| { | |
| "paper_id": "C67-1020", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:35:37.052305Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "A oom~uter model for Russian ~Faa~atiqal description, and a me~ho~ of En~ish s~nthesis in maehine translation", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Demo", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Tares+", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "(National Physioel Laboratory", | |
| "institution": "", | |
| "location": { | |
| "country": "Teddington" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "\u2022 1qtz'oauotiem This paper is the second of two from the NPL M~ group at this conference. It desorlbes a model deslgn~ to express the gremmatical \u2022facts discovered by the Russian enamels algorithm in such + a wa~ that they can be used dAreotly by the Xng~ish synthesis algoritha~ The ~neral nature of this synthesis process is the subject of the second part of the papor.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "C67-1020", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 1qtz'oauotiem This paper is the second of two from the NPL M~ group at this conference. It desorlbes a model deslgn~ to express the gremmatical \u2022facts discovered by the Russian enamels algorithm in such + a wa~ that they can be used dAreotly by the Xng~ish synthesis algoritha~ The ~neral nature of this synthesis process is the subject of the second part of the papor.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Russian and English have aa~ important cater-lee in ooamen. For instance, both have subjects, verbs, objects, nominal groups, OOmmIt:L' ImLoni3. clauses and so one When it comes to finer details, though, the dlfferenoes between the two languages become more notieeable than the similarities: the use of auxiliary verbs I;O represent tenses, for instance, is quite different (e.g~ did not ask = we c npocx~)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The basic task of this model is to provide a means of representing in the computer a~ Russian graematieel structure wh:Loh th.e analysis algorithm a&y have to express.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As far as possible this representation must be independent of the particular conventions of either language.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For ezaaple we cnpocx~ would not be ascribed an~ internal structure, but would be represented as \"cHl~oc-/ask, negative, past tense\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The ana3~is woul8 dlsoover these facts, conoe~t.z~ itself only with Russian conven-tions~ and the synthesis woula express thee in En s~p oon~ itse]~ only with the English conventions.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"Negative\" and u~ tense\" are examples of choices within closed sets of possibilities. Such sets are known as systems.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Our model therefore has two main linsuistic features, structure and system, which w~ both be needed to describe a Russian sentence.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This tez~alnolo~ is taken f~oe the work of Halliday (1961).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "~he structure is fundamental~ a hierarchy of constituents, but there are four ways in whieh it differs from a conventional constituent structure:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1) Each constituent may e~eeplif~ choices in systems, and, as illustrated above, this means that some units in the tez~ (e.g. particles and auxiliaries) are not given places in the structure.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2) One item may occupy more than one place in the structure. The on~ nee~ for this in scientiflo Russian seems to be the ~ role of a relative wet4 in linking a subordinate clause to some +higher eonatituent and at the same tlne some role within its structure.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3) There is no requirement fo~ a eonstituent to be eontinuous in.the text (although \"~hose found by the eurrent analysis al&urltha always are), (~) If the systems are powerful enough there is no need for explioit ordering of suboonstituents. This point will be taken up again later.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The no,el: eoaputln~ features A grammatical structure of word-groups is represented in the computer by a list structure, that is to say a collection of stored items called elements with the property that eaeh element either (i) contains addresses of one or more other elements, or (ii) is ma~ked as a terminal element\u00b0 The elements represent single items (words or idAome); the other elements each represent a larger word-group or eonctituent of the sentence= If an element A contains the address of an element B, this represents the fact that woz~l-group A inoludes word-group B.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For example, the d~soriptlon of the structure of the group wewSoAee ~pocTas AoKewwa~ CTp_~Typa includes four terLinal elements (for the four words) and two other elements, linked as follows: This label is called the s~steas word~ In the above ezample, the systems word in the nominal group element records the numberp gender, and case of the group.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In theory, the observed order of items is either evidence for a particular structure (as in the order of prepositions and thei~ complements), or evidence for a choice in a system (as in the order of auxiliary and subject in English interro~tive sentences).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Just the same is true of punctuation (some oo~as indicate structure, e.g. those marking clause boundaries; others ir~tnate a oholo~ in a system, e.g. those dist~shing 0descriptive' and 'restrictive' qualifiers in nominal groups)\u00ae. Y~eall~ then the model would have no need to represent item order or punctuation explicitly: it would record the structures aria systems 9 and the synthesis algorithm would have a free hand in deteraining the English order and punctuation a~oording to English structu~ and eystemAc rules. But in practice the language features concerned are not yet understood in sufficient detail, so the synthesis keeps the original order and punctuation except .... where it has some reason to change them.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This means that they need to be recorded in the model statement.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The addresses in an element are therefore stored in the same order as the constituents to which they refer, aDd. each element includes details of a~ pu~tuation s~ the constituent.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The full list of constituent ~pes aria roles is as follows: ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": ",i Constituent ~o~ ~p (~G) Adjectival group '(AG) Prepositional group (PC,)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Appositive (Ap) Pre-adjective (PrA) A4jeotive (Ad~) Post-ad~ective (PtA) Preposition (Pp) CoapZement (Ct) Pre-adverb (PrA) Ad~ (Aav) Post-adverb (PtA) Verb (V) Co=plement (Ct) Adjunct (At) Conjunction (C~) Subject (8) Predicate (Pd) Adjunct (At) Conjunction (C j) Clause (Cl) Clause (Cl) A~u=t (At) Link (~) cospa~son (Cp) P~ix (Pf) stock (st)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Although most of the terminolo~ in the table will be selfexplanatory, it should be made clear that in a co=ordinate 6coup", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "the 'members' may be oonstituents of an~ type, Likewise the prefix group is a general one D the *stock' bein~ nounp adjective, or verb. (In practise, for reasons of pro~-amming convenience, the prefix group was not used, such 6roups bein~ represents& by the 'stock' alone, raged with the reference number of the prefix).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The table attempts to provide an adequate set of oonsti~uen~ typesand roles for the 4esoription of sentences in our texts. It should not be ~erred that our analysis processes could reoognlse all these features; ~eed the clauses and. the eom-Imamtlve group were not usea at all.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Associated with each type of constituent there are certain systems.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For example# a clause may beeither non-finite (ecJw w unyzzc nozaT~ ... ) or finite.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "If finite, choices of mood (interro~tive/imperotive/~eclarativ'e), oox~itionali~, ax~ personality will have been made; and if the clause is personal there will be selections of person and mmber.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "All these systemic, choices would be recorde~ in the element ropresenting the clause.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Below, an example is given of the st~otural description of a complete sentence; ags~tu it is not a structure which the curron~ ~na~Tsis could produce, but is intendad simP~7 to illust,,ate the use of tJm model. The En~ish e~nthesis algorithm", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The synthesis algorithm has the task of taking a sente~e expressed in terms of the model described above, an~ producing from it the string of characters which form the English output sentenoe.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The program uses the model statement to &uide it in decisions on:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1) re-ordering;", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2) insertion of English 'function' words (auxiliary verbs, etc.);", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3) selection of English equivalents from the short list in each dictionary entry;", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(4) inflection of English equivalents.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "These decisions are of course based on grammatical data only (both structural an~ systemic); in particular in the selection of equivalents no semantic or eolloeational techniques are used.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The particular tasks under these headin~ which are appropriate to a particular type of constituent will in general need to be carrie~ out whatever the role of the constituent in some higher structure may be; a~ we are therefore led to the need for a separate routine for each constituent type.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Such a routine will be called a constituent type procedure (CTP). The nominal group CTP, for example, will be called upon when and only when a nominal group has to be produced by the program.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Since constituents nest within one another freely, one CTP will need to call on others to deal with the parts of the constituent in turn.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The CTPs must in fact be written as fully recursive subroutines; and the program consists basically of a oontrol routine for exploring the list structure together with a set of CTPs, one for each constituent type.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As was pointed out by Yngve (1960) , it is a lin&uistic fact (at least in the Indo-European family of lansuages to which Russian and English Both belong) that in ma~ constituents the final sub-constituent is a group of words, while other subconstituents are more frequently single items.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 22, | |
| "end": 34, | |
| "text": "Yngve (1960)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Thus ,multiple \"nestiu~ of the CTPs usually involves final suboonstituents. But in these cases all details of the higher constituent can be \"forgotten\" by ~e computer since that constituent will not need to be returned to; so even a long sentence nsede no great depth of push-down store to han~e the nested CTPs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(Lan~mge has presumably evolved in this way because of an analogous advantage in the", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The first task of a CTP is to decide on any re-ordering needed.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It implements such a decision simply by re~g the addresses in the element concerned.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Each CTP entered does thls, so that the individual items are met in their new order and can be added to the output string at once.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The selection and inflection of equivalents are carried out at the time they are to be produced, when all relevant information is available to the CTP without excursions into other parts of the structure.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The insertion of function words, on the other hand, say be done by a~y CTP.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The resulting English output string is then passed to a final program which is responsible for format control.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The normal form of output is punched paper tape, from which the printed copy, as shown in McDaniel et al, (this conference), is produced on a 'Flex~writer'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "There is an alternative form of output on punched cards, from which printed copy can be produced on a card-controlled typewriter.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This earlier form gives the text in the two languages side by side, which was useful for research purposes, but the absence of lower-case Roman letters and pa~Lnation, add the restricted width of each language version, makes this form less well suited for general use.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This format control process, and the main control routine which deals with the exploration of the tree and the handover from one CTP to the next, need not be described further, but the tasks of the individual CTPs will be outlined below.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The mudLeX; lin~ulstlo features", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "To insert before the group a preposition depending on the case and role of the group, e.g. of is inserted if case is 6enitive and role is qualifier in NO. 3eversl instances occur in the sample output referred to above.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of noai~l ~roup CTP (t)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2) To mo~e modifiers containing items after the adjective or participle to the end of the group, with appropriate punctuation. The precise rules for the position of the insertion are complex, but roughly these words are inserted immediately before the verb in negative verbal groups and before the verb and a~ immediately preceding adverbs in positive verbal groups.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of noai~l ~roup CTP (t)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Structure as received from analysis: weawam~Te1~wo /insignificant___:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "EzamDle\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Mem~mTC~ /change_ --~i", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "EzamDle\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The V~ has systems coding 3r~ plur., present, c~ passive positive.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "EzamDle\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The V@ CTP therefore outputs are an~ hands control to the aaJeotive CTP (since %he di--~ionary entry -8-for the first word is an adjectival one).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "EzamDle\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As described below, this ~ will output the adjectival equivalent with an adverbial inflection -ly.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "EzamDle\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The verb CTP then generates the verbal equivalent again with the appropriate inflection.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "EzamDle\"", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "are Insi~nlfioant]~v changed (2) The V~ CTP also inserts auxiliary verbs before \"short form m predicative adjectives and participles, and inserts to before infinitives, in both cases with appropriate placing of ,not ~ a~l a~ adverbs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Resul_.__~t:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3) Special measures are taken to allow for the non-standard behaviour (as regards English auxiliaries) when equivalents include be, shoul,_...~d or can.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Resul_.__~t:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(4) The CTP is so arranged that a treatment of government phenomena could be added conveniently. The routine concerned was developed only as far as the flowchart stage.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Resul_.__~t:", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The principal task of this CTP is to determine the order of\" subject, verb and complements.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of clause CTP", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For ex~ple, if in Russian a sentence begins with an intransitive verb, and the subject follows, the preferred translation depends on the length of the subject-short subjects can be put before the verb, but with long subjects this would not be acceptable in Eng.lish and some expedient, such as the insertion of the dum~ subject there, must be adopted (e.g. Then there arose the problem of..----~... Unlike the other CTPs described, this one was not implemented, being developed only as far as the flowchart stage. In its absence, certain pronominal subjects are inserted by ad hoe methods.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of clause CTP", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Apart from certain insertions (such as ~ before past verbal adverbs ) , the main task of these CTPs is inflection. The decision to int~ect is based on the systems coding and, in the case of adverb formation, on the role given to the item by the analysis.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of noun I verb and adjective CTPs", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The actue~l type of inflection is chosen according to a code in the dictionary associated with each correspondent; thus boundar~ will be plur~lised as boundaries , foo_..~t as fee__~t , and so one (Irre~lar forms such as feet are extracted by the program from a list, using an address given in the dictio~ry entry.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of noun I verb and adjective CTPs", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Including both nouns and verbs, this list contains 212 forms).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of noun I verb and adjective CTPs", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Provision is made for inflecting the right word in multiple word correspondents such as mode of life . All vagaries of English inflection c~lIed for by present", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Tasks of noun I verb and adjective CTPs", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "~Letioz~ry equivalents are oovered.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "annex", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "There are five CTPs which select equivalents on ~arious grammatical orlterla, usually the role of the item.A typical case is that dealing with 'nou~/edjeotives' such as ~pyrom This ensures that Apyrwuw aBTopaKw is translated by other authors, while rpaww~m ApyroR is translated as boundar~s) of another (assueLing, of course, that the analysis has giv~a tJaem structures of modifier-head and heed-qualifier respectively).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Selection of e~uivalents", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The model and synthesis algorithm described proved satisfactory in practical use.They h~ve the advantage that translations can be produced when the algorithms are incomplete: provided the sub-trees proauced by a partial analysis are linked arbitrarily to produce a single sentence structure, this can then be explored by a synthesis algorithm, even one in which several CTPs are replaced by dummies.As new packages (analysis passes or synthesis CTPs) become available they can be incorporated very simply. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conelusion", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "bib_entries": {}, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "text": "Eaoh element is labelled with a code giving the constituent type (noun, verbal ~oup,eto.), and eaeh address referrin 8 to an inoluded wor&-~oup is 1abe-lied with a code giving the role . of the smaller group in the larger one (complement in prepo-~ionalWith roles includedp the above description becomes: ed.~ier (in .~) . = ~ad (in ~G) ]E~A = pre-acl~eetive (in AG) A~ = aa~active (in AC~) Choices in Systems are also represented in a label in the element concerned.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "text": "Example of sentence struotu.~ description C lXOMO~[~,m ...... \"@_..i..~.._~ \u00a2L ueTo~.w .... B. C noMoI~D is treated as one item since it is included in the ~istiomary as am idiom)", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "num": null | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |