Base_JSON/prefixL/json/lilt/2014.lilt-11.6.json

{
    "paper_id": "2014",
    "header": {
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        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:00:26.964863Z"
    },
    "title": "D\u00e9monette, a French derivational morpho-semantic network",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Nabil",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Hathout",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "Fiammetta",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Namer",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "",
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            {
                "text": "This paper addresses D\u00e9monette, a new lexical resource for French that offers derivational morpho-semantic information and whose content, design and development prospects make it a novel tool that fills a gap among lexical databases.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In its first version, D\u00e9monette contains 31,204 verbs, adjectives and nouns. It is a network, organized as a graph, in which vertices and edges carry morphological and semantic features; it is designed based on a cumulative conceptualizion of the constructed meaning of derived lexemes and combines the semantic typing of the lexemes with the use of abstract definitions (i.e., generalized descriptions that allow us to group words with similar meanings). One principle underlying the construction of this resource is that the meaning of a derived word is a combination of partial semantic properties introduced by each of the derivational relations in which the word is involved. This principle has its foundation in the theoretical background we adopt, which considers that the application of Word Formation Rules (WFR) takes the form of a set of relations between words instead of a combination of morphemes.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Currently, D\u00e9monette's core structure and coverage arise from the contributions of two long-existing resources, following an assumption discussed in Hathout and Namer (2011) : the D\u00e9riF parsing system and the Morphonette network. On the one hand, these resources are built on conceptually opposite frameworks, but on the other hand, they are complementary in terms of coverage and share theoretically consistent linguistic information. Nevertheless, as we see in this paper, D\u00e9monette has a distinctive formal architecture that is enriched by a set of original semantic features, and therefore, it is far from being simply a merger of D\u00e9riF's derivational analysis and Morphonette's paradigms.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 149,
                        "end": 173,
                        "text": "Hathout and Namer (2011)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF39"
                    }
                ],
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                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
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            {
                "text": "Indeed, D\u00e9monette has two major objectives. The first addresses theoretical issues, with the intent of constructing a large-scale, reliable and linguistically sound derivational network for French that is in accordance with the principles of a modern vision of Word Formation, i.e., word-based morphology. The second concerns NLP and linguistic engineering, which will benefit from the various morphological and morpho-semantic information D\u00e9monette provides.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. After a review of comparable resources in Section 1 and a brief presentation of the major features of D\u00e9monette, Section 2 describes D\u00e9riF and Morphonette, the resources from which D\u00e9monette originates. Then, Section 3 outlines D\u00e9monette's underlying model and explains how information is extracted from these resources to fuel this new lexical resource. Next, Section 4 details the cumulative conceptualization of constructed meaning, the typing of derived lexemes and the use of abstract and concrete definitions. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of the current version of D\u00e9monette is then provided in Section 5. Finally, in Section 6, we discuss various issues related to the extension of D\u00e9monette and the possibility of discovering and characterizing new derivational relations that could be incorporated into this new resource without relying on D\u00e9riF or Morphonette.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "D\u00e9monette features a unique combination of traits: it is a computational morphology resource, it is dedicated to derivational morphology, it is relation-oriented, it includes lexical semantic information, and its semantic descriptions are cumulative and involve semantic types and both concrete and abstract definitions. Other resources and tools share some of these characteristics.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "State of the Art",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "The most common morphological resources are inflectional lexicons. Several large inflectional lexicons exist for French, such as Lefff (Sagot et al. 2006) , which also includes syntactic subcategorization frames; Morphalou (Romary et al. 2004) or TLFnome, which were created from the Tr\u00e9sor de la Langue Fran\u00e7aise word list, and GL\u00c0FF, which was extracted from the French Wiktionary and is notable for its significantly larger size and phonemic transcriptions (Sajous et al. 2013; Hathout et al. 2014) .",
                "cite_spans": [
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                        "start": 135,
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                        "text": "(Sagot et al. 2006)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF67"
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                    {
                        "start": 223,
                        "end": 243,
                        "text": "(Romary et al. 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF65"
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                    {
                        "start": 460,
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                        "text": "(Sajous et al. 2013;",
                        "ref_id": null
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                        "start": 481,
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                        "text": "Hathout et al. 2014)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF42"
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                ],
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                "section": "State of the Art",
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                "text": "In addition to these inflectional resources, some derivational morphological resources are available, though much fewer in number. The best known is certainly CELEX, which addresses English, German and Dutch (Baayen et al. 1995) . It provides a comprehensive description of these three lexicons that includes phonology, inflectional and derivational morphology, syntactic categories and corpus frequency. CELEX adopts a conventional model of derivational morphology: lexemes have morphological structures that are represented as morpheme decompositions, as in (16) for the noun occupation. CELEX contains no lexical semantic relations and provides no characterization of word meaning. There are also more modest derivational resources that essentially provide morphologically related word pairs, such as CatVar (Habash and Dorr 2003) for English or DerivBase for German (Zeller et al. 2013) . A more sophisticated resource, Morphonette (Hathout 2011) , is described in detail in Section 2.3. Note that more specialized resources have also been created for French, such as Verbaction (Tanguy and Hathout 2002; see Section 5) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 208,
                        "end": 228,
                        "text": "(Baayen et al. 1995)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF3"
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                        "start": 811,
                        "end": 833,
                        "text": "(Habash and Dorr 2003)",
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                        "start": 870,
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                        "text": "(Zeller et al. 2013)",
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                        "text": "(Hathout 2011)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF36"
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                        "text": "(Tanguy and Hathout 2002;",
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                        "start": 1109,
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                        "text": "see Section 5)",
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                ],
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                "section": "State of the Art",
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                "text": "Work related to the construction of derivational morphological resources is relatively scarce. Most efforts in computer morphology have focused on the development of morphological analyzers (see (Hammarstr\u00f6m and Borin 2011) for a summary). Many have been developed over the past two decades to meet the needs of morphological analysis in NLP and to overcome the limitations of the lexicons. Such parsers split words into morphemes. Some of them add labels to identify morpheme variants. They are usually based on the Harrisian model (Harris 1955 ) and on a variety of machine learning methods. Therefore, they are relatively language independent, although many are designed to yield better results for Western European concatenative languages such as English, German and French. These systems include Linguistica (Goldsmith 2001) , Morfessor (Creutz 2003; Creutz and Lagus 2005) and Bernhard's (2006) parser. In this respect, this trend is similar to that observed in POS-tagging and syntactic parsing. Other systems, grounded in more recent morphological theories have also been developed, such as D\u00e9riF (Namer 2009) , which is presented in Section 2.2 (for a general overview, see (Bernhard et al. 2011; Namer 2013b) ).",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 533,
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                        "text": "(Harris 1955",
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                    {
                        "start": 813,
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                        "text": "(Goldsmith 2001)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF29"
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                        "start": 842,
                        "end": 855,
                        "text": "(Creutz 2003;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF11"
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                        "start": 856,
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                        "text": "Creutz and Lagus 2005)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF12"
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                        "start": 883,
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                        "text": "Bernhard's (2006)",
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                        "text": "(Namer 2009)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF52"
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                        "start": 1183,
                        "end": 1205,
                        "text": "(Bernhard et al. 2011;",
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                        "text": "Namer 2013b)",
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                ],
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                "section": "State of the Art",
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            {
                "text": "Morphological descriptions may also be found in certain general lexical semantic resources, such as wordnets (Fellbaum 1999) or Jeux de Mots (Lafourcade and Joubert 2013) . Princeton WordNet has a morphosemantic supplement that exhibits several similarities with D\u00e9monette (Fellbaum and Miller 2003) . This \"over-layer\" is a lexicon of 17,740 word pairs. The first word in the relation is characterized by a semantic type (event, condition, income, property, location, etc.) . In addition, the meaning of each word in each pair is described by a definition (i.e., the gloss of the synset it belongs to). Therefore, these definitions do not always reference the meaning of the other word of the pair. Similar morphosemantic descriptions have also been added to the Czech and Turkish wordnets (Pala and Hlav\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 2007; Bilgin et al. 2004) . Note also that the structure defined by such a supplement does not exactly coincide with the organization of WordNet into synsets because the morphosemantic relations hold only between the words that make up the synsets and not between synsets, as for the other lexical semantic relations.",
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                    {
                        "start": 109,
                        "end": 124,
                        "text": "(Fellbaum 1999)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF20"
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                    {
                        "start": 141,
                        "end": 170,
                        "text": "(Lafourcade and Joubert 2013)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF44"
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                    {
                        "start": 273,
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                        "text": "(Fellbaum and Miller 2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF21"
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                    {
                        "start": 422,
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                        "text": "(event, condition, income, property, location, etc.)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 791,
                        "end": 817,
                        "text": "(Pala and Hlav\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 2007;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF57"
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                        "start": 818,
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                        "text": "Bilgin et al. 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF7"
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                ],
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                "section": "State of the Art",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Jeux de Mots is large lexical network for French that was developed using an online game with a purpose. It describes a wide range of classic lexical relations (synonymy, hypernymy, meronymy, etc.) . This resource also contains derivational morphological relations in the following forms: verb-process (construire 'build' \u2192 construction 'construction'; 6453 relations r verbe-action) or process-verb (jardinage 'gardening' -> jardiner 'garden V ;' 6388 relations r action-verbe). Because it was created by online game players, Jeux de Mots has very broad lexical coverage but lacks a systematic treatment of the encoded lexical and morphological relations, especially the latter.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 160,
                        "end": 197,
                        "text": "(synonymy, hypernymy, meronymy, etc.)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
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                "section": "State of the Art",
                "sec_num": "1"
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            {
                "text": "The definitions found in WordNet are concrete (i.e., fully instantiated) definitions (see Section 3.4). Other resources, such as FrameNet, feature abstract definitions in which some of the defining elements are variables. FrameNet consist of lexical units (words) associated with semantic frames and exemplified by annotated examples. A \"semantic frame [is] a script-like conceptual structure that [jointly] describes a particular type of situation, object, or event along with its participants and properties\" (Ruppenhofer et al. 2006) . A frame includes both a definition of the concept and its potential participants. These definitions are abstract to the extent that participants are represented by variables that indicate their semantic roles. Furthermore, the variables are typed, as in D\u00e9monette (see Figure 1 ). The definition of a participant is relative to both the situation and the other participants. In D\u00e9monette, every elementary relation is described separately. Moreover, FrameNet's definitions are less formal that those of D\u00e9monette. In particular, we observe some variation in the expression of the predicate in Figure 1 : it is represented by \"cut\" in the Agent definition and \"slicing\" in the Pieces definition.",
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                    {
                        "start": 511,
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                        "text": "(Ruppenhofer et al. 2006)",
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                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 808,
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                        "text": "Figure 1",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF1"
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                        "end": 1140,
                        "text": "Figure 1",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF1"
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                "section": "State of the Art",
                "sec_num": "1"
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            {
                "text": "An Agent cuts an Item into Pieces using an Instrument (which may or may not be expressed). Frame elements:",
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                "section": "Definition:",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Core: Agent The Agent is the person cutting the Item into Pieces.",
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                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Definition:",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The item that is being cut into Pieces.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic Type: Sentient Item",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Pieces are the parts of the original Item that are the result of the slicing. Non-core: Instrument The Instrument with which the Item is being cut into Pieces.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Pieces",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Manner in which the Item is being cut into Pieces. Semantic Type: Manner ... ",
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic Type: Physical entity Manner",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Unlike the morpho-semantically annotated lexical resources presented above, D\u00e9monette is a lexical network that is designed to achieve a quadruple objective:",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Data",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "1. Connect the members of a derivational family (i.e., words that share the same stem), be they in a direct relationship (e.g., between the noun essorage 'spinning' and its verbal base essorer '(to) spin') or an indirect relationship (e.g., between the nouns essorage and essoreuse 'spin-dryer,' which share the same base). These connections are all bi-oriented.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "Data",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "2. Label each relation with a definition that describes the meaning of one of the connected words with respect to that of the other. For instance, the meaning of essorage is described as the 'action of essorer ' or as the 'action performed by an essoreuse;' likewise, essorer is defined as '(to) perform essorage.'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Data",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "3. Provide the words in the network with morphological and semantic tags. For instance, D\u00e9monette indicates that essorage is an action noun (semantics) derived from a verb (morphology) and formed with the -age suffix (morphology).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Data",
                "sec_num": "2"
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                "text": "4. Bring together, in the form of abstract notations, the definitions of words that share similar semantic features. For instance, the definition of essorage with respect to essorer can be regarded as an instance of the abstract expression 'action of PREDICATE,' which subsumes all verb-based action nouns in the network, regardless of their morphological properties.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "Data",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "To achieve these multiple goals, three sources of information have been used, each of which contributes in its own way to the content of D\u00e9monette. These sources are as follows: a list of words; the morphological analyzer D\u00e9riF, as the primary source of morpho-semantic information; and the Morphonette lexicon, which contains a number of indirect relations.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Data",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "The selection of the words included in the current version of D\u00e9monette was guided by two criteria. The first was the alignment of the initial resources to allow the morphological graph to be created using a single set of predefined vertices. This set of words was extracted from the TLFnome lexicon 3 . The reason for this choice was twofold: D\u00e9riF has primarily been developed based on the TLFnome lexicon (cf. Section 2.2), and Morphonette has been built from this lexicon (cf. Section 2.3).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's list of words",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Achieving good convergence between resources as different as D\u00e9riF and Morphonette requires the resolution of certain formal and practical implementation issues. To this end, the initial set of words was reduced to lexemes constructed using seven suffixes and their possible verb bases (see Section 3.1).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's list of words",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "D\u00e9riF (Namer 2009 (Namer , 2013b ) is a morphological analyzer that implements WFRs developed by linguists. It has two major features:",
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                        "start": 6,
                        "end": 17,
                        "text": "(Namer 2009",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF52"
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                    {
                        "start": 18,
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                        "text": "(Namer , 2013b",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF54"
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                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
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                "text": "1. The analyses are controlled by a set of exceptions that account for some of the irregularities that have accumulated during the evolution of the lexicon. 2. It provides each derived word with a (concrete) definition, that is, a phrase that expresses its morphologically constructed meaning with respect to its base when the word is formed through derivation, as in (17a), or with respect to its bases in the case of compounding, as in (18a). These definitions are reminiscent of those of WordNet (Miller et al. 1990; Fellbaum 1999 ).",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 499,
                        "end": 519,
                        "text": "(Miller et al. 1990;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF50"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 520,
                        "end": 533,
                        "text": "Fellbaum 1999",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF20"
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                ],
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                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "D\u00e9riF analyzes POS-tagged lemmas. It recursively applies the WFRs until a non-decomposable unit is identified, i.e., a string in which no affix or compounding element can be found and whose part of speech makes it unlikely to be a converted word. D\u00e9riF provides a list of the morphological antecedents of the analyzed word and a morphological definition, as in (17b) and (18b). The first element in the list is the analyzed word. When several competing derivations are possible, for example, in the case of a bracketing paradox (Spencer 1988; Becker 1994) , D\u00e9riF chooses the solution that is best motivated linguistically. For example, d\u00e9senneigement 'snow clearance,' could potentially be derived from enneigement via prefixation with d\u00e9-or from d\u00e9senneiger 'clear the snow from' via suffixation with -ment. The base d\u00e9senneiger is preferred to enneigement because d\u00e9-prefixation constructs verbs rather than nouns (Amiot 2008) , so D\u00e9riF analyzes d\u00e9senneigement as in (19) and not (20). In the remainder of this section, D\u00e9riF's analyses are presented as lists of antecedents. However, when multiple analyses are possible, all solutions are provided. This is the case in (21), where the order of rule application (21a vs 21b) does not matter, and in 22 ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 528,
                        "end": 542,
                        "text": "(Spencer 1988;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF71"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 543,
                        "end": 555,
                        "text": "Becker 1994)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF4"
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                    {
                        "start": 917,
                        "end": 929,
                        "text": "(Amiot 2008)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF0"
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                ],
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                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "/ADJ, importer/VER, import/NOM) '(importable, import V , import N )'",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "By design, D\u00e9riF is also capable of analyzing neologisms. The rule system predicts their bases and calculates their morphologically constructed meanings based on their morphological structures and their POSs (in (23), the noun schtroumpfement 'smurfing' is formed via suffixation with -ment).",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "(23) schtroumpfement/NOM : (schtroumpfement/NOM, schtroumpfer/VER) '(smurfing N , smurf V )'",
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                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "D\u00e9riF accounts for lexicalization, particularly for words that have morphologically complex forms but a meaning that cannot be predicted (anymore) from these forms. This is managed through exception lists that block rule application. For example, the inclusion of pension 'pension' among the exceptions prevents the system from analyzing it as the deverbal action noun of penser 'think' (24a), following the model of pression 'pressure' derived from presser 'press' (24b). D\u00e9riF assigns to each analyzed word a concrete definition (see, e.g., (25), where the logical \"OR\" indicates an ambiguous meaning). It also provides a set of features that reflect the constraints imposed by the morphological rules (Namer 2002; Namer et al. 2009) . For instance, the verb-to-noun -eur suffixation rule predicts the assignment of lexical knowledge: derivatives are concrete and countable nouns; bases are dynamic, agentive verbs (26). 25 As stated above, Morphonette was constructed from TLFnome. It is composed of filaments, i.e., triplets of the form (w, r, s r (w)), where w is the entry, r is a member of the derivational family of w and s r (w) is the derivational series of w with respect to r; in other words, s r (w) is the set of words that participate in relations similar to the relation between w and r. Thus, a word u belongs to s r (w) if there exists a word v such that w : r = u : v (i.e., such that w, r, u, and v form an analogy). Example (28) shows the filament of the adjective w = modifiable 'modifiable' for r = modificateur 'modifier'; amplifiable belongs to the series of this filament because of the analogy modifiable:modificateur =amplifiable:amplificateur.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 704,
                        "end": 716,
                        "text": "(Namer 2002;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF51"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 717,
                        "end": 735,
                        "text": "Namer et al. 2009)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF55"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "In Morphonette, an entry has as many filaments as there are members in its derivational family. Some filaments overlap considerably. Others describe different properties of the same word. For example, travailleur 'worker (M) ' has in its family the noun travailleuse 'worker (F) ' and the verb travailler 'work.' Its series with respect to the verb contains derivatives such as ravageur 'ravager' and cisailleur 'shearer,' which can be associated with the verbs ravager 'ravage' and cisailler 'shear,' respectively. Moreover, the series of travailleur relative to travailleuse contains masculine nouns such as deuilleur 'mourner' or volailleur 'poulterer,' which have feminine counterparts constructed with /Oz/ (deuilleuse and volailleuse, respectively) but no base verb. In fact, deuilleur derives from the noun deuil 'mourning,' and volailleur derives from the noun volaille 'poultry.' Thus, travailleur is a member of two distinct series, one corresponding to the property of being a deverbal noun and the other to that of being associated with a feminine noun ending in /Oz/.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "The objective of Morphonette is to discover and represent all derivational relations between TLFnome entries (Hathout 2011) . Their identification is conducted in three steps.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 109,
                        "end": 123,
                        "text": "(Hathout 2011)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF36"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "(a) Select, for each entry, a neighborhood consisting of the 100 most morphologically similar words. This neighborhood is defined by the Proxinette measure (Hathout 2009 (Hathout , 2014 . The similarity of two words is estimated with respect to the number and specificity of the formal features (n-grams of characters) they share. Proxinette is comparable to the distance of De Pauw and Wagacha (2007) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 156,
                        "end": 169,
                        "text": "(Hathout 2009",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF35"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 170,
                        "end": 185,
                        "text": "(Hathout , 2014",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF37"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 378,
                        "end": 401,
                        "text": "Pauw and Wagacha (2007)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF18"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "(b) Collect all formal analogies that exist between an entry and its neighbors (Lepage 1998; Stroppa and Yvon 2005) . Analogies are identified on the basis of editing signatures calculated for each pair (w, u),",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 79,
                        "end": 92,
                        "text": "(Lepage 1998;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF46"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 93,
                        "end": 115,
                        "text": "Stroppa and Yvon 2005)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF72"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "where w is an entry and u is one of its neighbors (Lepage 2004; Gosme and Lepage 2009) . Pairs that share the same signature form analogies.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 50,
                        "end": 63,
                        "text": "(Lepage 2004;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF47"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 64,
                        "end": 86,
                        "text": "Gosme and Lepage 2009)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF30"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "(c) Apply three criteria to separate families from series and to select the quadruplets that are more likely to be morphologically valid.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". The first is a categorical criterion that separates relations between family members from relations between series members in analogies in which the four words do not belong to the same category.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". The second criterion is related to the size of the series: two words that belong to the same derivational family typically participate in a large number of analogies. Filaments with series of fewer than 10 words are discarded.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". The third criterion is based on the clustering coefficient of the series (Watts and Strogatz 1998) : elements of the series of a given filament tend to appear together in the series of other filaments. The clustering coefficient for the series members is calculated (i.e., the ratio between the number of triangles and the number of triples that contain these members). Series members with a clustering coefficient of less than 0.66 are removed.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 75,
                        "end": 100,
                        "text": "(Watts and Strogatz 1998)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF79"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "These three criteria, in combination with the restrictions imposed during the first two stages, allow us to obtain a more reliable network, although a relatively small one. It includes 29,310 words, 96,107 filaments, 96,107 relations between members of the same derivational family and 1,160,098 relations between members of the same derivational series. Filaments are interesting because they describe the relations between derivatives and their bases (direct relations), the members of their derivational families (indirect relations) and the members of their derivational series.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "As will be seen in the next section, the general structure of D\u00e9monette that we outlined at the beginning of Section 2 enables us to organize the morphological information produced by D\u00e9riF's analyses or contained in Morphonette in a novel fashion. Two facts must be borne in mind: First, only a part of the available information has been integrated into this current version of D\u00e9monette because our priority has been to create the network and resolve the difficulties involved in making the two input resources converge. In other words, the current version of D\u00e9monette serves as a proof of concept. Second, we will demonstrate that a significant proportion of the features provided by D\u00e9monette yield new pieces of information. This section is devoted to the in-depth presentation of the principles governing the internal organization of the D\u00e9monette lexical network, the required morpho-lexical information, and the conditions under which that information is produced. Afterward, we will see the role that the resources described in the previous section play in the achievement of these objectives and present the knowledge directly calculated for D\u00e9monette.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": "2.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "D\u00e9monette features a novel architecture among morphological resources. It is a lexical network that is implemented as a directed graph, which incorporates the outcomes of existing resources. Its goal is ultimately to provide bi-oriented definitions for each pair of related words such that, in the resulting lexicon, words are defined with respect to each of the words with which they have a morphological relation: derived lexemes are connected to their bases by directed edges that we call direct relations and to the other members of their derivational families by directed edges that we call indirect relations. For exam- essoreur :essorer ; essoreur :essorage; essoreur :essoreuse; essoreuse:essorer ; essoreuse:essorage; essoreuse:essoreur.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "In its current version, D\u00e9monette's coverage includes suffixed nouns and adjectives from TLFnome and their bases. The derivatives are action nouns ending in -age, -ment and -ion; agent nouns ending in -eur, -euse and -rice; and property adjectives ending in -if. We call these sets of derivatives derivational series (see Table 1 ). In Section 4.2, we explain why we focus on these suffixes. Derivational series are potentially infinite sets of words that have the semantic and formal (i.e., phonological) features that characterize words derived through a WFR. The members of a derivational series are typically all derived through the same WFR and are defined in the same manner with respect to their respective bases. Consider, for instance, the noun conductrice 'driver (F) ,' from the derivational series that includes derivatives constructed via the verb-to-noun -rice WFR. Its definition with respect to the base verb is Agent f\u00e9minin habituel OR auteur f\u00e9minin exceptionnel OR instrument) de conduire 'Usual feminine agent OR exceptional feminine agent OR instrument of the action of driving.' The definition of the other members of to its derivational series follow exactly the same pattern, e.g., contestatrice 'protester (F) ' is defined as Agent f\u00e9minin habituel OR auteur f\u00e9minin exceptionnel OR instrument) de contester 'Usual feminine agent OR exceptional feminine agent OR instrument of the action of contesting.' D\u00e9monette does not yet contain edges between derivatives constructed via the same affixation. For example, there is no edge in the graph to connect essorage with s\u00e9chage 'drying N .' D\u00e9monette connects only words that belong to the same morphological family.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 322,
                        "end": 329,
                        "text": "Table 1",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "A derivational family is a set that contains all words that share (any formal variant of) the same root. In its current version, the D\u00e9monette network is a non-connected graph that contains a single isolated subgraph for each derivational family.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "formal semantic categorical features features relation -age, -ment, -ion action V \u2192 N -eur, -euse, -rice agent V \u2192 N -if property N, V \u2192 A TABLE 1 Selected suffixes",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Each vertex that represents a lexeme carries a certain set of features. These are the lexeme's POS and morphosyntactic features and, possibly, the type of affixation used for its construction. For example, the features of the vertex representing essorage indicate that it is a masculine noun constructed via suffixation with -age. Thus, D\u00e9monette offers a detailed morphological representation of the set of lexemes it describes.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "As stated above, D\u00e9monette also provides lexemes with descriptions of their \"morphological meanings.\" Such a description builds upon the graph edges. For a given vertex, it comprises (i ) its semantic type and (ii ) a set of definitions that describe the semantic relations supported by the morphological relations of the lexeme (see Section 4.3). For example, the derivational relation that connects essorer to essorage carries two concrete definitions, which describe the contribution of the morphological relation to the meanings of the two words in seminatural language, e.g., (30)). These definitions are called concrete because they are fully instantiated. The defintion (30a) is called oriented (base \u2192 derivative) and describes the meaning of essorage relative to that of essorer. The second one (30b) is said to be opposite (derivative \u2192 base) and describes the meaning of essorer relative to essorage.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "(30) a. (action OR r\u00e9sultat de l'action) de essorer '(action OR result of the action) of spinning' b. r\u00e9aliser l'essorage 'perform the spinning' These definitions follow from the morphological relations. One consequence of this conceptualizion of meaning is that a lexeme that participates in several (direct or indirect) morphological relations may potentially have several definitions (see Section 4.1).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "In addition to concrete definitions (30), edges also carry both oriented and opposite abstract definitions, in which the meanings of the related words are represented by the semantic types of the corresponding lexemes. For example, essorage is typed as an \"action noun,\" with the label @ACT. The abstract definitions presented in (31) correspond to the concrete definitions in (30).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "(31) a. (action OR r\u00e9sultat de l'action) de @ '(action OR result of the action) of @' b. r\u00e9aliser le / la @ACT 'perform the @ACT' These abstract definitions are obtained by replacing essorer in (30a) and essorage in (30b) with their semantic types, that is, with @ (for \"predicate\") and @ACT (for \"action noun\"), respectively (see below). These definitions place essorage in the class of action nouns, or nouns that denote process results. These semantic types are therefore induced by the relations in which the lexemes are involved. mean 'predation' and 'female predator,' respectively. With respect to the latter, the former can be defined as an \"action OR result of the action realized by a predator (F) .\" Correspondingly, a pr\u00e9datrice is a \"feminine agent OR instrument of predation.\" As will be detailed below, D\u00e9riF provides base-derivative relations and concrete oriented definitions (e.g., 1 and 2, in blue rectangles), whereas the input from Morphonette introduces indirect relations (orange rectangles). Finally, new features are calculated by D\u00e9monette (white rectangles): concrete opposite definitions (e.g., 5) and concrete cross-definitions (e.g., 4 and 8); semantic types, abstract oriented definitions (e.g., 3), abstract opposite definitions (e.g., 6) and abstract cross-definitions (e.g., 7 and 9). The motivations behind the choice of semantic types on the one hand and opposite and cross-definitions on the other hand will be explained in Sections 4.2 and 4.3. First, we will explain how relevant features are imported from D\u00e9riF and Morphonette (Sections 3.2 and 3.3). Then, in Section 3.4, we will provide an overview of the scripts that have been implemented to generate D\u00e9monette's original information, i.e., the contents of the white boxes in Figure 3 .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 1771,
                        "end": 1779,
                        "text": "Figure 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "It is worth noting that morpho-semantic definitions in D\u00e9monette describe relations between the parts of word meanings that are used or constructed via morphology. Each of these parts corresponds to a base meaning (i.e., the part of the meaning of a base that is used to construct the meaning of a derivative) or a constructed meaning (i.e., the meaning attributed to a derivative by a morphological construction). Therefore, morpho-semantic definitions are not intended to describe all the semantic nuances of base and derived lexemes. This restriction can significantly reduce the inventory of morpho-semantic relations. It also limits the number of semantic types, as they are directly determined by these relations. For example, Fellbaum et al. (2009) list 9 classes of morpho-semantic relations for the -er suffixation in English, which all are also associated with other morphological constructions. For instance, instrument nouns are formed through -er suffixation (e.g., slipper ) but also through compounding with -graph (cardiograph) or -scope (fiberscope). Likewise, event and result nouns may be suffixed via -ion (detection), -ment (enrichment) or -ery (recovery), among others. In a similar study of Czech, Pala and Hlav\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 (2007) use 16 classes of morpho-semantic relations such as property nouns, possession relation and gender change. We estimate that eventually, fewer than thirty relation classes will enable us to describe 95% of the direct morphosemantic relations in the lexicon.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 733,
                        "end": 755,
                        "text": "Fellbaum et al. (2009)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF22"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1221,
                        "end": 1247,
                        "text": "Pala and Hlav\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 (2007)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF57"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's general principles",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "As illustrated in Figure 3 , we used D\u00e9riF's analyses for two purposes: (i ) to create part of D\u00e9monette's graph structure -the set of vertices and edges -and (ii ) to calculate the attributes of these vertices and edges.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 18,
                        "end": 26,
                        "text": "Figure 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Feeding D\u00e9monette with information extracted from D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "3.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "(i ) We first ran D\u00e9riF on TLFnome and created an initial derivational graph whose vertices were TLFnome entries and whose edges were the direct derivational relations between the derived words and their direct antecedents (bases or compounding elements). We then identified the vertices that belonged to the D\u00e9monette list of words (as defined in Section 2.1). This identification was performed in 3 stages. We first selected the nouns formed via one of the six verb-to-noun suffixes of Table 1. In the second step, we added the base verbs of the derived nouns into the D\u00e9monette word list. We then added any adjective ending in -if whose base was either a noun or a verb already included in the list. Finally, we reduced the initial graph to this list of vertices, identified the derivational families in the reduced graph and added indirect relations between their members. The resulting graph structure was directly integrated into D\u00e9monette.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Feeding D\u00e9monette with information extracted from D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "3.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "(ii ) In addition, oriented concrete definitions computed by D\u00e9riF, such as the one connecting the meaning of the noun essorage to that of its base verb essorer (cf. (30a)), were associated with the corresponding derivative-base edges in D\u00e9monette.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Feeding D\u00e9monette with information extracted from D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "3.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "3.3 Feeding D\u00e9monette with information extracted from Morphonette Morphonette's data could not be directly incorporated into D\u00e9monette despite the fact that Morphonette itself is already a morphological network. We were first obliged to reconstruct pairs of lexemes to identify their morphological properties. For this purpose, 80,115 pairs of lexemes sharing the same stem were reconstructed from derivational families, as in (32). Pairs of lexemes participating in the same morphological relation were grouped together, such as those formed as a noun via -euse and an adjective via -if (33). Thus, 14 sets of pairs were obtained, as in (33), to represent all possible combinations X 1 suff 1 :X 2 suff 2 , where suff 1 and suff 2 are two of the seven suffixes from Table 1 (see Section 3 .1) and stems X 1 and X 2 are sufficiently similar to be regarded as regular variants. These sets of pairs were added to D\u00e9monette as indirect relations, and the suffixes were used to assign semantic types to the vertices.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 767,
                        "end": 789,
                        "text": "Table 1 (see Section 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Feeding D\u00e9monette with information extracted from D\u00e9riF",
                "sec_num": "3.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "As demonstrated above, D\u00e9riF and Morphonette provided various types of information for the construction of D\u00e9monette:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's original knowledge",
                "sec_num": "3.4"
            },
            {
                "text": ". D\u00e9monette vertices;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's original knowledge",
                "sec_num": "3.4"
            },
            {
                "text": ". D\u00e9monette edges;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's original knowledge",
                "sec_num": "3.4"
            },
            {
                "text": ". word formation rules;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's original knowledge",
                "sec_num": "3.4"
            },
            {
                "text": ". direct relations between derived words and their bases;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's original knowledge",
                "sec_num": "3.4"
            },
            {
                "text": ". indirect relations between derived words sharing the same stem;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette's original knowledge",
                "sec_num": "3.4"
            },
            {
                "text": ". oriented concrete definitions carried by the direct relations.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "and",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "D\u00e9monette entries are pairs of lexemes in the form (L 1 , L 2 ) that are related via a direct or indirect relation. To assign these entries their specific D\u00e9monette features, we first match them to annotation templates that were manually designed in accordance with linguistic criteria. We then apply three scripts: Semantic type assignation. The semantic types of L 1 and L 2 are assigned based on their morphological structures and parts of speech. For instance, the conditional statement (34) indicates that nouns ending in -eur that are related to a verb are masculine agents: 5 (34) if (L1.cat = \"NOM\" and L1.structure = \"Xeur\" and L2.cat = \"VER\") then L1.type = \"@AGM\"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "and",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Concrete opposite and abstract definitions. The templates for concrete and abstract opposite definitions depend on the corresponding oriented definition. For instance, if L 2 is a noun ending in -age and L 1 is a verb, then the L2 definition corresponds to the schema \"Action OR result of the action of L 1 \" and the L 1 definition corresponds to the schema \"Perform the L 2 .\" The assignment is implemented via statement (35a) for a concrete opposite definition and via (35b) for an abstract opposite definition. Cross-definitions. Cross-definitions for indirectly related (L 1 , L 2 ) and (L 2 , L 1 ) pairs are generated in the same manner. We use definition patterns that have been manually specified in accordance with L 1 and L 2 morphological structures and parts of speech. For instance, for a (Xage N , Xeur N ) pair, the schema for the Xage N definition is \"Action performed by Xeur N .\" The definitions thus created are then assigned by means of either target values (36a) or semantic types (36b) to the (L 1 , L 2 ) pairs that satisfy the specified conditions of part of speech and word structure:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "and",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(36) a. if (L1.cat = \"NOM\" and L1.structure = \"Xage\" and L2.cat = \"NOM\" and L2.structure = \"Xeur\") then L1.def = ''Action performed by L2.value'' b. if (L1.cat= \"NOM\" and L1.structure = \"Xage\" and L2.cat = \"NOM\" and L2.structure = \"Xeur\") then L1.def = ''Action performed by L2.type''",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "and",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "We now know how the D\u00e9monette architecture is constructed and how its basic information is obtained and can focus on the linguistic underpinnings of its morphological and semantic features.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D\u00e9monette: major semantic features",
                "sec_num": "4"
            },
            {
                "text": "In the current version of D\u00e9monette, direct relations between derivatives and their bases are labeled with concrete definitions obtained from D\u00e9riF. An opposite definition is then obtained by reversing this definition, as explained below (Section 4.3). Furthermore, the meanings ascribed to most indirect relations can be induced from these definitions, inasmuch as these relations are semantically and pragmatically relevant (see further discussion on this topic in Section 6).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cumulative semantics",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Here, we assume that a morphological meaning is an aggregation of redundant elementary meanings, where an elementary meaning is the semantic contribution of a single morphological relation (e.g., the processive meaning of a deverbal noun such as production). Therefore, each morphological relation contributes to the meanings of the words it connects. Elementary meanings then combine to produce overall meanings. Redundancy may originate from the composition of elementary relations, as in (37), where the relation (and thus definition) in (37c) is deduced from relations (37a) and (37b).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cumulative semantics",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "(37) a. momifiable/ADJ \u2190 momifier/VER : que l'on peut momifier 'mummifiable \u2190 mummify: that which may be mummified' b. momifier/VER \u2190 momie/NOM : transformer en momie 'mummify \u2190 mummy: transform into a mummy' c. momifiable/ADJ \u2190 momie/NOM: que l'on peut transformer en momie 'mummifiable \u2190 mummy: that which may be transformed into a mummy'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cumulative semantics",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Similarly, the meaning of a complex word derived from the same base as or having a common morphological ancestor with another word may generally be expressed with respect to the meaning of the latter. For instance, momifiable can be defined relative to momifier (37a), and momification is also connected to momifier, which can be paraphrased as in (38a). It follows that momifiable and momification are crossdefined in relation to each other (38b, 38c):",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cumulative semantics",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "(38) a. momification/NOM \u2190 momifier/VER : action de momifier 'mummification \u2190 mummify: action of mummifying' b. momifiable/ADJ \u2190 momification/NOM :\u00e0 qui il est possible d'appliquer la momification 'mummifiable \u2190 mummification: to which it is possible to apply mummifiaction' c. momification/NOM \u2190 momifiable/ADJ : acte applicable\u00e0 ce(lui) qui est momifiable 'mummification \u2190 mummifiable: action applicable to that which is mummifiable'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cumulative semantics",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "As seen in this example, we use morphology to interconnect the elementary meanings of related complex words through shared predicates and arguments. This ability is implemented in D\u00e9monette such that each word receives as many definitions as it has connections with members of its morphological family.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Cumulative semantics",
                "sec_num": "4.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Morphological relations and the lexical units they connect can be grouped into semantic classes (or types). For instance, -ion (manifestation 'demonstration'), -age (lavage 'washing') and -ment (soul\u00e8vement 'raising') derivatives belong to the semantic type of action nouns. With this level of abstraction, we have a method of comparing lexical units and their meanings. For instance, the relations manifester 'demonstrate' \u2192 manifestation; laver 'wash' \u2192 lavage; and soulever 'raise' \u2192 soul\u00e8vement share the same abstract definitions and connect lexemes that belong to the same semantic classes. A definition expresses the meaning of a relation target with respect to the source of the relation.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "In an abstract definition, the meaning of the source is represented by a typed variable that is identified by its semantic type. Two types of identifiers are used for these semantic types:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". the semantic type of a (verbal) predicate such as danser 'dance'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "is denoted by @.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". the semantic type of a (derived) noun or adjective is denoted by an @ followed by an identifier of the role the derivative plays with respect to the predicate. For example, the suffixed noun danseur 'dancer (M) ,' which represents the (M)asculine (AG)ent of the action predicate danser, is labeled @AGM. Likewise, the feminine noun r\u00e9paratrice 'repairer (F) ' is labeled @AGF, meaning (F)eminine (AG)ent, and the (ACT)ion noun r\u00e9paration 'repairing' is labeled @ACT. We use distinct labels for verbal and deverbal processive nouns because they differ in some of their semantic properties (Pustejovsky 1995) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 590,
                        "end": 608,
                        "text": "(Pustejovsky 1995)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF60"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "The relations implemented in the current version of D\u00e9monette connect words from a set that includes the derivational series of the suffixes listed in Table 1 and their bases. These words are verb predicates that denote actions, nouns that denote the same actions or agents that are capable of realizing them, and adjectives that denote properties. In their corresponding derivational families, the semantic representations of the nouns and adjectives involve the verb predicate p. The situation to which p refers can be regarded as an action or a state (see Table 2 ). Action nouns. French deverbal action nouns may be formed through suffixation with -age, -ment, -ion, -ure or -is (Dal et al. 2004; Fradin 2011; Haas et al. 2008; Kerleroux 2008; Lecomte 1997) or through conversion (as in voler 'fly V ' \u2192 vol 'flight N ' (Tribout 2010 (Tribout , 2012 or entrer 'enter' \u2192 entr\u00e9e 'entry' (Ferret and Villoing 2012)). We chose to first focus on those derivations that are",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 683,
                        "end": 700,
                        "text": "(Dal et al. 2004;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF16"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 701,
                        "end": 713,
                        "text": "Fradin 2011;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF27"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 714,
                        "end": 731,
                        "text": "Haas et al. 2008;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF31"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 732,
                        "end": 747,
                        "text": "Kerleroux 2008;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF43"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 748,
                        "end": 761,
                        "text": "Lecomte 1997)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF45"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 824,
                        "end": 837,
                        "text": "(Tribout 2010",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF74"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 838,
                        "end": 853,
                        "text": "(Tribout , 2012",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF75"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 151,
                        "end": 158,
                        "text": "Table 1",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 559,
                        "end": 566,
                        "text": "Table 2",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". most easily identifiable (which excludes conversion, the orientation of which is often indeterminate; see Tribout (2010)),",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". most available (which, for example, excludes the verb-to-noun -is suffixation, as in semer V 'sow' \u2192 semis N 'seed,' because it is no longer productive in synchrony according to the definition of productivity provided in Baayen (1992) ; Dal et al. (2008) ), and",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 223,
                        "end": 236,
                        "text": "Baayen (1992)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF2"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 239,
                        "end": 256,
                        "text": "Dal et al. (2008)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF15"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": ". most regular with respect to the derivative's semantic type (which excludes -ure because nouns derived by this suffix are often polysemous and may denote concrete entities; compare, e.g., d\u00e9chirer",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "'rip V , tear V ' \u2192 d\u00e9chirure 'rip N ,'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "where the derived noun refers to the verb's action or its result, with couvrir 'cover V ' \u2192 couverture 'coverage N ' or 'blanket N ', where the noun may also refer to a concrete entity).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "For all these reasons, we selected the action nouns derived through suffixation with -age,-ment and -ion. Agent nouns. Agent nouns are constructed via suffixation with -eur, -euse or -rice. The -euse/-rice distribution depends on the formal properties of the verb stem selected by the WFR: -euse is preferred for stems used for the imperfect tense, whereas -rice tends to select socalled learned roots, which are verb stems inherited from the supine stem of the Latin ancestor of the verb, or those that imitate this form (Bonami et al. 2009; Fradin and Kerleroux 2003; Pl\u00e9nat 2008; Roch\u00e9 2010) . Property adjectives. Among the derived adjectives that denote properties, we chose to include only those suffixed with -if and whose base is either a verb predicate (combattre 'fight V ' \u2192 combatif 'combative') or a deverbal action noun related to a predicate, such as abrasion 'abrasion' \u2192 abrasif 'abrasive;' here, abrasion is itself a noun derived from the obsolete verbal form abraser 'abrade,' which is no longer attested in synchrony. We also focused on these seven suffixes because these suffixes have been the subject of numerous descriptions; they are accounted for by both D\u00e9riF and Morphonette (see Section 2), and they tend to construct derivatives that form partial derivational families, as in (39). Such a family is typically organized around a verb and contains indirect relations between family members that are located close to one another in the derivational graph; these indirect relations can be easily paraphrased, as in (40) for the relation between pr\u00e9dateur 'predator' and pr\u00e9dation 'predation.' These suffixes have another advantage: they also existed in Latin, from which they originate. This property allows D\u00e9monette to contain partial families, wherein the verb is lacking and the other members are inherited from Latin (41). We consider that Latinate lexemes that contain one of the suffixes listed in Table ( 1) belong to the derivational series corresponding to this suffixation rule, just as native French derivatives do. For example, the noun audition 'audition' is part of the series of nouns constructed with -ion in the same manner as, e.g., application 'application' or pr\u00e9paration 'preparation.' The inclusion of audition in this series is partially based on the fact that semantically, it denotes an action. It is also based on the formal properties of the noun, namely, the presence of the ending -ion, and on the fact that it is derivationally connected to a noun constructed with -eur (auditeur 'listener (M) '), a noun constructed with -rice (auditrice 'listener (F) ') and an adjective constructed with -if (auditif 'auditory'), just as application is related to applicateur 'applicator (M) ,' applicatrice 'applicator (F) ' and applicatif 'applicative,' respectively. In addition, in families that contain nouns constructed with -ion, -eur and -rice and adjectives constructed with -if, the noun constructed with -ion always represents an action. In other words, although it can be etymologically identified as having been inherited from Latin, audition is a legitimate member of the derivational series of nouns constructed with -ion: it shares formal and semantic characteristics with such nouns, participates in the same derivational relations, and therefore shares the same semantic type. More generally, lexemes belonging to the same derivational series have the same semantic type. The set of selected derivatives can be easily extended to adjectives constructed with -oire, such as exploratoire 'exploratory;' nouns constructed with -oir, such as s\u00e9choir 'dryer;' adjectives constructed with -able, such as calculable 'calculable;' and action or state nouns constructed with -ance/-ence, such as partance 'departure' or souffrance 'pain.' All of these derivatives are directly or potentially connected to a verb base.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 522,
                        "end": 542,
                        "text": "(Bonami et al. 2009;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF9"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 543,
                        "end": 569,
                        "text": "Fradin and Kerleroux 2003;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF28"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 570,
                        "end": 582,
                        "text": "Pl\u00e9nat 2008;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF59"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 583,
                        "end": 594,
                        "text": "Roch\u00e9 2010)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF61"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 1930,
                        "end": 1937,
                        "text": "Table (",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "(42) a. Cet enfant apprend\u00e0\u00e9crire avec beaucoup d'application 'This child is learning to write with great diligence' b. Nous allons proc\u00e9der\u00e0 une nouvelle application 'We will produce a new application'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Theoretically, a lexeme can belong to several semantic-aspectual classes, which correspond to its different readings. For example, application has two meanings: 'diligence' and 'application.' It is both a property noun derived from the adjective appliqu\u00e9 'diligent' (42a) and a noun derived from the action verb appliquer 'apply' (42b) (see Kerleroux (2008) for an analysis of stative nouns constructed with -ion).",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 341,
                        "end": 357,
                        "text": "Kerleroux (2008)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF43"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "In the current version of D\u00e9monette, each lexeme has only one type because of the reduced number of affixations. In future work, the incorporation of a larger subset of TLFnome will entail accounting for multiple typing and the association of these types with different derivational relations and related definitions.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Derivational series and semantic types",
                "sec_num": "4.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Relations between words are labeled with both concrete and abstract bi-oriented definitions. The direct concrete definitions were obtained from D\u00e9riF's analyses, whereas the others are specific to D\u00e9monette (see Figure 3) . They are computed in accordance with the principles specified below. The semantic labels presented above are used as typed variables in the abstract definitions. Recall that abstract and concrete definitions characterize relations that connect either a derivative and its base (e.g., the direct relation fonder 'found' \u2192 fondateur 'founder') or two lexemes that share a common antecedent (i.e., indirect relations, such as fondation 'foundation' \u2192 fondateur ). Principles. Concrete, opposite and cross-definitions as well as all abstract definitions used to annotate direct and indirect relations obey the following principles:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 212,
                        "end": 221,
                        "text": "Figure 3)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "1. Each word in D\u00e9monette is labeled with its semantic type. This type combines the semantic class to which the word belongs with the thematic role it plays with respect to the predicate to which it is related.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "2. Each member of an indirect relation is defined with respect to the other member. An indirect relation includes two concrete crossdefinitions, which are symmetrical to each other, and their corresponding abstract definitions.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "3. There are four types of definitions on direct relations: (a) In a concrete oriented definition, the derivative is defined relative to the meaning of its base (see Section 2.2). (b) In an abstract oriented definition, the base is represented by a typed variable. (c) A concrete opposite definition is a paraphrasing of the base in relation to the meaning of the derivative. Therefore, a direct relation has a bi-oriented definition just as indirect relations do. (d) An abstract opposite definition is an abstract counterpart of a concrete opposite definition. 4. Abstract oriented, opposite or cross-definitions of a pair of words (X, Y ) involve not X and Y but their semantic labels, thus achieving an abstraction of the relation between X and Y .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Oriented, opposite and cross-definitions. An oriented (resp., opposite) definition expresses the semantic link that directly connects a derivative to its base (resp., vice-versa), whereas a cross-definition expresses the link that connects it to another member of its morphological family. In what follows, we demonstrate the design and implementation of abstract definitions, either from D\u00e9riF's analyses or directly within D\u00e9monette. Abstract definitions are obtained from concrete definitions through the simple replacement of the lexical values of the derivational family members with semantically typed variables. In practice, an abstract definition contains only one typed variable to represent the other member of the underlying morphological relation. For the derivational families considered in D\u00e9monette, the implementation of the abovementioned principles is illustrated in Table 3 ; abstract definitions are provided in column 2 and always involve the @ parameter. Disjunctive definitions, those which contain \"OR,\" currently cover the following situations:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 885,
                        "end": 892,
                        "text": "Table 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": ". Deverbal nouns constructed with -eur may denote a usual masculine agent (un marcheur 'a walker (M) '), an exceptional masculine agent (le vainqueur 'the winner (M) ') or an instrument (le d\u00e9riveur 'the dinghy') of the base predicate.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": ". The same holds for the -euse and -rice variants of the WFRs that form feminine agent nouns and instruments.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": ". Nouns constructed with -age, -ion and -ment may refer to an action (lavage) or the result of this action (jaunissement 'yellowing').",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Semantic annotations of direct and indirect relations",
                "sec_num": "4.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Xeur N :X V (agent masculin habituel OR auteur masculin exceptionnel OR instrument) de @ r\u00e9aliser l'activit\u00e9 dont l'agent masculin est le @AGM marcheur :marcher '(usual masculine agent OR exceptional masculine agent OR instrument) of @'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "'perform the activity of which the masculine agent is @AGM'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "'walker (M) :walk' (Xeuse N -Xrice N ):X V",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(agent f\u00e9minin habituel OR auteur f\u00e9minin exceptionnel OR instrument) de @ r\u00e9aliser l'activit\u00e9 dont l'agent f\u00e9minin est le @AGF sculptrice: sculpter '(usual feminine agent OR exceptional feminine agent OR instrument) of @' 'perform the activity of which the feminine agent is @AGF'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "'sculptor (F) :sculpt' Xage N :X V Xion N :X V Xment N :X V",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(action OR r\u00e9sultat de l'action) de @ r\u00e9aliser le/la @ACT abaissement: abaisser '(action OR result of the action) of @' 'perform the @ACT' 'lowering:lower' Xif A :X V en rapport avec l'acte de @ manifester le fait d'\u00eatre @PROP combatif :combattre 'in connection with the act of @' 'manifest being @PROP' 'combative:combat'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "TABLE 3",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Oriented and opposite abstract definitions implemented in D\u00e9monette.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Column 1 in Table 3 provides the schema of the direct derivative/base relation, column 2 provides the abstract oriented definition of the derivative with respect to its base, and column 3 provides the abstract opposite definition of the base with respect to its derivative. The opposite definitions are expressed symmetrically with respect to the oriented ones.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 12,
                        "end": 19,
                        "text": "Table 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Cross-definitions participate in the combination of the elementary 5 D\u00e9monette's content",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In its current version, D\u00e9monette contains 31,204 entries. These entries all belong to the derivational series constructed using the seven suffixes listed in Table 1 . D\u00e9riF has provided 21,556 pairs of family members through the matching of the antecedents of lexemes constructed on a verb predicate. For example, the antecedents computed in the D\u00e9riF analyses of lavement (43a), lavage (43b), laveur 'washer' (M) (43c) and laveuse 'washer' (F) (43d) indicate that all these words share the verb laver as common predicate and can be combined into the family (44).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 158,
                        "end": 165,
                        "text": "Table 1",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Then, a total of 30 pairs of words can be extracted from this family, such as those in (45). ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "[ lavage/NOM=@ACT, lavement/NOM=@ACT, laver/VER=@, laveur/NOM=@AGM, laveuse/NOM=@AGF ]",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(45) a. lavage/NOM=@ACT laver/VER=@ @ACT = (action OR r\u00e9sultat de l'action) de @ @ = r\u00e9aliser le/la @ACT b. lavage/NOM=@ACT lavement/NOM=@ACT @ACT = @ACT c. lavage/NOM=@ACT laveur/NOM=@AGM @ACT = action pratiqu\u00e9e par @AGM @AGM = agent masculin OR instrument du @ACT",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The additional contribution of Morphonette consists of 9,648 relations, 1,145 of which are direct, with the remainder being indirect. The corresponding cross-definitions were added to D\u00e9monette following the same principles described above.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Each D\u00e9monette entry describes a pair of morphologically related words. Each entry has 13 fields, of which only 9 are described below. In what follows, concrete definitions are omitted.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": ". w 1 and w 2 are the two member words of the pair;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": ". O(rigin) is the source of the relation (D for D\u00e9riF and M for Morphonette);",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": ". ST contains the semantic types of w 1 and w 2 ;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": ". the values of \"Cross Def\" are the cross-definitions of w 1 relative to the meaning of w 2 and, conversely, of w 2 relative to the meaning of w 1 ;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": ". if w 1 and w 2 are indirectly related, \"Oriented Def\" describes w 1 and w 2 with respect to their common antecedent, whereas if one is derived from the other, \"Oriented Def\" contains the appropriate oriented and opposite definitions.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In the latter case, the field labeled \"Cross Def\" is empty. Tables 5  and 6 show the entries for the pairs administratif :administratrice 'administrative:administrator (F) ' and administratrice:administrer 'administrator (F) :administrate.'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 60,
                        "end": 75,
                        "text": "Tables 5  and 6",
                        "ref_id": "TABREF4"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "w 1 / w 2 O ST Oriented Def",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Cross Def administratif A @PROP En rapport avec l'acte de @ Qui caract\u00e9rise l'activit\u00e9 de @AGF administratrice N M @AGF Agent f\u00e9minin OR instrument de @ Celle dont l'activit\u00e9 est @PROP At present, 8,376 D\u00e9monette relations originate jointly from D\u00e9riF and Morphonette. The exclusive contribution of Morphonette constitutes 1,504 relations, all indirect. In other words, all the direct relations originating from Morphonette (i.e., between a verb and a derived noun or adjective) are also found in D\u00e9riF. The 13,180 remaining relations were provided by D\u00e9riF. The contributions originating from D\u00e9riF include 8,802 direct relations and 4,378 indirect ones. Tables 7 and 8 summarize these figures. The examples presented in (46) and the detailed description of abr\u00e9acteur 'abreactor' \u2194 abreaction 'abreaction' provided in Table 9 c. abr\u00e9viateur N :abr\u00e9viatif A 'abbreviator:abbreviative' d. admonition N :admonitrice N 'admonition:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 656,
                        "end": 670,
                        "text": "Tables 7 and 8",
                        "ref_id": "TABREF6"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 820,
                        "end": 827,
                        "text": "Table 9",
                        "ref_id": "TABREF8"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "admonisher (F) ' w 1 / w 2 O ST Oriented Def Cross Def abr\u00e9acteur N @AGM Agent f\u00e9minin OR instrument de @ abr\u00e9action N",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "M @ACT Action pratiqu\u00e9e par @AGM Conversely, there are at least two explanations for the absence from Morphonette of 4,378 indirect relations acquired from D\u00e9riF. The first is parsing errors. These may be attributed to the behavior of D\u00e9riF, which, for example, wrongly considers compassement 'measure with a compass' and compassion 'compassion' to belong to the same morphological family. In fact, compassement is derived from compas 'compass,' whereas compassion is a deverbal noun derived from compatir 'sympathize.' These errors occurred during the creation of the indirect relations. Similarly, accoutreur 'costumer (M) ' and raccoutrage 'mending' should not form an entry in D\u00e9monette because the second word contains a prefix r-that is absent in the first.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The second explanation is the differences between the approaches implemented by the two systems. Indeed, Morphonette uses a threshold related to the number of pairs in an analogical series that excludes less frequent combinations. Thus, as shown in (47), the absence from Morphonette of some of the pairs obtained from D\u00e9riF is attributable to the low frequency of their formal pattern. 47 10 Distribution of indirect relations with respect to suffixes.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Numbers greater than 900 are printed in bold. Table 10 summarizes the distribution of indirect relations in D\u00e9monette with respect to the suffixes involved. Nouns constructed with -eur are labeled as Xteur (e.g., agitateur 'stirrer') when formed using X's learned root, cf. Section 4.2. This notation is used to distinguish them from the nouns constructed with -eur that are labeled as Xeur, for which the verb imperfect stem is used (e.g., r\u00e9gisseur 'manager'). Numerical disparity is evident in the occurrence of these relations.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 46,
                        "end": 54,
                        "text": "Table 10",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(a) The most commonly represented indirect relations reflect a particular preference for some suffixes to be used with the same types of stems: the suffixes -ion, -if and -rice are used with learned roots (and are therefore called \"learned suffixes\"), whereas the suffixes -ment and -age tend to select ordinary or native stems. More precisely, they are combined with the verb stem that is used to form the imperfect tense, cf. Bonami et al. (2009) . As shown in the first two columns of Table 10 , -eur exhibits both behaviors. In this regard, we note that synonymous pairs referring to masculine agents (158 Xeur:Xteur pairs) are almost three times as numerous as those denoting feminine agents (66 Xeuse:Xrice pairs). This discrepancy can be explained by the smaller number of feminine agent nouns recorded in TLFnome (and also in the D\u00e9monette word list) with respect to the corresponding masculine nouns: indeed, there are 13,388 relations involving a noun constructed with -eur and 5,444 involving a noun constructed with -teur, but only 9,820 involving D\u00e9monette, a French derivational morpho-semantic network / 157 a noun constructed with -euse and 3,226 involving a noun constructed with -rice.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 428,
                        "end": 448,
                        "text": "Bonami et al. (2009)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF9"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 488,
                        "end": 496,
                        "text": "Table 10",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(b) Some results vary within a range of 200 to 900 word pairs: they are often Xsuff 1 :Xsuff 2 pairs, where suff 1 or suff 2 is a learned suffix whereas the other is not: Xeur:Xrice, Xeur:Xif, Xteur:Xeuse, Xeuse:Xion, Xment:Xion and Xage:Xion. The relatively small number of Xteur:Xif and Xrice:Xif learned pairs, those that involve an agent noun (be it masculine or feminine) and a property adjective, is a consequence of the fact that adjectives constructed with -if are underrepresented in D\u00e9monette with respect to nouns constructed with -ion (1,288 for the first compared with 8,484 for the second). This is partially attributable to the competition between -if and -oire (e.g., vexatoire 'vexatious') in the formation of learned property adjectives whose bases refer to actions.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(c) Those patterns of 'mixed' suffix pairs (i.e., one learned suffix and one ordinary one) that are composed of a learned masculine agent (Xteur) and a native action noun, i.e., Xment or Xage, constitute a few hundred indirect relations; in general, mixed pairs that consist of a masculine agent noun and its related action noun contain almost exclusively (native) Xeur and (learned) Xion nouns. Finally, some relationships are particularly infrequent: Xrice:Xment, Xrice:Xage, Xment:Xif, and Xage:Xif. Several factors that have already been discussed serve to explain these low figures: (i ) Xrice is less represented than Xteur, (ii ) -if probably suffers from its rivalry with -oire, and (iii ) mixed pairs that involve an agent noun and an action noun favor -ion for the latter.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "These results demonstrate how formal combinations can be ranked based on their frequency, which provides some idea of which suffix pairs are most commonly used to produce morphological indirect relations between masculine and feminine agent nouns, agent and action nouns, or an agent noun and a property adjective. Of course, these hypotheses must be validated through projection onto a large-scale text corpus.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "We conducted a partial assessment of D\u00e9monette by comparing its content to that of Verbaction (Tanguy and Hathout 2002) . Verbaction is a database that consists of 9,386 verb/action noun pairs whose members are morphologically related; its content has been entirely validated manually. The experiment, reported in (Hathout and Namer 2014b) , involved a subset of D\u00e9monette that includes only action nouns and their verbal bases. With respect to this subset, we obtained 84% recall and 90% precision.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 94,
                        "end": 119,
                        "text": "(Tanguy and Hathout 2002)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF73"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 314,
                        "end": 339,
                        "text": "(Hathout and Namer 2014b)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF41"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Oriented definition Opposite definition Example",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The current version of D\u00e9monette only partially spans the French lexicon and includes only a small percentage of D\u00e9riF and Morphonette analyses. In future development of D\u00e9monette, we will gradually increase its coverage to incorporate all of these analyses. This expansion will involve new developments and challenges that were not addressed in the current version. Subsequently, we will also integrate all TLFnome entries and then entries from other large French lexicons, such as Lefff (Sagot et al. 2006) and GL\u00e0FF (Sajous et al. 2013; Hathout et al. 2014 ).",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 489,
                        "end": 508,
                        "text": "(Sagot et al. 2006)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF67"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 519,
                        "end": 539,
                        "text": "(Sajous et al. 2013;",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 540,
                        "end": 559,
                        "text": "Hathout et al. 2014",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF42"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "On the one hand, we must increase the number of relevant lexical semantic types. The identification of additional types will benefit from the extensive literature that exists concerning thematic roles (Fillmore 1968 ) and qualia (Pustejovsky 1995) as well as actantial (Foley and Van Valin 1984) and lexical relations (Cruse 1986 ) and lexical functions (Mel'\u010duk 1996) . The computation of oriented, opposite and crossdefinitions as well as concrete and abstract definitions will be straightforward, as D\u00e9riF already provides the former. The implementation of polysemous lexemes such as application (see Section 2.2) will benefit from the high redundancy of their representations. Nothing prevents a lexeme from having several oriented and/or opposite definitions or several semantic types.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 201,
                        "end": 215,
                        "text": "(Fillmore 1968",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF25"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 229,
                        "end": 247,
                        "text": "(Pustejovsky 1995)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF60"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 269,
                        "end": 295,
                        "text": "(Foley and Van Valin 1984)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF26"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 318,
                        "end": 329,
                        "text": "(Cruse 1986",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF13"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 354,
                        "end": 368,
                        "text": "(Mel'\u010duk 1996)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF49"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "The generation of indirect relationships within derivational families and, above all, of cross-definitions remains a difficult issue. From a formal point of view, the problem is not difficult to solve: it should be possible to form derivational families into complete graphs in which all lexemes are interconnected. However, several questions arise: will the contributions of all indirect relations be equally meaningful to the lexicon? Are all of them worthwhile, as far as psychological plausibility is concerned, i.e., how do speakers use them to organize their derivational lexicon? Is relevance a matter of distance in the derivational graph between words of the same family only? For example, in the derivational family example presented in (48), the definition of the edge between activateur and activation is justified (especially because it is spontaneously recovered by speakers, who regard activateur as the noun referring to the author of an activation and, conversely, regard the noun activation as the act performed by the activateur ), whereas defining the noun activateur with respect to the adverb activement seems less legitimate. In the absence of any known studies of these indirect relations, we propose that their coverage should be limited using several criteria, such as the distance between connected vertices in the graph of direct relations. This distance depends on the pair under consideration. By default, it should be 2, but it may be 3 for derived words that contain very frequent affix sequences, e.g., verbs ending with -aliser, such as populariser 'popularize' (Namer 2013a; Hathout and Namer 2014a) ; nouns constructed with -isation, such as nationalisation 'nationalization;' and adjectives prefixed with in-and suffixed with -able, such as incontournable 'inescapable' (Dal and Namer to appear) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 1596,
                        "end": 1609,
                        "text": "(Namer 2013a;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF53"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1610,
                        "end": 1634,
                        "text": "Hathout and Namer 2014a)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF40"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1807,
                        "end": 1832,
                        "text": "(Dal and Namer to appear)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "A second criterion, which is related to the previous one, is to consider that a \"useful\" indirect relation is a relation for which speakers can readily formulate a cross-definition. Our assumption, which still needs to be verified experimentally, is that the indirect relations considered in the current version of D\u00e9monette satisfy this condition (see Section 5). However, other indirect relations are more difficult to define in a sufficiently regular manner for integration into D\u00e9monette. For example, this is the case for pairs of masculine and feminine nouns constructed with -et:-ette or -ier:-i\u00e8re, such as cachet:cachette or boulevardier :boulevardi\u00e8re. A cachette 'hiding place' is not a feminine version of cachet 'seal,' and a boulevardi\u00e8re 'prostitute' is not a female boulevardier 'author of bedroom farces.' The criterion related to the distance in the graph does not always accurately predict the possibility of creating cross-definitions.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Other pairs are difficult to define relative to one another, such as (50) canonique A \u2192 canonisable A :canoniste N 'canonical' 'canonizable:canonist' conceptuel A \u2192 conceptualisable A :conceptualiste N 'conceptual'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "'conceptualizable:conceptualist' individuel A \u2192 individualisable A :individualiste N 'individual'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "'individualizable:individualist'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Another difficulty that we have not yet addressed is the integration of lexemes constructed through conversion or compounding. Both morphological constructions are analyzed by D\u00e9riF. The inclusion in D\u00e9monette of oriented and opposite definitions for converted words will be quite straightforward because these definitions follow the same patterns as affixed words. Conversely, the integration into D\u00e9monette of definitions of compounds may be more difficult to perform because relations involved by compound words are not binary but ternary. An additional difficulty arises from the fact that compounding elements may be bound roots, such as hydro 'hydro = water' in hydromassage 'hydromassage.' Their representation in D\u00e9monette will most likely need additional mechanisms.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "Nevertheless, D\u00e9monette's architecture is sufficiently flexible to allow for the resolution of the difficulties identified above. This flexibility also allows for facile integration of more specialized lexicons, such as Verbaction, which describes action nouns; the Lexeur lexicon, which contains agent nouns constructed with -eur (Fabre et al. 2004) ; or some of the features of nouns suffixed with -aie, -at, -iste and -isme from the Dictionnaire des mots construits (Roch\u00e9 2011) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 331,
                        "end": 350,
                        "text": "(Fabre et al. 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF19"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 469,
                        "end": 481,
                        "text": "(Roch\u00e9 2011)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF62"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "The applications of D\u00e9monette in NLP are comparable to those of similar lexical resources that provide inflectional information, such as Morphalou (Romary et al. 2004) ; those that provide phonological descriptions, such as Lexique (New et al. 2004) ; those that provide syntactic annotations, such as Lefff (Sagot et al. 2006) ; and those that provide semantic annotations, such as EurowordNet (Vossen 1998) or Wolf (Sagot and Fier 2008) . The unique advantage offered by D\u00e9monette lies in the variety of morphological relations and morpho-semantic annotations recorded in the network. First, words are related to each other through multiple relations: a base word is connected to many derivatives, and derived words from the same family and series are related to each other. Second, each word is semantically typed, and its meaning is paraphrased via several definitions, one for each of the word's relations with other words. Third, these features are also available for morphologically simple words, as all relations are bi-oriented. These three properties can be exploited for various tasks in language technol-ogy and NLP applications. As noted in Clark et al. (2008) , the analysis of textual content can be improved through the enrichment of lexical resources with semantic annotations. Furthermore, word-to-word relations and their associated definitions facilitate word selection and the identification of lexical meaning. Similar to WordNet and Wolf, these capabilities can be advantageous for natural language processing applications (e.g., word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval). Moreover, they can be used in tools designed for content production: the ability to choose between words based on the relations between them, their semantic types and their bases and to replace them with paraphrases is of significant benefit to computer-aided translation, text summarization, standardization and generation. In association with other distributional bases (Turney and Pantel 2010) , D\u00e9monette can also be used for lexical substitution tasks (McCarthy et al. 2004) and semantic categorization (Tsatsaronis and Panagiotopoulou 2009) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 147,
                        "end": 167,
                        "text": "(Romary et al. 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF65"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 232,
                        "end": 249,
                        "text": "(New et al. 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF56"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 308,
                        "end": 327,
                        "text": "(Sagot et al. 2006)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF67"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 395,
                        "end": 408,
                        "text": "(Vossen 1998)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF78"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 417,
                        "end": 438,
                        "text": "(Sagot and Fier 2008)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF68"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1154,
                        "end": 1173,
                        "text": "Clark et al. (2008)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF10"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1976,
                        "end": 2000,
                        "text": "(Turney and Pantel 2010)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF77"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2061,
                        "end": 2083,
                        "text": "(McCarthy et al. 2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF48"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2112,
                        "end": 2150,
                        "text": "(Tsatsaronis and Panagiotopoulou 2009)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF76"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "6"
            },
            {
                "text": "In this paper, we have presented the first version of D\u00e9monette, a lexical resource that currently contains 31,204 morphologically annotated entries and was constructed automatically from the results produced by two systems that implement two different approaches to Word Formation theories: Morphonette, which is based on formal analogies between lexemes and implements theoretical principles of relational and paradigmatic morphology, and D\u00e9riF, which exploits oriented linguistic rules that have been manually designed and validated by linguists.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Words in D\u00e9monette that belong to the same derivational family are connected to each other through direct and indirect relations depending on their degree of relatedness. Relevant relations are annotated with bi-oriented (concrete) definitions that express the meaning of one lexeme relative to the meaning of another lexeme. Thus, a lexeme can potentially be described by as many definitions as it has relations with other lexemes in the lexicon. The lexemes are typed, and these types are used as parameters to associate abstract definitions with concrete definitions. Words that share the same abstract definition form derivational series. Abstract definitions can assist in identifying the contributions of each semantic type in the development of the D\u00e9monette morphological network.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Currently, D\u00e9monette contains only seven classes of derivatives and their corresponding verb bases. The constituent data has been drawn exclusively from dictionaries. Nevertheless, we believe that the methodology presented in this paper can be extended to data acquired from corpora: D\u00e9riF and Morphonette are designed to perform morphological (and semantics) analyses of unknown words. However, the design of new definitions, which will be used to label indirect relations between lexemes belonging to other derivational series, should account for the speaker's point of view, i.e., its relevance; in other words, we assume that definitions are useless if speakers cannot express them spontaneously. This usually occurs when definitions are too complex.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
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                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "CLLE/ERSS, CNRS & Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse 2 Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine & ATILF -UMR 7118",
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                "sec_num": null
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "text": "TLFnome is a lexicon created from the TLF word list. It contains 97,000 lemmas and is extremely high in quality by virtue of many manual reviews. The XML version of this lexicon, called Morphalou, is available from the ATILF-CNRS laboratory at www.cnrtl.fr/lexiques/morphalou/.",
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                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "text": "Subscripts (M) (resp., (F)) indicate that the noun is masculine (resp., feminine).134 / LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue December 2014",
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "text": "The situation is different for L 1 nouns ending in -eur that are related to an adjectival L 2 (e.g., p\u00e2leur 'paleness' \u2190 p\u00e2le 'pale'). Here, the correct semantic type for the noun is \"property.\" Hence, both the L 1 suffix and the L 2 part of speech are required values to prevent over-generation.",
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                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "ref_spans": [],
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                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "D\u00e9monette, a French derivational morpho-semantic network / 153",
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            },
            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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                "sec_num": null
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            },
            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            },
            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
                "cite_spans": [],
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            },
            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014",
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            },
            {
                "text": "/ LiLT volume 11, issue 5 December 2014Zeller, Britta D, Jan Snajder, and Sebastian Pad\u00f3. 2013. DErivBase: Inducing and evaluating a derivational morphology resource for german. In Proceedings of the 51th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 1201-1211. Sofia, Bulgaria.",
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        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions for improving the quality of the paper.",
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                "ref_spans": [],
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                "section": "Acknowledgments",
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            {
                "text": "meanings introduced above. A complex lexeme can be defined with respect to another complex lexeme with which it has an indirect relation when this relation involves a reasonably low number of intermediaries (regarding this point, see Section 6). In the derivational families of the current version of D\u00e9monette, all indirect relations are relevant and annotated with a cross-definition (see Table 4 ). Indirect relations may connect lexemes belonging to the same semantic type (excluding gender). Three types of relations share this property:1. the connected lexemes may be doublets formed via concurrent WFRs (see Plag (1999) on the typology of suffix rivalry), e.g., lavage \u2194 lavement 'enema;' we consider these doublets to be synonyms in the broad sense (see, e.g., Cruse (2004) on synonymy classification); 2. the indirect relations may connect derived words formed from the same base with the same suffix using two distinct stem variants of the base, e.g., ausculteur 'auscultator' (M) \u2194 auscultateur 'auscultator' (M) ; we assume, as above, that these doublets are synonymous in the broadest sense (but see Anscombre (2003) on the difference in meaning between -eur and -ateur nouns derived from the same verb); and 3. the connected lexemes may each constitute a pole in the binary male \u2194 female opposition, when one is constructed with -eur and the other with -euse or -rice. 'which has @AGM as a masculine counterpart' 'which has @AGF as a feminine counterpart' 'dancer (F) : dancer (M) ' (Xage:Xion-Xage:Xment-Xion:Xment) @ACT @ACT ruminement: rumination 'rumination: rumination' Xeur:X eur @AGM @AGM activateur : activeur 'activator (M) : activator (M) ' Xrice:X euse @AGF @AGF activatrice: activeuse 'activator (F) : In the last two rows of Table 4, X and X are two stem variants of the same base. Column 1 provides the schema of the indirect relation derivative 1 :derivative 2 , column 2 provides the definition of derivative 1 with respect to derivative 2 , and column 3 provides the definition of derivative 2 with respect to derivative 1 . The table presents only one of the indirect relations. The other can be obtained by reversing the two members of the schema (e.g., Xeur:(Xage-Xion-Xment) for the first group header) and switching columns 1 and 2.. adverbs constructed with -ment and verbs constructed with -iser that are formed from the same adjectival base, such as st\u00e9rile 'sterile,' total 'total ' and verbal 'verbal' (49) , and. deverbal adjectives constructed with -able with bases of the form Xiser, where X is an adjective, and nouns constructed with -iste that are formed from the same X, such as canonique 'canonical,' conceptuel 'conceptual' and individuel 'individual' (50).(49) st\u00e9rile A \u2192 st\u00e9rilement Adv :st\u00e9riliser V 'sterile' 'fruitlessly:sterilize' total A \u2192 totalement Adv :totaliser V 'total A ' 'totally:'verbally:verbalize'",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 615,
                        "end": 626,
                        "text": "Plag (1999)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF58"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 769,
                        "end": 781,
                        "text": "Cruse (2004)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF14"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1113,
                        "end": 1129,
                        "text": "Anscombre (2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF1"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 2421,
                        "end": 2447,
                        "text": "' and verbal 'verbal' (49)",
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                ],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 391,
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                        "text": "Table 4",
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                "section": "annex",
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        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "16) ((occupy)[V],(ation)[N|V.])[N]",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "Excerpt of the cutting semantic frame",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "17) a. enneigement/NOM \u2190 enneiger/VER (action OR r\u00e9sultat de l'action) de enneiger '(action OR result of the action) of covering with snow' b. (enneigement/NOM, enneiger/VER, neige/NOM) '(snow cover, cover with snow, snow)' (18) a. fluidiforme/ADJ \u2190 fluide/ADJ, forme/NOM dont la forme est fluide 'whose shape is fluid' b. (fluidiforme/ADJ, [fluide/ADJ], forme/NOM) '(fluidiform, [fluid], form)'",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "d\u00e9senneigement/NOM : (d\u00e9senneigement/NOM, d\u00e9senneiger/VER, enneiger/VER, neige/NOM) (20) d\u00e9senneigement/NOM : (d\u00e9senneigement/NOM, enneigement/NOM, enneiger/VER, neige/NOM)",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "24) a. pension/NOM : (pension/NOM) b. pression/NOM : (pression/NOM, presser/VER)",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "Direct and indirect relations in the essorer derivational family ple, the edges listed in (29) and illustrated in Figure 2 connect the members of the family of the verb essorer 'spin V ': essorer :essorage 'spin V :spinning N ' is a (D)irect relation (typeset in bold in (29)), whereas essorage:essoreur 'spinning N :wringer' and essorage:essoreuse 'spinning N :spin-dryer' are (I)ndirect relations. (29) essorage:essorer ; essorage:essoreur ; essorage:essoreuse;",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "Figure 3gives an overview of D\u00e9monette's content and summarizes the manner in which the contributions from D\u00e9riF and Morphonette are used (represented by red arrows). The nouns pr\u00e9dation and pr\u00e9datrice",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "(32) (brouilleur/NOM, brouillage/NOM) '(scrambler, scambling)' (33) collectif/ADJ :collectionneuse/NOM = dissertatif/ADJ :disserteuse/NOM = perfectif/ADJ :perfectionneuse/NOM = portatif/ADJ :porteuse/NOM = possessif/ADJ :possesseuse/NOM = s\u00e9lectif/ADJ :s\u00e9lectionneuse/NOM 'collective:collector (F) = discoursive:speaker (F) = perfective:improver (F) = portable:carrier (F) = possessive:possessor (F) = selective:selector (F) '",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "35) a. if (L1.cat='NOM' and L1.structure = Xage and L2.cat = 'VER' and L1.def = ''Action OR result of the action of L1.value'') then L2.def = ''Perform the L2.value'' b. if (L1.cat='NOM' and L1.structure = Xage and L2.cat = 'VER' and L1.def = ''Action OR result of the action of L1.value'') then L2.def = ''Perform the L2.type''",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF9": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "39) a. ravitailler/VER, ravitaillement/NOM, ravitailleur/NOM, ravitailleuse/NOM 'resupply, provision with supply, provider (M) of supply, provider (F) of supply' b. capter/VER, captage/NOM, captation/NOM, captatif/ADJ, captateur/NOM, capteur/NOM 'harness V , channeling, harnessing, captivating, inveigler (M) , sensor' c. d\u00e9cantage/NOM, d\u00e9cantation/NOM, d\u00e9cantement/NOM, d\u00e9canter/VER, d\u00e9canteur/NOM 'decanting, decanting, decanting, decant, decanter' (40) pr\u00e9dateur/NOM : (agent masculin habituel OR auteur masculin exceptionnel OR instrument) de l'activit\u00e9 li\u00e9e\u00e0 la pr\u00e9dation 'predator (M) : (usual masculine agent OR exceptional masculine agent OR instrument) of the action related to predation' (41) a. pr\u00e9dateur/NOM, pr\u00e9dation/NOM, pr\u00e9datrice/NOM 'predator (M) , predation, predator (F) ' b. audition/NOM, auditif/ADJ, auditeur/NOM, auditrice/NOM 'audition, auditory, listener (M) , listener (F) '",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF10": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "43) a. (lavement/NOM, laver/VER) b. (lavage/NOM, laver/VER) c. (laveur/NOM, laver/VER) d. (laveuse/NOM, laver/VER)",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF11": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "Distributions of direct and indirect relations in D\u00e9monette with respect to their origins: D \\ M is the number of pairs present only in D\u00e9riF, M \\ D is the number of pairs present only in Morphonette and D \u2229 M is the number of pairs present in both D\u00e9riF and Morphonette.",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF12": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null,
                "text": "48) (actif A , activer V , activateur N , activatrice N , activation N , activiste A , activisme N , activementAdv , etc.) '(active, activate, activator (M) , activator (F) , activation, activist, activism, actively, etc.)'",
                "uris": null
            },
            "TABREF2": {
                "text": "D\u00e9monette, a French derivational morpho-semantic network /",
                "content": "<table><tr><td>essorage/NOM</td><td>\uf0df</td><td>essorer/VER</td><td>essorage/NOM</td><td>essoreur/NOM</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">suff -age</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>pr\u00e9dation/NOM</td><td>pr\u00e9datrice/NOM</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">1: action OR r\u00e9sultat d'essorer</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>D\u00e9riF</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Morphonette</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">2: action OR r\u00e9sultat d'essorer</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">3: action OR r\u00e9sultat de @</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>@ACT</td><td colspan=\"2\">essorage/NOM</td><td>essorer/VER</td><td>@</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">4: action OR r\u00e9sultat de l'action r\u00e9alis\u00e9e</td><td colspan=\"2\">5: r\u00e9aliser l'essorage</td></tr><tr><td>par une pr\u00e9datrice</td><td/><td/><td>6: r\u00e9aliser le/la @ACT</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">7: action OR r\u00e9sultat de l'action r\u00e9alis\u00e9e</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>par @AGF</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>@ACT</td><td colspan=\"2\">pr\u00e9dation/NOM</td><td>pr\u00e9datrice/NOM</td><td>@AGF</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">8: agent f\u00e9minin OR instrument de la pr\u00e9dation</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">D\u00e9monette</td><td colspan=\"2\">9: agent f\u00e9minin OR instrument de le/la @ACT</td></tr></table>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF4": {
                "text": "Description of the (administratif, administratrice) relations.",
                "content": "<table><tr><td>w 1 / w 2</td><td>O ST</td><td colspan=\"2\">Oriented Def</td><td>Cross Def</td></tr><tr><td>administratrice N</td><td>@AGF</td><td>Agent</td><td>f\u00e9minin</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>OR</td><td>instrument</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>de @</td><td/></tr><tr><td>administrer V</td><td>D @</td><td colspan=\"2\">R\u00e9aliser l'action</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">dont l'agent f\u00e9mi-</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">nin est @AGF</td></tr></table>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF5": {
                "text": "illustrate the sort of word pairs found in D\u00e9monette that were provided by Morphonette and are absent from D\u00e9riF.",
                "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>pairs</td></tr><tr><td>D\u00e9riF</td><td>21,556</td></tr><tr><td>Morphonette</td><td>9,648</td></tr><tr><td>D\u00e9monette</td><td>31,204</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(46) a. acteur N :actrice N 'actor:actress'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">b. abr\u00e9acteur N :abr\u00e9action N 'abreactor:abreaction'</td></tr></table>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF6": {
                "text": "D\u00e9monette's content: the contributions of D\u00e9riF and Morphonette",
                "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"4\">relation type D \\ M D \u2229 M M \\ D direct 8,802 1,145 0</td></tr><tr><td>indirect</td><td>4,378</td><td>7,231</td><td>1,504</td></tr></table>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF7": {
                "text": "",
                "content": "<table/>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF8": {
                "text": "Description of the (abr\u00e9acteur, abr\u00e9action) relation.",
                "content": "<table/>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF9": {
                "text": "a. abaissement/NOM :abaisseur/NOM 'lowering:one who lowers'",
                "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"7\">b. abattage/NOM :abattement/NOM 'slaughter:reduction'</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">c. abolissement/NOM :abolitif/ADJ 'abolishment:abolishing'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">d. abortion/NOM :avorteur/NOM 'abortion:abortionist'</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Xteur</td><td>158</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Xeuse</td><td>3,938</td><td>134</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Xrice</td><td>338</td><td>978</td><td>66</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Xment 2,226</td><td colspan=\"2\">98 1,390</td><td>40</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Xage</td><td>2,946</td><td colspan=\"2\">80 1,932</td><td>11</td><td>1,656</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Xion</td><td colspan=\"2\">926 1,544</td><td>208</td><td>976</td><td>320</td><td>240</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Xif</td><td>310</td><td>448</td><td>36</td><td>304</td><td>26</td><td>24</td><td>918</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"7\">Xeur Xteur Xeuse Xrice Xment Xage Xion</td></tr></table>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF10": {
                "text": "",
                "content": "<table/>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null,
                "num": null
            }
        }
    }
}