| { | |
| "paper_id": "O10-2010", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:06:52.809218Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Qualia Modification in Noun-Noun Compounds: A Cross-Language Survey", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Chih-Yao", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Lee", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Taiwan Normal University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Chia-Hao", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chang", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Taiwan Normal University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Wei-Chieh", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hsu", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Taiwan Normal University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Shu-Kai", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Hsieh", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Taiwan Normal University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "In analyzing the formation of a given compound, both its internal syntactic structure and semantic relations need to be considered. The Generative Lexicon Theory (GL Theory) provides us with an explanatory model of compounds that captures the qualia modification relations in the semantic composition within a compound, which can be applied to natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we primarily discuss the qualia structure of noun-noun compounds found in Chinese as well as a couple of other languages like German, Spanish, Japanese and Italian. We briefly review the construction of compounds and focus on the noun-noun construction. While analyzing the semantic relationship between the words that compose a compound, we use the GL Theory to demonstrate that the proposed qualia structure enables compositional interpretation within the compound. Besides, we attempt to examine whether or not for each semantic head, its modifier can fit in one of the four quales. Finally, our analysis reveals the potentials and limits of qualia-based treatment of composition of nominal compounds and suggests a path for future work.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "O10-2010", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "In analyzing the formation of a given compound, both its internal syntactic structure and semantic relations need to be considered. The Generative Lexicon Theory (GL Theory) provides us with an explanatory model of compounds that captures the qualia modification relations in the semantic composition within a compound, which can be applied to natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we primarily discuss the qualia structure of noun-noun compounds found in Chinese as well as a couple of other languages like German, Spanish, Japanese and Italian. We briefly review the construction of compounds and focus on the noun-noun construction. While analyzing the semantic relationship between the words that compose a compound, we use the GL Theory to demonstrate that the proposed qualia structure enables compositional interpretation within the compound. Besides, we attempt to examine whether or not for each semantic head, its modifier can fit in one of the four quales. Finally, our analysis reveals the potentials and limits of qualia-based treatment of composition of nominal compounds and suggests a path for future work.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Compounding is regarded as one means of word formation especially productive for analytic languages such as Chinese that want agglutinative inflectional markers [2] . Morpho-syntactically, within each compound word there is an internal structure comparable to those found on the sentential level of a given language. In Chinese, for example, the verb-noun construction of x\u00fan-qi\u00fa-zh\u00e8n-gj\u00f9 \"to look for proof\" can also be morphologically encoded as a discrete unit qi\u00fa-zh\u00e8n \"seek-proof\". According to Headedness Principle [3] , in addition to the foregoing verb-noun structure, compounds in Chinese can also be composed of noun-noun, noun-verb and verb-verb. Such categorization is essentially based on the parts of speech of the individual words within a compound.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 161, | |
| "end": 164, | |
| "text": "[2]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 521, | |
| "end": 524, | |
| "text": "[3]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Packard [3] has a different system of classifying Chinese compounds by taking grammatical relations into consideration. Under his classification, the compound qi\u00fa-zh\u00e8n \"seek-proof\" is decomposed into a verb along with its object, zh\u01d4-g\u00f9 \"master-care\" a subject plus its predicate. However, very few, if any, work has taken into account the semantics of the separate constitutive words that, when combined, would derive the meaning of the compound. This present study is set to look at the traditionally labeled noun-noun compounds found across a couple of dominant languages in addition to Chinese under the framework of the Generative Lexicon, and to see whether such mechanism would apply across different languages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 8, | |
| "end": 11, | |
| "text": "[3]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In English and Chinese noun-noun compounds, the most common construction is modifier-head with the head on the right. For example, in bookstore, the modifier is book and the head is store; in sh\u0101-t\u00e1ng (sand-sugar) 'sugar', the modifier is sh\u0101 and the head noun is t\u00e1ng. However, such analysis is derived on the basis of syntax rather than semantics. Since this present work focuses on the meaning relationship between the components of a given compound, we may encounter noun-noun compounds in which the head noun can be both the word on the left and the word on the right.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Semantic Classification in Noun-Noun Compounds", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "When choosing examples, we eliminate compound-like words which are composed of the construction of a word and an affix. For instance, some Chinese noun-noun compounds may be composed of a noun and an affix, such as zhu\u014d-ji\u01ceo (table-leg) 'table leg', in which zhu\u014d is an affix rather than a word. This sort of compound is not taken into consideration due to the fact that an affix, which cannot stand alone as an individual word, is not a noun.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Semantic Classification in Noun-Noun Compounds", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Moreover, in other languages, especially modern Romance languages, we may also find different constructions of noun-noun compounds from those found in English and Chinese. For example, in Italian, a noun-noun compound is composed as headpreposition-modifier, such as succo di limone (juice-preposition-lemon) \"lemon juice\"; in French, caf\u00e9 au lait (coffee-preposition-milk) \"white coffee\" is also composed as headpreposition-modifier; Spanish has cuchillo de cocina (knife-preposition-kitchen) \"kitchen knife\". In the Romance languages mentioned above, the semantic head noun is usually located before the preposition, which means that the preposition in a noun-noun compound can function as an indicator for the head noun, while Chinese does not have this linguistic property.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Semantic Classification in Noun-Noun Compounds", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the semantic analysis of nominal compounds, Gagne and Shoben [1] first proposed a set of \"thematic relations\", which are claimed to cover the majority of semantic relations between modifier and head in English noun-noun compounds: Table 1 : Thematic relations (Gagne et al. 1997) However, upon close scrutinization some deviance and discrepancies can be found. The enumerative approach to the compositionality of compounds would easily lose the power in facing with usage in the novel context. As an alternative approach, in the next section, we will introduce a formally elaborated lexical semantic theory of a generative approach to compound meaning.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 64, | |
| "end": 67, | |
| "text": "[1]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 263, | |
| "end": 282, | |
| "text": "(Gagne et al. 1997)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 234, | |
| "end": 241, | |
| "text": "Table 1", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Semantic Classification in Noun-Noun Compounds", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The Generative Lexicon Theory (GL Theory) gives a new interpretation of the traditional qualia structure mentioned in the previous section. As pointed out by Pustejovsky [4] , the qualia structure of lexical items can be explained as follows: In jewelry box, jewelry indicates the function of box, which means that the box is used to contain jewelry; in bookstore, the function of store is to sell books; in operation knife, knife is with the function of surgical operation; in drinking water, water is with the function of being safely drunk by people. Here, the examples demonstrate the TELIC quale. In adenovirus pneumonia, adenovirus is a sort of virus that causes pneumonia; in steamboat, steam is the power for boat; in turtle egg, turtle is the producer of egg. Here, the examples demonstrate the AGENTIVE quale.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 170, | |
| "end": 173, | |
| "text": "[4]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Overview", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this research, we use a lexical entry of the GL Theory in order to represent the structure of noun-noun compounds as follows: (\u03b1 as the term itself; TYPESTR as type structure; ARG as argument; ARGSTR as argument structure; EVENTSTR as event structure) The GL Theory interprets the TELIC quale into two base modes as described below: Figure 4 . Direct TELIC: something which one acts on directly Figure 5 . Purpose TELIC: something which is used for facilitating a particular activity Also, the AGENTIVE quale can be interpreted by the GL Theory with the base mode as the following: Figure 6 . Types of the FORMAL quale The next section is going to discuss the modification of the qualia structure in the GL Theory with cross-language data for comparison.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 336, | |
| "end": 344, | |
| "text": "Figure 4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 398, | |
| "end": 406, | |
| "text": "Figure 5", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 585, | |
| "end": 593, | |
| "text": "Figure 6", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The Base Modes of the Qualia Structure", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In previous sections, we discuss the morphology of Chinese compounds and the GL Theory. In this section, we are going to discuss the mapping of qualia in Chinese compounds. The proposed qualia structure in GL theory can be used to provide the lexical connection which binds semantic contributions of modifying nouns and the head noun in the compound [5] .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 350, | |
| "end": 353, | |
| "text": "[5]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the Headedness Principle Packard [3] noted that there are two kinds of headedness, one is structurally (syntactically), the other is semantically. For example, g\u0101ng-q\u00edn-ji\u00e0np\u00e1n, which means piano keyboard, structurally the head noun must be ji\u00e0n-p\u00e1n, and thus the qualia structure is FORMAL. On the contrary, if we analyze the compound semantically, both g\u0101ng-q\u00edn and ji\u00e0n-p\u00e1n can be the head noun. While we consider g\u0101ng-q\u00edn the head noun, the qualia structure is CONSTITUTIVE; however, if we consider ji\u00e0n-p\u00e1n the head noun, the qualia structure is FORMAL. In short, the form of the semantic relation between the head and the modifier is not as specific as viewed from a syntactic perspective. Therefore, we choose the word that serves the semantic content of the compound to be the head noun.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 36, | |
| "end": 39, | |
| "text": "[3]", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "To illustrate qualia modification, we first discuss the TELIC role in which the modifying noun describes the purpose of the head noun. In the Chinese compound c\u00e0i-d\u0101o \"cleaver\", c\u00e0i modifies d\u0101o\"s purpose, which is to cut vegetable. Table 2 N1 is served as N2\"s function: c\u00e0i-d\u0101o \u83dc\u5200 vegetable-knife \"cleaver\" shu\u01d0-gu\u01d2-d\u0101o \u6c34\u679c\u5200 fruit-knife \"fruit knife\" f\u00e0n-w\u01cen \u98ef\u7897 rice-bowl \"rice bowl\" y\u00f3u-j\u01d0ng \u6cb9\u4e95 oil-well \"oil well\" y\u01cen-j\u00ecng-h\u00e9 \u773c\u93e1\u76d2 eyeglasses-box \"glasses case\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 233, | |
| "end": 240, | |
| "text": "Table 2", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "TELIC Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The TELIC quales of the compounds are also shown in other languages: FRENCH couteau de cuisine knife-kitchen \"kitchen knife\" bo\u00eete \u00e0 bijoux box-jewelry \"jewelry box\" salle de bain room-bath \"bathroom\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "TELIC Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Lebensmittelgesch\u00e4ft foodstuff-store \"grocery store\" Briefmarke letter-mark \"stamp\" Buchhandlung book-action \"book store\" SPANISH cuchillo de cocina knife-kitchen \"kitchen knife\" plato de arroz plate-rice \"rice plate\" vaso de vino glass-wine \"wine glass\" manguera de agua hose-water \"water hose\" bus escolar bus-school \"school bus\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "GERMAN", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "For example, the Italian complex nominal coltello da pane \"bread knife\" shows the quale of coltello and pane, the preposition da is used as a connector. There are also examples from other languages.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "GERMAN", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The AGENTIVE quale explains how something comes into being. In compounds, the modifier brings out the head noun. In the Chinese compound j\u012b-d\u00e0n \"egg\", the modifier j\u012b brings out the head noun d\u00e0n. Table 4 N2 is produced by N1: ni\u00fa-n\u01cei \u725b\u5976 cow-milk \"milk\" zh\u00ed-w\u00f9-y\u00f3u \u690d\u7269\u6cb9 plant-oil \"oil from plants\" y\u00fa-lu\u01cen \u9b5a\u5375 fish-egg \"roe\" h\u01cei-y\u00e1n \u6d77\u9e7d sea-salt \"sea salt\" h\u01cei-n\u00ed \u6d77\u6ce5 sea-mud \"mud\" g\u014dng-ch\u01ceng-f\u00e8i-q\u00ec \u5de5\u5ee0\u5ee2\u6c23 factory-exhaust \"exhaust from a factory\" hu\u01d2-ch\u0113 \u706b\u8eca fire-car \"train\" di\u00e0n-ch\u0113 \u96fb\u8eca electric-car \"tram\" zh\u0113ngq\u00ec-chuan \u84b8\u6c7d\u8239 steam-boat \"steam boat\" n\u00edngm\u00e9ng-zh\u012b \u6ab8\u6aac\u6c41 lemon juice \"lemon juice\" j\u01d0ng-shu\u01d0 \u4e95\u6c34 well-water \"water form a well\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 197, | |
| "end": 204, | |
| "text": "Table 4", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "AGENTIVE Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the Italian complex nominal succo di limone, which means lemon juice, limone serves the AGENTIVE role, which modifies succo\"s origin. The appropriate preposition for the Italian form appears to be di. Table 5 ITALIAN foro di pallottola hole-bullet \"bullet hole\" succo di limone lemon-juice \"lemon juice\" JAPANESE \u8702\u871c \u306f\u3061\u307f\u3064 bee-honey \"honey\" \u70cf\u9b5a\u5b50 \u304b\u3089\u3059\u3055\u304b\u306a\u3053 mullet-roe \"mullet roe\" FRENCH jus de citron juice-lemon \"lemon juice\" arc-en-ciel arch-sky \"rainbow\" pomme de terre apple-earth \"potato GERMAN H\u00fchnerei chicken-egg \"egg\" Meersalz sea-salt \"sea salt\" Dampfschiff steam-boat \"steam boat\" SPANISH jugo de lim\u00f3n juice-lemon \"lemon juice\" carne de cerdo meat-pig \"pork\" aceite de oliva oil-olive \"olive oil\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 204, | |
| "end": 220, | |
| "text": "Table 5 ITALIAN", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "AGENTIVE Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In complex nominals or compounds, there are modifiers used to specify a subpart of the denotation of the head noun or the material of which it is composed. The Chinese compound p\u00ed-xi\u00e9 \"leather shoes\" shows that the modifier p\u00ed is something of which the head noun xi\u00e9 is composed. Figure 9 The CONSTITUTIVE Mode Table 6 Head noun is made or composed of the modifier: ti\u011b-l\u00f9 \u9435\u8def iron-road \"railroad\" c\u01ceo-m\u00e9i-d\u00e0n-g\u0101o \u8349\u8393\u86cb\u7cd5 strawberry-cake \"strawberry cake\" b\u014dl\u00ed-m\u00e9n \u73bb\u7483\u9580 glass-door \"glass door\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 280, | |
| "end": 288, | |
| "text": "Figure 9", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 311, | |
| "end": 318, | |
| "text": "Table 6", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CONSTITUTIVE Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The CONSTITUTIVE quale in words can also be seen in other languages. In the Italian complex nominal porta a vetri, means glass door, verti is the modifier of porta, and the appropriate preposition here is a. white coffee\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "CONSTITUTIVE Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "K\u00e4sekuchen cheese-cake \"cheese cake\" T\u00fcrknopf door-knob \"door knob\" SPANISH", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "GERMAN", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "pastel de queso cake-cheese \"cheese cake\" puerta de vidrio door-glass \"glass door\" sopa de ma\u00edz soup-corn \"corn soup\" tenedor de plastico fork-plastic \"plastic fork\" casa de madera house-wood \"wooden house\" casa de ladrillo house-brick \"brick house\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "GERMAN", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In the FORMAL quale, the modifier distinguishes the head noun within a larger domain. For example, in the Chinese compound l\u00e1n-hu\u0101, l\u00e1n distinguishes different types of hu\u0101. Table 8 N1 is a type or subclass of N2: sh\u01d2u-bi\u01ceo \u624b\u9336 hand-watch \"watch\" hu\u01d2-ch\u0113-bi\u00e0n-dang \u706b\u8eca\u4fbf\u7576 train-lunchbox \"lunchbox sold on trains\" p\u00ed-zh\u011bn \u76ae\u75b9 skin-rash \"rash\" x\u012bn-b\u00ecng \u5fc3\u75c5 heart-disease \"mental disorder\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 174, | |
| "end": 181, | |
| "text": "Table 8", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "FORMAL Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "w\u00e8i-\u00e1i \u80c3\u764c stomach-cancer \"stomach cancer\" sh\u0101-t\u00e1ng \u7802\u7cd6 sand-sugar \"granulated sugar\" ch\u00e1-zhu\u0101n \u8336\u78da tea-brick \"brick tea\" shu\u01d0-ni\u01ceo \u6c34\u9ce5 water-bird \"aquatic bird\" di\u00e0n-n\u01ceo-y\u00edng-m\u00f9 \u96fb\u8166\u87a2\u5e55 computer-screen \"monitor\" h\u01cei-ni\u00fa \u6d77\u725b sea-cow \"manatee\" m\u00e9i-ku\u00e0ng \u7164\u7926 coal-mine \"coal mine\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "FORMAL Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The FORMAL quale also appears in other languages to distinguish an object from a larger set. Samstagnachmittags Saturday-afternoon \"Saturday afternoon\" Familienname family-name \"last name\" Ladentisch store-table \"counter\" D\u00fcsenflugzeug nozzle-airplane \"jet\" Rindfleisch cow-meat \"beef\" Schweineflesich pig-meat \"pork\" Fleischfresser meat-eater \"carnivore\" Mittagessen noon-food \"lunch\" Abendessen evening-food \"dinner\" Arbeitszeit work-time \"working time\" SPANISH comida chatarra food-scrap \"junk food\" partido de futbol party-football \"soccer game\" cancha de tennis court-tennis \"tennis field\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "FORMAL Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "arbol de manzanas tree-apples \"apple tree\"", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "FORMAL Qualia Modification", | |
| "sec_num": "4.4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In previous sections, we choose the word that serves the primary semantic content of the compound to be the head noun. Although the syntactic head noun and semantic head noun are the same in our examples, there are words that the syntactic head noun is not the same as semantic head noun. For example, in Chinese l\u00e0ng-hu\u0101 (wave-flower) \"surf\", if we assume that the syntactic head noun is hu\u0101, there is a semantic confusion due to the fact that intuitively, l\u00e0ng-hu\u0101 is not a kind of hu\u0101, but the shape of l\u00e0ng, and therefore l\u00e0ng serves the primary semantic content. Thus we say the head noun is l\u00e0ng rather than hu\u0101. Similar examples are hu\u01d2-hu\u0101 'sparkle', d\u00e0n-hu\u0101 'egg flower', xu\u011b-hu\u0101 'snowflake' and shu\u01d0-hu\u0101 'water spray'. Still, there are some words that cannot fit into anyone of the four quales, even though they are individual words. For example, in Chinese sh\u0101n-ji\u01ceo (mountain-leg) \"the base of a mountain\", we cannot judge which quale in which the modifier sh\u0101n fits if we take ji\u01ceo as the semantic head noun.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Discussion", | |
| "sec_num": "5." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this paper, we only discuss noun-noun compounds. However, in the study of Chinese morpho-syntax, there are other sorts of construction within compounds, such as nounverb, verb-noun, verb-verb, etc. For further study on the qualia structure of compounds, other constructions can also be taken into consideration.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion and Future Works", | |
| "sec_num": "6." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Moreover, large-scale statistics can also enhance similar research. With appropriate statistics of the distribution of the four quales within compounds, we can examine whether the four quales are used with apparently different frequencies. Also, this research can be applied to some important NLP and IR/IE tasks such as automatic classification of semantic relations between nominals. With manually annotated training data at hand, we are working on the system that can automatically predict the meaning of a compound by matching the qualia structures of the nominals from a given compound.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion and Future Works", | |
| "sec_num": "6." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2010), Pages 379-390, Puli, Nantou,Taiwan, September 2010.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
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| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "The Base Mode of the Qualia Structure The representation of the CONSTITUTIVE quale is as the following: The Mode of the CONSTITUTIVE Quale For the FORMAL quale, Pustejovsky [4] interprets the FORMAL quale with the GL Theory into two structures: (a). Simple Typing: value of FORMAL role is identical to sortal typing of the argument. (b). Complex Typing: value of FORMAL role defines the relation between the arguments of different types. The base mode of the FORMAL quale is as the following form: Types of the FORMAL Quale" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "The TELIC Mode" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "The AGENTIVE Mode" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "The FORMAL Mode" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "text": "", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>coltello da pane</td><td>knife-bread</td><td>\"bread knife\"</td></tr><tr><td>bicchiere da vino</td><td>glass-wine</td><td>\"wine glass\"</td></tr><tr><td>JAPANESE</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>\u6620\u756b\u9928 \u3046\u3064\u308b\u3048\u304b\u3093</td><td>movie-building</td><td>\"cinema\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u96fb\u8a71\u5e33 \u3067\u3093\u308f\u3061\u3087\u3046</td><td>notebook telephone-</td><td>\"telephone book\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u6587\u5177\u5e97 \u3076 \u3093 \u3050 \u3066 \u3093</td><td>stationery-store</td><td>\"stationery\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u684c\u7403\u53f0 \u305f\u304f\u305f\u307e\u3060\u3044</td><td>ping-pong-table</td><td>\"pingpong table\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u9053\u8def\u6a19\u8b58 \u3069\u3046\u308d\u3072\u3087\u3046\u3057\u304d</td><td>road-sign</td><td>\"road sign\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u30b5\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30b9</td><td>sun-glasses</td><td>\"sunglasses\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u672c\u7bb1 \u307b\u3093\u3070\u3053</td><td>book-box</td><td>\"book box\"</td></tr></table>", | |
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| }, | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "text": "", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>porta a vetri</td><td>door-glass</td><td>\"glass door\"</td></tr><tr><td>seni al silicone</td><td>breast-silicon</td><td>\"silicon breast\"</td></tr><tr><td>JAPANESE</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>\u5473\u564c\u6c41 \u307f\u305d\u3057\u308b</td><td>miso-soup</td><td>\"miso soup\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u82b1\u74e3 \u306f\u306a\u306f\u306a\u3073\u3089</td><td>flower-petal</td><td>\"petal\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u5496\u54e9\u98ef \u304b\u307e\u3044\u308b\u3081\u3057</td><td>curry-rice</td><td>\"curry rice\"</td></tr><tr><td>FRENCH</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>caf\u00e9 au lait</td><td>coffee-milk</td><td>\"</td></tr></table>", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF3": { | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "text": "", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>ITALIAN</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>cibo spazzatura</td><td>food-junk</td><td>\"junk food\"</td></tr><tr><td>fermata del taxi</td><td>stop-taxi</td><td>\"taxi stop\"</td></tr><tr><td>JAPANESE</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>\u306a\u304b\u307e\u306a\u3076\u3053\u3046\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3057 \u4e2d\u5b78\u6821\u6559\u5e2b</td><td>middle-school-teacher</td><td>\"middle school teacher\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u6a21\u578b\u98db\u884c\u6a5f \u3082 \u3051 \u3044 \u3072 \u3053 \u3046 \u304d</td><td>model-aircraft</td><td>\"model aircraft\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u87a2\u5149\u71c8 \u3051\u3044\u3072\u304b\u308a\u3042\u304b\u308a</td><td>fluorescent light</td><td>\"daylight lamp\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u6307\u8f2a \u3086\u3073\u308f</td><td>finger-ring</td><td>\"finger ring\"</td></tr><tr><td>\u5ead\u77f3 \u306b\u308f\u3044\u3057</td><td>garden-rock</td><td>\"garden rock\"</td></tr><tr><td>FRENCH</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>professeur de lyc\u00e9e</td><td>teacher-middle</td><td>\"middle school</td></tr><tr><td/><td>school</td><td>teacher\"</td></tr><tr><td>GERMAN</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
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