| { | |
| "paper_id": "C82-1037", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:12:59.129120Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "This paper deals with a software environment for developing the natural language understanding system. The system called Multi-Layered Software Environment ( MLSE ) is proposed for providing a designer of a language understanding system with wide varieties of design alternatives in software components which derive from Computational Linguistics", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Fumio", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Mizoguchi", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Tokyo Noda 278", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Chiba", | |
| "country": "Japan" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Shozo", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kondo", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Tokyo Noda 278", | |
| "location": { | |
| "settlement": "Chiba", | |
| "country": "Japan" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "C82-1037", | |
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| "abstract": [], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The MLSE is a collection of module packages for building the tools for language understanding system.", | |
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| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "That is, by integrating the Computational Linguistics methods into the MLSE scheme, we have emphasized the layered approach to build the software environment as the basis for developing the language understanding system. In order to illustrate the strategy of the MLSE scheme, we have discussed the case study for designing Question and Answering system. Based upOn this case study, we have developed a new language understanding system called Japanese Q & A system ( JQAS ) which was a product of the MLSE scheme.", | |
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| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The MLSE has implemented in variety of LISPs such as Inter-Lisp on DEC-20 and Lisp F3 on IBM370.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The JQAS has domain specific Q & A system for computer documentation and explanation system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "This paper is focussed on the necessary software environment for designing Natural Language Understanding ( NLU ) systems . Here,the notion of software environment is to provide a designer of an understanding system with wide varieties of design alternatives in software components which derive from the computational linguistics methods. Therefore,the goal of this paper is to propose a scheme for the software environment which is appropriate for the design of a NLU system. In order to accomplish this goal, the Multi-Layered Software Environment ( MLSE ) which we propose in this paper is described and implemented for the development of a NLU system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "I NTRODU CTI ON", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In order to build a NLU program,we must formulate the problem to fit the existing tools of Knowledge Engineering, or build the tools that will be applicable to the problem.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I NTRODU CTI ON", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For this purpose, there have been a number of attempts to support these design activities such as E-LINGOL and ATN.", | |
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| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I NTRODU CTI ON", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As for knowledge representation, KRL, FRL, Unit and RLL are proposed as general purpose semantic representation systems. If the tools for NLU systems are suitable to the problem domain, the necessary task of the designer is to select the best tool among them and to formulate the proble m in terms of the format which are specified in the tool.", | |
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| "section": "I NTRODU CTI ON", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Problably, this design process is highly dependent upon the software or tool which is applied to the problem.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I NTRODU CTI ON", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Then, the design activities will focus on how to formulate the \"Domain Semantic\" in NLU.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I NTRODU CTI ON", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The present study proposed to support the design of natural language understanding system by considering the following components.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "i.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "As the basic implementation language, we select Lisp F3 written in FORTRAN which is not machine dependent.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "Our computing facilities are both IBM 3031 of the Science University of Tokyo and M200 of the Tokyo University of Computer Center.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "However, the implementation is carried out by Inter-Lisp of DEC-20.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "2.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "The necessary Lisp functions are developed by the F3 users.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "As a result, the user of Lisp F3 can extend the facilities of Lisp function to meet his requirements.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The Lisp system at this stage includes the same level of Inter-Lisp.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In order to support the coding and debugging, we have designed the prettyprint and zoom editor as useful functions. These functions are considered as the primitive functions for developing the modules library.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "4. The design process within MLSE is described by the scheme which is shown in Fig.2 .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 79, | |
| "end": 84, | |
| "text": "Fig.2", | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "This scheme is obtained from the generalization of the design process in an interactive system by introducing the notion of \" shared package user's group \" that have the common files and utilize the basic componets of a NI/J program.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "As is shown in Fig.2 , the activities are divided into three parts.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 15, | |
| "end": 20, | |
| "text": "Fig.2", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
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| "text": "The first is program packages which consist of various program modules for computational linguistic methods. These modules include the components for a paser and a knowledge representation system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "The second is the shared package user's group that develops cooperatively the NLU system. The communication among the group is made by the use of a mail system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The third corresponds to the construction of NLU system by using the modules programs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
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| "text": "This implementation is carried out by combining the package into the core program which fits the purpose of the NLU system.", | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
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| "text": "If there are some changes in the package program,then the user must accept the message on the code modification by documentation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The entire design process is usually step by step in order to meet the requirement of a given problem domain.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
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| "text": "Therefore, there are a number of messages passing among the designers to accomplish the knowledge base system. This feedback loop is described in terms of a testing and modification phase in Fig.2 . Probably, the main activities of this process are to document the mo~11e library which is a collection of LISP code, name of function, list of variable,coding date and so on.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 191, | |
| "end": 196, | |
| "text": "Fig.2", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "By looking at these documentations, the designer can build the domain specific tool without constructing the common programs for a NLU system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "SOFTWARE ENVIHON~.ENT", | |
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| "text": "In this section, we shall show details of how to build the tools by using components within the MLSE scheme\u00b0 The tools that we have selected as case studies are a design of various Agenda systems\u00b0", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "CASE STUDY TO DEVELOP SIMPLE AGENDA SYSTEM", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "We believe that agenda is one of the important system for building a NLU system.", | |
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| "section": "CASE STUDY TO DEVELOP SIMPLE AGENDA SYSTEM", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Let us start with the first example of simple agenda system which is shown in Fig.3 .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| { | |
| "start": 78, | |
| "end": 83, | |
| "text": "Fig.3", | |
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| "section": "CASE STUDY TO DEVELOP SIMPLE AGENDA SYSTEM", | |
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| "text": "In this flow chart, the agenda system operates within a control mechanism called the matching-act cycle. In matching, it finds the rule to be executed, and in action it executes this rule which is described by the action sides of the rule form. The matching-act cyle is repeated until either no rule can be found or an action element of rule will stop the processing.", | |
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| "section": "CASE STUDY TO DEVELOP SIMPLE AGENDA SYSTEM", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "The LISP code of this flow chart is shown in Fig.3 . The definition called PS-TOP is the function for dealing with the matching-act cycle in the agenda system. Although this coding example is simple, the design of agenda system is started in this way.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 45, | |
| "end": 50, | |
| "text": "Fig.3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CASE STUDY TO DEVELOP SIMPLE AGENDA SYSTEM", | |
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| "text": "In this coding, the other functions are not included, but it is clear in order to show the Control structure of agenda system. Therefore, this example is regarded as the basic component of agenda system.", | |
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| "section": "CASE STUDY TO DEVELOP SIMPLE AGENDA SYSTEM", | |
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| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "AS for the scheme of software environment to meet the requirements for a design of NLU system, we have proposed a five layered environment which has hierarchical, multi-level structures of software systems. The scheme is called MLSE and these characteristics are following:i. There exists the core language which served as the assembly language in NLU systems. In this case, LISP is selected.2. In case of designing the NLU systems, the utility functions such as structural and zoom editor are some of the important functions.In this respect, LISP is already developed in these functions.These facilities are important to develop the module packages.3. There exists a number of NLU module packages which may be further used as the components of tools.We believe that these three characteristics are applicable for designing NLU system.", | |
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| "section": "annex", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "Language as a cognitive process", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "T", | |
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| "last": "Winograd", | |
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| "raw_text": "Winograd,T.\"Language as a cognitive process\"Reading,Mass.:Addison- Wesley,(draft).", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">236</td><td/><td colspan=\"6\">SOFTWARE SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT FOR AN NLU SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT FOR AN NLU SYSTEM F. MLZOGUC~ and S. KONDO</td><td>235 237</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">can develop the domain specific system. In the scheme, LUL Sol t~'4~e i'ackage tool for the language is integrated into the DESIGN PROCESS</td><td>processing specific</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">knowledge base systems such as System-l, System-2</td><td>... and so on.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">The system corresponds</td><td colspan=\"5\">to the actual Q & A system.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>The Japanese</td><td colspan=\"2\">present Q & A</td><td colspan=\"6\">implementation system for instructing is carried computer out ( LISP functions )</td><td>for documentation designing</td></tr><tr><td>\\</td><td>system. supporting information</td><td colspan=\"8\">That is, the user's documentation JQAS is a kind Module Pr~graus for : of instructional and retrieval of necessary system on MLSE programs. Parsing System</td><td>for</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">Natural Language Inference</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">l~%gu~je :3nderstander i~wer</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">/, (</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">r /</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>('.~L)</td><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Language System designer eslgne</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>I</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"6\">There are a number of module programs which are further</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"7\">developed into sub-components</td><td colspan=\"2\">of the Computational</td><td>Linguistic.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">These</td><td colspan=\"2\">programs</td><td>are</td><td colspan=\"2\">mainly</td><td colspan=\"2\">parser,</td><td>generator</td><td>and</td><td>semantic</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"5\">representation system.</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">5. Question PrOCessor The & Answering natural fl __ fl language system ComputationalLisp_FunctionLinguistics Progr~ns understanding system,especially, is developed by combining these</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">modules</td><td/><td>with I</td><td colspan=\"2\">scheduling ~</td><td colspan=\"2\">function</td><td>which</td><td>is</td><td>called Donain Specific Agenda.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">Therefore,the the various control structures which deal with language process-design of Agenda is important part for developing ing. F~P~ , h~F--.h Control Mechanism I (Knowledge Base-2 ) Mossagos</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">TO develop these several scheme called MLSE which is shown in Fig.l. components, layers which correspond to the above components. we have prepared MLSE consists of five the The main layers from CLL to UFL in Fig.l are the basis for developing the rest of two layers which are regarded as a tool ~ ~ v ~ ~ EDITF , EDITS , PP ~ gOON ! List of Variable Content of Function Module Library Name of Function ~ Core + Modules~</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">level for natural language understanding Module Package Layer( MPL ), there are DE , DF Date of coding packages. One is a collection of module programs system. two kinds In case of a of program for pattern matchers which are further served as components of parser, generator and Frame base system. These pattern matching modules can treat a variety of data structures from Lisp basic data to user defined data such as Frame and semantic nets. a,lqic FUnctiC., 0 I \u00b0 fO\\ ~0 MOdification Date prj2aiti%~-Fu~ctior~ Code Tool of Domain /A \\2! \\ 7 \"\u00b0=-\"\" I1, , The other is derived from the pre-existing tools such as natural language interface and knowledge representation system. In this respect, CAR , II, R , O0~lS , ftrl\" , G'~P Test and !l .... Modification Phase</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">we have developed ATN base semantic nets system for Japanese. C~oe</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">Therefore, MPL is a large collection of tool module program from components to tool levels. These modules are consistent in coding Lanqu,Ne I.~y~r F3-Lisp or ( Inter-Lisp , MAC-Lisp ) Fig.2 Design Process for NLU System</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">style which is useful for a notion of module library.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"8\">The top level of the layer is called Language Understander</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Layer</td><td colspan=\"2\">( LUL</td><td>) which</td><td>is</td><td/><td>built</td><td>as</td><td>domain</td><td>specific</td><td>language</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"9\">processing implemented by using the components of MPL with user's system. The LUL is the language system Fig.l A Sr~ne for Mult/-l~yered Software Environment</td><td>which defined is</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">main program.</td><td colspan=\"5\">That is, by using the package programs from MPL, we</td></tr></table>", | |
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