| { | |
| "paper_id": "2020", | |
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| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:14:51.589876Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Annotating Verbal MWEs in Irish for the PARSEME Shared Task 1.2", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Abigail", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Walsh", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Dublin City University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Teresa", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lynn", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Dublin City University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Jennifer", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Foster", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Dublin City University", | |
| "location": {} | |
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| "email": "[email protected]" | |
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| "abstract": "This paper describes the creation of two Irish corpora (labelled and unlabelled) for verbal MWEs for inclusion in the PARSEME Shared Task 1.2 on automatic identification of verbal MWEs, and the process of developing verbal MWE categories for Irish. A qualitative analysis on the two corpora is presented, along with discussion of Irish verbal MWEs.", | |
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| "paper_id": "2020", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper describes the creation of two Irish corpora (labelled and unlabelled) for verbal MWEs for inclusion in the PARSEME Shared Task 1.2 on automatic identification of verbal MWEs, and the process of developing verbal MWE categories for Irish. A qualitative analysis on the two corpora is presented, along with discussion of Irish verbal MWEs.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "body_text": [ | |
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| "text": "Multiword expressions (MWEs) present a well-documented challenge in the field of NLP, given that they appear in a variety of forms, are idiosyncratic in nature, and prevalent in our lexicon (Jackendoff, 1997; Sag et al., 2002; Baldwin and Kim, 2010) . That said, their correct handling can aid in a number of NLP tasks, including word-sense disambiguation, parsing, and machine translation (Constant et al., 2017) . This has given rise to a number of working groups dedicated to identifying and interpreting MWEs. PARSEME is one such group, with the aim of improving cross-lingual processing of MWEs. Their shared task on the automatic identification of verbal MWEs (Savary et al., 2017; Ramisch et al., 2018) is now in its third iteration, and their guidelines have expanded to include 27 languages. This year saw the addition of Irish, as the first of the Celtic languages to participate. Two corpora of Irish text were created for this shared task: a small corpus consisting of manually labelled verbal MWEs (VMWEs), and a much larger corpus for use in unsupervised VMWE identification.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 190, | |
| "end": 208, | |
| "text": "(Jackendoff, 1997;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 209, | |
| "end": 226, | |
| "text": "Sag et al., 2002;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 227, | |
| "end": 249, | |
| "text": "Baldwin and Kim, 2010)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 390, | |
| "end": 413, | |
| "text": "(Constant et al., 2017)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 666, | |
| "end": 687, | |
| "text": "(Savary et al., 2017;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 688, | |
| "end": 709, | |
| "text": "Ramisch et al., 2018)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Research on MWEs in Irish is still sparse, and much work remains to define the types of MWEs that exist. Most of the literature on Irish linguistics and syntax focuses on a theoretical analysis of the language, and any discussion of idiomatic constructions, which are frequently exceptional cases, tends to be brief. (Stenson, 1981; Christian Brothers, 1999; U\u00ed Dhonnchadha, 2009) . Some studies offer more in-depth analysis on particular types of MWEs, such as light-verb constructions (Bloch-Trojnar, 2009; Bayda, 2015) , the idiomatic use of prepositions with verbs (\u00d3 Domhnall\u00e1in and\u00d3 Baoill, 1975) and idioms (N\u00ed Loingsigh, 2016) . Others have offered a preliminary categorisation of Irish MWEs (Veselinovi\u0107, 2006; Walsh et al., 2019) . The categorisation carried out in our previous work (Walsh et al., 2019) is largely based on the annotation guidelines developed for the PARSEME shared tasks 1 , and as such can be used as a starting point for the development of a comprehensive set of VMWE categories for Irish.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 317, | |
| "end": 332, | |
| "text": "(Stenson, 1981;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 333, | |
| "end": 358, | |
| "text": "Christian Brothers, 1999;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 359, | |
| "end": 380, | |
| "text": "U\u00ed Dhonnchadha, 2009)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 487, | |
| "end": 508, | |
| "text": "(Bloch-Trojnar, 2009;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 509, | |
| "end": 521, | |
| "text": "Bayda, 2015)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 572, | |
| "end": 602, | |
| "text": "Domhnall\u00e1in and\u00d3 Baoill, 1975)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 614, | |
| "end": 634, | |
| "text": "(N\u00ed Loingsigh, 2016)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 700, | |
| "end": 719, | |
| "text": "(Veselinovi\u0107, 2006;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF17" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 720, | |
| "end": 739, | |
| "text": "Walsh et al., 2019)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 794, | |
| "end": 814, | |
| "text": "(Walsh et al., 2019)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" | |
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| ], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Given that the focus of PARSEME is on the identification of verbal MWEs, some categories of MWEs considered in our previous work, such as nominal compounds or fixed expressions, are excluded. The categories examined here include two universal categories (verbal idioms and light verb constructions) that are found in all participating languages of the PARSEME shared task: two quasi-universal categories This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. Licence details: http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Verbal MWE Categories in Irish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(verb-particle constructions and inherently reflexive verbs) that are valid in many but not all participating languages, and one experimental category (inherently adpositional verbs) which can be optionally annotated.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Verbal MWE Categories in Irish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Light verb constructions (LVCs) are described in the PARSEME guidelines as formed by a verb, v, and a (single or compound) noun, n, which either directly depends on v or is introduced by a preposition. Constructions where v's syntactic subject is n's semantic argument are full LVCs and annotated as LVC.full, while constructions where the subject of v is the cause or source of the event or state expressed by n are annotated as LVC.cause. Examples include the LVC.full d\u00e9an dearmad (do negligence) 'forget' and the LVC.cause cuir\u00e1thas (put joy) 'make happy'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Verbal MWE Categories in Irish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Verb particle constructions (VPCs) -sometimes called phrasal verbs -consist of a verb, and a dependent intransitive particle (usually a directional adverb in Irish), where the particle causes a significant shift in meaning in the verb. This change in meaning can be either fully non-compositional (annotated as VPC.full, e.g. tabhair amach (give out) 'scold') or semi-compositional (annotated as VPC.semi, e.g. glan suas (clean up) 'clean up').", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Verbal MWE Categories in Irish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Inherently adpositional verbs (IAVs) are considered an experimental category in the PARSEME guidelines and language teams may optionally annotate for this category as a final step in the annotation process. The construction consists of a verb and a dependent prepositional phrase, where the preposition is considered integral to the construction, i.e. \"it cannot be omitted without markedly altering the meaning of the verb\". This construction occurs frequently in Irish (e.g. buail le (hit with) 'meet'), and as such it was decided to annotate this category in the current edition, to determine whether future versions of the corpus should contain this category. VMWEs can themselves form part of the IAV construction, as in the IAV cuir suas le (put up with) 'put up with', which contains the VPC cuir suas (put up) 'put up', which is why this category must be annotated last.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Verbal MWE Categories in Irish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Verbal idioms (VIDs) are idiomatic constructions with at least two lexicalised parts, including a head and at least one dependent. These dependents can be of several different categories (e.g. tar an cr\u00fa ar an tairne (come the shoe on the nail) 'come to the test', ag si\u00fal le ch\u00e9ile (at walking with each-other) 'courting'). Also included in VIDs are sentential expressions with no open slots, such as proverbs (e.g. N\u00ed neart go cur le ch\u00e9ile (is-not strength without put with each-other) 'There's strength in unity').", | |
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| "section": "Verbal MWE Categories in Irish", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Annotating LVCs with IAV Many LVCs select for a specific preposition, and the construction never occurs without that preposition (e.g. d\u00e9an iarracht ar (make attempt on) 'make an attempt at', and bain triail as (take test from) 'try'). In analysis of the LVC, Irish scholars often include the preposition as an integral part of the construction (Stenson, 1981; Bloch-Trojnar, 2009; Bayda, 2015) . There was some debate on whether to additionally annotate these LVC constructions with a selected preposition as IAV, as it was difficult to determine if the preposition was integral to the semantics of the construction, and whether omitting it caused a marked change in the meaning of the verb. It was decided not to extend these LVCs with the IAV label unless the preposition clearly caused a shift in meaning to the verb taken alone. This decision may be revisited in future versions of the corpus.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 345, | |
| "end": 360, | |
| "text": "(Stenson, 1981;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 361, | |
| "end": 381, | |
| "text": "Bloch-Trojnar, 2009;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 382, | |
| "end": 394, | |
| "text": "Bayda, 2015)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "Difficult Decisions", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Terminology: VPC versus IAV The term verb particle construction is rarely used in Irish linguistic discourse, however phrasal verbs are discussed by various authors (Veselinovi\u0107, 2006; U\u00ed Dhonnchadha, 2009) , although there seems to be a difference in the usage of the term. In the PARSEME guidelines, as with many other authors, the term phrasal verb is used synonymously with verb particle constructions. In English, particles are often homonymous with prepositions (though not always: e.g. back, through), although their behaviour is markedly different (Jackendoff, 2002) . U\u00ed Dhonnchadha (2009) uses the term phrasal verb to refer specifically to verbs that can combine with prepositions to give rise to idiomatic readings, as in\u00e9irigh le (rise with) 'succeed', whereas there does not appear to be any discussion of verb + adverb constructions such as\u00e9irigh amach (rise out) 'revolt'. Furthermore, the preposition le 'with' in\u00e9irigh le does not appear to follow the specifications for a particle according to the PARSEME guidelines (i.e. it should not govern a complement), given that it forms a constituent with the noun phrase rather than the verb, as in d'\u00e9irigh l\u00e9i (succeeded with-she) 'she succeeded'. In order to align with the categorisation of VPCs outlined by the PARSEME annotation guidelines, it was decided to annotat\u00e9 eirigh le, and similar constructions as IAV. To avoid confusion in the future, language-specific tests for identifying particles in Irish will be added to the guidelines.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 165, | |
| "end": 184, | |
| "text": "(Veselinovi\u0107, 2006;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF17" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 185, | |
| "end": 206, | |
| "text": "U\u00ed Dhonnchadha, 2009)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 556, | |
| "end": 574, | |
| "text": "(Jackendoff, 2002)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Difficult Decisions", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Idiomatic constructions with the verb \"be\" There are two verbs for \"be\" in Irish: the substantive verb b\u00ed conjugates as a normal verb (past tense: bh\u00ed, present tense: t\u00e1) and is used to express state, including feelings and emotions, possession, location and existence; and the copula is that is used in many other constructions, such as classification, equivalency constructions, or comparisons (Christian Brothers, 1997) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 396, | |
| "end": 422, | |
| "text": "(Christian Brothers, 1997)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Difficult Decisions", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The substantive b\u00ed can be combined with certain prepositions to express things like possession (b\u00ed + ag/ar (be at/on) 'have', t\u00e1 hata agam (is hat at-me) 'I have a hat'), desire (b\u00ed +\u00f3 (be from) 'want', t\u00e1 c\u00e1ca uaim (is cake from-me) 'I want cake'), intention (b\u00ed + faoi (be under) 'intend to', t\u00e1 f\u00fam\u00e9 a dh\u00e9anamh (is under-me it part doing) 'I intend to do it') and membership of a class (b\u00ed + i + possessive pronoun (be in possessive pronoun ) 'be of the class', t\u00e1 m\u00e9 i mo ch\u00f3caire (is I in my chef) 'I am a chef'), among others. The latter construction was annotated as VID as it has two lexicalised dependents (the preposition i and the possessive pronoun 2 ). The question of whether the prepositions were integral to the meaning of the other constructions was complicated by the fact that these prepositions could be applied to other verbs to give rise to a similar meaning (e.g. teastaigh +\u00f3 (be wanted from) = 'wanting from'), making it unclear whether the prepositions were truly causing a shift in the meaning of the verb. Ultimately, such constructions were not annotated.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Difficult Decisions", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The copula appears in certain idiomatic constructions such as copula + preposition combinations (e.g. is + le (be with) (possession), an leatsa an cup\u00e1n? (interrogative-be with-you the cup) 'is the cup yours?'; is + as (be from) (origin), is as Chiarra\u00ed m\u00e9 (is from Kerry me) 'I am from Kerry'), copula + adjective combinations (is + maith + le (is good with) 'like', is maith liom tae (is good with-me tea) 'I like tea') and other unique idiomatic constructions (Josie + is + ainm + di (Josie be name to-her) 'Josie is her name'). These cannot be categorised as VMWEs, given that the syntactic head of copular constructions is not a verb.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Difficult Decisions", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Inherently reflexive verbs (IRVs) are a quasi-universal category that occur rarely if at all in Irish. An IRV consists of a verb v and a reflexive clitic RCLI where either v never occurs without RCLI, or the meaning changes significantly. In Irish, the reflexive pronoun is formed through the combination of f\u00e9in + personal pronoun. Very few constructions appear to require the reflexive pronoun to give a different meaning (possibly: iompair m\u00e9 'I carry' vs. iompair m\u00e9 f\u00e9in (carry I self) 'I behave myself'). However, certain verb + inflected preposition constructions can imply reflexivity (e.g. bailigh + leis (gather withhim) 'remove himself/be off'). It was decided to annotate such constructions with IRV in this version of the corpus, but this decision may be changed in the future, due to their scarcity and lack of an explicit RCLI.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Difficult Decisions", | |
| "sec_num": "2.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Previous editions of the shared task were focused on supervised training of MWE identification, through a manually annotated corpus of VMWEs that was also annotated for POS information, morphological tags, and dependency trees. This edition, however, included a corpus for unsupervised training, which contained no VMWE information, but was automatically tokenised, lemmatised and parsed using UD-Pipe (Straka and Strakov\u00e1, 2017 ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 402, | |
| "end": 428, | |
| "text": "(Straka and Strakov\u00e1, 2017", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Creation of Corpora", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The 1,700 sentences in the labelled corpus were taken from version 2.5 of the Irish Universal Dependency Treebank (Zeman et al., 2019) . The sentences contain gold-standard annotations at the following levels: POS-information, morphological features and dependency syntax.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 114, | |
| "end": 134, | |
| "text": "(Zeman et al., 2019)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF20" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Labelled Corpus", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Three annotators helped with the manual VMWE annotation. Annotator A had prior experience with the annotation of Irish MWEs and verbal MWEs for other languages according to the PARSEME guidelines, while Annotator B and Annotator C were practised experts in Irish linguistics and syntactic annotation. 100 sentences were annotated by Annotator A as a pilot annotation task, during which the categories LVC.full, LVC.cause, VPC.full, VPC.semi, VID, IAV, IRV were fixed upon. 600 sentences were then selected and used by Annotators B and C to test the categorisation guidelines through annotation. Annotator A annotated the other 1000 sentences, and then performed a review on all 1700 sentences, including the 100 pilot sentences and the 600 test sentences.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Labelled Corpus", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A portion of the corpus (800 sentences) was doubly annotated at the beginning and the end of the annotation period by Annotator A in order to measure intra-annotator agreement. The first pass of annotation found 312 VMWEs, while the second pass found 270. The F measure was 0.71, the \u03ba score was 0.66 (i.e. substantial agreement), and the \u03ba cat score was 0.84 (i.e. almost perfect agreement) (Landis and Koch, 1977) . F measure is an optimistic measure that ignores agreement due to chance, \u03ba is an estimated Cohen's \u03ba that measures the rate of agreement of annotation for all verbs in the corpus, whereas \u03ba cat takes into account only those VMWEs where both passes agreed on the span.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 404, | |
| "end": 415, | |
| "text": "Koch, 1977)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Labelled Corpus", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In total, 662 MWEs were annotated. The most frequent category of VMWE was LVC.full, closely followed by IAV, while the least frequent category was IRV. When compared with the English corpus for edition 1.1 of the shared task (Walsh et al., 2018) , 4 it is clear that the density of VMWEs is much higher for Irish (1 per 2.6 sentences, or 1 out of every 8 verb phrases) versus English (1 per 8.9 sentences, or 1 out of every 47.8 verb phrases). 5 Given that over a quarter of the VMWEs annotated were IAV, there is a strong argument for consistently annotating this category -in Irish if not for other languages. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 225, | |
| "end": 245, | |
| "text": "(Walsh et al., 2018)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Labelled Corpus", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The unlabelled corpus consists of 1,379,824 sentences compiled from the sources listed in Table 2 . 6 UD-Pipe trained on v2.5 of the Irish UD treebank was used to perform the following steps automatically: tokenisation, POS-tagging, lemmatisation, morphological analysis, and dependency parsing. To aid correct splitting of sentences, a pre-processing step was included where a period was added at the end of each line where it did not already exist. Based on a manual inspection of a subsection of the data (100 sentences from each source), some issues were noticed with the lemmatisation (e.g. dtagra\u00edonn lemmatised to tagraigh when it should be tagair; lemma n-oibr\u00edt\u00ed has both initial mutation and is in its plural form), tokenisation (d'imir should be tokenised into d' and imir) and POS-tagging (is tagged as AUX Cop when it should be CCONJ Coord), which we assume affect parsing. 7", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| { | |
| "start": 90, | |
| "end": 97, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Unlabelled Corpus", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The task of identification incorporates two subtasks: identifying the span of candidate VMWEs, and labelling these candidates. This edition of the shared task focused on the handling of unseen VMWEs, i.e. identifying VMWEs that were not annotated in the training and development datasets. To that end, the annotated data was split so as to include at least 300 unseen VMWEs in the test set. Of the 9 systems participating in the shared task, 6 were submitted for Irish, with 5 of them achieving F 1 scores above 0. The highest achieved F 1 score for unseen MWEs in Irish was 19.54, while the cross-lingual macro-average F 1 score (based on unseen MWEs) for the same system was 38.53. The categories IAV and VPC.full appear the easiest to identify, while VID proved difficult. VPC.semi and IRV were not identified at all, possibly as the number of examples of each was too few (20 and 6 respectively).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Performance of the Shared Task Systems", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In general, the systems performed more poorly on Irish when compared with other languages, particularly compared to Hindi, which had a similarly sized corpus, and the best unseen MWE-based F 1 score was 53.11. The language that performed most similarly was Hebrew, where the best unseen MWE-based F 1 score was 19.59. There are a number of reasons that could explain the poor performance on the Irish dataset. The dataset contained a relatively small number of VMWEs in the corpus (662), when compared to the second smallest number, which was 1034 in Hindi. In addition, as a result of including 301 unseen VMWEs in the Irish test set, the rate of unseen VMWEs with regards to the training and development set was 0.69, the highest for any language. Another possible reason for the high rate of unseen VMWEs occurring is the source of the annotated data; the sentences in the Irish UD treebank (Lynn and Foster, 2016) come from a balanced corpus with a mixture of domains and genres. This can result in MWEs of varying types occurring throughout the data. Given the proportionally higher rate of unseen VMWEs, coupled with the smaller amount of data overall, it is unsurprising that systems did not perform as well on the Irish data as on other languages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 894, | |
| "end": 917, | |
| "text": "(Lynn and Foster, 2016)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Performance of the Shared Task Systems", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper describes an initial attempt at the manual annotation of Irish verbal MWEs, including developing a categorisation scheme that aligns with the PARSEME annotation guidelines. It was found that seven of the categories were applicable to Irish language, and the experimental category of IAV occurred frequently.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The results of this annotation are explored, along with results from participating systems in the shared task. It appears that the submitted systems found the task of automatic identification particularly difficult for Irish; this is likely due to the small size of the corpus and number of VMWEs annotated, the high rate of unseen VMWEs in the test data when compared to other languages, and the relatively large number of potential categories that increases the complexity of the task.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the future we plan to continue the work of manual annotation of these VMWEs, particularly in defining the categories more precisely, refining the Irish-specific guidelines and adding language-specific tests for certain categories such as VPCs, and expanding the size of the corpus.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "https://parsemefr.lis-lab.fr/parseme-st-guidelines/1.1/?page=home", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Possessive pronouns in VIDs have special lexicalization status and can be realised by different lexemes depending on number and person.3 Note that the unlabelled corpus include MWEs of the kind annotated by UD (i.e. flat, fixed, compound and compound:prt)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As Irish is the only Celtic language in the PARSEME shared task, English can be considered the closest language neighbour. 5 # verb phrases estimated using POS information from released cupt files 6 Text from Vicip\u00e9id Irish Wikipedia accessed 1/11/2019 and text from OPUS accessed at http://opus.nlpl.eu/ 7 To give an upper bound on parsing accuracy, UDPipe achieves UAS 0.85 and LAS 0.78 on the v2.5 test set.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "The first author's work is funded by the Irish Government Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht under the GaelTech Project, and is also supported by Science Foundation Ireland in the ADAPT Centre (Grant 13/RC/2106) (http://www.adaptcentre.ie) at Dublin City University.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Acknowledgements", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
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| { | |
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| { | |
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| { | |
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| { | |
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| { | |
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| { | |
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| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Gerdes", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Iakes", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Ginter", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Koldo", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Goenaga", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Memduh", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Gojenola", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Yoav", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "G\u00f6k\u0131rmak", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Xavier", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "G\u00f3mez" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Goldberg", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Berta", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "Gonz\u00e1lez" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "Guinovart", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Bernadeta", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Saavedra", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Matias", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Grici\u016bt\u0117", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Normunds", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Grioni", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Bruno", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Gr\u016bz\u012btis", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "C\u00e9line", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Guillaume", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Nizar", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Guillot-Barbance", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Mika", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Habash ; Haji\u010d Jr", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Linh", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "H\u00e0" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Na-Rae", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "M\u1ef9", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Kim", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Han", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Dag", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Harris", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Johannes", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Haug", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Felix", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Heinecke", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Barbora", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hennig", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Jaroslava", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hladk\u00e1", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Florinel", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Petter", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hociung", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Jena", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hohle", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Takumi", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hwang", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Radu", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Ikeda", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Elena", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Ion", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "O", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Irimia", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Tom\u00e1\u0161", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Ishola", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Anders", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Jel\u00ednek", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Fredrik", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Johannsen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Markus", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "J\u00f8rgensen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "H\u00fcner", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Juutinen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Andre", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Ka\u015f\u0131kara", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Nadezhda", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kaasen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kabaeva", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Hiroshi", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sylvain Kahane", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Jenna", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kanayama", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Boris", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kanerva", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Tolga", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Katz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Jessica", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kayadelen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "V\u00e1clava", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kenney", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Jesse", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kettnerov\u00e1", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Elena", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kirchner", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Arne", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Klementieva", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Kamil", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "K\u00f6hn", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Natalia", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kopacewicz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Jolanta", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kotsyba", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Simon", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kovalevskait\u0117", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Sookyoung", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Krek", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Veronika", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Kwak", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Lorenzo", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Laippala", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Lucia", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lambertino", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Tatiana", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lam", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lando", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Alexei", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Septina Dian Larasati", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "John", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lavrentiev", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Phng", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lee", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Alessandro", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "L\u00ea H`\u00f4ng", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Saran", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lenci", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Herman", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lertpradit", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Leung", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Ying", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Cheuk", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Josie", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Li", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Keying", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Li", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Kyungtae", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Li", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Maria", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lim", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Yuan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Liovina", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Nikola", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Li", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Olga", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Ljube\u0161i\u0107", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Olga", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Loginova", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Teresa", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lyashevskaya", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Vivien", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lynn", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Aibek", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Macketanz", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Michael", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Makazhanov", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Christopher", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Mandl", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Ruli", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Manning", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "C\u0203t\u0203lina", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Manurung", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Tommi", | |
| "middle": [ | |
| "A" | |
| ], | |
| "last": "M\u0203r\u0203nduc ; Jussi Piitulainen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Emily", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Pirinen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Pitler ; Shadi", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Alessio", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Saleh", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Tanja", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Salomoni", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Stephanie", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Samard\u017ei\u0107", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Manuela", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Samson", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Dage", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sanguinetti", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Baiba", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "S\u00e4rg", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Yanin", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Saul\u012bte", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Nathan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sawanakunanon", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Sebastian", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Schneider", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Djam\u00e9", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Schuster", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Wolfgang", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Seddah", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Mojgan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Seeker", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Mo", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Seraji", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Atsuko", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Shen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Hiroyuki", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Shimada", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Muh", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Shirasu", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Dmitry", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Shohibussirri", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": ";", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sichinava", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Zsolt", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Suzuki", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Dima", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Sz\u00e1nt\u00f3", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Yuta", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Taji", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Fabio", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Takahashi", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Takaaki", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Tamburini", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Isabelle", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Tanaka", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Guillaume", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Tellier", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Liisi", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Thomas", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Trond", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Torga", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Trosterud", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2019, | |
| "venue": "Faculty of Mathematics and Physics", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Daniel Zeman, Joakim Nivre, Mitchell Abrams, No\u00ebmi Aepli,\u017deljko Agi\u0107, Lars Ahrenberg, Gabriel\u0117 Aleksan- dravi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, Lene Antonsen, Katya Aplonova, Maria Jesus Aranzabe, Gashaw Arutie, Masayuki Asahara, Luma Ateyah, Mohammed Attia, Aitziber Atutxa, Liesbeth Augustinus, Elena Badmaeva, Miguel Ballesteros, Esha Banerjee, Sebastian Bank, Verginica Barbu Mititelu, Victoria Basmov, Colin Batchelor, John Bauer, Sandra Bel- lato, Kepa Bengoetxea, Yevgeni Berzak, Irshad Ahmad Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad Bhat, Erica Biagetti, Eckhard Bick, Agn\u0117 Bielinskien\u0117, Rogier Blokland, Victoria Bobicev, Lo\u00efc Boizou, Emanuel Borges V\u00f6lker, Carl B\u00f6rstell, Cristina Bosco, Gosse Bouma, Sam Bowman, Adriane Boyd, Kristina Brokait\u0117, Aljoscha Burchardt, Marie Can- dito, Bernard Caron, Gauthier Caron, Tatiana Cavalcanti, G\u00fcl\u015fen Cebiroglu Eryigit, Flavio Massimiliano Cec- chini, Giuseppe G. A. Celano, Slavom\u00edr\u010c\u00e9pl\u00f6, Savas Cetin, Fabricio Chalub, Jinho Choi, Yongseok Cho, Jayeol Chun, Alessandra T. Cignarella, Silvie Cinkov\u00e1, Aur\u00e9lie Collomb, \u00c7 agr\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6ltekin, Miriam Connor, Marine Courtin, Elizabeth Davidson, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Valeria de Paiva, Elvis de Souza, Arantza Diaz de Ilarraza, Carly Dickerson, Bamba Dione, Peter Dirix, Kaja Dobrovoljc, Timothy Dozat, Kira Droganova, Puneet Dwivedi, Hanne Eckhoff, Marhaba Eli, Ali Elkahky, Binyam Ephrem, Olga Erina, Toma\u017e Erjavec, Aline Eti- enne, Wograine Evelyn, Rich\u00e1rd Farkas, Hector Fernandez Alcalde, Jennifer Foster, Cl\u00e1udia Freitas, Kazunori Fujita, Katar\u00edna Gajdo\u0161ov\u00e1, Daniel Galbraith, Marcos Garcia, Moa G\u00e4rdenfors, Sebastian Garza, Kim Gerdes, Filip Ginter, Iakes Goenaga, Koldo Gojenola, Memduh G\u00f6k\u0131rmak, Yoav Goldberg, Xavier G\u00f3mez Guinovart, Berta Gonz\u00e1lez Saavedra, Bernadeta Grici\u016bt\u0117, Matias Grioni, Normunds Gr\u016bz\u012btis, Bruno Guillaume, C\u00e9line Guillot-Barbance, Nizar Habash, Jan Haji\u010d, Jan Haji\u010d jr., Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, Linh H\u00e0 M\u1ef9, Na-Rae Han, Kim Harris, Dag Haug, Johannes Heinecke, Felix Hennig, Barbora Hladk\u00e1, Jaroslava Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, Florinel Hociung, Petter Hohle, Jena Hwang, Takumi Ikeda, Radu Ion, Elena Irimia, O . l\u00e1j\u00edd\u00e9 Ishola, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Jel\u00ednek, Anders Jo- hannsen, Fredrik J\u00f8rgensen, Markus Juutinen, H\u00fcner Ka\u015f\u0131kara, Andre Kaasen, Nadezhda Kabaeva, Sylvain Kahane, Hiroshi Kanayama, Jenna Kanerva, Boris Katz, Tolga Kayadelen, Jessica Kenney, V\u00e1clava Kettnerov\u00e1, Jesse Kirchner, Elena Klementieva, Arne K\u00f6hn, Kamil Kopacewicz, Natalia Kotsyba, Jolanta Kovalevskait\u0117, Si- mon Krek, Sookyoung Kwak, Veronika Laippala, Lorenzo Lambertino, Lucia Lam, Tatiana Lando, Septina Dian Larasati, Alexei Lavrentiev, John Lee, Phng L\u00ea H`\u00f4ng, Alessandro Lenci, Saran Lertpradit, Herman Leung, Cheuk Ying Li, Josie Li, Keying Li, KyungTae Lim, Maria Liovina, Yuan Li, Nikola Ljube\u0161i\u0107, Olga Loginova, Olga Lyashevskaya, Teresa Lynn, Vivien Macketanz, Aibek Makazhanov, Michael Mandl, Christopher Man- ning, Ruli Manurung, C\u0203t\u0203lina M\u0203r\u0203nduc, David Mare\u010dek, Katrin Marheinecke, H\u00e9ctor Mart\u00ednez Alonso, Andr\u00e9 Martins, Jan Ma\u0161ek, Yuji Matsumoto, Ryan McDonald, Sarah McGuinness, Gustavo Mendon\u00e7a, Niko Miekka, Margarita Misirpashayeva, Anna Missil\u00e4, C\u0203t\u0203lin Mititelu, Maria Mitrofan, Yusuke Miyao, Simonetta Monte- magni, Amir More, Laura Moreno Romero, Keiko Sophie Mori, Tomohiko Morioka, Shinsuke Mori, Shigeki Moro, Bjartur Mortensen, Bohdan Moskalevskyi, Kadri Muischnek, Robert Munro, Yugo Murawaki, Kaili M\u00fc\u00fcrisep, Pinkey Nainwani, Juan Ignacio Navarro Hor\u00f1iacek, Anna Nedoluzhko, Gunta Ne\u0161pore-B\u0113rzkalne, Lng Nguy\u02dc\u00ean Thi . , Huy`\u00ean Nguy\u02dc\u00ean Thi . Minh, Yoshihiro Nikaido, Vitaly Nikolaev, Rattima Nitisaroj, Hanna Nurmi, Stina Ojala, Atul Kr. Ojha, Ad\u00e9dayo . 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| }, | |
| "BIBREF21": { | |
| "ref_id": "b21", | |
| "title": "R\u00e9amhfhocail le briathra na Gaeilge. Tuarasc\u00e1il taighde", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Tom\u00e1s\u00f3", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Domhnall\u00e1in", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "D\u00f3nall\u00f3", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Baoill", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1975, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Tom\u00e1s\u00d3 Domhnall\u00e1in and D\u00f3nall\u00d3 Baoill. 1975. R\u00e9amhfhocail le briathra na Gaeilge. Tuarasc\u00e1il taighde. Institi\u00faid Teangeola\u00edochta\u00c9ireann.", | |
| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Number of annotations per category.", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF4": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Sources of unlabelled data, size in # sentences, and licence of the source", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "content": "<table/>", | |
| "html": null | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |