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| "text": "for m a n i p u l a t i n g f i n i t e s t a t e m a c h i n e s a n d t r a n ", | |
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| "section": "Th e c o m p i l a t i o n of the t w o -l e v e l d e s c r i p t i o n into fi n i t e s t a t e a u t o m a t a p r o c e e d s in s e v e r a l s t e p s . T h e c o m p u t a t i o n r e l i e s e s s e n t i a l l y on Ron Ka pl a n ' s p r o g r a m p a c k a g e s (FSM, FST)", | |
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| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1985", | |
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| "text": "T h e t w o -l e v e l m o d e l is a f r a m e w o r k for d e s c r i b i n g w o r d i n fl ec ti on . T h e m o d e l c o n s i s t s of a l e x i c o n s y s t e m and a f o r m a l i s m for t w o -l e v e l rules. T h e l e x i c o n s y s t e m d e f i n e s a l l p o s s i b l e l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of w o r d -f o r m s w h e r e a s t h e r u l e s e x p r e s s t h e p e r m i t t e d r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n l e x i c a l a n d s u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . W o r d r e c o g n i t i o n is thus r e d u c e d into the q u e s t i o n of f i nd in g a p e r m i s s i b l e l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n w h i c h is in a p r o p e r r e l a t i o n to the s u r f a c e form. S i m i l a r l y , g e n e r a t i o n is the i n v e r s e w h e r e the l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n is k n o w n a n d t h e t a s k is to f i n d a s u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n w h i c h is in a p r o p e r r e l a t i o n to it. W i t h i n the t w o -l e v e l m o d e l th e s e r e l a t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g to t h e r u l e c o m p o n e n t h a v e b e e n e x p r e s s e d in t w o w a y s . A r u l e f o r m a l i s m h a s b e e n u s e d for c o m m u n i c a t i n g t h e i d e a of t h e r u l e s , w h e r e a s t h e a c t u a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d b y h a n d -c o d i n g t h e r u l e s a s f i n i t e s t a t e a utomata. T h e c l o s e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n r u l e s and fi n i t e st a t e m a c h i n e s has f a c i l i t a t e d this h a n d -c o d i n g . E x p r e s s i n g r u l e s as n u m b e r s in a t r a n s i t i o n m a t r i x is, of course, not op t i m a l . A l t h o u g h it has p r o v e n to be f e a s i b l e , it is tedious. It a l s o tends to d i s t r a c t the li ng u i s t ' s t h o u g h t s f r o m m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a 1 v a r i a t i o n s to t e c h n i c a l m a t t e r s . F u r t h e r m o r e , h a n d c o m p i l e d a u t o m a t a a r e o f t e n n o t q u i t e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i n t e n d e d r u l e s . D i s c r e p a n c i e s a r i s e b e c a u s e the d e s i g n of r u l e a u t o m a t a is o f t e n a f f e c t e d by a s s u m p t i o n s -143-Compilation of automata from morphological two-level rules Kimmo Koskenniemi Proceedings of NODALIDA 1985, pages 143-149 o n t h e r e g u l a r i t y of a c t u a l w o r d -f o r m s . T h u s , s u c h a u t o m a t a u s u a l l y f u n c t i o n c o r r e c t l y w i t h m o s t of the d a t a but t h ey h a v e a l e s s c l e a r r e l a t i o n w i t h o r i g i n a l i n t e n d e d rules. T h e r u l e c o m p i l e r d e s c r i b e d b e l o w r e c t i f i e s th is p r o b l e m by l e t t i n g the l i n g u i s t w r i t e r u l e s in a tr ue r u l e f o r m a l i s m w h i l e the c o m p u t e r p r o d u c e s the a u t o m a t a m e c h a n i c a l l y . T h e s e c a n th en be used in c o n v e n t i o n a l t w o -l e v e l p r og ra ms , b o t h for t e s t i n g a n d a n d f o r p r o d u c t i o n u s e . S e v e r a l t w o -l e v e l d e s c r i p t i o n s are now on their w a y t o w a r d s c o m p l e t i o n us i n g the c o m p i l e r .", | |
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| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
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| "text": "T h e a c t u a l r u l e f o r m a l i s m s u p p o r t e d b y t h e t w o -l e v e l c o m p i l e r d i f f e r s o n l y s l i g h t l y f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l f o r m a l i s m p r o p o s e d in K o s k e n n i e m i (1983). O n e of the d i f f e r e n c e s is the u s e of l i n e a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n for p a i r s , t h u s a :o is u s e d i n s t e a d of F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e q u a l s i g n is n o l o n g e r u s e d for d e n o t i n g the f u l l l e x i c a l or s u r f a c e al ph ab et . A s u r f a c e v o w e l is w r i t t e n s i m p l y as :V a n d a l e x i c a l a as a :. O t h e r b a s i c e l e m e n t s are as t h ey us ed to be; (1) A s e q u e n c e o f e l e m e n t s a r e w r i t t e n o n e a f t e r a n o t h e r , t h u s :V :V s t a n d s for t w o s u c c e s s i v e s u r f a c e v o we ls .", | |
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| "text": "e r n a t i v e e l e m e n t s are s e p a r a t e d by a v e r t i c a l bar a n d e n c l o s e d in s q u a r e b r a c k e t s , e.g. [ : i | :j] s t a n d s for e i t h e r a s u r f a c e i or a s u r f a c e j. (3) I t e r a t i o n is i n d i c a t e d w i t h a s u p e r s c r i p t a s t e r i s k or p l u s s i g n , e.g. :C* s t a n d s for z e r o or m o r e s u r f a c e c o n s o n a n t s w h e r e a s :C'*' r e q u i r e s at l e a s t one s u r f a c e cons on an t. R u l e s w i t h o p e r a t o r s => <= a n d < = > e x i s t as b e f o r e a n d t h ey ar e i n t e r p r e t e d as before. A rule: t e s t h a t e v e r y o c c u r r e n c e of a p a i r I:j m u s t be in a c o n t e x t of .. :V __ :V .. i.e. b e t w e e n t w o s u r f a c e v o w e l s . t e s t h a t b e t w e e n s u r f a c e v o w e l s a l e x i c a l I h a s n o o t h e r p o s s i b l e r e a l i z a t i o n s than a j. R u l e s w i t h o p e r a t o r s < = > are c o m b i n a t i o n s of th os e w i t h <= and =>. T h e r e is one new type of r u l e s w i t h an o p e r a t o r >v<=. T h is r u l e f o r b i d s a n y o c c u r r e n c e s of L C C P RC, i.e. it f o r b i d s C P in the c o n t e x t LC __ R C . A n o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e is in t h e f o r m a l i s m for c o l l a p s i n g s e v e r a l s i m i l a r r u l e s i n t o o n e r u l e . T h e i n i t i a l f o r m a l i s m used a n g l e brac ke ts , but this has b e e n r e p l a c e d by e q u i v a l e n t m e a n s usin g so c a l l e d \"where\" c l a u s e s . If W d e n o t e s a m o r p h op h o n e m e for v o w e l d o u b l i n g t h e n a r u l e for v o w e l d o u b l i n g is e x p r e s s e d in the p r e s e n t f o r m a l i s m as: W : x <=> :x w h e r e x in V; T h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e r u l e c o m p o n e n t of t w o -l e v e l d e s c r i p t i o n s c o n s i s t s of six sections: -a s u r f a c e a l p h a b e t as a li st of s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r s -s u b s e t s of t h e s u r f a c e a l p h a b e t w h i c h a r e u s e d in th e rules -a l e x i c a l a l p h a b e t -s u b s e t s of the l e x i c a l a l p h a b e t -d e f i n i t i o n s for a b b r e v i a t i o n s or s u b e x p r e s s i o n s us ed in . the rules -t w o -l e v e l rules. A s a m p l e t w o -l e v e l d e s c r i p t i o n is g i v e n below: c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z ; D efinitions D e f a u l t s = a l :a a 2 : a E:e I;i; Rules \"V ow el d o u b l i n g \" e t h a t s u r f a c e a n d l e x i c a l a l p h a b e t s a r e d e c l a r e d s e p a r a t e l y . T h i s g u a r a n t e e s t h a t t h e r o l e of e a c h s e g m e n t is u n i q u e l y d e t e rm in ed . T h e se ts are s e p a r a t e a l s o b e c a u s e it is n o t a l w a y s e v i d e n t e.g. w h i c h s e g m e n t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d to be v o w e l s on the l e x i c a l l e v e l . T h e fi rs t r u l e r e p r e s e n t s a set of s e v e r a l rules; m y v a r i a b l e X o c c u r s o n b o t h s i d e s of t h e r u l e . If it w o u l d -1A6-146 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1985 oc cu r o n l y on the c o n t e x t s i de th en the a b b r e v i a t i o n d e n o t e s o n e s i n g l e r u l e w i t h m a n y c o n t e x t p a r t s ( o n e f o r e a c h p o s s i b i l i t y of X ). A n o t h e r e f f e c t of the e x p a n s i o n of \"where\" c l a u s e s is the i n t r o d u c t i o n of s o m e n e w c h a r a c t e r p a i r s . P a i r s W:a, W:e, W:o d o n o t o c c u r a n y w h e r e in t h e d e s c r i p t i o n b u t t h e y a r e i m p l i c i t l y included.", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "s d u c e r s . T h e c o l l e c t i o n of r u l e s h a s to be t r e a t e d as a w h o l e b e c a u s e t h e s e t of c h a r a c t e r p a i r s (CPS) m i g h t be c h a n g e d if s o m e r u l e s a r e a l t e r e d t h u s c h a n g i n g t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of s o m e o t h e r rules. T h e st e p s of the c o m p i l a t i o n are: n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e t w o -l e v e l r u l e d e s c r i p t i o n i n t o a r e c u r s i v e l i s t e x p r e s s i o n w h e r e r u l e c o m p o n e n t s and p a i r s are identified. E x p a n s i o n of \"where\" c l a u s e s in the rules. C o l l e c t i n g a l l p a i r s e x p l i c i t l y m e n t i o n e d in r u l e s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s in a d d i t i o n to t h e d e f a u l t s e t of a l l x :x w h e r e x is b o t h a l e x i c a l a n d a s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r .", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF4": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "C o m p u t i n g t h e e x a c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of p a i r s w h i c h a r e n o t c o n c r e t e p a i r s ( w h e r e b o t h t h e l e x i c a l a n d the l e x i c a l c o m p o n e n t s are s i n g l e ch aracters). So me p a i r s l i k e :V l e a v e o n e l e v e l f u l l y o p e n a n d o t h e r s m a y use the d e f i n e d s u b s e t s su ch as W:V (character W c o r r e s p o n d i n g to a n y of t h e v o w e l s b u t n o t to a z e r o 0). A l l s u c h ( p a r t i a l l y ) u n s p e c i f i e d p a i r s X:Y d e n o t e t h e s u b s e t of C P S c o n s i s t i n g of p a i r s x :y w h e r e x is X or is in X a n d y is Y or is in Y. E x p a n d e a c h a b b r e v i a t i o n of t h e a b o v e t y p e i n t o an a l t e r n a t i o n . In s e r t the d e f i n e d e x p r e s s i o n in p l a c e of the n a me of the ex pr es si on .", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF5": { | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "p i l e the c o m p o n e n t s of the r u l e s (c o r r e s p o n d e n c e parts, l e f t c o n t e x t s and ri gh t contexts) into fi n i t e st at e m a c h i n e s .(7)S p l i t r u l e s w i t h the o p e r a t o r < = > into on e r u l e w i t h o p e r a t o r => an d a n o t h e r w i t h <=.(8) E x p a n d r u l e s w i t h o p e r a t o r < = a n d w i t h m u l t i p l e c o n t e x t s into d i s t i n c t rule s w i t h on e c o n t e x t each.(9) C o m p i l e the i n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t ru le s s e p a r a t e l y . (10) M e r g e the a u t o m a t a r e s u l t i n g f r om a s i n g l e o r i g i n a l r u l e into one r u l e a u t o m a t o n by i n t e r s e c t i n g them. In t h e p r e s e n t v e r s i o n of t h e c o m p i l e r e a c h r u l e as d e f i n e d by t h e u s e r is c o m p i l e d i n t o a s i n g l e a u t o m a t o n . If t h e e x p a n s i o n or c o m p i l a t i o n s p l i t s t h e r u l e i n t o s u b p a r t s t h e s e a r e f i n a l l y c o m b i n e d i n t o a s i n g l e m a c h i n e b y t h e c o m p i l e r . T h e c o m p i l a t i o n is d o n e o n a X e r o x 1 1 0 8 L i s p m a c h i n e w i t h p r o g r a m s w r i t t e n in I n t e r l i s p -D . T h e r e s u l t i n g a u t o m a t a c a n t h e n be u s e d e i t h e r o n t h e L i s p M a c h i n e or t r a n s p o r t e d to o t h e r s y s t e m s . In o r d e r to be u s e d b y t h e p r e s e n t v e r s i o n of the P a s c a l t w o -l e v e l p r o g r a m the a u t o m a t a are c o n v e r t e d into a t a b u l a r f o r m a t w h i c h c a n be r e a d i l y used . T h e f o r m a t is s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t f r om the o r i g i n a l one g i v e n in K o s k e n n i e m i ( 1 9 8 3 ) b u t it is s i g n i f i c a n t l y f a s t e r to r e a d in. S u c h a u t o m a t a h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y used on M S -D O S m i c r o c o m p u t e r s s u c h a s I B M P C a n d O l i v e t t i M 2 4 . M a r t t i N y m a n a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of H e l s i n k i w o r k i n g on one d e s c r i p t i o n for M o d e r n G r e e k and a n o t h e r for C l a s s i c a l G r e e k and J o r m a L u u t o n e n at t h e U n i v e r s i t y of T u r k u is w o r k i n g o n o n e for C h e r e m i s . O l l i B l \u00e5 b e r g has r e f o r m u l a t e d his S w e d i s h d e s c r i p t i o n in term s of the p r e s e n t co m p i l e r . T h e c o m p i l e r w a s w r i t t e n d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r 1 9 8 5 at t h e C e n t e r for S t u d i e s o n L a n g u a g e a n d I n f o r m a t i o n at S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y . In a d d i t i o n to the fi n i t e st a t e p a c k a g e w r i t t e n by R o n K a p l a n the c o m p i l e r u t i l i z e s K a p l a n ' s c o n c e p t of c o m p i l i n g c o m p l e x r u l e s w i t h o p e r a t o r => and s e v e r a l c o n t e x t parts. Th e c o m p i l e r w a s p r e s e n t e d a t a s y m p o s i u m o n f i n i t e s t a t e m o r p h o l o g y on Ju ly , 29-30 1985 at CSLI. T h e c o m p i l e r has a l s o s t i m u l a t e d s o me p a r a l l e l e f f o r t s (Bear, in press, R i t c h i e et. al. 1985, Ki nn un en , in pr ep ar at io n) . t a c t i c and p h o n o l o g i c a l rules. P r o c e e d i n g s of C O L I N G -86, Bonn . Kinn un en , Ma a r i t , (in prepar at io n) . M o r f o l o g i s t e n s a a n t o j e n k a a n t a m i n e n a a r e l l i s i k s i a u t o m a a t e i k s i . (The c o m p i l a t i o n of m o r p h o l o g i c a l r u l e s i n t o f i n i t e s t a t e a u t o m a t a ) v e r s i t y of He l s i n k i . K o s k e n n i e m i , K. 1 9 8 3 . T w o -l e v e l m o r p h o l o g y : A g e n e r a l c o m p u t a t i o n a l m o d e l f o r w o r d -f o r m r e c o g n i t i o n a n d prod uc ti on . P u b l i c a t i o n s , No. 11, U n i v e r s i t y of H e l s i n k i , D e p a r t m e n t of G e n e r a l L i n g u i s t i c s . H e l s i n k i . ---, 1 9 8 4 . A g e n e r a l c o m p u t a t i o n a l m o d e l f o r w o r d -f o r m r e c o g n i t i o n and p r o d uc ti on . P r o c e e d i n g s of CO L I N G -8 4 . pp. 178-181. R i t c h i e , G.D., S.G. P u l m a n , a n d G.J. R u s s e l , 1985. D i c t i o n a r y a n d m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n a l y z e r ( P r o t o t y p e ) , U s e r g u i d e : V e r s i o n 1.12. D e p a r t m e n t of A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of E d i n bu rg h.", | |
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