| { | |
| "paper_id": "C90-1018", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:36:58.015262Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Semiautomatic Interactive Multilingual Style Analysis (SIMSA)", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "G/Inter", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Winkelmann", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "TA Research", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "Ftirther Strasse 212", | |
| "postCode": "D-8500", | |
| "settlement": "Nuremberg 80" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "T", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Triumph-Adler", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "TA Research", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "Ftirther Strasse 212", | |
| "postCode": "D-8500", | |
| "settlement": "Nuremberg 80" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
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| "abstract": "A style checker is a tool which supports authors during the process of writing: Certain style markers are analyzed, their values are compared with a given norm, deviations are detected, and recommendations are given to the author. The power of a style checker depends on available tools such as lexica, parser, etc. This paper describes a style checker which will be integrated m a workbench (Translator's Workbench) and which has access to lexica and parser. The style checker can be used for different languages and for different kinds of text. defined with the help of these values: A stylistic norm fl~r technical texts, for user manuals, for a certain author, etc. With respect to these premises we now define style checking as: matching the densities of the features in a given text against the densities of the corresponding features in the norm. \"Correct style\" is correct style concerning a certain (group based) norm. \"Incorrect style\" is the degree of deviation between the norm values of the style markers and the values in the actual text.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "C90-1018", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "A style checker is a tool which supports authors during the process of writing: Certain style markers are analyzed, their values are compared with a given norm, deviations are detected, and recommendations are given to the author. The power of a style checker depends on available tools such as lexica, parser, etc. This paper describes a style checker which will be integrated m a workbench (Translator's Workbench) and which has access to lexica and parser. The style checker can be used for different languages and for different kinds of text. defined with the help of these values: A stylistic norm fl~r technical texts, for user manuals, for a certain author, etc. With respect to these premises we now define style checking as: matching the densities of the features in a given text against the densities of the corresponding features in the norm. \"Correct style\" is correct style concerning a certain (group based) norm. \"Incorrect style\" is the degree of deviation between the norm values of the style markers and the values in the actual text.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Within ESPRIT II -Project 2315, Translator's Workbench (TWB), a tool is under development which checks stylistic markers of texts. According to the goals of Translator's Workbench as an integrated multilingual toolkit, the concept of the style checker includes multilinguality, and it uses other tools of Translator's Workbench such as parser and lexicon, which provide SIMSA with more power than comparable approaches.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Style as it is understood in SIMSA is not reduced to simply a personal impression. Its description is not restricted to informal classifications such as \"good style\", \"style like the style of author x\". Within a functional, group based definition, style is the selection of certain words, phrases, sentences or structures out of a set of grammatically correct words, phrases, sentences or structures. These linguistic features in which texts can differ stylistically are called style markers. Group based means that these style markers have equal characteristics within a certain group of texts.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The stylistic characteristics of a group of texts, their values of style markers, can be set as a norm. Thus, different norms can be Similar approaches (but within different contexts) have been done during the last decade. Beside approaches translating style from one language to another via abstract universal categories like text complexity and readability (Dimarco/Hirst 1988), two approaches to style checking, Writer's Workbench and EPISTLE, should be mentioned.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Writer's Workbench (Cherry 1983 et al.) has influenced the development of commercial software such as Rightwriter, PC-Style and Grammatik. It does style critiquing, but it cannot do critiquing that reqmres a parser output, such as noun phrase complexity. Embedded in EPISTLE (Heidorn et al. 1982 ) is a style checker which uses the parse tree of the grammar check. So, EPISTLE covers a wider range of style markers. Nevertheless, stylistic critiques have to be adapted to the field of application.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 19, | |
| "end": 39, | |
| "text": "(Cherry 1983 et al.)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 275, | |
| "end": 295, | |
| "text": "(Heidorn et al. 1982", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Compared with Writer's Workbench and EPISTLE, SIMSA is a more universal approach. Its main feature is multilinguality. The same parser can be used for different languages (cf. Hellwig 1988), which allows to use the same format of parser output for the style analysis of different languages. Additionally, style markers are more universal and can be used in different languages too, as well as in different kinds of text. The adaptation to a language or a special kind of text will be done automatically if a sufficiently large text corpus is put in for the setting of a new norm (\"Sufficiently large\" means sufficient for significant values concerning each feature; therefore \"sufficiently large\" depends on the selected features).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "On the very beginning of style analysis, we need an inventory of style markers. First, principles of good style and possible stylistic markers in general had to be identified by examining literature on good technical writing and linguistic literature on style markers.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Style markers", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For each style marker the information needed has been identified, so that it can be used by the style checker. Some style markers can be transferred into an algorithm just by using statistical methods, others need lexical information, and a third group needs syntactic information which has to be provided by the parser within the TWB project.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Style markers", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In a third step, the style markers are formalized and checking algorithms are being developed.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Style markers", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Finally, functions are being developed to transfer given values (average, standard deviation, etc) in a bar chart representation including thresholds and the degree of deviation from the predefined norm.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Style markers", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "SIMSA consists of three main parts. The user has the option to set the norms and thresholds of the stylistic features by putting in a representative or paradigmatic text corpus (standardization of style marker values). He can perform an analysis of a given text (Analysis; batch mode) and he can start a dialogue for more information on a given analysis (Analysis dialogue; interactive mode).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Architecture", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Importance of style markers, their average values, and thresholds of their values depend on the analyzed language, and they differ with the kind of analyzed texts. How can stylistic critiques be adapted to different fields of application'? In principle, there are three possibilities:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Standardization of style marker values", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "First, stilistic norms can be fixed once and for all without any possibility of change. This case allows only one conception of \"one good style\". But what about functional concepts in which deviations concerning style markers are understood as deviations in the functionality of a text? And what about different functionalities of style markers in different languages?", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Standardization of style marker values", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A second approach is to set the standard norm by the users themselves or at least by a superuser. This is the approach in EPISTLE where \"thresholding, together with adjustable weights, allow tailoring of style critiques to individual environments...\" (Heidorn et al] 982:323).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 251, | |
| "end": 266, | |
| "text": "(Heidorn et al]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Standardization of style marker values", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A somewhat different approach was taken in SIMSA: SIMSA provides the user with default norms for several kinds of text. Moreover, it offers the option to set norms according to a given text corpus. The user puts in some texts which belong to a given language and a given kind of text. SIMSA will analyze the text corpus and will set and store the norm of the style markers accordingly.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Standardization of style marker values", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The analysis part of SIMSA is under developinent by the above mentioned teams of Siemens AG and TA Triumph-Adler. I)ue to the nature of TWB as an integrated toolkit, analysis functions will USe other TWB tools as far as possible. The analysis functions can be divided into three main groups, in purely statistical functions, in functions with lexical access, and in functions using parser output.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Statistical algorithms are sulficient for style markers as e.g. sentence length and word length. The analysis functions check the size of the text corpus (a certain size is necessary to get significant devialions), compute average, standard deviation and other necessary vahies and compare these values with the norm values.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Functions using lexical information arc necessary for style markers as e.g. l]llers and slang expressions. The access to lexica can be managed in two ways. Either words can be matched against small lexica specially designed for stylistic purt)oses containing only a small {lnlotlnl and seirlantically restricted class of words (e.g. fillers or slang expressions), or words can be matched via the parser output against the lexicon used by the parser, lit the second case, necessary stylistic information (e.g. \"word is a chemical technical term\") is contained in the lexicon entry.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Functions using parser outpul are necessary for style markers as e.g. noun phrase complexity, distance between verb stem and verb prefix, sentence complexity. These functions filter the parser output for necessa:ry information.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The style checker still works if parser access is not possible. In this case (and in cases the user doesn't want an analysis concerning all style markers) the analysis of certain style markers can be suppressed.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The results of the analysis (values of deviation from the norm, etc.) are stored in a separate analysis file.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "There are two ways to start the anal~,-sis dialogue.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis dialogue", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "First, an option \"analysis dialogue\" will be offered to the user after the style checker has finished its analysis. Second, the user can call the analysis dialogue separately if there is an analysis file and a corresponding text file. \"Analysis dialogue\" opens a window containing bar charts which demonstrate for each analyzed style marker the degree of deviation from the norm. The user can ask for more information about certain style features in general and he can ask for the occurrences of the criticized style markers in the text. Due to the nature of stylistic errors as grammatically correct but more or less inadequate usage of linguistic features, the \"Analysis dialogue\" is thought to give recommendation as lar as possible, but not to correct text passages automatically.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis dialogue", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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