose.[38] Mahn deliberated that, growing up poor, a free ride wasn’t a possibility in Vause's world. Vause \"left her scruples at the door\" when she built her worldly life on an alliance through her father’s drug dealer, Mahn assessed. \"She worked hard, gambled big, and lost everything\".[33] Autostraddle posited that Vause hates and fears vulnerability, and the scene where she is locked in a dryer and pleads Chapman to stay echoes the past, when Vause pleaded with Chapman before Chapman left following news of Vause's mother's death. Additionally, Vause is a complicated character for the writer, primarily because she found her sexual threat to Doggett \"troubling\", while seeing Vause as a young girl \"who would do anything for the life she was cheated out of\" was something with which she empathized.[39]", "Lorna Morello Lorna Morello Muccio is a fictional character from the Netflix dramedy series Orange Is the New Black, played by Yael Stone. Stone was initially contracted for one episode, but the producers kept bringing her back. Morello is based on two real-life inmates featured in Piper Kerman's 2010 novel Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison. Morello is Italian-American, and is portrayed as being a positive, bold, opinionated person and \"a hopeless romantic\". She has a distinctive accent, which is a mix of Brooklyn and Boston. Morello made her first screen appearance during the season one premiere episode \"I Wasn't Ready\"." ]	[ "Crazy Eyes (character) In episode 3, \"Hugs Can Be Deceiving\", Suzanne's backstory is revealed via a flashback. She was adopted by white parents and raised in the suburbs, but her mental instability alienated her classmates and their parents alike. Her adoptive mother pushed her to excel at everything she did to prove that she was as good as everyone else; ironically, the constant pressure only made Suzanne's psychological problems worse. In the same episode, it is revealed that Suzanne had run outside and knocked Chapman unconscious after Chapman had beaten Tiffany \"Pennsatucky\" Doggett (Taryn Manning) unconscious at the end of season 1.[17]" ]
test1757	what kind of guns are allowed in switzerland	[ "doc61895" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc61895", "doc61894", "doc61893", "doc61920", "doc61913", "doc61925", "doc61919", "doc61897", "doc31141", "doc61898", "doc323061", "doc61901", "doc31143", "doc61902", "doc61896", "doc61904", "doc323062", "doc61933", "doc61929", "doc61924", "doc61911", "doc61918", "doc61903", "doc61926", "doc61912", "doc61908", "doc437972", "doc61907", "doc61917", "doc61915", "doc61931", "doc61899", "doc61928", "doc322999", "doc61914", "doc323097", "doc61916", "doc323027", "doc61927", "doc323094", "doc323104", "doc61923", "doc31142", "doc61900", "doc1900606", "doc61909", "doc61930", "doc61932", "doc61905", "doc323111", "doc2319388", "doc323059", "doc61922", "doc61921", "doc633445", "doc1488704", "doc2623516", "doc323123", "doc323030", "doc323010", "doc323073", "doc323065", "doc322988", "doc322991", "doc2319400", "doc437968", "doc322995", "doc1488703", "doc323075", "doc323082", "doc1127769", "doc361667", "doc40140", "doc323086", "doc2319414", "doc323077", "doc226336", "doc323063", "doc323116", "doc323079", "doc2246436", "doc323102", "doc1900619", "doc323008", "doc633446", "doc806025", "doc793742", "doc1111631", "doc1501495", "doc323114", "doc323072", "doc323078", "doc323112", "doc633505", "doc31138", "doc1127774", "doc2603297", "doc1209746", "doc323076", "doc323034" ]	[ "Gun laws in Switzerland The legislation is considered liberal[4] and allows the free purchase of semi-automatic, but not fully automatic, firearms by Swiss citizens and foreigners with permanent residence.[note 2][3]", "Gun laws in Switzerland The applicable federal legislations are SR 514.54 Federal Law on Weapons, Weapon Equipment and Ammunition (German: Waffengesetz, WG, French: Loi sur les armes, LArm, Italian: Legge sulle armi, LArm) of 20 June 1997 (current edition of 1. July 2016, revised 01.01.1999),[2] and SR 514.541 Ordinance on Weapons, Armament Accessories and Ammunition (German: Waffenverordnung, WV, French: Ordonnance sur les armes, OArm, Italian: Ordinanza sulle armi, OArm) of 2 July 2008 (current edition of 1. July 2016, revised 12.12.2008).[3] The Weapons Law recognises a qualified \"right to acquire, possess and carry arms\".[note 1][2]", "Gun laws in Switzerland Firearms legislation in Switzerland comes from a long tradition of shooting (tirs) as a formative element of national identity in the post-Napoleonic Restoration of the Confederacy,[1] and the long-standing practice of a militia organization of the Swiss Army in which soldiers' service rifles are stored privately at home. In addition to this, many cantons (notably the alpine cantons of Grisons and Valais) have strong traditions of hunting, accounting for a large but unknown number of privately held hunting rifles.", "Gun laws in Switzerland The Directive also includes an exemption covering a specific Swiss issue â€“ it allows possession to a target shooter of one firearm used during the mandatory military period after leaving the army, provided it was converted to semi-automatic only (art. 6(6) of the Amendment Directive).[16] This part of the Directive specifically was however challenged by the Czech Republic in front of the European Court of Justice due to its discriminatory nature. The Czech Republic seeks nullification of the \"Swiss exemption\" as well as of other parts of the Directive.[17]", "Gun laws in Switzerland To carry a firearm in public or outdoors (and for a militia member to carry a firearm other than his issued weapons while off-duty), a person must have a gun carrying permit (German: Waffentragbewilligung, French: permis de port d'armes, Italian: permesso di porto di armi; art. 27 WG/LArm), which in most cases is issued only to private citizens working in occupations such as security.[2] It is, however, quite common to see a person in military service to be en route with his rifle, albeit unloaded.[10] The issue of such exceptional permits are extremely selective.[clarification needed]", "Gun laws in Switzerland When their period of service has ended, militia men have the choice of keeping their personal weapon and other selected items of their equipment. However, keeping the weapon after end of service requires a weapon acquisition permit (art. 11-15 VPAA/OEPM).[10]", "Gun laws in Switzerland A 2017 amendment to the EU Firearms Directive, known as the \"EU Gun Ban\",[12][13][14][15] introduces new restrictions on firearms possession and acquisition, especially on semi-automatic firearms, personal defense weapons, magazine capacity, blank firing guns and historical firearms. The restrictions must be introduced into the Swiss legal system by August 2018 due to its membership of the Schengen area.", "Gun laws in Switzerland Switzerland thus has a relatively high gun ownership rate. There are no official statistics, and estimates vary considerably. The Small Arms Survey of 2016 placed Swiss gun ownership per capita at 24.45%.[5]", "Right to keep and bear arms The Swiss have a statutory right to bear arms under Article 3 of the 1997 Weapons Act.[30][31][32] Switzerland practices universal conscription, which requires that all able-bodied male citizens keep fully automatic firearms at home in case of a call-up. Every male between the ages of 20 and 34 is considered a candidate for conscription into the military, and following a brief period of active duty will commonly be enrolled in the militia until age or an inability to serve ends his obligation.[33] Until December 2009, these men were required to keep their government-issued selective fire combat rifles and semi-automatic handguns in their homes as long as they were enrolled in the armed forces.[34] Since January 2010, they have had the option of depositing their personal firearm at a government arsenal.[35] Until September 2007, soldiers received 50 rounds of government-issued ammunition in a sealed box for storage at home; after 2007 only about 2,000 specialist troops are allowed to keep the ammunition at home.[36]", "Gun laws in Switzerland In 2016, the defence ministry estimated that 2 million privately owned guns are in circulation, which given a population of 8.3 million corresponds to a gun ownership rate of around 24 guns per 100 residents.[6] This is roughly a quarter of the rate in the United States, and lower than that in the neighbouring countries of Germany, and Austria, but about the double of Italy and France.[5]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Gun possession in Switzerland is relatively high compared to most European countries (the rate of Swiss households containing at least one firearm was estimated at 24.45% by the 2016 figures of GunPolicy.org,[98] – lower than Germany, France, and Austria[99] – though including militia-issued firearms). The Swiss have universal conscription for military service.[100] A recent referendum in 2011 on a call to force military weapons to be kept at military sites was defeated.[101] Weapons may voluntarily be kept in the local armory and there is no longer an obligation to keep the weapon at home.", "Gun laws in Switzerland Switzerland's Weapons Law (WG, LArm)[2] and Weapons Act (WV, OArm)[3] has been revised to accede to the Schengen Treaty effective 12 December 2008. The Act on Personal Military Equipement (VPAA, OEPM) governs the handling of military equipement, and in particular the handling of personal weapons by military personnel.[10]", "Right to keep and bear arms Swiss gun laws are considered restrictive.[41] Owners are legally responsible for third-party access to and usage of their weapons. Licensing procedures are similar to those in other Germanic countries.[42] In a referendum in February 2011, voters rejected a citizens' initiative that would have obliged members of the armed services to store their rifles and pistols on military compounds and required that privately owned firearms be registered.[43]", "Gun laws in Switzerland The law is applied to the following weapons:", "Gun laws in Switzerland Permits for concealed carrying in public are issued only extremely restrictively.[note 3][2]", "Gun laws in Switzerland In order to purchase most weapons, the purchaser must obtain a weapon acquisition permit (art. 8 WG/LArm). Swiss citizens and foreigners with a C permit over the age of 18 who are not psychiatrically disqualified nor identified as posing security problems, and who have a clean criminal record can request such a permit. Foreigners with the following citizenship are explicitly excluded from the right to possess weapons: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, Algeria and Albania.[note 2] The following information must be provided to the cantonal weapon bureau together with the weapon application form:", "Overview of gun laws by nation The Swiss \"Federal Law on Arms, Arms Accessories and Ammunitions\" (WG, LArm) of 20 June 1997 has as its objectives (ArticleÂ 1) to combat the wrongful use of arms, their accessories, parts and ammunition. It governs the acquisition of arms, their introduction into Swiss territory, export, storage, possession, carrying, transport, and brokerage. It regulates the manufacture and trade in arms, and seeks to prevent the wrongful carrying of ammunition and dangerous objects. Article 3 states that \"The right to acquire, possess and carry arms is guaranteed in the framework of this law\".[102][103]", "Gun laws in Switzerland There were 16 completed homicides with a firearm in 2016. Of these, 14 were committed with a handgun, one with a long gun and one case marked \"other/unspecified\". None of the involved weapons were ordinance weapons issued by the Swiss Armed Forces. Similarly, out of 31 attempted homicides with firearms, 25 were committed with handguns, two with long guns and four \"other/unspecified\", with no use of ordinance weapons on record. For the period of 2009â€“2016, on average 16.5 out of 49.4 completed homicides were committed with a firearm, 13.8 with handguns, 1.9 with long guns and 0.9 \"other/unspecified\"; an average 0.75 cases per year (6 cases in eight years) involved ordinance weapons.[30]", "Gun laws in Switzerland Prior to the turn of the century, about 200,000 people used to attend the annual Feldschiessen, which is the largest rifle shooting competition in the world. In 2012 they counted 130,000 participants.[24] For the 2015 Federal Shooting (Eidg. SchÃ¼tzenfest) 37,000 shooters are registered.[25] In addition, there are several private shooting ranges which rent guns.", "Gun laws in Switzerland In December 2007, the Swiss Federal Council decided that the distribution of ammunition to soldiers would stop and that previously issued ammo would be returned. By March 2011, more than 99% of the ammo has been received. Only 2,000 specialist militia members (who protect airports and other sites of particular sensitivity) are permitted to keep their military-issued ammunition at home. The rest of the militia get their ammunition from their military armory in the event of an emergency.[2][21][22]", "Gun laws in Switzerland The same applies to black powder and modern black powder substitutes for use in firing historical rifles.", "Gun laws in Switzerland Guns may be transported in public as long as an appropriate justification is present. This means to transport a gun in public, the following requirements apply (art. 28 WG/LArm):", "Gun laws in Switzerland Generally prohibited arms are:", "Gun laws in Switzerland The government sponsors training with rifles and shooting in competitions for interested adolescents, both male and female. The sale of ammunition – including Gw Pat.90 rounds for army-issue assault rifles – is subsidized by the Swiss government and made available at the many Federal Council licensed shooting ranges. That ammunition sold at ranges must be immediately used there under supervision (art. 16 WG/LArm).", "Gun laws in Switzerland The possession of the following munition is generally prohibited:", "Gun laws in Switzerland In order to purchase ammunition the buyer must follow the same legal rules that apply to buying guns. The buyer can only buy ammunition for guns that he/she legally owns and must provide the following information to the seller (art. 15, 16 WG/LArm; art. 24 WV/OArm):[2][3]", "Switzerland Gun politics in Switzerland are unique in Europe in that a relatively high percentage (29%) of citizens are legally armed. The large majority of firearms kept at home are issued by the Swiss army, but ammunition is no longer issued.[74][75]", "Gun laws in Switzerland Some weapons do not need a weapon acquisition permit (art. 10 WG/LArm):", "Gun laws in Switzerland The carrying permit remains valid for a term of five years (unless otherwise surrendered or revoked), and applies only to the type of firearm for which the permit was issued. Additional constraints may be invoked to modify any specific permit. (art. 27 ยง 3 WG/LArm)", "Gun laws in Switzerland Furthermore, any licensed holder of a gun may transport an unloaded firearm for special situations (see #Transporting guns).", "Gun laws in Switzerland The vast majority of firearm-related deaths in Switzerland are suicides. The suicide method of shooting oneself with a firearm accounted for 21.5% of suicides in Switzerland in the period of 2001â€“2012 (with significant gender imbalance: 29.7% of male suicides vs. 3.0% of female suicides).[28]", "Gun laws in Switzerland Traditionally liberal Swiss gun legislation has, however, been somewhat tightened in 2008, when Switzerland has complied with European Firearms Directive.[7] Throughout the modern political history of Switzerland, there have been advocates for tighter gun control.[8]", "Gun laws in Switzerland Recreational shooting is widespread in Switzerland. Practice with guns is a popular form of recreation, and is encouraged by the government, particularly for the members of the militia.", "Overview of gun laws by nation Handguns above .32 calibre are conditional-use; fully automatic handguns are prohibited to civilians. Bolt-action rifles above .22 Long Rifle and semi-automatic rifles above .22 Long Rifle with a non-detachable magazine are conditional-use; fully automatic rifles and semi-automatic rifles above .22 Long Rifle with detachable magazines are prohibited. Semi-automatic shotguns and shotguns with barrels between 380 and 600 mm (15 and 24 in) long are conditional use; fully automatic shotguns and shotguns with barrels under 380 mm (15 in) are prohibited.[10][clarification needed]", "Gun laws in Switzerland However, it is permissible to carry firearms in public or outdoors if the holder (art. 27 ยง 4 WG/LArm):", "Overview of gun laws by nation Each permit specifies types and number of weapons the holder can own. These values vary greatly depending on license type and documented needs, but it's an established practice to receive around 5 slots for target shooting and hunting and 10 slots for collecting. A target-shooting license requires the applicant to possess a valid shooting competition license (by taking part in 2 to 4 ISSF-regulated shooting competitions per year for each category of firearm owned: handgun, rifle and shotgun), and allows carrying a loaded concealed firearm in public. A collecting license allows obtaining and use of (in shooting range) any type of unstationary weapon including selective fire and fully automatic firearms. A self-defense license requires proving a \"constant, substantial and higher than average\" danger. There are separate, lifelong permits for high-ranking ex-military and police officers, generally allowing them to own one handgun. Institutional permits allow for firearm ownership by security companies.", "Gun laws in Switzerland There are three conditions (art. 27 ยง 2 WG/LArm):", "Overview of gun laws by nation Civilians cannot possess military weapons, but may possess long rifles. Handguns can only be used for sport-shooting and hunting. In 2012 however, it is claimed that the police had been issuing permits to regular citizens.[51]", "Gun laws in Switzerland The Swiss Army maintains tightened adherence to high standards of lawful military conduct. In 2005, for example, when the Swiss prosecuted recruits who had reenacted the torture scenes of Abu Ghraib, one of the charges was improper use of service weapons.[23]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Once obtained, firearms must be stored in a safe and annually inspected by police. Firearms may only be used in self-defense as a matter of \"equal force\". Fully automatic firearms are banned, but there are otherwise few restrictions: semi-automatics, handguns, and magazines of all sizes are legal, as are all types of ammunition. A licensed gun owner may only have five firearms registered to his or her license at one time.[126]", "Overview of gun laws by nation The type of gun is also regulated by permit. Below is a shortened version of the table detailing the restrictions by type of lethal weapon and permit, for civilian owners. Note that for collectors, short weapons designed after 1945 are forbidden, while only non-lethal weapons are allowed for self-defense permits.[130]", "Gun laws in Switzerland Prior to 2007 members of the Swiss Militia were supplied with 50-rounds of ammunition for their military weapon in a sealed ammo box that was regularly audited by the government. This was so that, in the case of an emergency, the militia could respond quickly.", "Right to keep and bear arms Switzerland is estimated to have one of the highest personal gun ownership rates in the world.[37] While it has a low overall crime rate by European standards, it has one of the highest gun suicide rates in Europe.[38] However, it also has one of the world's lowest overall homicide rates, considerably lower than the European average.[39] The gun homicide rate ranks in the middle of Western European countries.[40]", "Gun laws in Switzerland The most recent suggestion for tighter gun control was rejected in a popular referendum in February 2011.[9]", "Gun laws in Mexico Under these two articles, private citizens are generally restricted to semi-automatic handguns or revolvers of a caliber no greater than .380 (for home defense),[28] rifles no greater than .22, and shotguns no greater than 12 gauge (hunting and shooting when a member of a club). Anything bigger than those calibers is considered for exclusive use of the military and strictly forbidden for civilian possession, as defined by Article 11 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives.[29] Only citizens with collector permits may be authorized to possess firearms outside those permitted for civilian ownership.[30]", "Gun laws in Switzerland This also applies for weapons which do not require a weapon acquisition permit (see above, excluding the weapon acquisition permit, of course).", "Gun laws in Switzerland Switzerland has a strong gun culture compared to other countries in the world.[26][27] Groups like ProTell lobby for the preservation of Switzerland's gun rights. Additionally, the Schweizerischer Schützenverein, a Swiss shooting association, organizes the Eidgenössische Schützenfeste, in intervals of five years.", "Gun laws in Switzerland By contrast, gun crime is comparatively limited. In 2016, there were 187 attempted and 45 completed homicides, for a homicide rate of 0.50 per 100,000 population. Of the recorded homicides (attempted or completed), 20.3% were committed with a gun (47 cases, compared to an average of 41 cases in the period of 2009â€“2015). In addition, there were 7 cases of bodily harm and 233 cases of robbery committed with firearms.[29]", "Gun laws in Switzerland For each transfer of a weapon or an essential weapon component without weapons acquisition permit (art. 10 WG/LArm), a written contract must be concluded. Each Party shall keep them at least ten years. The contract must include the following information (art. 11 WG/LArm):", "Overview of gun laws by nation A license-holder may own up to 6 shotguns, and unlimited rifles . With a sporting licence, valid for 3 years, 1 to 10 handguns may be owned, depending on sports-shooting level. Magazine capacity for semi-automatic centerfire rifles is limited to 4 rounds for sports shooting and 2 rounds for hunting; semi-automatic shotguns are limited to 3 rounds. Rimfire rifles, regardless of type have no magazine limit. Rifles chambered for certain \"war calibres\" are prohibited, such as .223/5.56 NATO and .50 cal. and Winchester 308 and 7.62x39 (AK round) is only permitted in bolt-action. repetition or single-shot weapons. Proof of ownership of an approved safe is required for all centerfire rifles and handguns, and the owner is responsible for firearm thefts. Ammunition must be stored separately. Rifle and handgun ammunition may only be possessed for legally owned weapons, and purchases and possession is limited to 200 rounds rifle and 100 rounds for handguns. In addition, there are yearly limits in quantity (1000 for rifles,100 for handguns); however additional quantities can be petitioned, mainly for sporting use. For shotgun Ammunition, adults with a valid ID can purchase/possess up to 5,000 shells and there are no yearly limits in quantity. Licence-holders are only allowed to transport their unloaded firearms from their residence to the shooting range or hunting field and back, with no detours. Firearms may only be discharged at approved shooting ranges or hunting grounds (in season).", "Gun legislation in Germany A German weapons expert said that Germany's weapons laws were among the world's strictest, and sufficient for safety.[1] While gun ownership is widespread, and associations and ranges for shooting sports and the use of historical guns and weapons in festivals are not forbidden, the use of guns for private self-defence is restricted. The German Ministry of the Interior estimated in 2009 that the number of firearms in circulation, legally and illegally, could be up to 45 million.[2] Germany's National Gun Registry, introduced at the end of 2012, counted 5.5 million firearms in use, which are legally owned by 1.4 million people in the country. About 1.5 Million sport shooters in several thousand Schützenvereinen own and use guns for sport, about 400,000 hunters have a licensed gun, about 300,000 collect guns and about 900,000 own an inherited gun.[2]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Rifles, shotguns and handguns may be owned with an appropriate permit, though licensing for handguns is strict. Having a permit to own a firearm does not itself allow the bearer to carry the firearm anywhere outside the home, regardless of whether it is concealed or unconcealed. Concealed carry permits for handguns require proving an imminent threat, with the police making the final decision. Therefore, having a concealed carry permit in Serbia is extremely rare. There is no limit on the number of firearms owned, though every gun transaction is recorded by the police. There is no rifle caliber restriction (smaller than .50BMG, however). Fully automatic firearms and suppressors are prohibited for civilians. People over 18 years of age can buy and carry stun guns and electric tranquilizers with no permit needed. People over 16 can carry OC sprays.[94] There is no restriction regarding the number of rounds that may be purchased. Ammunition may be bought only for the caliber in which owned firearm is chambered. Reloading is allowed only to those who have passed an exam in handling explosive materials. Old firearms (produced before 1900), historically significant firearms, as well as black powder firearms may be bought without any permit.", "Gun laws in Switzerland The Swiss army has long been a militia trained and structured to rapidly respond against foreign aggression. Swiss males grow up expecting to undergo basic military training, usually at age 20 in the recruit school, the basic-training camp, after which Swiss men remain part of the \"militia\" in reserve capacity until age 30 (age 34 for officers).", "Gun laws in Switzerland Civil rights organizations plan to hold a referendum to reject the recent EU directive.[18] [19] According to Swiss People's Party vice-president Christoph Blocher, Switzerland should consider abandoning EU's borderless Schengen Area if the Swiss people reject the proposed measures in a referendum.[20]", "Firearm legislation in South Africa Semi-automatic firearms are not prohibited under law. However, semi-automatic long guns are only permitted with a business licence, restricted firearms licence for self-defence, and dedicated hunting and shooting licences. There is no official magazine capacity restriction for semi-automatic rifles.[5]", "Pontifical Swiss Guard In the 19th century (prior to 1870), the Swiss Guard along with the Papal Army used firearms with special calibres such as the 12,7 mm Remington Papal.[34]\nThe Swiss Guard historically also used the M1842 T.59-67, 1871 Vetterli, Schmidt-Rubin K31 and SIG SG 510 rifles, the Dreyse M1907 pistol, and the SIG MKMO, Hispano-Suiza MP43/44 and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns.[33]", "Militia One of the best known and ancient militias is the Swiss Armed Forces. Switzerland has long maintained, proportionally, the second largest military force in the world, with about half the proportional amount of reserve forces of the Israeli Defense Forces, a militia of some 33% of the total population. Article 58.1 of the April 18, 1999, Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (official, French version) provides that \"Switzerland has an army. It is primarily organised according to the principle of a militia.\" However, under the country's militia system, professional soldiers constitute about 5 percent of military personnel. In 1995, the number of soldiers was reduced to 400,000 (including reservists, amounting to some 5.6% of the population) and again in 2004, to 200,000 (including 80,000 reservists, or 2.5% of the population). However, the Swiss Militia continues to consist of most of the adult male population (with voluntary participation by women) who are required to keep an assault rifle at home and to periodically engage in combat and marksmanship training.[57] The militia clauses of the Swiss Federal Constitution are contained in Art. 59, where it is referred to as \"military service\" (German: Militärdienst; French: service militaire; Italian: servizio militare; Romansh: servetsch militar).", "Overview of gun laws by nation Ownership of certain types of firearms require stricter vetting procedures, a higher level of storage security, and a \"special reason\" for obtaining the weapon. The applicant must gain an appropriate endorsement on their licence and a permit to procure before obtaining handguns, machine guns, selective-fire assault rifles, and military-style semi-automatics (MSSAs) (including those with magazine capacity of more than 15 rounds of rimfire or 7 rounds of centerfire).", "Overview of gun laws by nation Those holding firearms licenses must renew them and pass a shooting course every three years, and undergo psychological assessment at least once every six years. Security guards must pass these tests to renew their license to carry firearms belonging to their employers.[54] Applicants must demonstrate that they have a safe at their residence in which to keep the firearm. Permits are given only for personal use, and holders for self-defense purposes may own only one handgun and purchase an annual supply of 50 cartridges (although more may be purchased to replace rounds used at a firing range).[55]", "Overview of gun laws by nation In 2003, a ban on certain assault rifles was passed, restricting citizens from possessing military-style rifles such as the AK-47 and the M-16.[22]\nIn 2007, an additional decree suspended the right to openly carry a firearm in public, and limited the number of firearms possessed per person.[23]", "Overview of gun laws by nation For sport-shooting purposes, shotguns can be used as well, as can bolt-action rifles of almost any caliber (.50bmg as one of the exceptions). Sporting rifles are often chambered in 22lr and 6.5 x 55Â mm.\nSemi-automatic rifles are not allowed for sports shooting.", "Overview of gun laws by nation In Austria, firearms are registered by licensed dealers or gunsmiths within 6 weeks of purchase by a citizen aged 18 or over, after completing a background check. Break-action and repeating rifles and break-action shotguns can be purchased without restriction. Semi-automatic rifles and shotguns (non-pump action) require a firearm license or a concealed-carry permit, and must be stored securely. Fully automatic weapons, some military-style semi-automatic rifles, pump-action shotguns, and shotguns with barrels shorter than 45 cm (18 in) or 90 cm (35 in) overall are restricted, with licenses rarely issued.[citation needed]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Gun laws and policies (collectively referred to as firearms regulation or gun control) regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification and use of small arms by civilians. Many countries have restrictive firearm policies, while a few have permissive ones.[1][2] The only countries with permissive gun legislation are: Albania, Austria, Chad, Republic of Congo, Honduras, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania, the United States, Yemen and Zambia, although several other countries like Canada and the Czech Republic, despite theoretically being restrictive, are shall-issue countries. Countries with a strong gun culture may afford civilians a right to keep and bear arms, and have more-liberal gun laws than neighboring jurisdictions. Countries which regulate access to firearms will typically restrict access to certain categories of firearms and then restrict the categories of persons who may be granted a license for access to such firearms. There may be separate licenses for hunting, sport shooting (a.k.a. target shooting), self-defense, collecting, and concealed carry, with different sets of requirements, permissions, and responsibilities.", "Overview of gun laws by nation The legislation which restricts small arms may also restrict other weapons, such as explosives, crossbows, swords, electroshock weapons, air guns, and pepper spray. It may also restrict firearm accessories, notably high-capacity magazines and sound suppressors. There may be restrictions on the quantity or types of ammunition purchased, with certain types prohibited. Due to the global scope of this article, detailed coverage cannot be provided on all these matters; the article will instead attempt to briefly summarize each country's weapon laws in regard to small arms use and ownership by civilians.", "Gun legislation in Germany After 1945, even German police officers were initially not allowed to carry firearms. Private ownership of firearms was not allowed until 1956. The legal status returned essentially to that of the Law on Firearms and Ammunition of 1928. The law was thoroughly revised in 1972, when the new restrictive Federal Weapons Act (Bundeswaffengesetz) became effective, partly as a reaction to the terror of the Red Army Faction.[14] It was developed in the Federal Weapons Act of 2002 and by amendments in 2008 and 2009. These laws were the result of a chain of school shootings in Erfurt, Emsdetten and Winnenden. They led to a public debate, in which blame was attributed to various elements of youth culture and society, including violent computer games, television programs, rock music and private gun ownership.[15]", "Switzerland The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organisations and political parties find this practice controversial[66] but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system.[citation needed] Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18.[67] About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist.[68] Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform \"Army XXI\" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model \"Army 95\", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.[69]", "Overview of gun laws by nation The only prohibited small arms are burst-fire and fully automatic firearms, and firearms which have been modified in bore or barrel length without permission.", "Pontifical Swiss Guard The Swiss Guard in their function as bodyguards are equipped with the SIG P220 pistol and the SIG SG 550 rifle (or its SG 552 variant) also in use by the Swiss Army.\nAs recruits to the Swiss Guard must have passed basic military training in Switzerland, they are already familiar with these weapons when they begin their service. The pepper spray used by the Swiss Army (RSG-2000) is also in use.\nThe Glock 19 pistol and Heckler & Koch MP7 submachine gun are reportedly also carried by Swiss Guard members in their function as plainclothes bodyguards.[33]", "Overview of gun laws by nation A weapon permit for sporting purposes (both long and short firearms) has to be renewed every 5 years. Rifle permits for hunting rifles has to be renewed every 10 years. Shotguns are not on individual permits, and holders are allowed to own these as long as they have a valid hunting license – and they can keep them for up to 10 years after the hunting license expires – however they are not allowed to keep ammunition without a valid license.", "Overview of gun laws by nation A person cannot own more than 12 centerfire firearms, and cannot own more than 10 magazines and 1,000 rounds of ammunition per firearm. A one-year carry license may be issued for persons \"exposed to exceptional risks to their life\" allowing to carry a handgun and a maximum of 50 rounds. Such authorizations are extremely rare, as the state would provide police protection. Since November 2015, police officers have been allowed to carry their firearms while off-duty.", "Firearms policy in the United Kingdom Fully automatic (submachine-guns, etc.) are \"prohibited weapons\"[19] and require explicit permission from central government to permit ownership. Generally, such permits are not available to private citizens. Semi-automatic rifles over .22 in (5.6 mm) and pistols are similarly \"prohibited\", although there are exceptions for short barrelled breech-loading semi-automatic and revolver pistols for use for the humane dispatch of animals (classed under section 5). There are also very limited exceptions for pistols both to preserve firearms of historic or technical interest (classed as section 7 firearms)[20] and to enable use by elite sports teams. Semi-automatic shotguns are restricted to a magazine capacity of no more than two shot and is held under section 2 of the Firearms Act, although a 'multi-shot' shotgun can be owned under section 1 (restricted firearms and ammunition) of the Firearms Act. Where the term 'multi-shot' is used, this refers to either a Semi-automatic or pump action shotgun with no restriction on magazine capacity.[21] All other rifles and their ammunition are permitted with no limits as to magazine size, to include: target shooting, hunting, and historic and muzzle-loading weapons, as well as long barrelled breachloading pistols with a specific overall length, but not for self-defence; however if a home-owner is threatened they may be used in self-defence, so long as the force is reasonable.[22] Shotgun possession and use is controlled, and even low-power air rifles and pistols, while permitted, are controlled to some extent. A Firearm Certificate issued by the police is required for all weapons and ammunition except air weapons of modest power (of muzzle energy not over 12 ft⋅lbf (16 J) for rifles, and 6 ft⋅lbf (8.1 J) for pistols). Shotguns with a capacity of three rounds or less (up to guns with a magazine holding no more than two rounds, in addition to one in the chamber) are subject to less stringent licensing requirements than other firearms and require a shotgun certificate; shotguns with higher capacity require a Firearm Certificate.", "Machine gun By U.S. federal law, a \"machine gun\" is a legal term for any weapon able to fire more than one shot per trigger pull regardless of caliber, the receiver of any such weapon, any weapon convertible to such a state using normal tools, or any component or part that will modify an existing firearm such that it functions as a \"machine gun\" such as a drop-in auto sear.[1] Civilian possession of such weapons is not prohibited by any Federal law and not illegal in many states, but they must be registered as Title II weapons under the National Firearms Act and have a tax stamp paid. The Hughes Amendment to the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 banned new production of firearms classified as machine guns for most civilian applications, however, so only \"grandfathered\" weapons produced before this date are legally transferable.[undue weight? â€“ discuss]", "Legal issues in airsoft In Switzerland, airsoft guns are considered weapons.[47] Airsoft firearms may not be sold to or possessed by persons who are under 18 or who have a criminal conviction. Additionally, airsoft firearms may not be sold to individuals from Albania, Algeria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey or Sri Lanka.[48]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Greece has strict gun control. Shotguns (limited to 3-round capacity), rifles and handguns are allowed, and these require a licence issued by provincial police. To purchase handguns and rifles, citizens must either have a concealed-carry permit or a target-shooting permit (for rifles). Semi auto rifles are prohibited. Hunters can own up to 10 shotguns and sport shooters can own up to 7 guns, and there is no license-check or record kept for ammunition purchases for shotguns but target shooters can only own 500 rounds per weapon.", "Gun legislation in Germany For persons over 18 years of age, a license is not required to own a single-shot percussion firearm developed before January 1, 1871, or to own and carry any muzzle-loader with a flintlock or earlier design. However, the purchase of black powder or similar in order to actually use the firearms requires a license.[18]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Fully automatic weapons are prohibited for civilian use, unless a special permit is issued by the Ministry of Justice. These permits are extremely rare, and are normally only issued to people or companies working for, or supplying the Police or Military.", "Knife legislation The Arms Act defines weapons as \"objects that by their very nature are intended to reduce or eliminate the defensive ability of a person through direct impact\", specifically including all firearms.[3] Consequently, certain knives are considered \"weapons\" in accordance with this definition. Except for firearms, however, which are heavily regulated, such \"weapons\", including automatic opening lock-blade knives (switchblades), OTF automatic knives, balisongs, and gravity knives[4] are implicitly permitted under the Arms Act, and thus may be bought, possessed and carried by anyone over the age of 18[5] who has not been expressively banned from owning any weapon (Waffenverbot) by the civilian authorities.[6]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Ukraine is the only European country without firearms statutes; regulation is by Order No. 622 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. A firearm license may be issued to citizens who meet an age requirement (21 for shotguns, 18 for shotguns for hunting purposes, and 25 for rifles), have no criminal record or history of domestic violence or mental illness and have a specific reason such as target shooting, hunting or collecting. Handguns of .22, 9 mm, .357 magnum and .38 caliber are permitted only for target shooting and those who can prove a threat against their lives (who are typically also given concealed carry permits).[104] All firearms must be stored unloaded in a safe.", "Overview of gun laws by nation A license-holder may own up to six hunting rifles, ten handguns, or a mix of eight rifles and handguns. Firearms must be stored in an approved safe. A firearm registered for sport shooting may not be used for hunting. A concealed carry permit can be obtained under very special circumstances, such as a proven threat to life.", "Overview of gun laws by nation The ownership and use of firearms in Finland is regulated by the country's Firearms Act of 1998. Weapons are individually licensed by local police, with no limit on the number of licenses an individual may hold. Licenses are granted for recreational uses, exhibition or (under certain circumstances) professional use. No type of weapon is explicitly prohibited, but licences are granted only for a reason. In general, this excludes all but hunting and sports guns from non-professional use. Fully automatic weapons are generally not permitted. With the exception of law enforcement, only specially trained security guards may carry loaded weapons in public.", "Gun laws in the Philippines Guns are used for hunting, target shooting, self-protection and security purposes. Filipinos can carry pistols and handguns in the public via the acquiring of a Permit to Carry.[1]", "Overview of gun laws by nation The amount of ammunition that can be owned is regulated by permit type. Sporting permits allow the ownership of 1000 matching cartridges per gun; hunting permits allow 300 matching cartridges per gun; self-defense permits allow 50 bullet cartridges and 50 blanks per gun; Collectors permits do not allow for private ownership of ammunition.[129]", "Gun laws in Mexico For home defense, the government will authorize the sale and registration of one handgun of the types and calibers permitted by law.[28] For hunting, target practice or competition, the government will authorize the sale and registration of up to nine long guns (rifles or shotguns) and one handgun of the types and calibers permitted by law (must belong to a hunting and/or shooting club for these permits to be issued).[31] For collection, the government may authorize the sale and registration of an unlimited amount of firearms of any type and caliber in accordance to law and regulation.[31]", "Overview of gun laws by nation A self-defense permit allows carrying a firearm for protection against specific human threats. Such permits are valid for one year, but as the police commander can deny applications without stating a reason, they are very rarely issued. Automatic firearms are forbidden for civilian use.", "Firearm legislation in South Africa Handguns of all firing actions (except fully automatic) are legal under all licences. There is no magazine capacity restriction for handguns.[5]", "Gun laws in New Zealand The New Zealand Police administer and enforce the Arms Act 1983.[7] They are issued Bushmaster XM-15 semi-automatic rifles, Glock 17 gen 4 pistols, and Tasers, which are normally carried in patrol cars and not on the officers.[8]", "Air gun laws Airguns in the first group may be purchased by anyone over 18. Airguns in the second group can only be purchased by people registered in the army, transportation depends on authorization, and usage is allowed only in places approved by the army. Airguns of any kind may not be carried openly. There is no muzzle energy limit for any type or calibre.[2][3]", "Gun laws in Illinois Regarding Title II weapons, the possession of automatic firearms (such as machine guns), short-barreled shotguns, and suppressors is prohibited.[33] Possession of short-barreled rifles is allowed for ATF Curios and Relics license holders, or, if the rifle is historically accurate has an overall length of at least 26 inches, for members of a bona fide military reenactment group.[48] While possession of a large-bore destructive device itself is not prohibited, possession of an artillery projectile, shell or grenade with over 1/4 ounce of explosive is prohibited.[33] There is no prohibition against non-sporting shotguns (such as the Armsel Striker) deemed destructive devices by the ATF, nor is there one for AOWs (Any Other Weapons). There is a specific prohibition against the possession of firearms designed to appear as a wireless telephone.[49]", "Shotgun Any pump-action or semi-automatic smooth-bore gun (such as a shotgun) with a barrel length of less than 24 inches or total length of less than 40 inches is considered to be a section 5 firearm, that is, one that is subject to general prohibition, unless it is chambered for .22 caliber rimfire ammunition.[31]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Members of police forces and officers and non-commissioned officers of the armed forces have a special firearms licence which encompasses all of the others. There are additional licenses for collectors and muzzle-loading firearms.[137][138][139]", "Overview of gun laws by nation A hunting license permits the over-the-counter-purchase and ownership of an unlimited number of shotguns of up to 12 gauge and 2-round capacity. From there, the police has to be notified of your new weapon purchase through an online form. Bolt-action rifles can also be bought over-the-counter, although they require a rifle license which is purchased through the police. The allowed calibers range from the smallest possible, all the way to .50 BMG, with .50 BMG not included. Semi-automatic rifles are allowed if the rifle is limited to 2 rounds (hunting in Denmark), or without limitation on capacity (hunting outside of Denmark). Currently, only larger calibres (.308, 6,5x55, .300wm etc.) are issued as semi-auto rifles for hunting abroad. .223/5.56x45 and similar caliber rifles are generally not approved.\nThe hunter must pass a shotgun or rifle shooting test before being allowed to hunt.", "Overview of gun laws by nation Illegal possession of a firearm may be punished with imprisonment of no less than one year. Civilians may keep privately owned weapons, including pistols, revolvers, shotguns and rifles at their residence.[107] These and ammunition have to be stored in an approved gun cabinet (EN1143-1 grade 0 or better).[108] The police may inspect a shooting club's weapons at their discretion, but require a court order to inspect privately held firearms.[109]", "Overview of gun laws by nation There are firearm license for private security for handguns and rifles. These cannot be used outside of work and must be stored in the workplace premises (with approved safe).", "SWAT While a wide variety of weapons are used by SWAT teams, the most common weapons include submachine guns, carbines, assault rifles, shotguns, and sniper rifles.[22]", "Right to keep and bear arms The right to keep and bear arms is not legally or constitutionally protected in the United Kingdom.[24] Most[25] handguns, automatic, and centerfire semi-automatic weapons are illegal to possess without special proviso.[24][26]", "Firearms policy in the United Kingdom UK law defines a \"rifle\" as a rifled firearm with a barrel longer than 30 cm (12 in), and a total length longer than 60 cm (24 in) that does not fall under the classification of long-barrelled revolver or pistol. Single-shot, bolt-action, Martini-action, lever-action (also called under-lever action) and revolver rifles and carbines are permitted, with certificate, in any calibre. Self-loading (also known as semi-automatic) or pump-action rifles are only permitted in .22 rimfire calibre.", "5.56×45mm NATO The Gw Pat 90 is used both in the Swiss military and in sport shooting. The very high level of individual training in the Swiss militia (every single soldier bearing a weapon has to shoot for qualification once a year; see Gun laws in Switzerland) and the overall use of the Gw Pat 90 by the many Swiss citizens who shoot in competitions and for amusement has resulted in significant input on its usage. Over 1 billion cartridges had been produced as of 2005[update].", "Assault weapon Drawing from federal and state law definitions, the term assault weapon refers primarily to semi-automatic rifles, pistols, and shotguns that are able to accept detachable magazines and possess one or more other features.[2][9][10] Some jurisdictions define revolving cylinder shotguns as assault weapons.[11][12] Legislative definitions do not include fully automatic weapons, which are regulated separately as Title II weapons under federal law.[13][n 1] A key defining law was the now-defunct Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.[13] At that time, the United States Department of Justice said, \"In general, assault weapons are semiautomatic firearms with a large magazine of ammunition that were designed and configured for rapid fire and combat use.\"[3]", "Overview of gun laws by nation Carrying a firearm in public is strictly prohibited, however, proportional self-defence is allowed. This means, that if someone is attacked with a firearm, they are legally allowed to defend yourself proportionally â€“ e.g., with a firearm of their own.", "Overview of gun laws by nation The weapons law of Japan begins by stating \"No one shall possess a firearm or firearms or a sword or swords\", and very few exceptions are allowed.[60]\nCitizens are permitted to possess firearms for hunting and sport shooting, but only after submitting to a lengthy licensing procedure.[61]\nAfter ten years of shotgun ownership, a licence-holder may apply to obtain a rifle." ]	[ "Gun laws in Switzerland The legislation is considered liberal[4] and allows the free purchase of semi-automatic, but not fully automatic, firearms by Swiss citizens and foreigners with permanent residence.[note 2][3]" ]
test272	how many terms can a mayor serve in texas	[ "doc10079" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc553976", "doc215459", "doc1305537", "doc1310446", "doc391554", "doc553978", "doc10082", "doc553979", "doc775044", "doc10079", "doc608673", "doc1305539", "doc553969", "doc553980", "doc553975", "doc553972", "doc1957866", "doc940360", "doc934776", "doc553981", "doc250572", "doc2421558", "doc2509062", "doc232464", "doc553971", "doc2182261", "doc878843", "doc2125387", "doc1228998", "doc997215", "doc837041", "doc1957862", "doc878861", "doc553977", "doc1228994", "doc2307041", "doc373802", "doc878826", "doc1908105", "doc667935", "doc1646880", "doc1255347", "doc111985", "doc878853", "doc10078", "doc1241564", "doc777053", "doc2651961", "doc852490", "doc1229002", "doc2673478", "doc729913", "doc553940", "doc747554", "doc1905170", "doc553938", "doc373793", "doc1905172", "doc812497", "doc852494", "doc2343247", "doc878855", "doc924355", "doc391551", "doc430343", "doc608676", "doc553942", "doc1728190", "doc2015776", "doc2456286", "doc1164186", "doc188340", "doc765584", "doc775045", "doc2569208", "doc1957867", "doc2182264", "doc1310445", "doc1985340", "doc1012380", "doc2182253", "doc32991", "doc553966", "doc1240803", "doc1553514", "doc777052", "doc841177", "doc954886", "doc215458", "doc1229000", "doc547444", "doc275852", "doc658900", "doc775055", "doc553956", "doc1843877", "doc2182262", "doc1225253", "doc713363", "doc608675" ]	[ "Term limits in the United States Limits vary from city to city even within the same state. For example, Houston, Texas, has a limit of 2 four-year terms (prior to November 3, 2015, 3 two-year terms dating back to 1991), while San Antonio, Texas, has a limit of 4 two-year terms. Both Houston and San Antonio's term limits are absolute; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common.", "List of mayors of San Antonio Under Texas law, the mayor, like the city council, is selected in a non-partisan election.[2] When a vacancy occurs, the city council appoints an interim mayor.[4] The mayor, like the other members of the city council, serve two-year terms, with a four-term limit. Since 1975, every mayor of San Antonio has previously served on the city council.[2]", "Governor of Texas The state's first constitution in 1845 established the office of governor, to serve for two years, but no more than four years out of every six (essentially a limit of no more than two consecutive terms).[2] The 1861 secessionist constitution set the term start date at the first Monday in the November following the election.[3] The 1866 constitution, adopted just after the American Civil War, increased terms to 4 years, but no more than 8 years out of every 12, and moved the start date to the first Thursday after the organization of the legislature, or \"as soon thereafter as practicable\".[4] The Reconstruction constitution of 1869 removed the limit on terms,[5] Texas remains one of 14 states[6] with no gubernatorial term limit. The present constitution of 1876 shortened terms back to two years,[7] but a 1972 amendment increased it again to four years.[8]", "Plano, Texas All council members, including the mayor, serve a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms.[44] The mayor and city council members could serve for a maximum of three consecutive three-year terms until voters approved changes to the city charter in 2011.[45]", "Houston As the result of a 2015 referendum in Houston, a mayor is elected for a four-year term, and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms.[183] The term limits were spearheaded in 1991 by conservative political activist Clymer Wright.[184] During 1991–2015, the city controller and city council members were subjected to a two-year, three-term limitation – the 2015 referendum amended term limits to two four-year terms. As of 2017 some councilmembers who served two terms and won a final term will have served eight years in office, whereas a freshman councilmember who won a position in 2013 can serve up to two additional terms under the previous term limit law – a select few will have at least 10 years of incumbency once their term expires.", "Term limits in the United States In Los Angeles the mayor serves two four-year terms since 1993, while the City Council serve three four-year terms.", "Politics of Houston Former mayor Lee P. Brown denounced the term limits, saying they prevented incumbents from gaining enough experience in city government. A proposal to double the current two-year term of office has been debated—as of 2005, several candidates for the city council have brought up the issue of whether term limits should be amended or eliminated. Some elected officials from the Greater Houston area within the Texas Legislature—primarily Garnet Coleman and Sylvester Turner—have also spoken out against term limits. In 2010, a term limits review commission appointed by former Mayor Bill White called for amending the city charter on extending term limits where elected officials could serve two four-year terms; the proposal failed 8.18.10 after the Houston City Council voted 7-7. The November 3, 2015 City of Houston municipal elections a referendum on the voter ballot have amended the term limit law where elected officials can serve two four year terms - this measure does not abolish term limits nor have a reeligibility provision for past elected officeholders who served their full tenure under the 1991 term limit ordinance. Incumbents who have won re-election during the 2015 election under the three-term rule - those who served 2 are granted an additional 4 years while a freshman councilmember are granted their 2 additional terms - this means that some elected officials can hold up to 10 years in office (if a freshman councilmember who served during their 2014-16 term) or 8 years in office (for those elected in 2011 and re-elected to their final term).", "Term limits in the United States In Cincinnati, Ohio, the term limit for mayor is two successive four-year terms. Council members are limited to two successive four-year terms. There is no limit to total terms that may be served, just a limit on successive terms.", "List of Governors of Texas The governor is inaugurated on the third Tuesday of January every four years along with the Lieutenant Governor, and serves a term of four years. Prior to the present laws, in 1845, the state's first constitution established the office of governor, serving a term of two years, but no more than four years of every six.[5] The 1861 constitution, following secession from the Union, established the first Monday of November following election as the term's start.[6] Following the end of the American Civil War, the 1866 constitution increased term length to four years, limiting overall service to no more than eight years of every twelve, moving the term's start to the first Thursday following organization of the legislature, or \"as soon thereafter as practicable.\"[7] The constitution of 1869, enacted during Reconstruction, removed term limitations,[8] to this day making Texas one of fourteen states[9] with no limit on gubernatorial terms. The present constitution of 1876 returned terms to two years,[10] but a 1972 amendment again returned them to four.[11]", "Politics of Houston As the result of a 1991 referendum in Houston, the two-year term was amended to elected officials who can serve up to three terms until 2015 where the three term limit and two year terms were replaced with a two four-year terms - a mayor is elected for a four-year term (previously the mayor, controller, and councilmembers are elected to a two-year term prior to the November 3, 2015 city elections), and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms. City council members, who also have a three-term limit, are elected from eleven districts in the city, along with five at-large council members, who represent the entire city. Term limits with the City of Houston are absolute - past elected officeholders are prohibited from campaigning for their former council positions (which includes the Mayor and City Controller). The current Mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner.", "El Paso, Texas The city government is officially nonpartisan. Mayors and city council members are elected for four year terms and may not be elected more than twice or serve for more than 10 years in their respective offices.[135] Municipal elections are currently held in May in odd-numbered years, but a voter-approved charter amendment will change this to November in even-numbered years, beginning in 2018.[136] Council members elected in 2015 will serve through December 2018, and council members and the mayor elected in 2017 will serve through December 2020. Those elected in 2018 and 2020 will serve regular four-year terms.[137]", "Governor of Texas Despite the lack of term limits, no Texas governor in the 19th or 20th centuries ever served more than seven and a half consecutive years in office (Allan Shivers) or eight years total service (Bill Clements, in two non-consecutive four-year terms). Former Governor Rick Perry, who served from 2000 to 2015, has now surpassed both these records, becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive terms. When Perry won the general election on November 2, 2010, he joined Shivers, Price Daniel, and John Connally as the only Texas governors elected to three terms (the terms served by Governors Shivers, Daniel, and Connally were 2 year terms). In case of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor becomes governor.[9] This rule was added only in a 1999 amendment, prior to which the lieutenant governor only acted as governor, except during the time of the 1861 constitution, which said that the lieutenant governor would be styled \"Governor of the State of Texas\" in case of vacancy.[10]", "Term limits in the United States Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of times. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and by statute in American Samoa.", "Term limits in the United States In New Orleans, City Council members are limited to two four-year terms. However, a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at-large seats on the council once they reach the two-term limit, and vice versa. There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime. Since 1954, the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four-year elected terms, but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four-year term. When the new city plan of government was adopted, the mayor at the time, DeLesseps Story Morrison, was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause.", "Term limits in the United States Some local governments have term limits. In Philadelphia, the mayor cannot be elected three consecutive times, but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor. Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975; he attempted to repeal the term limit, but failed and could not run in 1979. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode. In 1986, he switched to the Republican Party, and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991.", "Term limits in the United States The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was formerly limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature.", "Mayor of Los Angeles The mayor is elected in citywide election. Elections follow a two-round system. The first round of the election is called the primary election. The candidate receiving a majority of the vote in the primary is elected outright. If no candidate receives a majority, the top two candidates advance to a runoff election, called the general election. The City Charter allows for write-in candidates for the primary election, but not for the runoff in the general election. The mayor is elected to a four-year term, with a limit of two consecutive terms.[6] The office of Mayor is officially nonpartisan by state law, although most mayoral candidates identify a party preference.[7]", "Lubbock, Texas Lubbock has a council-manager government system, with all governmental powers resting in a legislative body called a city council.[72] Voters elect six council members, one for each of Lubbock's six districts, and a mayor.[72] The council members serve for a term of four years, and the mayor serves for two years.[72] After the first meeting of the city council after newly elected council members are seated, the council elects a mayor pro tempore, who serves as mayor in absence of the elected mayor.[72] The council also appoints a city manager to handle the ordinary business of the city.[72] There are currently no term limits for either city council members or mayor.", "San Antonio The City of San Antonio runs under the council-manager system of government. The city is divided into 10 council districts designed to be of equal population. Each district elects one person to the city council, with the mayor elected on a citywide basis. All members of the San Antonio City Council, including the mayor, are elected to two-year terms and are limited to four terms (except for those who were in office in November 2008 and are limited to a total of two terms). Houston and Laredo have similar term limits to San Antonio. All positions are elected on nonpartisan ballots, as required by Texas law. Council members are paid $45,722 and the mayor earns $61,725 a year. The current mayor is Ron Nirenberg, who was elected in 2017 with 54.59% of the vote.[76]", "Term limits in the United States Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962, the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four-year terms, which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four-year terms in 1991. Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at-large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body, which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members, and (more frequently) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors.", "San Jose, California Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.[155]", "Troy, New York The mayor's term of office is four years, and an incumbent is prohibited from serving for more than two consecutive terms (eight years).", "New York City mayoral elections Direct elections to the mayoralty of the unconsolidated City of New York began in 1834 for a term of one year, extended to two years after 1849. The 1897 Charter of the consolidated City doubled the term to four years which could not be renewed. In 1901, the term limit was removed, but the term halved to two years. In 1905, the four-year term, without limit, was restored. (Mayors Fiorello La Guardia, Robert F. Wagner Jr. and Ed Koch were later able to serve for twelve years each.) [1] In 1993, the voters approved a two-term (eight-year) limit, and reconfirmed this limit when the issue was submitted to referendum in 1996. In 2008, the New York City Council voted to change the two-term limit to three terms (without submitting the issue to the voters).[2] Legal challenges to the Council's action were rejected by Federal courts in January and April, 2009.[3] However, in 2010, yet another referendum, reverting the limit to two terms, passed overwhelmingly.[4]", "Sheriffs in the United States The Texas Constitution (Article 5, Section 23) provides for the election of a sheriff in each one of the 254 counties. Currently, the term of office for Texas sheriffs is four years. However, when vacancies arise, the commissioners court of the respective county may appoint a replacement to serve out the remaining term.", "Term limits in the United States The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms, but are re-eligible after four years out of office: Alabama,[40] Alaska,[41] Arizona,[42] Colorado,[43] Florida,[44] Georgia,[45] Hawaii,[46] Kansas,[47] Kentucky,[48] Louisiana,[49] Maine,[50] Maryland,[51] Nebraska,[52] New Jersey,[53] New Mexico,[54] North Carolina,[55] Ohio,[56] Pennsylvania,[57] Rhode Island,[58] South Carolina,[59] South Dakota,[60] Tennessee,[61] West Virginia,[62] American Samoa,[63] Guam,[64] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[65] Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[66] and Oregon[67] are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[68] and Wyoming[69] are restricted to two terms, limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years. Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited (for life) to two terms: Arkansas,[70] California,[71] Delaware,[72] Michigan,[73] Mississippi,[74] Missouri,[75] Nevada,[76] the Northern Mariana Islands,[77] and Oklahoma.[78] The current Governor of California (Jerry Brown) is, however, serving a fourth (non-consecutive) term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not apply to individuals' prior terms.", "Mayor of San Diego The mayor is elected in citywide election. Elections follow a two-round system. The first round of the election is called the primary election. The top-two candidates from the primary election advance to a runoff election, called the general election. Write-in candidates are only allowed to contest the primary election and are not allowed in the general election. The mayor is elected to a four-year term, with a limit of two consecutive terms.[8] The mayor is officially non-partisan by state law, although most mayoral candidates identify a party preference.", "Mayor In Italy the mayor is called sindaco, or informally primo cittadino (\"first citizen\"). Every municipality (Italian: Comune) has its mayor who represents the local government. The mayor is elected every five years by the inhabitants of the municipality, but he cannot be re-elected after two terms (except in small towns).[3]", "Mayor of San Francisco The Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the San Francisco city and county government. The mayor has the duty to enforce city laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch. The mayor serves a four-year term and is limited to two successive terms.[1] Because of San Francisco's status as a consolidated city-county, the mayor also serves as the head of government of the county; both entities have been governed together by a combined set of governing bodies since 1856.[2]", "Term limit Many modern presidential republics employ term limits for their highest offices. The United States placed a limit of two terms on its presidency by means of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1951. There are no term limits for Vice Presidency, Representatives and Senators, although there have been calls for term limits for those offices. Under various state laws, some state governors and state legislators have term limits. Formal limits in America date back to the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, authored by William Penn and providing for triennial rotation of the provincial council, the upper house of the colonial legislature.[3] (See also term limits in the United States).", "Mayor of New York City The mayor's office is located in New York City Hall; it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island and Queens. The mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his deputy mayors. The mayor's regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules. According to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after a four year break. It was changed from two to three terms on October 23, 2008, when the New York City Council voted 29â€“22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law.[2] However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit back to two terms passed overwhelmingly.[3]", "Lieutenant Governor of Texas The term of office was two years from 1846 to 1972. Voters then increased it to four years, effective for the 1974 election. [1]", "Mayor of Los Angeles The Mayor of the City of Los Angeles is the official head and chief executive officer of Los Angeles, California. The mayor is elected for a four-year term and limited to serving no more than two terms. Under the California Constitution, all judicial, school, county, and city offices, including those of chartered cities, are nonpartisan. The 42nd and current Mayor is Eric Garcetti.", "Mayor The typical term of office of a mayor in Russia is four years. The mayor's office administers all municipal services, public property, police and fire protection, and most public agencies, and enforces all local and state laws within a city or town.", "Term limits in the United States A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York City after a 1993 referendum (see the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor, the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a three-term limit; one year later, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010.[80][81]", "Term limit A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected office. When term limits are found in presidential and semi-presidential systems they act as a method to curb the potential for monopoly, where a leader effectively becomes \"president for life\". This is intended to protect a democracy from becoming a de facto dictatorship. Sometimes, there is an absolute limit on the number of terms an officeholder can serve, while, in other cases, the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive terms.", "Palo Alto, California The mayor and vice-mayor serve one year at a time, with terms ending in January. General municipal elections are held in November of even-numbered years. Council terms are four years long.[27]", "Government of Texas Cities are classified as either \"general law\" or \"home rule\". A city may elect home rule status (i.e., draft an independent city charter) once it exceeds 5,000 population and the voters agree to home rule. Otherwise, it is classified as general law and has very limited powers. Larger cities (those exceeding 225,000) have a unique authority: that of \"limited annexation\", whereby an adjoining area may be annexed for purposes of imposing city ordinances related to safety and building codes. The residents can vote for mayor and council races but cannot vote in bond elections (and, consequently, the city cannot directly collect city sales tax from businesses or city property tax from owners).", "Mayor Every municipality in Brazil elects a mayor (Portuguese: prefeito/prefeita), for a four-year term, acting as an executive officer with the city council (Portuguese: CÃ¢mara Municipal) functioning with legislative powers. The mayor can be re-elected and manage the city for two consecutive terms.", "Richmond, Texas Hilmar G. Moore served as mayor from 1949 until his death on December 4, 2012 and was believed to be the longest-serving mayor in the United States.[20][21]", "Arlington, Texas The Arlington City Council has been presided over by Mayor Jeff Williams since May, 2015, following the 12-year incumbency of Mayor Robert Cluck.[37] The Arlington City Council is composed of the Mayor and eight City Council members. Elections are conducted every spring in May.", "Local government in the Philippines All elected officials have 3-year terms, and can only serve a maximum of three consecutive terms before being ineligible for reelection.[5]", "Governor of Oklahoma Under Section Four in Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution, the governor serves a four-year term in office beginning on the second Monday in January. Section Four also states that no person may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms. On November 2, 2010, voters passed a ballot initiative to limit governors to only eight years in office in a lifetime. The initiative also set the gubernatorial term of a lieutenant governor who becomes governor upon the death of the previous governor; upon the lieutenant governor's succession, he or she is to serve out two years of the governor's term.", "Philadelphia The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor–council form of government, which is led by one mayor in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council. Elected at-large, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but can run for the position again after an intervening term.[202]", "Mayor In the Philippines, mayors (Tagalog: Punong Bayan / Punong Lungsod) are the head of a municipality or a city, with the vice mayor as the second highest position in the city. They are elected every three years during the midterm and national elections, and they can serve until three terms of office. As of - September 2012, there are 1,635 mayors in the Philippines.", "Politics of Houston The city of Houston has a strong mayor–council government. The City's elected officials, serving four-year terms,[1] are: the mayor, the city comptroller and 16 members of the city council. Under the strong mayor-council government, the mayor serves as the executive officer of the city. As the city's chief administrator and official representative, the mayor is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced.[citation needed]", "Oklahoma House of Representatives State representatives serve a two-year term and are limited to six terms or 12 years. No member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives can serve more than 12 years in the Oklahoma Legislature. A term-limited member can not run for election to the Senate as both Representative terms and Senate terms are added together in determining the total number of Legislative years in office.[39]", "Texas Legislature Only the governor may call the Legislature into special sessions, unlike other states where the legislature may call itself into session. The governor may call as many sessions as he or she desires. For example, Governor Rick Perry called three consecutive sessions to address the 2003 Texas congressional redistricting. The Texas Constitution limits the duration of each special session to 30 days; lawmakers may consider only those issues designated by the governor in his \"call,\" or proclamation convening the special session (though other issues may be added by the Governor during a session).", "Oakland, California Oakland has a mayor-council government. The mayor is elected at-large for a four-year term. The Oakland City Council has eight council members representing seven districts in Oakland with one member elected at-large and others from single-member districts; council members serve staggered four-year terms. The mayor appoints a city administrator, subject to the confirmation by the City Council, who is the city's chief administrative officer. Other city officers include: city attorney (elected), city auditor (elected), and city clerk (appointed by city administrator).[133] Oakland's mayor is limited to two terms. There are no term limits for the city council. Council member Larry Reid, also serving as vice-mayor, was elected to a fifth term in November 2012.[134]", "Laredo, Texas The Laredo city government is a strong city council – weak mayor system. The mayor presides over the eight-member city council, but he/she may only vote to break a tie. City Council elections are based on single-member districts and campaigns have no party affiliations. Municipal elections are now held in November (formerly in May) of even-numbered years. The municipal government is administered by the city manager hired by the city council. All city elected offices have a four-year term and are nonpartisan though most officials have a Democratic party preference or affiliation.", "Term limit Term limits may be divided into two broad categories: consecutive and lifetime. With consecutive term limits, an officeholder is limited to serving a particular number of terms in that particular office. Upon hitting the limit in one office, an officeholder may not run for the same office again (though he may run for any other electve office). After a set period of time (usually one term), the clock resets on the limit, and the officeholder may run for election to his/her original office and serve up to the limit again.", "Calgary City Council From 1823 to 1923, mayoralty elections were held annually. A plebiscite held in 1923 increased the term in office for the mayor from one to two years. In 1968, the Municipal Act increased the term in office by one year, for a total of three years. In 2013, the term for mayor was amended in the Local Authorities Election Act to 4 years.[5][6]", "Term of office In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four-year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951.", "Term limits in the United States Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms, setting terms at one year's length, and holding \"that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years.\"[2] Shortly after independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at \"four years in seven\".[3] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, but also because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]", "Brownsville, Texas Brownsville has a councilâ€“manager style of government. The mayor and six city commissioners, two at-large and four district, serve staggered four-year terms. Elections are held for one at-large and two district seats every two years. Municipal elections are held on the first Saturday of May in odd numbered years. Once a winner is determined, the commissioner-elect will be seated at the next regular meeting of the Brownsville City Commission. City elected officials are non-partisan, meaning that they do not have a party affiliation. They may be personally affiliated with a political party but this has no bearing on the office.[citation needed]", "Lord Mayor of London Lord Mayors are elected for one-year terms; by custom, they do not now serve more than one consecutive term. Numerous individuals have served multiple terms in office, including:\nAs Mayor:", "Term limits in the United States Term limits, also referred to as rotation in office, restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold.", "Government of Texas The legislature convenes its regular sessions at noon on the second Tuesday in January of odd-numbered years. The maximum duration of a regular session is 140 days. The governor is given authority under the state constitution to convene the legislature at other times during the biennium. Such sessions are known as called or special sessions and are reserved for legislation that the governor deems critically important in the conduct of state affairs. Called sessions are limited to a period of 30 days, during which the legislature is permitted to pass laws only on subjects submitted by the governor in calling for the session. Its session laws are published in the official General and Special Laws;[6] most, but not all, of these statutes are codified in the Revised Civil Statutes, Penal Code, and Code of Criminal Procedure (sometimes referred to as the Texas Statutes).[7][8]", "Lord Mayor of London The last individual to serve multiple terms was Sir Robert Fowler (elected in 1883 and in 1885).[2]", "Massachusetts General Court State Senators and Representatives both serve two-year terms.[8] There are no term limits; a term limit was enacted by initiative in Massachusetts in 1994, but in 1997 this was struck down by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, which ruled that it was an unconstitutional attempt to provide additional qualifications for office by statute, rather than constitutional amendment.[9][10]", "Laredo, Texas City council members receive a monthly gross salary of $1,000 plus $750 monthly for maintaining a home office, $150 per month for a city cell phone, and $750 monthly for fuel expenses. The annual total compensation is hence $31,800.[91] However, total annual compensation will increase to $50,000. The mayor currently receives about $61,200; that will rise to $75,000 a year beginning with the 2018 election. Since council terms are staggered, those increases begin with each forthcoming election cycle.[92]", "Mayor of Chicago The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was increased to two years. In 1907, it was lengthened to four years, the present duration. Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation moved them to April. In 1869, however, election day was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were lengthened. In 1875, election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872.", "Mayor The mayor is elected for a four-year term concurrently with the four-year term of the municipal council, and his/her service is terminated at the end of the municipal council's term. Mayors cannot be dismissed by the municipal council, but they can be removed from the office by the citizens of their municipality in a referendum. A mayor can also be dismissed by the Prime Minister in case of persistent transgression of the law. Citizens having a criminal record cannot run for mayor, but only if sentenced for intentional offense ex officio.", "Governor of California Governors are elected by popular ballot and serve terms of four years, with a limit of two terms, if served after November 6, 1990.[2] Governors take the following oath:", "Houston The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government.[177] Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in the state of Texas are nonpartisan.[177][178] The city's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council.[179] The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston's mayor serves as the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced.[180]", "United States presidential eligibility legislation No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.[2]", "El Paso, Texas Noe has been on the council since 2011, Ordaz since 2014, Svarzbein since 2015, and Annello, Hernandez, Lizarraga, Morgan, and Rivera since 2017. Due to the term limits clause of the city charter Noe is ineligible for reelection. All other councilors and the mayor are eligible for reelection.", "Term limits in the United States On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states. Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, \"to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress\".[6] The committee made recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation (1781â€“89). The fifth Article stated that \"no person shall be capable of being a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than three years in any term of six years\".[7]", "California State Legislature Term limits were initially established in 1990 following the passage of Proposition 140.[3] In June 2012, voters approved Proposition 28,[6] which limits legislators to a maximum of 12 years, without regard to whether they serve those years in the State Assembly or the State Senate. Legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012 are restricted by the previous term limits, approved in 1990, which limited legislators to three terms in the State Assembly and two terms in the State Senate.", "Texas House of Representatives The Texas House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Texas Legislature. It consists of 150 members who are elected from single-member districts for a term of 2 years. As of the 2010 Census, each member represents an average of 167,637 people. There are no term limits, with the most senior member, Tom Craddick, having been elected in 1968.", "Tucson, Arizona Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in August. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2015), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2017).", "Mayor of Mumbai The tenure of the mayor is 5 years (or) till dissolution of municipal corporation, either by themselves (or) by state law.", "Texas Texas has 254 countiesâ€” the most nationwide. Each county runs on Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a \"weak\" mayor-council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners.", "List of mayors of Baltimore Originally elected for a term of only two years under the original first City Charter of 1796/1797, now traditionally, the current edition of the Baltimore City Charter limits a mayoral term to four years since the revisions of 1920 (who can be reelected without term limits). However, the 2015 municipal /mayoral primary / general elections will be postponed to 2016 in order to better align with national elections.", "List of Governors of Texas Since its establishment, only one man has served in excess of eight years as governor: Rick Perry. Perry, the longest-serving governor in state history, assumed the governorship in 2000 upon the exit of George W. Bush, who resigned to take office as the 43rd President of the United States. Perry was re-elected in 2002, 2006, and 2010 serving for 14 years before choosing to retire in 2014.", "Governor of Minnesota Since a 1958 amendment to the Minnesota Constitution governors are elected to four-year terms. Previously, they served two-year terms. There is no term limit for governor of the state.[3]", "Mayor of Los Angeles Elections for mayor were held in odd-numbered years from 1909 until 2013. In October 2014, the Los Angeles City Council recommended consolidating city elections with gubernatorial and presidential elections in even-numbered years in an effort to increase turnout.[8][9] On March 3, 2015, voters passed a charter amendment to extend the term of the mayor elected in 2017 to five-and-a-half years. From 2022 and onward, mayoral elections will be consolidated with the statewide gubernatorial elections held every four years.[10]", "Mayor of San Diego As of June 2018, 35 individuals have served as mayor. There have been 36 mayoralties because Edwin M. Capps served two non-consecutive terms; he is counted chronologically as both the ninth and sixteenth mayor. The longest term was that of Pete Wilson, who served for eleven years over three terms prior to the establishment of successive term limits. The shortest term, not counting interim or acting mayors, was that of George P. Tebbetts, who served for less than two months before the position of mayor was abolished due to the bankruptcy of the city. Percy J. Benbough is the only mayor to have died in office. Two women have been elected mayor: Maureen O'Connor and Susan Golding consecutively. John F. Forward, Sr. and John F. Forward, Jr. are the only father and son to have both served as mayor.", "Plano, Texas Plano is governed by the council-manager form of government, with a part-time city council that sets city policy and a city manager who is responsible for city operations. The Plano City Council consists of eight members elected by popular on a nonpartisan basis in staggered odd-year elections every other May. Council members and the mayor are elected by and serve the city at large. However, the council members serving in places one, two, three, and four must reside in that district, and the mayor always serves in place six. The mayor receives a yearly stipend of $8,400, and each council member receives $6,000.", "San Diego City Council Each city council member is elected from a single-member district. Elections follow a two-round system. The first round of the election is called the primary election. The top-two candidates in the primary election advance to a runoff election, called the general election. Write-in candidates are only allowed to contest the primary election and are not allowed in the general election. Council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit.[7] City council seats are all officially non-partisan by state law, although most members identify a party preference.", "Amarillo, Texas In 1913, Amarillo became the first Texas city and the fifth in United States to use the council-manager form of municipal government, with all governmental powers resting in a legislative body, called a council (before 2014, it was called a commission).[47][48] Amarillo's commission is composed of five elected commissioners, one of whom is the mayor of the city. The mayor and each commissioner serves a two-year term. The role of the commission is to pass ordinances and resolutions, adopt regulations, and appoint city officials, including the city manager. While the mayor serves as a presiding officer of the commission, the city manager is the administrative head of the municipal government and is responsible for the administration of all departments. The city commission holds its regular meetings on Tuesday of each week.[49]", "Mayor of San Diego The Mayor of the City of San Diego is the official head and chief executive officer of the U.S. city of San Diego, California. The mayor has the duty to enforce and execute the laws enacted by the San Diego City Council, the legislative branch. The mayor serves a four-year term and is limited to two successive terms.", "United States Constitution The Twenty-second Amendment (1951) limits an elected president to two terms in office, a total of eight years. However, under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years. Although nothing in the original frame of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve, the nation's first president, George Washington, declined to run for a third term, suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president. This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth.[93]", "Term limits in the United States Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored by William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial councilâ€”the upper house of the colonial legislature.[38] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware can serve two four-year terms.", "President of Ireland Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise.[3] They must be nominated by one of the following:[3]", "New Mexico Legislature Currently, there are no term limits for legislators. The longest current member of the legislature has served since the 1970s. House members are elected every 2 years, while Senate members are elected every 4 years.[7]", "Texas Legislature The Texas Legislature meets in regular session on the second Tuesday in January of each odd-numbered year.[1] The Texas Constitution limits the regular session to 140 calendar days. The lieutenant governor, elected statewide separately from the governor, presides over the Senate, while the Speaker of the House is elected from that body by its members. Both have wide latitude in choosing committee membership in their respective houses and have a large impact on lawmaking in the state.", "Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey Under the original 1838 charter, mayors were elected citywide for a term of one year. In 1868 the State Legislature extended the term of office to two years.[4] In 1892, the Legislature again changed the term of office, extending it to five years.[5] The city adopted a commission form of government under the Walsh Act in 1913.[6] This form provided for a five-member commission with both executive and legislative powers elected for four years. The Commissioners elected one of their number as mayor. Under this system, the mayor's only specific power was to appoint the school board. Otherwise, he was first among equals, with no powers over and above his fellow commissioners. Jersey City adopted its current form of government on May 7, 1961.[7]", "Mayor of Boston In a bid to temper the rising power of James Michael Curley, the state legislature in 1918 passed legislation forbidding city mayors from serving consecutive terms in office; consequently, none of Curley's four terms in office are consecutive. This law was repealed in 1938, after Curley's political career appeared to be in decline.[2] Another charter change was enacted in 1949, partly in response to Curley's fourth term, during which he served prison time for crimes committed in an earlier term. Because of this change, one term was shortened to two years; it was the first term of John B. Hynes (1950â€“1952).", "List of mayors of San Antonio San Antonio operates under a council–manager form of government.[1][2] While the mayor presides over meetings of the City Council and is paid $3,000 more than other members of the Council, the mayor does not wield executive authority or veto power. Rather, the mayor has one vote (of 11) on the city council, and the city manager, appointed by the City Council, has executive power (the city charter gives the manager the responsibility to \"execute the laws and administer the government of the city\").[1] However, the mayor does have additional ceremonial responsibilities, such as issuing proclamations. Additionally, the mayor is the only city-wide elected official, and \"a high-profile mayor can wield considerable political influence\" in the city.[2] For example, the San Antonio Express-News editorial board wrote that Mayor Julian Castro has \"a mastery of political skill that made him a strong force in a weak mayor structure\" during his term (2009-14).[3]", "Term limit Term limits are also common in Latin America, where most countries are also presidential republics. Early in the last century, the Mexican revolutionary Francisco Madero popularized the slogan Sufragio Efectivo, no ReelecciÃ³n (effective suffrage, no reelection). In keeping with that principle, members of the Congress of Mexico (the Chamber of Deputies and Senate) cannot be reelected for the next immediate term under article 50 and 59 of the Constitution of Mexico, adopted in 1917. Likewise, the President of Mexico is limited to a single six-year term. This makes every presidential election in Mexico a non-incumbent election.", "Judiciary of Texas Judges are elected in partisan elections.[5][24] Trial judges are elected for 4 years, and appeals court judges are elected for 6 years.[5] The Governor may fill vacancies until the next election, and judges traditionally leave office before their last term is completed.[5] Judges may be removed by voters in retention elections, by trial by jury, or by legislative address or impeachment if state judges.[25] Some incumbent judges/justices who seek reelection are defeated in primary elections, others in general elections. The chances of election-driver turnover on district and appellate benches is affected by the nature of the concurrent elections (presidential or mid-term) and by partisan tides, at least in the more competitive counties and appellate districts, e.g. Dallas and Harris County/Houston (county-level) and San Antonio (appellate district level).", "Republic of Texas After gaining their independence, the Texas voters had elected a Congress of 14 senators and 29 representatives in September 1836. The Constitution allowed the first president to serve for two years and subsequent presidents for 3 years. In order to hold an office or vote, a person needed to be a citizen of the Republic.[21]", "Fort Worth, Texas Fort Worth has a council-manager government, with elections held every two years for a mayor, elected at large, and eight council members, elected by district. The mayor is a voting member of the council and represents the city on ceremonial occasions. The council has the power to adopt municipal ordinances and resolutions, make proclamations, set the city tax rate, approve the city budget, and appoint the city secretary, city attorney, city auditor, municipal court judges, and members of city boards and commissions. The day-to-day operations of city government are overseen by the city manager, who is also appointed by the council.[65] The current mayor is Republican Betsy Price, making Fort Worth the largest city in the United States with a female mayor.[66]", "List of Governors of Texas Three governors have served non-consecutive terms: Elisha M. Pease, Miriam A. Ferguson, and Bill Clements. As was the case in most Southern states, Texas did not elect any Republican governor from the end of Reconstruction until the late twentieth century. Bill Clements was the state's first Republican governor since Edmund J. Davis left office in 1874, 105 years earlier. Dolph Briscoe was the last governor to be elected to a two-year term, in 1972; he was also the first to be elected to a four-year term, in 1974, since the post-Reconstruction period when two-year terms had first been established. Rick Perry, who ascended to the governorship on December 21, 2000 upon the resignation of then-Governor George W. Bush, won full four-year terms in 2002, 2006 and 2010.", "Term limits in the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933â€“1945) was the first and only U.S. president to break Washington's tradition successfully. He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term. This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\".", "Toronto Toronto is a single-tier municipality governed by a mayor–council system. The structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of Toronto Act. The Mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 44 councillors representing geographical wards throughout the city.[147] The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without term limits. (Until the 2006 municipal election, the mayor and city councillors served three-year terms.) However, on November 18, 2013, council voted to modify the city's government by transferring many executive powers from the mayor to the deputy mayor, and itself.[148]", "Mayor of San Diego If the office of the mayor becomes vacant with one year or less remaining in the term, the city council appoints a person to fill the vacancy. If the vacancy occurs with more than one year remaining, the city council is obligated to call a special election. The candidate with the majority of the votes in the special election is declared mayor. If no candidate receives a majority, a special run-off must be held between the two candidates with the highest number of votes. While the mayor's office is vacant pending a special election, the president of the city council serves as the interim mayor, with limited powers, until a new mayor is elected.[9] If for any reason a Mayor serves a partial term of two years or more, it will count as one full term.[5]", "Missouri House of Representatives In 1992 Missouri voters approved a constitutional amendment placing term limits on the Missouri House of Representatives. A Representative can serve no more than four two-year terms in the house. The first time term limits prevented someone from running again was in 2002.", "Arizona Arizona state senators and representatives are elected for two-year terms and are limited to four consecutive terms in a chamber, though there is no limit on the total number of terms. When a lawmaker is term-limited from office, it is not uncommon for him or her to run for election in the other chamber.", "El Paso, Texas The terms of Mayor Margo and Councillors Annello, Hernandez, Morgan, and Rivera will end in 2020. The terms of Lizarraga, Noe, Ordaz, and Svarzbein will end in 2018." ]	[ "Politics of Houston As the result of a 1991 referendum in Houston, the two-year term was amended to elected officials who can serve up to three terms until 2015 where the three term limit and two year terms were replaced with a two four-year terms - a mayor is elected for a four-year term (previously the mayor, controller, and councilmembers are elected to a two-year term prior to the November 3, 2015 city elections), and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms. City council members, who also have a three-term limit, are elected from eleven districts in the city, along with five at-large council members, who represent the entire city. Term limits with the City of Houston are absolute - past elected officeholders are prohibited from campaigning for their former council positions (which includes the Mayor and City Controller). The current Mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner." ]
test91	who sang the most number of songs in the world	[ "doc2994" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc2994", "doc2200752", "doc2418980", "doc2200751", "doc1701432", "doc1102376", "doc1594259", "doc1191461", "doc2345328", "doc31673", "doc789428", "doc1683630", "doc228746", "doc1222997", "doc1594278", "doc848987", "doc1942005", "doc179555", "doc300410", "doc1594260", "doc764581", "doc158857", "doc1112368", "doc627143", "doc2221227", "doc2003343", "doc1534919", "doc3852", "doc1594261", "doc2082720", "doc1104460", "doc1453653", "doc2470152", "doc351884", "doc1594265", "doc2603969", "doc1594264", "doc2333243", "doc1814850", "doc816091", "doc1474204", "doc1468627", "doc785639", "doc1594271", "doc351882", "doc219226", "doc925394", "doc1683631", "doc1045100", "doc1594270", "doc816090", "doc1893761", "doc158825", "doc1069073", "doc816097", "doc1594276", "doc1191410", "doc1945785", "doc2221263", "doc2536998", "doc38145", "doc2228073", "doc79212", "doc793097", "doc173860", "doc79213", "doc1141286", "doc217618", "doc1683632", "doc148263", "doc816081", "doc1453651", "doc2221233", "doc393793", "doc2221232", "doc874917", "doc31669", "doc513288", "doc2221265", "doc351883", "doc1594266", "doc148264", "doc1893739", "doc2639758", "doc302996", "doc909403", "doc1834824", "doc139226", "doc252045", "doc2148937", "doc638990", "doc2475924", "doc715864", "doc139227", "doc1223033", "doc413696", "doc2228074", "doc2603952", "doc2309605", "doc2437180" ]	[ "Playback singer Mohammed Rafi and Ahmed Rushdi are regarded as two of the most influential playback singers in South Asia.[5][6][7][8] The sisters Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle, who have mainly worked in Hindi films, are often referred to as two of the best-known and most prolific playback singers in India.[9][10][11][12][13] In 1991, Mangeshkar was cited by the Guinness Book of World Records for having sung more than 30,000 solo, duet and chorus-backed song recordings, more than any other singer in the world.[14][15] However, her name was removed in 1991 and replaced by another Indian playback singer, Dr K J Yesudas in 1991.[citation needed] All India Record. In 2011, Guinness officially acknowledged Lata Mangeshkar's sister Asha Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history, surpassing her sister.[16]", "Lata Mangeshkar The entry was discontinued by Guinness editions in 1991 without explanation, while several sources continued to claim that she recorded thousands of songs, with estimates ranging up to figures as large as 50,000.[60][61] However, even the earliest Guinness claim of 25,000 songs (between 1948â€“1974) was disputed and claimed to have been exaggerated by several others, stating that the number of songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar in Hindi films till 1991 was found to be 5025.[62][63][64][65] Mangeshkar herself has stated that she does not keep a record of the number of songs recorded by her, and that she did not know from where Guinness Book editors got their information.[66] In 2011, the entry was revived by Guinness crediting the record to her sister Asha Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history, \"for recording up to 11,000 solo, duet and chorus-backed songs and in over 20 Indian languages since 1947\".[67]", "Women in music In the music of Bollywood (the centre of India's film industry) and other regional film industries in India, women playback singers have had a significant role, with the sisters Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle, who have mainly worked in Hindi films, often referred to as two of the best-known and most prolific playback singers in India. In 2011, Bhosle was officially acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most recorded artist in music history.[1]", "Lata Mangeshkar In 1974, The Guinness Book of Records listed Lata Mangeshkar as the most recorded artist in the history, stating that she had reportedly recorded \"not less than 25,000 solo, duet and chorus backed songs in 20 Indian languages\" between 1948 and 1974. Her record was contested by Mohammad Rafi, who was claimed to have sung around 28,000 songs.[57][58] After Rafi's death, in its 1984 edition, the Guinness Book of World Records stated Lata Mangeshkar's name for the \"Most Recordings\", but also stated Rafi's claim. The later editions of Guinness Book stated that Lata Mangeshkar had sung no fewer than 30,000 songs between 1948 and 1987.[59]", "Asha Bhosle Renowned for her voice range and often credited for her versatility,[2][7][8] Bhosle's work includes film music, pop, ghazals, bhajans, traditional Indian classical music, folk songs, qawwalis, and Rabindra Sangeets. Apart from Hindi, she has sung in over 20 Indian and foreign languages.[9] In 2006, Asha Bhosle stated that she had sung over 12,000 songs,[10] a figure repeated by several other sources.[9][11] In 2011, she was officially acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most recorded artist in music history.[12] The Government of India honoured her with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2000 and the Padma Vibhushan[13] in 2008. In 2013, she made her debut as an actress in the film Mai, and received critical acclaim for her performance.", "Kumar Sanu Recently he recorded an album named Hum aur Tum. He also recorded a Spanish song for an album. He has also the record for the most recordings of songs in a single day, 28 songs.", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 This is a list of artists with the most number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart (10 or more). The Beatles currently hold the record for the most number-one songs in the 57-year history of the chart, with 20.Mariah Carey holds the record for the solo artist with the most number-one songs, with 18. Rihanna is in third place with 14 number-one songs (including songs that went #1 with Rihanna as a featured artist) and Michael Jackson is in fourth place with 13 number-ones (not including his four chart-toppers with The Jackson 5 and one with usa for africa), while The Supremes and Madonna have attained 12 each. Whitney Houston achieved 11 number-ones during her career, while Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson have scored 10 apiece.", "Max Martin Since 1999, Max Martin has written and co-written 22 Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits (most of which he has also produced or co-produced).[3] Martin is the songwriter with third most number-one singles on the chart, behind only Paul McCartney (32) and John Lennon (26). As a producer he holds the record for second-most number-one singles on the chart with 20 behind only George Martin (23).[3] Additionally, five of these songs made their debut on the chart at number-one.", "Louie Louie By some accounts \"Louie Louie\" is the world's most recorded rock song with over 1,600 versions and counting (with more appearing regularly on YouTube and elsewhere).[12]", "Guinness World Records Guinness World Records bestowed the record of \"Person with the most records\" on Ashrita Furman of Queens, NY in April 2009. At that time, he held 100 records.[12]", "Record sales According to Guinness World Records, Michael Jackson's 1982 album Thriller remains the best-selling album in history, with an estimated 66Â million copies sold worldwide.[8] \"Candle in the Wind 1997\" is the best-selling physical single of all time with 33 million copies sold. Although precise worldwide sales figure is hard to obtain, it is widely acknowledged that the Beatles have sold more records than any other artist in the history of recorded music.[9][10][11][12]", "Elvis Presley Presley holds the records for most songs charting in Billboard's top 40—114[433][434]—and top 100: 151, according to chart statistician Joel Whitburn,[435] 138 according to Presley historian Adam Victor.[434] Presley's rankings for top ten and number one hits vary depending on how the double-sided \"Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel\" and \"Don't/I Beg of You\" singles, which precede the inception of Billboard's unified Hot 100 chart, are analyzed.[f] According to Whitburn's analysis, Presley holds the record with 38, tying with Madonna;[433] per Billboard's current assessment, he ranks second with 36.[436] Whitburn and Billboard concur that the Beatles hold the record for most number one hits with 20, and that Mariah Carey is second with 18. Whitburn has Presley also with 18, and thus tied for second;[433] Billboard has him third with 17.[437] Presley retains the record for cumulative weeks at number one: alone at 80, according to Whitburn and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame;[438][439] tied with Carey at 79, according to Billboard.[440][441] He holds the records for most British number one hits with 21, and top ten hits with 76.[442][443]", "It's a Small World Robert J. Sherman, youngest son of Robert B. Sherman, has claimed that this song is the single most-performed and most-translated piece of music on Earth.[8] In 2014, it was estimated that the song had played nearly 50 million times worldwide on the attractions alone, beating out the radio and TV estimates for You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' and Yesterday, which were believed to have been played at least eight and seven million times respectively.[10][11]", "George Strait By 2009, he broke Conway Twitty's previous record for the most number-one hits on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart when his 44 number one singles surpassed Twitty's 40.[3] Counting all music charts, Strait has amassed a total of 60 number-one hits, breaking a record also previously set by Twitty, and giving him more number one songs than any other artist in any genre of music.[4]", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 American singer Elvis Presley achieved 17 number-one songs on Billboard Best Sellers In Stores and Hot 100 charts between 1956 and 1969 prior to his death in August 1977.[47][48] Elvis achieved 11 number one singles between 1956 and 1959 before the inception of the Billboard Hot 100. After its inception, he achieved 7 more number one singles totaling 80 weeks as well as 114 top 40 singles (twice as much as any other entertainer) in his entire career. His first number one record was \"Heartbreak Hotel\" in 1956 and his last being \"Suspicious Minds\" in 1969.[47] Billboard later changed its rules, announcing that Elvis' classic double sided number one hit single, Hound Dog / Don't Be Cruel would no longer be counted as two separate number ones, making it possible for Billboard to announce that Mariah Carey had surpassed Elvis Presley as the solo artist with the most No. 1 singles.", "Lennon–McCartney Lennonâ€“McCartney compositions have been the subject of numerous cover versions. According to Guinness World Records, \"Yesterday\" has been recorded by more artists than any other song.[4] The Sunday Times called Lennon and McCartney the greatest composers since Ludwig van Beethoven.[5]", "Karaoke Robbie Williams holds the record for the largest number of people singing karaoke at one time, for over 120,000 people singing \"Strong\" live at Knebworth 2003.", "List of songs recorded by Udit Narayan This is an alphabetical list of Hindi songs performed by Udit Narayan from 1980 to date. He has sung more than 19000 Hindi songs. Over 1200 songs are listed here.[1] He has also sung in several other different languages which is not included here.", "List of best-selling singles According to Guinness World Records, \"White Christmas\" (1942) by Bing Crosby is the best-selling single worldwide, with estimated sales of over 50 million copies. The song recognized as \"the best-selling single of all time\" was released before the pop/rock singles-chart era and \"was listed as the world's best-selling single in the first-ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and—remarkably—still retains the title more than 50 years later.\" Guinness World Records states that double A-side charity single \"Candle in the Wind 1997\"/\"Something About the Way You Look Tonight\" (1997) by Elton John, a tribute to the late Diana, Princess of Wales, is \"the biggest-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s, having accumulated worldwide sales of 33 million copies,\" making it the second-best-selling single of all time.", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 English rock band The Beatles achieved a record holding 20 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1964 and their split in 1970. Some of their hits include \"Ticket To Ride\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", \"Let It Be\", and \"Hey Jude\".", "Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones The calendar year that has featured the most UK number ones is 2000, which featured 42 singles reaching the top spot; the year with the fewest number ones is 2016, with 10 songs, followed by 1954, with 11 songs topping the chart, just ahead of 1956, 1962 and 1992, with 12. The act that has achieved the most number ones is American entertainer Elvis Presley, who has topped the chart 21 times â€“ Presley's second number one, \"Jailhouse Rock\" was the first single ever to debut at the top of the chart.[1] The most successful band are The Beatles, who have achieved 17 number ones on the chart. The Beatles' first chart-topper, \"From Me to You\", reached number one in May 1963.", "Grammy Award records Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79.[9][10]", "Now That's What I Call Music! As of 2018, the most featured artist was Robbie Williams with 30 singles, followed by Rihanna and Calvin Harris with 27, David Guetta with 25, Kylie Minogue with 24 and Girls Aloud with 21. This does not include any uncredited appearances in groups or on charity records.[13]", "Cinema of India B. Narsing Rao, K. N. T. Sastry and Pattabhirama Reddy have garnered international recognition for their pioneering work in Parallel Cinema.[245][246] Adurthi Subba Rao has garnered ten National Film Awards, the highest individual awards in Telugu cinema, for his pioneering work as a director.[247] S. P. Balasubramanyam holds the Guinness World Record of having sung the most number of songs for any male playback singer in the world; the majority of his songs were sung in Telugu.[248][249][250]", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart American singer, songwriter, and producer Madonna has achieved a record-extending 46 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. In addition to this feat, she also holds the record for the most chart hits, the most top-twenty hits, the most top-ten hits[1] and the most total weeks at number one.[2] She is the only living and active artist to continue charting at Dance Club Songs, spanning 34 years, the longest of any artist on this chart. In its December 10, 2016 issue celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna ranked 1st among the top 100 all-time artists in this category.[3]", "Akon He is the first solo artist to hold both the number one and two spots simultaneously on the Billboard Hot 100 charts twice.[3] Akon has had four songs certified as 3× platinum, three songs certified as 2× platinum, more than ten songs certified as 1× platinum and more than ten songs certified as gold in digital sales. Akon has sung songs in other languages including Tamil, Hindi, and Spanish. He was listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the #1 selling artist for master ringtones in the world.", "Paul McCartney McCartney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and again as a solo artist in 1999. In 1979, the Guinness Book of World Records recognised McCartney as the \"most honored composer and performer in music\", with 60 gold discs (43 with the Beatles, 17 with Wings) and, as a member of the Beatles, sales of over 100 million singles and 100 million albums, and as the \"most successful song writer\", he wrote jointly or solo 43 songs which sold one million or more records between 1962 and 1978.[423] In 2009, Guinness World Records again recognised McCartney as the \"most successful songwriter\" having written or co-written 188 charted records in the United Kingdom, of which 91 reached the top 10 and 33 made it to number one.[424]", "Ashrita Furman Ashrita Furman (born Keith Furman, September 16, 1954) is a Guinness World Records record-breaker. As of 2017, Furman has set more than 600 official Guinness Records and currently holds more than 191 records,[1] thus holding the most Guinness world records.[2] He has been breaking records since 1979.[2][3]", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 American singer, songwriter and producer Mariah Carey has achieved 18 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "List of artists by number of UK Albums Chart number ones The album chart was first published by Record Mirror on 28 July 1956[3]â€”the album at number one that week was Songs for Swingin' Lovers! by Frank Sinatra.[4] As of 24 November 2013[update], 1,000 different albums have reached the top of the chart;[5] 11 artists have topped the chart with nine or more different albums. The most successful act is The Beatles, who have reached number one with fifteen records and spent 174 weeks at the top, longer than any other artist.[6] Elvis Presley is the most successful solo artist with 13 number-one albums, while Madonna is the most successful female artist with 12 number-one albums in the UK.", "How Great Thou Art The Manna Music editors changed \"works\" and \"mighty\" in Hine's original translation to \"worlds\" and \"rolling\" respectively. According to Manna Music, \"Presently it is considered, and has been for several years, to be the most popular Gospel song in the world.\"[41]", "List of prolific writers Most authors carefully craft their work, writing and rewriting several times before publication. Some authors simply use pen and paper, while others such as Isaac Asimov spent hours at a stretch working at a typewriter.[5] Philip M. Parker, by one measure the world's most prolific author, has an entirely different approach. Parker has over 200,000 titles listed on Amazon.com, having developed an algorithm to gather publicly available data and compile it into book form.[6][7] The computer-generated nature of the books is not detailed on the sales page and the books are printed only when ordered.[6][8]", "Rod McKuen McKuen wrote over 1,500 songs, which have accounted for the sale of over 100 million records worldwide according to the Associated Press.[1] His songs have been performed by such diverse artists as Robert Goulet, Glenn Yarbrough, Barbra Streisand, Perry Como, Petula Clark, Waylon Jennings, The Boston Pops, Chet Baker, Johnny Cash, Pete Fountain, Andy Williams, the Kingston Trio, Percy Faith, the London Philharmonic, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Mathis, Al Hirt, Greta Keller, Aaron Freeman, and Frank Sinatra.[3][10][11]", "List of artists by number of UK Singles Chart number ones McCartney (25) is the highest charting male and British performer, Geri Halliwell (14) is the highest charting British female performer, Mark Feehily of Westlife (15) is the highest charting male performer from the LGBT group, Elvis Presley (21) is the highest charting solo, male, non-British and American performer, Madonna (13) is the highest charting female non-British performer, Spice Girls (9) is the highest charting girl group, Beatles (17) is the highest charting group, male group and British group, ABBA (9) is the highest charting Swedish and mixed group, Shane Filan of Westlife (16) is the highest charting solo Irish act, Westlife (15) is the highest charting non-British group, pop group and Irish group with most number one appearances in the UK Singles Chart.", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 \"We Belong Together\" spent 14 weeks at number-one in 2005,[12] while \"Don't Forget About Us\" became her seventeenth chart topper, tying her with Presley.[21] \"Touch My Body\" became Carey's eighteenth number-one song on the Hot 100 in 2008, breaking her tie with Presley and placing her second for the most chart toppers in the history of the chart.[22] It also means that Carey is in fourth place for songwriters with the most-number ones, with 17, only behind Max Martin (21), John Lennon (26) and Paul McCartney (32).[23] Carey and Presley hold the record for having spent 79 weeks at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100.[12][24] Carey holds the record for solo artist with the most number-ones.[12]", "Kishore Kumar Kishore Kumar sang the most songs in his career for Rajesh Khanna. Kumar sang 245 songs picturised on Rajesh Khanna across 92 films, which is an unbeaten record for singer-actor combination. Kishore sang 245 songs for Rajesh Khanna, 202 for Jeetendra, 119 for Dev Anand and 131 for Amitabh.", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 When \"My All\" peaked at number-one for one week in May 1998,[17] it meant that Carey became the first artist in the history of the chart to have two runs of five consecutive number-ones, first with \"Vision of Love\", \"Love Takes Time\", \"Someday\", \"I Don't Wanna Cry\" and \"Emotions\" in 1990/91, and again with \"Fantasy\", \"One Sweet Day\", \"Always Be My Baby\", \"Honey\" and \"My All\" between 1995â€“98.[5] The streak broke, however, when Carey's duet with Houston, \"When You Believe\", peaked at number 15.[6] \"Heartbreaker\" topped the chart for two weeks in October 1999,[18] extending her lead for female artist with the most number-ones, and only third to Elvis Presley (17) and The Beatles (20) overall.[19] \"Thank God I Found You\" became Carey's fifteenth number-one song in February 2000, meaning that Carey had charted a number-one single for eleven consecutive years starting with \"Vision of Love\" in 1990, a record she still holds.[17][20]", "Madonna (entertainer) Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 46 songs topping the Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart.[386] She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other artist in history.[387] In 2008, Billboard ranked her at number two, behind The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the chart's history.[182] In 2016, the magazine listed her as the Greatest Dance Club Songs Artist of All Time.[388] At the 40th anniversary of Germany's GfK Media Control Charts, Madonna was listed as the most successful singles artist in the chart's history.[389]", "Christmas music Approximately half of the 30 best-selling Christmas songs by ASCAP members in 2015 were written by Jewish composers. Johnny Marks has three top Christmas songs, the most for any writer—\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\", and \"A Holly Jolly Christmas\". By far the most recorded Christmas song is \"White Christmas\" by Irving Berlin (born Israel Isidore Beilin in Russia)—who also wrote \"Happy Holiday\"—with well over 500 versions in dozens of languages.", "White Christmas (song) There has been confusion and debate on whether Crosby's record is or is not the best-selling single, due to a lack of information on sales of \"White Christmas,\" because Crosby's recording was released before the advent of the modern-day US and UK singles charts.[17] However, after careful research, Guinness World Records in 2007 concluded that, worldwide, Crosby's recording of \"White Christmas\" has, in their estimation, sold at least 50 million copies, and that Elton John's recording of \"Candle in the Wind 1997\" has sold 33 million, making Crosby's recording the best-selling single of all time.[2] However, an update in the 2009 edition of the book decided to further help settle the controversy amicably by naming both John's and Crosby's songs to be \"winners\" by stating that John's recording is the \"best-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s,\" while maintaining that \"the best-selling single of all time was released before the first pop charts,\" and that this distinction belongs to \"White Christmas,\" which it says \"was listed as the world's best-selling single in the first-ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and—remarkably—still retains the title more than 50 years later.\"[18]", "List of most Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hits by artist Elvis leads the list for male entertainers. Madonna leads the list of female artists of Top 10 Hot 100 hits, with a total of 38. She and the Beatles, who last reached the region with reunion single \"Free As A Bird\" in 1995, were tied with 34, until Madonna notched her 35th with \"Die Another Day\" in 2002. She scored her 38th and most recent Top 10 with \"Give Me All Your Luvin'\" (featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.) in 2012.[1] Had The Jackson /The Jacksons singles counted, Michael Jackson would then have an additional eleven more Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hits as a lead vocalist, making his total of 40 Top 10 Hot 100 singles.", "Yesterday (Beatles song) \"Yesterday\" is one of the most recorded songs in the history of popular music. Its entry in Guinness World Records states that, by January 1986, 1,600 cover versions had been made.[2] After Muzak switched in the 1990s to programs based on commercial recordings, its inventory grew to include about 500 \"Yesterday\" covers.[37]", "List of songs recorded by Kishore Kumar This is an alphabetical list of known Hindi songs performed by Kishore Kumar from 1946 til 1987. Over 1500 songs are listed here.[1][2] He had also sung in several other different languages which are not included here.", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 American singer, songwriter and producer Michael Jackson achieved 13 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1972 and 1995 prior to his death in June 2009. Jackson is also the first of two artists to gain five number-one singles from one album; the other being Katy Perry. In 1972, \"Ben\" topped the Hot 100 for a week, with Jackson becoming one of the youngest artists to have a number-one hit in America, at age 13. Jackson's fifth studio album Off the Wall contained two number-one hits \"Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough\" and \"Rock with You\". This was followed by \"Billie Jean\" and \"Beat It\" from the worldwide smash hit album Thriller and \"Say Say Say\", a duet with Paul McCartney\", from the latter's Pipes of Peace album. Bad saw five number-one hits reach number-one from September 1987 to July 1988: \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\". Dangerous's lead single, \"Black or White\", reached number one within a month of its release and (along with \"Billie Jean\") becoming his longest reign at the top at seven consecutive weeks. Finally, his last number-one single \"You Are Not Alone\" debuted at number one, with Jackson becoming the first act in the Billboard Hot 100's 37-year history to do so.", "List of artists by number of UK Singles Chart number ones This is a list of artists and the titles of their number-one singles in order of total number-one singles in the UK Singles Chart since it began in 1952. To qualify for entry on the list, they must have been individually credited as an artist on four or more number one singles, as recognised by the Official Charts Company. Simply playing or singing on a single is not counted (for example as part of a group or supergroup), so, for example Clem Cattini, a prolific session musician who has played on over 40 number ones, is not included.[1]", "Happy Birthday to You \"Happy Birthday to You\", more commonly known as simply \"Happy Birthday\", is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness World Records, \"Happy Birthday to You\" is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\". The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.[1] The melody of \"Happy Birthday to You\" comes from the song \"Good Morning to All\",[2] which has traditionally been attributed to American sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill in 1893,[3][4] although the claim that the sisters composed the tune is disputed.[5]", "Paul McCartney and Wings The Guinness Book of Records", "Elvis Presley As an album artist, Presley is credited by Billboard with the record for the most albums charting in the Billboard 200: 129, far ahead of second-place Frank Sinatra's 82. He also holds the record for most time spent at number one on the Billboard 200: 67 weeks.[444] In 2015 and 2016, two albums setting Presley's vocals against music by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, If I Can Dream and The Wonder of You, both reached number one in the United Kingdom. This gave him a new record for number one U.K. albums by a solo artist with 13, and extended his record for longest span between number one albums by anybodyâ€”Presley had first topped the British chart in 1956 with his self-titled debut.[445]", "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow According to the Guinness World Records, \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\" is the second-most popular song in the English language, following \"Happy Birthday to You\" and followed by \"Auld Lang Syne\".", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 In 2012 Rihanna released \"Diamonds\", which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, her twelfth number one on the chart which tied her with Madonna and The Supremes as the artists' with the fourth most number ones on the chart's history.[43] A year later Eminem released his Rihanna-assisted single, \"The Monster\", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, which marked Rihanna's thirteenth chart topper, tying her with Michael Jackson for the third most number ones in the chart's 55-year history.[44] Additionally, Rihanna became the fastest solo artist to achieve 13 chart-toppers, surpassing the previous record held by Mariah Carey (seven-years, eight-month and 19 days), with only The Beatles reaching 13 number ones more quickly.[45] In 2016, Rihanna's single, \"Work\" peaked at number one on the Hot 100 chart and became Rihanna's fourteenth number one song in the United States. Subsequently, she became the third artist with most number one songs on the chart following The Beatles with 20 and Carey with 18.[46]", "White Christmas (song) Crosby's \"White Christmas\" single has been credited with selling 50 million copies, the most by any release and therefore it is the biggest-selling single worldwide of all time. The Guinness Book of World Records 2009 Edition lists the song as a 100-million seller, encompassing all versions of the song, including albums.[4][5] Crosby's holiday collection Merry Christmas was first released as an LP in 1949, and has never been out of print since.", "Johnny Mathis He has had five of his albums on the Billboard charts simultaneously, an achievement equaled by only two other singers: Frank Sinatra and Barry Manilow. He has released 200 singles and had 71 songs charted around the world.", "Grammy Award records The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.[1][2]", "Candle in the Wind 1997 The song has sold over 33 million copies worldwide,[3][8] which makes it either the best-selling or the second best-selling single worldwide of all time.[24] The confusion and debate on whether John's record is or is not the best-selling single in the world is due to a lack of information on sales for the record's main contender for the number-one spot, Bing Crosby's recording of \"White Christmas,\" because Crosby's recording was released before the advent of the modern-day US and UK singles charts. However, after careful research, Guinness World Records in 2007 concluded that, worldwide, Crosby's recording of \"White Christmas\" has, in their estimation, sold at least 50 million copies, and that John's recording of \"Candle in the Wind\" has sold 33 million, making Crosby's recording the best-selling single of all time.[25] However, an update in the 2009 edition of the book decided to further help settle the controversy amicably by naming both John's and Crosby's songs to be \"winners\" by stating that John's recording is the \"best-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s,\" while maintaining that \"the best-selling single of all time was released before the first pop charts,\" and that this distinction belongs to \"White Christmas,\" which it says \"was listed as the world's best-selling single in the first-ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and – remarkably – still retains the title more than 50 years later.\"[26]", "White Christmas (song) \"White Christmas\" is the most-recorded Christmas song; there have been more than 500 recorded versions of the song, in several different languages.[26] The following have received some charting success.", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 American singer, songwriter and producer Stevie Wonder has achieved 10 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. His first number one was from the 1963 live recorded album The 12 Year Old Genius with single \"Fingertips.\" He would not top the charts again until 1973, when Talking Book (1973, Tamla) produced two number-one hits, \"Superstition\" and \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life.\" Later, his album Fulfillingness' First Finale would spawn yet another number-one hit, \"You Haven't Done Nothin'\", a scathing attack on then-President Richard Nixon. His next album, the critically acclaimed Songs in the Key of Life, produced two more number-one hits, \"I Wish\" and \"Sir Duke.\" This was followed by \"Ebony and Ivory\", his collaboration with Paul McCartney, which would become Wonder's biggest Billboard Hot 100 hit, spending seven weeks at the summit. This was followed by his smash hits \"I Just Called to Say I Love You\" and \"Part-Time Lover.\" His final song (to date) to hit number-one was the star-studded \"That's What Friends Are For,\" the biggest hit of 1986. Due to Stevie Wonder's involvement, this would be the last number-one for anyone who had topped the charts prior to the British Invasion.", "Max Martin Martin has written or co-written 22 Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits, most of which he has also produced or co-produced, including Katy Perry's \"I Kissed a Girl\" (2008), Maroon 5's \"One More Night\" (2012), Taylor Swift's \"Blank Space\" (2014), and The Weeknd's \"Can't Feel My Face\" (2015). Martin is the songwriter with the third-most number-one singles on the chart, behind only Paul McCartney (32) and John Lennon (26).[3] In addition, he has had the second most Hot 100 number-one singles as a producer (20), behind George Martin, who had achieved 23 by the time of his death.[3]", "Talk:Best-selling music artist UPDATE: Madonna has been confirmed by The Guinness Book of World Records and IFPI(International Federation of Phonographic Industry) as the top selling female artist of all time with certified sales of 182mil albums and 125mil singles, 305 mil records in total. The updated chart of the \"United World Chart\", the tracking authority which monitors the RIAA and SoundScan, lists Madonna at #5 in their \"All Time Best Selling Album Artist\" and she's the only female singer on the list(Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and Nana Mouskouri are not mentioned). Also, Madonna is the all time singles artist with 25 world-wide #1 songs, more than The Beatles, Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson. She's also the best selling singles and album artist in several markets including the USA, England, Spain, Germany, etc..", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart With a total of 14 chart toppers, Enrique Iglesias, who is 14th among the top 100 Dance Club Songs Artist overall, is the only male artist with the most number-one songs on the Dance Club Play chart so far, although Dave AudÃ© would tie him in February 2017.[100]", "Hier encore The song has been performed and recorded by many international stars, such as Bing Crosby, Shirley Bassey, Dusty Springfield, Roy Clark, Mel Torme, Lena Horne, Andy Williams, Jimmy Durante,[3] Bobby Bare, Al Martino, The Peanuts, Glen Campbell, Julio Iglesias, Eddy Mitchell, Dean Reed,[4] Johnny Mathis, Marc Almond, Patricia Kaas, Nora Aunor, etc., and an uptempo version by Blossom Dearie. According to Billboard, more than 90 versions of the song were recorded before 1972.[5]", "UK Singles Chart records and statistics Simply playing or singing on a single without credit will not count, or the top positions would almost certainly belong to session musicians such as Clem Cattini who is reported to have played drums on over 40 number ones.[2]", "Gauhar Jaan In her lifetime, she recorded more than 600 records from 1902 to 1920, in more than ten languages,[9] including Bengali, Hindustani, Gujarati, Tamil, Marathi, Arabic, Persian, Pushto, French, and English. She would round off her performances for a record by announcing 'My name is Gohar Jan'.[1][10]", "List of most streamed songs on Spotify Prior to February 2014, Spotify's most streamed song was \"Radioactive\" by Imagine Dragons;[3] it was overtaken by Avicii's \"Wake Me Up\", which became the first song to hit 200 million streams on February 27, 2014.[4] \"Wake Me Up\" held the streaming record for over a year before being surpassed on May 22, 2015 by Sheeran's \"Thinking Out Loud\",[5] which became the first song to hit 500 million streams on October 12, 2015.[6] A month later, however, it was surpassed by Major Lazer and DJ Snake's \"Lean On\", featuring MØ,[7] which held the streaming record for 11 months until Drake's \"One Dance\", featuring Wizkid and Kyla, overtook it on October 15, 2016.[8] \"Shape of You\" overtook \"One Dance\" on September 21, 2017.[2]", "Dolly Parton Parton is one of the most-honored female country performers of all time. The Record Industry Association of America has certified 25 of her single or album releases as either Gold Record, Platinum Record, or Multi-Platinum Record. She has had 26 songs reach No. 1 on the Billboard country charts, a record for a female artist. She has 42 career top-10 country albums, a record for any artist, and 110 career-charted singles over the past 40 years. All-inclusive sales of singles, albums, collaboration records, compilation usage, and paid digital downloads during Parton's career have reportedly topped 100 million records around the world.[109]", "List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones In 2008, for the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100, Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best-performing songs on the chart over the 50 years, along with the best-performing artists.[1][2] In 2013, Billboard revised the rankings for the chart's 55th anniversary edition.[3] In 2015, Billboard revised the rankings again.[4] Shown below are the top 10 songs and top 10 artists over the 57-year period of the Hot 100, through October 2015. Also shown are the artists placing the most songs on the overall \"all-time\" top 100 song list.", "List of most streamed songs on Spotify As of January 201, the artists with the most singles in the top 100 are Justin Bieber, with a total of 8 singles (3 solo and 5 featured), and The Chainsmokers and The Weeknd each with 5 singles.", "Song A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.", "Fanny Crosby Crosby was \"the most prolific of all nineteenth-century American sacred song writers\".[74] By the end of her career she had written almost 9,000 hymns,[2][33] using scores of noms de plume assigned to her by publishers who wanted to disguise the proliferation of her compositions in their publications.[10][197]", "Elvis Presley As of 2018, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) credits Presley with 146.5 million certified album sales in the U.S., third all time behind the Beatles and Garth Brooks.[446] He holds the records for most gold albums (117, more than twice as many as second-place Barbra Streisand's 51),[447] most platinum albums (67),[448] and most multi-platinum albums (27).[449] His total of 197 album certification awards (including one diamond award), far outpaces the Beatles' second-best 122.[450] He has the most gold singles (54)[451] and the fourth-most platinum singles (27, behind Rihanna, Taylor Swift, and Chris Brown).[452]", "List of most-streamed songs on Spotify Prior to February 2014, Spotify's most streamed song was \"Radioactive\" by Imagine Dragons;[3] it was overtaken by Avicii's \"Wake Me Up\", which became the first song to hit 200 million streams on February 27, 2014.[4] \"Wake Me Up\" held the streaming record for over a year before being surpassed on May 22, 2015 by Sheeran's \"Thinking Out Loud\",[5] which became the first song to hit 500 million streams on October 12, 2015.[6] A month later, however, it was surpassed by Major Lazer and DJ Snake's \"Lean On\", featuring MØ,[7] which held the streaming record for 11 months until Drake's \"One Dance\", featuring Wizkid and Kyla, overtook it on October 15, 2016.[8] \"Shape of You\" overtook \"One Dance\" on September 21, 2017.[9]", "White Christmas (song) \"White Christmas\" is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. The version sung by Bing Crosby is the world's best-selling single with estimated sales in excess of 100 million copies worldwide.[1] Other versions of the song, along with Crosby's, have sold over 50 million copies.[2][3][4]", "List of prolific writers Some writers have had prolific careers with hundreds of their works being published. While some best-selling authors have written a small number of books that have sold millions of copies, others have had lengthy careers and maintained a high level of output year after year. Dame Agatha Christie, the most-published novelist in history, is estimated to have sold 4 billion books, having written 69 novels and 19 plays.[1] Her works were published between 1920 and 1976, equating to around three publications every two years. Dame Barbara Cartland has also sold millions of copies of her books but wrote many more than Christie. She spent 80 years as a novelist with 722 books published, averaging one book released every 40 days of her career.[2] While Cartland wrote a significant number of full-length novels, other authors have been published many more times but have specialised in short stories. Spanish author CorÃn Tellado wrote over 4,000 novellas, selling 400 million copies of her books.[3]", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart Barbadian singer and songwriter Rihanna has achieved 31 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Dance Club Songs chart.[7] Rihanna's first number-one song was her debut single \"Pon de Replay\" in October 2005.[8] It was followed by three number-ones from her second album A Girl like Me; \"SOS\" in May 2006, \"Unfaithful\" in July 2006, and \"We Ride\" in February 2007.[8] Her third studio album, Good Girl Gone Bad spawned four number-ones; the lead single, \"Umbrella\" featuring Jay-Z, peaked atop the chart for two consecutive weeks, and was followed by \"Don't Stop the Music\", \"Shut Up and Drive\" and \"Disturbia\".[8] Her fourth album, Rated R charted three number one songs: \"Russian Roulette\", \"Hard\" featuring Jeezy and \"Rude Boy\". With \"Hard\" reaching the top spot, Rihanna logged to shortest time span of reaching ten number-one songs, doing so in four years and five months. However, Lady Gaga broke this record in August 2011, achieving 10 in just two years, five months and three weeks.[9]", "Israel Kamakawiwoʻole \"Over the Rainbow//What a Wonderful World\" reached #12 on Billboard's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31, 2004 (for the survey week ending January 18, 2004). It passed the 2 million paid downloads mark in the USA by September 27, 2009, and then sold 3 million in the USA as of October 2, 2011.[21] And as of October 2014, the song has sold over 4.2 million digital copies.[22] In addition, the song holds the distinction of being the longest-leading number one hit on any of the Billboard song charts, having spent 185 weeks at number one on the publication's World Digital Songs chart.[22]", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart Madonna has collected three number-one songs from her thirteenth studio album, Rebel Heart. \"Living for Love\" became her forty-fourth number-one for the chart issue dated March 7, 2015.[4] Billboard noted that it was a \"historic\" milestone, as Madonna tied with country singer George Strait for the most number-ones of any Billboard chart, who accumulated the same tally on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart between 1982 and 2009.[4] \"Living for Love\" also brought the singer's total amount of U.S. number-ones across all Billboard charts to 173, which includes multiple rankings.[4] \"Ghosttown\" became her record-breaking forty-fifth chart topper for the issue dated May 30, 2015, breaking her tie with Strait and becoming the act with the most number-one hits on a singular Billboard chart.[5] At the time, Madonna had garnered more number-ones on the chart than Rihanna and Beyoncé combined (45 total).[5] It ascended to the peak with remixes by Don Diablo, Armand Van Helden and Mindskap.[5] \"Bitch I'm Madonna\" featuring Nicki Minaj became her record-extending forty-sixth chart topper in August 2015.[6] It is Madonna's second collaboration with Minaj to reach the summit, following \"Give Me All Your Luvin'\" in 2012, and Minaj's fifth song in total to hit number-one.[6]", "List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. country chart As of 2015, George Strait holds the record for the most country number-one singles with 44.", "Guinness World Records Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors. Competitions range from obvious ones such as Olympic weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distances, or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be consumed in ten minutes, although eating and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted, possibly for fear of litigation. Besides records about competitions, it contains such facts as the heaviest tumour, the most poisonous plant, the shortest river (Roe River), the two longest-running dramas (General Hospital and Guiding Light) in the US, and the world's most successful salesman (Joe Girard), among others. Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano.[11]", "The Smurfs Over the decades, many singles and albums of Smurf music have been released in different countries and languages, sometimes very successfully, with millions of copies sold. The best known is the single The Smurf Song and its accompanying album, created by Dutch musician Pierre Kartner who sings under the alias Father Abraham, which reached the #1 position in 16 countries. Worldwide, more than 10 million CDs with Smurf music have been sold between 2005 and 2007 alone.[15]", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart American rapper/singer/producer/songwriter Pitbull became the first rap/hip-hop artist to accumulate the most number ones on the Dance Club Songs chart, having reached the top spot fourteen times in his career, although out the 14 songs, eleven had him as a featured artist: five with Jennifer Lopez (including her alias Lola, and as one of two artists along with Iggy Azalea who share separate collaborations on \"Booty\"), three with Enrique Iglesias, one with Ricky Martin, and one with Livvi Franc (as his collaboration as a featured artists on her 2009 single \"Now I'm That Bitch,\" for which he also co-wrote, was his first number-one on this chart). He achieved this feat during the week of June 10, 2017, when his featured collaboration with Austin Mahone on the remake of Modjo's \"Lady\" took the top spot.[102]", "List of artists by number of UK Singles Chart number ones In addition to his number ones as a member of The Beatles, Paul McCartney has received an individual credit on three more (\"Ebony and Ivory\", \"Pipes of Peace\" and \"Ferry Cross the Mersey\" charity record) and as a member of Wings (\"Mull of Kintyre\") as well as four more charity records (\"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" by Band Aid and Band Aid 20, \"Let It Be\" by Ferry Aid and \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\" by Justice Collective), making a total of 99 weeks at number one with 25 different singles, including the biggest selling single of the 1960s, 70s and 80s (\"She Loves You\", \"Mull of Kintyre\" and \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\").", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Barbadian singer and songwriter Rihanna has achieved 14 number-one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, becoming the youngest artist to accomplish this record. Her first number-one was \"SOS\" in May 2006; spending three weeks atop the chart.[25][26][27] \"Umbrella\" became her second number-one in May 2007, selling 277,000 downloads in its first week, logging the highest digital sales debut since tracking of downloads began in 2003, jumping from number 44 to number-one.[28] It spent a total of seven weeks at the summit, and became the second most successful song of 2007, behind Beyoncé's \"Irreplaceable\".[29][30] On May 15, 2008, \"Take a Bow\" peaked at number one on the chart.[31] It logged the second highest debut week sales at the time, as Mariah Carey's song \"Touch My Body\" debuted with first week sales of 286,000 in April 2008, meaning that Rihanna occupied two of the top three debut week sales tally, along with \"Umbrella\", which debuted with 277,000 copies.[31]", "List of most-streamed songs on Spotify As of September 2017, the artists with the most singles in the top 50 are Justin Bieber, with a total of 7 singles (3 solo and 4 featured), and The Chainsmokers, Drake, Major Lazer, Ed Sheeran, and The Weeknd each with 3 singles.", "Johnny Mathis John Royce Mathis (born September 30, 1935) is an American singer of popular music. Starting his career with singles of standard music, he became highly popular as an album artist, with several dozen of his albums achieving gold or platinum status and 73 making the Billboard charts to date. Guinness World Records and music charts historian Paul Gambaccini confirms Mathis record sales have surpassed well over 360 million worldwide to date. This makes Johnny Mathis the 3rd biggest selling artist of the 20th century after Elvis Presley and Frank Sinatra.[citation needed]", "List of best-selling Christmas singles in the United States This page shows the best-selling Christmas singles in the United States. It includes artists from around the world, but it only reflects sales in the United States of America. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, \"White Christmas\" by Bing Crosby is not only the best-selling Christmas/holiday single in the United States, but also the best-selling single of all time, with estimated sales in excess of 50 million copies worldwide.[1][2][3][4]", "Bee Gees At one point in 1978, the Gibb brothers were responsible for writing and/or performing nine of the songs in the Billboard Hot 100.[108] In all, the Gibbs placed 13 singles onto the Hot 100 in 1978, with 12 making the Top 40. The Gibb brothers are fellows of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA).[109] At least 2,500 artists have recorded their songs.[110]", "Grammy Award With 31 Grammy Awards, Sir Georg Solti is the artist with the most Grammy wins.[23] Alison Krauss is the biggest winner among female artists with 27 awards.[24] U2, with 22 Grammy Awards, holds the record for most awards won by a group.[25]", "Music of Japan Theme music composed for films, anime (anison (アニソン)), tokusatsu, and Japanese television dramas are considered a separate music genre. While musicians and bands from all genres of Japanese popular music have recorded songs and scores for Japanese television and film, there are several prominent musical artists and groups who have spent most of their musical careers performing theme songs and composing soundtracks for visual media. Such artists include Masato Shimon (current holder of the world record for most successful single in Japan for \"Oyoge! Taiyaki-kun\"),[42] Ichirou Mizuki, all of the members of JAM Project, Akira Kushida, Isao Sasaki, and Mitsuko Horie. Notable composers of Japanese theme music include Joe Hisaishi, Michiru Oshima, Yoko Kanno, Toshihiko Sahashi, Yuki Kajiura, Kōtarō Nakagawa, and Yuki Hayashi.", "List of best-selling music artists This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales. The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order, with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top. If two or more artists have the same claimed sales, they are then ranked by certified units. The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units (for each country) within the provided sources include sales of albums, singles, compilation-albums, music videos as well as downloads of singles and full-length albums. Sales figures, such as those from Soundscan, which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine, have not been included in the certified units column. As of 2017[update], based on both sales claims and certified units, The Beatles are considered the highest-selling band. Elvis Presley is considered the highest-selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest-selling individual artist based on certified units.", "Music of India Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs in Bengali, now known as Rabindra Sangeet, using classical music and traditional folk music as sources.[30][31]", "Elvis Presley singles discography Both of these claims were disputed by music historian Joel Whitburn and Elvis Presley Enterprises. Whitburn lists Elvis as having 18 number 1 hits (placing him in a tie with Mariah Carey at that time) and 38 top ten hits (one more than Madonna at that time).[8] Elvis Presley Enterprises claims Elvis had 40 top ten hits.[9] The differences depend on whether a double-sided hit single is counted as one hit single, or two hit songs.", "Unchained Melody The song has been covered by many artists; according to the song's publishing administrator, over 1,500 recordings of \"Unchained Melody\" have been made by more than 670 artists in multiple languages. Its popularity also meant that the song is one of the highest grossing songs for its copyright holders, estimated in 2012 to be the fifth biggest earners of royalties according to the BBC's list of The Richest Songs in the World at Â£18 million.[123]", "Cliff Richard Sir Cliff Richard OBE (born Harry Rodger Webb, 14 October 1940) is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor and philanthropist. Richard has sold more than 250 million records worldwide.[1] He has total sales of over 21Â million singles in the United Kingdom and is the third-top-selling artist in UK Singles Chart history, behind the Beatles and Elvis Presley.[2]", "List of songs by Lata Mangeshkar The following is an incomplete list of the songs known to have been recorded and/or performed by Lata Mangeshkar in Hindi and Malayalam languages. Her known Hindi cinema songs alone amount to approximately 5,378. Lata Mangeshkar has sung cinema songs in several languages of India other than Hindi, which are not included in this approximation of number of songs. Lata Mangeshkar also has sung several Non-Cinema songs, which are also not part of this count. Many of her old songs have featured in various new films (Hollywood or Indian films) & have also been credited, however, such songs, unless re-recorded, are not enlisted below. Please note that singer Lata Devi is not Lata Mangeshkar; therefore, songs of Lata Devi are not listed.", "List of best-selling music artists All artists included on this list, which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20% in certified units. That is why Cliff Richard, Diana Ross, Scorpions, Bing Crosby, Gloria Estefan, Deep Purple, Iron Maiden, Tom Jones, The Jackson 5, Dionne Warwick, the Spice Girls, Dolly Parton, Ozzy Osbourne, Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list. The more recent the artist, the higher the required percentage of certified units, so artists such as Rihanna, Chris Brown, Taylor Swift, Flo Rida, Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Adele, Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75% in certified units. The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations. All certified units are converted from Gold/Platinum/Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies. The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts.[a]", "George Strait Strait holds the record for most number one albums and singles, gold albums, platinum albums, and multi-platinum in the history of country music, and is eleventh in the most number one albums in all other genres. Strait is third only to Elvis Presley and The Beatles with the most gold and platinum albums in the history of music.[49] Strait has been certified as the twelfth best selling artist in American history, with career record sales of 70 million.[50]", "East India Rabindranath Tagore was a towering figure in Indian music. Writing in Bengali, he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis as rabindra sangeet whose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers in West Bengal and Bangladesh base their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets.", "Gauhar Jaan She popularised light Hindustani classical music with her thumri, dadra, kajri, chaiti, bhajan, tarana renditions, and also mastered the technique of condensing performing the elaborate melody Hindustani classical style to just three and a half minutes for a record. Her most famous song are, thumri sung in Bhairavi is Mora nahak laye gavanava, jabse gaye mori sud huna live,[11] Ras ke bhare Tore Nain, Mere dard-e-jigar[12] and Bhajans like, Radhey Krishna Bol Mukhse.", "Kishore Kumar Apart from Hindi, he sang in many Indian languages including Bengali, Marathi, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Bhojpuri, Malayalam and Urdu. He has also sung in private albums in several languages especially in Bengali. He won 8 Film fare Awards for Best Male Playback Singer and holds the record for winning the most Filmfare Awards in that category.[5] He was awarded the \"Lata Mangeshkar Award\" by the Madhya Pradesh government in the year 1985-86. In the year 1997, the Madhya Pradesh Government initiated an award called the \"Kishore Kumar Award\" as a contribution to Hindi cinema. Recently, Kishore Kumar's unreleased last song was sold for Rs 15.6 lakh (1.56 million) at the Osian's Cinefan Auction, New Delhi in 2012.[6][7]", "The Asian Awards The 2nd Asian Awards was again hosted by Coe in October 2011.[11] The 2011 Asian Awards featured a presentation of The Lifetime Achievement Award that was presented to Asha Bhosle in addition Coe presented a Guinness World Record for Most Recorded Artist of all time at over 11,000 recordings.[12]\nThe Founder's Award, an award given directly by the founders Paul Sagoo and UBM, was presented posthumously to Freddie Mercury. His mother and sister were presented the award by Freddie's former band member Brian May.[13]", "List of works by Rabindranath Tagore With many of Tagore's stories, there has been more than one translation by more than one translator. For instance, The Supreme Night, One Night and A Single Night are all translations of the same story. Note that not all translations are of the same quality.[2][3][4] Tagore wrote around 2,230 songs.[5] In the below list only the most notable are shown." ]	[ "Playback singer Mohammed Rafi and Ahmed Rushdi are regarded as two of the most influential playback singers in South Asia.[5][6][7][8] The sisters Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle, who have mainly worked in Hindi films, are often referred to as two of the best-known and most prolific playback singers in India.[9][10][11][12][13] In 1991, Mangeshkar was cited by the Guinness Book of World Records for having sung more than 30,000 solo, duet and chorus-backed song recordings, more than any other singer in the world.[14][15] However, her name was removed in 1991 and replaced by another Indian playback singer, Dr K J Yesudas in 1991.[citation needed] All India Record. In 2011, Guinness officially acknowledged Lata Mangeshkar's sister Asha Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history, surpassing her sister.[16]" ]
test3213	what is the collection of the districts to the east of the jordan river	[ "doc110003" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc361891", "doc2045807", "doc2662031", "doc866525", "doc1833995", "doc2045813", "doc2074932", "doc866539", "doc2474860", "doc2005186", "doc866517", "doc1512700", "doc361897", "doc2413312", "doc866550", "doc684236", "doc2413313", "doc388887", "doc2474845", "doc866518", "doc110007", "doc866524", "doc866526", "doc2474850", "doc866522", "doc2005188", "doc1435349", "doc866529", "doc2005192", "doc866564", "doc408180", "doc110023", "doc684247", "doc2074927", "doc361893", "doc1931247", "doc2474852", "doc866533", "doc2474848", "doc1950986", "doc1524345", "doc1435430", "doc866551", "doc388829", "doc2005197", "doc164390", "doc866527", "doc1435465", "doc2005187", "doc1435335", "doc684244", "doc1512704", "doc110003", "doc408164", "doc2455507", "doc1512702", "doc1416751", "doc780164", "doc780158", "doc1512703", "doc2289660", "doc866523", "doc388883", "doc2384836", "doc2662021", "doc1512698", "doc1341151", "doc1611093", "doc2384833", "doc842727", "doc1833993", "doc1435324", "doc164421", "doc1341115", "doc1512696", "doc1524332", "doc312550", "doc1435432", "doc1341116", "doc842690", "doc1341124", "doc1524327", "doc388880", "doc1931251", "doc2344522", "doc1524383", "doc866530", "doc866531", "doc156410", "doc866561", "doc682365", "doc1524334", "doc129808", "doc2413323", "doc780154", "doc2074965", "doc1524323", "doc866519", "doc388865", "doc1660956" ]	[ "Gilead Gilead was a mountainous region east of the Jordan River divided among the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh, and situated in modern-day Jordan. It is also referred to by the Aramaic name Yegar-Sahadutha, which carries the same meaning as the Hebrew Gileed, namely: \"heap [of stones] of testimony\" (Genesis 31:47-48).[4][5] From its mountainous character, it is called the mount of Gilead (Genesis 31:25). In this instance the Hebrew term har seems to indicate a mountainous or hilly region rather than a single mountain-top; hence translations like New Revised Standard Version instead use the wording \"the hill country of Gilead.\"", "Land of Israel Numbers 34:1–15 describes the land allocated to the Israelite tribes after the Exodus. The tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of Manasseh received land east of the Jordan as explained in Numbers 34:14–15. Numbers 34:1–13 provides a detailed description of the borders of the land to be conquered west of the Jordan for the remaining tribes. The region is called \"the Land of Canaan\" (Eretz Kna'an) in Numbers 34:2 and the borders are known in Jewish tradition as the \"borders for those coming out of Egypt\". These borders are again mentioned in Deuteronomy 1:6–8, 11:24 and Joshua 1:4.", "Syria Palaestina Palaestina Prima consisted of Judea, Samaria, the Paralia, and Peraea with the governor residing in Caesarea. Palaestina Secunda consisted of the Galilee, the lower Jezreel Valley, the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former Decapolis with the seat of government at Scythopolis. Palaestina Tertia included the Negev, southern Transjordan part of Arabiaâ€”and most of Sinai with Petra, as the usual residence of the governor. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris.[11]", "Jordan These Transjordanian kingdoms were in continuous conflict with the neighbouring Hebrew kingdoms of Israel and Judah, centered west of the Jordan River, though the former was known to have at times controlled small parts east of the River.[33] Frequent confrontations ensued and tensions between them increased.[34] One record of this is the Mesha Stele erected by the Moabite king Mesha in around 840 BC on which he lauds himself for the building projects that he initiated in Moab and commemorates his glory and victory against the Israelites.[34] The stele constitutes one of the most important direct accounts of Biblical history.[32] Subsequently, the Assyrian Empire reduced these kingdoms to vassals.[35] When the region was later under the influence of the Babylonians, the Old Testament mentions that these kingdoms aided them in the 597 BC sack of Jerusalem.[35]", "Pompey Pompey set out to liberate a number of Hellenised towns from their rulers. He joined seven towns east of the River Jordan that had been under the Hasmoneans of Judea, plus Damascus, into a league. Philadelphia (today's Amman), which had been under Nabataea, also joined the league, which was called the Decapolis (Ten Cities). They were mostly in Transjordan (now part of Jordan) and around the east of the Sea of Galilee, part of which extended into Syria. It seems that Pompey organized the league as a means of preserving the sovereignty of the city-states. Although he put them under the protection of the Roman province of Syria, each city-state was autonomous. It is thought that it was not organised as a political unit and that the cities cooperated on economic and security matters. Josephus mentioned five of these cities as being taken away from the Hasmoneans and restored to their inhabitants (i.e., they were given self-government). He also mentioned cities in Judea and Samaria, Azotus (Ashdod), Jamneia (Yavne), Joppa (Jaffa), Dora (Tel Dor, now an archaeological site), Marissa (or Tel Maresha) and Samaria (now an archaeological site). He also mentioned Stratoâ€™s Tower (later called Caesarea Maritima), Arethusa (now replaced by Al-Rastan) in Syria, and the city of Gaza as being restored to their peoples. Two other towns near Gaza, Anthedon (now an archaeological site) and Raphia (Rafah) and another inland town Adora (Dura, near Hebron) were also restored.[103]", "Land of Israel Ezekiel 47:13–20 provides a definition of borders of land in which the twelve tribes of Israel will live during the final redemption, at the end of days. The borders of the land described by the text in Ezekiel include the northern border of modern Lebanon, eastwards (the way of Hethlon) to Zedad and Hazar-enan in modern Syria; south by southwest to the area of Busra on the Syrian border (area of Hauran in Ezekiel); follows the Jordan River between the West Bank and the land of Gilead to Tamar (Ein Gedi) on the western shore of the Dead Sea; From Tamar to Meribah Kadesh (Kadesh Barnea), then along the Brook of Egypt (see debate below) to the Mediterranean Sea. The territory defined by these borders is divided into twelve strips, one for each of the twelve tribes.", "Borders of Israel Britain administered the part west of the Jordan as Palestine, and the part east of the Jordan as Transjordan, with the border being the Jordan River. Palestine comprised 23% of the Mandate territory and Transjordan comprised 77%. Technically they were one mandate but most official documents referred to them as two separate mandates. Transjordan remained under British control until 1946, when it gained independence.[11]", "Jordan In September 1922, the Council of the League of Nations recognised Transjordan as a state under the British Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum, and excluded the territories east of the Jordan River from the provisions of the mandate dealing with Jewish settlement.[62] Transjordan remained a British mandate until 1946, but it had been granted a greater level of autonomy than the region west of the Jordan River.[63]", "Judea The Byzantines redrew the borders of the Land of Palestine. The various Roman provinces (Syria Palaestina, Samaria, Galilee, and Peraea) were reorganized into three diocese of Palaestina, reverting to the name first used by Greek historian Herodotus in the mid-5th century BCE: Palaestina Prima, Secunda, and Tertia or Salutaris (First, Second, and Third Palestine), part of the Diocese of the East.[26][27] Palaestina Prima consisted of Judea, Samaria, the Paralia, and Peraea with the governor residing in Caesarea. Palaestina Secunda consisted of the Galilee, the lower Jezreel Valley, the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former Decapolis with the seat of government at Scythopolis. Palaestina Tertia included the Negev, southern Jordan—once part of Arabia—and most of Sinai with Petra as the usual residence of the governor. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris.[26][28] According to historian H.H. Ben-Sasson,[29] this reorganisation took place under Diocletian (284–305), although other scholars suggest this change occurred later in 390.[citation needed]", "Moab It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but generally is represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.", "Jordan Jordan (/ˈdʒɔːrdən/; Arabic: الْأُرْدُنّ‎ Al-‘Urdunn [al.ʔur.dunn]), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية‎ Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Hāshimīyah), is a sovereign Arab state in western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel and Palestine to the west. The Dead Sea lies along its western borders and the country has a small shoreline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west, but is otherwise landlocked.[6] Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe.[7] The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.[8]", "West Bank In English, the name Cisjordan is occasionally used to designate the entire region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, particularly in the historical context of the British Mandate and earlier times.[citation needed] The analogous Transjordan (literally \"on the other side of the River Jordan\") has historically been used to designate the region now roughly comprising the state of Jordan, which lies to the east of the Jordan River.", "Gilead Gilead (Arabic: جلعاد Ǧalʻād‎) is also used to refer to the mountainous land extending north and south of Jabbok. It is used more generally for the entire region east of the Jordan River. It corresponds today to the northwestern part of the Kingdom of Jordan.", "East Jerusalem East Jerusalem or Eastern Jerusalem (Arabic: القدس الشرقية‎; Hebrew: מזרח ירושלים‎) is the sector of Jerusalem that was occupied by Jordan in 1948 and had remained out of the Israeli-held West Jerusalem at the end of the 1948–49 Arab–Israeli War. It includes Jerusalem's Old City and some of the holiest sites of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, such as the Temple Mount, Western Wall, Al-Aqsa Mosque, Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, as well as a number of adjacent neighbourhoods. Israeli and Palestinian definitions of it differ;[1] the Palestinian official position is based on the 1949 Armistice Agreements, while the Israeli position is mainly based on the current municipality boundaries of Jerusalem, which resulted from a series of administrative enlargements decided by Israeli municipal authorities since the June 1967 Six-Day War. Despite its name, East Jerusalem includes neighborhoods to the north, east and south of the Old City, and in the wider definition of the term even on all these sides of West Jerusalem.", "Jordan Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads of the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe,[7] in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent, a cradle of civilization.[85] It is 89,341 square kilometres (34,495 sq mi) large, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) long between its northernmost and southernmost points; Umm Qais and Aqaba respectively.[86] The kingdom lies between 29° and 34° N, and 34° and 40° E. The east is an arid plateau irrigated by oases and seasonal water streams.[86] Major cities are overwhelmingly located on the north-western part of the kingdom due to its fertile soils and relatively abundant rainfall.[87] These include Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa in the northwest, the capital Amman and Al-Salt in the central west, and Madaba, Al-Karak and Aqaba in the southwest.[87] Major towns in the eastern part of the country are the oasis towns of Azraq and Ruwaished.[85]", "Ammon Ammon (Hebrew: עַמּוֹן‬, Modern Ammon, Tiberian ʻAmmôn; Arabic: عمّون‎, translit. ʻAmmūn) was an ancient Semitic-speaking nation occupying the east of the Jordan River, between the torrent valleys of Arnon and Jabbok, in present-day Jordan.[1][2] The chief city of the country was Rabbah or Rabbath Ammon, site of the modern city of Amman, Jordan's capital. Milcom and Molech (who may be one and the same) are named in the Hebrew Bible as the gods of Ammon. The people of this kingdom are called \"Children of Ammon\" or \"Ammonites\".", "East Jerusalem During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Jerusalem was contested between Jordan and Israel, and on the cessation of hostilities, the two countries secretly negotiated a division of the city, with the eastern sector coming under Jordanian rule. This arrangement was formalized in the Rhodes Agreement in March 1949.[2][3] A week after David Ben-Gurion presented his party's assertion that \"Jewish Jerusalem is an organic, inseparable part of the State of Israel\" in December 1949,[4] Jordan annexed East Jerusalem.[5] These decisions were confirmed respectively in the Knesset in January 1950 and the Jordanian Parliament in April 1950.[6]", "British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument) It is not part of Palestine but it is part of the area administered by the British Government under the authority of the Palestine Mandate. The special arrangements there really go back to the old controversy about our war time pledges to the Arabs which I have no wish to revive. The point is that on our own interpretation of those pledges the country East of the Jordan - though not the country West of the Jordan - falls within the area in respect of which we promised during the war to recognise and support the independence of the Arabs. Transjordan is in a wholly different position from Palestine and it was considered necessary that special arrangements should be made there[75]", "Judea As a consequence of the Bar Kokhba revolt, in 135 CE the region was renamed and merged with Roman Syria to form Syria Palaestina by the victorious Roman Emperor Hadrian. A large part of Judea was included in Jordanian West Bank between 1948 and 1967 (i.e., the \"West Bank\" of the Kingdom of Jordan).[3][4] The term Judea as a geographical term was revived by the Israeli government in the 20th century as part of the Israeli administrative district name Judea and Samaria Area for the territory generally referred to as the West Bank.[5]", "Jordan What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.[9] After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France. The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite, then Emir, Abdullah I, and the emirate became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, but was renamed in 1949 to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after the country captured the West Bank during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in 1967. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988, and became one of two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994.[10] Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation. The country is a constitutional monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers.", "Jordan River Its section north of the Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: כנרת Kinneret, Arabic: Bohayrat Tabaraya, meaning Lake of Tiberias) is within the boundaries of Israel, and forms the western boundary of the Golan Heights. South of the lake, it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan (to the east), and Israel (to the west).", "Jordan The prehistoric period of Jordan ended at around 2000 BC when the Semitic nomads known as the Amorites entered the region.[30] During the Bronze Age and Iron Age, present-day Jordan was home to several ancient kingdoms, whose populations spoke Semitic languages of the Canaanite group.[30] Among them were Ammon, Edom and Moab, which are described as tribal kingdoms rather than states.[30] They are mentioned in ancient texts such as the Old Testament.[30] Archaeological finds have shown that Ammon was in the area of the modern city of Amman, Moab in the highlands east of the Dead Sea and Edom in the area around Wadi Araba.[31]", "Jordan These kingdoms are believed to have existed throughout fluctuations in regional rule and influence.[9] They were under the control of several distant empires, including the Akkadian Empire (2335–2193 BC), Ancient Egypt (1500–1300 BC), the Hittite Empire (1400–1300 BC), the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1020 BC), the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC), the Neo-Babylonian Empire (604–539 BC), the Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BC) and the Hellenistic Empire of Macedonia.[9] However, by the time of Roman rule in the Levant around 63 BC, the people of Ammon, Edom and Moab had lost their distinct identities, and were assimilated into Roman culture.[31]", "Judea In the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village Anuath, which is also named Borceos. This is the northern boundary of Judea. The southern parts of Judea, if they be measured lengthways, are bounded by a village adjoining to the confines of Arabia; the Jews that dwell there call it Jordan. However, its breadth is extended from the river Jordan to Joppa. The city Jerusalem is situated in the very middle; on which account some have, with sagacity enough, called that city the Navel of the country. Nor indeed is Judea destitute of such delights as come from the sea, since its maritime places extend as far as Ptolemais: it was parted into eleven portions, of which the royal city Jerusalem was the supreme, and presided over all the neighboring country, as the head does over the body. As to the other cities that were inferior to it, they presided over their several toparchies; Gophna was the second of those cities, and next to that Acrabatta, after them Thamna, and Lydda, and Emmaus, and Pella, and Idumea, and Engaddi, and Herodium, and Jericho; and after them came Jamnia and Joppa, as presiding over the neighboring people; and besides these there was the region of Gamala, and Gaulonitis, and Batanea, and Trachonitis, which are also parts of the kingdom of Agrippa. This [last] country begins at Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan, and reaches breadthways to the lake of Tiberias; and in length is extended from a village called Arpha, as far as Julias. Its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews and Syrians. And thus have I, with all possible brevity, described the country of Judea, and those that lie round about it.[12]", "Jordan The first recorded use of the name Jordan appears in Anastasi I, an ancient Egyptian papyrus that dates back to around 1000 BC.[19] The lands of modern-day Jordan were historically called Transjordan, meaning \"beyond the Jordan River\".[20] The name was Arabized into Al-Urdunn during the 636 Muslim conquest of the Levant.[20] During crusader rule in the beginning of the second millennium, it was called Oultrejordain.[20] In 1921, the Emirate of Transjordan was established and after it gained its independence in 1946, it became The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan.[20] The name was changed in 1949 to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.[20] Hashemite is the house name of the royal family.[20]", "Moab That these limits were not fixed, however, is plain from the lists of cities given in Isaiah 15-16 and Jeremiah 48, where Heshbon, Elealeh, and Jazer are mentioned to the north of Beth-jeshimoth; Madaba, Beth-gamul, and Mephaath to the east of Baalmeon; and Dibon, Aroer, Bezer, Jahaz, and Kirhareseth to the south of Kiriathaim. The principal rivers of Moab mentioned in the Bible are the Arnon, the Dimon or Dibon, and the Nimrim.", "History of Palestine In Arabic, the area approximating the Byzantine Diocese of Palaestina I in the south (roughly Judea, Philistia, and southern Jordan) was called Jund Filastin (meaning \"the military district of Palestine\", as a tax administrative area),[145] and the Diocese of Palaestina II in the north (roughly Samaria, Galilee, Golan, and northern Jordan) Jund al-Urdunn.[citation needed]", "Jordan The Greeks founded new cities in Jordan including Philadelphia (Amman), Gerasa (Jerash), Gedara (Umm Qays), Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) and Arbila (Irbid).[39] Later under Roman rule, these cities joined other Hellenistic cities in Palestine and Syria to form the Decapolis League, a loose confederation linked by economic and cultural interests: Scythopolis, Hippos, Capitolias, Canatha and Damascus were among its members.[39] The most remarkable Hellenistic site in Jordan is Qasr Al-Abd at Iraq Al-Amir, just west of modern-day Amman.[9]", "Moab The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the Amorites, divided itself naturally into three distinct and independent portions: the enclosed corner or canton south of the Arnon (referred to as \"field of Moab\");[3] the more open rolling country north of the Arnon, opposite Jericho and up to the hills of Gilead (called the \"land of Moab\");[4] and the district below sea level in the tropical depths of the Jordan valley.[5]", "Jordan The first level subdivision in Jordan is the muhafazah or governorate. The governorates are divided into liwa or districts, which are often further subdivided into qda or sub-districts.[124] Control for each administrative unit is in a \"chief town\" (administrative centre) known as a nahia.[124]", "Hasmonean dynasty In 57–55 BCE, Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into Galilee, Samaria, and Judea, with five districts of legal and religious councils known as sanhedrin (Greek: συνέδριον, \"synedrion\"): \"And when he had ordained five councils (συνέδρια), he distributed the nation into the same number of parts. So these councils governed the people; the first was at Jerusalem, the second at Gadara, the third at Amathus, the fourth at Jericho, and the fifth at Sepphoris in Galilee.\"[69][70]", "Jordan River In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain (\"Kikkar ha-Yarden\"), said to be watered like \"the garden of the LORD\" (Genesis 13:10). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. Jacob crossed it and its tributary, the Jabbok (the modern Al-Zarqa), on his way back from Haran (Genesis 32:11, 32:23â€“24). It is noted as the line of demarcation between the \"two tribes and the half tribe\" settled to the east (Numbers 34:15) and the \"nine tribes and the half tribe of Manasseh\" that, led by Joshua, settled to the west (Joshua 13:7, passim).", "Ammon The Ammonites maintained their claim to part of Transjordan, after it was occupied by the Israelites who obtained it from Sihon. During the days of Jephthah, the Ammonites occupied the lands east of the River Jordan and started to invade Israelite lands west of the river. Jephthah became the leader in resisting these incursions.", "Borders of Israel At the San Remo Conference (19â€“26 April 1920) the Allied Supreme Council granted the mandates for Palestine and Mesopotamia to Britain without precisely defining the boundaries of the mandated territories.[5][6] Although part of the land east of the Jordan had been part of the Syrian administrative unit under the Ottomans, it was excluded from the French Mandate at the San Remo conference, \"on the grounds that it was part of Palestine.\"[7] That said, the 1920 agreement contained Article 25, which created provision for the possible later exclusion of land east of the Jordan from the Balfour Declaration.", "Gilead It is called also the land of Gilead (Numbers 32:1, Judges 10:4) in many translations, and sometimes simply Gilead (Genesis 37:25; Judges 10:8; Psalm 60:9). As a whole, it included the tribal territories of Gad, Reuben, and the eastern half of Manasseh (Deuteronomy 3:13; Numbers 32:40). In the Book of Judges, the thirty sons of the biblical judge Jair controlled the thirty towns of Gilead (Judges 10:4), and in the First Book of Chronicles, Segub controlled twenty-three towns in Gilead (1 Chronicles 2:21–22). It was bounded on the north by Bashan, and on the south by Moab and Ammon (Genesis 31:21; Deuteronomy 3:12–17).", "Geography of Jordan By far the greatest part of the East Bank is desert, displaying the land forms and other features associated with great aridity. Most of this land is part of the Syrian Desert and northern Arabian Desert. There are broad expanses of sand and dunes, particularly in the south and southeast, together with salt flats. Occasional jumbles of sandstone hills or low mountains support only meager and stunted vegetation that thrives for a short period after the scanty winter rains. These areas support little life and are the least populated regions of Jordan.", "Judea Geographers divide Judea into several regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the Bethel hills and the Judean desert east of Jerusalem, which descends in a series of steps to the Dead Sea. The hills are distinct for their anticline structure. In ancient times the hills were forested, and the Bible records agriculture and sheep farming being practiced in the area. Animals are still grazed today, with shepherds moving them between the low ground to the hilltops as summer approaches, while the slopes are still layered with centuries-old stone terracing. The Jewish Revolt against the Romans ended in the devastation of vast areas of the Judaean countryside.[14]", "Jordan Transjordan was an essential territory for the conquest of nearby Damascus.[48] The first, or Rashidun, caliphate was followed by that of the Ummayad (661–750). Under Umayyads rule, several desert castles were constructed, such as: Qasr Al-Mshatta, Qasr Al-Hallabat, Qasr Al-Kharanah, Qasr Tuba, Qasr Amra, and a large administrative palace in Amman.[49] The Abbasid campaign to take over the Umayyad empire began in the region of Transjordan.[48] After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, the area was ruled by the Fatimid Caliphate, then by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1115–1189).[48]", "Judea \"Judea\" was a name used by English-speakers for the hilly internal part of Palestine until the Jordanian occupation of the area in 1948.[citation needed] For example, the borders of the two states to be established according to the UN's 1947 partition scheme[8] were officially described using the terms \"Judea\" and \"Samaria\" and in its reports to the League of Nations Mandatory Committee, as in 1937, the geographical terms employed were \"Samaria and Judea\".[9] Jordan called the area ad-difaâ€™a al-gharbiya (translated into English as the \"West Bank\").[10] \"Yehuda\" is the Hebrew term used for the area in modern Israel since the region was captured and occupied by Israel in 1967.[11]", "Judea (Roman province) In 6 CE Archelaus' tetrachy (Judea, plus Samaria and Idumea)[6] came under direct Roman administration. Judea province did not initially include Galilee, Gaulanitis (the Golan), nor Peraea or the Decapolis. Its revenue was of little importance to the Roman treasury, but it controlled the land and coastal sea routes to the bread basket Egypt and was a border province against the Parthian Empire because of the Jewish connections to Babylonia (since the Babylonian exile). The capital was at Caesarea Maritima,[7] not Jerusalem. Quirinius became Legate (Governor) of Syria and conducted the first Roman tax census of Syria and Judea, which was opposed by the Zealots.[8] Judea was not a senatorial province, nor exactly an imperial province, but instead was a \"satellite of Syria\"[9] governed by a prefect who was a knight of the equestrian order (as was Roman Egypt), not a former consul or praetor of senatorial rank.[10] Still, Jews living in the province maintained some form of independence and could judge offenders by their own laws, including capital offences, until c. 28 CE.[11] The Province of Judea during the late 2nd Temple period was also divided into five conclaves, or administrative districts: Jerusalem (ירושלים), Gadara (גדרה), Amathus (עמתו), Jericho (יריחו), and Sepphoris (ציפורין).[12]", "Golan Heights During the Roman and Byzantine periods the area was administered as part of Phoenicia Prima and Syria Palaestina, and finally Golan/Gaulanitis was included together with Peraea[19] in Palaestina Secunda, after 218 AD.[14] Ancient kingdom Bashan was incorporated into the province of Batanea.[36]", "History of Palestine In July 1920, the French drove Faisal bin Husayn from Damascus, ending his already negligible control over the region of Transjordan, where local chiefs traditionally resisted any central authority. The sheikhs, who had earlier pledged their loyalty to the Sharif of Mecca, asked the British to undertake the region's administration. Herbert Samuel asked for the extension of the Palestine government's authority to Transjordan, but at meetings in Cairo and Jerusalem between Winston Churchill and Emir Abdullah in March 1921 it was agreed that Abdullah would administer the territory (initially for six months only) on behalf of the Palestine administration. In the summer of 1921 Transjordan was included within the Mandate, but excluded from the provisions for a Jewish National Home.[301] On 24 July 1922, the League of Nations approved the terms of the British Mandate over Palestine and Transjordan. On 16 September the League formally approved a memorandum from Lord Balfour confirming the exemption of Transjordan from the clauses of the mandate concerning the creation of a Jewish national home and Jewish settlement.[302] With Transjordan coming under the administration of the British Mandate, the mandate's collective territory became constituted of 23% Palestine and 77% Transjordan. The mandate for Palestine, while specifying actions in support of Jewish immigration and political status, stated, in Article 25, that in the territory to the east of the Jordan River, Britain could 'postpone or withhold' those articles of the Mandate concerning a Jewish National Home. Transjordan was a very sparsely populated region (especially in comparison with Palestine proper) due to its relatively limited resources and largely desert environment.[303][304]", "Jordan In the west, a highland area of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry drops suddenly into the Jordan Rift Valley.[85] The rift valley contains the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, which separates Jordan from Israel and the Palestinian Territories.[85] Jordan has a 26 kilometres (16 mi) shoreline on the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea, but is otherwise landlocked.[6] The Yarmouk River, an eastern tributary of the Jordan, forms part of the boundary between Jordan and Syria (including the occupied Golan Heights) to the north.[6] The other boundaries are formed by several international and local agreements and do not follow well-defined natural features.[85] The highest point is Jabal Umm al Dami, at 1,854 m (6,083 ft) above sea level, while the lowest is the Dead Sea −420 m (−1,378 ft), the lowest land point on earth.[85]", "British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument) Transjordan had been a no man's land following the July 1920 Battle of Maysalun.[8] During this period, the British chose to avoid any definite connection with Palestine[9] until a March 1921 conference at which it was agreed that Abdullah bin Hussein would administer the territory under the auspices of the Palestine Mandate. The Trans-Jordan Memorandum provided the detail to support Article 25 of the Mandate, such that the Jewish National Home did not apply to the territory east of the Jordan River. It also established a separate \"Administration of Trans-Jordan\" for the application of the Mandate, under the general supervision of Great Britain. Transjordan became largely autonomous under British tutelage according to an agreement of February 20, 1928, and fully independent under a treaty with Britain of March 22, 1946.[10]", "Moab The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands at the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emim, the original inhabitants,[6] but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of Amorites, who had crossed the river Jordan. These Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King Sihon, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary.[7]", "Israel The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.[260]", "Jordan Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 332 BC introduced Hellenistic culture to the Middle East.[36] After Alexander's death in 323 BC, his empire split among his generals and in the end, much of the land of modern-day Jordan was disputed between the Ptolemies based in Egypt and the Seleucids based in Syria.[37] In the south and east, the Nabataeans had an independent kingdom.[37] The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who derived wealth from their capital Petra, whose proximity to major trade routes led to it becoming a regional trading hub.[36] Campaigns by different Greek generals aspiring to annex the Nabataean Kingdom were unsuccessful.[36]", "History of Palestine The presence of a large number of immigrants and refugees from the now dissolved Mandate of Palestine fueled the regional ambitions of King Abdullah I, who sought control over what had been the British Jerusalem and Samaria districts on the west bank of Jordan River. Towards this goal the king granted Jordanian citizenship to all Arab holders of the Palestinian Mandate identity documents in February 1949, and outlawed the terms \"Palestinian\" and \"Transjordanian\" from official usage, changing the country's name from the Emirate of Trans-Jordan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.[336] The area east of the river became known as \"al-Ḍiffah al-Sharqiyyal\", or \"The East Bank\". In April 1950, with the formal annexation of the positions held by the Jordanian Army since 1948, the area became known as \"al-Ḍiffah al-Gharbiyyal\" or \"The Western Bank\".[337] With the formal union of the East and West Banks in 1950, the number of Palestinians in the kingdom rose by another 720,000, of whom 440,000 were West Bank residents and 280,000 were refugees from other areas of the former Mandate then living on the West Bank. Palestinians became the majority in Jordan although most believed their return to what was now the state of Israel was imminent.[338]", "Moab In Ezekiel 25:9 the boundaries are given as being marked by Beth-jeshimoth (north), Baal-meon (east), and Kiriathaim (south).", "History of Palestine The Byzantines redrew the borders of Palestine. The various Roman provinces (Syria Palaestina, Samaria, Galilee, and Peraea) were reorganized into three diocese of Palaestina, reverting to the name first used by Greek historian Herodotus in the mid-5th century BCE: Palaestina Prima, Secunda, and Tertia or Salutaris (First, Second, and Third Palestine), part of the Diocese of the East.[117][120] Palaestina Prima consisted of Judea, Samaria, the Paralia, and Peraea with the governor residing in Caesarea. Palaestina Secunda consisted of the Galilee, the lower Jezreel Valley, the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former Decapolis with the seat of government at Scythopolis. Palaestina Tertia included the Negev, southern Jordan—once part of Arabia—and most of Sinai with Petra as the usual residence of the governor. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris.[117][121] According to historian H.H. Ben-Sasson,[122] this reorganisation took place under Diocletian (284–305), although other scholars suggest this change occurred later in 390.[citation needed]", "Ammon The Ammonites settled to the east of the Jordan, invading the Rephaim lands east of Jordan, between the Jabbok and Arnon, dispossessing them and dwelling in their place. Their territory originally comprising all from the Jordan to the wilderness, and from the River Jabbok south to the River Arnon. It was accounted a land of giants; and that giants formerly dwelt in it, whom the Ammonites called \"Zomzommims\".[11]", "West Bank 1949 Armistice Agreements defined the interim boundary between Israel and Jordan.[15] In 1950, Transjordan annexed the area west of the Jordan River, naming it \"West Bank\" or \"Cisjordan\", as \"East Bank\" or \"Transjordan\" designated the area east of the river. Jordan ruled over the West Bank from 1948 until 1967. Jordan's annexation was never formally recognized by the international community, with the exception of the United Kingdom.[16][17] A two-state option, dividing Palestine, as opposed to a binary solution arose during the period of the British mandate in the area.The United Nations Partition Plan had envisaged two states, one Jewish and the other Arab/Palestinian, but in the wake of the war only one emerged at the time.[18] King Abdullah of Jordan had been crowned King of Jerusalem by the Coptic Bishop on 15 November 1948.[19] and granted Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and East Jerusalem Jordanian citizenship.[20]", "Jordan River The Jordan River (also River Jordan; Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן‎ Nahar ha-Yarden; Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ‎‎ Nahr al-Urdun, Ancient Greek: Ιορδάνης, Iordànes) is a 251-kilometre (156 mi)-long river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and on to the Dead Sea. Israel and the West Bank border the river to the west, while the Golan Heights and Jordan lie to its east. Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river.", "Hasmonean dynasty Hyrcanus conquered Transjordan, Samaria,[64] Galilee, and Idumea (also known as Edom), and forced Idumeans to convert to Judaism:", "Jerome You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers (ch. 34): as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina, between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh-barnea, [which is located with the Arabah to the east] and continues to the west, as far as the river of Egypt, that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine, Phoenicia, Coele‑Syria, and Cilicia; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains[37] and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath, called Epiphany‑Syria; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret, now called Tiberias, and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea, now called the Dead Sea.[38][39]", "West Bank At the 1920 San Remo conference, the victorious Allied powers (France, UK, USA, etc.) allocated the area to the British Mandate of Palestine (1920â€“47). The San Remo Resolution adopted on 25 April 1920 incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917. It and Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations were the basic documents upon which the British Mandate for Palestine was constructed. Faced with the determination of Emir Abdullah to unify Arab lands under the Hashemite banner, the British proclaimed Abdullah ruler of the three districts, known collectively as Transjordan. Confident that his plans for the unity of the Arab nation would eventually come to fruition, the emir established the first centralized governmental system in what is now modern Jordan on 11 April 1921. The West Bank area, was conquered by Jordan during the 1948 war with the new state of Israel.[13]", "Mandatory Palestine During the First World War (1914–18), an Arab uprising and the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby drove the Turks out of the Levant during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.[2] The United Kingdom had agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would honour Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottomans, but the two sides had different interpretations of this agreement, and in the end, the UK and France divided up the area under the Sykes–Picot Agreement—an act of betrayal in the eyes of the Arabs. Further complicating the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish \"national home\" in Palestine. At the war's end the British and French set up a joint \"Occupied Enemy Territory Administration\" in what had been Ottoman Syria. The British achieved legitimacy for their continued control by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. The formal objective of the League of Nations mandate system was to administer parts of the defunct Ottoman Empire, which had been in control of the Middle East since the 16th century, \"until such time as they are able to stand alone.\"[3] The civil Mandate administration was formalised with the League of Nations' consent in 1923 under the British Mandate for Palestine, which covered two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British administration until 1948. The land east of the Jordan, a semi-autonomous region known as Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz, gained independence in 1946.[4]", "Geography of Israel The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region.", "Geography of Israel East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which is a small part of the 6,500 kilometers (4,039 mi)-long Syrian-East African Rift.[19] In Israel the Rift Valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee (an important freshwater source also known as Lake Tiberias and Lake Kinneret), and the Dead Sea.[19] The Jordan, Israel's largest river (322 kilometers (200 mi)), originates in the Dan, Baniyas, and Hasbani rivers near Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows south through the drained Hula Basin into the freshwater Lake Tiberias. Lake Tiberias is 165 square kilometers (64 sq mi) in size and, depending on the season and rainfall, is at about 213 meters (699 ft) below sea level.[19] With a water capacity estimated at 3 cubic kilometers (0.72 cu mi), it serves as the principal reservoir of the National Water Carrier (also known as the Kinneret-Negev Conduit).[19] The Jordan River continues its course from the southern end of Lake Tiberias (forming the boundary between the West Bank and Jordan) to its terminus in the highly saline Dead Sea.[19] The Dead Sea is 1,020 square kilometers (394 sq mi) in size and, at 420 meters (1,378 ft) below sea level, is the lowest surface point on the earth.[19] South of the Dead Sea, the Rift Valley continues in the Arabah (Hebrew \"Arava\", Arabic \"Wadi 'Arabah\"), which has no permanent water flow, for 170 kilometers (106 mi) to the Gulf of Eilat.[19]", "West Bank In 1947, it was subsequently designated as part of a proposed Arab state by the United Nations (UN) partition plan for Palestine. The resolution recommended partition of the British Mandate into a Jewish State, an Arab State, and an internationally administered enclave of Jerusalem;[14] a broader region of the modern-day West Bank was assigned to the Arab State. The resolution designated the territory described as \"the hill country of Samaria and Judea\" (including what is now also known as the \"West Bank\") as part of the proposed Arab state, but following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War this area was captured by Transjordan (renamed Jordan two years after independence in 1946).", "History of ancient Israel and Judah The eastern Mediterranean seaboard – the Levant – stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai Peninsula, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian Desert.[2] The coastal plain of the southern Levant, broad in the south and narrowing to the north, is backed in its southernmost portion by a zone of foothills, the Shfela; like the plain this narrows as it goes northwards, ending in the promontory of Mount Carmel. East of the plain and the Shfela is a mountainous ridge, the \"hill country of Judah\" in the south, the \"hill country of Ephraim\" north of that, then Galilee and Mount Lebanon. To the east again lie the steep-sided valley occupied by the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, and the wadi of the Arabah, which continues down to the eastern arm of the Red Sea. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian desert, separating the Levant from Mesopotamia. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeast Mesopotamia. The location and geographical characteristics of the narrow Levant made the area a battleground among the powerful entities that surrounded it.[3]", "Jordan Jordan is rich in Paleolithic remains, holding evidence of inhabitance by Homo erectus, Neanderthal and modern humans.[21] The oldest evidence of human habitation dates back around 250,000 years.[22] The Kharanah area in eastern Jordan has evidence of human huts from about 20,000 years ago.[23] Other Paleolithic sites include Pella and Al-Azraq.[24] In the Neolithic period, several settlements began to develop, most notably an agricultural community called 'Ain Ghazal in what is now Amman,[25] one of the largest known prehistoric settlements in the Near East.[26] Plaster statues estimated to date back to around 7250 BC were uncovered there, and are among the oldest large human statues ever found.[27][28] Villages of Bab edh-Dhra in the Dead Sea area, Tal Hujayrat Al-Ghuzlan in Aqaba and Tulaylet Ghassul in the Jordan Valley all date to the Chalcolithic period.[29]", "British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument) With the League of Nations' consent on 16 September 1922, the Mandate territory was formalised by the UK with the creation of two administrative areas, Palestine, under direct British rule, and autonomous Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Kingdom of Hejaz in present-day Saudi Arabia, in accordance with the McMahon Correspondence of 1915.[2] Following the 1922 Transjordan memorandum, the area east of the Jordan river became exempt from the Mandate provisions concerning the Jewish National Home.[2][3]", "Pella, Jordan After Greek influences gave way to the Roman Empire. In 63 BC, the Roman General Pompey captured the city and it was integrated into the Eastern portion of the Empire.[1] The Romans wanted all aspects of their culture to flourish throughout the empire, so during the height of their power in the East, they created a group of (10) Decapolis cities that would become centers for culture and government. The suffix of Decapolis, polis, was a title given to important cities that were under Roman rule, but remained self-governed and constituted a \"free city-state\" within the Empire. Pella was selected as one of these powerful cities, based on its location in the Jordan Valley and its already thriving economy.", "Syria Palaestina The Roman province of Judea incorporated the regions of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel. It was named after Herod Archelaus's Tetrarchy of Judea, but the Roman province encompassed a much larger territory.", "West Bank The name West Bank is a translation of the Arabic term ad-Diffah I-Garbiyyah, given to the territory west of the Jordan River that fell, in 1948, under occupation and administration by Jordan, which claimed subsequently to have annexed it in 1950. This annexation was recognized only by Britain, Iraq and Pakistan.[12] The term was chosen to differentiate the west bank of the River Jordan from the \"east bank\" of this river.", "Canaan By the Early Iron Age, the southern Levant came to be dominated by the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, besides the Philistine city-states on the Mediterranean coast, and the kingdoms of Moab, Ammon and Aram-Damascus east of the Jordan River, and Edom to the south.\nThe northern Levant was divided into various petty kingdoms, the so-called Syro-Hittite states and the Phoenician city-states.", "Tribe of Manasseh In c. 732 BCE, Pekah, king of Israel allied with Rezin, king of Aram, and threatened Jerusalem. Ahaz, king of Judah, appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III, the king of Assyria, for help. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser[5] Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aram[6] and territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh in Gilead (east of the Jordan River) including the desert outposts of Jetur, Naphish and Nodab. The population of these territories were taken captive and resettled in Assyria, in the region of the Khabur River system. (2 Kings 16:9 and 15:29) The diminished kingdom of Israel was again invaded by Assyria in 723 BCE and the rest of the population deported.", "Pella, Jordan Pella (Ancient Greek: Πέλλα, also known in Arabic as Tabaqat Fahl, طبقة فحل) is found in northwestern Jordan, 27.4 km (17 miles) south of the Sea of Galilee.[1] Pella represents one of ten Decapolis cities that were founded during the Hellenistic period and became powerful under Roman jurisdiction. With a history extending back into the Bronze Age, Pella expanded to its largest state during the reign of the Roman Empire. Pella is located in the Jordan Valley, 130 km (80 miles) north of Amman, and is half an hour by car from Irbid, in the north of the country. Today, the city's sizable collection of ruins are excavated by archeologists, and attract thousands of tourists annually.[2]", "Muslim conquest of the Levant The new rulers divided Syria into four districts (junds): Jund Dimashq (Damascus), Jund Hims, Jund al-Urdunn (Jordan), and Jund Filastin (Palestine) (to which a fifth, Jund Qinnasrin, was later added)[23] and the Arab garrisons were kept apart in camps, and life went on much as before for the local population.[1] The Muslims tolerated the Jews and Christians. Nestorian and Jacobite Christians had better treatment under the Muslims than they did under the Byzantines.[1] The taxes instituted were the kharaj – a tax that landowners and peasants paid according to the productivity of their fields – as well as the jizya – paid by non-Muslims in return for protection under the Muslim state and exemption from military service. The Byzantine civil service was retained until a new system could be instituted; therefore, Greek remained the administrative language in the new Muslim territories for over 50 years after the conquests.", "Pompey Josephus wrote that after his siege of the Temple in Jerusalem, Pompey gave the governorship of Syria (for 62 BC) as far as the River Euphrates and Egypt to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, giving him two legions. Scaurus made an expedition against Petra, in Arabian Nabataea. He burned the settlements around it because it was difficult to gain access to it. His army suffered hunger. Hyrcanus ordered Antipater to supply corn and other provisions from Judea.[102] Josephus did not give an explanation of the actions of Scaurus. It probably had to do with the security of the Decapolis (see below). Josephus also wrote:", "History of Palestine Following the Roman conquest of Judea led by Pompey in 63 BCE, Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of legal and religious councils known as sanhedrin based at Jerusalem, Sepphoris (Galilee), Jericho, Amathus (Perea) and Gadara.[82][87][88] Roman rule was solidified when Herod, whose dynasty was of Idumean ancestry, was appointed as king.[65][89] Following a brief intervention by Pacorus I of Parthia, from 37 Judea under Herod I was a client kingdom of the Roman Empire.", "Israel The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as mehozot (מחוזות; singular: mahoz) – Center, Haifa, Jerusalem, North, South, and Tel Aviv districts, as well as the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank. All of the Judea and Samaria Area and parts of the Jerusalem and Northern districts are not recognized internationally as part of Israel. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as nafot (נפות; singular: nafa), which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions.[360]", "Canaan During the 2nd millennium BC, Ancient Egyptian texts use the term Canaan to refer to an Egyptian-ruled colony, whose boundaries generally corroborate the definition of Canaan found in the Hebrew Bible, bounded to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the north in the vicinity of Hamath in Syria, to the east by the Jordan Valley, and to the south by a line extended from the Dead Sea to around Gaza. Nevertheless, the Egyptian and Hebrew uses of the term are not identical: the Egyptian texts also identify the coastal city of Qadesh in north west Syria near Turkey as part of the \"Land of Canaan\", so that the Egyptian usage seems to refer to the entire Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea, making it a synonym of another Egyptian term for this coastland, Retjenu.", "West Bank The West Bank (Arabic: الضفة الغربية‎‎ aḍ-Ḍiffah l-Ġarbiyyah; Hebrew: הגדה המערבית‎‎, HaGadah HaMa'aravit) is a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, the bulk of it now under Israeli control,[3] or else under joint Israeli-Palestinian Authority control, and which final status of the entire area is yet to be determined by the parties concerned.[4] The West Bank shares boundaries (demarcated by the Jordanian-Israeli armistice of 1949) to the west, north, and south with Israel, and to the east, across the Jordan River, with Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant section of the western Dead Sea shore.[5]", "Golan Heights The plateau that Israel controls is part of a larger area of volcanic basalt fields stretching north and east that were created in the series of volcanic eruptions that began recently in geological terms, almost 4 million years ago, and continue to this day. It has distinct geographic boundaries. On the north, the Sa'ar valley (Banias) generally divides the lighter-colored limestone bedrock of the mountains from the dark-colored volcanic rocks of the Golan plateau. The western border of the plateau is truncated structurally by the Jordan Rift Valley, which falls down steeply into the lake. The southern border is lined by the Yarmuk River, which separates the plateau from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Finally, the east end of Golan Heights is carved out by the Raqqad river (Wadi Ruqqad) and areas still controlled by Syria.[25]", "Samaria Samaria (/səˈmɛəriə/;[1] Hebrew: שֹׁמְרוֹן‎, Standard Šomron, Tiberian Šōmərôn; Arabic: السامرة‎, as-Sāmirah – also known as Jibāl Nāblus, \"Nablus Mountains\") is a historical and biblical name used for the central region of ancient Land of Israel, also known as Palestine, bordered by Galilee to the north and Judaea to the south.[2][3] For the beginning of the Common Era, Josephus set the Mediterranean as its limit to the west, and the Jordan River to the east.[3] Its territory largely corresponds to the biblical allotments of the tribe of Ephraim and the western half of Manasseh; after the death of King Solomon and the splitting-up of his empire into the southern Kingdom of Judah and the northern one of Israel, this territory constituted the southern part of the Kingdom of Israel.[2] The border between Samaria and Judea is set at the latitude of Ramallah.[4]", "History of Palestine The Palestine Exploration Fund published surveys and maps of Western Palestine (aka Cisjordan) starting in the mid-19th century. Even before the Mandate came into legal effect in 1923, British terminology sometimes used '\"Palestine\" for the part west of the Jordan River and \"Trans-Jordan\" (or Transjordania) for the part east of the Jordan River.[307][308]", "Canaan Lebanon, in northern Canaan, bordered by the Litani river to the watershed of the Orontes River, was known by the Egyptians as upper Retjenu.[28] In Egyptian campaign accounts, the term Djahi was used to refer to the watershed of the Jordan river. Many earlier Egyptian sources also mention numerous military campaigns conducted in Ka-na-na, just inside Asia.[29]", "Muslim conquest of the Levant Syria had been under Roman rule for seven centuries prior to the Arab Muslim conquest and had been invaded by the Sassanid Persians on a number of occasions during the 3rd, 6th and 7th centuries; it had also been subject to raids by the Sassanid's Arab allies, the Lakhmids.[2] During the Roman period, beginning after the fall of Jerusalem in the year 70, the entire region (Judea, Samaria, and the Galilee) was renamed Palaestina, subdivided into Diocese I and II.[3] The Romans also renamed an area of land including the Negev, Sinai, and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as Palaestina Salutaris, sometimes called Palaestina III or Palaestina Tertia.[3] Part of the area was ruled by the Arab vassal state of the Ghassanids' symmachos.[4] During the last of the Roman-Persian Wars, beginning in 603, the Persians under Khosrau II had succeeded in occupying Syria, Palestine and Egypt for over a decade before being forced by the victories of Heraclius to conclude the peace of 628.[5] Thus, on the eve of the Muslim conquests the Romans (by now conventionally called Byzantines) were still in the process of rebuilding their authority in these territories, which in some areas had been lost to them for almost twenty years.[5] Politically, the Syrian region consisted of two provinces: Syria proper stretched from Antioch and Aleppo in the north to the top of the Dead Sea. To the west and south of the Dead Sea lay the province of Palestine. Syria was mostly a Syriac and Hellenized land with some Jewish presence and with a partly Arab population, especially in its eastern and southern parts. The Syriac Christians, Jews and Arabs had been there since pre-Roman times, and some had embraced Christianity since Constantine I legalized it in the fourth century and moved the capital from Italy to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople), from which the name Byzantine is derived.", "Canaan The Greeks also popularized the term Palestine, named after the Greek Philistines or the Aegean Pelasgians, for roughly the region of Canaan, excluding Phoenicia, with Herodotus' first recorded use of Palaistinê, c. 480 BC. From 110 BC, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of the region, creating a Judean-Samaritan-Idumaean-Ituraean-Galilean alliance. The Judean (Jewish, see Ioudaioi) control over the wider area resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judean Mountains, the allotment of the Tribe of Judah and heartland of the former Kingdom of Judah.[41][42] Between 73–63 BC, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War, conquering Judea in 63 BC, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. Around 130–135 AD, as a result of the suppression of the Bar Kochba revolt, the province of Iudaea was joined with Galilee to form new province of Syria Palaestina. There is circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change,[43] although the precise date is not certain,[43] and the interpretation of some scholars that the name change may have been intended \"to complete the dissociation with Judaea\"[44][45] is disputed.[46]", "Golan Heights Arabic names are Jawlān[14] and Djolan (Arabic: جولان‎).[15] In the Bible, Golan is mentioned as a city of refuge located in Bashan: Deuteronomy 4:43, Joshua 20:8, 1 Chronicles 6:71.[16] Nineteenth-century authors interpreted the word \"Golan\" (Hebrew: גולן‎) as meaning \"something surrounded, hence a district\".[17][18]", "British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument) On submission of the memorandum to the Council of the League of Nations, Balfour explained the background as recorded in the minutes: \"Lord Balfour reminded his colleagues that Article 25 of the mandate for Palestine as approved by the Council in London on July 24th, 1922, provides that the territories in Palestine which lie east of the Jordan should be under a somewhat different regime from the rest of Palestine. ... The British Government now merely proposed to carry out this article. It had always been part of the policy contemplated by the League and accepted by the British Government, and the latter now desired to carry it into effect. In pursuance of the policy, embodied in Article 25, Lord Balfour invited the Council to pass a series of resolutions which modified the mandate as regards those territories. The object of these resolutions was to withdraw from Trans-Jordania the special provisions which were intended to provide a national home for the Jews west of the Jordan.\"[67]", "Geography of Jordan A 380-kilometer-long rift valley runs from the Yarmouk River in the north to Al Aqaba in the south. The northern part, from the Yarmouk River to the Dead Sea, is commonly known as the Jordan Valley. It is divided into eastern and western parts by the Jordan River. Bordered by a steep escarpment on both the eastern and the western side, the valley reaches a maximum width of twenty-two kilometers at some points. The valley is properly known as Al Ghawr or Al Ghor (the depression, or valley).", "Levitical city The six cities which were to be Cities of Refuge were Golan, Ramoth, and Bezer, on the east of the Jordan River,[4] and Kedesh, Shechem, and Hebron on the western side.[5]", "Golan Heights The 1923 boundary between British Mandatory Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria was drawn with water in mind.[128] Accordingly, it was demarcated so that all of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip of beach along its northeastern shore, would stay inside Mandatory Palestine. From the Sea of Galilee north to Lake Hula the boundary was drawn between 50 and 400 meters east of the upper Jordan River, keeping that stream entirely within Mandatory Palestine. The British also received a sliver of land along the Yarmouk River, out to the present-day Hamat Gader.[129]", "Jordan Roman legions under Pompey conquered much of the Levant in 63 BC, inaugurating a period of Roman rule that lasted for centuries.[9] In 106 AD, Emperor Trajan annexed the nearby Nabataean Kingdom without any opposition, and rebuilt the King's Highway which became known as the Via Traiana Nova road.[40] During Roman rule the Nabataeans continued to flourish and replaced their local gods with Christianity.[41] Roman remains in Amman include: the Temple of Hercules at the Amman Citadel and the Roman theater.[41] Jerash contains a well-preserved Roman city that had 15,000 inhabitants at its zenith.[42] Jerash was visited by Emperor Hadrian during his journey to Palestine.[41] In 324 AD, the Roman Empire split, and the Eastern Roman Empire (later known as the Byzantine Empire) continued to control or influence the region until 636 AD.[41] Christianity had become legal within the empire in 313 AD and the official state religion in 390 AD, after Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity.[41]", "Jordan Ayla city (modern day Aqaba) in southern Jordan also came under Byzantine Empire rule.[41] The Aqaba Church was built around 300 AD, and is considered to be the world's first purpose built Christian church.[43] The Byzantines built 16 churches just south of Amman in Umm ar-Rasas.[44] Administratively the area of Jordan fell under the Diocese of the East, and was divided between the provinces of Palaestina Secunda in the north-west and Arabia Petraea in the south and east.[45] Palaestina Salutaris in the south was split off from Arabia Petraea in the late 4th century.[45] The Sassanian Empire in the east became the Byzantines' rivals, and frequent confrontations sometimes led to the Sassanids controlling some parts of the region, including Transjordan.[46]", "Middle East Amman - Jordan", "Jordan The capital city of Jordan is Amman, located in north-central Jordan.[8] Jordan is divided into 12 governorates (muhafazah) (informally grouped into three regions: northern, central, southern). These are subdivided into a total of 52 nawahi, which are further divided into neighbourhoods in urban areas or into towns in rural ones.[111]", "History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel The armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq marched into the territory of what had just ceased to be the British Mandate, thus starting the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The nascent Israel Defense Forces repulsed the Arab armies, and extended Israel's borders beyond the original Resolution 181(II) boundaries for the proposed Jewish state.[153] By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River. The remainder of the Mandate came to be called the West Bank (controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 711,000 Palestinians Arabs[154] were expelled or fled their homes to become Palestinian refugees.[155] One third went to the West Bank and one third to the Gaza Strip, occupied by Jordan and Egypt respectively, and the rest to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and other countries.[156]", "Golan Heights The broader Golan plateau exhibits a more subdued topography, generally ranging between 120 metres (390 ft) and 520 metres (1,710 ft) in elevation. In Israel, the Golan plateau is divided into three regions: northern (between the Sa'ar and Jilabun valleys), central (between the Jilabun and Daliyot valleys), and southern (between the Daliyot and Yarmouk valleys). The Golan Heights is bordered on the west by a rock escarpment that drops 500 metres (1,600 ft) to the Jordan River valley and the Sea of Galilee. In the south, the incised Yarmouk River valley marks the limits of the plateau and, east of the abandoned railroad bridge upstream of Hamat Gader and Al Hammah, it marks the recognised international border between Syria and Jordan.[28]", "Ten Lost Tribes In c. 732 BCE, the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aramea[8] and territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur, Naphish, and Nodab. People from these tribes, including the Reubenite leader, were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River system in Assyria/Mesopotamia. Tiglath-Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim, and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. According to 2 Kings 16:9 and 15:29, the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.", "East Jerusalem In 1950 East Jerusalem, along with the rest of the West Bank, was annexed by Jordan. Nevertheless, the annexation of the West Bank was recognized only by the United Kingdom, although the Israeli and Jordanian annexations of the two parts of Jerusalem were given only de facto recognition. During the period of Jordanian rule, East Jerusalem lost much of its importance, as it was no longer a capital, and losing its link to the coast diminished its role as a commercial hub. It even saw a population decrease, with merchants and administrators moving to Amman. On the other hand, it maintained its religious importance, as well as its role as a regional center. Reaffirming a 1953 statement, Jordan in 1960 declared Jerusalem its second capital.[22] The USA (and other powers) protested this plan, and stated it could not \"recognize or associate itself in any way with actions which confer upon Jerusalem the attributes of a seat of government...\"[23]", "Geography of Israel Israel is divided into four physiographic regions: the Mediterranean coastal plain, the Central Hills, the Jordan Rift Valley and the Negev Desert.[1]", "Borders of Israel On the next day, the Arab armies marched their forces into what had been the British Mandate for Palestine. This intervention/invasion from all sides turned the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine into the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The tide of battle soon turned against the Arabs, and Israel then launched a series of military offensives, greatly expanding its territorial holdings. On September 22, 1948, during a truce in the war, the Provisional State Council of Israel passed a law annexing all land that Israel had captured in that war, and declaring that from then on, any part of Palestine taken by the Israeli army would automatically be annexed to Israel.[35] The end of the war saw the Lausanne Conference of 1949. Following internationally supervised Arab-Israeli negotiations, a boundary based on the cease-fire lines of the war with minor territorial adjustments, commonly referred to as the Green Line, was agreed upon in the 1949 Armistice Agreements. The Green Line was expressly declared in the Armistice Agreements as a temporary demarcation line, rather than a permanent border, and the Armistice Agreements relegated the issue of permanent borders to future negotiations. The area to the west of the Jordan River came to be called the West Bank, and was annexed by Jordan in 1950;[36] and the Gaza Strip was controlled by Egypt. During the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan, Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt, and Golan Heights from Syria, and placed these territories under military occupation.", "Golan Heights The Golan Heights (Arabic: هضبة الجولان‎ Haḍbatu 'l-Jawlān or مرتفعات الجولان Murtafaʻātu l-Jawlān, Hebrew: רמת הגולן‬, Ramat HaGolan (audio) (help·info)), or simply the Golan is a region in the Levant, spanning about 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi). The region defined as the Golan Heights differs between disciplines: as a geological and biogeographical region, the Golan Heights is a basaltic plateau bordered by the Yarmouk River in the south, the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley in the west, the Anti-Lebanon with Mount Hermon in the north and Wadi Raqqad in the east; and as a geopolitical region, the Golan Heights is the area captured from Syria and occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War, territory which Israel annexed in 1981. This region includes the western two-thirds of the geological Golan Heights, as well as the Israeli-occupied part of Mount Hermon.", "Jordan Jordan is a relatively-small, semi-arid, almost-landlocked country with an area of 89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi) and a population numbering 10 million, making it the 11th-most populous Arab country. Sunni Islam, practiced by around 95% of the population, is the dominant religion in Jordan that coexists with an indigenous Christian minority. Jordan remains to be considered as among the safest of countries in the Middle East, even after the deteriorating situation of the region following the Arab spring in 2010s. Jordan prides itself on being an \"oasis of stability\" in a turbulent region.[11] In the midst of surrounding turmoil, it has been greatly hospitable, accepting refugees from almost all surrounding conflicts as early as 1948. An estimated 2.1 million Palestinian and 1.4 million Syrian refugees are present.[12] The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of Iraqi Christians fleeing persecution by ISIL.[13] While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.[14]", "British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument) In August 1919, Balfour stated that he wanted Palestine to be defined to include some of the lands lying east of the Jordan, but not the Hedjaz Railway.[37] At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the British officials presented a proposal including maps showing the eastern boundary of Palestine located just 10Â km east of the Jordan.[45]", "Bedouin Most of Jordan's Bedouin live in the vast wasteland that extends east from the Desert Highway.[81] The eastern Bedouin are camel breeders and herders, while the western Bedouin herd sheep and goats. Some Bedouin in Jordan are semi-nomads, they adopt a nomadic existence during part of the year but return to their lands and homes in time to practice agriculture." ]	[ "Jordan River The Jordan River (also River Jordan; Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן‎ Nahar ha-Yarden; Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ‎‎ Nahr al-Urdun, Ancient Greek: Ιορδάνης, Iordànes) is a 251-kilometre (156 mi)-long river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and on to the Dead Sea. Israel and the West Bank border the river to the west, while the Golan Heights and Jordan lie to its east. Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river." ]

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