| { | |
| "paper_id": "C94-1044", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:48:01.051912Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Interlingual Lexical Organisation for Multilingual Lexical Databases in NADIA", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Gilles", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sdrasset", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "CNRS", | |
| "location": { | |
| "addrLine": "BP 53", | |
| "postCode": "38041, Codex 9", | |
| "settlement": "Grenoble", | |
| "country": "France" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "We propose a lexical organisation fi)r mullilingual lcxical databases (MLDB). This organisation is based on acceptions (word-senses). We detail this lexical organisation m~d show a mock-up built to experiment with it. We also present our current work in defining and prototyping a specialised system for the manage,ncnt of acception-based M LDB.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "C94-1044", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "We propose a lexical organisation fi)r mullilingual lcxical databases (MLDB). This organisation is based on acceptions (word-senses). We detail this lexical organisation m~d show a mock-up built to experiment with it. We also present our current work in defining and prototyping a specialised system for the manage,ncnt of acception-based M LDB.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Needs for large scale lexical resources for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in general and for Machine Translation (MT) in p:uticular, increase every day. These resources ,are considered to ::epresent the most expensive part of ahnost any NLP system. Ilcnce, an increasing interest in the development of reusable dictionaries can be observed.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "q'o develop a Multilingual Lexical Database (MLDB), we think of two main approaches. First, the tran.~'r approach where the links between the languages are realized via unidirectional bilingual dictionaries. This approach is used by many MT systems and by some lexical database projects (notably Acquilex or Multilex).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Second, the interlingttal approach where the links between the languages arc realized via an nnique interlingual dictionary. The KBMT-89 project (Knowledge Based Machine Translation) at Carnegie Mellon University in the US and the EI)R. (Electronic Dictionary Research) project in Japan use tiffs approach. In the context of multilingnal MT systems, we arc interested in the problems posed when constructing \"rod using an application and theory independent MLDB. Wc are developing a Lexical l)atabase Management SyslcIn, NADIA, based on an inlerlingual approach. Wc chose acceptions as inlerlingual milts. NADIA provides re:my tools for the management of MLI)Bs. Moreover, this system gives the linguist a great liberty in tbc choice of the linguistic structures. We first give ,an overview of the project, beginning with its lexical organization. Then, we give the results of our experimentations on this lexic,'d organization. Finaly, we present our current work: the definition and prolotyping of a specialized system for the management of acceptionbased MLDBs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "NADIA is the continuation of a work done for the Multilex ESPRIT project. The coherence checkcr and software architecture have been defined for Multilex and adapted to our lexical orga,fizatinn.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "After studying and comparing different projecls of lexic:d dat;dmses, including I\"J)R (E[31~. 1993), KBMT-89 (Nirenburg and 1)cfrise 1990; Good,nan and Nirenburg 1991) Multilex and of Mullilingual MT syslems, such as CICC (Uchida and Zhu 1991) and ULTRA (Farwcll, ,guthrie ctal. 1992) , wc lmve concluded in favor of an iutcrlingual lexical organization for our MLDBs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 222, | |
| "end": 243, | |
| "text": "(Uchida and Zhu 1991)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 254, | |
| "end": 284, | |
| "text": "(Farwcll, ,guthrie ctal. 1992)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. Acception-basod lexical organization", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Some of the inter,rational projects of lexical databases are based on a multbbilingual approach (e.g. Multilex) while others use knowledge representation as an interlingua (e.g. KBMT-89 or EI)P,). Much like ULTRA, our approach is interlingual and linguislic rather than knowledge-based.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. Acception-basod lexical organization", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A MLI)B consists of two kinds of diclionarics: lhc monolingual dictionaries and the acception dictionary.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The dictionaries", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The monolingual dictionaries arc accessible by entries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "These entries are le,mnas (\"normal form\" of words, e.g. in Snglish, infinilivc lk~r verbs, singt, lar for nouns, etc.).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Items of the monolingual dictionaries (monolingual acceptions) are generally accepted meanings of words or expressions, as wc can find them in standard printed dictiona,'ics. These monolingnal acccplions arc combined with their linguistic inlbrnmtion.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Monolingual acceptious of a language L arc acccptions that are connected to a word or an expression of L. Such an acccption can be accessed from one (or mo,'e) entries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "1.2, Ace.option dicdonm2~", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The interlingual diclio,mry, called acc(v~tion \u00a2lictionaty, contains interlingual acctT)timzs. Some inlkwnnalion c[in be linked to these intcrlingu:fl acceptions.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In a MLI)B composed of n monolingual dictiouaries, the set of intcrlingual acccplions is equal Io the uuinn of the sets of monolingual acceptions of the n dictionaries, with an equality relation bound to the semantic identity.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Some contrastivc problems may appear when two monolingual acceptious of two different languages are semantically slightly different. This appears when there is a non-direct translation of a word (e.g. 'river' can be translated in French by 'rivibre' or by Tleuvc 'l ). This kind of problem is solved by a relation from acceplion to subacception which is prc-defincd in all NADIA lcxical databases: the contrastivc relation. It is intended to code contras|ive problems induced by a non-direct translation, it /'7\"'\\ / ....... .':,,,o\\ 2. I,exical organizati(m In the acception-based lexical organization, the monolingual acceptions and the interlingual acccplions must satisfy the lbllowing criteria:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "2,1. Well-formcdness crileria , Each interIingual acctTtion correspomls to at &ast one monoIingual acception. This criterion slates that an interlingual acccption must correspond to at least one entry of one language (as ntonolingual acceptions).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "1,1, Monoli~ dielionarics", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "An interlingual aeception is not necess'~rily connected to a mcmolingual acccption of each language of the MLDB. \u2022 A monolingual acception corresponds to one and only one interlingual acceptiom A monolingual acception is always related to an intcrliugual acception and (as stated by the preceding criterion) is one-one.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "\u2022 An interliagual acception corresponds to at most one monolingual acception of the same language.", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Two monolingual acceptions ofdiffi~rent languages correspond to a unique interlingual acception if, and only if they have the same meaning. This criterion sta~es the semantic identity of two monolingttal acceplions of different langtmgcs (provided that they correspond to the same interlingual acception) allowing the use of the interlingual dictionary for lexieal translation purposes.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translation criteria", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 If entry el of language TA is translated by entry e2 in language L2 via a non-dh'ect equivalence, the corresponding interlingual acception must be linked by the conm~stive relation or by a relalion of quasisynonymy. This criterion allows the use of the acception dictionary for lexical translalion purposes even when there is no direct translation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translation criteria", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "II. Experimentation", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translation criteria", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In order to experiment this lexical organizatio,t, 1;:. Blanc has built the Parax mock-up (Sdrasset and Blanc 1993) . This mock-np is a small acceplion-based lexical database of 5 languages (Fmglish, French, German, I~.ttssian, Chinese).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 90, | |
| "end": 115, | |
| "text": "(Sdrasset and Blanc 1993)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "l. The Parax mock-up", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Parax, produced on Macinlosh with IlypcrCard TM, was designed to experiment prol~letns inherent to the acception-based lexieal organization, llence, items of the monoliugual diclionaries are combined with rather simple linguistic information.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "l. The Parax mock-up", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "An enlry of a monolingual dictiotmry is linked Io several acceplions. These acceptions arc provided with their linguistic information (lcfl c(flumn in fig. 2 ). l:.ach of these monolingual acceptions is related to an interlingual acccption along with its (lefinition (in French) and s0me scmanlic infonnation (right eoltnnn in fig. 2 To accede to the acceplion dictionary, Ihe user selects an acception in the middle column. The acception is displayed ahmg with its sul~-aceeptions (middle column of fig. 3 ). From Ihis point, it is possible Io gel a translation by selecting a target langtmge for one of the acceptions. The lranslation appears in Ihe right eohnnn of fig. 3 (which shows the German translation of the acception). In Ihe example given, there is no direct equiv:dence from l:rench to Russian as Russian introduces a distinction on the gender of the subject. To get the Russian translation, we have to select one of the sub-acceptions. Then, we can get '>getlrrrrr,\u00a2>l ' for fl man or '3aMyx'-: ', 'aaMym (gblflTI| -as)'", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 151, | |
| "end": 157, | |
| "text": "fig. 2", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 327, | |
| "end": 333, | |
| "text": "fig. 2", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 500, | |
| "end": 506, | |
| "text": "fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 668, | |
| "end": 674, | |
| "text": "fig. 3", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "l. The Parax mock-up", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "or ~3,t~MyIK(~M ' * for a woman.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "l. The Parax mock-up", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As the platform we used for this mock-up was not specialized for such a task, we have used an indexing methodology lbr the construction of this MLI)B.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Indexing in Parax", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The starting point of onr work was a smaU French corpus we wanted to index, llence, we begau to index French words and for each created acceptions, we gave a translation in the other languages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Indexing in Parax", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "After creating an entry, the lexicographer gives its different word-senses ,and their linked linguistic information (the kind of information depends on the language of the entry).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Indexing in Parax", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Then, the lexicographer links the word senses to an interlingual acception. As lhe number of acceplions is still small, it is possible to select an ,already existing aeception by browsing directly in the acception dictionary. If the searched aceeption does not exist, it is created along with a definition in French and some semantic inlk)rmation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Indexing in Parax", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "When developing a lmge scale MLI)B, it is no longer possible to select existing interlingual acceptions by directly browsing through the acceptiou dictionary. Moreover, the different dictionaries will have to be iudexed by different lexicographers. 11encc, it is necessary to define another methodology.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "General c, ~' ls.~", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The process of creation of an entry and its monolingual acceptions does not change. AftEr creating an enlry, Ihe lexicographer selects a possible translation for the considered acception in a language of the database. If this translation is already indexed in the target language, he selects the corresponding acception in the target dictionary. The source and target monolingual aeceptions are automatically linked to the same inlerlingual acception. If the translation is not ah'eady indexed in the target language, the lexicographer indexes it (partially) and asks the person in charge of the target dictionary to complete the new entry.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "General c, ~' ls.~", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The acception dictionary is thus constructed and managed by the system and the lexicographers work in more or less the s,-une way as when indexing bilingual dictionaries. This automatic management of the interlingual dictionary involves the automatic verification of the criteria defined abxwe.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "General c, ~' ls.~", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "When a problem is detected the system attaches a w,-u-ning for the lexicographer in charge of the acception dictionary, m~d proposes a default solution.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "General c, ~' ls.~", | |
| "sec_num": "2.2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The corpus we wanted to index in the Parax mock-up consisted of 135 entries in French corresponding to a representative set of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs of gener:d vocabulary. We have indexed these entries and the related aeceptions. As we sutrted the indexation with q French corlms, only some of the entries in the other languages have been given all their acceptions.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Some results", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The distribution of the entries and aeceplions of the different languages is the lollowiag: Among these intcrlingual aeceptions, 58 are subacceptious introduced by contr,'t~tive problen~s. The size of this mock-up is of the same order as that of Multilcx.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Some results", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Our current work consists in the dcfiniti(m and prototyping of a specialized management system for acceplion based MLI)FIs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "III. Current work", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Some internalional projects have already started the development of a system for MLl)lis. We have studied and we nse some of their reStllis.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In Fmropc, we have participated in the Mullilcx project (CFC -I)G XIII -EsPRrI\" project) which aims at the definition of standards for lexieal databases systems. We use some o1' its rcstzlts (e.g. the software architecture, some of the tools).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Multilex's software architecture, based on three layers (presentation level, internal level and database level), clearly separates the presentation from the coding and the coding from the storage of the information. This organization allows to change Ihe presentation of the structures (giving the possibility to define user interfaces hiding the internal structure). We have also studied the Jap:mesc I:I)R project which has developed large dictionaries of about 300,000 words in bofll English and Japanese (200,000 of general vocalml:u-y, 100,000 of terminological vocabulary). FDR has also developed diction:uies of 4(X),000 concepts, dictionaries of 300,000 co-occun'cnces (bolh in F.nglish and Japanese) and dictionaries of 300,000 bilingual culries (both for J,'qmucsc-l:.nglish and l';nglish-Japauesc) (I';I)R 1993).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In EDIt., illdividtml concepts arc introduced in the word dictionary and correspond to the word senses, llence, our acceptions are really close 1o their concepts, l lowever, they do not use a contrastivc relation t() code problems between the languages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The CICC (Center of International Cooperation for Computerization, Japan) has also used a very close organization to construct a MLI)B (Japanese, Chincse, Thai, Malay, and Indonesian) for its Multilingu:d Machine Translation system. This lexical database coulains 50,000 wonls or terms (Uchida and Zhu 1991) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 286, | |
| "end": 307, | |
| "text": "(Uchida and Zhu 1991)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "2. Toward a specialized management system A specialized management system for acception-based lexical databases must offer ways to automatisc the management of the aceeption dictionary. It must also offer tools to define, index and manage the monolingual dictionaries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The NAI)IA system has to detect potential errHrs in the acceptiHn database. Fach pHtenlial Error is giVEn IH a lexicographer who is in charge of the correctio,. This detection is independent of the linguistic structure of the monolingual dictkmary. It consists in tile detection of geHmclrie inconsistencies in the relations between the elements Hf the database (entries, nlonolingtlal acceptions, inleflingtull acceplions).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\"llm NAI)IA system also provides tHOIS to help the users define, index, and manage a MI,I)B.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "These tHHIS depend on the linguistic slructure Hf Ihe different dictionaries, Ilence, a lingnist has to declare the slructure of the mlicles of the dictkmaries via a specialized la,tguage. To encode the linguistic informatkm, the linguist can use p,'edefined basic data structures (strings. lists, sets, trues, graphs, autHmata or Typed Feature S It'llcttll'eS).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Several tools have been defined to help tlm users: . l,',ditor: lhis tool provides a default interface to edit items Hf a dictionary. It is alSH ixmsible to customize the interface --this tHol is at sh'uctured Edilor h la GRIF (Andr6, Furttla et ill. 1989) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 222, | |
| "end": 256, | |
| "text": "GRIF (Andr6, Furttla et ill. 1989)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Browser: this tool gives ways to browse through Ihe database. \u2022 Colterence checker: the linguist may defi,e some coherence all(l integrity rules that apply on an article, on a dictionary Hr on the whole lexical database. These rules are checked alld file result lfepet~ds on the strength of the nile. l)iq'aulter: the linguist may also define rules IH default entries HI a dictionary. These rules can be applied in batch mode (in order to expand an existing dictionmy) Hr in interactive mode (to hel l} the lexicographer in the indexing proCESS). \u2022 lnq)ort/eaport: the linguist m:ty write importing and exporting prHcedures from the intermtl structure to an external Rmnat based on the SGMI, langLUlgc and TEl guidelines.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Related projecls", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As an example of the use tlf tile NA1)IA matmgenlcnt system for acceptiHn-based MI,I)B, WE give the definition of the linguistic struclu,'e used ixl Ihe Parax mock-.up (sue above). Then, we give sonic constraints that can be defined on this database.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I)cfinition of the lixngtnistic slructures anti cohe,'ence checking", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3,1, l)\u00a2[htition of l,ing!!i~'~ I~I,S~ The linguistic structttre used in Pa,ax is inspired by the structures of the dictionaries of GI'TI'A's ARiANE system. It is at flat list Hf attrilmte-value pairs. 3.1.1. An example: l'arax \"I)I.S\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I)cfinition of the lixngtnistic slructures anti cohe,'ence checking", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We give here a LISP form Hf the defixfition of the slructures. Oflter dialects will be defined in order to hide lhis LISP Rmn to the linguist (see below).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I)cfinition of the lixngtnistic slructures anti cohe,'ence checking", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A 'rivibre' is a ralher small river fl(~wlng into annlher river. A 'fleuve' is a large river flowing into the ,see.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "A part of this work was conducted ill tile Multilex project. 1 wish to tha,lk all Multilex parmers and GETA members for flmir supptu~ and feed-back.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Acknowledgments", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "BefHre defining the structures of :t dictionary, the linguist has to define lhe database. This definition consists Hf a dechtratiHn of the diction:wies cHmainEd in il (hErE, a database called \"Parax\" with 4 monHlingual diclionaries). FHr each dictionary, the li.guist cnlcrs its namE, its language, its owner, all optional comment and tile classes used to CH(Io its Entries and acccptiHns.(de f ine-da taba.~,a Parax : owtier \"GETA\" :comment \"rfh [:3 ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 447, | |
| "end": 450, | |
| "text": "[:3", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "lAJinition of the database", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The linguist defines lhe linguistic structures of the dictionaries with an Hl~ieCt-HrientEd hmguage. This task is analogous to the definition Hf classes ill all 0bieCl-Hricnted hlngttage, or to the clEf trillion of tile structttrE of a structarcd dHcumcnt (h Ill GRIF, l ,aTEX or FranleMaker).Two \"classes\" are ah'eady dcfixled by the system: enlry \"rod accEption, The linguist determines the structures to he associated with these HbiECtS, l lerc, we give the dcfinilion of the structure of the French diclkmary.The predefined class entry implemEnls a tree with accEptions on ils leaves. In the following example, an Entry consists in a feature structure with two fcalures (a graphic-lbmi and [i categHry).The predefinEd class ttcception prHvides a way to code its rehltiHn with an interlingual aeception. In the Example, wE dcl]ne an acceptiHn as a fealttre structure with fEalures represenling derivation infHrm'ltion (with Ihe kind and Ihe source Hfa derivation), information on valencies, etc. 3.2. Coherence checkinff When the definition of the structure is done, the linguist can define coherence rules that will be applied on the entries.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Structures of the Frem:h dictiom, y", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The linguist cml define three kind of rules:\u2022 Integrity rules apply to an article of a dictionary.They ensure that none of the ,article of the lexical database has an ill-funned configuration. \u2022 Local coherence rules apply to different articlcs of the stone dictionary. They ensure that the dictionary is coherent. \u2022 Global coherence rules applyto different articles of different dictionaries of tile lexical database. They ellSUl'e some coherence between dictiouaries.3.2.2. Three levels or cohere,ce rules \"llle rules are ,associated wilh a strength:\u2022 Warning: when the constraint is overridden, a message is passed to tile lexicographer, but all treatments ,arc ,allowed. The warning disappears as soon as lhe lexicographer validates tile entry. These constraints are nsed Io detect potential emirs.\u2022 Delay: when the eonsmtint is overridden, tile lexicographer receives a mess:,ge and sonic treatments are forbidden on tile concerned entries. Incorrect entries will not be accessible by extraction requests. Interactive treatments such as browsing and editing are allowed. These constraints are used to handle temporarily incomplete entries. \u2022 Criticah these constraints can't be overridden. If a transaction overrides such a constraint, it will be cmlccled (rollback).3.2.3. Exmnple of coherence rule declarathm A coherence rule declaration is a method (ill the sense of I.ISP/Common Lisp Object System) which is applied on all objects of the class defined in tile parameter lisl. The body of tile rule is a lisp expression that must t'CltJrn T or nil. If the result is nil, the exception nmchanism corresponding to tim strength of tile rule is inw~kcd.Ilere is an example of an integrity rule for the French dictionary. This rule verifies that the derivation information is coherent with the category of tile aceeption.(def-lntegrity dry-cat-coherence ( (acception french-accept;ion) (dlctJonary french) } critical (cond ( (is-one-of (cat acceptlon) 'vb 'vbimp 'vbrefl) (and (empty-p (drvrl accept[on) ) (empty-p (drva acceDtion) )) ) ( (eq~lal (cat acception) 'no) (and {empty-p (drvv acception)) (empty-p (drva acception) ) ) ) ( (equal {cat accept;ion) ' adj ) (and (empty-p (drvv accept.ion)) (empty-p (drvn acception) ) ) )", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 2040, | |
| "end": 2065, | |
| "text": "( (eq~lal (cat acception)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Three kinds of rule", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2.1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this paper, we have presented our work on MI.DBs. After a study of existing international projects and the definition and testing of the proposed lcxical organizatkm, we ,are currently defiuing and prototyping a specialized system fer the management of acception-based MLI)Bs: the NADIA system.This system introduces new interesting points. First, the acception-based lexical organization seems to offer the advantages of an interlingual approach while avoiding some of the theoretical and methodological problems of the kuowledge-bascd approach (Sdrasset and Blanc 1993) . Second, it gives the linguist the possibility to freely dciine a collection of linguistic structures with a raflmr complete set of predefined data structures.Our objective now is to integrate in this prototype features coming from research in the field of structured documents and a multidialectal facility ill all tools, ill order to provide lexicographers and other users with an interface iu their mother tongue.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 549, | |
| "end": 574, | |
| "text": "(Sdrasset and Blanc 1993)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "any-of 'nom ~+nom 'aveclnom 'comme+nom 'conhre+nom 'dans+nom 'de+nom 'en+nom 'erltre+nom 'par~nom 'parmi+nom 'pour+hum 'sur+nom 'inf '~+inf 'de+inf 'adj 'que+ind 'que+subj 'se-moy 'se-pass", | |
| "authors": [], | |
| "year": null, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "def-linguistlc-class valency ( ) (any-of 'nom ~+nom 'aveclnom 'comme+nom 'conhre+nom 'dans+nom 'de+nom 'en+nom 'erltre+nom 'par~nom 'parmi+nom 'pour+hum 'sur+nom 'inf '~+inf 'de+inf 'adj 'que+ind 'que+subj 'se-moy 'se-pass 'lieu-slat 'lieu-dyn 'mani&re 'z6ro) )", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF1": { | |
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| "title": "Structured l)ocuments. C,'unbridge series on Electronic Publishing, Camb", | |
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| "raw_text": "An&d, J., R. Furuta, et al. (1989). Structured l)ocuments. C,'unbridge series on Electronic Publishing, Camb,idge Universily Press. p. 220.", | |
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| "BIBREF4": { | |
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| "raw_text": "Guthrie, et al. (1992). The Automatic Creation of Lcxical Entries for a Multilingual MT system. COI,ING-92, Nantes, 23-28 July 1992, wfl. 2/4. pp. 532-538.", | |
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| "raw_text": "Goc, dman, K. and S. Nirenburg, Ed. (1991). Tile KBMT project: a case study in Knowledge-Based Machine Translation. San Marco, Calilornia, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. p. 330. Nirenburg, S. and C. 1)efrise (1990). l.exical and Conceptual Structure for Knowledge-Based Machine Translatkm. ROCI,ING lit, Taipeh, 20-22 August 1990. pp. 105-130.", | |
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| "first": "I", | |
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| "last": "Uchida", | |
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| "raw_text": "Uchida, II. and M. 7ku (1991). Interlingua. International Symposium on Multilingu~d Machine Translation (MMT- 91), Beijing, 19-21 August 1991. pp. 22-30.", | |
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| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": ". |: illustration of the acception-based lexical organization iS not inlended lo code any kind of ontological itffonnalion.", | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Monolingual entry: \"dlXmSer\" (to marry, to fit, to espouse)", | |
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| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "~.t~o.q.~.~,r.~ ~..m.~.r.i.e.r.$...L&c.,..~.&N..LE g ............ prendre pour 6p.0ux, ~p0uae~ 3e marier avec ,.(Ze e~:~.~..~.~e2...,'..~ ........................ ............... ~.~. ~.u..~.~.r.. ~ ~..,. ~,.~.r:i. ~.r.. l~.h.~..m.....m..~..* R.u.... ................ ~...m..~.r.i~.r....~.~.r...~.\u00a2.b.o.mm~.L..L': ................. ............... ~.~. ~.u.~.e.r ~.e..!~.r.i.~r.l~.m..m. ~..~.RU...,. .~r...~.~.d.~.L.{ ~.~,~,.,.q..qe,..f~.~.m.~Z...t.~ ................................ ................ ~.Et~ .u ~.~.r~ ~.m.<r. j...e,.r.l..r...e.t~.\u00a2 ~ A..X.. ........", | |
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| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Acception: #dpouser scmaricr (to roan'y) and it's sub-acceptions.", | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>.......</td><td colspan=\"2\">ft~n~ai~ ~-</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>~ I) [iu.~P.r</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">~po~er-~\u00a2mlrier$</td><td>prer~ir~ pour</td></tr><tr><td>SENS: I,</td><td colspan=\"3\">~pou\u00d7, ~pou#e, #e marler eveo t'2#</td></tr><tr><td>~l~\u00a2r ~ ~pou~erJor rf~e</td><td colspan=\"3\">\"1~ pOU~It r_fornle $'ad6ptef</td></tr><tr><td>St NS:2.</td><td>exactemeld</td><td colspan=\"2\">~ Juice ferric, un</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">mouvemer~t] I'}'o~ qu/ ~\u00a2</td><td>?es</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">/orals du corp,~,1</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">~.pou=er_ld~l ~'~tt~cher d~ propo#</td></tr><tr><td>SENS:~</td><td colspan=\"3\">d~lll~rk et ~vec erdeur h qqeh</td></tr><tr><td/><td>qvu~3</td><td/></tr></table>" | |
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