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PMID:10761 | [Anaphylactic shock to pentothal induction]. | In a patient who had been anaesthetised twice with penthiobarbitone, who had contracted a localised then a generalised eczema, collapse appeared during a third anaesthetic induction, 30 minutes after the injection of penthiobarbitone which was revealed by Shelley's test to be the most positive product. | [Anaphylactic shock to pentothal induction]. In a patient who had been anaesthetised twice with penthiobarbitone, who had contracted a localised then a generalised eczema, collapse appeared during a third anaesthetic induction, 30 minutes after the injection of penthiobarbitone which was revealed by Shelley's test to be the most positive product. | [
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PMID:10762 | [Anaphylactoid complications of iodide contrast media in arteriography of the lower extremities during general anesthesia]. | The authors studied the manifestations of intolerance to certain iodide contrast products injected by the arterial route, under general anaesthesia. The study covers 385 arteriographies of the lower limbs which were divided into two groups, depending on whether a cortisone premedication had been administrated or not. In the premedicated group, no incidents were noted. In the other group, 13 p. 100 of subjects had cutaneous manifestations with Radioselectan. General anaesthesia did not avoid the accidents which depend on the nature and the quantity of the product injected. Corticosteroids prevent these reactions. | [Anaphylactoid complications of iodide contrast media in arteriography of the lower extremities during general anesthesia]. The authors studied the manifestations of intolerance to certain iodide contrast products injected by the arterial route, under general anaesthesia. The study covers 385 arteriographies of the lower limbs which were divided into two groups, depending on whether a cortisone premedication had been administrated or not. In the premedicated group, no incidents were noted. In the other group, 13 p. 100 of subjects had cutaneous manifestations with Radioselectan. General anaesthesia did not avoid the accidents which depend on the nature and the quantity of the product injected. Corticosteroids prevent these reactions. | [
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] |
PMID:10763 | [Complications of local anesthetics]. | With reference to two personal cases of accidents due to local anaesthetics, the authors deal with the clinical symptomatology of these accidents, whether they be toxic or truly allargic, and look at the treatment. | [Complications of local anesthetics]. With reference to two personal cases of accidents due to local anaesthetics, the authors deal with the clinical symptomatology of these accidents, whether they be toxic or truly allargic, and look at the treatment. | [
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] |
PMID:10764 | [Clinical observations of per- and post-anesthetic anaphylactoid complications. Results of an a posteriori survey]. | After enquiry in seven French anaesthetic departments, 66 cases of anaphylactic accidents during and after anaesthesia were grouped together. The following are successively described, the clinical symptomatology, the products incriminated, the treatment and course. The immuno-allergological tests were not always carried out. | [Clinical observations of per- and post-anesthetic anaphylactoid complications. Results of an a posteriori survey]. After enquiry in seven French anaesthetic departments, 66 cases of anaphylactic accidents during and after anaesthesia were grouped together. The following are successively described, the clinical symptomatology, the products incriminated, the treatment and course. The immuno-allergological tests were not always carried out. | [
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PMID:10765 | [Bronchial mediators and receptors: current data]. | This is a very precise study of the mechanisms which intervene in bronchial motility. It is apparent that the most important recent acquisitions in the realm of bronchial mediators, over these last 10 years remains: the demonstration in the animal and in man of the duality between adrenergic bronchoconstriction of alpha nature and adrenergic bronchoconstriction of beta-2 nature, the duality of the effects of prostaglandins (PGF2 alpha broncho-constrictive, and PGE2 bronchodilator), and the role of cyclic AMP at the junction of the action of numerous substances which are active on the bronchial musculature. | [Bronchial mediators and receptors: current data]. This is a very precise study of the mechanisms which intervene in bronchial motility. It is apparent that the most important recent acquisitions in the realm of bronchial mediators, over these last 10 years remains: the demonstration in the animal and in man of the duality between adrenergic bronchoconstriction of alpha nature and adrenergic bronchoconstriction of beta-2 nature, the duality of the effects of prostaglandins (PGF2 alpha broncho-constrictive, and PGE2 bronchodilator), and the role of cyclic AMP at the junction of the action of numerous substances which are active on the bronchial musculature. | [
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PMID:10766 | [Allergy and anesthesia: environment and psychological factors]. | The assessment of so-called risk "carriers" is difficult from the standpoint of true allergy and consideration must be given to the following:- the psychology and environment of the patient to be anaesthesia, with regard to any warning signs. -also, though, the psychology and environment of the anaesthetist; himself alerted in the presence of a presumptive allergy. Such an attitude will lead to more rapid assessment of the true nature of the complication occurring. In most instances, acquired presumptions can only lead to widened prevention. A formal anaesthetic consultation, including a careful history, will aid in the detection of problems. It is also of significant value from a legal standpoint, at the same time ensuring application by the anaesthetist of appropriate therapy as early as possible. | [Allergy and anesthesia: environment and psychological factors]. The assessment of so-called risk "carriers" is difficult from the standpoint of true allergy and consideration must be given to the following:- the psychology and environment of the patient to be anaesthesia, with regard to any warning signs. -also, though, the psychology and environment of the anaesthetist; himself alerted in the presence of a presumptive allergy. Such an attitude will lead to more rapid assessment of the true nature of the complication occurring. In most instances, acquired presumptions can only lead to widened prevention. A formal anaesthetic consultation, including a careful history, will aid in the detection of problems. It is also of significant value from a legal standpoint, at the same time ensuring application by the anaesthetist of appropriate therapy as early as possible. | [
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PMID:10767 | [Pre-anesthesia survey]. | The pre-anaesthesia enquiry reposes essentially on a detailed interrogation, with respects to the risks of anaphylactic accident. Two types of information must be obtained: the presence of risk factors (related to an allergic background, to the pre-existence of a drug allergy, to a spasmophilic background) on the one hand; knowledge of anaesthetic substances and adjuvants already used, on the other hand. | [Pre-anesthesia survey]. The pre-anaesthesia enquiry reposes essentially on a detailed interrogation, with respects to the risks of anaphylactic accident. Two types of information must be obtained: the presence of risk factors (related to an allergic background, to the pre-existence of a drug allergy, to a spasmophilic background) on the one hand; knowledge of anaesthetic substances and adjuvants already used, on the other hand. | [
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PMID:10768 | [What prevents the diagnosis of spasmphilia]. | The frequency of spasmophilia in subjects who had had anaphylactic reactions during anaesthesia (80 p. 100 in our statistics, as opposed to 10 p. 100 in a normal population) must make one consider this condition as a risk factor. It must be looked for in the history, on clinical examination, on the electromyogram, and by laboratory assays. Therapeutic orientations are indicated. | [What prevents the diagnosis of spasmphilia]. The frequency of spasmophilia in subjects who had had anaphylactic reactions during anaesthesia (80 p. 100 in our statistics, as opposed to 10 p. 100 in a normal population) must make one consider this condition as a risk factor. It must be looked for in the history, on clinical examination, on the electromyogram, and by laboratory assays. Therapeutic orientations are indicated. | [
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] |
PMID:10769 | [Skin tests for 48/80 and histamine]. | The variability in time of the cutaneous response, resulting from morbid and specially from therapeutic physiological interferences, restrains the credibility of cutaneous allergological investigations. The authors present the first results, established on control population considered as normal, of an approach to cutaneous reactivity by means of a non-specific histamine liberation, induced by a tween: 48/80 coupled with appreciation of the reactivity to histamine injected by the intra-dermal route. The study objectively demonstrates the variability in the response in terms of the doses injected, age, and especially in terms of drug interferences which usually, go in the direction of a hyporeactivity. On the contrary, hyper-reactivity is frequently observed in certain morbid conditions, in particular in spasmophilia. In conclusion, before including the 48/80 and histamine tests in the battery of allergological investigations, it seems indispensable to specify the limits in normal subjects and to better aprehend interferences which modify its expression. | [Skin tests for 48/80 and histamine]. The variability in time of the cutaneous response, resulting from morbid and specially from therapeutic physiological interferences, restrains the credibility of cutaneous allergological investigations. The authors present the first results, established on control population considered as normal, of an approach to cutaneous reactivity by means of a non-specific histamine liberation, induced by a tween: 48/80 coupled with appreciation of the reactivity to histamine injected by the intra-dermal route. The study objectively demonstrates the variability in the response in terms of the doses injected, age, and especially in terms of drug interferences which usually, go in the direction of a hyporeactivity. On the contrary, hyper-reactivity is frequently observed in certain morbid conditions, in particular in spasmophilia. In conclusion, before including the 48/80 and histamine tests in the battery of allergological investigations, it seems indispensable to specify the limits in normal subjects and to better aprehend interferences which modify its expression. | [
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PMID:10770 | [Determination of serum IgE]. | After recalling the properties of IgE antibodies responsible for allergic reactions, the author looks at the methods of assay by the techniques of radial immunodiffusion and radio-immunology. The total serum IgE of 13 subjects who had had an anaphylactic accident during anaesthesia, were assayed according to the latter technique. Elevated values were found in patient with an atopic background. The assay of IgE could be of value in the assessment of the allergic risk in anaesthesia. | [Determination of serum IgE]. After recalling the properties of IgE antibodies responsible for allergic reactions, the author looks at the methods of assay by the techniques of radial immunodiffusion and radio-immunology. The total serum IgE of 13 subjects who had had an anaphylactic accident during anaesthesia, were assayed according to the latter technique. Elevated values were found in patient with an atopic background. The assay of IgE could be of value in the assessment of the allergic risk in anaesthesia. | [
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PMID:10772 | [2 cases of anaphylactic-type reaction to alphadione (Alfatesine, Althesin, CT 13.41)]. | Two cases of anaphylactic-type reaction to alfadione were referred to our Department for immuno-allergic enquiry. From the clinical standpoint, the pictures obtained were rather similar, dominated by dramatic collapse of abrupt onset associated with an erythemato-oedematous cervico-facial rash, however with a favourable course under respiratory and circulatory emergency resuscitation. The immunological enquiry carried out in both cases did not enable one to attribute the responsibility for the accident to alfadione or to cremophor EL nor to be able to put it down to a direct pharmacological histamine-liberation, or to a specific histamine-liberation due to an antigen-antibody reaction. | [2 cases of anaphylactic-type reaction to alphadione (Alfatesine, Althesin, CT 13.41)]. Two cases of anaphylactic-type reaction to alfadione were referred to our Department for immuno-allergic enquiry. From the clinical standpoint, the pictures obtained were rather similar, dominated by dramatic collapse of abrupt onset associated with an erythemato-oedematous cervico-facial rash, however with a favourable course under respiratory and circulatory emergency resuscitation. The immunological enquiry carried out in both cases did not enable one to attribute the responsibility for the accident to alfadione or to cremophor EL nor to be able to put it down to a direct pharmacological histamine-liberation, or to a specific histamine-liberation due to an antigen-antibody reaction. | [
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PMID:10773 | [2 cases of anaphylactic-type reaction related to anesthesia]. | Two cases of anaphylactic shock during anaesthesia are presented, in which the etiology is confirmed by the lymphoblastic transformation test. In one case, the responsability was due to Pentothal, in the other to the combination of Pentothal-succinylcholine. | [2 cases of anaphylactic-type reaction related to anesthesia]. Two cases of anaphylactic shock during anaesthesia are presented, in which the etiology is confirmed by the lymphoblastic transformation test. In one case, the responsability was due to Pentothal, in the other to the combination of Pentothal-succinylcholine. | [
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PMID:10774 | [In tolerance reactions to Rheomacrodes. Apropos of 3 cases]. | Three cases of reactions of intolerance to Rheomacrodex were observed during these last four years in our Department, and this led us to attempt to sum up their exact nature and in particular the possibility of an immuno-allergic orgin. From the clinical standpoint, the symptomatology is dominated by the combination of abrupt collapse associated with Quincke's edema in two cases, and with bronchospasm in the third. The course was rapidly favourable under respiratory and circulatory emergency resuscitation. The immuno-allergic enquiry carried out in one case, did not enable one to demonstrate the responsibility of an antigen-antibody reaction. Analysis of the different works appeared on this subject, in particular those of the Swedish school, of W. RICHTER et col., did not enable one to pick out with any certainty the responsibility of an antigen-antibody conflict in the genesis of these reactions. | [In tolerance reactions to Rheomacrodes. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three cases of reactions of intolerance to Rheomacrodex were observed during these last four years in our Department, and this led us to attempt to sum up their exact nature and in particular the possibility of an immuno-allergic orgin. From the clinical standpoint, the symptomatology is dominated by the combination of abrupt collapse associated with Quincke's edema in two cases, and with bronchospasm in the third. The course was rapidly favourable under respiratory and circulatory emergency resuscitation. The immuno-allergic enquiry carried out in one case, did not enable one to demonstrate the responsibility of an antigen-antibody reaction. Analysis of the different works appeared on this subject, in particular those of the Swedish school, of W. RICHTER et col., did not enable one to pick out with any certainty the responsibility of an antigen-antibody conflict in the genesis of these reactions. | [
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PMID:10775 | [Does anesthesia have an immunosuppressive effect?]. | Immune depression occurs after general anaesthesia. It is related to depression of serum factors after anesthesia with ether or chloroform, or secondary to depression of antibody-producing cells after anaesthesia with halothane, nitrous oxyde or Pentothal. This immune depression augments proneness to bacterial and viral infection and to malignant disease. | [Does anesthesia have an immunosuppressive effect?]. Immune depression occurs after general anaesthesia. It is related to depression of serum factors after anesthesia with ether or chloroform, or secondary to depression of antibody-producing cells after anaesthesia with halothane, nitrous oxyde or Pentothal. This immune depression augments proneness to bacterial and viral infection and to malignant disease. | [
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] |
PMID:10776 | [Does local regional anesthesia exert an immunosuppressive effect?]. | Lignocaine in very high doses exhibits immunodepressant properties in vitro. In vivo, in surgical patients submitted to spinal anaesthesia, lymphocyte transformation is diminished for one week. This inhibition is, however, less marked than after general anaesthesia. | [Does local regional anesthesia exert an immunosuppressive effect?]. Lignocaine in very high doses exhibits immunodepressant properties in vitro. In vivo, in surgical patients submitted to spinal anaesthesia, lymphocyte transformation is diminished for one week. This inhibition is, however, less marked than after general anaesthesia. | [
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PMID:10777 | [Diagnosis of drug allergies related to anesthesia and surgery]. | Drug allergies are increasingly common. They may occur in 5-10 p. 100 of patients treated with drugs. From a diagnostic standpoint, the problem is a complex one, many aspects of which are still poorly understood. This is particularly true with regard to the nature of the antigenic determinants and their vectors. Allergic reactions in patients submitted to anaesthesia and surgery represent a very particular case of the situation. A study of the immune status of such patients was undertaken and revealed that T lymphocyte depression, lasting from one to three weeks, often occurs. It is important to take this concept into account when choosing laboratory tests designed to substantiate the diagnosis. Several examples are presented and discussed. | [Diagnosis of drug allergies related to anesthesia and surgery]. Drug allergies are increasingly common. They may occur in 5-10 p. 100 of patients treated with drugs. From a diagnostic standpoint, the problem is a complex one, many aspects of which are still poorly understood. This is particularly true with regard to the nature of the antigenic determinants and their vectors. Allergic reactions in patients submitted to anaesthesia and surgery represent a very particular case of the situation. A study of the immune status of such patients was undertaken and revealed that T lymphocyte depression, lasting from one to three weeks, often occurs. It is important to take this concept into account when choosing laboratory tests designed to substantiate the diagnosis. Several examples are presented and discussed. | [
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PMID:10778 | [Immunobiological means of identifying hypersensitivity to anesthetics and adjuvants]. | The diagnosis of hypersensitivity to anesthetics and adjuvants is based chiefly on immunobiological tests which involve:-sensitized lymphocytes; -IgE or IgG antibodies; -sensitized target cells; -determination of chemical mediators. Comparison between these different methods is only possible for techniques involving the sensitized lymphocyte, such as the LTT and EA rosettes for examples, or T.D.B.H. and liberation of histamine. Comparison between the LTT and RAST is difficult, since the first technique investigates the sensitized lymphocyte while the second involves radio-immune antibody assay. An attempt to establish a correlation between these two types of methods is difficult but they can, however, complement each other. | [Immunobiological means of identifying hypersensitivity to anesthetics and adjuvants]. The diagnosis of hypersensitivity to anesthetics and adjuvants is based chiefly on immunobiological tests which involve:-sensitized lymphocytes; -IgE or IgG antibodies; -sensitized target cells; -determination of chemical mediators. Comparison between these different methods is only possible for techniques involving the sensitized lymphocyte, such as the LTT and EA rosettes for examples, or T.D.B.H. and liberation of histamine. Comparison between the LTT and RAST is difficult, since the first technique investigates the sensitized lymphocyte while the second involves radio-immune antibody assay. An attempt to establish a correlation between these two types of methods is difficult but they can, however, complement each other. | [
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] |
PMID:10779 | [A study of allergy to local anesthetics using the lymphoblast transformation test]. | The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) confirms the classical concept that Novocain is three times as potent as Xylocaine as a sensitizing agent. This sensitization to Novocaine is more common in patients with an allergic constitution and in those treated with several drugs. The LTT made it possible to identify the responsible drug, which was not always a local anesthetic, but sometimes Penicillin G and aspirin. | [A study of allergy to local anesthetics using the lymphoblast transformation test]. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) confirms the classical concept that Novocain is three times as potent as Xylocaine as a sensitizing agent. This sensitization to Novocaine is more common in patients with an allergic constitution and in those treated with several drugs. The LTT made it possible to identify the responsible drug, which was not always a local anesthetic, but sometimes Penicillin G and aspirin. | [
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PMID:10780 | [Allergic characteristics of halothane hepatitis. Apropos of a case report]. | The authors report a case of postoperative jaundice occurring within 30 days in a patient anesthetized three times with halothane. The responsibility of the anesthetic is discussed in view of the positivity of the lymphocyte transformation test and the absence of Australia antigen. It is suggested that this case of hepatitis may be related to a delayed hypersensitivity phenomen. | [Allergic characteristics of halothane hepatitis. Apropos of a case report]. The authors report a case of postoperative jaundice occurring within 30 days in a patient anesthetized three times with halothane. The responsibility of the anesthetic is discussed in view of the positivity of the lymphocyte transformation test and the absence of Australia antigen. It is suggested that this case of hepatitis may be related to a delayed hypersensitivity phenomen. | [
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PMID:10781 | [Experimental study of the sensitizing properties of halothane]. | The sensitizing properties of halothane were investigated experimentally in guinea pigs using two different techniques. The first method, derived from that of DRAIZE, included a sensitizing phase in which the product was administered by inhalation, while the second method, derived from that of MAGNUSSON and KLIGMAN, used guinea pigs sensitized to FREUND's adjuvant and which were sensitized to halothane administered subcutaneously. The results obtained in these two series of experiments appeared concordant. They showed that effective sensitization occurred in 60 to 80 p. 100 of the animals treated. This places halothane between level 3 (moderate potency) and level 4 (high potency) on the classical drug scale of "allergenic potencies". | [Experimental study of the sensitizing properties of halothane]. The sensitizing properties of halothane were investigated experimentally in guinea pigs using two different techniques. The first method, derived from that of DRAIZE, included a sensitizing phase in which the product was administered by inhalation, while the second method, derived from that of MAGNUSSON and KLIGMAN, used guinea pigs sensitized to FREUND's adjuvant and which were sensitized to halothane administered subcutaneously. The results obtained in these two series of experiments appeared concordant. They showed that effective sensitization occurred in 60 to 80 p. 100 of the animals treated. This places halothane between level 3 (moderate potency) and level 4 (high potency) on the classical drug scale of "allergenic potencies". | [
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PMID:10782 | [Experimental study of conjugates of a catabolite common to halothane, enflurane and fluroxene in guinea pigs]. | The authors sensitized guinea pigs to a halothane catabolite, trifluoroacetic acid, combined with guinea pig albumin. They then exposed the animals to halothane. There was no correlation between the presence of humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions obtained with the catabolite and the incidence of liver necrosis. | [Experimental study of conjugates of a catabolite common to halothane, enflurane and fluroxene in guinea pigs]. The authors sensitized guinea pigs to a halothane catabolite, trifluoroacetic acid, combined with guinea pig albumin. They then exposed the animals to halothane. There was no correlation between the presence of humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions obtained with the catabolite and the incidence of liver necrosis. | [
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PMID:10783 | [Immunologic study of viral hepatitis]. | The author discusses the various immunological methods used to demonstrate antigen in serum hepatitis. This antigen is made up of three main types of particles: a spherical particle, a tub-like structure and a second larger spherical particle with a hexagonal centre, described by DANE. The centre of DANE's particle is immunologically distinct from its surface. The immune complexes thus formed by antibody links between surface antigens play a major role in extrahepatic manifestations of serum hepatitis. The various subtypes of antigen can be used as a basis for geographical and epidemiological study of the disease. The centre of DANE's particle is considered to be the virus itself. It cannot be cultured with current methods but it can be transmitted to chimpanzees. The antibody reacting with the surface antigen is protective. In conclusion, the author observed that an increase in serum transaminases in anesthetized patients occurred only after halothane. This suggests that liver damage after administration of halothane may be due to a direct effect of the product or its metabolites. | [Immunologic study of viral hepatitis]. The author discusses the various immunological methods used to demonstrate antigen in serum hepatitis. This antigen is made up of three main types of particles: a spherical particle, a tub-like structure and a second larger spherical particle with a hexagonal centre, described by DANE. The centre of DANE's particle is immunologically distinct from its surface. The immune complexes thus formed by antibody links between surface antigens play a major role in extrahepatic manifestations of serum hepatitis. The various subtypes of antigen can be used as a basis for geographical and epidemiological study of the disease. The centre of DANE's particle is considered to be the virus itself. It cannot be cultured with current methods but it can be transmitted to chimpanzees. The antibody reacting with the surface antigen is protective. In conclusion, the author observed that an increase in serum transaminases in anesthetized patients occurred only after halothane. This suggests that liver damage after administration of halothane may be due to a direct effect of the product or its metabolites. | [
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PMID:10785 | [Antigenicity of drugs used in anesthesiology]. | The authors studies the factors involved in the antigenicity of the principal medications used in anaesthetics, including general anaesthesia, local anaesthetics and muscle relaxants. Any attempt at establishing a correlation between the chemical properties of these medications and their haptenic power would seem difficult by virtue of the fact that the complications seen in clinical practice are characterised by their rarity. The latter may be explained either on the basis of a low haptenic power of the substances or by the fact of their administration which is rarely repeated after a short time interval. Finally, the difficulties of this correlation are even further increased by the fact that the haptenic power is not always due to the medication itself, but sometimes to one of its metabolites. | [Antigenicity of drugs used in anesthesiology]. The authors studies the factors involved in the antigenicity of the principal medications used in anaesthetics, including general anaesthesia, local anaesthetics and muscle relaxants. Any attempt at establishing a correlation between the chemical properties of these medications and their haptenic power would seem difficult by virtue of the fact that the complications seen in clinical practice are characterised by their rarity. The latter may be explained either on the basis of a low haptenic power of the substances or by the fact of their administration which is rarely repeated after a short time interval. Finally, the difficulties of this correlation are even further increased by the fact that the haptenic power is not always due to the medication itself, but sometimes to one of its metabolites. | [
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PMID:10786 | [Technics for the experimental study of delayed hypersensitivity]. | The author reviews the principal experimental methods proposed for the study of the sensitising power of medications. All these methods involve delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) and fall into the same broad category, with a sensitisation phase, a rest phase and a stimulating phase. A critical review of these various phases is made; together with the interpretation of the results and their significance. | [Technics for the experimental study of delayed hypersensitivity]. The author reviews the principal experimental methods proposed for the study of the sensitising power of medications. All these methods involve delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) and fall into the same broad category, with a sensitisation phase, a rest phase and a stimulating phase. A critical review of these various phases is made; together with the interpretation of the results and their significance. | [
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PMID:10787 | [Biological rhythms and chronopharmacology]. | After defining the various factors of chronobiology (chronophysiology, chronopathology, chronotoxicology and chronopharmacology), the authors describe the various methods available for the study of biological rhythms; which leads to the concept of "time structure". | [Biological rhythms and chronopharmacology]. After defining the various factors of chronobiology (chronophysiology, chronopathology, chronotoxicology and chronopharmacology), the authors describe the various methods available for the study of biological rhythms; which leads to the concept of "time structure". | [
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] |
PMID:10791 | [Plasma level of the thiocyanate ion in sodium nitroprusside perfusion]. | 24 subjects were selected at random out of a group of 80 patients undergoing surgery under a hypotensive anaesthetic technique by means of nitroprusside perfusion; the variation of one of the metabolites, the thiocyanide ion, were assayed. Hypotension was of 30 to 380 minutes duration and mean dosage of 12,44 mg (1,99 mug/kg/min). SCN- assays were performed by means of an original technique, which is described in this publication, before any perfusion of nitroprusside, every 30 minutes during perfusion and 30 and 60 minutes after ending the perfusion. Results show that SCN- concentration is increasing during perfusion but not as much as compared with the toxic concentration. Major increase takes place 30 minutes after starting the perfusion (1,27 10(-4) M/l). Increase slows down then and remains on a plateau level until the end of the perfusion where it decreases. Those results allow to reject a toxicity risk related to an increase of SCN- during nitroprusside perfusion. However, the accidents reported after high dosage of NPS and probably related to cyanogenic ion accumulation combined with lactic acidosis as shown in this publication, led the authors to advise a dosage not over 10 mug/kg/min in a maximum of 2 hours time. | [Plasma level of the thiocyanate ion in sodium nitroprusside perfusion]. 24 subjects were selected at random out of a group of 80 patients undergoing surgery under a hypotensive anaesthetic technique by means of nitroprusside perfusion; the variation of one of the metabolites, the thiocyanide ion, were assayed. Hypotension was of 30 to 380 minutes duration and mean dosage of 12,44 mg (1,99 mug/kg/min). SCN- assays were performed by means of an original technique, which is described in this publication, before any perfusion of nitroprusside, every 30 minutes during perfusion and 30 and 60 minutes after ending the perfusion. Results show that SCN- concentration is increasing during perfusion but not as much as compared with the toxic concentration. Major increase takes place 30 minutes after starting the perfusion (1,27 10(-4) M/l). Increase slows down then and remains on a plateau level until the end of the perfusion where it decreases. Those results allow to reject a toxicity risk related to an increase of SCN- during nitroprusside perfusion. However, the accidents reported after high dosage of NPS and probably related to cyanogenic ion accumulation combined with lactic acidosis as shown in this publication, led the authors to advise a dosage not over 10 mug/kg/min in a maximum of 2 hours time. | [
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PMID:10792 | [Electromyography and AH/8165 in man]. | This article concerns the electromyographical study of a synthetic curare derived from Azobis Arylimidazo (1-2a) Pyridinium (AH/8165) with a simultaneous recording of the spontaneous diaphragmatic activity and "testing" of the neuro-muscular transmission at the level of a peripheral muscle. This study shows that AH/8165 is a powerful non-depolirizing curarimimetic drug that quickly induces a neuro-muscular block at the level of the diaphragm and the peripheric muscles that can be reversed by anticholinesterasic drugs. Its reaction time is short (about 1 mn). There are importante individual variations in the duration of the neuromuscular blockage. Towards the end of the experience, tetanizing stimulations reveal a muscular fatigability in all the cases. No ill side-effects could be observed upon the cardiovascular system or any side-effects ascribable to a histaminergic mechanism. | [Electromyography and AH/8165 in man]. This article concerns the electromyographical study of a synthetic curare derived from Azobis Arylimidazo (1-2a) Pyridinium (AH/8165) with a simultaneous recording of the spontaneous diaphragmatic activity and "testing" of the neuro-muscular transmission at the level of a peripheral muscle. This study shows that AH/8165 is a powerful non-depolirizing curarimimetic drug that quickly induces a neuro-muscular block at the level of the diaphragm and the peripheric muscles that can be reversed by anticholinesterasic drugs. Its reaction time is short (about 1 mn). There are importante individual variations in the duration of the neuromuscular blockage. Towards the end of the experience, tetanizing stimulations reveal a muscular fatigability in all the cases. No ill side-effects could be observed upon the cardiovascular system or any side-effects ascribable to a histaminergic mechanism. | [
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PMID:10793 | [Epidurography in the continuous peridural anesthesia technic in geriatric surgery]. | The radiographic opacification of the peridural space was carried out prior to any injection of anaesthetic solution, both in the interest of security and to maximize the chances of success, on a homogeneous series of patients of more than 75 years of age, benefiting from continuous peridural analgesia. The following observations are made: - the direction of the catheter is ascending in 94 p. 100 of the cases, - the frequency of malpositions seems to increase with the lenght of the catheter introduced into the space, - the images obtained by injections of the radio-opaque agent are sufficiently specific to allow verification of the extra-dural situation of the apex of the catheter, - the permeability of the intervertebral foramina is found in 36 p. 100 of the cases, - the unilateral blocks appear to be exceptional, the technical difficulties inherent in the effects of aging on the vertebral system being compensated for by the constant success whenever the peridural space is reached. | [Epidurography in the continuous peridural anesthesia technic in geriatric surgery]. The radiographic opacification of the peridural space was carried out prior to any injection of anaesthetic solution, both in the interest of security and to maximize the chances of success, on a homogeneous series of patients of more than 75 years of age, benefiting from continuous peridural analgesia. The following observations are made: - the direction of the catheter is ascending in 94 p. 100 of the cases, - the frequency of malpositions seems to increase with the lenght of the catheter introduced into the space, - the images obtained by injections of the radio-opaque agent are sufficiently specific to allow verification of the extra-dural situation of the apex of the catheter, - the permeability of the intervertebral foramina is found in 36 p. 100 of the cases, - the unilateral blocks appear to be exceptional, the technical difficulties inherent in the effects of aging on the vertebral system being compensated for by the constant success whenever the peridural space is reached. | [
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PMID:10794 | [Involvement or non-involvement of intracranial pressure with arterial pressure]. | In this experiment carried out on dogs, the authors demonstrate with the aid of very expressive illustrations that rapid variations in arterial pressure are accompanied by variations of the intracranial pressure. The latter may be, depending on the case, either in the same direction or inverse, according to the local cerebral vasomotor response accompanying the systemic arterial hypertension. | [Involvement or non-involvement of intracranial pressure with arterial pressure]. In this experiment carried out on dogs, the authors demonstrate with the aid of very expressive illustrations that rapid variations in arterial pressure are accompanied by variations of the intracranial pressure. The latter may be, depending on the case, either in the same direction or inverse, according to the local cerebral vasomotor response accompanying the systemic arterial hypertension. | [
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PMID:10795 | [PLACEMENT OF AN INTRACAVITARY PROBE WITH RESPECT TO THE TRANSPORT OF CARDIAC PATIENTS UNDERGOING ELECTROSTIMULATION. Apropos of 11 cases at the Toulouse Emergency Medical Assistance Service]. | In connection with the secondary transportation of cardiac patients, the medicine doctors at the SAMU in Toulouse placed endocavitary probes in 11 patients for purposes of electrosystolic releasing. The subjects exhibited auriculo-ventricular blocks resistant to isoprenaline and accompanied by syncopes. The evacuations were carried out in this fashion without any accident and with no negative effects in 10 out of the 11 cases. In light of this result, the indications and techniques of the process are discussed. | [PLACEMENT OF AN INTRACAVITARY PROBE WITH RESPECT TO THE TRANSPORT OF CARDIAC PATIENTS UNDERGOING ELECTROSTIMULATION. Apropos of 11 cases at the Toulouse Emergency Medical Assistance Service]. In connection with the secondary transportation of cardiac patients, the medicine doctors at the SAMU in Toulouse placed endocavitary probes in 11 patients for purposes of electrosystolic releasing. The subjects exhibited auriculo-ventricular blocks resistant to isoprenaline and accompanied by syncopes. The evacuations were carried out in this fashion without any accident and with no negative effects in 10 out of the 11 cases. In light of this result, the indications and techniques of the process are discussed. | [
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PMID:10796 | [Amiodarone hydrochloride and anesthesia in heart surgery. Use of an injectable form in the correction of peroperative rhythm disorders]. | The amiodarone is studied in the context of cardiac surgery to evaluate its anti-arrythmic properties in its injectable form and possible interference with the anaesthetic drugs. Two groups of patients were established: - the first group of 10 patients received the amiodarone per-os in the immediate pre-operative period, - the second group of 19 patients received injectable amiodarone either by direct intraveinous injection at a dose of 5 mg/kg or in I.V. drip for rhytmic irregulatities during surgery. The anti-arrythmic property of the product is confirmed. No incompatibility with the anaesthetics employed (neuroleptanalgesia) was observed. Howerer, a potentialization of the sympatholytic alpha-effects by the anaesthesia is observed. The fall in arterial pressure, when it is measureable, is of the order of a third of the initial value, with a return to the previous level within about ten minutes. | [Amiodarone hydrochloride and anesthesia in heart surgery. Use of an injectable form in the correction of peroperative rhythm disorders]. The amiodarone is studied in the context of cardiac surgery to evaluate its anti-arrythmic properties in its injectable form and possible interference with the anaesthetic drugs. Two groups of patients were established: - the first group of 10 patients received the amiodarone per-os in the immediate pre-operative period, - the second group of 19 patients received injectable amiodarone either by direct intraveinous injection at a dose of 5 mg/kg or in I.V. drip for rhytmic irregulatities during surgery. The anti-arrythmic property of the product is confirmed. No incompatibility with the anaesthetics employed (neuroleptanalgesia) was observed. Howerer, a potentialization of the sympatholytic alpha-effects by the anaesthesia is observed. The fall in arterial pressure, when it is measureable, is of the order of a third of the initial value, with a return to the previous level within about ten minutes. | [
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PMID:10797 | [Prevention of stress ulcer by vitamin A. Experimental study in rats]. | 71 male rats (Whitstar strain) are submitted to restraint. 37 of them were receiving twice an injection of 10 000 I.U. of vitamin A in order to protect them against the occurence of stress ulcer. Untreated animals are used as controls. Incidence of obtained ulcer is compared with the variation of vitamin A serum concentration, classicaly decreased in stress. Analysis of individual results shows that, if parenteral administration was followed either by restitution of the initial serum concentration, or by its increase, the treatment was efficient in 64 p. 100 of the cases. | [Prevention of stress ulcer by vitamin A. Experimental study in rats]. 71 male rats (Whitstar strain) are submitted to restraint. 37 of them were receiving twice an injection of 10 000 I.U. of vitamin A in order to protect them against the occurence of stress ulcer. Untreated animals are used as controls. Incidence of obtained ulcer is compared with the variation of vitamin A serum concentration, classicaly decreased in stress. Analysis of individual results shows that, if parenteral administration was followed either by restitution of the initial serum concentration, or by its increase, the treatment was efficient in 64 p. 100 of the cases. | [
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PMID:10798 | [Stress ulcer and acute postoperative renal insufficiency. An attempt at preventive treatment with Solcoseryl and proglumide]. | The study grouped 68 patients treated for severe post-operative or post-traumatic renal insufficiency, having survived over 7 days after being admitted into the Reanimation Department. A group of 32 patients were given systematic preventive treatment for nervous ulcers witch Solcoseryl and Proglumide. A control group of 36 patients received no specific treatment. Nervous ulcerations (showing up in gastrocopy) are found in three patients in the group receiving treatment, as compared with seven in the control group. This preventive treatment appears to be of interest, especially as other local or neuroleptic treatments are difficult to use in the group of patients concerned here. | [Stress ulcer and acute postoperative renal insufficiency. An attempt at preventive treatment with Solcoseryl and proglumide]. The study grouped 68 patients treated for severe post-operative or post-traumatic renal insufficiency, having survived over 7 days after being admitted into the Reanimation Department. A group of 32 patients were given systematic preventive treatment for nervous ulcers witch Solcoseryl and Proglumide. A control group of 36 patients received no specific treatment. Nervous ulcerations (showing up in gastrocopy) are found in three patients in the group receiving treatment, as compared with seven in the control group. This preventive treatment appears to be of interest, especially as other local or neuroleptic treatments are difficult to use in the group of patients concerned here. | [
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PMID:10799 | [Clinical evaluation of Trivé 1000 in surgery]. | Trials with Trive 1000 allow to confirm its perfect tolerance and its real interest in N sparing effect provided a minimum of 1500 ml, or even better 2000 ml are perfused with an adequate caloric carboyhdrate complement. However, in severe cases such as septicemia, one may expect a positive N balance only with much more important supply of N and calories. Since there is almost no change in parameters refleting fat metabolism, one may suppose a normal utilisation of injected fat. | [Clinical evaluation of Trivé 1000 in surgery]. Trials with Trive 1000 allow to confirm its perfect tolerance and its real interest in N sparing effect provided a minimum of 1500 ml, or even better 2000 ml are perfused with an adequate caloric carboyhdrate complement. However, in severe cases such as septicemia, one may expect a positive N balance only with much more important supply of N and calories. Since there is almost no change in parameters refleting fat metabolism, one may suppose a normal utilisation of injected fat. | [
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] |
PMID:10801 | [Technics and indications of general anesthesia for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Apropos of an experience using anesthetic perfusion and cold loop technic]. | The authors present the results of an enquiry carried out in University and regional hospitals in France and recall the interest of general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation during tonsillectomy. This makes possible, even in young children, the use of the technique of cold loop dissection. Its main advantage is in the absolute control of the airways which permits the operator to carry out careful hemostasis. Propanidide used in perfusion, allows these patients to wake up rapidly and the awakening is of good quality; this is essential in this type of operation. | [Technics and indications of general anesthesia for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Apropos of an experience using anesthetic perfusion and cold loop technic]. The authors present the results of an enquiry carried out in University and regional hospitals in France and recall the interest of general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation during tonsillectomy. This makes possible, even in young children, the use of the technique of cold loop dissection. Its main advantage is in the absolute control of the airways which permits the operator to carry out careful hemostasis. Propanidide used in perfusion, allows these patients to wake up rapidly and the awakening is of good quality; this is essential in this type of operation. | [
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PMID:10802 | [General anesthesia for multiple dental extractions]. | Between 1970 and 1975, 528 sessions of teeth extractions were carried out under general anaesthesia at the Ambroise Paré Hospital in Boulogne. The distribution was as follows: -70 multiple dental extractions in cardiac patients, mostly sent up by cardiology units outside the establishment. -458 multiple dental extractions for orthodontic treatment, germectomies, removal of included or supernumerary teeth, contra-indication or refusal of local anaesthetic. Since 1972, all patients for whom a surgical decision was considered were examined at the Anaesthetic out-patients and the advantages appear obvious. The type of premedication, the choice of the anesthetic technique were classical in the vast majority of cases and, in particular, intubation was carried out as a routine. | [General anesthesia for multiple dental extractions]. Between 1970 and 1975, 528 sessions of teeth extractions were carried out under general anaesthesia at the Ambroise Paré Hospital in Boulogne. The distribution was as follows: -70 multiple dental extractions in cardiac patients, mostly sent up by cardiology units outside the establishment. -458 multiple dental extractions for orthodontic treatment, germectomies, removal of included or supernumerary teeth, contra-indication or refusal of local anaesthetic. Since 1972, all patients for whom a surgical decision was considered were examined at the Anaesthetic out-patients and the advantages appear obvious. The type of premedication, the choice of the anesthetic technique were classical in the vast majority of cases and, in particular, intubation was carried out as a routine. | [
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PMID:10803 | [General anesthesia in major cancer surgery of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Significance of a fentanyl-thiamine combination]. | Synaptanalgesia uses a polysynaptic inhibitor: thiamine and a powerful analgesic drug with or without nitrous oxide. This type of vigil or sub-vigil anesthesia used in major cancer surgery of the upper digestive tract and the airway, permits one to obtain: -efficacious protection of the autonomic nervous system, in spite of manipulations of highly reflexogenic areas, -a marked reduction in bleeding. The technique used is derived from that of other authors: DE CASTRO, MUNDELEER, VALENI, MAZZONI, GASPARETTO, adapting it to this type of surgery and attempting to simplify it. | [General anesthesia in major cancer surgery of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Significance of a fentanyl-thiamine combination]. Synaptanalgesia uses a polysynaptic inhibitor: thiamine and a powerful analgesic drug with or without nitrous oxide. This type of vigil or sub-vigil anesthesia used in major cancer surgery of the upper digestive tract and the airway, permits one to obtain: -efficacious protection of the autonomic nervous system, in spite of manipulations of highly reflexogenic areas, -a marked reduction in bleeding. The technique used is derived from that of other authors: DE CASTRO, MUNDELEER, VALENI, MAZZONI, GASPARETTO, adapting it to this type of surgery and attempting to simplify it. | [
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PMID:10804 | [Current aspects of ambulatory anesthesia for otorhinolaryngologic and stomatologic surgery in France]. | Ambulatory anaesthesia is becoming more popular in France for several reasons: -for humanitory reasons and greater comfort, -for reasons of economy in hospital, -professional responsibility and insurance. This change has been made possible by: -techniques of anaesthesia using drugs which are eliminated rapidly without any rebound phenomenon, -medical attitudes, such as prior examination of the patient by an anesthetist; this is much better than a rapid examination at night or in the morning on admission of the patient, thus precise control of awakening by tests of psychomotor activity. -changes in hospital structure, e.g. post-anaesthetic awakening wards with specialised personnel. Anonymous questionnaires were sent out to O.R.L. surgeons and French oral surgeons, we received 38.5% replies: -51.75% never used ambulatory anaesthesia, -48.25% used ambulatory anaesthesia almost always in hospital with a recovery room and anaesthetic consultation. Admission to hospital for one day seems rarer. It thus appears that ambulatory anaesthesia is becoming common in France and that more than 50% of surgeons remain opposed to this technique. | [Current aspects of ambulatory anesthesia for otorhinolaryngologic and stomatologic surgery in France]. Ambulatory anaesthesia is becoming more popular in France for several reasons: -for humanitory reasons and greater comfort, -for reasons of economy in hospital, -professional responsibility and insurance. This change has been made possible by: -techniques of anaesthesia using drugs which are eliminated rapidly without any rebound phenomenon, -medical attitudes, such as prior examination of the patient by an anesthetist; this is much better than a rapid examination at night or in the morning on admission of the patient, thus precise control of awakening by tests of psychomotor activity. -changes in hospital structure, e.g. post-anaesthetic awakening wards with specialised personnel. Anonymous questionnaires were sent out to O.R.L. surgeons and French oral surgeons, we received 38.5% replies: -51.75% never used ambulatory anaesthesia, -48.25% used ambulatory anaesthesia almost always in hospital with a recovery room and anaesthetic consultation. Admission to hospital for one day seems rarer. It thus appears that ambulatory anaesthesia is becoming common in France and that more than 50% of surgeons remain opposed to this technique. | [
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PMID:10805 | [Trials of controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in ORL surgery. Resistance and tachyphylaxis]. | Sodium nitropusside has been used to lower blood pressure during surgical operations on the ear, nose and throat when an operative field without bleeding was desired, e.g. surgery of the inner ear under microscope in particular. In our experience, with the preparation used, sodium nitropusside proved to be a powerful hypotensive agent, the effect of which comes on early but it is difficult to use owing to frequent tachyphylaxis, the possible causes of which are considered. No undesirable side-effects were noted on the main functions. From this limited personal experience, the efficacy of this technique of per-operative hypotension did not appear greater in the surgical field under consideration to those of the anaesthetic techniques used commonly, e.g. neuroleptanalgesia under artificial ventilation, which proved sufficient for reduction in operative bleeding and which had already caused the authors to abandon, some time ago, the use of hypotensive ganglioplegic drugs. | [Trials of controlled hypotension with sodium nitroprusside in ORL surgery. Resistance and tachyphylaxis]. Sodium nitropusside has been used to lower blood pressure during surgical operations on the ear, nose and throat when an operative field without bleeding was desired, e.g. surgery of the inner ear under microscope in particular. In our experience, with the preparation used, sodium nitropusside proved to be a powerful hypotensive agent, the effect of which comes on early but it is difficult to use owing to frequent tachyphylaxis, the possible causes of which are considered. No undesirable side-effects were noted on the main functions. From this limited personal experience, the efficacy of this technique of per-operative hypotension did not appear greater in the surgical field under consideration to those of the anaesthetic techniques used commonly, e.g. neuroleptanalgesia under artificial ventilation, which proved sufficient for reduction in operative bleeding and which had already caused the authors to abandon, some time ago, the use of hypotensive ganglioplegic drugs. | [
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PMID:10807 | [Use of ventilation by oxygen injection in laryngeal microsurgery]. | Thirty patients with a laryngeal polyp or other tumour, were operated on under the microscope. During the operation, which lasted from 10 to 30 minutes, ventilation was ensured by injection of oxygen at 3 to 4 atmospheric pressures through a naso-tracheal catheter. Anaesthesia was obtained by an association of propanidide, small doses of analgesic and succinycholine, constant rate syringes were used for maintenance of narcosis and curarisation. In 23 patients, blood gases were analysed at various stages of the operation permitting one to assess the quality of the ventilation carried out. In a few patients, it was also possible to record pressure curves in the trachea. The results were excellent, both concerning the quality of the ventilation and that of the anaesthesia together with the operative conditions. After recalling the main characteristics of this mode of ventilation which uses Venturi's principle, the authors expose the other methods which are variants compared with their technique of use of this procedure for laryngeal micro-surgery. | [Use of ventilation by oxygen injection in laryngeal microsurgery]. Thirty patients with a laryngeal polyp or other tumour, were operated on under the microscope. During the operation, which lasted from 10 to 30 minutes, ventilation was ensured by injection of oxygen at 3 to 4 atmospheric pressures through a naso-tracheal catheter. Anaesthesia was obtained by an association of propanidide, small doses of analgesic and succinycholine, constant rate syringes were used for maintenance of narcosis and curarisation. In 23 patients, blood gases were analysed at various stages of the operation permitting one to assess the quality of the ventilation carried out. In a few patients, it was also possible to record pressure curves in the trachea. The results were excellent, both concerning the quality of the ventilation and that of the anaesthesia together with the operative conditions. After recalling the main characteristics of this mode of ventilation which uses Venturi's principle, the authors expose the other methods which are variants compared with their technique of use of this procedure for laryngeal micro-surgery. | [
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PMID:10808 | [Significance of Alfatesine in anesthesia for multiple dental extractions before major cardiac surgery]. | This technique of anaesthesia used for oral surgical operations such as, multiple dental extractions, apical resection, carried out in cardiac patients before major cardiac surgery under extra-corporeal circulation, for insertion of valvular prostheses or aorto-coronary by-pass operations, has passed by various stages. The present technique associating phenoperidine-alfatesine-suxame-thonium-N2o-o2, was used in the last 58 cases. It presents a certain number of advantages compared with previous techniques: -very stable level of anaesthesia whatever the duration of the operation, -satisfactory cardio-vascular stability, -almost constant absence of hypo-excitability of the myocardium even in patients in poor cardiac condition before the operation with uninterrupted treatment with digitalis and diuretics, -good quality of awakening. | [Significance of Alfatesine in anesthesia for multiple dental extractions before major cardiac surgery]. This technique of anaesthesia used for oral surgical operations such as, multiple dental extractions, apical resection, carried out in cardiac patients before major cardiac surgery under extra-corporeal circulation, for insertion of valvular prostheses or aorto-coronary by-pass operations, has passed by various stages. The present technique associating phenoperidine-alfatesine-suxame-thonium-N2o-o2, was used in the last 58 cases. It presents a certain number of advantages compared with previous techniques: -very stable level of anaesthesia whatever the duration of the operation, -satisfactory cardio-vascular stability, -almost constant absence of hypo-excitability of the myocardium even in patients in poor cardiac condition before the operation with uninterrupted treatment with digitalis and diuretics, -good quality of awakening. | [
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PMID:10809 | [Treatment of respiratory distress caused by laryngeal obstruction]. | Respiratory distress due to laryngeal obstruction produces a more or less dramatic syndrome depending on the cause of the obstruction and its evolution in time. Treatment should be immediate in order to avoid death or cerebral and cardiac sequelae. It consists, above all, of restoring the patency of the respiratory tract, the short-circuit obtained by intubation or tracheotomy should, in no case, leave any laryngeal sequelae. The authors present their personal series based on a study of respiratory distress due to laryngeal obstruction in the child. These observations were obtained from a large series of 480 cases of laryngeal dyspnea observed over the last 5 years on the E.N.T. unit of the Edouard Herriot Hospital in Lyons. They contrast a very small number of sub-glottic laryngitis cases requiring intubation or tracheotomy to a very large number of cases of subglottic laryngitis, even with respiratory distress, which recovered with well designed medical treatment. Foreign bodies, of which they report eleven cases, all required emergency surgery. They emphasize the severity of this cause. As far as papillomas and angiomas are concerned, they require emergency treatment, either straightaway or after a trial of medical treatment. | [Treatment of respiratory distress caused by laryngeal obstruction]. Respiratory distress due to laryngeal obstruction produces a more or less dramatic syndrome depending on the cause of the obstruction and its evolution in time. Treatment should be immediate in order to avoid death or cerebral and cardiac sequelae. It consists, above all, of restoring the patency of the respiratory tract, the short-circuit obtained by intubation or tracheotomy should, in no case, leave any laryngeal sequelae. The authors present their personal series based on a study of respiratory distress due to laryngeal obstruction in the child. These observations were obtained from a large series of 480 cases of laryngeal dyspnea observed over the last 5 years on the E.N.T. unit of the Edouard Herriot Hospital in Lyons. They contrast a very small number of sub-glottic laryngitis cases requiring intubation or tracheotomy to a very large number of cases of subglottic laryngitis, even with respiratory distress, which recovered with well designed medical treatment. Foreign bodies, of which they report eleven cases, all required emergency surgery. They emphasize the severity of this cause. As far as papillomas and angiomas are concerned, they require emergency treatment, either straightaway or after a trial of medical treatment. | [
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PMID:10810 | [Anesthesia and resuscitation in emergency maxillofacial surgery]. | A series of 290 cases of maxillo facial trauma permitted the authors to draw up the indications for resuscitation and surgery. Restoration of the permeability of the airways is most often obtained by oral intubation under non-depressor pharmcological agents. The difficulties encountered during intubation were usually linked to pain, but sometimes had a mainly mechanical origin, particularly during zygomatic and malar bone fractures. Tracheotomy was exceptional. Hemorrhage was often the major obstacle and, in certain cases, could only be controlled by immobilisation of the fragments. The anaesthetic technique is very similar to that used in neurosurgery. | [Anesthesia and resuscitation in emergency maxillofacial surgery]. A series of 290 cases of maxillo facial trauma permitted the authors to draw up the indications for resuscitation and surgery. Restoration of the permeability of the airways is most often obtained by oral intubation under non-depressor pharmcological agents. The difficulties encountered during intubation were usually linked to pain, but sometimes had a mainly mechanical origin, particularly during zygomatic and malar bone fractures. Tracheotomy was exceptional. Hemorrhage was often the major obstacle and, in certain cases, could only be controlled by immobilisation of the fragments. The anaesthetic technique is very similar to that used in neurosurgery. | [
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PMID:10811 | [Anesthesia and pre- and postoperative resuscitation in massive maxillofacial destruction]. | Severe facial injuries are becoming more and more common, -either facial injuries alone or associated with other injuries, -or facial deformities due to cancer which has required radical surgical operation. The authors analyse the cases of 26 patients with trauma and 24 with neoplastic radical surgical modifications. In the first group, pre-operative resuscitation is often an emergency, e.g. tracheotomy to restore or maintain vital respiratory functions. In the second group, the patients are often elderly and undernourished and they require intensive care before operation. In both groups there are common problems: -feeding by gastric catheter is generally required, -many re-operations with their problems: -avoid nutritional disorders, -and avoid morphine addiction. | [Anesthesia and pre- and postoperative resuscitation in massive maxillofacial destruction]. Severe facial injuries are becoming more and more common, -either facial injuries alone or associated with other injuries, -or facial deformities due to cancer which has required radical surgical operation. The authors analyse the cases of 26 patients with trauma and 24 with neoplastic radical surgical modifications. In the first group, pre-operative resuscitation is often an emergency, e.g. tracheotomy to restore or maintain vital respiratory functions. In the second group, the patients are often elderly and undernourished and they require intensive care before operation. In both groups there are common problems: -feeding by gastric catheter is generally required, -many re-operations with their problems: -avoid nutritional disorders, -and avoid morphine addiction. | [
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PMID:10812 | [Massive facial destruction. Management, resuscitation, anesthesia, surgery (experience at the Henri-Mondor University Hospital Center)]. | Anaylsing 67 cases of facial injury treated at the Henri Mondor Hospital in Créteil, the authors consider the various problems raised by these injured patients. -first aid, -methods of protection of the airway, -surgical management, -anaesthetic management and resuscitation, -problems of post-operative supervision, -methods of feeding. Owing to the localisation of these lesions, and the surgical methods, these are high risk injured patients who raise complex problems in the pre, per and post-operative periods, dominated by maintenance of the permeability of the airway. A specialised multidisciplinary team ensures coordination of the various acts. | [Massive facial destruction. Management, resuscitation, anesthesia, surgery (experience at the Henri-Mondor University Hospital Center)]. Anaylsing 67 cases of facial injury treated at the Henri Mondor Hospital in Créteil, the authors consider the various problems raised by these injured patients. -first aid, -methods of protection of the airway, -surgical management, -anaesthetic management and resuscitation, -problems of post-operative supervision, -methods of feeding. Owing to the localisation of these lesions, and the surgical methods, these are high risk injured patients who raise complex problems in the pre, per and post-operative periods, dominated by maintenance of the permeability of the airway. A specialised multidisciplinary team ensures coordination of the various acts. | [
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PMID:10813 | [Problems presented by closed laryngeal-tracheal injuries]. | The authors consider the problems raised by severe closed laryngotracheal trauma and report 4 cases. -the immediate tisk to life is due to direct involvement of the respiratory tract requiring emergency measures including cardiorespiratory resuscitation in cases of acute asphyxia. -the origin of the initial respiratory distress, if not obvious from the start, may be suspected in view of the difficulties or impossibility of tracheal intubation, which is also liable to aggravate lesions due to trauma. It is one of these rare cases of resuscitation where emergency tracheotomy is essential. It permits also early, precise surgical exploration. -in cases of fracture of the larynx, a wound of the trachea or rupture and separation of the trachea, the reconstruction must be constructiononstruction must be considered within the first 48 hours. Provision of food and resting of the larynx may be conciliated by installing an esophageal catheter or performing a gastrostomy. Benign trauma, such as contusion or laryngeal commotion, requires close supervision association with medical treatment designed to prevent the onset of lesional oedema. | [Problems presented by closed laryngeal-tracheal injuries]. The authors consider the problems raised by severe closed laryngotracheal trauma and report 4 cases. -the immediate tisk to life is due to direct involvement of the respiratory tract requiring emergency measures including cardiorespiratory resuscitation in cases of acute asphyxia. -the origin of the initial respiratory distress, if not obvious from the start, may be suspected in view of the difficulties or impossibility of tracheal intubation, which is also liable to aggravate lesions due to trauma. It is one of these rare cases of resuscitation where emergency tracheotomy is essential. It permits also early, precise surgical exploration. -in cases of fracture of the larynx, a wound of the trachea or rupture and separation of the trachea, the reconstruction must be constructiononstruction must be considered within the first 48 hours. Provision of food and resting of the larynx may be conciliated by installing an esophageal catheter or performing a gastrostomy. Benign trauma, such as contusion or laryngeal commotion, requires close supervision association with medical treatment designed to prevent the onset of lesional oedema. | [
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PMID:10814 | [Laryngeo-tracheal contusion caused by a seat belt]. | The authors report cases of laryngo-tracheal rupture due to seat belts. They analyse the mechanisms, the clinical and radiological signs of these lesions. Although these lesions are rare, they should be recognised by medical teams when called to treat injured patients. It is, in fact, at this level that emergency treatment must be carried out, although difficult, this alone permits one to save a certain number of injured patients from asphyxia. | [Laryngeo-tracheal contusion caused by a seat belt]. The authors report cases of laryngo-tracheal rupture due to seat belts. They analyse the mechanisms, the clinical and radiological signs of these lesions. Although these lesions are rare, they should be recognised by medical teams when called to treat injured patients. It is, in fact, at this level that emergency treatment must be carried out, although difficult, this alone permits one to save a certain number of injured patients from asphyxia. | [
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PMID:10815 | [Problems presented to the surgeon, anesthetist and resuscitation personnel by fractures of the malar bone (study of 100 cases)]. | The authors emphasize the difficulties encountered with fractures of the zygomatic bone, both from the technical operative points of view and conditions of anaesthesia and intensive care. They distinguish in both fields, the so-called simple zygomatic fractures from fractures associated with multiple injuries of the face or skull. After recalling the surgical techniques, they consider routine management, from diagnosis to recovery from the anaesthetic, emphasizing the problem of the time of the operation, of the method ensuring freedom of the airways and anaesthetic indications used together with problems of intensive care. | [Problems presented to the surgeon, anesthetist and resuscitation personnel by fractures of the malar bone (study of 100 cases)]. The authors emphasize the difficulties encountered with fractures of the zygomatic bone, both from the technical operative points of view and conditions of anaesthesia and intensive care. They distinguish in both fields, the so-called simple zygomatic fractures from fractures associated with multiple injuries of the face or skull. After recalling the surgical techniques, they consider routine management, from diagnosis to recovery from the anaesthetic, emphasizing the problem of the time of the operation, of the method ensuring freedom of the airways and anaesthetic indications used together with problems of intensive care. | [
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] |
PMID:10816 | [Surgery of cancer of the larynx. The patient in the pre-, per-, and postoperative period]. | Surgery of tumours of the larynx requires two main types of operation: -Extensive laryngeal surgery including: -the full pre-operative assessment and preparation of the patient's general condition which is always poor, e.g. due to alcoholism or respiratory failure. -variable techniques, adapted to the lesion, for the control of the patency of the upper airway. -operative risks, such as: reventilation shock, reflex cardiac arrest, disorders of cardiac rythm and gas embolism. -Its complications: -may be immediate and poorly specific, especially respiratory, neurological and infective. -secondary and more specific e.g. Pharyngostoma, and tracheal stenosis. -late complications due to spread of a malignant process. -Laryngeal surgery limited to one vocal cord for which local anaesthetic, improved by neuroleptanalgesia, such as Diethazine-Diparcol, best meets the surgeon and the interest of the patient. | [Surgery of cancer of the larynx. The patient in the pre-, per-, and postoperative period]. Surgery of tumours of the larynx requires two main types of operation: -Extensive laryngeal surgery including: -the full pre-operative assessment and preparation of the patient's general condition which is always poor, e.g. due to alcoholism or respiratory failure. -variable techniques, adapted to the lesion, for the control of the patency of the upper airway. -operative risks, such as: reventilation shock, reflex cardiac arrest, disorders of cardiac rythm and gas embolism. -Its complications: -may be immediate and poorly specific, especially respiratory, neurological and infective. -secondary and more specific e.g. Pharyngostoma, and tracheal stenosis. -late complications due to spread of a malignant process. -Laryngeal surgery limited to one vocal cord for which local anaesthetic, improved by neuroleptanalgesia, such as Diethazine-Diparcol, best meets the surgeon and the interest of the patient. | [
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PMID:10817 | [Personal experience with anesthesia of ambulatory patients operated on in odontostomatological offices]. | The authors report their experience of anaesthesia of ambulatory patients operated on in dental surgeries; the authors review safety factors, specially, choice of material, drugs and techniques which seem to them essential. They expose in detail their personal techniques, in particular, nasotracheal intubation and open circuit, association of a powerful analgesic drug with a short duration of activity and a mild antiemetic neuroleptic drug completed by inhalation of a mixture of Ethrane and oxygen. The various problems which may occur are considered together with their solutions. | [Personal experience with anesthesia of ambulatory patients operated on in odontostomatological offices]. The authors report their experience of anaesthesia of ambulatory patients operated on in dental surgeries; the authors review safety factors, specially, choice of material, drugs and techniques which seem to them essential. They expose in detail their personal techniques, in particular, nasotracheal intubation and open circuit, association of a powerful analgesic drug with a short duration of activity and a mild antiemetic neuroleptic drug completed by inhalation of a mixture of Ethrane and oxygen. The various problems which may occur are considered together with their solutions. | [
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PMID:10818 | [CT 1341 in continuous administration in 75 cases of prolonged general anesthesia in odontostomatology (constant flow assured by a double-lumen venous catheter and electric perfuser)]. | The authors used during 75 prolonged general anaesthesia in maxillo-facial surgery CT. 1341 (Alfatesine) administered pure at constant flow rate through a double lumen venous cannula and electric perfuser. Four series of patients were thus distinguished depending on their use or not of N2O as the only analgesic and of gallamine. We do not agree with the classical assertion that CT. 1341 has a cumulative effect on some EEG results. The technique is quite inocuous and the authors propose a technique using CT. 1341 at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg for induction of anaesthesia with, later, 1 mg/kg of gallamine. Under a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide at 60 p. 100, the maintenance dose advised in 6.17 microliters per kilo, per minute of CT. 1341. | [CT 1341 in continuous administration in 75 cases of prolonged general anesthesia in odontostomatology (constant flow assured by a double-lumen venous catheter and electric perfuser)]. The authors used during 75 prolonged general anaesthesia in maxillo-facial surgery CT. 1341 (Alfatesine) administered pure at constant flow rate through a double lumen venous cannula and electric perfuser. Four series of patients were thus distinguished depending on their use or not of N2O as the only analgesic and of gallamine. We do not agree with the classical assertion that CT. 1341 has a cumulative effect on some EEG results. The technique is quite inocuous and the authors propose a technique using CT. 1341 at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg for induction of anaesthesia with, later, 1 mg/kg of gallamine. Under a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide at 60 p. 100, the maintenance dose advised in 6.17 microliters per kilo, per minute of CT. 1341. | [
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PMID:10819 | [Laryngo-tracheal injuries in hangings (apropos of 359 cases)]. | Hanging is a relatively frequent method of suicide, and strangulation (accidental or volontary) may cause direct laryngeal or tracheal trauma and various lesions which may express themselves clinically either: -early, was severe from the start, e.g. fracture of the larynx, with major ventilatory distress, -or delayed, simple trauma without fracture, becoming manifest only after a few hours with severe dyspnea. In any case, early and late complications of these traumas require, even when they are apparently benign, admission to hospital on a specialised unit able to carry out rapidly respiratory intensive care. | [Laryngo-tracheal injuries in hangings (apropos of 359 cases)]. Hanging is a relatively frequent method of suicide, and strangulation (accidental or volontary) may cause direct laryngeal or tracheal trauma and various lesions which may express themselves clinically either: -early, was severe from the start, e.g. fracture of the larynx, with major ventilatory distress, -or delayed, simple trauma without fracture, becoming manifest only after a few hours with severe dyspnea. In any case, early and late complications of these traumas require, even when they are apparently benign, admission to hospital on a specialised unit able to carry out rapidly respiratory intensive care. | [
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PMID:10820 | [Anesthesia and emergencies in otorhinolaryngology]. | In this paper are considered the etiology, the clinical findings and the management of anaesthesia for a certain number of ENT emergencies, situations of respiratory distress which may lead rapidly to death, or be the cause of severe complications, e.g. -haemorrhage (epistaxis or tonsilar haemorrhage, haemorrhage from carcinoma..), -dyspnea of the adult, neonatal dyspnea and dyspnea of infants and children, -foreign bodies, burns and perforations of the esophagus. | [Anesthesia and emergencies in otorhinolaryngology]. In this paper are considered the etiology, the clinical findings and the management of anaesthesia for a certain number of ENT emergencies, situations of respiratory distress which may lead rapidly to death, or be the cause of severe complications, e.g. -haemorrhage (epistaxis or tonsilar haemorrhage, haemorrhage from carcinoma..), -dyspnea of the adult, neonatal dyspnea and dyspnea of infants and children, -foreign bodies, burns and perforations of the esophagus. | [
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PMID:10821 | Lack of a significant protective effect of augmented circulating glucose on the ischemic myocardium. | This was a 60 year old woman, with a very large retro-pharyngeal tumour, mainly situated on the right, revealed by chronic decompensated respiratory failure. Admission to hospital was justified by deep coma with cyanosis of the face and extremities. She had taken 50 mg of Oxazepam the day before admission to hospital. This coma was due to chronic respiratory failure decompensated, as suggested by clinical and laboratory examination after elimination of any traumatic, neurological, endocrine or metabolic disorder. Intubation, rendered difficult by the retro-pharyngeal tumour and assisted ventilation permitted recovery of normal consciousness within 48 hours. This bi-lobed and encapsulated tumor was completely removed after full radiological assessment which showed the absence of any bony lesions. Histology suggested that this was a benign lipoma. The course was very rapidly favourable with a definite improvement in respiratory function one year after the surgical operation. | Lack of a significant protective effect of augmented circulating glucose on the ischemic myocardium. This was a 60 year old woman, with a very large retro-pharyngeal tumour, mainly situated on the right, revealed by chronic decompensated respiratory failure. Admission to hospital was justified by deep coma with cyanosis of the face and extremities. She had taken 50 mg of Oxazepam the day before admission to hospital. This coma was due to chronic respiratory failure decompensated, as suggested by clinical and laboratory examination after elimination of any traumatic, neurological, endocrine or metabolic disorder. Intubation, rendered difficult by the retro-pharyngeal tumour and assisted ventilation permitted recovery of normal consciousness within 48 hours. This bi-lobed and encapsulated tumor was completely removed after full radiological assessment which showed the absence of any bony lesions. Histology suggested that this was a benign lipoma. The course was very rapidly favourable with a definite improvement in respiratory function one year after the surgical operation. | [
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PMID:10822 | Cardiopulmonary effects of the combination of neuroleptic azaperone and hypnotic metomidate in swine. | Cardiopulmonary measurements were made at given intervals up to 120 minutes on 6 awake, unanesthetized pigs given azaperone and metomidate. Decreases from control values occurred in arterial blood pressure (deltaBPart = 30 mm of Hg), heart rate (deltaHR = 30 to 35 beats/minute), and cardiac index (deltaCI = 1.5 L/minute/m2). Blood gas and pH measurements indicated no severe impairment of pulmonary function or arterial acidosis. Although the drugs led to decreases in the various functions, cardiopulmonary function remained stable and uncompromised. | Cardiopulmonary effects of the combination of neuroleptic azaperone and hypnotic metomidate in swine. Cardiopulmonary measurements were made at given intervals up to 120 minutes on 6 awake, unanesthetized pigs given azaperone and metomidate. Decreases from control values occurred in arterial blood pressure (deltaBPart = 30 mm of Hg), heart rate (deltaHR = 30 to 35 beats/minute), and cardiac index (deltaCI = 1.5 L/minute/m2). Blood gas and pH measurements indicated no severe impairment of pulmonary function or arterial acidosis. Although the drugs led to decreases in the various functions, cardiopulmonary function remained stable and uncompromised. | [
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PMID:10824 | Propoxyphene napsylate. | Propoxyphene napsylate differs from the hydrochloride salt in several ways. It is much less soluble and bitter and poses few stability problems when capsulated or tableted with aspirin. There is some evidence in several animal species that the pattern and severity of poisoning may be different with the two salts. Equimolar doses of the two salts are probably interchangeable in the relief of pain. The role of propoxyphene in clinical medicine and the questions of propoxyphene abuse and propoxyphene-related fatalities are discussed. | Propoxyphene napsylate. Propoxyphene napsylate differs from the hydrochloride salt in several ways. It is much less soluble and bitter and poses few stability problems when capsulated or tableted with aspirin. There is some evidence in several animal species that the pattern and severity of poisoning may be different with the two salts. Equimolar doses of the two salts are probably interchangeable in the relief of pain. The role of propoxyphene in clinical medicine and the questions of propoxyphene abuse and propoxyphene-related fatalities are discussed. | [
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PMID:10825 | Medical problems of surgical patients. Hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. | Pre-existing disease in the form of hypertension or ischaemic heart disease may increase morbidity and mortality in patients presenting for anaesthesia and surgery. The interaction of these two cardiovascular conditions in relation to anaesthesia has been studied in a series of 115 patients. The results did not support the view that antihypertensive drugs and beta-receptor blocking agents should be withdrawn before anaesthesia and surgery. The main cause for concern in providing anaesthesia for these patients is that sympathetic nervous activation induced either by anaesthetic manoeuvres or by surgical stimulation may lead to reflex cardiovascular responses which, by increasing myocardial oxygen demand, lead to episodes of myocardial ischaemia. In this respect beta-receptor blocking drugs appear to have a protective effect on the ischaemic myocardium. | Medical problems of surgical patients. Hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. Pre-existing disease in the form of hypertension or ischaemic heart disease may increase morbidity and mortality in patients presenting for anaesthesia and surgery. The interaction of these two cardiovascular conditions in relation to anaesthesia has been studied in a series of 115 patients. The results did not support the view that antihypertensive drugs and beta-receptor blocking agents should be withdrawn before anaesthesia and surgery. The main cause for concern in providing anaesthesia for these patients is that sympathetic nervous activation induced either by anaesthetic manoeuvres or by surgical stimulation may lead to reflex cardiovascular responses which, by increasing myocardial oxygen demand, lead to episodes of myocardial ischaemia. In this respect beta-receptor blocking drugs appear to have a protective effect on the ischaemic myocardium. | [
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PMID:10828 | Effect of organic mercurials and sulfhydryl compounds on the urease activity of Proteus: inhibition by urine and ascorbic acid. | Meralluride, mercaptomerin, ethacrynic acid, and penicillamine inhibited urease activity of Proteus mirabilis. The activity of the organic mercurials and ethacrynic acid was markedly inhibited by human and dog urine. Antiurease activity could not be detected in the urine of a human and a dog given meralluride by injection. Urine from patients receiving penicillamine also failed to inhibit urease activity. Ascorbic acid inhibited, whereas dehydroascorbic acid enhanced, the activity of the mercurials, but neither agent altered the inhibitory effect of urine. The lethal effect of meralluride against Proteus occurred at the same concentration at which urease activity was inhibited, but penicillamine inhibited the enzymatic activity without affecting viability of the organism. The data suggest that these sulfhydryl-reactive compounds will not be useful against Proteus infections of the urinary tract. | Effect of organic mercurials and sulfhydryl compounds on the urease activity of Proteus: inhibition by urine and ascorbic acid. Meralluride, mercaptomerin, ethacrynic acid, and penicillamine inhibited urease activity of Proteus mirabilis. The activity of the organic mercurials and ethacrynic acid was markedly inhibited by human and dog urine. Antiurease activity could not be detected in the urine of a human and a dog given meralluride by injection. Urine from patients receiving penicillamine also failed to inhibit urease activity. Ascorbic acid inhibited, whereas dehydroascorbic acid enhanced, the activity of the mercurials, but neither agent altered the inhibitory effect of urine. The lethal effect of meralluride against Proteus occurred at the same concentration at which urease activity was inhibited, but penicillamine inhibited the enzymatic activity without affecting viability of the organism. The data suggest that these sulfhydryl-reactive compounds will not be useful against Proteus infections of the urinary tract. | [
