| { | |
| "paper_id": "E87-1043", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T10:54:10.813390Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "ITERATION, HABITUALITY AND VERB FORM SEMANTICS", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Frank", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "V~n", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University oi Leuven Mar=a-Theresiastraat", | |
| "location": { | |
| "postCode": "21 3000", | |
| "settlement": "Leuven", | |
| "country": "Belgium" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "The veto forms are o4ten claimeo to convey two ;inds o+ information :", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "E87-1043", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The veto forms are o4ten claimeo to convey two ;inds o+ information :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Oeecribed in a sentence is present, past or future (= oeictic information 2. whether the event described in a sentence is oresente~ as completed, going on, just starting or being ,inished (= espectual information)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. w~et'~er the event", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "[t will be ~emonstrated in this paper that one has tl ado a rhino component to the analysis of verb ~orm meanings, namely w~e~ner or no~ they e>press habltualitv. Because c* EUROTR~ s ao~erence to the principle o~ \"simPle t~ansfe ~\" it was quite OOVlOUS ~rom the start that the interlingual approa~ was the one to opt ~or.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. w~et'~er the event", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It will, hence, be adopted in thls paper a~ well.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. w~et'~er the event", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The paper consists of t~ree parts.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. w~et'~er the event", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In .ths flrst I will present a formalism for the representation of time meanings, together with mooel for the interpr~tatlon o~ those representations. In the seconp this forma|ism wiil be extenOeO so that it can also Pe use~ for the ana]~slS o~ iteration an\u00a2 habitL, alit~.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. w~et'~er the event", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Ann In th~ third pert I ~i~i show how the extendeo formalis~ can be l,~' ~or a~ !n[erllnoua~ a~alvsis O~ the ver~ fo~.S, An interval ~s a continuous set of time points on the time axis :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I. w~et'~er the event", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A la limite it might consist of one moment o6 ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I , )", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "EQUATION", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 0, | |
| "end": 8, | |
| "text": "EQUATION", | |
| "ref_id": "EQREF", | |
| "raw_str": "I ~dent~ty \"t I ) I simui .] =(l,a) O I contain , , ' ) I part-of J c~I,J., d 0 contain I ~(J,I; I overlap ' ,", | |
| "eq_num": "~ , )" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "section": "I , )", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "I leftover J ~<(I,J) O J rightover I >> (O,l) T~ese relations are also useO in Bruce (1972).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 40, | |
| "end": 45, | |
| "text": "(O,l)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I , )", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For the semantic analysis of the temporal expressions i wili start from tne assumption t~at every sentence can be analvseo in two parts : the temporal informal:on expressa~ by the tenses. auxiliaries anO ao~erbials on t~e one hano. anp ~as~o atempora! proposition on the ot~er hand. (b; the cat sat on t~e mat w~.i. for instance, be analyseo in a basic proposition \"the cat sit on the met\" and the ~n~ormation conveyed Dv the past tense.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The relation between both is established in two steps :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "the basic proposition is first relateO to the interval ~or whicn it is said to be true, the socalled time of event (E), and then this interval is related to the time Of speech ~S) :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3 E :,E,S) ~ AT(E,the cat sit on the mat)3 This formula states that \"the cat sit on the mat\" i~ true at an interval E which precedes the tlme of speech S.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Following Reichenbach (1947) I will furthermore assume that the relation between the time of event and the time of speech is mediated by a thiro kind o~ interval, namely the time of reference (R), So This is typically Oone by means o~ t:me aOverbiais, such as \"next year\", \"in the spring':, \"for t~o years\", \"till Christmas\", etc. T~is in~ormatlon will be represented bY means o~ one-place preOicates over intervsls :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Freo(E) and Pred~), ~n exception ~s tc be ~ade here +or the time o, speec~.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "~nose precise location or length is never spec~fleo ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3 R,E [Rei(R.S) ~ Pred~R; & ~eI(E,R) ~ Prep(E) AT(E,p)]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "where p is a basic atemporal proposition An example ;", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "~T we will vielt Moscow next year", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3 P,E [,~R,S~ & ne~t vear~R) ~ =~E,R) & A ~ E,we visit Moscowi]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As it stanos this format is not adequate yet fo ~ the ~epresentatlon of sentences like (8~ last year they played chess every week (e~ he was always late", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "A Format for Representation", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "propoe~tions \"they play chess\" and \"he oe late\" do not hold for one particular time of event E, but rather for a set of intervals wnicn are spread in time in some way specifieo by \"every week\" in (8) and \"always\" in (9).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The basic", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the following part I will introduce an exter.oeO formalism which can OeaI with these typos 04 iteration.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The basic", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Cyclic iteration is marked by aoverpials like \"caiiv\", \"every Monday\", \"each year\", etc.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cyclic Iteration", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In ~virk e.a. (1972) they are callao periodic frequency adverbials.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cyclic Iteration", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For the analysis of these adverbials I first IntroOuce the notion Crams time. The frame time ie the interval which contains all the instances of the event describeo in the basic proposition. In (8~ last year they played chess every week t~e ~rame time is last year. In the general forma~ t.e frame time occupies the same place as the time c~ event in non-iterative interpretations (= the E-i~tervai~, ~ext, I de~ine a set of distinct, nonoverlapping subintervals ~I~ which are all part o+ the frame time. In (8~, these intervals have a length of one week each.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cyclic Iteration", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This gives the following ,preliminary) representation : which express a relation Oetween the reference time and the speech time, such as \"~esterday\" a'nd \"tomorrow\", and the nonrelational ones, which identify the location o~ an :nterval without any reference to the speech t~me, suc~ as \"between 8 and 9\" and \"at two o clock\".", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cyclic Iteration", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "5 R,E [ (R,S) & last year(R~ & =(E,R) & I [c'i,E) & nI:~ & week,i) ---x AT~i,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cyclic Iteration", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The interesting thing now is t~at only the latter adverbials can occur in the scope of a frequency adverbial. Compare :iI~ she arrived every day between 8 anq 9 e *(12~ she arrived every day yesterday e The fact that the relational WHEN-adverbials cannot occur in the scope of a frequency aoverb~al prcviOes some positive evioence ~or not inciuoln \u00a7 direct relations between e ano S in the formal~em. The chaln-like structure of the representation format Is, hence, i~nguistically motivated.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Cyclic Iteration", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The format Oeveloped for the analysis of cvclic iteratlon can also be useo for the analysis o~ the temporal ~uantifier$, such as \"miway~\", \"scmetlmes\", \"never\", \"seldom\" ano \"often\". The ~rmetion they proviOe is less specific than the ona p~ovioed by the period frequency aOverb~ais As a result of the foregoing reductions ar~o changes the general format for analysing tempo, al cuantifiers looks as follows : The assl~nment of these meanings to particuiar sentences is fairly straightforward when the sentence contains a frequency adverOial or a temporal quantifier, but if there is none o~ those~ then the sentence is amOiguous Oetween a non-lterative and an habitual interpretation ~cf. the two interpretations of \"he leaves at tweive\"~.", | |
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| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Temporal Quantifiers", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "3 ~,E [ReI(R,S) & Pred(R) & ReI(E,R) & F'reoiE) & Q I [c(l~E) --->/& 3", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Temporal Quantifiers", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It, practice there are some oisambiguatlng ~.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Temporal Quantifiers", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "I* the basic proposition (p) denotes a state, ~r. er, the sentence can not have an habitual ir~erpreta~ior~ Compare :i;~ ne leaves at twelve ,21 ne is in jei! ~1~ can be interpreted as meaning that he has the naPlt of leaving at twelve, bu~ (21i cannot Oe interpreted ms meaning that he has the habit of bel=g in jail.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Temporal Quantifiers", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Certain verb forms can biock the Oerivation o~ one of t~s two possiole interpretations. Compare ~2~ he is drinking coffee 12]) he drinks coffee (22, can Oenote a single instance of drinking as wei\" as a recent habit of him to drink:: coffee ~cf. in the sense of \"he is. drinklng coffee nowadays\"). (2;,, on the other hand, can only denote a habit; it cmnnot be used to report on a single instance o~ drinking. This demonstrates the need to distingulsn oi4ferent types of verb forms : the ones that will aiways elicit an habitual interpretation, the ones that block the derivation o~ an habitual interpretation, and the ones that admit both kinds of interpretmtions. The firs~ are unequivocall~ [+habitual] , the second C-habitual[ and the last will be given the feature [+/-habitual]. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 144, | |
| "end": 148, | |
| "text": "(22,", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 694, | |
| "end": 705, | |
| "text": "[+habitual]", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
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| "section": "~,", | |
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| "text": "mmin purpose is to provide a conceptuall~ well-defined language for de;ining and comparln~ the ~eanings of te~poral expressions in different natural l~nguagee.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Its", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "In order to serve this purpose it is not s~fficlent ~o have a formalism, ~nouon. What is also needed is a general specification o4 now the semmntic representations relate to tnelr imnguage specific co~nterpmrts, i.e. the tenses, the temporal auxli:ries and t~e time aoveroials. Their role in the semantic interpretation of sentences .:an easily de expressed in terms of the given formalism. They specify i. the relation Petween reference time anO speech time : ~eI(R,S) (= oeictic information) 2. the relation between event time and reference time : ReI,E,R) (= aspectual information~ 5. whether the sentence has an habitual and!or ;", | |
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| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Its", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "non-iterative ~nterpretaZlon ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Its", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "a text editor makes modifications to a text file ~25) a text editor is makin~ modifications to a text file ~26) a text editor made mooiflcatione to a text file \u2022 27~ a text editor has made modifications to a text file In L24) it is said \"that a text editor ma~es modifications to a text file in general, almost by Oefinition.", | |
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| "section": "~)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "We might read this sentence in a re~erence manual\" (Hess 1985, 10) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 51, | |
| "end": 66, | |
| "text": "(Hess 1985, 10)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
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| "section": "~)", | |
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| "text": "In (25-27), on the other hand, it is said \"that there is, or was, a case of a text editor mankind modifications to a text file.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "~)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "These remarks might ~e made by a system operator, watcnlng ~is screen' (lb.).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "~)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Hess concludes from these observations that the quantifier of the subject is universal in (24) and e~:isten~ial in (25-27), However~ this conclusion does not foliow automatically.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "~)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "In terms of the formalism presented in this paper one could sa~ that (24) has an habitual interpretation, whereas the other sentences have a non-iterative interpretation, In the former case the existential quantifier of the subject will be in the scope o~ the Most-quantifier, whereas in the latter case it wlii not be in the scope of any non-existential quantifier, and this accounts for the difference in interpretation without havinq to postulate two possiole meanings for the indefinite article.", | |
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| "section": "~)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "Hess s examples are useful in this context, t~ough, because they clearly illustrate the roie of the vend for~ in the interpretation. Since it is the only variable part in the sentences, the ~ifferences in interpretation can only be ascribeo to them, more specifically to their habltuaiity value.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "~)", | |
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| "text": ";or the assignment of an habltuality value to a given verb form one has to test whether it can or cannot elicit an habitual interpretation in some given context. In testing this one should i. always use sentences with a non-stative basic proposition, for i~ the latter is stative the sentence can never be habitual (of. supra) ; 2. pay attention to the other interilngual values of the verb form. The English simple present. for instance, is uneouivocally [+habitual] in its sim~Itaneoue meaning, but in its posterior meaning it can be [-naoitual] too (of. the non-iterative interpretation of \"he leaves at twelve\"~. ", | |
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| "section": "~)", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Dutch simple present can be both habitua} and ~on-hacitual in It~ simultaneous meaning : 28; hi~ o,'inxt aileen whisky <simui,y,~haOitual~ \"he drinks only whisky' 29, Liji~, hij dr!nit k~4ie", | |
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| "section": "The", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": ".,simul,/,-habltuai> \"look, he Orinks co,fee\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "The", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The English simple present, on the other hand, s always habitual in its simultaneous meaning unless in sentences Oee:ribing states, of course (~0~ he only drinks whisky <slmui,y,+habitua~. *~31) iooi:, he drinks ~o~fee <simul,y,-ha~itual Pot the expression of slmul~aneous noniterativity one has to use She progressive : 32) look, De is crinking coffee As a conseoue~ce.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "The", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "~e mapping of (29) to ~32) in~ol~es a non-~riviai tense replacement, and it il o~e of the merits o~ the given formaliem that it car handle this ir an lnteriingual way.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "The", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Bruce Bertram (1972) , \"A model for temporal reference and its application in a questionanswering program\", in Artificial Intelligence 3, 1-25. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 6, | |
| "end": 20, | |
| "text": "Bertram (1972)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "annex", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "Adverbs of frequency:, in Rohr~r", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Lennart", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "~qviet", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": null, | |
| "venue": "Hoepelman Jaap & Rohre? Ch~-istiah", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "~qviet Lennart, Hoepelman Jaap & Rohre? Ch~-istiah (19BO~, \"Adverbs of frequency:, in Rohr~r (ed.), Time~ tense and quantifiere. Niemever.", | |
| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "The general format for the representation of habitual ~nterpretat~one Is, hence,3 R,E [ReI(R,S) ~ Pred(R) & Rel~E.R> ~ Preo(E) Most i [c~I,E)---> 3 e [c~e,I) ~ Pred(e) & AT~e,p)]]] specified Q is any of {~,3, \"3,~ost,Manv,Few}" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "The \u00f7orme~ two wiil furcner de caileO veto forms,For c {'is~ ~n~, those verb forms are summec up in the followlng rL~ie : Vero form ---~. [+/-F'ast] (wi11+ir.f) (have+EP) ({be+iNS to+frill) ~e going T, hi_'\u00a2 rule ylelds 24 (=2x2x2x3) 'verb forms." | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF0": { | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Di&~ererces like these can be handled In one o;</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>two</td><td>eaVs</td><td>either by Oefinlng complex</td><td>mappings</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>from</td><td>source language to target language forms</td><td>in</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>transfer or Oy Oeflnlng mappings Oetween language</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>specific</td><td>forms</td><td>and Interlingual meanings in</td><td>the</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>monolingual components.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>SL ~orm</td><td>)</td><td>TL form</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>complex</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>mmpc~ngs</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>meanlng</td><td>)</td><td>meanlng</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>,[</td><td>identity</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">The</td><td colspan=\"4\">4ramewor~ 04</td><td>the</td><td colspan=\"2\">analysis</td><td>is</td><td>mo~el-</td><td>mapping</td><td>mapping</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">theoretic semantics.</td><td/><td/><td>SL ~orm</td><td>TL form</td></tr><tr><td>this</td><td colspan=\"2\">~aper</td><td colspan=\"6\">is part of a comprehensive</td><td>semantic</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">ar~Ivsis</td><td/><td>of</td><td colspan=\"2\">temporal</td><td colspan=\"3\">expressions</td><td>in</td><td>natural</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">kanguage.</td><td colspan=\"6\">The research on this topic is</td><td>carried</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">ob~ in ~he framework of EUROTRA, the MT project o4</td></tr><tr><td>the</td><td colspan=\"3\">European</td><td colspan=\"3\">Community.</td><td>It</td><td>is</td><td>reporteo</td><td>on</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">e, tensi~The original motive for s~arting this</td><td>research</td></tr><tr><td>~as</td><td>the</td><td colspan=\"2\">fact</td><td colspan=\"3\">that verbal</td><td colspan=\"2\">tenses</td><td>ann</td><td>temporal</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">a,:~:ili~ries</td><td>do</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">not corresponO one-to-one in</td><td>toe</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">ienguages that EUROTRA has to deal</td><td>with.</td><td>Compare</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">for in~taqce</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>,i</td><td colspan=\"8\">EN ne has lived in Copenhagen for 20 years</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">,Z, ~rench</td><td>or</td><td colspan=\"2\">Dutch</td><td colspan=\"4\">the present perfect has</td><td>to</td><td>Pe</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">replaceO by a simple present,</td><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": ",eiv in Van Eynde (lqBT). Dk nan nan boer i KmOenhavn i 20 ~r ~it~ tnelr equlvaients in the fokiowlng languages \u2022 S~ DE er wonnt seit 20 Jahren in Kopenhaoen ~i FR ii haDite ~ Copenhaoue Oepuis 20 ans ~5, NL nij woont sinds twintlg jaar in Kopenhagen When translating from Englieh or Danish to German," | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
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| "num": null, | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>T~e</td><td colspan=\"6\">formalist tha: ~ill oe use: here has</td><td>oee~</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">de~ineo e~pilcitiy i~, van Eynce, aes TomDe Q Maes</td></tr><tr><td>~5).</td><td>irk</td><td>th!s</td><td colspan=\"2\">p~per i will</td><td>on!y give</td><td>a</td><td>s~or~</td></tr><tr><td>In~ormai</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">present~zion</td><td>of</td><td>tDe</td><td colspan=\"2\">formailS~</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">CO%Cemtratlrlg On th~se partS ~ICh will De</td><td>neeOe~</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">In the se~onO pert,</td><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "The model COnSIStS of a set of linearly oroerep irtsrvals." | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF5": { | |
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| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">R is oef~neo with respect to S : ReI~R,S~</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">E as defined with respect to R : ReI(E,R~</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">I is defineo w~th respect to E :</td><td>~(I,E)</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">and e is oefineo with respect to I :</td><td>c(e.I~</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">As it stands,</td><td colspan=\"4\">the format does not provioe any</td><td colspan=\"2\">[Stump 1981, 226]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">means for stating a direct the intervals inside the frame time ~I and e~ ano relationship between the intervals outside the frame time (S anO R~. As consequence, the formal~sm predicts that</td><td colspan=\"2\">5t~mp s time. and correspond to my I-intervals. i-interval corresponds his non-overlapplng</td><td>to subintervals my frame</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">temporal frequency adverbial adverbials w~ich are in the scope (: the e-specifiers~ refer ba~K to the speech t~me or the eeference o~ a cannot time: * Rei(e,S) and * Rel(e,R~,</td><td colspan=\"2\">As a representation of (B) this formula is sufficient, though, since the instances of chess not pla~ing do not have to take a whole week for (B~ to. be true. A more adequate paraphrase is to say</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">gooo p;ece of evidence for this hypothesis ~s pr~ioed by the WHEN-aoveroiais. In general one</td><td colspan=\"2\">that every week contained at least one subinterval (e~ during which they played chess :</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">can distinguish two kinde of those</td><td colspan=\"2\">adverbials</td><td>:</td><td/></tr><tr><td>t~e</td><td>relational</td><td>ones,</td><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">, , o</td><td>l[c(l,E~ & nl=~ & week!i)</td><td>---></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>e[c~e,l) & AT(e, they play cness)]]</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">An argument in favor of this refinement is that</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">languages have special means for specifying the e-</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">times. In</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">~I(' last year she arrived at ~ c clock every da~</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>the</td><td>aoverbia2</td><td>\"at</td><td>eight</td><td>o \u00a2ioc~\"</td><td>denotes</td><td>the</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">locatlOn 04 t~e e-intervai</td><td>;</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>B</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Notice</td><td>tha~ the pro~artlee of e</td><td>are</td><td>constant</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">within 'the 4tame time :</td><td>the aoverDial \"st</td><td>eight</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">o clot!\"</td><td>specities</td><td>t~e</td><td>time</td><td>of</td><td>each</td><td>o\u00a2 her</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">arrlvals cf last year.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">The general format for the</td><td>representation</td><td>of</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">cyclic iteration is, hence~</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">3 R,E [ReI~R,S) & PreO~R~ & Rei(E,Ri & Pred~E} &</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">I [c(l.E~ & ni=O & P(1)</td><td>---.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">e ~:~e~I~ ~ M(e) ---2</td><td>AT~e,p;]]]</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">they play chess;]]</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>where</td><td>P</td><td>is replacec ov the head o4 a periooic</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>~requencv aoverbial, specifying the</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>location</td><td>or the iengtn o~ I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>Io -optlona}l~i replaced ov ~ ti~,a</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>advero~6i, sPecifYin~ the length cr the</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>R</td><td>S</td><td/><td/><td/><td>igcatlon C.f e</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">similar analysis can be found in Stump (198i</td><td/><td>~n</td><td>im[,ortar~t</td><td>property of this</td><td>format</td><td>is</td><td>it ~.</td></tr><tr><td>where</td><td colspan=\"3\">t~e aoverbial frequency ad~ectlvee (P)</td><td>ere</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">chain-like structure :</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">given the following truth condition :</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "F~' is true in a world w at an interval I i~4,~m is true in w at non-overlapping subintervals o$ i distriOuteO throughout i ~t perioOs of a speci$ieo length I. \"" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF8": { | |
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| "num": null, | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"4\">In the previous parts</td><td>i</td><td>have presente\u00a2</td><td>a</td></tr><tr><td>formaliem</td><td>for</td><td colspan=\"4\">the representation of temporal</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">information in</td><td colspan=\"2\">sentences.</td><td/><td>This</td><td>formallsm</td><td>is</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">especially deeigned for the anaiyeis of</td><td>natural</td></tr><tr><td>language,</td><td colspan=\"3\">but not for</td><td colspan=\"2\">the analysis o~</td><td>any</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">particular natural</td><td colspan=\"2\">language,</td><td>such ae English,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Dutch or Kiswahili.</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF9": { | |
| "html": null, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"7\">The meaning of a verb form can,</td><td>hence,</td><td>be</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">representeO</td><td colspan=\"5\">as a triple ~x,y,z> where x and v are</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">substi~uteO</td><td>for</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">one of</td><td>the possible</td><td>dinar,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">-elations oe~ween The aame verb</td><td colspan=\"2\">~orm</td><td>can,</td><td>of</td><td>course,</td><td>have</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">oifferent meanings and will,</td><td>hence, Oe assoclateO</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">~th a set of such triples.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">The details</td><td colspan=\"3\">o~ this</td><td>association</td><td>have been</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">discL:ssed</td><td colspan=\"3\">elsewhere~</td><td>at</td><td>]east for the x ann \u00a5</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">values ~cf.</td><td colspan=\"5\">Van Eynde, des Tombe & Maes 1985i. In</td></tr><tr><td>tnls</td><td>paper</td><td colspan=\"5\">I will only discuss the z values in</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">some detail.</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">The Mabituality Value</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">A good starting point for</td><td>demonstrating the</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">relevance</td><td colspan=\"5\">of the habituality value is provided by</td></tr><tr><td>the</td><td colspan=\"6\">following iist of sentences.</td><td>They are</td><td>taken</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">from hess (1985).</td><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "intervals, and where z is one of the three poesible habituali~y values." | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |