| { | |
| "paper_id": "C92-1008", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:35:01.298419Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "ON TEXT COHERENCE PARSING Udo llahn", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Fmiburg", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "[email protected]@uni~freiburg.de" | |
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| "year": "", | |
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| "abstract": "In this paper global patterns of thematic text organization me considered within the framework of a distributed model of text understmlding, ttased on file parsing resuhs of prior lext cohesioll analysis, specialized text grammar modules deternfine whether SOllle well-defined text lllltCro organization palteln is cOlll])ulabte flOlll the available text representatiolt SIrUCttlreS. The model underlying text coherence parsing formalizes hither to entirely intuitive textlinguistic notions whose origin can be traced back to Danes's work on thematic progression patleHlS.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "C92-1008", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
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| "text": "In this paper global patterns of thematic text organization me considered within the framework of a distributed model of text understmlding, ttased on file parsing resuhs of prior lext cohesioll analysis, specialized text grammar modules deternfine whether SOllle well-defined text lllltCro organization palteln is cOlll])ulabte flOlll the available text representatiolt SIrUCttlreS. The model underlying text coherence parsing formalizes hither to entirely intuitive textlinguistic notions whose origin can be traced back to Danes's work on thematic progression patleHlS.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "l)ufing tim last years it has become increasingly apparent that dialog and text understanding systems must account Ior connectivity relations that extend over sentence boundaries. This has led tn a bulk of work dealing with varinus forms of cohesimt-preserving language mechanisms, lnainly in the field of anaphora, which contribute to connectivity among sentences. From the focus on these linguistic phenomena one might obtain a misleading picture of textual connectivity, viz. one that considers it basically as a 'fiat', continuous streanl of formally connected utterances lacking additional structure. Far less research has been devnted to the intemM organization of cohesive utteranccs by mechanisms at a more global level of dialog/text architecture, the level of text coherence.", | |
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| "section": "INTRODUCTION", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Major computational approaches rclated to co-. herence aspects within a dialog processing framework am due to Reichman's [1978], McKcown's [19851 and Scha & Polmlyi's [19881 lbnnalizations [Hobbs 1982] . A second major methodok)gy which deals with the global stnactufing of written texts is the model nf text lnacro propositions and superstnlcturns [Kintsch & wm Dijk 1978, van Dijk 19801, tilt latter sharing all relevant pmtxmies one generally altriDutes to story grammars [Runlelhari 19'] 51. The problem with this kind of methodology is that, unlike the coherence relation approach, the grammat,'s which have been proposed so far are litirly idiosyncnttic 10r each application dmnain (narratives, weather reports, etc.). Cornmolt to all these approaches is the requirement of a deep, propositionally guided understanding of the underlying discourse; in particular, a complete theory o1' its dontain and an exhaustive specifieatitm of a natural language grammar must be supplied in order to guaraw tee proper operation of implemented systelns. This AcqEs In! COL1NG-92, NANI[.:S. 23-28 aot~q' 1992 2 5; might explain wily, with only low exceptions, these", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 121, | |
| "end": 188, | |
| "text": "[1978], McKcown's [19851 and Scha & Polmlyi's [19881 lbnnalizations", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 189, | |
| "end": 201, | |
| "text": "[Hobbs 1982]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 349, | |
| "end": 394, | |
| "text": "[Kintsch & wm Dijk 1978, van Dijk 19801, tilt", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 475, | |
| "end": 491, | |
| "text": "[Runlelhari 19']", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "UItK|C1S Of text coherence have resisted lullher coral)ilia li0nal treatment as evidenced by Ol)cratiooal systems. We here make an alternative alld conlpt|tationa[ly more tractable l)rolx)sal on how it) deal wifll global text structures at the text coherei1ce level. Its roots Call be traced back to the seminal wolk of F, l)mms [ 1974] , ill which he inl~lrmally deve, lnped tile notion of thematie progression patterm', distinguishinl; Delween three prototypical patterns, viz. constant theme, continuous tim realization of dxemes, and derived theme (see st:ctiou 3). The model outlined ill this paper stalls lmm a thor ough fi~rmalization of (one ol) these notioos and places it into the cnvimmnent of a fully operational wxt pars ing ,~\\vste.t wtlose design is mainly oriented towards the proper l~cognitiotl of text cohesion aod coherence phe nolnclla. Pellioent feasolls for our clloiec oI: a 1)allen type model of text coherence ale:", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 329, | |
| "end": 336, | |
| "text": "[ 1974]", | |
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| "section": "INTRODUCTION", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "(1) The text parser fomls part of tile text nndelstanding system TOPIC. It operates ht a i~al.world doruain [Reimer & ]tahu 19881, i.e. textual input is taken fl'onl a t)crnlallcnt stream of test reports in major (;ennan in fomladon technology magazines. As it seems that it will remain iu/'easible for a long time to come to provide exhaustive dt)tuain and grammar si~cilications lor routinely operating text understmulers, a palticularly robust partialpwwing approach capable o['handlinp potential specilication gaps has lreen adopted. These conditions obvkmsly preclude tile consideration of RST-style co hercnce relation COlUl)uting as a text coherence analysis stlategy, since relevant knowledge pmtions might be lacking lbr deteonming specific instances of coherence relations. Conversely, the coherence lelatiou appnlach seems currelflly itffeasiMe for tile rotlthle processing ol large-scale text collections in real donlaios. . As TOPIC is rather weak with re spool to lull-blown asseltiolm[ knowledge, coherelicc relation etm~puting, however valuable it might be, is currently out of reach for this systenl. Fortunately, Daues-type coherence t)allerns primarily t'eli:r to the level of tenninological knowledge.", | |
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| "text": "(3) l'rototypical patterns oI: themalic llrogression arc lairly gem:ral and independent Of particular domains ttlat exlx)sitory lexts deal with. l.ingttistic studies have collected empirical evidence for this claim through investigations of texts from diverse domains [Giora 1983a , Kurzon 1984 . This coincides with the generality of use of most coherence relations, but is in sharp contrast to the highly constrained and domain-dependent model of superstructures and story grammars. (4) Major thematic progression pattems are correlated with particular search styles and retrieval modes in fulltext information systems. Hence, providing typed coherence operators inherently supports graphics-based user interactions with the TOPIC system in terms of advanced conceptual orientation and navigation tools for semantically guided text graph tours (see section 5.3).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 268, | |
| "end": 280, | |
| "text": "[Giora 1983a", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 281, | |
| "end": 294, | |
| "text": ", Kurzon 1984", | |
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| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "(5) The investigation of thematic progression pattems is of value in its own methodological right. They constitute a basic structural model of text macro organization as opposed to model-theoretic and plan/goal-based approaches (a distinction made by Pustejovsky [1987] ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
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| "start": 263, | |
| "end": 269, | |
| "text": "[1987]", | |
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| "text": "As such they might complement current text understanding methodologies whose emphasis, so far, has been on fairly knowledge-expensive assertional models (such as coherence relations and text macro propositions) or stereotyped text-semantical models (such as superstructures and story grammars).", | |
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| "section": "INTRODUCTION", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "COHERENCE PARSING Tbe model of text structure parsing we propose draws a careful distinction between text cohesion and text coherence phenomena. As to the illustration of text cohesion mechatfisms in natural language texts, consider the following text passage: What is still lacking is a representation facility which characterizes this sequence of single assertions constantly referring to a single topic (Delta-X) as constituting a coherent whole. Recognizing linguistic forms of text coherency and providing appropriate thematic grouping operators for text knowledge bases is what text coherence parsing mainly is about. Even if parsers would perfectly recognize and normalize all occurrences of text cohesion phenomena in texts, missing recognition capabilities for text coherence phenomena would nevertheless produce under-structured, incoherent text knowledge bases in the sense that global pragmatic indicatops of discourse bracketing would be lacking.", | |
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| "section": "MOTIVATING THE NEED FOR TEXT", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "[1]", | |
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| "section": "MOTIVATING THE NEED FOR TEXT", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "In this section, we informally describe the basic patterns of text coherence focused on in this paper. According to Danes [1974] three categories of thematic developments can be distinguished:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 116, | |
| "end": 128, | |
| "text": "Danes [1974]", | |
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| "section": "BASIC TEXT COHERENCE PATTERNS", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "~1 Constant Theme. This pattern is characterized by the con.~tant elaboration of one specific topic within a text (passage) by considering several of its conceptual facets. The following two paragraphs serve to illustrate this major pattern of thematic progression (the reference points to the constant theme (Delta-X) are indicated by italics):", | |
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| "section": "BASIC TEXT COHERENCE PATTERNS", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "[TI.ll. The Delta-X from ZetaMachineslnc. is a multiuser, multitasking computer system that runs Unix V.3 and comes complete with most of the software needed for business applications. The combination host computer/workstation is based on a 68020 processor, with dual 68000 processors providing peripheral processing. It has a 12-inch monochrome display andan integrated telephone handset and built-in modem.", | |
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| "section": "BASIC TEXT COHERENCE PATTERNS", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "Internally, there's a 40-megabyte hard disk, a 1.2megabyte 51/4-inch floppy disk drive, 4.5 megabytes of RAM, a network controller, three RS-232C ports, and an ST-506 port. 7] Continuous Thematization of Rhemes. In contrast to constant themes, this pattern realizes a continuous shift of topics (visualized by bold italics). The process starts with a theme and ,some comment on that theme which we shall call theme (actu-\u2022 ally, an elaboration on one of its conceptual facets). Now this rheme is focused on as the next theme that is elaborated by a corresponding rheme, etc.: Derived Theme. Global text structure can also be introduced by a variety of topics which share conceptual commonalities (facets) at the knowledge rep-reSelltation level (not necessarily need this be paralleled with properties actually mentioned in the text!) without the general concept being explicitly stated in the text. Technically this is realized by a set of sub- Figure 1 ), these are constituted by the PARSE BULLETIN, a blackboard-type memory which records the single events of the parsing process, the DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE BASE, which contains file domain-specific background knowledge needed for the parse, and various EXPER~Ps for actually driving the parse through the text grammar specifications they incorporate (cf. tlahn [1990] for a more comprehensive presentation).", | |
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| "start": 1310, | |
| "end": 1316, | |
| "text": "[1990]", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 946, | |
| "end": 954, | |
| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| "section": "BASIC TEXT COHERENCE PATTERNS", | |
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| "text": "IT1.2].", | |
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| "text": "The PARSE BULLETIN has a flat list struc. ture. It records the sequence of text tokens as they appear in the text and, if relevant (see below), notes their class identifiers (FRAME item, ADJective, etc.). More imlxmant, cox~structivc parsing activities based on operations of the knowledge base and the parser are indicated at ~ver',d positions (so-called parse points) in the PARSE BULLETIN. The type of operation being performed is indicated by a particular parse descriptor. Some are internal to the management of the knowledge base, e.g., DEFACF (default concept activation), while others indicate grammatical relations recognized by tile parser, such as NounA'Vl' (conccptu~d attribution relations between nouns), AdjA'FI' (conceptual attribution relations between adjectives and nouns). The items alZ lcctcd by an operation lorm a so-called parse mple.", | |
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| "text": "The parser does not consider every token it receives from the input text at the same level of detail. Instead, it distinguishes between words which am signilicant to its performance (conceptually relevant ones, such as nouns or arljcctives which denote concepts in the domain knowledge base, or linguistically relevant ones, such as negation particles, certain conjtmctions, quantiliers, etc.), and tho~ that are not (anrong them a wide variety of semantically indifferent nouns, verbs, particles, etc., each of which is assigned the class identifier NIL). The latter are simply discarded from further analysis, while the fom~er arc assigned lexicalized grammar spccificafiorts. The parser h~s thus been tuned towards partialparsing in a spirit similar to that advocated by Schank ct al. [19801 The DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE BASE (KB for shoo) contains frame representation structures. E~:hframe identifier (in bold face) is assigned a list of slots (enclo~d by angular brackets). Them sioLs are associated with two different kinds of slot fillers. Permit ted slot fillers are enclomd in square brackets, [a-framo namo], which characterizes the range of possible slot fillers by ,all those fr~mles which ale a sulx)rdinate or an instance of framo name. Actual slot fillers are enclosed in curly braces and can be taken as facts either known a prk)ri to ll~c system or acquired continuously from the text as its understanding proceeds during file parm.", | |
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| "text": "Schank ct al. [19801", | |
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| "text": "In addition, each concept has attached to it an a.'~ tivation weight counter. The values of the weight fac~ [ors are enclosed by vertical bars attached to each item; if no bars explicitly occur, a zero weight is assumed. Activation weights arc incremented (starting from zerolevel activation) whenever a noun denoting its associated concept occurs in the text, and whenever structurebuilding operations in KB aflect that concept. The ma~ nipulation of activation weights serves several pur~ poses, the major ()tie being their use as an indicator of salience of concepts during rite text condensation phase, (luring which text summaries are generated flom the text representation structures resulting from lhe text parse [Reimer & tlahu 19881 .", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 720, | |
| "end": 741, | |
| "text": "[Reimer & tlahu 19881", | |
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| "text": "The text grammar is composed of a set of distributed graulmar experts, cach one responsible for sortie specific linguistic function (e.g., concept attribution via nominal, adjectival or prepositional phrases, mlaphora). Each expert ix characterized by a unique EXPERT NAME trod ix activated by a message event, i.e., by receiving a message text which nifty contain some parameters. 111 order to check its conlt~tence in contributing to the parse, pre-ennditions com[xrsed of complex test predicates are evaluated. If these pre-conditions hold for that expert, the post-conditions immediately apply, i.e. messages are sent to qualified actors (to other grammar experts, to the domain KB or to the bulletin).", | |
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| "section": "BASIC TEXT COHERENCE PATTERNS", | |
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| "text": "A DISTRIBUTEI) MODF, I~ OF TEXT COtlERENCE PARSING fil this paper, we shall not go intn the details of phrasal, clausal, and text cohesion parsing (of. llahn [ 1989] lot fin in-flcpth coilsideration of related technical issues). hlstead, we assume that these preliminary activities have aheafly teen carried out properly arid lhat sonic initial strnctural representation is already available from tile bulletin. These requirements are fulfilled in the snapshot of the PARSE BULLETIN in Figure 1 , taken after all local parsing events have terminated; dlis characterizes a state ready to tune to the activation o[ global text stnlclure computing experts. We here consider the end of the paragraph (denoted by the symbol 0 and the class identilier EOP) as an lulchoring point for coherence computation. It is motivated hy the observation that --at least in tile sublanguage domain we are currently working in --major tnpic movements occur predominantly fit paragrat)h boundaries. This coincides with linguistic evidence for the (text)grammatical status o1: paragraphs [tlinds 1979 , Giora 1983b , and Zadrozny &Jcnsen 1991 . Therelore, the proper rccogalition of textual macro structures is always initialized at the end ofa paragnq)h.", | |
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| "text": "[ 1989]", | |
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| "text": "[tlinds 1979", | |
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| "end": 1092, | |
| "text": ", Giora 1983b", | |
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| "start": 1093, | |
| "end": 1120, | |
| "text": ", and Zadrozny &Jcnsen 1991", | |
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| "start": 486, | |
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| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| "text": "Considering Constant Theme Constant themc is a coherencc pattern which is characterized by multiple occurrences of a singlcJJ'ame in tt~ PARSE BULLETIN within one paragraph. Most of its occurrences, in turn, arc accompanied by a slot and/or slot fillet\" indicating that some knowledge base operation with respect to.9~ame has ficcn carried out in KB (e.g., slot filling as indicated by NounA'lT or AdjA'IT for which wc shall introduce the LC* descriptor as a convenient shorthand notation). It is the cnntilmous elaboration of that particular conccpt that makes the corresponding text passage coherent. ", | |
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| "section": "5.1", | |
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| "text": "The general pattern from Figure 2 is already present in Figure 1 . This contains a description of the par'sing results of the first paragraph of text [TI.1] . The entries in the PARSE BULLETIN have been worked out by experts for linguistic phenomena on tile local level of phrasal, sentence and text cohesion analysis. For the propose of constant theme computation, we need only consider those entries whose pat.se descriptor designates manipulations of slots or slot values of some frame (LC*-typc descriptors, such as NounATT or Adj-A'FF). Other descriptors are irrelevant here and have been left out on purlx)se in Figure 1 . From this we construct the set THEMES. It consists of triples ( J?ame, slot, bullpos ) where frame is file name of a frame, and slot is the name of a slot of that frame, both co-occurring as lexical parameters of some parse tuple in the PARSE BULLETIN with a LC*-typc pal~e descriptor;", | |
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| "text": "[TI.1]", | |
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| "text": "( J?ame, slot, bullpos )", | |
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| "text": "Figure 2", | |
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| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| "section": "Figure 2 The General Corr~tant \"lTleme Configuration Pattern", | |
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| "text": "bullpos gives file parse point in file PARSE BULLETIN where frwne mid slot occur iustzmtancously. With respect to Figure 1 TIIEMES is given by: When considering TIIF, MES, we want tile criterion for constant {heine to tm spcci[ied in a way thai ac-COUIKS 10t tile fact that up to parse ix}int '037' each slt.}l (value) manipulation reR:rs to one particular 1heine (Delta-X). Between parse lx}int '039' and '046' there is a minor themalical distortion in thai there is no proper referetlce to that [hellle, although slots are menlioltcd which are associated with other concepts, llowever, from parse lXfint '046' onward the already established theme is taken tip again till the end of tile para.graph. In conclusi{}n, Delta-X seelns to be a 1}mt~r ean{tidate for consideration as a constatlt theme o[ Ihat l}aragl'aph. 1 Figure 1 provides a snapshot of the pro-conditions that are encountered by tile CT EXPERT, the coher ence expert for ConstantTheme. Runnin 8 twice, sup plied with diflcrent parametm,-;, it wolks out lhc results alluded to alxwc. The grammatical knowledge needed for tile determination of it constant theme is incorporated in its pre-collditi{m part. This expression is evaluated q~l,/E iff conslanl-lhetne produces sotnc theme and at associated mm-cmpty set RtlEMES related to theme, otherwise it is FAI~SI,;. Thc conditions for a constant theme can now Ira. stated morn precisely: l.el us now consider an Bxanlple (}1 the COmllUla.. liotl iltocesses illvolved ill actual c{ttl{'.i'ellce [}arsillg (sec l:il,,ure 1). ValiOllS coherellCe eXl~.:llS slafl execllliOll tll}-{}1] consulnplioll of the 0 symlx)l (indicating tile end ol a paral;raph) by lhe administration ell}eli of t[te pai~er, hut wc shall limit om attenlR}l| to (2'1\" EXI)EIUI ' (since the others will eventually staIvc). After receiving l:}le<:k CT{ ]'2OP, [)!15, [)00 ) as ils st;.Irtilt}~ laessagt.;, cottstanl-theme is sutlplicd with inilial paranieters: textpos :: {)55, testpos = {X}0. Obviously, pr~7}os = 0{X}, since the analysis st;ms l{)1 the til~t paragraph of the text. newpos clay ll(}W galilee lrOlll '0{)1' 10 '054'. l,et us consider Delta-X as theme. (This is a proper choice. 11 iml}ropcr choices were ntade, cott,%'ltttHtheme w{}nld not t)roduce a significant result.). The chaice lor newpos milS[ aCCOlilitlottatc Ihe tClllp{}raly breakdown o{ the selected thet~w beginning from t\u00d7}sitioll '{}39', since we have k' ~ {}39 { [IX)l, 0541 with all theme :: 68000-1 (or 68000-2) ill TtlEMES and Bo pr0pcr triple ( l}eRa-X, slol 039 ) as required by condition g(x.) al:~)ve. So newpos has to be adjusted properly to tile parse point '{}39', at which l\u00d7}int tile constant theme i}attem for l)eha-X eventually temfinates for lit{*, lirst time. This produces:", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 114, | |
| "end": 122, | |
| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 820, | |
| "end": 828, | |
| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Figure 2 The General Corr~tant \"lTleme Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "c~*nnt(o~t-the~ue( 055,000 ) = ( Delta.X, [rrl(Lztuthcttzrer, usage mode, operaling m~le, operatillg ~y~ tern, application domain, CPU, processors}, 089 ) and ('T EXPEIIT issues a {71'4 roup reading to KB incoi'l\u00d7}i'~lting lhe constant theme togcther with its ass{}-", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 42, | |
| "end": 61, | |
| "text": "[rrl(Lztuthcttzrer,", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 62, | |
| "end": 73, | |
| "text": "usage mode,", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 74, | |
| "end": 89, | |
| "text": "operaling m~le,", | |
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| "start": 90, | |
| "end": 110, | |
| "text": "operatillg ~y~ tern,", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 111, | |
| "end": 130, | |
| "text": "application domain,", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 131, | |
| "end": 135, | |
| "text": "CPU,", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 136, | |
| "end": 148, | |
| "text": "processors},", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 149, | |
| "end": 154, | |
| "text": "089 )", | |
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| ], | |
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| "section": "Figure 2 The General Corr~tant \"lTleme Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "elated i]tetiies,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Figure 2 The General Corr~tant \"lTleme Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Since lhc PARSE BUIJ ,I \u00a2TIN hlts not exhat, stivcly lmen investigated with restmct to its coherence data PRO}C. Of, U()I,IN{; 92, NANIE:% AU{;. 2L28, 1992", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Figure 2 The General Corr~tant \"lTleme Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(newpos+l < textpos), CT EXPERT resumes execution, now starting with a-~econd set of parameters: textpos = 055, testpos = 039 (see the second expert placed into the foreground in Figure 1) . Again, prepos --000, but due to the new testpos parameter newpos is now in the interval [40, 54] . The evaluation of constant-theme( 055, 039 ) starts with a proper choice of newpos = 054. testpos+ l excludes 68000-1 (68000-2) from further consideration. Finally, we obtain cor~t~nt-theme( 055, 039 ) = {i /o devices, peripheral devices, communication devices}, 054) Note that the occurrence of display-I at parse point '046' does not conflict with criterion (g), since we also have Delta-X (thematically related to i/o devices \"and peripheral devices) at that parse point (cf criterion g(z)). Since the end of the paragraph has been reached, the coherence computation process hails. Figure 3 represents the effects of grouping a constant theme and the themes referred to in the text passage (cf. [055.1] and [055.2]) by the shadowed area of the (frame) box. This indicates that the grouped items are treated coherently in a text passage. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 279, | |
| "end": 283, | |
| "text": "[40,", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 284, | |
| "end": 287, | |
| "text": "54]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| { | |
| "start": 494, | |
| "end": 508, | |
| "text": "{i /o devices,", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 509, | |
| "end": 528, | |
| "text": "peripheral devices,", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 529, | |
| "end": 552, | |
| "text": "communication devices},", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 553, | |
| "end": 557, | |
| "text": "054)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 179, | |
| "end": 188, | |
| "text": "Figure 1)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 875, | |
| "end": 883, | |
| "text": "Figure 3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Figure 2 The General Corr~tant \"lTleme Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Similarily, formal descriptions have been worked out for the other two basic text coherence patterns mentioned above. Instead of a full treatment, we give two rather informal sketches of the underlying regularities as they have been incorporated into our framework. Contitmous thematization of rhemes most significantly departs from the constant theme schema just outlined (in fact, both are mutually exclusive) in that the former incorporates a continuous shift of the topics being considered. Figure 4 illustrates this permanent change of issues in a text. The PARSE BULLETIN contains a sequence of local theme-theme pairs withframeTi being tile current local theme and slotftllerTi being its associated local rheme. Text coherence is due to the fact that the current local theme (slotfillerTi) becomes the next local theme (framerl+l). This rheme-specific connectivity criterion is stressed by the double-sided black arrows in the DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE BASE which link the immediately preceding theme to its identical theme succes-sor, while local theme-theme connections are indicated by the one-sided grey arrows which go l~om the local theme to its associated local tl~eme. A sequence of local theme-theme pairs fulfilling the rheme-specilic conuectivity criterion in terms of overlapping palmneters (current rheme becomes next theme) constitutes what is Item called continuous thematization of rhemes, i.e. a g/oba/theme-theme cluster.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 495, | |
| "end": 503, | |
| "text": "Figure 4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Remarks on Continuous Thematization of Rhemes and Derived Theme", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "[...1 0 EOe i::.[ f ,o-.,, ,.~,,: (.~ o,,,,,. J,-,,. [, t~. [ ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 20, | |
| "end": 59, | |
| "text": ",o-.,, ,.~,,: (.~ o,,,,,. J,-,,. [, t~.", | |
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| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Remarks on Continuous Thematization of Rhemes and Derived Theme", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "An illustration is given by text fragment [T 1.2 ] in section 3 where bold italics stress the emerging global theme-rheme cluster constituted by tile following sequence of overlapping local theme-theme pairs:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I F igu re 4 The General Contiouous Thematization of Rhemes Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Delta-X -nmntffacturer-ZetaMachines Inc., ZetaMachines Inc. -product-Gamma-Z, Gamraa-Z -architecture-Conn. Machine architecture, Conn. Machine architecture -developer-D. Hillis", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I F igu re 4 The General Contiouous Thematization of Rhemes Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The third pattern further generalizes the results of the afore-going coherence computations on the paragraph level and extends them over various (adjacent) paragraphs and possibly over the whole text. Consider a series of paragraphs, each one dealing exclusively with one special topic (see Figure 5 below). The first paragraph deals with frame T 1, tile second one elaborates onframeT2, etc. A derived theme can be computed when all these different (sub)topics call be linked to the most specific general (super)topic (frameT). In technical terms, these subtopics are all instances of that", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 291, | |
| "end": 299, | |
| "text": "Figure 5", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I F igu re 4 The General Contiouous Thematization of Rhemes Configuration Pattern", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "ACfE,~ I~I~C()I_,IN(; 92, NANi'I!S, 23-28 A(l~r 1992", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Ptu)c, ov COLING-92, NANTES, AUG. 23-28, 1992", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "supertopic.Text [T2] illustrates Otis pllenomenon: there are three paragraphs whose major topics arc Delta-X, Gamma-Z, and Sigma-P; a conceptual generalization step links them to the derived theme work, s'tation. In Figure 5 this relationship is indicated by thc arrows pointing fi'om each subtopic (of a single paragraptt) to its supertopic, thematically characterizing these paragraphs on a more general level of conceptualization. 1987] . In particular, we observed a close funclional relationship between the selection of particular coherence patterns and particular search states during the retrieval process which is performed on network representations of text summaries, so-called text graptLs: A more elaborated formal description of this model -int:lnding those parts which could only be treated rather sketchily in this contribution -is given in llalm [1991] . The parser is currently running on SUN SPARCStations under Unix (SUNOS V4.1 A).The functionality described in this paper is fully operational and part of the TOPIC text understanding system.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 434, | |
| "end": 439, | |
| "text": "1987]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 863, | |
| "end": 869, | |
| "text": "[1991]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 216, | |
| "end": 224, | |
| "text": "Figure 5", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "annex", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
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| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "text": "textpos, O, EOP) is in the PARSE BUIA,ETIN ~ & (el (prepos, O, COP ) is also in the PMLSE BULLI'; TIN such that prepos < textpos and such that no other triple with '\u00a2' as text item interwmes between prepos and textpos in the l'Al~qE BUIAA:,~ TIN & (d) newpos \u2022 Imax( prepos, testpos )+1, textpos-I [ & (el theme is a frame in the DOMAIN KNOWL-EI)GE BASE & (f) V ki c [max( prepos, testpos ) ~1, ~tewpos-1]: (theme, slot, k i) { TIIEME8 .===> slot c IeHEMES & (g) -,~ k\" c Imax( prepos, testpos)+l, newpos-1]: ({z) air_theme (distinct from theme) is a fl'ame in the DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE BASE & ([~) (alt. theme, slot', k\" ) < TI[EMES & (,%) ,H tsk\" (. TtIEMES: tsk\" = ( theme, slot, k\" ) & (h) IRHEMESI > 2 & (i) newpos is maximal in the sense that -,-I Apos ~ [:max'( prepos, testpos)+l, textpos-l[: Apos > newpos & conditions (c) -(g) apply, too.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "text": "'\"] \"f\u00a2'~' rl < Skirl ; [ #a flll~rr I ~ $~lrl ) > IX:\" [...I St,m# rl <sl\u00b0lrl: { |1o\u00a2 filk~rrl ~ fr'm'r(l+l)) > LC' [...] from'fro.l) <skJlr\u00a2..li[llotfllk~rf..l)=fraWalr.]> LC j [-.1 /rlm, r, ~llCar.:{ Ilot fllL~x.", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "text": "of diatog grammars. Coherence criteria of written texts llavc [)cell illvestigated ill tile context of 'Rhetorical Stmcttlm Thet) ry' IMann & Thompson 19881 and related extensions le.g., Altemlan 1982, Tucker, Nirenburg & Raskin 19861 of tile original theory of coherence relations ill discom.'se" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF4": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>This text implicitly has workstation as a derived</td></tr><tr><td>lhemc, since that is the immediate prototype concept</td></tr><tr><td>of those three instauees (Delta-X, Gamma-Z,</td></tr><tr><td>S igma-P) explicitly menlioned in [T 2].</td></tr><tr><td>4 TIlE KNOWLEDGE SOURCES</td></tr><tr><td>INVOINED IN TEXT PARSING</td></tr><tr><td>This section deals with the .knowledge sources involved</td></tr><tr><td>in actually parsing a text. Basically (see</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "AUG. 23-28, 1992 ordinates or instances of a common (only implicit) supcrordinate/prototype. Suppose the iUuslrative text ITI] composed of its two constituent parts from above, [T1.1 ] and [T1.2], is augmented by ~vel~d paragraphs dealing with Gamma-Z and Sigma-P machines on a similar level of detail as those pas-sageswlfichcor~sidertheDelta-X in [TII:[T21. The DeltaoX from ZetaMachines... [1'1. I~TI.2]The Gamma-Z is a MS-DOS machine. Peripheral devices include an 8-inch color display, a tmarix printer , and a key&)ar d ....The Sigma-P system makes available a lot of desirable application sz~ftware such as a ck~tatnt~e,~stem, word processing, and a variety of games ...." | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF5": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>pARS1] BUI,I,I~TI~</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">{0o0] 0</td><td/><td>FOP</td></tr><tr><td>[0Ol]</td><td>\"11~</td><td/><td>Nil.</td></tr><tr><td>[002[</td><td>I~lt~-X</td><td/><td>FRAMF.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[002-1] l'J~ll|.X III</td><td/><td>D~iFACI'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">1003] from</td><td/><td>NIL</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[0041 7z~llch~</td><td>[zrt~</td><td>['3lAME</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">[004.11 7~ut Miw~mol ]hte. Ill</td><td>D 'EI:ACI'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[004.2] I</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[013.2) I~lot-X ~6~ < ~tinlg system[ I11: { Unix V,3 I11 } ></td><td>lq~nA3T !</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">1033.3] Delta-Xlgl<ln~.~rllfl: [ 68020111) ></td><td>NouttA'Fl'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">[037.31 ~0a-X I101 < i~ct</td><td>12J: { 68020 HI. 6800~.1 Ill, 611000.2-Ill ] ></td><td>NoudA'l'l'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[039.2} 68000-1 121 < functimx[ll: { pmiphe~al proofing } ></td><td>NounA'l'l\"</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[039.3] 68000~2121 < function II1: { peripheral t~ooenliug } \u2022</td><td>N~lt&q'l</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[046.3] dh~lay-I t2J < pt'~t~ti~ roode I11: { n~aochro~a~ } ></td><td>AdjA'lq'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">I046.4] I~[ta-X I111 < i/o tl~c~ I11: { di~day-I Ill ] \u2022</td><td>NounA'Fr</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[046,5] Dclla-Xl|ll<pc~ii41~a'dd~wic~llk [di~play-Illl}></td><td>NounA'IT</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[050.3] l~ll~-X I 121 < p,eriph~l deviot~ 12i: [ dilpllty-I I11, telel~ri\u00a2 I11 } :.</td><td>NotulA'l'f</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">i0\"53.2/ D~lt~ XII31 .......</td><td>icali~nd~vi~lTJ: [ Uelephunelll, n~d~tllt } > \"N~nATF</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[053.3] IXelt~t-X I131 < pe~iph~l d~vic~ 131: { display-1111,.... n~lmn Ill } ></td><td>NounA'l'l'</td></tr><tr><td>[054]</td><td>.</td><td/><td>PUNC-r</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[055[ 0</td><td/><td>EOP</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">DOMAIN KNOW1.BDGB BASB</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">('-D~ii~,-~ [131</td><td/><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>and achieves text under-</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>standing primarily on a terminological levcl of knowl-</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>cdge representation.</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "Delta-X t21 < nt~uauf~:iut~ I11'. ( Ze~M~cllkl~ ln~ I11 } ~. NeanA'rl\" [010.3] I)~.lta-X ~41 < ulis\u00a2 mode [11: { mullitu~ } ~. ~IjNIT [010.4] I~lta .X [5~ < ~ting mod~ I1 I: ( nmldt~kiag ) > AdjAq[q' ......" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF6": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">slots of a frame awulablc in the knowlcdgc basc be</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">referred to in the text (as with sloth41 ...... ~'lotm), nor</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">that there t)e any ordering constraint relating single slots</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">of a fl'amc in KB to thc sequence of slot filling opera-</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">tions in the PARSE BUI,LETIN.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>pARSIq BULLI~TIN</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>[.1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[.l froMt</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>['.']</td><td>frame <slcll:{ slotfilte q l></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>i,',]</td><td>fra ....</td><td>hit 7 : (slot fillet 7 }></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[..] fea~e < slot, : ( slot fili~ } ></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>I.I</td><td>frame < slc4n i : [ slot fillers I } ></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[ .] frame <slot n: { slot fillet } ></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[..1 0</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE BASE</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>< self: a-f~me > < ii > <,i > \u2022 ~ ~i~ii,; L : . < sl,t,,i :{.. } [,!> E <..></td></tr><tr><td>Acllis tIE COLING</td><td>92, NANTES, 23 28 AO(JT 1992</td><td>2 8</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "While tbe bulletin maintains file sequential order of these (,pclations, KB provides the conceptual background lot coulinuous references to Ihe same frame object.Vigure 2 visualizes the description for constant theme; the DOMAIN KNOWI,EIXiE BASE window displays fill properties of frame dealt with in a text (passage) in the shadowed area of the frame Ix)x, while those ilot mentioned in tile text are in tile remaining white pat~t. Consequently, it is neither neccssaly Ihat all" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF8": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>Some {'onimmllS lelated {{} this specilicafion:</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(a) ceding textpos, prepo.~ denotes tile pat=sc point in</td></tr><tr><td/><td>PARSF, BtJ1.1 ,t';TIN thai contains 1he end-of-para-</td></tr><tr><td/><td>graph syml\u00d7)l occurfin.p; right l~'ft)re tile one {}ll</td></tr><tr><td/><td>palse ix}in{ textpos.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>({1) After lixing the search intelwll in the bulletin for</td></tr><tr><td/><td>which a col]stanl IhenK: is going to bc coiuputed,</td></tr><tr><td/><td>tle~.vpos allows [0r vii'it)us choices as to how far a</td></tr><tr><td/><td>constant thenle may acLually extend iu that interval.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(c) theme nlay be any frame from KP,.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(I) A ttu~me is related Ill ilS various fitcmes actor{ling</td></tr><tr><td/><td>to Ihe fblh}wilw, condition: ill each btllletin pasitic}n</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(k) where t/let, le t}cctlls in \"I'llI,;MI'2~ wilhin lhe in.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>tclval delimited by newl)oS, its associated slot (slid</td></tr><tr><td/><td>glc fimme) is assig[~cd to lhe set RIIEMES.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(g) To guarautee lhat the~m~ is the only topic dealt wilh</td></tr><tr><td/><td>ill Ihe text, wBals{} requile that uo ah lh(:t?lt! differ-</td></tr><tr><td/><td>elll [rl)ilt t]leDle Occur ill lit{: chosell iiltelval such</td></tr><tr><td/><td>that it. also f{}nns pall t}f TIiI;MES .--(;0 accotlllls</td></tr><tr><td/><td>ft}r m{}r{: eomplicat{'d cases where both, ah theme</td></tr><tr><td/><td>a[td themL', i/lay {g,3cllr at tile Salllc p[nNe poini.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(hi To role out insignilicant occttlrelIces of theme ilK:</td></tr><tr><td/><td>cardinalily of RIIEMES must exceed a cemlin level.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(i) The maximality criterion for newpos rules oul</td></tr><tr><td/><td>choosilig t{}{) Slll~l[I valtleS (if tiewDos.</td></tr><tr><td>Otherwise, eonstant.the~w.( textl~VS, testlms ) = *</td><td/></tr><tr><td>inherraltly mbusl</td><td/></tr><tr><td>towards ~uch hx:al foml~ of digmssi~ls</td><td/></tr><tr><td>2 Referenc~ to mltrles th the PARSI! BUI~I.|~I'IN have the fro,nil ( PantePoint,</td><td/></tr><tr><td>par*dL'uple, I)at~eI)e~cnptar ).</td><td/></tr><tr><td>AC1T:S lIE COLING-92, NANI'ES, 23 28 ^O~;t 1992</td><td>2 9</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "The l}aramclms supplied to ctm.~Hlnl-lheme Spill lhe spatial extellsi{lil in PARSE BI.JLI,ETIN which IS searched I{}l' it c{)nstiltll l.heltlC; tgxft)os always denotes the end t)f {he cuucnt l}aragraph, i.e. the upper lx}und of |he search area, while testpos delimits its h)wer bound. (It) The t}alse D}int characterized by textpos iaust colt~ tam tile end of-palagraph syitil}(}l 0. (c) Since testt~o.~\" ll>ay bc any arl)itrary parse t\u00d7}int pre-" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF9": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">PARSB B L~.A~B~</td></tr><tr><td>[~1</td><td>0</td><td/><td>EOp</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(;;;I ;</td><td/><td>~o~</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[055.11 ~ta-X ( nmnufact~, ~ge In~ opc*ating mtxle, opulling |ylttl~n,</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">application domain, CPU, procc~m~ ]</td><td>(7.1\"</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">[055,2} ~-X { bb device.a, peripheral d~-vice~t, \u00a2.ocmnunicatimt dcvic\u00a2~ }</td><td>Cr</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">< #df: a-work,altion ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">~'~:'~</td><td colspan=\"2\">It I:\" ( 680~.0 i| I [..,1 ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">I~~o ~ ffI:( a~[,~I:~~E~~ ~i~i~</td><td>) ~..:I ~</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">i-< ~~ ~~ n~ ~!.fr~~I</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">< appliottion ~wlXe: [tn.applicttion soRw~re] \u2022</td></tr><tr><td/><td><~ <...></td><td>[,-~i\u00a2\u00a9I ></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">Flgur\u00a2 3 Post-Conditions Holding with respect to a Constant</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>Theme Pattern</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": ":tm] ......." | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |