| { | |
| "paper_id": "W89-0119", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:44:55.426554Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "The Treatment of Support Verbs and Predicative Nouns in Danish", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Susanne", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "N\u00f8hr", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "A", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bstract", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": {}, | |
| "email": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This paper will be a short examination o f the notions o f support verbs (e.g. 'make') and predicative nouns (e.g. 'estimation'). A support verb and a predicative noun form a support verb construction (e.g. 'Peter made an estimation o f the damage'). The governing element in a support verb construction is the predicative noun whereas in a phrase like 'Peter wanted an estimation of the damage' , the verb is the governing element. The main criteria for identifying support verb constructions as well as some o f their properties will be mentioned. From a translational point of view problems are likely to arise if support verb constructions are treated compositionally as the choice of support verb for a given predicative noun in the target language is not predictable from the source language support verb.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "W89-0119", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This paper will be a short examination o f the notions o f support verbs (e.g. 'make') and predicative nouns (e.g. 'estimation'). A support verb and a predicative noun form a support verb construction (e.g. 'Peter made an estimation o f the damage'). The governing element in a support verb construction is the predicative noun whereas in a phrase like 'Peter wanted an estimation of the damage' , the verb is the governing element. The main criteria for identifying support verb constructions as well as some o f their properties will be mentioned. From a translational point of view problems are likely to arise if support verb constructions are treated compositionally as the choice of support verb for a given predicative noun in the target language is not predictable from the source language support verb.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "h as la te r b e e n u sed w ith in t h e lin g u istic p a ra d ig m d efin ed in G ro s s (1 9 6 8 , 1975, 1 983, 1 9 8 8 ). In E u r o t r a th e n o tio n h as b e e n p re sen ted b y L a u re n ce D a n lo s -E u r o t r a F ra n ce w h o h as b e e n w o rk in g w ith M a u r ic e G ro s s. S in ce ea rly sp rin g th is y e a r la n g u a g e g r o u p s in F ra n ce, G e rm a n y a n d D e n m a rk h ave p a rticip a te d in a n e x a m in a tio n o f th e n o tio n in th eir p r o p e r la n g u a g e. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989, pages 208-217", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "208", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In th e fo llo w in g th e tra n sla tio n a l relev a n ce o f s u p p o r t v e r b c o n s tr u c tio n s w ill b e tre a te d in s e c tio n 2, a d e fin itio n a n d s o m e cr ite r ia fo r s u p p o r t v e rb co n s tr u c tio n s w ill b e g iv en in re s p e ctiv e ly s e c tio n 3 a n d 4 . In s e c tio n 5 a few p ro p e rtie s w ill b e m e n tio n e d a n d th en fin a lly in s e c tio n 6 it w ill b e d iscu ssed T h e D a n ish e x a m p le s g iv en b e lo w are fo llo w e d b y lite ra l E n g lish tra n sla tio n s.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "208", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "A p a r t fr o m b e in g ' fu ll v e r b s ' as e.g . ' P e te r has a g irl fr ie n d ' , ( ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translational Relevance", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "1 ) Jean F A I T U N E E S T I M A T I O N D E S D E G A T S = > Jea n F O R E T A G E R E N V U R D E R I N G", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translational Relevance", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "J ean B E G \u00c5 R E N F O R B R Y D E L S E m o d M a rie", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translational Relevance", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(J e a n co m m its a c r im e a g a in st M a rie )", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translational Relevance", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(4 ) Jean F A I T U N E C O N V E R S A T I O N a v e c M a rie = > Jea n F \u00d8 R E R E N S A M T A L E m e d M a rie", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translational Relevance", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(J e a n has a ta lk w ith M a rie ) W h a t th ese sen ten ces sh a re is th a t th e y all c o n ta in th e F ren ch v e r b 'fa ir e ' .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translational Relevance", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "F rom th e sen ten ces it ca n b e seen (n o t v e r y su rp risin g ly ) th a t th e y a re a ll tra n s la ted in to differen t v e rb s in D a n ish . T h e p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n is a n o u n th a t has a v a le n cy fra m e a n T h e co n te n t o f a se n te n ce w ith a fu ll v e r b as e.g . ' o m t a le ' (m e n t io n ): (1 4 ) D e t er en v u rd e rin g , P e te r fo r e ta g e r a f \u00f8d elae g ge lsern e .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Translational Relevance", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(It is an e s tim a tio n P e te r m ak es o f th e d a m a g e ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Definition o f a Support Verb Construction", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1 5 ) D e t er en v u rd e rin g , P e te r o m ta le r a f \u00f8 d elae g g else rn e.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Definition o f a Support Verb Construction", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(It is a n e s tim a tio n P e te r m e n tio n s o f th e d a m a g e ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Definition o f a Support Verb Construction", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1 6 ) D e t er a f \u00f8d e lae g g e lse rn e , P e te r fo r e ta g e r en v u rd erin g .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Definition o f a Support Verb Construction", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(It is o f th e d a m a g e P e te r m a k es an e s tim a tio n ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Definition o f a Support Verb Construction", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(1 7 ) D e t er a f \u00f8d e lae g g e lse rn e , P e te r o m ta le r en v u rd erin g .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Definition o f a Support Verb Construction", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(I t is o f th e d a m a g e P e te r m e n tio n s an e s tim a tio n ). ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Definition o f a Support Verb Construction", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "It is n o t p o s s ib le t o ask w h -q u e stio n s t o a s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "W H -q u estio n s", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2 4 ) '\"H va d h ar P e te r ta g e t i d a g ? E t in itia tiv .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "W H -q u estio n s", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(W h a t has P e te r taken t o d a y ? A n in itia tiv e ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "W H -q u estio n s", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(U n less th e q u estion is asked in a co n v e r s a tio n b y th e p e rs o n listen in g w h ere h e /s h e d id n o t g ra sp th e co n te n t a t first.)", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "W H -q u estio n s", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "T h is is h ow ev er fu lly a c c e p ta b le in c o n n e c tio n w ith an o r d in a r y fu ll v e rb :", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "W H -q u estio n s", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(2 5 ) H v a d sp iser d u i d a g ? K a g e r fr a kan tin en .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "W H -q u estio n s", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(W h a t d o y o u e a t t o d a y ? C akes fr o m th e ca n tin e ). ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "W H -q u estio n s", | |
| "sec_num": "5.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "as th ere is n o t o n ly o n e p o s s ib le tra n sla tio n in to D a n ish o f th e F ren ch v e rb 'fa ire ' . L et us assu m e th a t w e h ave fo u r differen t tra n sla tio n p o s s ib ilitie s (se e th e e x a m p le s ( l ) -( 4 ) ) o f 'fa ire ' in th e tra n sfe r le x ic o n b e tw e e n F ren ch a n d D a n ish .", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I estimation d6g&t", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "T h e c o n s e q u e n c e w ill b e th a t w e g e t fo u r resu lts in D a n ish th a t a re n o t a ll c o r r e c t tra n sla tio n s o f th e in p u t sen ten ce. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "I estimation d6g&t", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "W e h ave n o w d e m o n s tr a te d th a t th e n o tio n o f s u p p o r t v e rb co n s tr u c tio n s is also a p p lic a b le t o D a n ish . M o r e o v e r w e h a v e sh ow n th a t th e n o tio n is a lso useful in m a ch in e tra n sla tio n b e c a u s e it c a n b e left to th e ta rg et la n g u a g e to g en era te and in sert th e c o r r e c t s u p p o r t v e r b in a sen ten ce.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Final Remarks", | |
| "sec_num": "8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Computational Linguistics -Reykjavik 1989 ( 2 8 ) a. P e te r dralc en h u rtig k o p kaiFe.(P e te r d ra n k a q u ick c u p o f c o ffe e ) b . P e te r d r a k h u rtig t e n k o p kaffe.(P e te r d ra n k q u ic k ly a c u p o f co ffe e ) b u t is n o t p o s s ib le w ith o u t c h a n g in g th e m ea n in g w h en th e fu ll v e rb is follow ed b y a p r e d ic a tiv e n ou n :(2 9 ) a. P e te r o m t a lte et h u rtig t o v e rfa ld p \u00e5 M a rie. ' in c h o a tiv e ' , in (3 2 ) ' d u r a tiv e ' . T y p ic a lly a p r e d ic a tiv e n ou n d o e s n o t have all a s p e c tu a l c o m b in a t io n s . T h u s a p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n su ch as ' a n g r e b ' (a tta c k ) is n ot lik ely t o h a v e a n a s p e c tu a l va ria n t e x p re ssin g an ' ite r a tiv e ' a s p e ct o r a ' term in a tiv e ' a s p e c t. I f th e se n te n ce s (3 0 ) t o (3 2 ) a re tra n s fo rm e d in to rela tiv e cla u ses w h ere th e p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n is th e a n te ce d e n t o f th e rela tiv e p ro n o u n as in: ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 14, | |
| "end": 41, | |
| "text": "Linguistics -Reykjavik 1989", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "annex", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "Les noms predicatifs et les phrases d verbe support", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "L", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Danlos", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
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| "year": 1988, | |
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| "volume": "", | |
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| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
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| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF1": { | |
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| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "O n e o f th e s e c o n d a r y g o a ls o f th e E u r o t r a p r o je c t h as b e e n t o en co u r a g e c o lla b o r a tio n b etw een a c a d e m ic s w ith d ifferen t scien tific b a ck g ro u n d s, w ith a co n se q u e n t n eed t o u n d e rsta n d b o t h a lte rn a tiv e fra m ew ork s a n d m o re s p e cific n o tio n s in th o s e fra m e w o rk s. T h is s e c o n d a r y g o a l o f E u r o t r a has fo u n d a realisation in th e w o r k o n s u p p o r t v e rb co n s tr u c tio n s . T h e n o tio n o f s u p p o r t v e r b c o n s tr u c tio n s o rig in a te s fr o m H arris (1 9 6 2 ) and" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "T h e fo c u s in th is p a p e r w ill b e o n ca ses w h e re a s u p p o r t v e r b co n s tr u c tio n in th e s o u r c e la n g u a g e c o r r e s p o n d s t o a s u p p o r t v e rb co n s tr u c tio n in th e ta rget la n g u a g e ." | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "h o w s u p p o r t v e r b c o n s tr u c tio n s m a y b e rep re sen ted in th e E u r o t r a In te rfa ce S tru ctu re (IS )." | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "a lim ite d g r o u p o f v erb s ca n a ls o b e s u p p o r t v e rb s emd th u s b e p a rt o f a s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n . T y p ic a l s u p p o r t v erb s a re 'H A V E /H A V E ' (in d fly d e ls e /in flu e n c e ), ' L A V E / M A K E ' (e n u n d e r s \u00f8 g e ls e /a n e x a m in a t io n ), 'F O R E T A G E /M A K E ' (en u n d e rs \u00f8 ge ls e /a n e x a m in a tio n ), ' G 0 R E / M A K E ' ( b r u g /u s e ), ' B E G \u00c5 / C O M M I T ' (e n fo rb r y d e ls e /a c r im e ), ' T A G E / T A K E ' (fo r h o ld s r e g le r /m e a s u r e s ). W h a t is c o m m o n to th e se v e rb s is th e fa c t th a t th e y a re ra th e r e m p ty o f m ea n in g . T h is m ea n s th a t th ese v erb s a re v e r y lik ely t o ca u se p r o b le m s in m a ch in e tra n sla tion . T o illu stra te th is, let u s c o n s id e r a fe w F ren ch sen ten ce s a n d th eir c o r r e s p o n d in g tra n sla tion in to D a n ish :" | |
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| "text": "a f \u00f8d e lae g g e lse rn e (J ea n m ak es an e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) (2 ) Jea n F A I T U N R E S U M E d u liv re = > J ean L A V E R E T R E S U M E a f b o g e n (J e a n m akes a su m m a ry o f th e b o o k ) (3 ) Jea n F A I T U N C R I M E c o n tr e M a rie = >" | |
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| "text": "T h is w o u ld ca u se a lo t o f p r o b le m s i f w e c h o s e t o tra n sla te c o m p o s itio n a lly (i.e . v e r b t o v e rb a n d n o u n t o n o u n ). It w ou ld b e e x tr e m e ly d ifficu lt -i f n o t im p o s s ib le -t o m ake rules fo r h o w 'fa ire' in a g iv e n se n te n ce sh o u ld b e tra n sla ted . T h e rea son s w h y w e d o n o t s o lv e th e tra n sla tio n a l p r o b le m s im p ly b y m a k in g c o m p le x le x ic o n en tries sa y in g th a t e.g . th e F ren ch 'fa lr e je s tim a tio n ' has t o b e tra n sla te d in to th e D a n ish 'fo r e t a g e .v u r d e r in g ' are a b u n d a n t. O n e rea son is th at th is s o lu tio n w ill lea d t o a n e n o r m o u s n u m b e r o f a d h o c le x ic o n en tries. A n o th e r re a so n is th a t th is tre a tm e n t w ill o n ly b e a listin g o f p r o b le m cases a n d n ot a th e o r e tic a lly w e ll-fo u n d e d s o lu tio n . T h u s as w e r e je c t th e id e a o f c o m p le x le x ic o n en tries a n d c a n n o t p re d ict th e tr a n s la tio n o f th e s o u r c e la n g u a g e v e rb o n th e basis o f th e v e r b itself, w e have trie d t o ta k e th e n o u n as o u r sta rtin g p o in t." | |
| }, | |
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| "type_str": "figure", | |
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| "text": "s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n (S V C ) as e.g .: (5 ) P e te r fo r e ta g e r en v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8d elae g gelsern e (P e te r m a k es an e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) c o n s is ts o f a s u p p o r t v e rb (fo r e t a g e /m a k e ) a n d a p re d ica tiv e n o u n (v u r d e r in g / e s tim a tio n )." | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "d th u s ca n have co m p le m e n ts like v erb s. A s u p p o r t v e r b h as n o fra m e o f its o w n . In stea d a s u p p o r t v e r b ' in h e rits ' th e fra m e o f th e p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n . C on seq u en tly , it is th e p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n th a t is th e fr a m e -b e a r in g e lem en t a n d N O T th e s u p p o r t v erb 'fo r e t a g e /m a k e ' .4 Criteria for Identification o f Support Verb ConstructionsA ) T o a g iv en s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n : (5 ) P e te r fo r e ta g e r en v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8 d elae g g else rn e (P e te r m a k es an e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) th e re m u st c o r r e s p o n d a p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n g r o u p , e.g . (6 ) P e te rs v u r d e r in g a f \u00f8 d elae g g e lsern e (P e t e r 's e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) w h o s e h ea d is a p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n . In su ch a p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n g r o u p th e ' a g e n t' (c a lle d a r g l ) is in g e n itiv e a n d th e e le m en t w h ich co r r e s p o n d s t o th e o b je c t fo r th e a c tio n ' v u r d e r in g /e s t im a t io n ' (c a lle d a rg 2 ) is n o rm a lly rea lized as a ' p p ' w ith th e p r e p o s itio n ' a f ' ( o f ) ." | |
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| "text": "7 ) P e te r o m ta le r en v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8 d e lae g g e lsern e(P e te r m e n tio n s an estim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) c a n n o t b e fu lly re n d ered b y a p re d ica tiv e n o u n g r o u p as (6 ):(6 ) ^ P e te rs v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8d elae g g elsern e(P e te r 's e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) A n o r d in a r y v e rb has m o re ' m e a n in g ' th a n ca n p o s s ib ly b e re n d ered b y a p re d ica tiv e n o u n g r o u p .S o th e first cr ite r ia is th a t th ere m u st b e a re fe re n ce id e n tity b e tw e e n ap re d ica tiv e n o u n g r o u p a n d a S V C -c o n s tr u c tio n in c o n tra s t t o a c o n s tr u c tio n w ith a 'fu ll' v e rb . B ) In s o m e sen se B ) fo llo w s fr o m A ) in th a t a s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n d o e s N O T a c c e p t an in sertion o f a lo g ic a l s u b je c t fo r th e p r e d ic a tiv e n o u n th a t is differen t fr o m th e g ra m m a tica l s u b je c t o f th e sen ten ce: (8 ) * P e te r fo re ta g e r J oh n s v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8 d elae g g e lsen (P e te r m akes J o h n 's e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) T h u s a s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n su ch as: (9 ) P e te r fo re ta g e r en v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8d e lae g g e lse rn e (P e te r m akes an e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) d iffers fr o m a co n s tr u c tio n w ith an 'o r d in a r y ' fu ll v e r b as in: (1 0 ) P e te r o m ta le r en v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8 d elae g g else rn e (P e te r m en tio n s an e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) w h ere a s u b je c t fo r th e p re d ica tiv e n o u n ca n b e a d d e d w ith o u t c h a n g in g th e a c c e p ta b ility o f th e sen ten ce: (1 1 ) P e te r o m ta le r J o h n s v u rd erin g a f \u00f8 d elae g g else rn e (P e te r m e n tio n s J o h n 's e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) S o th e s e c o n d cr ite r ia is th a t it m u st n o t b e p o s s ib le t o in sert a lo g ic a l s u b je c t fo r th e p re d ica tiv e n o u n w h ich is differen t fr o m th e s u b je c t o f th e v e rb . Susanne N\u00f8hr Pedersen: Support Verbs and Predicative Nouns in Danish 211 5 Properties A psirt fr o m th e c rite ria ju s t m e n tio n e d , s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n s in D fin ish are ch a ra cterize d b y a n u m b er o f p ro p e rtie s . T h e fo llo w in g p r o p e r tie s a re N O T criteria u sed fo r id e n tifica tio n o f s u p p o r t v e r b c o n s tr u c tio n s -h o w e v e r th e y reveal a clea r te n d e n c y w ith r e sp e ct t o b e h a v io r o f s u p p o r t v e r b c o n s tr u c tio n s . B u t as w e ca n o n ly sp e a k o f te n d e n cie s th e y c a n n o t b e u sed as crite ria . with the Preposition 'af' (of) L e t ' s o n c e a g a in g o b a c k t o se n ten ce (1 ) a n d (3 ) t o see w h a t h a p p en s i f th e s en ten ce s a re cleft: (1 2 ) D e t er en v u r d e r in g a f \u00f8 d elae g g e lsern e, P e te r fo r e ta g e r [ N p re d p re p N ] (It is a n e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e , P e te r m a k es) (1 3 ) D e t er en v u r d e r in g a f \u00f8 d elae g g else rn e, P e te r o m ta le r. [ N p re d p re p N ] (It is a n e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e , P e te r m e n tio n s). T h is sh ow s th a t th e se q u e n ce N p re d p re p N is o n e c o n s titu e n t (o n e c o m p le x n o m in a l g r o u p ). H o w e v e r, it is a ls o p o s s ib le t o p la c e ' v u r d e r in g ' (e s tim a tio n ) a n d '\u00f8 d e lae g g e ls e ' (d a m a g e ) se p a ra te ly in fo c u s :" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "x a m p le s in ( 1 2 ) -( 1 7 ) a re p e rh a p s n o t in terestin g o b s e rv a tio n s in th em selv es as th e y a re all co n s id e r e d t o b e c o r r e c t se n ten ces in D a n ish . B u t th ey o u g h t t o b e c o m p a r e d w ith th e e x a m p le s g iv en b e lo w .5.1.2 Constructions where the Preposition isDifferent from 'af' (of) In c le ft s e n ten ce s w h e re th e p r e p o s itio n is differen t fr o m ' a f ' ( o f ) a differen t resu lt c a n b e o b s e rv e d : (1 8 ) D e t er et o v e rfa ld p \u00e5 M a rie , L u c h a r b e g \u00e5 e t. (It is an a tt a c k o n M a rie , L u c h as c o m m itte d ) (1 9 ) D e t er et o v e rfa ld p \u00e5 M a rie , L u c h a r o m ta lt. (It is an a tt a c k o n M a r ie , L u c has m e n tio n e d ). T h e d ifferen ce ca n b e o b se rv e d w h en 'o v e r fa ld ' (a t ta c k ) a n d ' p \u00e5 M a r ie ' (o n M a rie ) are p la ce d s e p a ra te ly in fo cu s : (2 0 ) D e t er et o v e rfa ld , L u c h ar b e g \u00e5 e t p \u00e5 M a rie. (It is an a tta c k , L u c has c o m m itte d o n M a r ie ). (2 1 ) * D e t er e t o v e rfa ld , L u c h ar o m ta lt p \u00e5 M a rie. (It is an a tta c k , L u c h as m e n tio n e d o n M a r ie ). (2 2 ) D e t er M a rie , L u c h ar b e g \u00e5 e t et o v e rfa ld p\u00e5. (It is M a rie , L u c h as c o m m itte d an a tta ck o n ) (2 3 ) '\"D e t er M a rie , L u c h a r o m ta lt et o v e rfa ld p \u00e5. (It is M a rie , L u c has m e n tio n e d an a tta c k o n ) In c o n tra s t t o o rd in a ry fu ll v erb s, s u p p o r t v e r b c o n s tr u c tio n s ciccept a s p lit tin g w h en th e p r e p o s itio n is d ifferen t fr o m ' a f ' ( o f ) . H o w e v er it sh o u ld b e e x a m in ed m o re ca refu lly b e fo r e w e c o n c lu d e th a t all p r e p o s itio n s differen t fr o m ' a f ' (o f ) b eh a v e in th is way." | |
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| "text": "fte n in c o n n e c tio n w ith a d v e rb s o f m a n n er th e fo llo w in g p o s s ib ility fo r m a k in g a p a ra p h ra se ca n b e o b s e rv e d :(2 6 ) P e te r fo r e t o g en h u r t ig /o m h y g g e lig v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8 d elae g g else rn e.(P e te r m a d e a q u ic k /c a r e fu l e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) P e te r fo r e t o g h u r t ig t/o m h y g g e lig t v u rd e rin g a f \u00f8 d elae g g e lse rn e.(P e te r m a d e q u ic k ly /c a r e fu lly an e s tim a tio n o f th e d a m a g e ) In rare ca ses m o d ific a tio n b y m ea n s o f a d je ctiv e s a n d a d v e r b s is a ls o fo u n d in c o n n e c tio n w ith o r d in a r y fu ll v e rb s as e.g .: a d ifferen ce a p p e a rs. O n ly (3 3 ) ren d ers fu lly th e m e a n in g e x p re sse d b y th e a c tive n om in a l g r o u p , ' P e te rs au svar fo r r a p p o r te n ' (P e t e r 's r e s p o n s ib ility fo r th e r e p o r t). A n d th is is w h a t d istin g u ish es a V s u p w ith V a s p = n e u tr a l fr o m a V s u p w ith V a sp d ifferen t fr o m ' n e u tra l' . 6.1 W h ic h Factors D ecide th e Choice o f V asp? O n th e o n e h a n d it is th e p re d ic a tiv e n o u n th a t se le cts its s u p p o r t v e rb . O n th e o th e r h a n d th e s u p p o r t v erb w ith V a sp = n e u tra l d e c id e s w h ich a s p e c tu a l vziriants a g iv en s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n ca n h ave. 7 How to Represent Support Verb Construc tions? A s p o in te d o u t in s e ctio n 2, th e fo llo w in g IS (in te rfa ce s tr u c tu r e ) rep resen ta tion o f e.g . ' Jean fa it une e stim a tio n des d d g a ts ' is lik ely t o ca u se sev ere p r o b le m s :" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "f in stea d as in (3 7 ) th e p re d ic a tiv e n o u n (th e fra m e b e a r in g e le m e n t) b e c o m e s g o v e rn o r o f th e sen ten ce: le tr a n s la tio n -fr o m F R :e s tim a tio n t o D A iv u r d e r in g , fr o m F R :P ie r r e t o D A :P e t e r , e tc . -c a n ta k e p la c e in th e tra n sfer m o d u le betw een th e tw o la n g u a g es. N e x t , o n IS sy n th esis th e n o u n ' v u rd e rin g ' is lo o k e d u p in th e D a n ish m o n o lin g u a l le x ic o n w h e re th e d ic t io n a r y en try fo r ' v u r d e r in g ' co n ta in s in form a tion a b o u t w h ich s u p p o r t v e r b (s ) th e p r e d ic a tiv e n ou n ca n b e c o n s tr u c te d w ith . T h e D a n ish IS re p re se n ta tio n w ill b e th e fo llo w in g : in a lly b e tw e e n IS sy n th esis a n d E R S (i.e . E u r o tr a R e la tio n a l S tru ctu re ) an in sertio n o f th e D a n ish s u p p o r t v e rb as g o v e r n o r o f th e sen te n ce takes p lace w ith th e resu lt th a t o n E R S a n d E C S (i.e . E u r o tr a C o n stitu e n t S tru ctu re ) the s tr u c tu r e o f th e s u p p o r t v e rb c o n s tr u c tio n is th e sa m e as th e s tru ctu re o f a se n te n ce w ith a n y o th e r v erb ." | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
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