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PMID:10829 | In vitro study of netilmicin compared with other aminoglycosides. | Netilmicin (Sch 20569) is an ethyl derivative of gentamicin C(1a) that is active against most Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Among 342 clinical isolates tested, all staphylococci; 92% of Escherichia coli, 93% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 92% of Enterobacter were inhibited by 0.8 mug or less of netilmicin per ml, but only 78% of P. aeruginosa were inhibited by 3.1 mug or less per ml. Most clinical isolates of enterococci, Serratia marcescens, and Providencia were not inhibited by 3.1 mug of netilmicin per ml. Like other aminoglycosides, the netilmicin in vitro activity was markedly influenced by the growth medium used, with activity decreased by sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Netilmicin was more active at alkaline pH. Addition of magnesium to Pseudomonas or Serratia pretreated with netilmicin produced inhibition of killing. Netilmicin was more active than gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, or amikacin against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Netilmicin inhibited growth of all gentamicin-resistant isolates of Klebsiella and Citrobacter tested, but only 73% of E. coli; Pseudomonas and Providencia were resistant to netilmicin. Most Serratia (95%) and indole-positive Proteus (83%) isolates were resistant to netilmicin but were inhibited by amikacin. | In vitro study of netilmicin compared with other aminoglycosides. Netilmicin (Sch 20569) is an ethyl derivative of gentamicin C(1a) that is active against most Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Among 342 clinical isolates tested, all staphylococci; 92% of Escherichia coli, 93% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 92% of Enterobacter were inhibited by 0.8 mug or less of netilmicin per ml, but only 78% of P. aeruginosa were inhibited by 3.1 mug or less per ml. Most clinical isolates of enterococci, Serratia marcescens, and Providencia were not inhibited by 3.1 mug of netilmicin per ml. Like other aminoglycosides, the netilmicin in vitro activity was markedly influenced by the growth medium used, with activity decreased by sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Netilmicin was more active at alkaline pH. Addition of magnesium to Pseudomonas or Serratia pretreated with netilmicin produced inhibition of killing. Netilmicin was more active than gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, or amikacin against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Netilmicin inhibited growth of all gentamicin-resistant isolates of Klebsiella and Citrobacter tested, but only 73% of E. coli; Pseudomonas and Providencia were resistant to netilmicin. Most Serratia (95%) and indole-positive Proteus (83%) isolates were resistant to netilmicin but were inhibited by amikacin. | [
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PMID:10830 | Growth of Physarum gyrosum on agar plates and in liquid culture. | The physical and nutritional requirements of the antibiotic-producing slime mold Physarum gyrosum were examined to develop a liquid medium for this myxomycete. Liquid culture is desired to expedite a useful scale of production of antibiotic materials for ease of isolation and structure study. Culture conditions were selected to favor antibiotic production rather than maximum growth. The medium devised consisted of 0.010 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), 2% bakers' yeast, and 0.2% glucose and was supplemented with either 10(-7) M hemoglobin (preferred) or 2.0 ml of live Escherichia coli per 100 ml of culture medium grown to a steady-state population in nutrient broth. The slime mold, which contained some E. coli carried along with the inoculum, was allowed to grow as a surface plasmodium at 20 degrees C in the dark with weekly subculturing for stocks or for 10 days for antibiotic production. P. gyrosum produced the same antibiotic materials when grown in liquid medium as it did when grown on agar plates. A seeded plate disk assay against Bacillus cereus was employed to follow antibiotic activity. | Growth of Physarum gyrosum on agar plates and in liquid culture. The physical and nutritional requirements of the antibiotic-producing slime mold Physarum gyrosum were examined to develop a liquid medium for this myxomycete. Liquid culture is desired to expedite a useful scale of production of antibiotic materials for ease of isolation and structure study. Culture conditions were selected to favor antibiotic production rather than maximum growth. The medium devised consisted of 0.010 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), 2% bakers' yeast, and 0.2% glucose and was supplemented with either 10(-7) M hemoglobin (preferred) or 2.0 ml of live Escherichia coli per 100 ml of culture medium grown to a steady-state population in nutrient broth. The slime mold, which contained some E. coli carried along with the inoculum, was allowed to grow as a surface plasmodium at 20 degrees C in the dark with weekly subculturing for stocks or for 10 days for antibiotic production. P. gyrosum produced the same antibiotic materials when grown in liquid medium as it did when grown on agar plates. A seeded plate disk assay against Bacillus cereus was employed to follow antibiotic activity. | [
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PMID:10831 | Suppression of the lytic and bactericidal effects of cell wallinhibitory antibiotics. | The bacteriolytic effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on Bacillus subtilis and on Streptococcus pneumoniae was found to be a function of the pH; lysis was suppressed if the pH of the pneumococcal culture was below 6.0 during penicillin treatment. In the case of B. subtilis, growth at pH 6.6 prevented penicillin-induced lysis. In pneumococci, the addition of trypsin to the growth medium also protected against lysis. The pH-dependent protection phenomenon resembled in several respects the antibiotic "tolerance" of pneumococci with a defective autolytic system. (i) At the pH nonpermissive for lysis, the bacteria retained their normal sensitivity to beta-lactam and to other cell wall inhibitors; however, instead of lysis, the drug-treated bacteria simply stopped growing. Loss of viability of the cells was also greatly reduced. (ii) Protection against lysis was independent of the dose and chemical nature of the cell wall inhibitors. (iii) The protection effect was reversible; lysis and loss of viability could be triggered by a postincubation of the drug-treated bacteria at the pH permissive for lysis. | Suppression of the lytic and bactericidal effects of cell wallinhibitory antibiotics. The bacteriolytic effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on Bacillus subtilis and on Streptococcus pneumoniae was found to be a function of the pH; lysis was suppressed if the pH of the pneumococcal culture was below 6.0 during penicillin treatment. In the case of B. subtilis, growth at pH 6.6 prevented penicillin-induced lysis. In pneumococci, the addition of trypsin to the growth medium also protected against lysis. The pH-dependent protection phenomenon resembled in several respects the antibiotic "tolerance" of pneumococci with a defective autolytic system. (i) At the pH nonpermissive for lysis, the bacteria retained their normal sensitivity to beta-lactam and to other cell wall inhibitors; however, instead of lysis, the drug-treated bacteria simply stopped growing. Loss of viability of the cells was also greatly reduced. (ii) Protection against lysis was independent of the dose and chemical nature of the cell wall inhibitors. (iii) The protection effect was reversible; lysis and loss of viability could be triggered by a postincubation of the drug-treated bacteria at the pH permissive for lysis. | [
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PMID:10832 | Starch degradation by the mould Trichoderma viride. I. The mechanism of starch degradation. | The mechanism of starch degradation by the fungus Trichoderma viride was studied in strain CBS 354.44, which utilizes glucose, starch and dextrins but is unable to assimilate maltose. It was shown that the amylolytic enzyme system is completely extracellular, equally well induced by starch, amylose or amylopectin and that it consists mainly of enzymes of the glucoamylase type which yield glucose as the main product of starch hydrolysis. Small amounts of alpha-amylase are produced also. The enzymes produced in starch cultures degrade starch, amylose and amylopectin equally well. Enzyme synthesis in starch media takes place to a considerable extent after exhaustion of the carbon source when maximum growth has been attained. Low-molecular dextrins are degraded by extracellular enzymes of the glucoamylase type. These enzymes are produced in media containing starch or dextrins. Maltotriose is consumed for only one third leaving maltose in the culture filtrate. Maltose is hardly attacked and hardly induces any amylolytic enzyme activity. No stable alpha-glucosidase appears to be produced. | Starch degradation by the mould Trichoderma viride. I. The mechanism of starch degradation. The mechanism of starch degradation by the fungus Trichoderma viride was studied in strain CBS 354.44, which utilizes glucose, starch and dextrins but is unable to assimilate maltose. It was shown that the amylolytic enzyme system is completely extracellular, equally well induced by starch, amylose or amylopectin and that it consists mainly of enzymes of the glucoamylase type which yield glucose as the main product of starch hydrolysis. Small amounts of alpha-amylase are produced also. The enzymes produced in starch cultures degrade starch, amylose and amylopectin equally well. Enzyme synthesis in starch media takes place to a considerable extent after exhaustion of the carbon source when maximum growth has been attained. Low-molecular dextrins are degraded by extracellular enzymes of the glucoamylase type. These enzymes are produced in media containing starch or dextrins. Maltotriose is consumed for only one third leaving maltose in the culture filtrate. Maltose is hardly attacked and hardly induces any amylolytic enzyme activity. No stable alpha-glucosidase appears to be produced. | [
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PMID:10833 | Synthesis of chitin by particulate preparations from Aspergillus flavus. | Cell-free extracts from Aspergillus flavus catalyzed the synthesis of chitin from UDP-GlcNAc. Most of the activity was associated with membrane-rich fractions whereas no activity was detected in the cell walls. Chitin synthetase was activated by fungal acid proteases; animal and plant proteases destroyed it. Upon incubation at 0 C and 28 C chitin synthetase was inactivated, probably by the action of proteases present in the particulate preparations. Maximal activity was obtained at pH 6.6-7.1 and 15 C. Arrhenius plot showed a biphasic curve with the transition at 7 C. E values were 3300 Kcal/mole above this temperature and 15500 Kcal/mole below it. The enzyme was activated by GlcNAc and required a divalent metal, the most active being Mg++. By plotting v vs UDP-GlcNAc concentration a sigmoidal curve was obtained. Km calculated at high substrate concentrations was 20 mM. Chitin synthetase was competitively inhibited by polyoxin D (Ki 6.5 muM) and (Ki 1.35 mM), the latter giving complex kinetics. | Synthesis of chitin by particulate preparations from Aspergillus flavus. Cell-free extracts from Aspergillus flavus catalyzed the synthesis of chitin from UDP-GlcNAc. Most of the activity was associated with membrane-rich fractions whereas no activity was detected in the cell walls. Chitin synthetase was activated by fungal acid proteases; animal and plant proteases destroyed it. Upon incubation at 0 C and 28 C chitin synthetase was inactivated, probably by the action of proteases present in the particulate preparations. Maximal activity was obtained at pH 6.6-7.1 and 15 C. Arrhenius plot showed a biphasic curve with the transition at 7 C. E values were 3300 Kcal/mole above this temperature and 15500 Kcal/mole below it. The enzyme was activated by GlcNAc and required a divalent metal, the most active being Mg++. By plotting v vs UDP-GlcNAc concentration a sigmoidal curve was obtained. Km calculated at high substrate concentrations was 20 mM. Chitin synthetase was competitively inhibited by polyoxin D (Ki 6.5 muM) and (Ki 1.35 mM), the latter giving complex kinetics. | [
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PMID:10834 | The regulation of agarase production by resting cells of Cytophaga flevenis. | The regulation of the synthesis of extracellular agarase by Cytophaga flevensis was studied in resting-cell suspensions. Enzyme synthesis was strictly dependent on the presence of a suitable inducer. Enzyme production was maximal at 20 C in phosphate buffer pH 6.9 in the presence of 1.3 mM calcium chloride, 0.03% casamino acids and inducer. Enzyme production was virtually the same at 15 and 20 C, reduced to 50% at 25 C and was not detectable at 30 C. It was highly stimulated by the presence of 0.03% of casamino acids in the incubation mixture and was also favoured by the presence of 1.3 mM calcium ions. Of a variety of compounds tested, only melibiose or neoagaro-oligosaccharides were effective inducers. Among the neoagaro-oligosaccharides, neoagarotetraose was the best inducer. At higher concentrations of inducer compounds catabolite repression of enzyme synthesis was apparent. This was also found when glucose was added to the incubation mixture. This repression was not relieved by the addition of cyclic AMP. Indications were found that the excretion process was limiting the rate of production of extracellular enzyme | The regulation of agarase production by resting cells of Cytophaga flevenis. The regulation of the synthesis of extracellular agarase by Cytophaga flevensis was studied in resting-cell suspensions. Enzyme synthesis was strictly dependent on the presence of a suitable inducer. Enzyme production was maximal at 20 C in phosphate buffer pH 6.9 in the presence of 1.3 mM calcium chloride, 0.03% casamino acids and inducer. Enzyme production was virtually the same at 15 and 20 C, reduced to 50% at 25 C and was not detectable at 30 C. It was highly stimulated by the presence of 0.03% of casamino acids in the incubation mixture and was also favoured by the presence of 1.3 mM calcium ions. Of a variety of compounds tested, only melibiose or neoagaro-oligosaccharides were effective inducers. Among the neoagaro-oligosaccharides, neoagarotetraose was the best inducer. At higher concentrations of inducer compounds catabolite repression of enzyme synthesis was apparent. This was also found when glucose was added to the incubation mixture. This repression was not relieved by the addition of cyclic AMP. Indications were found that the excretion process was limiting the rate of production of extracellular enzyme | [
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PMID:10835 | Influences of soil acidity on Streptomyces populations inhabiting forest soils. | The Streptomyces populations inhabiting five acidic forest soils were examined. It was found that lowering the pH of a medium selective for streptomycetes (starch-casein agar) to the pH of the particular soil horizon being plated influenced both the total numbers and types of streptomycetes that were isolated from the soils examined in this study. On the acidified medium both the numbers of streptomycetes and the percentage of total bacteria on the plates represented by streptomycetes increased (as compared with the same medium with a pH of 7.2). These differences were greatest on the isolations from the most acid soils. The largest concentrations of streptomycetes were found in the surface horizon (0 to 15 cm) and the litter layer immediately over the surface mineral horizon. Acidity tolerance tests demonstrated that random samplings of isolates contained acidophilic, neutrophilic, and acidoduric strains, with the largest numbers of acidophiles being found on the acidified media from the most acid soils. There were no differences between overall utilization of selected carbohydrates among the isolates taken from either the neutral or acidic media, although a larger proportion of the acid media isolates produced acid from the carbohydrates. Evidence is presented which indicates that different types of streptomycetes were isolated on the acid media, and possible reasons for the presence of these acid-tolerant populations are discussed. | Influences of soil acidity on Streptomyces populations inhabiting forest soils. The Streptomyces populations inhabiting five acidic forest soils were examined. It was found that lowering the pH of a medium selective for streptomycetes (starch-casein agar) to the pH of the particular soil horizon being plated influenced both the total numbers and types of streptomycetes that were isolated from the soils examined in this study. On the acidified medium both the numbers of streptomycetes and the percentage of total bacteria on the plates represented by streptomycetes increased (as compared with the same medium with a pH of 7.2). These differences were greatest on the isolations from the most acid soils. The largest concentrations of streptomycetes were found in the surface horizon (0 to 15 cm) and the litter layer immediately over the surface mineral horizon. Acidity tolerance tests demonstrated that random samplings of isolates contained acidophilic, neutrophilic, and acidoduric strains, with the largest numbers of acidophiles being found on the acidified media from the most acid soils. There were no differences between overall utilization of selected carbohydrates among the isolates taken from either the neutral or acidic media, although a larger proportion of the acid media isolates produced acid from the carbohydrates. Evidence is presented which indicates that different types of streptomycetes were isolated on the acid media, and possible reasons for the presence of these acid-tolerant populations are discussed. | [
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PMID:10836 | Factors affecting production of mold mycelium and protein in synthetic media. | The effects of certain cultural conditions on the yield of dry mycelium, protein, and total amino acid content of Rhizopus oligosporus Saito (NRRL 2710), Rhizopus rhizopodiformis (Cohn apud Lichtheim) Zopf (NRRL 6246), and Absidia corymbifera (Cohn) Sacc. et Trotter (NRRL 6247) were studied. The yield of mycelium was found to significantly increase as the spore inoculum was increased from 187,500 to 2,250,000 spores. But the total amino acids (grams/liter) did not change significantly, whereas the percentage of crude protein decreased. An inoculum containing approximately 750,000 spores/ml was used in all of the other experiments. Mycelial production was highest at 37 degrees C for all three molds. However, the best temperature for percentage of crude protein and total amino acids varied with the organism. The mycelial yield and total crude protein of R. oligosporus showed some significant changes as the C/N ratio was increased in 3% glucose medium. In a synthetic medium having a 15:1 C/N ratio, the strains of R. oligosporus, R. rhizopodiformis, and A. corymbifera had better yields from falactose than glucose, not only in dry mycelium but also in total crude protein (grams/liter) and total amino acids (grams/liter). R. oligosporus grew very well on several ammonium salts. but the maximum yield of dry mycelium, total crude protein (grams/liter), and total amino acids (grams/liter) occurred with ammonium sulfate. The optimum pH for both Rhizopus species was 4.0, although R. oligosporus grew equally well at pH 3.0 and slightly less at pH 5.0. The highest yield of mycelium for A. corymbifera was obtained in a medium with an initial pH of 8.0. It was calculated that a fermenter chanrged with an adequate medium and 1,000 lb (about 450 kg) of R. oligosporus or A. corymbifera cells could produce 88 or 90 lb of protein (on a dry-weight basis) per h if the product was removed continuously. | Factors affecting production of mold mycelium and protein in synthetic media. The effects of certain cultural conditions on the yield of dry mycelium, protein, and total amino acid content of Rhizopus oligosporus Saito (NRRL 2710), Rhizopus rhizopodiformis (Cohn apud Lichtheim) Zopf (NRRL 6246), and Absidia corymbifera (Cohn) Sacc. et Trotter (NRRL 6247) were studied. The yield of mycelium was found to significantly increase as the spore inoculum was increased from 187,500 to 2,250,000 spores. But the total amino acids (grams/liter) did not change significantly, whereas the percentage of crude protein decreased. An inoculum containing approximately 750,000 spores/ml was used in all of the other experiments. Mycelial production was highest at 37 degrees C for all three molds. However, the best temperature for percentage of crude protein and total amino acids varied with the organism. The mycelial yield and total crude protein of R. oligosporus showed some significant changes as the C/N ratio was increased in 3% glucose medium. In a synthetic medium having a 15:1 C/N ratio, the strains of R. oligosporus, R. rhizopodiformis, and A. corymbifera had better yields from falactose than glucose, not only in dry mycelium but also in total crude protein (grams/liter) and total amino acids (grams/liter). R. oligosporus grew very well on several ammonium salts. but the maximum yield of dry mycelium, total crude protein (grams/liter), and total amino acids (grams/liter) occurred with ammonium sulfate. The optimum pH for both Rhizopus species was 4.0, although R. oligosporus grew equally well at pH 3.0 and slightly less at pH 5.0. The highest yield of mycelium for A. corymbifera was obtained in a medium with an initial pH of 8.0. It was calculated that a fermenter chanrged with an adequate medium and 1,000 lb (about 450 kg) of R. oligosporus or A. corymbifera cells could produce 88 or 90 lb of protein (on a dry-weight basis) per h if the product was removed continuously. | [
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PMID:10837 | Oxidation of arsenite to arsenate by Alcaligenes faecalis. | Alcaligenes faecalis, resistant to the toxic effects of 0.01 M sodium arsenite, was isolated from raw sewage and shown to be capable of oxidizing arsenite to arsenate. When the organisms were grown in chemically defined medium, this conversion was due to the appearance at stationary phase of an intracellular, oxygen-sensitive, inducible enzyme and/or component of the electron transport system; when the organisms were grown in a nutrient broth-yeast extract medium, the enzyme appeared in the late exponential phase of growth. The presence of 0.02 M arsenite in the culture medium affected neither growth rate nor final cell yield. | Oxidation of arsenite to arsenate by Alcaligenes faecalis. Alcaligenes faecalis, resistant to the toxic effects of 0.01 M sodium arsenite, was isolated from raw sewage and shown to be capable of oxidizing arsenite to arsenate. When the organisms were grown in chemically defined medium, this conversion was due to the appearance at stationary phase of an intracellular, oxygen-sensitive, inducible enzyme and/or component of the electron transport system; when the organisms were grown in a nutrient broth-yeast extract medium, the enzyme appeared in the late exponential phase of growth. The presence of 0.02 M arsenite in the culture medium affected neither growth rate nor final cell yield. | [
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PMID:10838 | Defined conditions for synthesis of Bacillus cereus enterotoxin by fermenter-grown cultures. | A strain of Bacillus cereus produced high levels of enterotoxin when grown in a semidefined medium in a laboratory scale fermenter. The optimum conditions for enterotoxin synthesis by cultures grown in this medium, which contained Casamino Acids and yeast extract, were found to be: inoculation of vigorously gorwing culture at the 1% level, addition of glucose at a concentration of 1%, control of culture pH at 8.0, incubation at 32 degrees C, use of a moderate stirring rate, and addition of air at low flow rates to minimize foaming. The enterotoxin yield in fermenter-grown cultures was approximately 20 to 50 times higher than the yield obtained in shake flask cultures. | Defined conditions for synthesis of Bacillus cereus enterotoxin by fermenter-grown cultures. A strain of Bacillus cereus produced high levels of enterotoxin when grown in a semidefined medium in a laboratory scale fermenter. The optimum conditions for enterotoxin synthesis by cultures grown in this medium, which contained Casamino Acids and yeast extract, were found to be: inoculation of vigorously gorwing culture at the 1% level, addition of glucose at a concentration of 1%, control of culture pH at 8.0, incubation at 32 degrees C, use of a moderate stirring rate, and addition of air at low flow rates to minimize foaming. The enterotoxin yield in fermenter-grown cultures was approximately 20 to 50 times higher than the yield obtained in shake flask cultures. | [
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PMID:10839 | Survival of coliform bacteria in sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut and potential movement into groundwater. | Anaerobically digested dewatered sludge (10 to 15 cm thick) was applied to a forest clearcut as a fertilizer source in northwest Washington on gravelly glacial outwash soil. This sludge is not microbiologically sterile and may contain pathogenic organisms. Fecal coliform bacterial counts in sludge applied in summer (July) fell from 1.08 X 10(5) to 358/g in 204 days and to 0/g in 267 days. Dieoff appeared more rapid in winter (January)-applied sludge, when colnts fell from 1.2 X 10(5) to 20/g in 162 days. Initial death rates were related to sludge temperature, moisture, pH, physical composition, and microbial competition. Aftergrowth of fecal coliforms occurred in warm summer and fall months, but counts were of similar magnitude to background levels in forest soils, where a maximum count of 54/g was recorded. Total coliform counts in fresh sludge ranged from 1.4 X 10(4) to 1.9 X 10(6)/g. Numbers stabilized at 10(3) to 10(4)/g in spring, fall, and summer, with lower numbers in winter. Both total and fecal bacteria moved from the sludge to the soil beneath, but few penetrated past the first 5 cm. The soil acts as an effective biological filter. Few fecal coliform bacteria were recorded in the groundwater, generally being less than 5/100 ml and mostly 0/100 ml. A maximum count of 52/100 ml was recorded. Groundwater contamination from vertical movement of potential pathogens appears unlikely, but hazards from surface runoff and direct handling in the first year may arise. | Survival of coliform bacteria in sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut and potential movement into groundwater. Anaerobically digested dewatered sludge (10 to 15 cm thick) was applied to a forest clearcut as a fertilizer source in northwest Washington on gravelly glacial outwash soil. This sludge is not microbiologically sterile and may contain pathogenic organisms. Fecal coliform bacterial counts in sludge applied in summer (July) fell from 1.08 X 10(5) to 358/g in 204 days and to 0/g in 267 days. Dieoff appeared more rapid in winter (January)-applied sludge, when colnts fell from 1.2 X 10(5) to 20/g in 162 days. Initial death rates were related to sludge temperature, moisture, pH, physical composition, and microbial competition. Aftergrowth of fecal coliforms occurred in warm summer and fall months, but counts were of similar magnitude to background levels in forest soils, where a maximum count of 54/g was recorded. Total coliform counts in fresh sludge ranged from 1.4 X 10(4) to 1.9 X 10(6)/g. Numbers stabilized at 10(3) to 10(4)/g in spring, fall, and summer, with lower numbers in winter. Both total and fecal bacteria moved from the sludge to the soil beneath, but few penetrated past the first 5 cm. The soil acts as an effective biological filter. Few fecal coliform bacteria were recorded in the groundwater, generally being less than 5/100 ml and mostly 0/100 ml. A maximum count of 52/100 ml was recorded. Groundwater contamination from vertical movement of potential pathogens appears unlikely, but hazards from surface runoff and direct handling in the first year may arise. | [
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PMID:10840 | Dense autotrophic cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus. | Alcaligenes eutrophus was grown autotrophically in 23-liter batch cultures in a controlled H2-O2-CO2 atmosphere. It was demonstrated that the need for periodic supplements of individual nutrients could be anticipated before cell growth depleted these nutrients to the point of becoming growth rate limiting. As a result, exponential growth was extended to optical densities of 44, with doubling times maintained at 2 h. Cultures having an initial optical density of 0.040 to 0.70 reached the final optical density of 60 in about 25 h. The final viable count was 1.2 X 10(11) cells per ml, and the dry weight was 25 g/liter. | Dense autotrophic cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus. Alcaligenes eutrophus was grown autotrophically in 23-liter batch cultures in a controlled H2-O2-CO2 atmosphere. It was demonstrated that the need for periodic supplements of individual nutrients could be anticipated before cell growth depleted these nutrients to the point of becoming growth rate limiting. As a result, exponential growth was extended to optical densities of 44, with doubling times maintained at 2 h. Cultures having an initial optical density of 0.040 to 0.70 reached the final optical density of 60 in about 25 h. The final viable count was 1.2 X 10(11) cells per ml, and the dry weight was 25 g/liter. | [
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] |
PMID:10841 | Organic flocculation: an efficient second-step concentration method for the detection of viruses in tap water. | A method is described for second-step concentration of viruses from water. This method, combined with an adsorption-elution method, yields a mean recovery of about 75% | Organic flocculation: an efficient second-step concentration method for the detection of viruses in tap water. A method is described for second-step concentration of viruses from water. This method, combined with an adsorption-elution method, yields a mean recovery of about 75% | [
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PMID:10842 | Reconcentration of poliovirus from sewage. | Virus can be adsorbed from effluents of sewage treatment plants on large-surface membranes. Subsequent elution of virus requires large volumes, which in turn requires reconcentration of virus for assay. However, reconcentration of such viral eluates on small adsorbent surfaces is difficult because certain soluble sewage components are adsorbed along with the virus on the initial virus adsorbent and are removed along with the virus by the eluent. Upon acidification of the initial eluate to reconcentrate the virus on smaller membrane surfaces, flocs are formed that interfere with the reconcentration process. To circumvent this problem, the interfering sewage components can be removed by activated carbon and ion-exchange resins. The virus is then readily reconcentrated on small membranes. | Reconcentration of poliovirus from sewage. Virus can be adsorbed from effluents of sewage treatment plants on large-surface membranes. Subsequent elution of virus requires large volumes, which in turn requires reconcentration of virus for assay. However, reconcentration of such viral eluates on small adsorbent surfaces is difficult because certain soluble sewage components are adsorbed along with the virus on the initial virus adsorbent and are removed along with the virus by the eluent. Upon acidification of the initial eluate to reconcentrate the virus on smaller membrane surfaces, flocs are formed that interfere with the reconcentration process. To circumvent this problem, the interfering sewage components can be removed by activated carbon and ion-exchange resins. The virus is then readily reconcentrated on small membranes. | [
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PMID:10843 | Concentration and purification of enteroviruses by membrane chromatography. | A simple procedure for the concentration and partial purification of enteroviruses from tissue culture harvests is described. After removal of acid-precipitating components with a cationic detergent, the detergent and most membrane-coating components were removed by treatment with a cationic-exchange resin. The resin effluent was then acidified, and the virus was adsorbed to epoxy-fiberglass membranes. Virus was then eluted with pH 11.5 glycine-NaOH buffer. Since this eluate contains no orgcentrated simply by acidifying the eluate and passing it through a smaller membrane than that used for the first concentration. As high as 500-fold concentrations can be achieved, with a high efficiency of recovery. | Concentration and purification of enteroviruses by membrane chromatography. A simple procedure for the concentration and partial purification of enteroviruses from tissue culture harvests is described. After removal of acid-precipitating components with a cationic detergent, the detergent and most membrane-coating components were removed by treatment with a cationic-exchange resin. The resin effluent was then acidified, and the virus was adsorbed to epoxy-fiberglass membranes. Virus was then eluted with pH 11.5 glycine-NaOH buffer. Since this eluate contains no orgcentrated simply by acidifying the eluate and passing it through a smaller membrane than that used for the first concentration. As high as 500-fold concentrations can be achieved, with a high efficiency of recovery. | [
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PMID:10844 | Growth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in moldy tomato juice. | Tomato juice inoculated with Cladosporium sp. or Penicillium sp. developed pH gradients with the upper portions near the mold mats having pH values near neutrality and the lower portions remaining more acid. Clostridium botulinum spores in these moldy tomato juices germinated, grew out, and produced toxin. | Growth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in moldy tomato juice. Tomato juice inoculated with Cladosporium sp. or Penicillium sp. developed pH gradients with the upper portions near the mold mats having pH values near neutrality and the lower portions remaining more acid. Clostridium botulinum spores in these moldy tomato juices germinated, grew out, and produced toxin. | [
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PMID:10857 | Release of immunoreactive serotonin following acid perfusion of the duodenum. | Cannulas were placed in the portal vein, hepatic vein, and infrarenal vena cava in eight anesthetized dogs. The duodenum of each dog was irrigated with saline (control) and 0.1 N HCI (50 ml in 10 min). Heparinized blood samples were taken from each cannula 5 min before, and 1, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min after each irrigation for measurement of immunoreactive serotonin concentrations. Serotonin concentrations did not change during saline irrigation of the duodenum. In contrast, serotonin release was consistently observed after duodenal acidification (pH 1.5-2.0). Portal venous serotonin concentrations were increased at 1 min (356 +/- 147 ng/ml) and following a biphasic pattern remained elevated at 30 and 60 min (499 +/- 131 and 489 +/- 187 ng/ml, respectively). Concentrations in the hepatic vein rose more slowly and to a lower peak (357 +/- 123 ng/ml at 10 min). Caval serotonin concentrations were increased at 10 min (342 +/- 121 ng/ml) but promptly returned to baseline levels. In the canine gastrointestinal tract, immunoreactive serotonin concentrations were highest in the duodenal bulb (15.4 mug/gm). This study demonstrated serotonin release from the duodenum following acid perfusion and documented that some of the released serotonin escaped hepatic inactivation. These findings support the possibility that serotonin may be a gastrointestinal hormone involved in the feedback inhibition of gastric acid secretion. | Release of immunoreactive serotonin following acid perfusion of the duodenum. Cannulas were placed in the portal vein, hepatic vein, and infrarenal vena cava in eight anesthetized dogs. The duodenum of each dog was irrigated with saline (control) and 0.1 N HCI (50 ml in 10 min). Heparinized blood samples were taken from each cannula 5 min before, and 1, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min after each irrigation for measurement of immunoreactive serotonin concentrations. Serotonin concentrations did not change during saline irrigation of the duodenum. In contrast, serotonin release was consistently observed after duodenal acidification (pH 1.5-2.0). Portal venous serotonin concentrations were increased at 1 min (356 +/- 147 ng/ml) and following a biphasic pattern remained elevated at 30 and 60 min (499 +/- 131 and 489 +/- 187 ng/ml, respectively). Concentrations in the hepatic vein rose more slowly and to a lower peak (357 +/- 123 ng/ml at 10 min). Caval serotonin concentrations were increased at 10 min (342 +/- 121 ng/ml) but promptly returned to baseline levels. In the canine gastrointestinal tract, immunoreactive serotonin concentrations were highest in the duodenal bulb (15.4 mug/gm). This study demonstrated serotonin release from the duodenum following acid perfusion and documented that some of the released serotonin escaped hepatic inactivation. These findings support the possibility that serotonin may be a gastrointestinal hormone involved in the feedback inhibition of gastric acid secretion. | [
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PMID:10858 | Use of profound hypothermia induced by surface cooling in open-heart surgery. | Profound hypothermia with body-surface cooling for use in open-heart surgery is considered a difficult anesthetic technique because of the problems of controlling ether anesthesia. This paper describes our hypothermia technique in detail, with emphasis on its particular usefulness in open-heart procedures in neonates and infants. The results are based on our experience with 281 consecutive patients. Guidelines for safe and effective performance of this technique were established on the basis of continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and arterial blood pressure. We conclude from our experience that open-heart operation under profound hypothermia is a safe, effective, and extremely promising method. | Use of profound hypothermia induced by surface cooling in open-heart surgery. Profound hypothermia with body-surface cooling for use in open-heart surgery is considered a difficult anesthetic technique because of the problems of controlling ether anesthesia. This paper describes our hypothermia technique in detail, with emphasis on its particular usefulness in open-heart procedures in neonates and infants. The results are based on our experience with 281 consecutive patients. Guidelines for safe and effective performance of this technique were established on the basis of continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and arterial blood pressure. We conclude from our experience that open-heart operation under profound hypothermia is a safe, effective, and extremely promising method. | [
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PMID:10859 | Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by histamine. | Histamine was injected subcutaneously to rats at doses of 2--10 mg/kg, twice daily for various periods after an intradermal adjuvant injection into one hind paw. The administration of histamine prevented the appearance of the secondary lesion in the noninjected paw, but did not affect the primary swelling of the injected paw or the established secondary lesion. The histamine effect was dose-dependent with the most effective time of administration being from the 5th to the 10th day after adjuvant injection. Arthritic lesions found in control animals in histological and roentgenographic examinations were also inhibited in histamine-treated animals. Sinomenine, a histamine releaser, likewise showed a suppressive effect on the secondary lesion. Burimamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, blocked these histamine effects, while mepyramine, a H1-receptor antagonist, did not have such a blocking effect. The findings suggest that histamine may inhibit the development of adjuvant arthritis by an immunosuppressive mechanism mediated through activation of H2-receptors on lymphoid cells. | Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by histamine. Histamine was injected subcutaneously to rats at doses of 2--10 mg/kg, twice daily for various periods after an intradermal adjuvant injection into one hind paw. The administration of histamine prevented the appearance of the secondary lesion in the noninjected paw, but did not affect the primary swelling of the injected paw or the established secondary lesion. The histamine effect was dose-dependent with the most effective time of administration being from the 5th to the 10th day after adjuvant injection. Arthritic lesions found in control animals in histological and roentgenographic examinations were also inhibited in histamine-treated animals. Sinomenine, a histamine releaser, likewise showed a suppressive effect on the secondary lesion. Burimamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, blocked these histamine effects, while mepyramine, a H1-receptor antagonist, did not have such a blocking effect. The findings suggest that histamine may inhibit the development of adjuvant arthritis by an immunosuppressive mechanism mediated through activation of H2-receptors on lymphoid cells. | [
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PMID:10860 | Effects of propranolo, itramin tosylate and dipyridamole on myocardial phosphate metabolism in anoxic perfused rat hearts. | Effects of propranolo, itramin tosylate and dipyridamole on coronary flow, cardiac activity and phosphate metabolism were investigated in anoxic perfused rat hearts. During anoxia, heart contractions showed a transient increase followed by gradual declines in amplitude and frequency, while ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) contents strikingly decreased accompanying a pronounced increase in inorganic phosphate (Pi). Propranolol added to the anoxic perfusate attenuated the decrease in CP and increase in Pi, whereas heart contractions wre more markedly depressed than by anoxia alone. Similar effects were also seen in electrically paced anoxic hearts. Itramin decreased ATP contents in non-paced anoxic hearts, but did not in paced ones. Dipyridamole did not produce any significant effect on phosphate metabolism in anoxic myocardium. It was considered that propranolol prevented the anoxia-induced reduction in high-energy phosphates by antagonizing catecholamines released by anoxia and that itramin decreased ATP level by inhibiting ATP generation. | Effects of propranolo, itramin tosylate and dipyridamole on myocardial phosphate metabolism in anoxic perfused rat hearts. Effects of propranolo, itramin tosylate and dipyridamole on coronary flow, cardiac activity and phosphate metabolism were investigated in anoxic perfused rat hearts. During anoxia, heart contractions showed a transient increase followed by gradual declines in amplitude and frequency, while ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) contents strikingly decreased accompanying a pronounced increase in inorganic phosphate (Pi). Propranolol added to the anoxic perfusate attenuated the decrease in CP and increase in Pi, whereas heart contractions wre more markedly depressed than by anoxia alone. Similar effects were also seen in electrically paced anoxic hearts. Itramin decreased ATP contents in non-paced anoxic hearts, but did not in paced ones. Dipyridamole did not produce any significant effect on phosphate metabolism in anoxic myocardium. It was considered that propranolol prevented the anoxia-induced reduction in high-energy phosphates by antagonizing catecholamines released by anoxia and that itramin decreased ATP level by inhibiting ATP generation. | [
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PMID:10861 | Possible mechanisms involved in the coronary vasodilatory response to dopamine. | Dopamine increased coronary blood flow in the dog heart pretreated with alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents. The coronary vasodilator response was completely inhibited by indomethacin when pretreated with propranolol in addition to alpha blockade. The coronary vasodilation exerted by sodium nitrite was potentiated by indomethacin and adrenergic blockade. In coronary arterial strips, dopamine produced a contraction which was abolished by phenoxybenzamine. Dopamine elicited a dose-dependent relaxation in coronary arterial strips contracted previously by KC1 after pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine. The relaxation was potentiated by indomethacin; this effect was completely blocked by propranolol. Prostaglandin (PG)E1 produced a relaxing response but reduced the dopamine-induced relaxation. From the results it is suggested that beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and release of PG were involved in the coronary vasodilator response to dopamine. PG released by dopamine may increase coronary blood flow on the one hand and reduce beta-adrenoceptor stimulation by inhibiting adenyl cyclase on the other. | Possible mechanisms involved in the coronary vasodilatory response to dopamine. Dopamine increased coronary blood flow in the dog heart pretreated with alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents. The coronary vasodilator response was completely inhibited by indomethacin when pretreated with propranolol in addition to alpha blockade. The coronary vasodilation exerted by sodium nitrite was potentiated by indomethacin and adrenergic blockade. In coronary arterial strips, dopamine produced a contraction which was abolished by phenoxybenzamine. Dopamine elicited a dose-dependent relaxation in coronary arterial strips contracted previously by KC1 after pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine. The relaxation was potentiated by indomethacin; this effect was completely blocked by propranolol. Prostaglandin (PG)E1 produced a relaxing response but reduced the dopamine-induced relaxation. From the results it is suggested that beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and release of PG were involved in the coronary vasodilator response to dopamine. PG released by dopamine may increase coronary blood flow on the one hand and reduce beta-adrenoceptor stimulation by inhibiting adenyl cyclase on the other. | [
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PMID:10862 | Studies concerning dopamine diuresis in the rat. | Dopamine is both diuretic and saluretic in the conscious rat. The diuretic effect does not appear to be beta-receptor mediated, but rather may be the result of a combination of alpha- and dopaminergic receptor stimulation. Conclusive proof for the existence of the latter, however, must await the discovery of a more selective peripheral dopamine-receptor stimulant than is dopamine per se. | Studies concerning dopamine diuresis in the rat. Dopamine is both diuretic and saluretic in the conscious rat. The diuretic effect does not appear to be beta-receptor mediated, but rather may be the result of a combination of alpha- and dopaminergic receptor stimulation. Conclusive proof for the existence of the latter, however, must await the discovery of a more selective peripheral dopamine-receptor stimulant than is dopamine per se. | [
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PMID:10863 | Selective blocking properties of chloro acetyl catechol (CAC) on the alpha-adrenergic receptor. | In anesthetized rats and cats chloro acetyl catechol (CAC, 10 mg/kg i.v. and 10-15 mg/kg i.v., respectively) selectively blocked the arterial hypertensive responses to epinephrine. No adrenergic blockade was produced by CAC in rats pretreated with 20 mg/kg i.p. of the compound 24 hr before the experiment. Norepinephrine-induced contractions of the rat vas deferens and the rat seminal vesicles in vitro were blocked by CAC 10(-4) M. The blockade was prevented by the simultaneous addition of norepinephrine or cysteine. The data are discussed in relation to : (a) the nature of the adrenergic blockade produced by CAC and (b) the possible existence of thiol groups in the vicinity of the active site of the alpha-adrenergic receptor. | Selective blocking properties of chloro acetyl catechol (CAC) on the alpha-adrenergic receptor. In anesthetized rats and cats chloro acetyl catechol (CAC, 10 mg/kg i.v. and 10-15 mg/kg i.v., respectively) selectively blocked the arterial hypertensive responses to epinephrine. No adrenergic blockade was produced by CAC in rats pretreated with 20 mg/kg i.p. of the compound 24 hr before the experiment. Norepinephrine-induced contractions of the rat vas deferens and the rat seminal vesicles in vitro were blocked by CAC 10(-4) M. The blockade was prevented by the simultaneous addition of norepinephrine or cysteine. The data are discussed in relation to : (a) the nature of the adrenergic blockade produced by CAC and (b) the possible existence of thiol groups in the vicinity of the active site of the alpha-adrenergic receptor. | [
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PMID:10864 | The cardiovascular pharmacology and hemodynamic activity of tazolol, a selective myocardial beta-stimulant. | The pharmacology and hemodynamics of tazolol (1-iso-propylamino-3-(2-thiazoloxy)-2-propranolol HC1), a selective myocardial beta-stimulant, were studied in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Tazolol, i.v., increased myocardial contractile force and heart rate, but induced only minimal changes in arterial pressure. The cardiac effects of tazolol were blocked by pretreatment with the beta-blockers propranolol or practolol and inhibited in animals made tachyphylactic to amphetamine. They were not altered by pretreatment with hexamehtonium, atropine or reserpine. Tazolol increased left circumflex coronary artery flow to a far greater extent than a dose level of isoproterenol which produced a greater increase in cardiac output. Tazolol also increased superior mesenteric artery flow, whereas isoproterenol decreased it. Renal artery flow was not altered. Tazolol was also found to be orally active and to possess some mild general beta-blocking activity. | The cardiovascular pharmacology and hemodynamic activity of tazolol, a selective myocardial beta-stimulant. The pharmacology and hemodynamics of tazolol (1-iso-propylamino-3-(2-thiazoloxy)-2-propranolol HC1), a selective myocardial beta-stimulant, were studied in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Tazolol, i.v., increased myocardial contractile force and heart rate, but induced only minimal changes in arterial pressure. The cardiac effects of tazolol were blocked by pretreatment with the beta-blockers propranolol or practolol and inhibited in animals made tachyphylactic to amphetamine. They were not altered by pretreatment with hexamehtonium, atropine or reserpine. Tazolol increased left circumflex coronary artery flow to a far greater extent than a dose level of isoproterenol which produced a greater increase in cardiac output. Tazolol also increased superior mesenteric artery flow, whereas isoproterenol decreased it. Renal artery flow was not altered. Tazolol was also found to be orally active and to possess some mild general beta-blocking activity. | [
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PMID:10865 | Influence of adrenaline, dibenamine and dopamine on acidosis, hemoconcentration and lethality in protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea-pigs. | Protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea-pigs was accompanied by a marked decrease in blood pH, and an increase in hematocrit. Death ensued in 58.3% of the animals within 3 hr of observation. Infusion of adrenaline (20 mug/kg/min), after eliciting anaphylaxis, intensified the acidosis, and increased the lethality to 100%. Pretreatment with dibenamine (5 mg/kg) reversed the effect of adrenaline. Dopamine, infused in amounts of 200 mug/kg/min, acted similarly to the combination dibenamine/adrenaline. Hemoconcentration was neither prevented nor intensified by adrenaline. Dopamine, however, reduced significantly the anaphylactic increase in hematocrit. | Influence of adrenaline, dibenamine and dopamine on acidosis, hemoconcentration and lethality in protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea-pigs. Protracted anaphylactic shock of guinea-pigs was accompanied by a marked decrease in blood pH, and an increase in hematocrit. Death ensued in 58.3% of the animals within 3 hr of observation. Infusion of adrenaline (20 mug/kg/min), after eliciting anaphylaxis, intensified the acidosis, and increased the lethality to 100%. Pretreatment with dibenamine (5 mg/kg) reversed the effect of adrenaline. Dopamine, infused in amounts of 200 mug/kg/min, acted similarly to the combination dibenamine/adrenaline. Hemoconcentration was neither prevented nor intensified by adrenaline. Dopamine, however, reduced significantly the anaphylactic increase in hematocrit. | [
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PMID:10866 | Effects of lithium and rubidium on antinociception and behaviour in mice. I. Studies on narcotic analgesics and antagonists. | The effects of acute and chronic LiCl and RbCl treatments on the antinociception caused by morphine, pethidine, methadone, pentazocine, nalorphine or naloxone were studied in mice using the hot plate and phenylquinone writhing tests. In both tests morphine, pethidine, and methadone caused significant antinociception whereas the antagonistic drugs were almost inactive. In the hot plate test both the 21 day administration of LiCl and the 5 and 21 day administration of RbCl decreased the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The 5 day administration of LiCl increased the antinociceptive effect of pethidine whereas the acute and 5 day administrations of RbCl abolished it. There were no significant or consistent interactions of the ions with the antinociceptive effect of methadone or the antagonistic drugs. In the phenylquinone writhing test the effects of the ions were inconsistent. Especially in the acute experiments where LiCl and RbCl had some effects on the behaviour of the mice treated with the analgesics, LiCl mostly impaired motor coordination and motor activity whereas RbCl was inactive or had opposite effects. LiCl enhanced the decrease in rectal temperature whereas RbCl was mostly inactive. | Effects of lithium and rubidium on antinociception and behaviour in mice. I. Studies on narcotic analgesics and antagonists. The effects of acute and chronic LiCl and RbCl treatments on the antinociception caused by morphine, pethidine, methadone, pentazocine, nalorphine or naloxone were studied in mice using the hot plate and phenylquinone writhing tests. In both tests morphine, pethidine, and methadone caused significant antinociception whereas the antagonistic drugs were almost inactive. In the hot plate test both the 21 day administration of LiCl and the 5 and 21 day administration of RbCl decreased the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The 5 day administration of LiCl increased the antinociceptive effect of pethidine whereas the acute and 5 day administrations of RbCl abolished it. There were no significant or consistent interactions of the ions with the antinociceptive effect of methadone or the antagonistic drugs. In the phenylquinone writhing test the effects of the ions were inconsistent. Especially in the acute experiments where LiCl and RbCl had some effects on the behaviour of the mice treated with the analgesics, LiCl mostly impaired motor coordination and motor activity whereas RbCl was inactive or had opposite effects. LiCl enhanced the decrease in rectal temperature whereas RbCl was mostly inactive. | [
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PMID:10867 | Effects of lithium and rubidium on antinociception and behaviour in mice. II. Studies on three tricyclic antidepressants and pimozide. | The effects of LiCl and RbCl on the antinociception caused by three antidepressants and pimozide were studied in mice. On the hot plate LiCl given acutely or chronically did not modify the antinociception of any drug although it augmented hypothermia induced by chlorimipramine and occasionally also that caused by desipramine and doxepine, and also caused definitive changes in motor abilities. RbCl given acutely (2.5 mEq/kg) or for 5 or 21 days in tap water (1 g/liter) abolished the antinociception caused by pimozide and when given acutely or for 5 days that of desipramine. In the phenylquinone writhing test LiCl when given for 21 days enhanced the nearly complete antinociception caused by chlorimipramine, doxepine and pimozide. These effects of ions did not seem to be related to changes in body temperature, motor coordination nor motility. | Effects of lithium and rubidium on antinociception and behaviour in mice. II. Studies on three tricyclic antidepressants and pimozide. The effects of LiCl and RbCl on the antinociception caused by three antidepressants and pimozide were studied in mice. On the hot plate LiCl given acutely or chronically did not modify the antinociception of any drug although it augmented hypothermia induced by chlorimipramine and occasionally also that caused by desipramine and doxepine, and also caused definitive changes in motor abilities. RbCl given acutely (2.5 mEq/kg) or for 5 or 21 days in tap water (1 g/liter) abolished the antinociception caused by pimozide and when given acutely or for 5 days that of desipramine. In the phenylquinone writhing test LiCl when given for 21 days enhanced the nearly complete antinociception caused by chlorimipramine, doxepine and pimozide. These effects of ions did not seem to be related to changes in body temperature, motor coordination nor motility. | [
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PMID:10869 | Utilization of 35S-thiosulphate and an appraisal of the role of ATP-sulphurylase in chemolithotrophic Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. | Differentially labelled 35S-thiosulphate was taken up by washed cells of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans which were previously grown on thiosulphate. The uptake was proportional to the biomass over the range 0.5-4.0 mg dry wt. of bacteria and showed typical saturation kinetics with an estimated Km value of 0.5 mM for 35S-thiosulphate. Dithionate and Group VI anions inhibited the uptake, which was under pH control and had a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C. In the absence of thiosulphate, the cells bound 35S-sulphate but the binding did not increase on prolonged incubation and the label could be removed completely by washing with dilute sulphuric acid. Increasing amounts of the label were incorporated from [outer-35S]thiosulphate into cellular materials over a 60-min period, whereas little or no assimilation was observed from either the [inner-35S]thiosulphate or 35S-sulphate. The kinetic properties of the sulphate-activating enzyme ATP-sulphurylase enriched from bacteria grown with either thiosulphate or ferrous-iron were similar although this enzyme has an assimilatory function only when the bacterium is grown with ferrous-iron. | Utilization of 35S-thiosulphate and an appraisal of the role of ATP-sulphurylase in chemolithotrophic Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Differentially labelled 35S-thiosulphate was taken up by washed cells of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans which were previously grown on thiosulphate. The uptake was proportional to the biomass over the range 0.5-4.0 mg dry wt. of bacteria and showed typical saturation kinetics with an estimated Km value of 0.5 mM for 35S-thiosulphate. Dithionate and Group VI anions inhibited the uptake, which was under pH control and had a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C. In the absence of thiosulphate, the cells bound 35S-sulphate but the binding did not increase on prolonged incubation and the label could be removed completely by washing with dilute sulphuric acid. Increasing amounts of the label were incorporated from [outer-35S]thiosulphate into cellular materials over a 60-min period, whereas little or no assimilation was observed from either the [inner-35S]thiosulphate or 35S-sulphate. The kinetic properties of the sulphate-activating enzyme ATP-sulphurylase enriched from bacteria grown with either thiosulphate or ferrous-iron were similar although this enzyme has an assimilatory function only when the bacterium is grown with ferrous-iron. | [
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PMID:10870 | [The activity and properties of adenosine triphosphatase in various swine organs (liver, cerebral and kidney cortex, small intestinal mucosa)]. | Studies into the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenates of liver, cerebral cortex, renal cortex, and mucosa of small intestine of swine have shown differentiated activity patterns, with peak activity developing in the liver. This has been related to a particularly high metabolism performance of the liver in fattening pigs. No difference was found to exist between magnesium activation of ATPase of swine tissue homogenates and that in tissue obtained from ruminants. ATPase which could be activated by sodium and potassium ions and inhibited by ouabain was detectable from cerebral and renal cortex. Sodium and potassium ATPases accounts from some 25 per cent of the total activity. ATPase that could be stimulated by calcium ions was recorded only from liver homogenate. The optimum pH values of ATPase were between 7.5 and 8 in the liver, 9 in mucosa of small intestine, and 9.5 in cerebral and renal cortex. | [The activity and properties of adenosine triphosphatase in various swine organs (liver, cerebral and kidney cortex, small intestinal mucosa)]. Studies into the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenates of liver, cerebral cortex, renal cortex, and mucosa of small intestine of swine have shown differentiated activity patterns, with peak activity developing in the liver. This has been related to a particularly high metabolism performance of the liver in fattening pigs. No difference was found to exist between magnesium activation of ATPase of swine tissue homogenates and that in tissue obtained from ruminants. ATPase which could be activated by sodium and potassium ions and inhibited by ouabain was detectable from cerebral and renal cortex. Sodium and potassium ATPases accounts from some 25 per cent of the total activity. ATPase that could be stimulated by calcium ions was recorded only from liver homogenate. The optimum pH values of ATPase were between 7.5 and 8 in the liver, 9 in mucosa of small intestine, and 9.5 in cerebral and renal cortex. | [
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PMID:10871 | [Circulation load test and quality of meat in fattening pigs of known genetic origin]. | 102 fattened pigs with known genetic origin were tested on a conveyor-belt 1--4 days before slaughtering. 64 animals run in the first passage in each case 154 m in a 4 minutes (0.64 m/s), compared to it the 38 animals of the second passage run in each case 770 m in 20 minutes. Measurements of heart frequency and breathing and body temperature were taken before and at intervals until 30 minutes after movement. After slaughtering the values of pH, colour and drip loss of the M. longissimus dorsi were measured. It turned out a difference in the meat quality with a high part of PSE-meat in the first passage (36%), caused by season. The criterion "recovery time of heart action after load" was able to value the stress susceptibility in dependence on meat quality p.m. Animals with a longer recovery time exhibited a lower pH45 value, a lighter colour and a higher drip loss of meat. But only after a certain stress intensity (2. passage) the assertion was given. | [Circulation load test and quality of meat in fattening pigs of known genetic origin]. 102 fattened pigs with known genetic origin were tested on a conveyor-belt 1--4 days before slaughtering. 64 animals run in the first passage in each case 154 m in a 4 minutes (0.64 m/s), compared to it the 38 animals of the second passage run in each case 770 m in 20 minutes. Measurements of heart frequency and breathing and body temperature were taken before and at intervals until 30 minutes after movement. After slaughtering the values of pH, colour and drip loss of the M. longissimus dorsi were measured. It turned out a difference in the meat quality with a high part of PSE-meat in the first passage (36%), caused by season. The criterion "recovery time of heart action after load" was able to value the stress susceptibility in dependence on meat quality p.m. Animals with a longer recovery time exhibited a lower pH45 value, a lighter colour and a higher drip loss of meat. But only after a certain stress intensity (2. passage) the assertion was given. | [
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PMID:10872 | [Physico-chemical properties of swine vesicular disease virus]. | Titration of SVDV on primary pig kidney cell cultures revealed a plating efficiency of less than or equal to 0,9 X 10(-3). Concentration and purification of the SVD-Virus propagated on pig kidney cell cultures were done by chloroform treatment, adsorption, differential- and density gradient centrifugation. The following physical parameters were found: SVDV is an isometrical RNA-virus having a diameter of 25,1 +/- 1,0 nm. It is resistent to the action of chloroform, ether and pH. The virus has a sedimentation coefficient of 156 +/- 3S and a bouyant density in CsCl of 1,33 +/- 0,01 g/ml. Within the family of picornaviruses the SVDV belongs to the subgroup of enteroviruses and can be distinguished from the foot-and-mouth disease virus by the difference in pH-sensitivity and bouyant density in CsCl. | [Physico-chemical properties of swine vesicular disease virus]. Titration of SVDV on primary pig kidney cell cultures revealed a plating efficiency of less than or equal to 0,9 X 10(-3). Concentration and purification of the SVD-Virus propagated on pig kidney cell cultures were done by chloroform treatment, adsorption, differential- and density gradient centrifugation. The following physical parameters were found: SVDV is an isometrical RNA-virus having a diameter of 25,1 +/- 1,0 nm. It is resistent to the action of chloroform, ether and pH. The virus has a sedimentation coefficient of 156 +/- 3S and a bouyant density in CsCl of 1,33 +/- 0,01 g/ml. Within the family of picornaviruses the SVDV belongs to the subgroup of enteroviruses and can be distinguished from the foot-and-mouth disease virus by the difference in pH-sensitivity and bouyant density in CsCl. | [
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PMID:10874 | Feedback of true heart rate during exposure in vivo. Partial replication with methodological improvement. | Ten specific phobics improved during a mean of two sessions of experimental treatment by exposure in vivo in a balanced design. Short-term results replicated those of a previous study that self-control of heart rate with the aid of biofeedback significantly reduced heart rate during treatment, but this did not hasten reduction of subjective anxiety, nor of respiratory rate or skin conductance responses. An hour's pretreatment training in self-control of heart rate with the aid of feedback did not enhance the effect. Mere instructions to lower heart rate without feedback had a significant effect during treatment, but the addition of heart rate feedback to instructions significantly augmented the decline in heart rate. | Feedback of true heart rate during exposure in vivo. Partial replication with methodological improvement. Ten specific phobics improved during a mean of two sessions of experimental treatment by exposure in vivo in a balanced design. Short-term results replicated those of a previous study that self-control of heart rate with the aid of biofeedback significantly reduced heart rate during treatment, but this did not hasten reduction of subjective anxiety, nor of respiratory rate or skin conductance responses. An hour's pretreatment training in self-control of heart rate with the aid of feedback did not enhance the effect. Mere instructions to lower heart rate without feedback had a significant effect during treatment, but the addition of heart rate feedback to instructions significantly augmented the decline in heart rate. | [
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PMID:10875 | [The influence of partusisten and dilatol on the amino-acid metabolism (author's transl)]. | The betamimetica Dilatol and Partusisten have a glycogenolytic and lipolytic effect on the metabolism. In 21 pregnant women significantly higher concentrations were measured in 9 free amino-acids during intravenous tocolysis with Dilatol. After Partusisten infusion 8 amino-acids were increased. After changing to oral medication of the tocolytica the concentration returned to a normal level again. The clinical significance of these findings is being discussed. | [The influence of partusisten and dilatol on the amino-acid metabolism (author's transl)]. The betamimetica Dilatol and Partusisten have a glycogenolytic and lipolytic effect on the metabolism. In 21 pregnant women significantly higher concentrations were measured in 9 free amino-acids during intravenous tocolysis with Dilatol. After Partusisten infusion 8 amino-acids were increased. After changing to oral medication of the tocolytica the concentration returned to a normal level again. The clinical significance of these findings is being discussed. | [
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PMID:10876 | The prognostic value of the non-protein nitrogen (NPN) content in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid. | The amounts of total protein and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), together with the pH were determined in serum and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of controls and comatose patients before and after death. The serum/CSF ratio of NPN was calculated. Under normal conditions the value of this ratio is 1.65. The decrease of this value is a sign of worsening of barrier functions. If the NPN content of the serum and CSF becomes identical, i.e., when the serum/CSF ratio approaches or even equals 1.0, and at the same time the pH decreases in the CSF, then the prognosis is hopeless. | The prognostic value of the non-protein nitrogen (NPN) content in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid. The amounts of total protein and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), together with the pH were determined in serum and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of controls and comatose patients before and after death. The serum/CSF ratio of NPN was calculated. Under normal conditions the value of this ratio is 1.65. The decrease of this value is a sign of worsening of barrier functions. If the NPN content of the serum and CSF becomes identical, i.e., when the serum/CSF ratio approaches or even equals 1.0, and at the same time the pH decreases in the CSF, then the prognosis is hopeless. | [
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PMID:10877 | [Kates forefoot arthroplasty (author's transl)]. | In a series of 93 forefoot arthroplasties (71 of them followed up), the majority of the cases showed good results of Kates' procedure. The most frequent sources of errors are inadequate treatment of the plantar skin and the formation of steps in the line of resection of the mid-tarsal bones. Rheumatic and degenerative forefoot deformities are equally well suited for this procedure. Forefoot deformities combined with pes equinus appear to be less suitable. | [Kates forefoot arthroplasty (author's transl)]. In a series of 93 forefoot arthroplasties (71 of them followed up), the majority of the cases showed good results of Kates' procedure. The most frequent sources of errors are inadequate treatment of the plantar skin and the formation of steps in the line of resection of the mid-tarsal bones. Rheumatic and degenerative forefoot deformities are equally well suited for this procedure. Forefoot deformities combined with pes equinus appear to be less suitable. | [
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PMID:10882 | Evaluation of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris. | Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) may be less effective in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris than some others that lack this property. A review of 14 trials comparing beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug with ISA and those without ISA in angina pectoris has been made. The overall picture emerges from both acute and chronic studies using subjective and objective endpoints, that there is no striking difference in effectiveness between the two kinds of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The one exception is pindolol (a drug with ISA) which, at higher doses, has been shown to be consistently worse than propranolol (a drug without ISA). The reasons for the similarity between propranolol and other bets-blocking drugs with ISA in the trials cited are either that the trial design was defective (the trials were mainly fixed dose comparisons) or that the stimulant effects of those drugs with ISA is not of sufficient magnitude to make a difference. It is suggested that further carefully constructed clinical trials should be carried out before the second reason can be accepted. | Evaluation of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris. Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) may be less effective in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris than some others that lack this property. A review of 14 trials comparing beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug with ISA and those without ISA in angina pectoris has been made. The overall picture emerges from both acute and chronic studies using subjective and objective endpoints, that there is no striking difference in effectiveness between the two kinds of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The one exception is pindolol (a drug with ISA) which, at higher doses, has been shown to be consistently worse than propranolol (a drug without ISA). The reasons for the similarity between propranolol and other bets-blocking drugs with ISA in the trials cited are either that the trial design was defective (the trials were mainly fixed dose comparisons) or that the stimulant effects of those drugs with ISA is not of sufficient magnitude to make a difference. It is suggested that further carefully constructed clinical trials should be carried out before the second reason can be accepted. | [
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PMID:10883 | Characterization of hemoglobin Burke [beta 107 (G9) Gly replaced by Arg]. | Hb Burke [beta 107 (G9) Gly replaced by Arg] was discovered in a young woman with hemolytic anemia. A substitution in this position has not been previously reported either in the human beta-chain or in any of the animal beta-chains so far sequenced. The abnormal hemoglobin shows heat instability and a lowered oxygen affinity. The substitution of a large charged arginine residue for the small glycine residue in the G helix next to a heme contact (Leu-106) may be responsible for these effects. Hb Burke is compared with five other hemoglobins having Gly-Arg substitutions in other parts of the molecule. | Characterization of hemoglobin Burke [beta 107 (G9) Gly replaced by Arg]. Hb Burke [beta 107 (G9) Gly replaced by Arg] was discovered in a young woman with hemolytic anemia. A substitution in this position has not been previously reported either in the human beta-chain or in any of the animal beta-chains so far sequenced. The abnormal hemoglobin shows heat instability and a lowered oxygen affinity. The substitution of a large charged arginine residue for the small glycine residue in the G helix next to a heme contact (Leu-106) may be responsible for these effects. Hb Burke is compared with five other hemoglobins having Gly-Arg substitutions in other parts of the molecule. | [
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] |
PMID:10884 | Genetically defined peptidases of maize. I. Biochemical characterization of allelic and nonallelic forms. | A number of biochemical properties have been investigated for both allelic and nonallelic forms of maize peptidases. Four aminopeptidases exist in maize (LAP-A, LAP-B, LAP-C, and LAP-D) and are the products of four diallelic loci. The aminopeptidases fall into two biochemical groups on the basis of these studies. LAP-A and LAP-D have comparatively low apparent Km (Kapp) values for arginine-naphthylamide derivatives and high velocities for arginine-naphthyl-amide and lysine-naphthylamide. LAP-B and LAP-C, on the other hand, have lower Kapp values for leucine-naphthylamide and higher velocities for nonpolar amino acid-naphthylamides than for arginine-naphthylamide. LAP-A and LAP-D are also relatively more heat stable than LAP-B and LAP-C and have somewhat higher molecular weights (71,500) than LAP-B and LAP-C (63,500). In determining molecular weights of the peptidases, use was made of their differential substrate specificities toward amino acid-naphthylamides. Some properties of genetically defined maize endopeptidase are also presented. Maize endopeptidase is inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), and by tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone, Maize aminopeptidase activity is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, pCMB, and EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid). | Genetically defined peptidases of maize. I. Biochemical characterization of allelic and nonallelic forms. A number of biochemical properties have been investigated for both allelic and nonallelic forms of maize peptidases. Four aminopeptidases exist in maize (LAP-A, LAP-B, LAP-C, and LAP-D) and are the products of four diallelic loci. The aminopeptidases fall into two biochemical groups on the basis of these studies. LAP-A and LAP-D have comparatively low apparent Km (Kapp) values for arginine-naphthylamide derivatives and high velocities for arginine-naphthyl-amide and lysine-naphthylamide. LAP-B and LAP-C, on the other hand, have lower Kapp values for leucine-naphthylamide and higher velocities for nonpolar amino acid-naphthylamides than for arginine-naphthylamide. LAP-A and LAP-D are also relatively more heat stable than LAP-B and LAP-C and have somewhat higher molecular weights (71,500) than LAP-B and LAP-C (63,500). In determining molecular weights of the peptidases, use was made of their differential substrate specificities toward amino acid-naphthylamides. Some properties of genetically defined maize endopeptidase are also presented. Maize endopeptidase is inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), and by tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone, Maize aminopeptidase activity is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, pCMB, and EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid). | [
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PMID:10885 | Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and 16alpha-hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes. | Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and 16alpha-hydroxylase were examined in intact, cultured human lymphocytes. The two microsomal mixed-function oxygenases had different pH optima and showed competitive inhibition for enzyme induction and activity. Population distributions were lognormal for both enzymes, giving apparent evidence for polygenic control. Induced levels of AHH were slightly higher among first-order relatives of lung or colon cancer patients than in the control group. The correlation coefficient (r) for AHH and SAH coinducibility was -0.08, indicating no correlation and suggesting the absence of association between the two enzymes in man. | Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and 16alpha-hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and 16alpha-hydroxylase were examined in intact, cultured human lymphocytes. The two microsomal mixed-function oxygenases had different pH optima and showed competitive inhibition for enzyme induction and activity. Population distributions were lognormal for both enzymes, giving apparent evidence for polygenic control. Induced levels of AHH were slightly higher among first-order relatives of lung or colon cancer patients than in the control group. The correlation coefficient (r) for AHH and SAH coinducibility was -0.08, indicating no correlation and suggesting the absence of association between the two enzymes in man. | [
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PMID:10886 | Large-scale purification and characterization of dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei. | Dihydrofolate reductase has been purified from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei NCB 6375. By careful attention to growth conditions, up to 2.5 g of enzyme is obtained from a 400 litre culture. The purification procedure, involving poly-ethyleneimine treatment, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and affinity chromatography on methotrexate-aminohexyl-Sepharose, operates on the gram scale, with overall yields of 50-60%. Elution of the affinity column by reverse (upward) flow was used, as it led to recovery of the enzyme in a much smaller volume. The enzyme obtained appears to be more than 98% pure, as judged by gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration. It has a mol.wt. of approx. 17900 and a turnover number of 4s-1 (50mM-triethanolamine/400mM-KCl, pH 7.2, 25 degrees C) with dihydrofolate and NADPH as substrates. The turnover number for folate is 0.02s-1. Michaelis constants for a variety of substrates have been measured by using a new fluorimetric assay (0.36 muM-dihydrofolate; 0.78 muM-NADPH), and binding constants determined by using the quenching of protein fluorescence (dihydrofolate, 2.25 X 10(6)M-1; NADPH, greater than 10(8)M-1). The pH/activity profile shows a single maximum at pH 7.3; at this pH, marked activation by 0.5M-NaCl is observed. | Large-scale purification and characterization of dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei. Dihydrofolate reductase has been purified from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei NCB 6375. By careful attention to growth conditions, up to 2.5 g of enzyme is obtained from a 400 litre culture. The purification procedure, involving poly-ethyleneimine treatment, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and affinity chromatography on methotrexate-aminohexyl-Sepharose, operates on the gram scale, with overall yields of 50-60%. Elution of the affinity column by reverse (upward) flow was used, as it led to recovery of the enzyme in a much smaller volume. The enzyme obtained appears to be more than 98% pure, as judged by gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration. It has a mol.wt. of approx. 17900 and a turnover number of 4s-1 (50mM-triethanolamine/400mM-KCl, pH 7.2, 25 degrees C) with dihydrofolate and NADPH as substrates. The turnover number for folate is 0.02s-1. Michaelis constants for a variety of substrates have been measured by using a new fluorimetric assay (0.36 muM-dihydrofolate; 0.78 muM-NADPH), and binding constants determined by using the quenching of protein fluorescence (dihydrofolate, 2.25 X 10(6)M-1; NADPH, greater than 10(8)M-1). The pH/activity profile shows a single maximum at pH 7.3; at this pH, marked activation by 0.5M-NaCl is observed. | [
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PMID:10887 | Determination of the mechanism and kinetic constants for hog kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase. | The initial-velocity kinetics of hog kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase were studied. Glutamate gamma-(4-nitroanilide) and its 3-carboxy derivative, glutamate gamma-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide), served as gamma-glutamyl donors, and glycylglycine as an acceptor. Reaction products were identified by paper chromatography and amino acid analysis. Inhibited Ping Pong mechanisms and a comprehensive initial- velocity expression were developed which account for the observed simultaneous gamma-glutamyl transfer and autotransfer, competitive inhibition by glycylglycine, and non-competitive inhibition by the carboxy donor. The validity of the proposed Ping Pong mechanisms are supported by enzyme-velocity data obtained with constant ratios of acceptor to donor concentrations. Kinetic constants were determined by a non-linear regression analysis. With glutamate gamma-(4-nitroanilide) as the donor, Michaelis constants for the donor, acceptor and donor-acting-as-acceptor are 1.87, 24.9, and 2.08 mM respectively. With glutamate gamma-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide) as the donor, these Michaelis constants are 1.63, 16.6, and 12.3 mM. Glyclyglycine competitive inhibition constants with the parent donor and its carboxy derivative are 275 and 205 mM respectively; the non-competitive inhibition constant of the carboxy donor is 34 mM. | Determination of the mechanism and kinetic constants for hog kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase. The initial-velocity kinetics of hog kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase were studied. Glutamate gamma-(4-nitroanilide) and its 3-carboxy derivative, glutamate gamma-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide), served as gamma-glutamyl donors, and glycylglycine as an acceptor. Reaction products were identified by paper chromatography and amino acid analysis. Inhibited Ping Pong mechanisms and a comprehensive initial- velocity expression were developed which account for the observed simultaneous gamma-glutamyl transfer and autotransfer, competitive inhibition by glycylglycine, and non-competitive inhibition by the carboxy donor. The validity of the proposed Ping Pong mechanisms are supported by enzyme-velocity data obtained with constant ratios of acceptor to donor concentrations. Kinetic constants were determined by a non-linear regression analysis. With glutamate gamma-(4-nitroanilide) as the donor, Michaelis constants for the donor, acceptor and donor-acting-as-acceptor are 1.87, 24.9, and 2.08 mM respectively. With glutamate gamma-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide) as the donor, these Michaelis constants are 1.63, 16.6, and 12.3 mM. Glyclyglycine competitive inhibition constants with the parent donor and its carboxy derivative are 275 and 205 mM respectively; the non-competitive inhibition constant of the carboxy donor is 34 mM. | [
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PMID:10888 | Organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes. | The organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes 1 and 2 was examined by using an isoelectric-focusing technique. Isoenzyme 1 (pI8.0) is present only in the liver and its activity is increased by the injection of glucagon, whereas isoenzyme 2 (pI5.2) is distributed in all tissues (liver, kidney, brain and heart) tested, and is not affected by glucagon injection. Isoenzyme 2 of the liver, kidney, brain and heart was purified by the same procedure and characterized. Isoenzyme 2 preparations from these four tissues were nearly identical in physical and enzymic properties. These properties differed from those previously found for the highly purified isoenzyme 1 preparation of rat liver. Isoenzyme 2 was active with pyruvate but not with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor. Amino donors were effective in the following order of activity: tyrosine greater than histidine greater than phenylalanine greater than kynurenine greater than tryptophan. Very little activity was found with 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km for histidine was about 0.45 mM. The Km for pyruvate was about 4.5 mM with histidine as amino donor. The amino-transferase activities of isoenzyme 2 towards phenylalanine and tyrosine were inhibited by histidine. The ratio of aminotransferase activities towards these three amino acids was constant through gel filtration, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the purified isoenzyme 2 preparations. These results suggest that these three activities are properties of the same enzyme protein. Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded mol.wts. of approx. 95000 and 92000 respectively. The pH optimum was between 9.0 and 9.3. | Organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes. The organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes 1 and 2 was examined by using an isoelectric-focusing technique. Isoenzyme 1 (pI8.0) is present only in the liver and its activity is increased by the injection of glucagon, whereas isoenzyme 2 (pI5.2) is distributed in all tissues (liver, kidney, brain and heart) tested, and is not affected by glucagon injection. Isoenzyme 2 of the liver, kidney, brain and heart was purified by the same procedure and characterized. Isoenzyme 2 preparations from these four tissues were nearly identical in physical and enzymic properties. These properties differed from those previously found for the highly purified isoenzyme 1 preparation of rat liver. Isoenzyme 2 was active with pyruvate but not with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor. Amino donors were effective in the following order of activity: tyrosine greater than histidine greater than phenylalanine greater than kynurenine greater than tryptophan. Very little activity was found with 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km for histidine was about 0.45 mM. The Km for pyruvate was about 4.5 mM with histidine as amino donor. The amino-transferase activities of isoenzyme 2 towards phenylalanine and tyrosine were inhibited by histidine. The ratio of aminotransferase activities towards these three amino acids was constant through gel filtration, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the purified isoenzyme 2 preparations. These results suggest that these three activities are properties of the same enzyme protein. Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded mol.wts. of approx. 95000 and 92000 respectively. The pH optimum was between 9.0 and 9.3. | [
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