| { | |
| "paper_id": "2021", | |
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| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T10:42:17.042918Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "FrameForm: An Open-source Annotation Interface for FrameNet", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "B\u00fc\u015fra", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Mar\u015fan", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Ozyegin University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Olcay", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "Taner" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Y\u0131ld\u0131z", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Ozyegin University", | |
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| "email": "[email protected]" | |
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| "abstract": "In this paper, we introduce FrameForm 1 , an open-source annotation tool designed to accommodate predicate annotations based on Frame Semantics (Fillmore et al., 1976). FrameForm is a user-friendly tool for creating, annotating and maintaining computational lexicography projects like FrameNet and has been used while building the Turkish FrameNet (Mar\u015fan et al., 2021). Responsive and opensource, FrameForm can be easily modified to answer the annotation needs of a wide range of different languages.", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
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| "text": "In this paper, we introduce FrameForm 1 , an open-source annotation tool designed to accommodate predicate annotations based on Frame Semantics (Fillmore et al., 1976). FrameForm is a user-friendly tool for creating, annotating and maintaining computational lexicography projects like FrameNet and has been used while building the Turkish FrameNet (Mar\u015fan et al., 2021). Responsive and opensource, FrameForm can be easily modified to answer the annotation needs of a wide range of different languages.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
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| "text": "FrameNet (Lowe, 1997; Baker et al., 1998; Fillmore and Atkins, 1998; Johnson et al., 2001 ) is a growing NLP resource developed by the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California. Having its theoretical background in Fillmore's Frame Semantics notion (Fillmore et al., 1976) , FrameNet is a coherent and exhaustive computational lexicography that provides in-depth semantic information regarding the argument structure and thematic relations of a predicate.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 9, | |
| "end": 21, | |
| "text": "(Lowe, 1997;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 22, | |
| "end": 41, | |
| "text": "Baker et al., 1998;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 42, | |
| "end": 68, | |
| "text": "Fillmore and Atkins, 1998;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 69, | |
| "end": 89, | |
| "text": "Johnson et al., 2001", | |
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| }, | |
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| "start": 179, | |
| "end": 200, | |
| "text": "Berkeley, California.", | |
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| "start": 272, | |
| "end": 295, | |
| "text": "(Fillmore et al., 1976)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
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| ], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In FrameNet, predicates are annotated into their respective frames. A frame refers to a schematic representation that brings lemmas together based on their semantic properties and syntactic features (for a more detailed definition and discussion of the frame notion, see (Fillmore et al., 1976) ). For instance, Motion frame brings frames that denote a motion between two points or on a path, and it has the following definition 2 : Some entity (Theme) starts out in one place (Source) and ends up in some other place (Goal), having covered some 1 https://github.com/StarlangSoftware/SemanticRoleLabeling 2 https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/frameIndex space between the two (Path). Alternatively, the Area or Direction in which the Theme moves or the Distance of the movement may be mentioned.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 271, | |
| "end": 294, | |
| "text": "(Fillmore et al., 1976)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Predicates (Lexical Units or LUs, as called in FrameNet) that fit the definition above are annotated to this frame. Here we must point out that each sense of a Lexical Unit pertains to a different frame. For instance, \"blow\" (as an intransitive verb) has several meanings 3 : 1. to move or be carried by or as if by wind 2. erupt, explode 3. to send forth a current of air or other gas With its first meaning, \"blow\" is annotated to Move frame.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Following the framework put forward by English FrameNet team, many other researchers re-created this resource in different languages. In order to ease building process and streamline the maintenance of FrameNet resources, we developed an open-source annotation interface called FrameForm 4 .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "We will discuss the creation process of Frame-Form in Section 2 and introduce its features in Section 3. Finally, we will offer a brief discussion regarding the future work in Section 4.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Development process of FrameForm is closely tied to the creation process of Turkish FrameNet (Mar\u015fan et al., 2021): While gathering data for Turkish FrameNet, our team needed an easy-to-use tool that allowed frame annotation, semantic annotation and morphologic analysis. First we did a thorough research to see what software and tools were used for building other FrameNets. In their articles covering the process of building and/or expanding their FrameNets, many teams don't mention the tools or interface they use, that is why we were able to find only few resources regarding the annotation of FrameNets in various languages:", | |
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| "section": "Developing the FrameForm", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\u2022 FrameNet Brasil team uses a web-based annotation tool called FrameNet Brasil WebTool (Matos and Torrent, 2016) . The same tool is also used for Global FrameNet annotations. It allows the users to create language specific tags to accommodate typological features of different languages but it does not allow an in-depth morphological analysis. That is why our team was unable to use FrameNet Brasil WebTool.", | |
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| "text": "(Matos and Torrent, 2016)", | |
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| "section": "Developing the FrameForm", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\u2022 The team behind German FrameNet SALSA uses two main tools for annotation: SALTO (Burchardt et al., 2006) and FrameNet Transformer (Ruppenhofer et al., 2010) . Although very practical, these tools fell short of satisfying our needs regarding morphological analysis and semantic annotation.", | |
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| "text": "(Burchardt et al., 2006)", | |
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| "text": "(Ruppenhofer et al., 2010)", | |
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| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\u2022 Swedish FrameNet team uses Karp, \"the open lexical infrastructure of Sprakbanken (the Swedish Language Bank)\" (Borin et al., 2013) , which cannot be used for annotating other languages.", | |
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| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "\u2022 Spanish FrameNet team uses the same annotation software as Berkeley team (Fillmore et al., 2002) , which, again, does not allow us to do a semantic annotation and morphological analysis as detailed as we desire.", | |
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| "text": "(Fillmore et al., 2002)", | |
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| "section": "Developing the FrameForm", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "After our thorough research, we found ourselves in a position where we had to develop our own annotation interface. Thus, we created FrameForm. It is written in Java and can be found on GitHub. Since it is an open-source program, it is possible to change or further develop FrameForm freely. That is why we believe that it can be easily integrated into many other FrameNet projects in different languages.", | |
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| "text": "Thus far, mostly Indo-European languages followed suit with the English FrameNet. These languages are relatively poorer in morphology compared to agglutinative languages like Turkish. That is why the annotation tools we discussed above do not offer a morphologic analyser component which is essential for morphologically richer languages. Our annotation tool, FrameForm allows adding a new morphological analyser and introducing a new dictionary and/or WordNet. That is why different languages can utilise FrameForm for their annotation processes simply by making some minor adjustments in the back-end.", | |
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| "section": "Developing the FrameForm", | |
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| "text": "FrameForm saves every annotation pertaining to a Lexical Unit in a single file: Morphologic analysis, predicate analysis (shows which word or group of words is the predicate), semantic analysis (maps the related meaning to the word), frame information and frame elements. This way, one can find all the necessary information regarding a Lexical unit with one click.", | |
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| "section": "Features", | |
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| "text": "The annotation process starts with the morphologic analysis of the sample sentence (see Figure 1 ). For this analysis, we incorporated our own morphological analysis library for Turkish, which can be accessed freely on GitHub 5 . Using this library, FrameForm offers an automatic morphologic analysis to speed up the process. The annotator can change auto-generated annotation if it is not correct.", | |
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| "text": "Figure 1", | |
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| "text": "Using the Starlang Turkish Morphological Analysis library, FrameForm processes roots and suffixes separately. It chooses the longest possible root (including derivational suffixes but excluding inflectional suffixes). If the longest possible root yields a plausible analysis, the algorithm goes with that. Otherwise, it refers to a set of predetermined set of rules (see (Y\u0131ld\u0131z et al., 2019) for a detailed discussion). In order to use the morphological analysis feature of FrameForm in a different language, Starlang's Turkish Morphological Analysis library can be replaced with a different library pertaining to the target language.", | |
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| "text": "Next step involves the semantic annotation. In this step, the annotator should select the correct meaning of the Lexical Unit in regard to the frame, and appropriate meanings of the other elements in the sample sentence as well (see Figure 2 ). Au- tomatic semantic annotation is possible in order to make annotation process more seamless but the annotator can always change or manually select the meanings. For the certain multi-word expressions (such as phrasal verbs, idioms, etc.) or the words that have only one meaning, the annotation is done automatically. The rest of the words are annotated by human annotators.", | |
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| "text": "For the semantic annotation step, FrameForm refers to a dictionary or WordNet. For the purposes of Turkish FrameNet, we used Turkish WordNet KeNet (Bakay et al., 2021) in order to make Turkish FrameNet compatible with other resources in Turkish (such as Turkish PropBank (Kara et al., 2020 )) yet it is possible to introduce different dictionaries or WordNets in order to use FrameForm in different languages.", | |
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| "text": "After the semantic annotation, the annotator should move on to predicate selection screen where they need to mark the predicate/Lexical Unit in the sample sentence (see Figure 3 ).", | |
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| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "Final step is annotating the Frame Elements where the annotator can see all the FEs within that frame and match them with related sentence ele-ments (see Figure 4) .", | |
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| "text": "One of the most important features of the Frame-Form is the fact that it significantly facilitates to ensure inter-annotator agreement and coherency. FrameForm allows all annotators to see each others' annotations, that is why the annotators can discuss specific cases or annotations and notify one another regarding potential agreement issues. In addition, FrameForm groups together the Lexical Units and Frame Elements of a single Frame. This way, the annotators can only see and select the Frame Elements pertaining to the Frame they are annotating. Thus, the annotators cannot use or mark down Frame Elements of other frames.", | |
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| "text": "FrameForm has 4 different screens for the each step of the annotation process: Morphologic analysis screen (see Figure 1) , semantic annotation screen (see Figure 2 ), predicate marking screen (see Figure 3 ) and frame element annotation screen (see Figure 4 ). ", | |
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| "text": "Figure 1)", | |
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| "text": "Figure 4", | |
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| "section": "Interfaces", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "FrameForm?", | |
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| "section": "What can be annotated with", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "FrameForm is a very potent tool for annotation. It allows the user to:", | |
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| "section": "What can be annotated with", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Create new frames,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "What can be annotated with", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Transfer data between the frames,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "What can be annotated with", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Manually edit or change sample sentences,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "What can be annotated with", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Delete Lexical Units,", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "What can be annotated with", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u2022 Do morphologic analysis, semantic annotation, predicate marking and frame element annotation.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "What can be annotated with", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "With FrameForm, we aimed to create a potent, flexible, easy-to-use annotation tool. In order to ensure that FrameForm alone is enough for every step of the FrameNet annotation and maintenance processes, we equipped our tool with a wide range of features including semantic annotation and Frame Element annotation. Thus it is possible to create a FrameNet from scratch, grow it and maintain it using only FrameForm. FrameForm can be downloaded freely on GitHub. Being easy to access and distribute, a crowded team of annotators can use Frame-Form for their annotation needs. Since annotators can see progress made by other members of the team, FrameForm makes it easier to ensure interannotator agreement.", | |
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| "section": "Conclusion and Future Studies", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "One of our main goals was to make FrameForm capable of answering the needs of other FrameNet teams. That is why it is an open-source tool that can be modified or advanced in accordance with the unique needs and typologies of other languages. Further studies can focus on the compatibility of FrameForm with other languages and what should be improved.", | |
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| "section": "Conclusion and Future Studies", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blow 4 https://github.com/StarlangSoftware/SemanticRoleLabeling", | |
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| "text": "https://github.com/StarlangSoftware/TurkishMorphologicalAnalysis", | |
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| "title": "Beg\u00fcm Avar, and Olcay Taner Y\u0131ld\u0131z. 2021. Turkish WordNet KeNet", | |
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