Base_JSON/prefixF/json/F12/F12-1047.json

{
    "paper_id": "F12-1047",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T09:43:16.183792Z"
    },
    "title": "",
    "authors": [],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "F12-1047",
        "_pdf_hash": "",
        "abstract": [],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique GAYRAUD 1 ; Melissa BARKAT-DEFRADAS 2",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Effet du voisinage phonologique sur l'acc\u00e8s lexical dans le discours spontan\u00e9 de patients Alzheimer",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "1 Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage UMR5596 CNRS / Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 2 Laboratoire Praxiling UMR5267 CNRS / Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier [email protected] ; [email protected]",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Effet du voisinage phonologique sur l'acc\u00e8s lexical dans le discours spontan\u00e9 de patients Alzheimer",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Le manque du mot, trouble survenant pr\u00e9cocement dans la maladie d'Alzheimer souvent interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 comme la perte des repr\u00e9sentations dans la m\u00e9moire s\u00e9mantique, complique l'acc\u00e8s lexical. Les aspects phonologiques sont r\u00e9put\u00e9s \u00eatre plus r\u00e9sistants. La densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique (nombre de mots qui ne diff\u00e8rent d'un mot cible que par un phon\u00e8me) a fait l'objet de nombreuses \u00e9tudes lesquelles observent l'effet facilitateur d'un voisinage phonologique dense. Si le syst\u00e8me de repr\u00e9sentation phonologique est pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 chez les patients, on devrait observer un effet facilitateur pour la production des mots ayant un voisinage phonologique dense. 20 patients Alzheimer et 20 sujets contr\u00f4les ont produit un discours spontan\u00e9 duquel ont \u00e9t\u00e9 extraits des mots difficiles vs faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer. La fr\u00e9quence et le nombre de voisins phonologiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9s pour chacune des deux listes de mots. Chez les patients, les mots faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer sont significativement plus fr\u00e9quents et ont un voisinage phonologique plus dense, ce qui sugg\u00e8re que l'acc\u00e8s lexical est particuli\u00e8rement sensible \u00e0 ces effets chez les patients Alzheimer.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "RESUME _________________________________________________________________________________________________",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Lexical access failure is an early marker of Alzheimer's disease, which is often accounted for by the loss of semantic representations while phonological aspects are considered more resistant. Phonological neighborhood density, which is the number of words phonologically similar to the target word, has been shown to play an important role. Most previous studies observe a facilitator effect of a dense phonological neighborhood. If phonological representations are indeed functional in AD patients, we should observe fewer lexical retrieval problems for the production of words with a dense phonological neighborhood. 20 AD patients and 20 matched elderly healthy controls produced a spontaneous discourse from which we extracted words difficult vs. easy to retrieve. The frequency and the phonological neighborhood density were computed for each type of words. Words that are easy to retrieve are significantly more frequent and have a larger phonological neighborhood, but the latter difference is significant in the patients' group only, suggesting lexical access is especially sensitive to these effects in Alzheimer's patients. Croot et al., 2000; Glosser et al. 1998 ; Gayraud et al., 2011) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 1135,
                        "end": 1154,
                        "text": "Croot et al., 2000;",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1155,
                        "end": 1176,
                        "text": "Glosser et al. 1998 ;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF4"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1177,
                        "end": 1198,
                        "text": "Gayraud et al., 2011)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF3"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Effect of phonological neighborhood density on lexical retrieval in the spontaneous speech of patients with Alzheimer's disease",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "La densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique se d\u00e9finit comme le nombre de mots qui sont similaires \u00e0 un mot donn\u00e9 par la substitution, l'addition ou la suppression d'un seul phon\u00e8me (Luce & Pisoni, 1998) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 175,
                        "end": 196,
                        "text": "(Luce & Pisoni, 1998)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF10"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Effect of phonological neighborhood density on lexical retrieval in the spontaneous speech of patients with Alzheimer's disease",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Parmi les variables affectant l'acc\u00e8s lexical, le r\u00f4le de la densit\u00e9 du voisinage phonologique a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 d'abord en reconnaissance des mots, puis en production. En reconnaissance des mots, une forte densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique a pour effet d'augmenter le nombre de r\u00e9ponses potentielles, rendant cette reconnaissance plus difficile : les mots \u00e0 faible densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique sont reconnus plus rapidement que les mots \u00e0 forte densit\u00e9 par de jeunes adultes (Cluff & Luce, 1990; Luce & Pisoni, 1998) , de m\u00eame que par les adultes \u00e2g\u00e9s (Sommers & Danielson, 1999) . Concernant la production, la plupart des \u00e9tudes observent l'effet inverse : les mots \u00e0 forte densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique sont moins susceptibles d'induire des erreurs ou des difficult\u00e9s de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration (Vitevitch, 1997; Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003) . Ils sont d\u00e9nomm\u00e9s plus rapidement que les mots \u00e0 faible densit\u00e9 de voisinage (Grainger, 1990 , Vitevitch, 2002 . Chez les patients aphasiques, les mots \u00e0 forte densit\u00e9 sont moins susceptibles d'erreurs que les mots \u00e0 faible densit\u00e9 (Gordon, 2002) . Harley and Bown (1998) ont montr\u00e9 qu'\u00e0 longueur et fr\u00e9quence \u00e9gales, le nombre de voisins phonologiques d'un mot d\u00e9terminait la probabilit\u00e9 du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de mot sur le bout de la langue : les mots avec une faible densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique sont plus susceptibles de provoquer un mot sur le bout de la langue que les mots \u00e0 forte densit\u00e9. Autrement dit, un vaste ensemble de r\u00e9ponses potentielles augmentent les chances de succ\u00e8s de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration pour un mot cible. Les auteurs font l'hypoth\u00e8se que des items structurellement similaires s'activent les uns les autres. A notre connaissance, l'effet de voisinage phonologique n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9 chez les patients Alzheimer mais au vu des travaux ant\u00e9rieurs sur le vieillissement normal et si le syst\u00e8me phonologique est plus \u00e9pargn\u00e9 que le syst\u00e8me lexico-s\u00e9mantique, nous faisons l'hypoth\u00e8se qu'un effet de densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique devrait \u00eatre observ\u00e9 chez les patients Alzheimer.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 486,
                        "end": 497,
                        "text": "Luce, 1990;",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 498,
                        "end": 518,
                        "text": "Luce & Pisoni, 1998)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF10"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 554,
                        "end": 581,
                        "text": "(Sommers & Danielson, 1999)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF17"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 792,
                        "end": 809,
                        "text": "(Vitevitch, 1997;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF19"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 810,
                        "end": 836,
                        "text": "Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF21"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 916,
                        "end": 931,
                        "text": "(Grainger, 1990",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF8"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 932,
                        "end": 949,
                        "text": ", Vitevitch, 2002",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF20"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1071,
                        "end": 1085,
                        "text": "(Gordon, 2002)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF6"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1088,
                        "end": 1110,
                        "text": "Harley and Bown (1998)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF9"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Effect of phonological neighborhood density on lexical retrieval in the spontaneous speech of patients with Alzheimer's disease",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "20 patients diagnostiqu\u00e9s comme pr\u00e9sentant une probable maladie d'Alzheimer (Reisberg et al., 1984) sur la base du NINCDS-ADRDA criteria (McKhann et al., 1984) et 20 sujets contr\u00f4les appari\u00e9s en \u00e2ge, sexe et statut socio-\u00e9conomique ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude. Les patients Alzheimer sont \u00e0 des stades de d\u00e9mence mod\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 moyenne selon l'\u00e9valuation du MMSE (Folstein et al., 1975) . Les informations concernant les participants sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans la Table 1 . ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 76,
                        "end": 99,
                        "text": "(Reisberg et al., 1984)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 137,
                        "end": 159,
                        "text": "(McKhann et al., 1984)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF11"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 354,
                        "end": 377,
                        "text": "(Folstein et al., 1975)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF2"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 449,
                        "end": 456,
                        "text": "Table 1",
                        "ref_id": "TABREF2"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Mat\u00e9riel et m\u00e9thode 2.1 Participants",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Un \u00e9chantillon de parole spontan\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 recueilli aupr\u00e8s des participants 1 en leur demandant de narrer ce qui constitue pour eux le meilleur, puis le pire, jour de leur vie. Les donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transcrites manuellement au moyen du logiciel de transcription semiautomatique Transcriber\u00ae (Barras et al., 2001 ).",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 275,
                        "end": 308,
                        "text": "Transcriber\u00ae (Barras et al., 2001",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Proc\u00e9dure",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Les silences d'une dur\u00e9e sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 200 ms ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cod\u00e9s comme des pauses silencieuses. Les allongements vocaliques, pauses pleines et h\u00e9sitations ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 transcrites. Ces dysfluences ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es comme des indices de difficult\u00e9s de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration lexicale \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur d'un syntagme. Les exemples (1) \u00e0 (6) illustrent diff\u00e9rents contextes dysfluents, les mots en gras correspondent aux mots difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Codage",
                "sec_num": "2.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "(1) Allongement Pour chaque corpus, un nombre de mots difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer a \u00e9t\u00e9 extrait. En outre, un nombre identique de mots faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer (i.e. non pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s d'une dysfluence) a \u00e9t\u00e9 extrait al\u00e9atoirement de chaque corpus. Pour chacun des mots de ces deux listes, la fr\u00e9quence des mots extraits du corpus et le nombre de leurs voisins phonologiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9es au moyen de la base Lexique (New et al., 2004) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 405,
                        "end": 423,
                        "text": "(New et al., 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF13"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Codage",
                "sec_num": "2.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Au total, 376 mots ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s comme probl\u00e9matiques (i.e. difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer) mais les mots tr\u00e8s rares (<5) et tr\u00e8s fr\u00e9quents (<500) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exclus de l'analyse.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "R\u00e9sultats",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Pour chaque variable d\u00e9pendante, la fr\u00e9quence, puis le nombre de voisins phonologiques, une ANOVA \u00e0 deux facteurs (A = facteur interparticipants : Alzheimers, Contr\u00f4les ; B= facteur intraparticipants : mots faciles, mots difficiles) sera r\u00e9alis\u00e9e selon un plan \u00e0 mesures partiellement r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es S20 <A2>*B2).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "R\u00e9sultats",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Le tableau 2 pr\u00e9sente la fr\u00e9quence des mots difficiles ou faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer dans les deux populations. Fisher a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 au vu des hypoth\u00e8ses de l'\u00e9tude : par population, la diff\u00e9rence entre les deux listes de mots est significative chez les patients Alzheimer (p=0,003), chez qui les mots difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer ont une densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique significativement moindre que les mots faciles, mais cette diff\u00e9rence n'est pas significative dans le groupe contr\u00f4le.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "R\u00e9sultats",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Le nombre de voisins phonologiques est connu pour \u00eatre corr\u00e9l\u00e9 avec la longueur du mot (Storkel, 2004) : plus un mot est court, plus il est susceptible d'avoir un voisinage phonologique dense. C'est le cas dans nos donn\u00e9es, \u00e0 la fois pour les mots probl\u00e9matiques (z=-0,628 ; p<0.0001) que pour les mots non probl\u00e9matiques \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer (z=-0,658 ; p<0.0001). Dans ces circonstances, il est difficile de d\u00e9terminer si les difficult\u00e9s de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration lexicale sont imputables au param\u00e8tre de longueur du mot ou \u00e0 celui de la densit\u00e9 du voisinage phonologique des mots. Afin de neutraliser l'effet de longueur, nous avons, dans un deuxi\u00e8me temps, consid\u00e9r\u00e9 uniquement le cas des mots bisyllabiques.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 87,
                        "end": 102,
                        "text": "(Storkel, 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF18"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Mots difficiles Mots faciles",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Le tableau 4 pr\u00e9sente la fr\u00e9quence des mots de deux syllabes. F(1,213) = 0,608, n.s.) tandis que l'on peut observer une tendance au niveau de l'interaction entre les deux variables (F(1,213) = 3,073, p=0,08). Le test post-hoc PLSD de Fisher r\u00e9alis\u00e9 au vu des hypoth\u00e8ses de l'\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les mots difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer produits par les patients Alzheimer ont significativement moins de voisins phonologiques que les mots faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer (p = 0,03) alors que la diff\u00e9rence n'est pas significative dans le groupe contr\u00f4le (n.s.).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 62,
                        "end": 70,
                        "text": "F(1,213)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Mots difficiles Mots faciles",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Dans cette \u00e9tude, nous avons examin\u00e9 l'effet de la densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique dans les mots d'acc\u00e8s difficile vs facile chez des patients souffrant de la maladie d'Alzheimer et des sujets \u00e2g\u00e9s sains. Globalement, notre \u00e9tude r\u00e9plique les r\u00e9sultats d'\u00e9tudes ant\u00e9rieures concluant \u00e0 l'effet facilitateur de la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des mots fr\u00e9quents et de ceux ayant un voisinage phonologique dense, mais cette diff\u00e9rence n'est significative que chez les patients Alzheimer. Lorsque la longueur est contr\u00f4l\u00e9e, l'effet s'inverse sans devenir significatif chez les contr\u00f4les tandis qu'il se maintient chez les patients Alzheimer, chez qui une densit\u00e9 phonologique faible semble affecter le succ\u00e8s de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des mots en parole spontan\u00e9e. Ce r\u00e9sultat r\u00e9v\u00e8le qu'en production spontan\u00e9e, un voisinage phonologique dense provoque \u00e9galement un effet facilitateur, ce qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment observ\u00e9 en laboratoire dans des t\u00e2ches de d\u00e9nomination lexicale (Vitevitch, 2002 ; Mirman et al. 2010) et \u00e0 travers l'\u00e9tude de situations de mots sur le bout de la langue induites (Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003) . Comme dans les \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, nos r\u00e9sultats confirment la validit\u00e9 des mod\u00e8les interactifs de la production de la parole (Dell, 1986 par exemple) selon lesquels l'activation de la forme d'un mot active partiellement les noeuds phonologiques qui le constituent. Les noeuds phonologiques activ\u00e9s r\u00e9percutent l'activation au niveau de la forme du mot \u00e0 tous les mots qui contiennent ces phon\u00e8mes. Ces voisins partiellement activ\u00e9s renvoient l'activation au niveau des noeuds phonologiques, augmentant ainsi l'activation des noeuds phonologiques partag\u00e9s. La quantit\u00e9 d'activation que les noeuds phonologiques re\u00e7oivent d\u00e9pend -entre autres -du nombre de voisins (Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003) . Un mot ayant beaucoup de voisins phonologiques recevra une plus grande quantit\u00e9 d'activation via les noeuds phonologiques partag\u00e9s qu'un mot ayant peu de voisins phonologiques, et sera donc produit plus facilement (Gordon, 2002 ; Gordon & Dell, 2001 , Vitevitch, 2002 , Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003 , Dell & Gordon, 2003 . L'absence d'effet facilitateur de la densit\u00e9 de voisinage phonologique dans le groupe contr\u00f4le requiert l'examen plus exhaustif des caract\u00e9ristiques des mots \u00e9tudi\u00e9s. Outre l'effet de densit\u00e9 phonologique et de fr\u00e9quence que nous avons examin\u00e9s ici, des \u00e9tudes ult\u00e9rieures devront consid\u00e9rer d'autres variables telles que la longueur que nous avons neutralis\u00e9e dans cette \u00e9tude ou encore la fr\u00e9quence des voisins phonologiques (Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003) . CROOT, K., HODGES, J.R., XUEREB, J., PATTERSON, K. ( 2000) . Phonological and articulatory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: A case series. Brain and Language 75, pages 277-309. DELL, G.S. (1986) . A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review. 93, pages 283-321.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 953,
                        "end": 971,
                        "text": "(Vitevitch, 2002 ;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF20"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 972,
                        "end": 991,
                        "text": "Mirman et al. 2010)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF12"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1069,
                        "end": 1096,
                        "text": "(Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF21"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1225,
                        "end": 1236,
                        "text": "(Dell, 1986",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1763,
                        "end": 1790,
                        "text": "(Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF21"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2007,
                        "end": 2022,
                        "text": "(Gordon, 2002 ;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF6"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2023,
                        "end": 2042,
                        "text": "Gordon & Dell, 2001",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF7"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2043,
                        "end": 2060,
                        "text": ", Vitevitch, 2002",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF20"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2061,
                        "end": 2088,
                        "text": ", Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF21"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2089,
                        "end": 2110,
                        "text": ", Dell & Gordon, 2003",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF0"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2540,
                        "end": 2567,
                        "text": "(Vitevitch & Sommers, 2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF21"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2607,
                        "end": 2628,
                        "text": "PATTERSON, K. ( 2000)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2749,
                        "end": 2766,
                        "text": "DELL, G.S. (1986)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": "4"
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {
            "BIBREF0": {
                "ref_id": "b0",
                "title": "Neighbors in the lexicon: Friends or Foes",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "G",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Dell",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "J",
                        "middle": [
                            "K"
                        ],
                        "last": "Gordon",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2003,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "DELL, G.S. & GORDON, J.K. (2003). Neighbors in the lexicon: Friends or Foes? In Schiller, N.O. &",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF1": {
                "ref_id": "b1",
                "title": "Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production: Differences and similarities",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "A",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Meyer",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": null,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Meyer, A.S. : Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production: Differences and similarities. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF2": {
                "ref_id": "b2",
                "title": "A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
                            "F"
                        ],
                        "last": "Folstein",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "S",
                        "middle": [
                            "E"
                        ],
                        "last": "Folstein",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "P",
                        "middle": [
                            "R"
                        ],
                        "last": "Mchugh",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1975,
                "venue": "Journal of psychiatric research",
                "volume": "12",
                "issue": "3",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "FOLSTEIN, M.F., FOLSTEIN, S.E., & MCHUGH, P.R. (1975). \"Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of psychiatric research, 12(3), 189.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF3": {
                "ref_id": "b3",
                "title": "Perturbations phonologiques et maladie d'Alzheimer : la fin d'un mythe ? 4 \u00e8mes Journ\u00e9es de Phon\u00e9tique Clinique",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "F",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Gayraud",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "H.-R",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Lee",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "F",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Hirsch",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Barkat-Defradas",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2011,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "GAYRAUD, F., LEE, H.-R., HIRSCH, F. & BARKAT-DEFRADAS, M., (2011), Perturbations phonologiques et maladie d'Alzheimer : la fin d'un mythe ? 4 \u00e8mes Journ\u00e9es de Phon\u00e9tique Clinique, Strasbourg, 19-21 mai 2011.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF4": {
                "ref_id": "b4",
                "title": "Cognitive mechanisms for processing nonwords: Evidence from Alzheimer's disease",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "G",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Glosser",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "R",
                        "middle": [
                            "B"
                        ],
                        "last": "Friedman",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "S",
                        "middle": [
                            "E"
                        ],
                        "last": "Kohn",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "L",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Sands",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "P",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Grugan",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1998,
                "venue": "Brain and Language",
                "volume": "63",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "32--49",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "GLOSSER, G., FRIEDMAN, RB., KOHN, SE., SANDS, L. ,GRUGAN, P. ( 1998). Cognitive mechanisms for processing nonwords: Evidence from Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Language 63, pages 32- 49.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF5": {
                "ref_id": "b5",
                "title": "The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "R",
                        "middle": [
                            "J"
                        ],
                        "last": "Glushko",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1979,
                "venue": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance",
                "volume": "5",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "674--691",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "GLUSHKO, R.J. (1979). The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, pages 674- 691.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF6": {
                "ref_id": "b6",
                "title": "Phonological neighborhood effects in aphasic speech errors: Spontaneous and structured contexts",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "J",
                        "middle": [
                            "K"
                        ],
                        "last": "Gordon",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "Brain and Language",
                "volume": "82",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "113--145",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "GORDON, J.K. (2002). Phonological neighborhood effects in aphasic speech errors: Spontaneous and structured contexts. Brain and Language, 82, pages 113-145.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF7": {
                "ref_id": "b7",
                "title": "Phonological neighborhood effects: Evidence from aphasia and connectionist modeling",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "J",
                        "middle": [
                            "K"
                        ],
                        "last": "Gordon",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "G",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Dell",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2001,
                "venue": "Brain & Language",
                "volume": "79",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "21--23",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "GORDON, J.K., DELL, G.S. (2001) Phonological neighborhood effects: Evidence from aphasia and connectionist modeling. Brain & Language, 79, pages 21-23.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF8": {
                "ref_id": "b8",
                "title": "Word frequency and neighborhood frequency effects in lexical decision and naming",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "J",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Grainger",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1990,
                "venue": "Journal of Memory and Language",
                "volume": "29",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "228--244",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "GRAINGER, J. (1990). Word frequency and neighborhood frequency effects in lexical decision and naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, pages 228-244.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF9": {
                "ref_id": "b9",
                "title": "What causes a tip-of the-tongue state? Evidence for lexical neighborhood effects in speech production",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "T",
                        "middle": [
                            "A"
                        ],
                        "last": "Harley",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "H",
                        "middle": [
                            "E"
                        ],
                        "last": "Bown",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1998,
                "venue": "British Journal of Psychology",
                "volume": "89",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "151--174",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "HARLEY, T.A., & BOWN, H.E. (1998). What causes a tip-of the-tongue state? Evidence for lexical neighborhood effects in speech production. British Journal of Psychology, 89, pages 151-174.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF10": {
                "ref_id": "b10",
                "title": "Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "P",
                        "middle": [
                            "A"
                        ],
                        "last": "Luce",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "D",
                        "middle": [
                            "B"
                        ],
                        "last": "Pisoni",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1998,
                "venue": "Ear & Hearing",
                "volume": "19",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "1--36",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "LUCE, P.A. & PISONI, D.B. (1998). Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model. Ear & Hearing, 19, pages 1-36.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF11": {
                "ref_id": "b11",
                "title": "Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "G",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Mckhann",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "D",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Drachman",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Folstein",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Katzman R",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Price D",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "E",
                        "middle": [
                            "M"
                        ],
                        "last": "Stadlan",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1984,
                "venue": "Neurology",
                "volume": "34",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "939--983",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "MCKHANN G., DRACHMAN D., FOLSTEIN M., KATZMAN R., PRICE D., STADLAN E.M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, pages 939-44.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF12": {
                "ref_id": "b12",
                "title": "Effects of Near and Distant Phonological Neighbors on Picture Naming",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "D",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Mirman",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "A",
                        "middle": [
                            "K"
                        ],
                        "last": "Kittredge",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "G",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Dell",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2010,
                "venue": "Proceedings of the 32nd Palm Mind Modelling",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "1447--1452",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "MIRMAN, D., KITTREDGE, A.K., DELL, G.S. (2010). Effects of Near and Distant Phonological Neighbors on Picture Naming. Proceedings of the 32nd Palm Mind Modelling, pages 1447- 1452.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF13": {
                "ref_id": "b13",
                "title": "Lexique 2: A new French Lexical database",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "B",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "New",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "C",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Pallier",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Brybaert",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "L",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Ferrand",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2004,
                "venue": "Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers",
                "volume": "36",
                "issue": "3",
                "pages": "516--552",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "NEW, B., PALLIER, C. BRYBAERT, M. a FERRAND, L. (2004). Lexique 2: A new French Lexical database. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36 (3), pages 516-552.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF14": {
                "ref_id": "b14",
                "title": "Neuropsychologie Clinique des d\u00e9mences : Evaluations et prise en charge",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "J",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Poitrenaud",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1995,
                "venue": "",
                "volume": "",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "POITRENAUD, J. (1995). Les \u00e9valuations psychom\u00e9triques. In: F. Eustache F. & A. Agniel A. (Eds), Neuropsychologie Clinique des d\u00e9mences : Evaluations et prise en charge. Marseille :Solal.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF16": {
                "ref_id": "b16",
                "title": "Functional staging of dementia of the Alzheimer type",
                "authors": [],
                "year": null,
                "venue": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences",
                "volume": "435",
                "issue": "1",
                "pages": "481--483",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Functional staging of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 435(1), pages 481-483.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF17": {
                "ref_id": "b17",
                "title": "Inhibitory processes and spoken word recognition in young and older adults: The interaction of lexical competition and semantic context",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Sommers",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "S",
                        "middle": [
                            "M"
                        ],
                        "last": "Danielson",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1999,
                "venue": "Psychology and Aging",
                "volume": "14",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "458--472",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "SOMMERS, M.S., & DANIELSON, S.M. (1999). Inhibitory processes and spoken word recognition in young and older adults: The interaction of lexical competition and semantic context. Psychology and Aging, 14, pages 458-472.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF18": {
                "ref_id": "b18",
                "title": "Methods for Minimizing the Confounding Effects of Word Length in the Analysis of Phonotactic Probability and Neighborhood Density",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "H",
                        "middle": [
                            "L"
                        ],
                        "last": "Storkel",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2004,
                "venue": "Journal of Speech and Hearing Research",
                "volume": "47",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "1454--1468",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "STORKEL, H.L. (2004). Methods for Minimizing the Confounding Effects of Word Length in the Analysis of Phonotactic Probability and Neighborhood Density. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 47, pages 1454-1468.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF19": {
                "ref_id": "b19",
                "title": "The neighborhood characteristics of malapropisms",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Vitevitch",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1997,
                "venue": "Language and Speech",
                "volume": "40",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "211--228",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "VITEVITCH, M.S. (1997). The neighborhood characteristics of malapropisms. Language and Speech, 40, pages 211-228.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF20": {
                "ref_id": "b20",
                "title": "The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Vitevitch",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2002,
                "venue": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition",
                "volume": "28",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "735--747",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "VITEVITCH, M.S. (2002). The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, pages 735-747.",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF21": {
                "ref_id": "b21",
                "title": "The facilitative influence of phonological similarity and neighborhood frequency in speech production in younger and older adults",
                "authors": [
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Vitevitch",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
                            "S"
                        ],
                        "last": "Sommers",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 2003,
                "venue": "Memory & Cognition",
                "volume": "31",
                "issue": "",
                "pages": "491--504",
                "other_ids": {},
                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "VITEVITCH, M.S., & SOMMERS, M.S. (2003). The facilitative influence of phonological similarity and neighborhood frequency in speech production in younger and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 31, pages 491-504.",
                "links": null
            }
        },
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Amandine67 : \u00ab depuis que t'es partie on arr\u00eate pas d'appeler le-le: <Allongement: 0,44s> les urgences c'\u00e9tait bien s\u00fbr un samedi ou un dimanche \u00bb(2) Allongement + autre Ariane 68-24: \u00ab je me suis cass\u00e9 la: <allongement: 0,32s> <Pause Silencieuse: 0,49s> la cheville \u00bb (3) Pause Silencieuse Ariane 68-25: \u00ab sept fois j'ai pass\u00e9 en en < Pause Silencieuse: 0,57s> en gyn\u00e9cologie \u00bb (4) Pause Silencieuse + autre Anne83-22: \u00ab des choses < Pause Silencieuse: 0,83s> <Pause Pleine: 0,56s> lisibles \u00bb (5) Pause Pleine Aur\u00e9lien: \u00ab je suis comme / comme < Pause Pleine: 1.17s> un bourgeon \u00bb (6) Pause Pleine + autre Ariane68-25 : \u00ab j'\u00e9tais vraiment-< Pause Pleine: 0.37s> < Pause Silencieuse: 1.04s> enchant\u00e9e \u00bb 1 Les noms des participants \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude ont tous \u00e9t\u00e9 anonym\u00e9s."
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "uris": null,
                "text": "BARRAS, C., GEOFFROIS, E. WU Z. & LIBERMAN, M. (2001). Transcriber: development and use of a tool for assisting speech corpora production. Speech Communication, 33 (1-2), pages 5-22. CLUFF, M.S., & LUCE, P.A. (1990). Similarity neighborhoods of spoken two-syllable words: Retroactive effects on multiple activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, pages 551-563."
            },
            "TABREF2": {
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table/>",
                "text": "Caract\u00e9ristiques des participantsLes patients et les contr\u00f4les ne diff\u00e8rent ni en \u00e2ge ni en statut socio-\u00e9conomique mesur\u00e9 \u00e0 l'aide de l'\u00e9chelle dePoitrenaud (1995), mais les patients obtiennent des scores significativement moindres que les contr\u00f4les au test du MMSE (p<0.0001)."
            },
            "TABREF4": {
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table><tr><td>L'analyse statistique ne r\u00e9v\u00e8le aucun effet de groupe (F(1,224) = 0,178, n.s.) mais un effet de</td></tr><tr><td>type de mots (F(1,224) = 6,89, p=.009) : les mots difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer ont un nombre</td></tr></table>",
                "text": "Nombre moyen de voisins phonologiques pour les mots difficiles vs faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer en fonction de la population."
            },
            "TABREF6": {
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table><tr><td>L'analyse statistique ne r\u00e9v\u00e8le pas d'effet de groupe (F(1,213) = 1,88 ; n.s.), ni d'effet de type de</td></tr><tr><td>mots</td></tr></table>",
                "text": "Nombre moyen de voisins phonologiques des bisyllabiques difficiles ou faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer en fonction du groupe."
            }
        }
    }
}