| { | |
| "paper_id": "2019", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T14:54:20.253559Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Four-word Idioms Containing Opposites in Mandarin 1", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Siaw-Fong", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Chung", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "National Chengchi University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This study aims to investigate the occurrences of opposites in Mandarin four-word idioms. We used the Revised Ministry of Education Online Dictionary to search for a total of 12 combinations of opposites in four-word idioms based on 32 opposites. These idioms were analyzed in terms of their dictionary definitions, combinations, and internal structure. Based on the definitions and the POS information on the components in the online dictionary, as well as the combinations of opposites, we collected 910 types of idioms. Our analysis used quantitative method to analyze not only idioms but idioms containing opposites, and our study is one of the few studies that have utilized this approach.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "2019", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This study aims to investigate the occurrences of opposites in Mandarin four-word idioms. We used the Revised Ministry of Education Online Dictionary to search for a total of 12 combinations of opposites in four-word idioms based on 32 opposites. These idioms were analyzed in terms of their dictionary definitions, combinations, and internal structure. Based on the definitions and the POS information on the components in the online dictionary, as well as the combinations of opposites, we collected 910 types of idioms. Our analysis used quantitative method to analyze not only idioms but idioms containing opposites, and our study is one of the few studies that have utilized this approach.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
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| "text": "There have been multiple studies on Mandarin idioms, but those that have inspected contrasting words in idioms have seldom been carried out in the past. Wang, Wu, Li, Huang, and Hui (2010: 501) [1] , one of the few studies that conducted a corpus-based analysis of the co-occurrence of Chinese opposites, proved that little research on the issue of Chinese antonymy has been performed in the past 2 : \"We searched 'antonymy' and 'corpus|corpora' as keywords in the CNKI, an e-resource containing all Chinese journals, but no matches were retrieved. Therefore there is a need for further analysis of Chinese antonymy in this way.\"", | |
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| "text": "[1]", | |
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| "text": "2", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
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| "text": "Our goal was to examine opposites in Mandarin four-character constructions and the same 1 This paper was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology grants 104-2420-H-004 -003-MY2 and 108-2410-H-004-095-. Assistance from Wei-yu Chen and Yin-Wen Li was appreciated. The research outcome of this work was discussed at the \u6210\u679c\u767c\u8868\u6703of the Joint Research project \u81fa\u7063\u8a9e\u8a00\u8a5e\u5f59\u3001\u69cb\u5f0f\u53ca\u8a9e\u610f\u6d6e\u73fe\u6a5f \u5236\uff1a\u8de8\u754c\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e. Comments from the research team and Prof. Jung-hsing Chang were highly appreciated. 2 We used \"opposites\" as a more general term instead of \"antonyms\" in this paper, but we kept Wang et al.'s (2010) [1] term in the literature review.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
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| "text": "The 2019 Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing ROCLING 2019, pp. 398-407 \u00a9The Association for Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing observation was found-little research has been conducted on this topic. Our search in several major databases (e.g., EBSCOHost, ProQuest, CNKI, Google Scholar, etc.) using the keywords 'corpus' AND 'four-character idiom'/'idiom'/\u6210\u8a9e (chengyu) AND 'antonym'/ 'opposites' returned hardly any satisfactory results. This indicated that either the research of Mandarin opposites has evoked less interest or opposites have not been looked at because they are too straightforward.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
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| "text": "In this paper, we will show how a study on Mandarin opposites can be interesting and is worth running. The aim of the study was to investigate idiomatic four-character lexical constructions containing opposites in Mandarin (hereafter, four-word idioms). The present study intended to answer the following questions presented in (1) below:", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
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| "text": "(1) (a) What are the patterns of the opposites in Mandarin four-word idioms?", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
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| "text": "(b) What kinds of meanings are carried by the opposites in the four-word idioms?", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
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| "text": "The occurrence of paired opposites in the structure of four-character idioms is an issue worth looking into in depth. The meaning changes and effects due to the construction of the paired opposites are also worthy of closer observation. In what follows, we will review past literature on antonyms/opposites and Chinese four-word idioms.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
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| "text": "There has been much discussion on opposites in past literature, but mostly regarding their constructions. It is also important to know that opposites are not always in opposition.", | |
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| "section": "Literature Review", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
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| "text": "Pioneered by Jones (2002) [2] , Jones, Murphy, Paradis, and Willners (2007 [3] , 2012 [4] ), and Murphy, Paradis, Willners, and Jones (2009) [5] , a new view of antonyms was postulated-antonyms can be identified by a certain construction in the corpus (e.g., big and small; rich and poor) as well as comparatively (he was more feminine than masculine) (Jones [2002] [2] used antonyms instead of opposites).", | |
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| "end": 25, | |
| "text": "Jones (2002)", | |
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| "start": 26, | |
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| "text": "[2]", | |
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| "text": "Jones (2009)", | |
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| "start": 141, | |
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| "text": "[5]", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 352, | |
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| "text": "(Jones [2002]", | |
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| "start": 366, | |
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| "text": "[2]", | |
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| "sec_num": "2." | |
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| "text": "As for Chinese idioms, Wu (1992:10-12 [6] ; 1995:65 [7] ) defined Chinese idioms (\u6210\u8a9e) as \"an old expression that has prevailed in society for a long period of time\" and \"[t]he meanings of most idioms can be deducible from their constituents. With some of the idioms, integrated meanings are unlikely to be directly inferred from their constituents\" (p. [10] [11] . \u8b1d\u5065\u96c4 (2006) [8] analyzed the number of syntactic combinations in\u300a\u8d85\u6d3b\u7528\u6210\u8a9e\u5927\u8fad \u5178\u300bby \u9072\u562f\u5ddd and \u8a31\u6613\u4eba (2002) [9] and found that four-word combinations constituted 98.6% in that dictionary, while the remaining four-word combinations were longer expressions. In Wang et al. (2010) [1] , they investigated the formations of Chinese antonym pairs and phrases using several fixed frames and found six significant patterns in Chinese, which are shown in Table 1 below. We added the examples from \u9673\u66c9\u71d5 (2004) [10] and \u97d3 \u6f22\u96c4 (1993) [11] , which Wang et al. (2010) [1] cited in their paper but with no examples. They then delimited the X and Y elements in Table 1 to be \u6771\u897f, \u5357\u5317, \u4e0a\u4e0b, \u5de6\u53f3, \u524d\u5f8c, \u9060\u8fd1, \u88e1\u5916, and \u5167\u5916. Next, they used the frame \"a+X+b+!X+c, in which, a, b and c denotes one Chinese character and !X is the opposite of X\" (p. 503). This frame contains two pairs, namely, \"a+X+b+!X and X+b+!X+c\" (p. 503), in which the \"a+X+b+!X\" pair is called the B1 Pair and the \"X+b+!X+c pair\" is called the B2 Pair (cf. When opposites serve as an element in four-word idioms, they can appear in various orders, and their order might affect the internal structure, the part-of-speech (POS), or even the meanings. In our study, we intended to find all possible combinations of opposites in four-word idioms. We also looked at their sequence, syntactic role, morphological structure, and whether they carried the same meanings in different positions.", | |
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| "text": "\u8b1d\u5065\u96c4 (2006)", | |
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| "text": "[8]", | |
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| "start": 631, | |
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| "text": "[1]", | |
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| "start": 853, | |
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| "start": 906, | |
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| "text": "Table 1", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 997, | |
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| "text": "Table 1", | |
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| ], | |
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| "section": "Literature Review", | |
| "sec_num": "2." | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The current version of \u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u91cd\u7de8\u570b\u8a9e\u8fad\u5178\u4fee\u8a02\u672c 3 is an officially edited national reference dictionary and it allows searches for different combinations. By entering a dot (.) in this online reference dictionary, we retrieved different four-word idiom combinations containing opposites, such as \"\u771f\u5047..\", \"\u5047\u771f..\", \".\u771f\u5047.\", \".\u5047\u771f.\", \"..\u771f\u5047\", \"..\u5047\u771f\", \"\u771f.", | |
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| "section": "Methodology", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
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| "text": "\u5047.\", \"\u5047.\u771f.\", \".\u771f.\u5047\", \".\u5047.\u771f\", \"\u771f..\u5047\", \"\u5047..\u771f\", etc., which are instances of four-word idioms that contained opposites. This dictionary also provides the definitions, word origins, and example sentences for some of the words. 4 As for the Sinica Corpus, which contains six different categories (literature, living, social, science, philosophy, and art) from 1981 to 2007, with a total of 19,247 articles, 5 we only used POS-tagging from the Sinica Corpus to determine the POS of each \"word\" in the four-word idioms. For instance, when we tagged \u5ffd \u51b7\u5ffd\u71b1, we used the Sinica Corpus to check the POS of \u5ffd, and the adverb tag \"D\" was found (thus, \"DADA\").", | |
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| "text": "4", | |
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| "section": "Methodology", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Jones (2002: 29) [2] suggested that \"the best one can do is to investigate a wide range of pairs which a majority of speakers might recognise as being 'good opposites'.\" Following this, we looked for \"good opposites\" by generating a list of opposites with a group of trained language researchers. The list was then verified by dictionaries and online lexical resources.", | |
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| "start": 17, | |
| "end": 20, | |
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| "section": "Methodology", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As Jones (2002: 26-27) [2] indicated that \"no single definition of antonymy has been universally agreed upon\", from the list of opposites, we selected 32 to be observed. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 3, | |
| "end": 22, | |
| "text": "Jones (2002: 26-27)", | |
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| "start": 23, | |
| "end": 26, | |
| "text": "[2]", | |
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| "section": "Methodology", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The number and types of idioms retrieved from the dictionary are summarized in Table 3 below. From a total of 3,017 four-word idioms, 910 constituted 30.16% of the total instances. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| { | |
| "start": 79, | |
| "end": 86, | |
| "text": "Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "Results and Discussion", | |
| "sec_num": "4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In Table 3 , \u5929\u5730 was the most frequently found opposite collected from the dictionary, followed by \u751f\u6b7b, \u524d\u5f8c, and \u9577\u77ed. We found that the first eight pairs of opposites formed 63.96% of the total 910 idioms, indicating that \u5929\u5730, \u751f\u6b7b, \u524d\u5f8c, \u9577\u77ed, and \u5927\u5c0f constituted a majority of the four-word idioms among all types.", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 3, | |
| "end": 10, | |
| "text": "Table 3", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF2" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Total 910 100", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "We also calculated the proportions of four-word idioms that showed a changed order of AB and whether there was a semantic change. Only 15.6% had a word order change and the remaining 84.2% had the same word order that we expected them to appear in (i.e., AB).", | |
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| "section": "Total 910 100", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| "text": "Among the word order change, only a small number appeared in the form \u4e0a\u60c5\u4e0b\u9054 and \u4e0b \u60c5\u4e0a\u9054; a majority was in \u82b1\u660e\u67f3\u6697 and \u67f3\u6697\u82b1\u660e, although we preferred to see the former type. In Table 4 below, because of the latter type of word changes, it was not surprising that only a small number of idioms (2.2%) had meaning changes, while 97.8% kept their original idiom meanings. Apart from those that changed with their components, as in \u82b1\u660e\u67f3\u6697 and \u67f3\u6697\u82b1\u660e, those that had repeated words did not change in meaning, such as \u4e0d\u751f\u4e0d\u6b7b. More than 84.2% of the four-word idioms were more fixed; and even if the remaining 15.8%", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 168, | |
| "end": 175, | |
| "text": "Table 4", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "Total 910 100", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "had word order changes, their meanings were often not affected because they changed with their neighboring components, such as \u82b1\u660e\u67f3\u6697 and \u67f3\u6697\u82b1\u660e. Only a small number of opposites changed and had contrastive meanings, as in \u4e0a\u60c5\u4e0b\u9054 and \u4e0b\u60c5\u4e0a\u9054. We then analyzed the AB patterns (\u6210\u8a9e\u683c\u5f0f) of each opposite pair (13 patterns in total): As can be seen in Table 5 above, when we calculated all the AB word orders, we found a total of 701 (77%) instances among the 910 idioms. This shows that our AB word order instinct was matched a majority of the time in the database, indicating that an AB order was expected.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| { | |
| "start": 338, | |
| "end": 345, | |
| "text": "Table 5", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF4" | |
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| ], | |
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| "section": "Total 910 100", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In other words, we mentally stored the opposites in an AB word order (e.g., \u5929\u5730 instead of \u5730\u5929; \u660e\u6697 instead of \u6697\u660e) and they appeared almost 77% in a similar word order in the idioms. The BA word order accounted for about 23% of the remaining idioms. In Table 5 , the \"?A?B\" pattern appears to be the most frequent pattern, followed by the \"A?B?\" pattern, as a result of the POS of the idioms. There were 71 POS patterns in total (POS patterns with frequency fewer than seven are not shown): ", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 250, | |
| "end": 257, | |
| "text": "Table 5", | |
| "ref_id": "TABREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
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| "section": "Total 910 100", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Mandarin four-word idioms have a long history, and many studies have focused on them.", | |
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| "section": "Conclusion and Future Research", | |
| "sec_num": "5." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "However, idioms with opposites have seldom been studied. The few cases that were studied were not analyzed in the way they were in our study. In this paper, we addressed the following: (a) the internal structure of four-word idioms that contain opposites; (b) the order of opposites in the four-word idioms; and (c) the most frequently found patterns of opposites in four-word idioms. Moreover, we analyzed the possibility of word order changes and how the word order changes affected the meanings, if at all. We also analyzed the POS of each component in the four-word idioms. All this information is useful in teaching idioms and when considering whether idioms should be collected in dictionaries. We also found which pairs of opposites are more prominent in Mandarin as well as all about these opposites.", | |
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| "section": "Conclusion and Future Research", | |
| "sec_num": "5." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As noted in this paper, our methodology has limitations. We overcame the limitations by decision-making, which may have affected some of the results, but they were weighted throughout by minimizing the problems these decisions caused regarding the complete results.", | |
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| "section": "Conclusion and Future Research", | |
| "sec_num": "5." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Thus, more studies are needed. The frequency of idioms in a corpus was the original focus of this study, but the frequency of the idioms was lower than expected and not all combinations could be found in the corpus. In the future, this will need to be overcome by finding a suitable corpus for the study of idiom frequency.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion and Future Research", | |
| "sec_num": "5." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cbdic/search.htm \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b 104 \u5e74 11 \u6708\u81fa\u7063\u5b78\u8853\u7db2\u8def\u7b2c\u4e94\u7248\u8a66\u7528\u72484 The online dictionary stated that there are 3,017 entries of chengyu (\u6210\u8a9e) in the dictionary. This number of chengyu might have slightly different definitions than our \"four-word idioms\" as chengyu is traditionally defined as expressions that come with a history. Therefore, when we computed the overall number of four-word idioms in the whole dictionary, we were aware of the slight differences it might cause. Still, when we examined most of the four-word idioms with opposites that we retrieved, most of them fell into the category of chengyu, too. Therefore, the discrepancy might be minimal, if it exists.5 http://asbc.iis.sinica.edu.tw/", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u6709 has a tag of \"V_2\" (a verb) in the Sinica Corpus.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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| "uris": null, | |
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| "text": "Jones, 2002) [2]. This part of the results returned examples such as \u5bae\u88e1\u5bae\u5916 and \u5c0d\u88e1\u5c0d \u5916 (as few examples were provided, these two were the onesWang et al. [2010] [1]used to discuss incorrectly tagged examples). This pattern of antonyms, as shown in a lexical construction, was close to the ones targeted by the current study. Nonetheless, our analysis was more refined, which will be elaborated in the methodology section.Apart from the research above, studies that have focused on Chinese four-word idioms only are far too many to be cited individually. Those that dealt especially with opposites are sparse, while some were conducted in a less systematic way, but many provided randommentions of examples. Qiu (2015: 84) [13] examined the existence of numbers in Chinese four-character idioms, such as (a) \u540c\u8a9e\u7d20\u985e\u758a (e.g., \u4e03\u65e9\u516b\u65e9 and \u8cca\u982d\u8cca\u8166); (b) \u7570\u8a9e \u7d20\u9472\u5d4c-(e.g., \u4e00\u554f\u4e00\u7b54); and (c) \u6578\u5b57\u5f0f\u5957\u8a9e [~A~B], [A~B~], [A~A~] (e.g., \u6311\u4e09\u63c0 \u56db, \u4e00\u6642\u534a\u523b, \u4e00\u5fc3\u4e00\u610f). Although the study was not corpus-based, it provided a useful categorization of idioms with numbers. Another research on numbers in Mandarin was byNall (2009) [14]. BothNall (2009) [14] andWu (1992 [6]; 1995[7]) summarized the semantic relations of Mandarin idioms provided byMa (1978) [15]. These relations are (a)Synonymic Relation (\u767e\u4f36\u767e\u4fd0\u3001\u4e03\u62c9\u516b\u626f, Nall, 2009: 93) [14]; (b) Contrast Relation (\u4e00\u51fa \u4e00\u5165\u3001\u4e00\u6b7b\u4e00\u751f, Nall, 2009: 95) [14]; (c) Sequential Relation (\u4e09\u601d\u800c\u884c\u3001\u91cd\u4e5d\u767b\u9ad8, Nall, 2009: 95) [14]; (d) Purposive Relation (\u61f2\u4e00\u8b66\u767e\u3001\u4e94\u6597\u89e3\u9172, Nall, 2009: 96) [14]; and (e) Causative Relation (\u4e00\u8b19\u56db\u76ca\u3001\u4e00\u8a00\u55aa\u90a6, Nall, 2009: 96)." | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF0": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Features of Patterns</td><td>Patterns</td><td>Examples</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Interleaved with a second antonym pair X+Y+!X+!Y</td><td>\u9001\u820a\u8fce\u65b0 \u967d\u5949\u9670\u9055</td></tr><tr><td>Two juxtaposed antonym pairs</td><td>X+!X+Y+!Y</td><td>\u60b2\u6b61\u96e2\u5408 \u6d6e\u6c89\u8d77\u843d</td></tr><tr><td/><td>X+Y1+!X+Y2</td><td>\u751f\u96e2\u6b7b\u5225 \u51b7\u5632\u71b1\u8af7</td></tr><tr><td>Interleaved with synonymous words</td><td/><td>\u5357\u8154\u5317\u8abf</td></tr><tr><td>Followed by a fixed phrase</td><td>X+!X+m+n</td><td>\u60b2\u559c\u4ea4\u96c6 \u8cde\u7f70\u5206\u660e</td></tr><tr><td>Interleaved with grammatical particles</td><td>\u534a/\u5ffd/\u4ea6+X+\u534a/\u5ffd/\u4ea6 +!X</td><td>\u534a\u4fe1\u534a\u7591 \u5ffd\u51b7\u5ffd\u71b1 \u4ea6\u559c\u4ea6\u6182</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>\u541e\u541e\u5410\u5410 \u9032\u9032\u51fa\u51fa</td></tr><tr><td>Repetition of antonym pairs</td><td>X+X+!X+!X</td><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Patterns of Chinese antonyms", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>\u5929\u5730 \u6709\u7121 \u59cb\u7d42 \u660e\u6697 \u5c0a\u5351 \u524d\u5f8c \u662f\u975e \u5167\u5916 \u5f37\u5f31</td><td>\u7c97\u7d30</td><td>\u8868\u88e1</td></tr><tr><td>\u751f\u6b7b \u4e0a\u4e0b \u9ad8\u4f4e \u591a\u5c11 \u7e41\u7c21 \u9577\u77ed \u7537\u5973 \u9670\u967d \u76db\u8870</td><td>\u52d5\u975c</td><td>\u5de6\u53f3</td></tr><tr><td>\u7570\u540c \u51b7\u71b1 \u8f15\u91cd \u771f\u5047 \u9006\u9806 \u8edf\u786c \u865b\u5be6 \u88e1\u5916 \u5927\u5c0f</td><td>\u589e\u6e1b</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">The actual procedures comprised two stages. The first stage was to search for four-word</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">idioms that contained opposites, record the dictionary definitions (\u8fad\u5178\u5b9a\u7fa9), and then</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">observe whether there were idioms that appeared with different word orders (\u5b57\u5e8f\u8abf\u63db) and</td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Thirty-two selected opposites", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Opposites</td><td>Freq.</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>\u5929\u5730</td><td>182</td><td>20.00</td><td>\u7570\u540c</td><td>24</td><td>2.64</td><td>\u8868\u88e1</td><td>8</td><td>0.88</td></tr><tr><td>\u751f\u6b7b</td><td>71</td><td>7.80</td><td>\u59cb\u7d42</td><td>23</td><td>2.53</td><td>\u771f\u5047</td><td>7</td><td>0.77</td></tr><tr><td>\u524d\u5f8c</td><td>67</td><td>7.36</td><td>\u9ad8\u4f4e</td><td>22</td><td>2.42</td><td>\u51b7\u71b1</td><td>6</td><td>0.66</td></tr><tr><td>\u9577\u77ed</td><td>66</td><td>7.25</td><td>\u5167\u5916</td><td>19</td><td>2.09</td><td>\u5c0a\u5351</td><td>4</td><td>0.44</td></tr><tr><td>\u5927\u5c0f</td><td>58</td><td>6.37</td><td>\u9670\u967d</td><td>17</td><td>1.87</td><td>\u8edf\u786c</td><td>4</td><td>0.44</td></tr><tr><td>\u6709\u7121</td><td>48</td><td>5.27</td><td>\u88e1\u5916</td><td>16</td><td>1.76</td><td>\u7e41\u7c21</td><td>3</td><td>0.33</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e0a\u4e0b</td><td>46</td><td>5.05</td><td>\u660e\u6697</td><td>16</td><td>1.76</td><td>\u7c97\u7d30</td><td>3</td><td>0.33</td></tr><tr><td>\u662f\u975e</td><td>44</td><td>4.84</td><td>\u5f37\u5f31</td><td>15</td><td>1.65</td><td>\u9006\u9806</td><td>3</td><td>0.33</td></tr><tr><td>\u7537\u5973</td><td>38</td><td>4.18</td><td>\u591a\u5c11</td><td>15</td><td>1.65</td><td>\u589e\u6e1b</td><td>2</td><td>0.22</td></tr><tr><td>\u8f15\u91cd</td><td>33</td><td>3.63</td><td>\u76db\u8870</td><td>12</td><td>1.32</td><td>\u52d5\u975c</td><td>2</td><td>0.22</td></tr><tr><td>\u5de6\u53f3</td><td>25</td><td>2.75</td><td>\u865b\u5be6</td><td>11</td><td>1.21</td><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Thirty-two selected opposites and the number and types of idioms found", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF3": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>\u6709\u7121\u5b57\u5e8f\u8abf\u63db</td><td>\u6210\u8a9e\u6578\u91cf</td><td>\u6709\u7121\u8a9e\u610f\u6539\u8b8a</td><td>\u6210\u8a9e\u6578\u91cf</td></tr><tr><td>\u6709\u5b57\u5e8f\u8abf\u63db</td><td>144 (15.8%)</td><td>\u6709\u8a9e\u610f\u6539\u8b8a</td><td>20 (2.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>\u7121\u5b57\u5e8f\u8abf\u63db</td><td>766 (84.2%)</td><td>\u7121\u8a9e\u610f\u6539\u8b8a</td><td>890 (97.8%)</td></tr><tr><td>\u7e3d\u8a08</td><td>910 (100%)</td><td>\u7e3d\u8a08</td><td>910 (100%)</td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Analysis of word orders of opposites and semantic changes", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF4": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>\u6210\u8a9e\u683c\u5f0f</td><td>\u4f8b\u5b50</td><td>\u6210\u8a9e\u6578\u91cf</td><td>\u6210\u8a9e\u683c\u5f0f</td><td>\u4f8b\u5b50</td><td>\u6210\u8a9e\u6578\u91cf</td></tr><tr><td>?A?B</td><td>\u5927\u984c\u5c0f\u4f5c</td><td>337 (37.0%)</td><td>??BA</td><td>\u98db\u6d41\u77ed\u9577</td><td>10 (1.1%)</td></tr><tr><td>A?B?</td><td>\u660e\u67e5\u6697\u8a2a</td><td>206 (22.6%)</td><td>AABB</td><td>\u88e1\u88e1\u5916\u5916</td><td>10 (1.1%)</td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "AB patterns of the four-word idioms containing opposites", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF5": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>POS</td><td>Example</td><td>Freq.</td><td>%</td><td>POS</td><td>Example</td><td>Freq.</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td>VNVN</td><td>\u60f3\u524d\u9867\u5f8c</td><td>301</td><td colspan=\"2\">33.08 AAAA</td><td>\u9577\u9577\u77ed\u77ed</td><td>11</td><td>1.21</td></tr><tr><td>NANA</td><td>\u5929\u5dee\u5730\u9060</td><td>112</td><td colspan=\"2\">12.31 VAVA</td><td>\u77e5\u9ad8\u8b58\u4f4e</td><td>10</td><td>1.10</td></tr><tr><td>ANAN</td><td>\u5343\u751f\u842c\u6b7b</td><td>86</td><td>9.45</td><td>NNVN</td><td>\u5de6\u53f3\u958b\u5f13</td><td>9</td><td>0.99</td></tr><tr><td>NVNV</td><td>\u5929\u9020\u5730\u8a2d</td><td>74</td><td>8.13</td><td>NNDA</td><td>\u8868\u88e1\u76f8\u5408</td><td>8</td><td>0.88</td></tr><tr><td>NNNN</td><td>\u5929\u6daf\u5730\u89d2</td><td>50</td><td>5.49</td><td colspan=\"2\">VVVV \u6709\u5c48\u7121\u4f38 6</td><td>8</td><td>0.88</td></tr><tr><td>DVDV</td><td>\u5f8c\u64c1\u524d\u63a8</td><td>28</td><td>3.08</td><td>ANDV</td><td>\u5c0f\u984c\u5927\u4f5c</td><td>7</td><td>0.77</td></tr><tr><td>NNVV</td><td>\u751f\u6b7b\u5b58\u4ea1</td><td>25</td><td>2.75</td><td>DVNN</td><td>\u4e0d\u9867\u524d\u5f8c</td><td>7</td><td>0.77</td></tr><tr><td>VVNN</td><td>\u64a5\u5f04\u662f\u975e</td><td>17</td><td>1.87</td><td>NNAN</td><td>\u5929\u5730\u842c\u7269</td><td>7</td><td>0.77</td></tr><tr><td>DADA</td><td>\u534a\u5927\u4e0d\u5c0f</td><td>16</td><td colspan=\"2\">1.76 AVAV</td><td>\u51b7\u8b4f\u71b1\u5632</td><td>7</td><td>0.77</td></tr><tr><td>NNDV</td><td>\u662f\u975e\u4e0d\u5206</td><td>13</td><td>1.43</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Distributions of four-word idiom types in terms of POS patterns (Type Freq. 7)This analysis helped us anticipate the kind of structure that would appear under each pattern and the kind of POS patterns denoted by each.", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |