| { | |
| "paper_id": "C96-1031", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:51:01.270518Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "GramCheck: A Grammar and Style Checker", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Flora", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "Ramlrez" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Bustamante", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Fernando", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "S&nchez", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "fernando@[email protected]" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This paper presents a gratmnar and style checker demonstrator for Spanish and Greek native writers developed within the project GramCheck. Besides a brief grmnmar error typology for Spanish, a linguistically motivated approach to detection and diagnosis is presented, based on the generalized use of PROLOG extensions to highly typed unification-based grammars. The demonstrator, currently including flfll coverage for agreement errors and certain head-argmnent relation issues, also provides correction by means of an analysis-transfer-synthesis cycle. Finally, fltture extensions to the (:urrent system are discussed.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "C96-1031", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper presents a gratmnar and style checker demonstrator for Spanish and Greek native writers developed within the project GramCheck. Besides a brief grmnmar error typology for Spanish, a linguistically motivated approach to detection and diagnosis is presented, based on the generalized use of PROLOG extensions to highly typed unification-based grammars. The demonstrator, currently including flfll coverage for agreement errors and certain head-argmnent relation issues, also provides correction by means of an analysis-transfer-synthesis cycle. Finally, fltture extensions to the (:urrent system are discussed.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Grammar checking stelnmed as a logical application from forlner attelni)ts to natural language. ulMerstanding by comtmters. Many of the NLU systems developed in the 70's indu(le(l a kind of error recovery Inechanisln ranging flom the treatment only of spelling e.rrors, PARRY (1)arkinson c 't al., 1977) , to tile inclusion also of incomplete int)ut containing some kind of ellipsis, LAD-DEll,/LIFEll (Hendrix et al., 1977) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 290, | |
| "end": 303, | |
| "text": "'t al., 1977)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 401, | |
| "end": 423, | |
| "text": "(Hendrix et al., 1977)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
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| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The interest in the 80's begun to turn considering grammar checking as an enterprise of its own right (Carbonell & Hayes, 1983) , (Ilayes & Mouradian, 1981) , (Heidorn et al., 1982) , (.lensen at al., 1983) , though many of the approaches were still in I;t1(: NLU tradition ((]harniak, 198a), (Granger, 1983) , (Kwasny & Sondheimer, 1981) , (Weischedel & Black, ] 980), (Weisehedel & Sondheimer, 1983) . A 1985 Ovum report on nal;llral language applications (.lohnson, 1985) already identifies grammar and style checking as one of the seven major apt)lications of NLP. Currently, every project in grammar checking has as its goal the creation of a writing aid rather than a robust man-machine interface (Adriaens, 1994) , (llolioli ctal., 1992) , (Vosse, 1992) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 102, | |
| "end": 127, | |
| "text": "(Carbonell & Hayes, 1983)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
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| { | |
| "start": 130, | |
| "end": 156, | |
| "text": "(Ilayes & Mouradian, 1981)", | |
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| "start": 159, | |
| "end": 181, | |
| "text": "(Heidorn et al., 1982)", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 184, | |
| "end": 206, | |
| "text": "(.lensen at al., 1983)", | |
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| "start": 293, | |
| "end": 308, | |
| "text": "(Granger, 1983)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
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| { | |
| "start": 311, | |
| "end": 338, | |
| "text": "(Kwasny & Sondheimer, 1981)", | |
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| "start": 341, | |
| "end": 363, | |
| "text": "(Weischedel & Black, ]", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 370, | |
| "end": 401, | |
| "text": "(Weisehedel & Sondheimer, 1983)", | |
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| "start": 458, | |
| "end": 474, | |
| "text": "(.lohnson, 1985)", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 703, | |
| "end": 719, | |
| "text": "(Adriaens, 1994)", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 722, | |
| "end": 744, | |
| "text": "(llolioli ctal., 1992)", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 747, | |
| "end": 760, | |
| "text": "(Vosse, 1992)", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Current systems dealillg with grammatical deviance have be(m inainly involve(t in the integi~> don of special techniques to detect and correct, when possible, these, deviances. In some case.s, these have be.en incorporated to traditional parsing techniques, as it is the case with feature relaxation in the context of unification-based formalisms (Bolioli et al., 1992) , or the addition of a set of catching error rules si)ecially handling the deviant constructions (Thurlnair, 1990) . In other eases, the relaxation component has heen included as a new add-in feature to the parsing algoril,hm, as in the IBM's PLNLI' aI)proach (Heidorn et al., 1982) , or in the work developed for tim Tra.nslator's Workbench t)roject using the METAL MTsystem (TWB, 1992) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 347, | |
| "end": 369, | |
| "text": "(Bolioli et al., 1992)", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 467, | |
| "end": 484, | |
| "text": "(Thurlnair, 1990)", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 630, | |
| "end": 652, | |
| "text": "(Heidorn et al., 1982)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 737, | |
| "end": 757, | |
| "text": "MTsystem (TWB, 1992)", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
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| "text": "Besides, an increasing concern in current projects is that of linguistic relevance of the analysis t)erformed by the grammar correction system. In this sense, the adequate integration of error detection and correction techniques within mainstream grammm\" formalisms has l)een addressed by a nunl|)er of these projects ([Iolioli eta/., 1992) , (Vosse, 1992) , ((]enthia.l ctal., t992), (O(~uthial et al., 1994) . l~bllowing this concern, this paper presents resuits fl'om the project GramCheck (A Grammar and Style Checker, MLAP93-11), flmded by the CEC. GramCheck has developed a grammar checker demonstrator for Spanish and Greek native writers using ALEP (ET6/1, 1991), (Simpkins, 1994) as the NLP development platform, a client-server architeeUlre as implenmnted in the X Windows system, Motif as the 'look ~md fe, el' interface and Xminfo as the kllowh!dge t)ase, storage format. Generalized use of extensions to the highly typed and unifi(:ation based formalism imi)Iemented in ALEP has been 1)erformed. These extensions (called Constraint Solvers, CSs) are nothing but pieces of PR()I,OG code l)erforlning different l)oolean and relational operations over feature wdues. Besides, GramCheck has used ongoing results Dora LS-GRAM (LRE61029), a project alining at the implementation of middle coverage ALEP grammars for a number of European languages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 318, | |
| "end": 340, | |
| "text": "([Iolioli eta/., 1992)", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 343, | |
| "end": 356, | |
| "text": "(Vosse, 1992)", | |
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| "start": 385, | |
| "end": 409, | |
| "text": "(O(~uthial et al., 1994)", | |
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| "start": 672, | |
| "end": 688, | |
| "text": "(Simpkins, 1994)", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
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| "text": "The demonstrator checks whether a document contains grammar errors or style weaknesses and, if found any, users are provided with messages, suggestions and, for grammar errors only, autoinatic correction(s).", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "The linguistic statements made by developers of current grammar checkers based on NLP ted> niques are often contradictory regarding the types of errors that grammar checkers must correct automatically. (Veronis, 1988) claims that native writers are unlikely to produce errors involving morphological features, while (Vosse, 1992) acce.t)ts such morpho-syntactic errors, in spite of tile fact that an examination of texts by the author revealed that their appearance in native writer's texts is not frequent. Both authors agree in characterizing morpho-syntactic errors as a sainple of lack of competence. On the other hand, an examination of real texts produced by Spanish writers revealed that they do produce morpho-syntactic errors I . Spanish is an inflectiolml language, which increases the possibilities of such exrors. Nevertheless, other errors related to structural configuration of the language ark: produced as well.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 202, | |
| "end": 217, | |
| "text": "(Veronis, 1988)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| { | |
| "start": 316, | |
| "end": 329, | |
| "text": "(Vosse, 1992)", | |
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| "section": "Brief grammar error typology for Spanish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Errors found fall into one of the following subtypes, assuming that featurization is the technique used in t)arsing sentences: 2. Mismatching of fl:atures which describe certain representational properties for categories, as wrong head-argument relations, word order and substitution of certain categories. These mismatchings produce structural errors. Table 1 shows rite percentages of diflhrent types of errors tbund in the corpus. Punctuation errors must be considered as structural violations, while for style weaknesses, it depends on its subtype. Errors at the lexical level are diflh:ult to classit~y and itios(; of them must regaMed as spelling rather than gralnlnar errors. The nulnl)er of erroIs identiffed in this corpus is 543. These statisti(:s couhl 1The corims used contains nearly 7(I,000 words including text fragments from literature, newspal)(:rs , technical and administradw: documentation. It has been provided to a large extent by GramCheck pilot user, ANAYA, S.A. be regarded as a representative average of the fi'equency of errors/mistakes oc(:urring in Spanish texts. A presupposition adopted in the project led to the idea that violations at the featm'e level can be capl:ured by means of the relaxation of the possibly violated features while violations at (;he level of configuration may not be relaxed withou(; raising unpredictable parsing results, thus being candidates for the implementation of explicit rules encoding such incorrect structures.", | |
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| "start": 353, | |
| "end": 360, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Brief grammar error typology for Spanish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "Under this view, a comprehensive gralnlnar checker must make use of both strategies, called in the literature feature or constraint relaxation and error anticipation, respectively.", | |
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| "section": "Brief grammar error typology for Spanish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "However, given the relevance of features ill the encoding of linguistic information in TFSs, SOIIlO strllcttlral errors (;ail t)e re.analyzed as agrcelilent errors in a wide sense (as feature nfisma.tching violal;ions rather than structural ones). This allows the implementatioll of a uniforn) apt)roach to grammar ('orrcction, thus a.voitting explicit rules for ill-formed illpUt. This paI)er describes such ilnpleinentatioI~ for both Ilon-sl;rnctural and strltt:tura.I violations.", | |
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| "section": "Brief grammar error typology for Spanish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The overall strate.gy for detection, diagnosis and (:orre(;tion of gramnmr a,n(1 style errors wil;hin GramCheck relies on three axes:", | |
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| "section": "Error detection, diagnosis and correction techniques", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "\u2022 For detection, a combined fcal, ure rela:,:atiorl, and error anticipation apI)roach is adopt(xl. In order to iml)le.mcnt the former, extensiv(~ use of external CSs is performe(1 in the anal-ysis grammar, whereas for the latter, exl)licit rules, adequate.ly detined either in the core gralnlilar or in satellite, subgranlnlars~ are iml)lenmnte(l 2 .", | |
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| "text": "2Gram(Hwck checks texts belonging I,o the s(;andard language and ix) the ~(hninisl;rativ(: subl~mguagc. The analysis moduh! has 1)een (:on(:eived \u00a2~s COml)osed 1)y a (:()re grmmna.r lind (;we sate]lit(: sut)grmnmars for overlappiltg (:as(:s tha.t are mutuMly exchlsive. (', ([(fl;(,,(;tioll () f th(; (Wl'or a,li(l L}I(~ (liagnosi,q 1)roce(lur(~ have t() })e 1)(M'orme(l aui;onm,t;i(m,lly. In inflectional languages, like Sl)anish, this issue is essential given tha\u00a3 in certain (;otti,(~xl2-; iL is nol, t)ossi/)le to give a, single (:orr(',cl, Our diagnosis 1)rocedure assmnes dial t,h(' g(mder and munber thatures in tim head of a l)luas(~ coIfl,rol t;]msc ill Lhe (teptmdeafl; constiLu(!nl;(s), a,1though, as it will 1)e l)rovcd laLer, this is not: net'essarily l.ru(;. Ill order Lo (Io tiffs dia.gnosis in(wedure, the CS will COltI;l'~lSl; thoso ~k~3q. '.nl;hia] (;I, al., t994) .", | |
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| "start": 270, | |
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| "text": "(', ([(fl;(,,(;tioll ()", | |
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| "start": 533, | |
| "end": 544, | |
| "text": "(:orr(',cl,", | |
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| "start": 857, | |
| "end": 882, | |
| "text": "'.nl;hia] (;I, al., t994)", | |
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| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "Tim core of dfis }wm'isl;i(:s is that deptmding (m a. set of linguistic l)rincilfles lmsed on lo.xi(:o morl)hoh)gi(:a] prol)ert;ies , l;ll(; va,hms for gender a,ml mmll)er in ce, rl;a, iu h*'xit:al units will 1)e l)rO mol;t!d over Lhe, wflues in otlmr units, thus, ~msigning thent a. higher score.", | |
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| "text": "Ther(~ are s(w('aa,l conditions which have to I)e taken int;() a,(:(x)uHt; in or(h~r t;() t)(M't)rln lJle (Iiaw lit)sis 1)I'() (;(',([111'(*'. ]!'()F iltS(,;l[l('(',, lit) liltS with iuht',r-(!hi g(md('.r should c.()nl;rol l,he g(utdel' of the l(mL of I;h(~ eh',ut(mts in a giveu NIL llowever, if Lh(! noun (loes n()l; ha,v(~ inherent, gellder i/,'s a, noun thaL shows sex infle(:l,ion then l;hc gcn(h!r va.ht(', should t)(; (;(mtrolled t)y l;hos(; ('](unenLs l;h~tl,, sh;i.ring Lhe mint(*' wflue, art; majority, lh,.n(',(', a st> (tu(;nc(; like el_rims(: casa_f(;n~ (t;he house) must bc corret:i;(M inl;o hz_fen~ ca.sa_t'enl t)e(:;ms(~ dfis n(mn has inher(~nt feminine g(*'n(ler in Sl)anish. ()n i,}m ot;h(*'r ha.rid, an NP like ln_fem chic-o_~l)as(: yflw.p a. ['era (lit; . 'the boy t)(!a,ulJlul') shou](l 1)e (:orr(!clx!(/ a.s lo, li'.[n (:h, ic-.,_ii. n ,q'n(qr-a. l'eln ('tim girl I)(~aut,iful'), thus (:ha.n~;ing the gen(l(~r value of t,h(, h(m(l n(mn ill tim (lirt~(:titm mlgg(mi;(xl ])y the ()Llmr (t(> p(',n(hmt (J(ml(;nt,'< This nma,us i;h~t alth()ut,~h dm sysl;en) (:()uhl l;a.k(; Lh('. gmMer v~flue ot! the h('.ml a~ the value which commands the whole phrase, the munber of elements that share the same feature values, if in contrast to those of the head and if the head takes its agreement properties from morphology --ie. are susceptible of keystroke errors-, can influence the final decision. Finally, for cases where equal scores are obtained, as it happens with a non-inherent masculine noun and a fen> inine determiner, both possible corrections should be pertbrmed, since there is not enough information so as to decide the correct value (unless this can be obtained from other agreeing elements in the sentence --for instance an attribute to this NP).", | |
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| "text": "['era (lit;", | |
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| "text": "(;(',([111'(*'. ]!'()F iltS(,;l[l('(',, lit)", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 826, | |
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| "text": "a.s lo, li'.[n (:h, ic-.,_ii.", | |
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| "text": "Basically, the final operation to be performed with the scores is to determine that the higher the score of an element the severer its substitution. Thus, scores are clues for the correction of those elements having the lowest scores.", | |
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| "text": "The initialization steps in order to perform the heuristic technique are related to the assignment of values and scores to lexical projections depending on its inherentness.", | |
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| "text": "The values for gender and number of the head of the projection serve as a parameter for the computation of values and scores for the possible modifier which could appear closed to it. Note that; agreement in Spanish is based on a binary value system. Thus, the computation of values for the modifier of a given head simply relies on the instantiation of opposite values to those of the head. In the case of underspecification of the head for gender, for instance, the presupposition is that this value is the same as the one of the modifier, if this is not underspecified. Otherwise, both elements remain underspecified. Besides, the weight given to controlling elements (50) ensures that there is no way for modifiers to overpass this score. Note as well that the weight given to inherentless values, as number (10), ensures that there are no promoted elements in this calculation. The following schematic CS illustrates the assignment of scores:", | |
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| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "and(=(Score'number'head,10), and( or (and (: (lnherm~t~ess'head,yes), = (Score'gender'head,50)), ~u~d(= (lnherel~tness'head,no), (Score'gender'head, 10))), =(Score'ntmlher'mod,0)))", | |
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| "text": "The following steps to be performed by CSs are related to the addition of all those scores associated to a given value in the successive rules building the nominal prbjection and the percolation of morphosyntaetic features: or( and(or(:((lender'head'mother,Oendcr'mod) , --(Gendcr'mod,mase'fem)), and(num'add (MG] The final evahlation performed by CSs is done when categories showing agreement overpass their maximal projection, only if no other inter-syntagmatic agreement must be taken into account (as it is the case with subject-attribute agreement, for instance).", | |
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| "text": "or( and(or(:((lender'head'mother,Oendcr'mod)", | |
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| "text": "(MG]", | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Postponing in this way the final ewfluation ensures that the CS will take into account all the previous parameters to give an appropriate diagnosis about the complete XP containing the agreement violation. This evaluation is based on the comparison of scores by means of the 'greater than' predicate in order to determine (a) the correct wflue for the feature(s) checked corresponding to the highest score(s) (Right_Gender, Right_Number in the example below), to be used by the transfer module, and (b) the error diagnosis (gender, number and gender_number below), to be used by the error handling module that will display appropriate error information to the user: and( or( or (and (mun'gt (I 1 (I EN'S CO 1/.1, '\" NO l ] if a}l e}elnents agree, scores for one of the arguments will a}ways be 0, whi}e if this argum(',nt has a value different than 0, this information is considered as an evidence that an error has ()c(;urre(t, the subsequent (:omparison det(~rmining the value for {;tit winning score: In the IIPSG-likc grammar used, bound prel)Ositions at(, considered NI's attached t() the subcat list (ie. the subcategorization ]i:ature) of a t)re(lieative unit. These NPs have the feature pform instantiated to the value of the preposition, if atty. If the argmnent does not }lave a bound i)reposilion, the vahle for pform is none. Thus, the approach adopted within GramCheck is that these err()r cases have a (;orrect rei)reselltation of the det)enden('y structure where the only offending infl)rmation is stored as a thature in the governed e.lement. Tit(', linguistic principle behind the patternrelated t(;chni(tue is based on the fact that native writers substitute a l)reposition by another one when certain a,qsodations between 1)atterns, showing either the same }exi(:o-semantic and/or syntactic protmrtics , are performed. Thus, this kind of error is not. so a(:cidental as it could lm imagined.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 666, | |
| "end": 712, | |
| "text": "and( or( or (and (mun'gt (I 1 (I EN'S CO 1/.1,", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 713, | |
| "end": 722, | |
| "text": "'\" NO l ]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error detection, diagnosis and correction techniques", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "t, br instance, Spanish speakers/writers usually associate the argument structure of the comtmrat(re adje(:tiv(~ it@riot (lower), which sul)catcgorizes the l)rei)osition a (to), with the Spanish (:omparative syntactic pattern (inches ... que., less ... than) whose second term is introduced by the conjun(:tion q*u', producing phrases such as *i'~@rior q'ae instead of i'nferior a. With the verb relacionar' (to relate), something similar occurs: t;his verb sulmatcgorizes for t,he preposition con; however, due. to the fact; that there exists tilt: prel)ositional multi-word units ~:n rclo, cidn a an(l c'n r('.lac.idn con, st)eakers tend to think that the same 1)ret)osi-I;ional alternation can be 1)crfornm(t with tin,. verl) (*rclacionar a vs. r'clacionwr con).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error detection, diagnosis and correction techniques", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Following this idea, configurational ruh:s are regarded, R)r grammar dmcking, as desc:riptions of l)atl;erns~ each of them having associated a wrong pattern linked to the correct pattern. Both pat;-terns are in a complementary distribution. This way, structural errors can be foreseen and controlled, and the systeln is provi(led with a mechanism which establishes the way rule constraints lnust }to re}axed.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error detection, diagnosis and correction techniques", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "To cope with this error, a CS operating on lists (:he(ks whether the prel)osition in 1;tlo (:onstitu(mt attached to the predicative sign belongs to the head of the list or to the tail. If the preposition is member of the tail, the salne actions showll fO]' agreement errors are performed instandation of the (:orrect value and determination of the error type.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error detection, diagnosis and correction techniques", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The current version of the GrmnCheck demonstrator is able to deal with the following types of er-I'OFH:", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 lntra-and inter-syntagmatie agreement errors (gender att(l/or number in act, lye with both predicative and (:opu}ative verbs and passive sentences).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Direct obje.cts: omission of tit(: preposition a with an animate entity and addition of such a preposition with a non-animate entity.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Addition, omission and sul)stitution of a bomM prepositi(m covering what is (:a}}ed deqne\u00a3smo the addition of a false bound preposition de with clausal arguments and quegsmo the omission of the bound preposition de with clausal arguments.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Errors Oil portmanteau words (use. de el, a el instead of del, a O.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Regarding style issues, three different types of weaknesses are detected: structural weaknesses, lexical weaknesses and abusive use of passive, gerunds and rammer adverbs. While structural weaknesses are detected in tim phrase structure rules using CSs (noun + \"a\" + infinitive), by means of an error anticipation strategy, lexical weaknesses arc detected at the lexical level, with no st)octal mechanisms other than simple CSs. Lexieal errors currently detected are related with the use of Latin words which it is better to avoid, foreign words with Spanish deriwttion, cognitive erl'ors, foreign words for which a Spanish word is recommended and verbosity.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "5 Further developments i{,esults obtained with the cmTent demonst;rator are very promising. The performance of the system using CSs is similm' to that shown widlout them, hence its us(; in conjunction with the detection techniques proposed, rather than a burden, may be seen as a means to add robustness to NLP systems. In fact, CSs may provide more natural solutions to grammar implemental;ion issues, like PP-attachmellt control.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Several directions for further developments have a]ready been defined. These include the integration of these grammar checking techniques into the final release of the LS-GRAM Spanish grammar, which will have a more realistic coverage ill terms both of linguistic i)henomena and lexicon. Besides, on this new version of the grammar, hybrid teehniques will be used, taking advantage of the preproco.ssing facilities included in ALEP. In particular, while for errors like those presented in this paper the approach adopted is linguistically motivated, for certain imnctuation errors (or simply ill order to reduce lexi(:al arab*girl(y) other relatively simple iHeailS C~Lli be defined that illchide (:ertain extended pattern ma.tching on regular expressions or the passing of linguist*(: information gathered in a t)reproeessing phase to the unifh:ation-bas('.d parser. It; is also foreseen to inchlde a treatlnent for own*tire spelling errors, usually not dealt with by conventional st)elling checkers.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Error coverage", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "~ a.n(t the fa(:t iJm.t n(/l; a.ll, but only in(:()rr(~(:t sen-teI)Ces, will l)e l)ush('xl through th(! c()ml)h%(! (:y(:h!.CSs alh)w the relaxation of certain f('~a.tm'es in the gramumr rules whos(~ unifi(:ati(m will 1)c (h> (:idea upon, in ;~ n(m-l;rivial way, within tlm,~(~ CSs. Thus, l'ltlcs (1() nol; ])(;rforln f(',;tLUl(; wduc (;bet:king, so CSs play a. (:ru(:ia] roh~ 1)erfornling (;xttmtled wnia])le uifiti(:~t,ion a.n(l t;aking approl)ria.Lt~ (teci.sions. I)(~l)(m(ting on l;tm err(n' Lyt)e, (~Ss (:arvy out (lifferl',nt oi)erations ()n t'eaturt*'s, st:t)rt;s mM lisLs.Th(!se Ol)(:rations (:on(:(*'rn t)asi(:a,lly die (tet(*'(:l;ion and Llm (*'vahlal;ion o[ the error, providing a (tiagnosti(: on t, he error and (;or]'(;(:t vahte(s) [or fo,~/,1;lll'(~S involved. The list ~, of (]SS [~lV()lll'S ;/ ()llO Sl;(; I) (liagnt/sis l)ro(:(xhH'e w]mrc ([(x:i,'d(/lm are t)nly l,a.k('.l~ ()tl(:(~ a]l l;h(*' r(*'h'.v;mt ilfl't)rnl~t;it)n is g;~l,h(;r(M. 3.1 A h(mristi(\" tcchniqu(; Lo diagnose II()II-S t;r 11Ct iii'~-i[ (~.r l'Oi'S CSs are used in GrmnChe('k roughly in Lira way [)r('.sent(*'d ill (Croud~, ] 994) and (l{uessinl\u00a2, 1994), 1;o l;]lc expl'('.ssive i)()W(',r ()t: El'~l,lllllHt, l' l'llles~ the novell;y of t;})e al)t)roa(;h 1)r(~s(mt;(;(l her(~ is |;h(~ use, of CSs to allow fe~l;ur(', r(J;/xaLiOll in rules mM t)ool(;ml, rela.tioua.l and a.ril;hm(fl;i(:al ()l)(*'rati()ns ()n 17(JCV;HI|; [' (~,;/.[;1 ll(}s. dea(tival,i0n of l;he other, a,,d in both cases l,hey are a,(t([c.(l |;o I;he (:o1.'(~ gl:;Hlllllar d(q)endin Z ()I the l;ype of (sub)langlta,gc s(Jected hy the user.A{~I'C(~III(}II(; (Wl'Ol's t)os(~ ~/, t)ro})l(~Ili for a {~l~ittl-m~r (:he(:ker whi(:h i)a,rses ll~l;llr&] ]mlguage, l)e-(',allS(} Lh", | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "[;lll'(!s ;lll({ [(~lV(! SOltte ('.lll(~,q o[ l;his evalu;~don in phrasa.l proj(x'Lions in order f'()t I,h(;se to t)e availa.ble for furl;her op-(!la.l;it)[ts should l]ley were tlect*'ss;H'y. 'l']les(? (;ht(m are sha.p(~([ as scores in the a,t)proa.ch a(h)I)t;(~(l tt)l' ~l, gt'(K':lItClll; (~,l'l'()l'S, D31(1, ill LIIis seltse, ollr heurisLi('.s is clos('xl to 1;he inel;ri(: Ol)erations 1)('af()rm(!(1 1)y ol;h(*'r/ffm)nnar checkers tmsed on Nil,l ) t:edmiques (Veronis, 1988), (Bolioli ct al., ]992),", | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "gN 'SCOI,tF,'H I,]A D, MGEN'SCORE'MOI), M(~ EN'SCORE' MOTI IP, I{), and(= (Gender'mod'head,(lender'mod'mother), hum'add (It (I EN'SCO l/,]'Y 11EAD, HGEN'SOOII,E'MOD, IlGEN'SCORE'MOTI[EII~)))), alld(=(Gender'nmd,Gender'mod'head), and (nu re'add (H GEN'SCO I{E'ftEA I), MCIEN'SCORE'MOD, HGEN'SOORE'MOTIIER), and(=(Gender'mod'head,Gendcr'mod'mothcr), num'add(MGEN'SCORE'HEAD,", | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "N, M ('I,;NN (]() It.I,;' N O U N), =:((-lender' N ram, ltlght' (hulder)), and (nuln' gl,(M C I']N'H(X) 11 E\" N O U N,I 1 (I |,]N'F,C]O|I]\",' N O I l N), ~ ((lender' Mod,night.' (lender))), : : (lI(ll'~N',q( ]O11.1<\" N O 1 IN, M (I t(N'S (IOII.F,' N O U N)), or( or(and(hum'st (I[ N UM'SCOItI'Y NOUN,MNUM'SCOI{E'NOUN), = (Number\" Noull,lt.ight'N umlmr)), and(nmn'gt(MNUM'SC()ltl,YNOU N,IINU M'SCOI( t,Y NOUN), ::(Number'Mod,ll.ight'Nundmr))), , (IINUM'HCOII.I'Y NOUN,MNUM'SCOIi.t']'NOU N))),", | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF4": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "-(MNUM'NCOII.E'MOTII ER,0), or(=(M\u00a31],;N \"SCO I{F'M OTI{ 1,;1~.,0), and(nmn'gt (M(I ISN'SCORE\" M O'['I I I'31t.,0), = ( F.II.T Y P E ,gender) ) ) ), trod (mlm'gg(MN U M'SCOI{E'MOTI I Ell.,0), (>r (and (= (MCI EN'S(IO R.F' M O'I'1 [ t'~I1,0), := (EIgI'YP E,mnnber )), and (nunl'gt (M (' I,',N'SCOII.F\" M O'1'11 F, I1,0), :-:( l,:l{' rvP ~,',g,,,m,,.' ,~,,~,,t,(,,.) back to the. general (letinitions on error types given at; the beginning of this doculnent, st, ru(:tm'al violations can lie seen ~s special (:ases of feature mismatching t)roduced by addition, substitution and omission of elements whi(:h result in a wrong dependency re}alien: Wrong head-argmnent relations (it Substitution of a 1)nund preposition by another one (PP ~-> PP) Los alumnos rclacionan la tareo, [*a/con] .su conoci'mie'nto. (ii) Omission of a bound preposition resu}ting in a change of the sub(:at,egorized arguInent (Pl) ~+ Ni,/s) Se acord6 [*/dc/ que tenla una reunidn pot la manana. (iii) Addition of a p,'eposition resulting in a (:}tang(; of the subcategorized argmnent (NP/S ,-} l)P) Las emprcsa.s dcma'ndan [*dc] 'm~!todo,s.", | |
| "uris": null | |
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| "TABREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>1. Mislnatching of features that do It(it af-</td></tr><tr><td>fect representational issues (intra-or inter-</td></tr><tr><td>syntactic agreement on gender, number, per-</td></tr><tr><td>son and cask' for categories showing this</td></tr><tr><td>phenonmnon). These mismatchings produce</td></tr><tr><td>rto~?,-St'l\"ttct~K/'ttl</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "", | |
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| "TABREF1": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>: Statistics of errors</td><td/></tr><tr><td>[~ Type of error</td><td colspan=\"2\">Percent ~tge</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Non-struct:urM violations as described above</td><td>18,5</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Structural violations as described above</td><td>9,7</td></tr><tr><td>PttllCt ua.Lioi1</td><td>Ollligsion</td><td>,'{2.2</td></tr><tr><td/><td>Addition</td><td>4.8</td></tr><tr><td>Errors at the</td><td>At the character lev(l</td><td>6.3</td></tr><tr><td>lexic~d level a</td><td>Stress</td><td>8.0</td></tr><tr><td>Style</td><td>Structural</td><td>3.5</td></tr><tr><td>weaknesses</td><td>Lexical</td><td>12,0</td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td/><td>5.0</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">\"Errors at the h'xical level includ(' tyl)ing errors,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">word segmentation (ai no vs sirl.o), and cognitive errors</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(onccavo (pmtitivc) vs nndd.cirno (ordinal).</td><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "", | |
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| "TABREF2": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>niquc which 1)rovides a mr;ram to extx;nd fea-</td></tr><tr><td>t;urc vahlcs wil;h a gra(lal;iotl of (',OII'(R:I, ;tilt|</td></tr><tr><td>l)osit)h ', })tit iltt:orre(:l; inforltutl;ion. The tyl></td></tr><tr><td>ical case for l,ho, former is }/,gl'tR!IIl(*'llI;, l,hus</td></tr><tr><td>for signs inw)lving Lhis Lyl)e o[ information,</td></tr><tr><td>both an initial h(;uristic vahm is assigned</td></tr><tr><td>and aritlmle, tica] ot)(;rati(ms re'c, perform(~d on</td></tr><tr><td>(in)cqualiLy l;(;sl,s. As for the ]&l;l,cr, head-</td></tr><tr><td>&lgtllllt;tll; r(;lations wh(;r(; l)()llll([ prt*'l)OSitions</td></tr><tr><td>&l:e involved are tre~tx*'d this way. li'or MI</td></tr><tr><td>g;r~muna,r err()rs t}l(we is IlO notion o[' weak vs.</td></tr><tr><td>strong diagnosis, b('.ing all (:onsidere(1 ,%rong</td></tr><tr><td>(;rrors ne(;(ling ;I, utonl~Ll;i(; (;orr(~(;l,iOl~.</td></tr><tr><td>\u2022 (]orre(:l;ion is p(!rfornw.d by m(m.ns of I,I'(R~</td></tr><tr><td>Lrans(hlc.tion of lJnguisti(: Sl,rlt('tltr(;s (L~s)</td></tr><tr><td>(',ontaining errors l;() ;t qa.ngua.g(:' (ac, tually</td></tr><tr><td>a 'langua.ge use') (letine(1 as corvecl, &m',,ish..</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "the aid of a hcwristic I;cch, niqu(', for those errors wher(*' tests should 1/(*' l)erformed Oil so.veral olo, lll(~Ill;S mid a, lmttm'n-'rc.lal, cd t, cch-", | |
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| "TABREF3": { | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>Ii,*',.,</td></tr><tr><td>to take a (ledsion about the unit(s) to 1)e (:of</td></tr><tr><td>rt'x:te(l, l/or (;r~mK]h(~(:l% dfis htmrisdt:s relies on a</td></tr><tr><td>t);u'aaneLriz;~Li(m of two assumptions:</td></tr><tr><td>1. Lhc (:OllSLiLitellt which holds the fea.tm(~ vahms</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "ioll wht!n lmrforn> ing a.na.ly,qis only aL s(!nten(:( ~, level (i.e. without a.napht)ric, r(!la.d()ns). For these ('.ases, l;h(! sys[,(!lll should 1)e provided with a hemistics for the c.()rrt!c.don in order to detect and diagnose 1,t1(.' 1)la(:t,.(s)", | |
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