| { | |
| "paper_id": "W89-0126", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:44:38.633881Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Application-Dependent Discourse Management for Natural Language Interfaces: A n Empirical Investigation", | |
| "authors": [], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
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| "abstract": "This paper presents results from a refined analysis of a series o f Wizard of Oz-experiments with focus on discourse management. The study is part of a larger project aimed at designing a general natural language interface. It is argued that a natural language interface needs different referent res olution mechanisms for different combinations of background systems and scenarios. I present three mechanisms that can be used: proximity, object hierarchy and goal-directed control. Finally I suggest the use of a Natu ral Language Interface Management System (NLIMS) for customization of natural language interfaces to different applications.", | |
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| "paper_id": "W89-0126", | |
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| "text": "This paper presents results from a refined analysis of a series o f Wizard of Oz-experiments with focus on discourse management. The study is part of a larger project aimed at designing a general natural language interface. It is argued that a natural language interface needs different referent res olution mechanisms for different combinations of background systems and scenarios. I present three mechanisms that can be used: proximity, object hierarchy and goal-directed control. Finally I suggest the use of a Natu ral Language Interface Management System (NLIMS) for customization of natural language interfaces to different applications.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "T h e la n g u a g e u sed b y a u ser w h en co m m u n ic a tin g w ith a c o m p u te r a p p lic a tio n (d a ta b a s e , e x p e r t sy stem e t c .) in n a tu ra l la n g u a g e w ill d iffer fr o m th e la n g u a g e u sed in a sp o k e n fa c e -to -fa c e c o m m u n ic a tio n b e tw e e n h u m a n s as w ell as th e la n g u a g e u sed in w ritte n com m u n ica tio n .T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f n a tu ra l la n g u a g e in terfa ces m o r e s o p h is tic a te d th a n sim p le q u estio n -a n sw e rin g requ ires k n o w le d g e o f th e ch a ra cte ris tics o f su ch an in te ra ctio n , n o t o n ly o f th e la n g u a g e b u t a ls o o f h o w th e d is co u rs e p rog resses. In a series o f e x p e rim e n ts (D a h lb a c k & J o n sso n 1989; J d n sson & D a h lb a c k 1 9 8 8 ) w e have stu d ie d th ese p h e n o m e n a a n d p resen ted resu lts o n th e ch a ra cte ris tics o f th e in te ra ctio n b e tw e e n a h u m an a n d a n a tu ra l la n g u a g e in terfa ce. T h e r e a re 1 047 u tte ra n ce s w h ich w e h a v e d iv id e d in to fo u r differen t ca te g o rie s; In itia tiv e , R e s p o n s e , R e s p /I n it a n d C la rifica tio n , (cf. L in ell, G u ", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 1209, | |
| "end": 1227, | |
| "text": "(cf. L in ell, G u", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In o u r e x p e r im e n ts w e h ave v a ried th e ty p e o f b a ck g ro u n d sy stem an d th e scen a r io . T h e a n a ly sis o f th ese e x p e rim e n ts e ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Scenarios and Background Systems", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Dynamic Discourse Representation ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "U;112>o", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In th is s e ctio n I w ill illu stra te th e v a riou s stra te g ie s fo u Dialogue 3. HiFi:l th a n o n e se n te n ce in m a n y o f h er tu rn -ta k in g s a n d illu stra tes th e fa c t th a t certa in n o n -lin g u is tic fa c t o r s , like ty p e -w r itin g skills, a ffect th e la n gu a ge. sy stem a n d , as su ch c o m p u ta tio n a lly easier t o h a n d le th a n th e in itia tiv e taken in fo r in sta n ce U :1 2 . T h is is a lso seen in d ia lo g u e 1 w h e re fo r in sta n ce u tte ra n ce T h is d ia lo g u e is v e ry rep resen ta tiv e fo r all th e P U B d ia lo g u e s a n d m a n y o f th e C -lin e d ia log u es. In th is d ia lo g u e th e sign als t o m a n ip u la te th e seg m e n t sta ck an d cre a tin g n ew seg m en ts is fo u n d fr o m th e s y n t a c t ic /s e m a n t ic str u c tu r e , fo r e x a m p le th e seg m en t sh ift in U :1 5 in d ia lo g u e 5. F u rth er, th e n e x t u tte ra n ce , u tte ra n ce P U B :2 :2 1 , is: W h a t books are th ere o n a rtificia l in tellig en ce^ T h is u ttera n ce c a n n o t b e seen as a c o n tin u a tio n o f a n y o b je c t o n th e seg m en t sta ck , an d thus th e seg m en t sta ck is p o p p e d a n d a n ew seg m en t is c re a te d . Island tour. Buss to Glyfada, Boat tour to Kassiopi, ifra by n i g h t . U:36> What is Island tour and Afra by night S:37> Island tour: .. listing... Afra by night: .. listing... U:38> C a n ' t I book these excursions when I arrive? S:39> Yes you can. U:40> Then I will not book any excursion nov U:68> Can you send us a brochure on the excursions? In this peuticular dialogue, the user has discussed the breadth of the items before and therefore breadth is the aspect being discussed. I will avoid too many different details and therefore omit the mechanisms to handle this.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Empirical Findings", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "T h is p a p e r is s o m e w h a t p e ssim istic c o n c e r n in g th e b u ild in g o f a gen era l N L I, as th e m e ch a n ism s fo r h a n d lin g in d e x ica is d iffer d e p e n d in g o n b o th ta sk stru ctu re a n d ty p e o f b a c k g r o u n d sy ste m . H ow ev er, d e v e lo p in g th e v a riou s m ech a n ism s is o n e p r o b le m a n d k n o w in g w h ich m ech a n ism t o u se a n o th e r. T h is s e co n d p rob lem , I b e lie v e , ca n b e s o lv e d b y th e u se o f N a tu ra l L a n g u a g e In terfa ce M a n a g em en t S y ste m (N L I M S ). K e lly (1 9 8 3 ) cre a te d a n a tu ra l la n g u a g e in terfa ce u sin g W iz a rd o f O z e x p e r im e n ts fo r c u s to m iz in g th e le x ic o n a n d g ra m m a r fo r a ca len d e r system a n a n d a ls o fo r s e le ctin g th e a p p r o p r ia te m ech a n ism s fo r d isco u rse m a n a g em en t.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Discussion", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "T h e d is co u rs e h a n d ler ca n c o n sist o f m o r e th an o n e m e ch a n ism w ith differen t p rio ritie s , i.e. i f th e referen t c a n n o t b e fo u n d u sin g o n e m ech a n ism a n oth er is ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Discussion", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989, pages 297-307", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": ".1 S o m e G e n e r a l F in d in g s F irst o f all th ere a re i n d i v i d u a l d if ife r e n c e s , as ca n b e seen fr o m th e e x a m p le s in d ia log u es 2 \u00a3ind 3, b o th taken fr o m H iF i, th e m o s t c o m p le x c o m b in a t io n o f scen a rio a n d b a c k g r o u n d sy ste m . D ia lo g u e 2 is a g o o d e x a m p le o f w h a t h as b een d e scrib e d as ' te le g r a p h ic ' (G u in d o n , S h u ld b e rg & C o n n o r 1 9 8 7 ), o r ' c o m p u te r e s e ' (R eiU y 1 987). T h is user sta rte d w ith a less fra g m e n te d la n g u a g e , b u t w h en he fo u n d th a t it w as p o ssib le t o in te ra ct in th is ' c r y p t ic ' fa sh io n h e s ta r te d t o e x p lo r e th e d a ta b a se -n o t th e la n g u a g e c o m p o n e n t as it m a y seem . C o m p a r e th is d ia lo g u e fra g m en t w ith d ia lo g u e 3. T h e s u b je c t in d ia lo g u e 3 is a s e cre ta ry a n d sh e is th e s u b je c t w h ich uses th e m o st s o p h is tica te d la n g u a g e co n s tr u c tio n s . I h a v e n o t s e le cte d a s p e cia l p a rt o f th e d ia lo g u e , a lth o u g h u tte ra n ce 15 is o u r lo n g e s t. T h is s u b je c t w rite s m o re", | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "text": "W e h ave c o n d u c t e d ex p e rim e n ts u sin g liv e differen t b a c k g r o u n d s y ste m s (see s e ctio n 2 ) a n d 21 s u b je c ts , all c o m p u te r n o v ice s. A fte r e v e ry s im u la tio n w e h ave in terv iew ed th e s u b je c t in o r d e r t o fin d o u t h ow th e y liked th e ' s y s te m ' . N \u00f4 In Jonsson & Dahlb^k (1988) we elaborate more on this.", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "text": "s u b je c t u n d e r s t o o d th a t it w as a sim u la tio n a n d m 2m y (t o o m a n y ? ) w ere n o t su rp rised w ith th e s y s te m 's ca p a b ilitie s. W e h a v e fo c u s e d o n co m p u ta tio n a l as p e c ts o f th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e S u b je c t s /U s e r s u ttera n ces. T h is m ean s th at w e h a v e n o t co n s id e r e d th e u tte ra n ces t y p e d b y th e sy ste m (sim u la to r).", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "text": "sta vsson , & J u v o n e n (1 9 8 8 )). W h a t p o se s p r o b le m s fr o m a c o m p u ta tio n a l p o in t o f v iew a re m a in ly th e u ser In itia tiv e s a n d e s p e c ia lly th e in d e x ica l in itia tives. T h e re a re 193 in d e x ica l s u b je c t u tte ra n ce s, w h ich is 4 9 % o f th e in itia tiv es. D a h lb \u00e4 ck & J \u00f6 n sso n (o p . c it .) furnher a n a ly z e th ese in d e x ica l u ttera n ces a n d a lso p ro v id e s o m e o th e r resu lts. B u t th e resu lts h a v e t o b e refin ed in o rd e r t o see w h a t m ech a n ism s d ifferen t k in d s o f N L I 's s h o u ld a d o p t w h en in terp retin g an in d ex ica l u tte ra n ce .", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "text": "x p o s e s co n s id e r a b le d ifferen ces b etw een d ifferen t c o m b in a t io n s o f b a c k g r o u n d sy ste m s a n d scen a rios. T h e s e d ifferen ces m u st b e c o n s id e r e d , as th is s tu d y is c o n c e r n e d w ith e x p lo r in g c o m p u ta tio n a l m e ch a n ism s fo r h a n d lin g in d e x ica ls. C o n se q u e n t o u r b a ck g ro u n d sy stem s an d sce n a rio s re q u ire a p resen ta tion . T h e s c e n a r io is th e ch a ra cte ris tics o f th e ta sk th e s u b je c t has t o solv e. W e u sed tw o d ifferen t ty p e s o f s ce n a rio , n a m e ly in fo r m a tio n retrieval a n d co n fig u ra tio n . T h e y d iffer in th a t a con fig u ra tion , b e sid e s d a t a retrieva l, m u st d ea l w ith a d y n a m ic a lly u p d a t e d o b je c t , su ch as an o r d e r o r s p e c ific a tio n , d u rin g th e dis co u r s e , w h ile in fo r m a tio n r e tr ie v a l is less c o m p le x a n d in v olv e s o n ly retrievin g fa c ts fr o m an in fo r m a tio n ba se. F u rth er, w e u se tw o differen t k in d s o f background s y s te m s , s im p le d a ta b a se sy ste m s a n d a d v is o r y sy stem s. A database s y s te m s im p ly retu rn s f\u00a3icts fro m th e d a ta b a s e . T h e s u b je c t m u st s ta te an in fo r m a tio n seek in g q u e stio n , he o r she c a n n o t ask fo r an o p in io n o r ev a lu a tio n fr o m th e sy ste m . A n a d v isory sy stem , o n th e o th e r h a n d , c a n a ls o b e u sed fo r co n s u lta tio n . T h e s u b je c t ca n ask fo r a d v ic e i.e. th e s y s te m 's e v a lu a tio n o f ce rta in fa cts. In b o t h sy ste m s w e have m o s t an sw ers as p r e -s to r e d te x ts , o r te x t fra g m e n ts w h ich are c o m p le te d , and th e s im u la to r (w iz a r d ) se le cts th e a p p r o p r ia te te x t. T h e differen t e x p e r im e n ta l se ttin g s as a fu n c tio n o f th e c o m b in a tio n o f b a ck g r o u n d sy ste m a n d sc e n a r io a re sh ow n in T a b le 1. T h e n a m e refers t o th e b a ck g r o u n d sy ste m a n d th e n u m b e r o f e x p e rim e n ts o f ea ch c o m b in a tio n is sta ted in sid e th e p a ren th esis. S e c tio n 4 co n ta in s s o m e e x a m p le s fr o m o u r sim u la tion s. T h e r e a re tw o sy ste m s o f th e m o st s im p le c o m b in a t io n , n a m e ly d a ta b a se b a c k g r o u n d sy ste m a n d in fo r m a tio n retriev a l; o n e w h ere th e s u b je c ts ask ques tio n s c o n c e r n in g p u b lic a tio n s a t o u r d e p a rtm e n t (P U B ), a n d o n e w h ere th ey c a n ask q u e s tio n s a b o u t o n e o f th e e d u c a tio n p ro g ra m m e s (C -lin e ). T h e s e sys te m s a llow th e s u b je c t s t o ask q u e stio n s a n d a lso t o refer t o p re v io u s pieces S", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF4": { | |
| "text": "c o n fig u r a tio n ) o r Is that a g ood c o u r s e ? (a d v ic e ). A b it m o re s o p h is tica te d is th e in fo r m a tio n retriev a l a d v is o r y s y ste m fo r se le ctin g w in es w h ere th e s u b je c ts c a n g et a d v ic e o n w h e th e r a w in e is su ita b le fo r so m e s p e cific m eal, d ia lo g u e 1. H ow e v er, it is n o t p o s s ib le t o s elect o n e w in e fo r th e first co u rse a n d th en o r d e r th a t w in e , i.e. c o n fig u r a tio n is n o t p o ssib le . T h is d o e s n o t p rev en t th e u ser fr o m referrin g to p r e v io u s ly m e n tio n e d w in es. U:9> What do you racommend vith crab-filled avocado? S:10> Searching ... With crab-filled avocado a white vine is suitable Do you want more information about any specific vine? U:ll> Yes in the price range from 30 to 50 SEK S:12> Please wait Do you want rhine-, mosel-or burgundy sines. Or all. U:13> Rhine sine S :14> Searching ... The follosing sines exist ... lis tin g ....", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF5": { | |
| "text": "Wines: 1 (The corpus is in Swedish eind translated for verbatim correctness.) A n o th e r c o m b in a tio n is c o n fig u r a tio n a n d d a ta b a s e . T h is is fo u n d in th e tra vel sy stem . H ere th e s u b je c ts ca n o r d e r a tr ip t o a h o lid a y re sort b y r e trie v in g in fo rm a tio n fr o m a d a ta b a s e a n d u sin g th ese fa c ts t o c o n fig u re a trip . H ow ev er, th e y ca n n o t g et a d v ic e , o n ly a cce ss th e d a ta b a s e . T h is is d iscu ssed in s e c tio n 4.2. F in a lly , w e h a v e th e H iF i d ia lo g u e s , w h ich are b o t h a d v is o r y sy stem and c o n fig u r a tio n . H ere th e s u b je c ts ca n g e t a d v ic e o n H iF i e q u ip m e n t a n d a lso s e lect th eir o w n o u tfit. T h e fa c t th a t a sy ste m is an a d v is o ry sy stem d o e s n o t p rev en t th e u se o f ca n n e d te x ts . In fa c t w e tr y to use p re -s to re d te x ts an d se n te n ce fra g m e n ts as m u ch as p o s s ib le in o r d e r t o g e t a u n iform se ttin g an d a m p lify th e b e lie f th a t th e s u b je c t in tera cts w ith a c o m p u te r. 3 Discourse Management T h e resea rch r e p o r te d h ere is p a rt o f a la rg er p r o je c t o n d esig n in g a general S w edish n a tu ra l la n g u a g e in te rfa ce. W e h a v e a p ilo t v ersion o f th e sy ste m , ca lled F A L IN (A h r e n b e r g , 1 989) w h ich is a co n s tr a in t-b a s e d , o b je c t -o r ie n te d m o d e l fo r a n a tu ra l la n g u a g e d ia lo g u e sy ste m . F A L IN p ro v id e s a co n te n t stru ctu re w h ich is an e x h a u s tiv e d e s c r ip tio n o f th e utter^lnce. T h e co n te n t stru ctu re can b e seen as an in sta n tia te d ca s e fra m e a n d ca n b e u sed fo r a ccessin g th e d a ta b a se o r k n o w le d g e b a se. A s an e x a m p le , th e co n te n t stru ctu re fo r u tte ra n ce U :104 o rd ered tu rn ta b le in d ia lo g u e 2, H iF i:3 , w o u ld lo o k like: je c t # 3 .0 r d e r ; S T u rn ta b le W h e n F A L IN b u ild s a c o n te n t s tr u c tu r e it ca n a cce ss in fo r m a tio n fro m w h a t is c a lle d th e D i s c o u r s e . S t a t e fo r fin d in g th e referen t t o an a n a p h o ric ex p re s sio n . T h e D i s c o u r s e . S t a t e c o n ta in s in fo r m a tio n a b o u t w h ich o f th e m a n y o b je c t s in tr o d u c e d in th e d is co u rs e is c u rre n tly a c tiv e a n d a lso p e n d in g o b je c t s . T h is in fo r m a tio n is u sed t o d e te r m in e th e referen t, i.e. t o select w h ich o f th e m a n y p o s s ib le o b je c t s in th e d is co u rs e th a t a certa in a n a p h o ric ex p ression refers t o . T h u s , o n e n eed s s o m e k in d o f d y n a m ic d is co u rs e rep resen ta tio n . T h is repre se n ta tio n ca n b e c o n s tr u c te d e ith e r fr o m th e d isco u rse u sin g certa in co h e re n ce cr ite r ia (se e b e lo w ) o r like G r o s z (1 9 7 7 ), a n d R e ic h m a n (1 9 8 5 ), fr o m th e task str u c tu r e . In th e p rese n t ca s e th e ta sk s tru ctu re is re flecte d b y th e c o n c e p tu a l s tr u c tu r e o f th e k n o w le d g e b a se, see fig u re 1. T h e co n c e p tu a l m o d e l o f th e k n o w le d g e b a se is a s ta t ic s tr u c tu r e a n d n o t a d yn eim ically cre a te d d e scrip tio n o f th e d isco u rse . T h e p r o b le m o f m a n a g in g d is co u rs e is n o r m a lly d iv id e d in tw o p a rts: seg m en ta tio n a n d fin d in g th e fo c u s e d o b je c t . S e g m e n t a t i o n is th e p r o c e s s o f fin d in g o u t w h ich p a rts in th e d is co u rs e b e lo n g to g e th e r a n d w h ere o n e ch a n g e s to p ic . T h e p r o b le m o f se g m e n ta tio n is c o n n e c te d to th e p r o b le m o f co h e re n ce in dis co u r s e , w h e re c u e w ord s (R e ic h m a n 1 9 8 5 ), c o h e r e n c e rela tio n s (H o b b s 1 9 8 5 ), r e c e n c y an d tem p ora l p ro g r e s s io n (W e b b e r 1988; M erk el 1989) are reg a rd ed as m a jo r c o h e r e n c e criteria . T h e f o c u s i n g p r o b le m is t o fin d , g iv en a se g m e n t, w h ich o f th e m a n y d if feren t o b je c t s th a t a re a c tu a lly ta lk ed a b o u t, is in fo c u s . T h is is o fte n d o n e by Discourse . . h a i f i g .", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF6": { | |
| "text": "The Dynamic Discourse Representation m a in ta in in g b o t h a referen ce to th e fo c u s e d o b je c t (o r o b je c t s ) , i f any, a n d a lso a, p o s s ib ly em p ty , list o f o b je c t s th a t m ig h t b e fo c u s e d la te r, p o te n tia l fo c i (P F ) (S id n er 1 983).", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF7": { | |
| "text": "n d b y e x a m p le s fr o m o u r c o rp u s. H ow ev er, as ca n b e seen fr o m T a b le 1 th ere a re fe w e x p e r im e n ts o f ea ch c o m b ina tio n o f sce n a rio a n d b a ck g ro u n d sy ste m . T h e r e fo r e I w ill n o t g iv e a n y q u a n tita tiv e d a ta o n th e o c c u r r e n c e o f th e differen t p h e n o m e n a r e p o r te d here.", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF8": { | |
| "text": "te d a b o v e , c u e w o r d s , c o h e r e n c e r e l a t i o n s , a n d t e m p o r a l p r o g r e s s i o n a re re g a rd e d as m a jo r co h e r e n c e crite ria . In o u r c o rp u s I fo u n d n o cu e w o rd s u sed b y th e s u b je c t t o sig n a l th e b e g in n in g o f a n ew seg m en t o r term i n a tio n o f a seg m e n t a n d te m p o r a l p ro g re ssio n is n o t sig n ifica n t fo r id en tify in g se g m en t sh ifts. A lth o u g h th ese fin d in g s seem p e ssim istic co n c e r n in g th e fu tu re o f N L Is th ere a re o th e r resu lts w h ich are m o r e o p tim is t ic . E s p e c ia lly th e use o f w h a t I ca ll R e s p /I n it , i.e. re sp on ses fr o m th e sy ste m w h ich a lso in clu d e a s y s t e m i n i t i a t i v e . I f th e sy ste m d o e s n o t o n ly r e s p o n d t o th e u se r's in p u t, b u t a lso p u ts fo r w a r d a fo llo w u p q u e s tio n , th e d ia lo g u e b e c o m e s sim p ler. T h is is seen in d i a lo g u e s 1 a n d 4. In d ia lo g u e 1 th e sy stem tak es a n in itia tiv e b y h in tin g on a p r o b a b le n ew p ie c e o f in fo r m a tio n t o th e user. In d ia lo g u e 4 th e sy stem follow s a p la n t o h elp th e u ser fu lfil his g o a l. N o t e th a t I d o n o t c o n s id e r th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e in d e x ica l u tte ra n ces U :8 o r U :1 0 in d ia lo g u e 4 p r o b le m a tic as th e y axe resp o n ses t o q u estion s p o s e d b y th e", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure" | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF9": { | |
| "text": ": 11 is a resp on se th a t c o u ld b e in te rp re te d u sin g ca se -fra m e e x p e c ta tio n s like th o se d e scrib e d in C a r b o n e ll & B r o w n (1 m o tiv a tio n fo r m y s tu d y w as t o e x p lo r e w h ich c o m p u ta tio n a l m ech a n ism s t o use fo r a certa in c o m b in a tio n o f bcick grou n d sy stem a n d sce n a rio . I h ave iden tified th ree differen t m ech a n ism s fo r fin d in g th e referen t t o an in d e x ica l, th a t are a p p lica b le t o d ifferen t d ia lo g u e ca te g o rie s. I c a ll th e m P r o x im ity , O b ject h iera rch y a n d G oal d irected con trol. O b je c t p r o x i m i t y is fo u n d as th e m a jo r c r ite rio n in th e d a ta b a s e in fo r m a tion retrieval d ia log u es. In th ese d ia lo g u e s th e s u b je c t d iscu sses o n e ta sk a n d w h en th a t ta sk is finish ed th e o b je c t b e in g d iscu ssed is d r o p p e d a n d a n ew o b je c t is in tr o d u c e d . T h is m ean s th a t fin d in g th e referen t is n o p r o b le m ; it is th e clo sest o b je c t a t h a n d , i.e. th e o b je c t in fo c u s . I f th e p r o x im ity h eu ristic fails t o fin d th e referen t, s o m e sim p le r e c e n c y c rite ria c a n b e u sed , lik e sea rch in g th e seg m en t sta ck fo r th e referen t. C a r b o n e ll & B r o w n (1 9 8 8 ) p resen t a M u lti-S tra teg y a p p r o a c h t o a n a p h o r a re so lu tio n u sin g ca se fra m e in fo r m a tio n . T h e y restrict th em selv es t o a sin gle p re v io u s se n te n ce b u t su g g est th e use o f r e c e n c y i f co n te x t in fo r m a tio n is necessary. D ia lo g u e 5 fr o m th e P U B sy ste m g iv e s an e x a m p le.", | |
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| "text": "P r o x im ity ca n a lso b e v iew ed as a s im p le v a riety o f g o a l-d ir e c te d c o n tr o l (see U;13> Who has written a book on linguistics? S:14> PUB Searching. There are three authors of books about linguistics. Do you want to see them all? U:16> No only one. S:16> PUB Searching. Brown and Yule has written a book on linguistics. U:17> What is the title S:18> PUB Searching. Discourse analysis U:19> Where is it. S:20> PUB Searching. Owner: Hats W i r ' en Dialogue 5. PUB:2 b e lo w ). H o w e v e r, I reg a rd th is m ech a n ism se p a ra te ly sin ce m y g o a l is to fin d the sim p le st p o s s ib le m e ch a n ism fo r ea ch c o m b in a tio n o f b a ck g ro u n d sy stem and s c e n a rio . T h e rea son is th a t o n e sh o u ld n o t use a m o re s o p h istica te d m ech an ism th a n n e ce ssa ry fo r a ce rta in a p p lic a tio n . In s e c tio n th ree I d iscu sse d w h eth er th e referen t is t o b e fo u n d u sin g in for m a tio n fr o m th e d is co u rs e o r fr o m a c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l o f th e d a ta b a se . O b je c t p r o x im ity is o n e exeim ple o f u sin g th e d is co u rs e as th e s o u rce fo r fin d in g th e referen t. I f a c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l o f th e d a ta b a s e is u sed w e g e t w h a t I ca ll o b j e c t h i e r a r c h y . G r o s z (1 9 7 7 ) u sed p a r titio n e d sem a n tic n etw ork s-fo c u s sp a cesw h ich re fle cte d th e ta sk s tru ctu re fo r in te rp re tin g d isco u rse . B o b r o w k. W e b b e r (1 9 8 0 ) u se a g en era l o b je c t -c e n t r e d k n o w le d g e rep rese n ta tion fo r sy n ta c tic and s e m a n tic p r o c e s s in g . F ig u r e 1 g iv es an e x a m p le o f a c o n c e p tu a l m o d e l o f the d a ta b a s e fo r th e H iF i d ia lo g u e s . D ia lo g u e 6 tak en fr o m th e travel sy ste m d ia lo g u e s is a g o o d e x a m p le o f w h en it is m o r e o r less im p o s s ib le t o find th e referent u sin g o n ly in fo r m a tio n a b o u t th e d isco u rse. H ere th e s u b je c t d iscu sse s e x cu rs io n s in u ttera n ces S :3 3 to U :4 0 . T h e re a fte r th e t o p ic is d r o p p e d a n d th e s u b je c t o rd e rs his travel. T w e n ty eig h t u tte ra n ces la te r h e o n c e m o r e raises th e q u e stio n o f e x cu rs io n s in U :6 8 . H ow ev er, th is qu es tio n d o e s n o t refer t o e x c u r s io n s in g en era l (a s b e fo r e ), b u t to e x cu rsio n s o n C o r fu . In fo r m a tio n a b o u t w h e re th e u ser w a n ts to g o is fo u n d in th e s u b je c t 's o r d e r a n d u sin g th e h ie ra rch ica lly o r g a n iz e d d a ta b a s e th e in fo rm a tio n on e x cu r sio n s is fo u n d b y se a rch in g th is h ierarch y. F in a lly w e h a v e G o a l d i r e c t e d c o n t r o l . I u se th e p h ra se g o a l d ire cte d c o n t r o l t o d e s c r ib e th e m ech a n ism w h e re th e sy ste m uses k n o w led g e a b o u t w h a t g o a ls th e u ser h as t o fu lfil. G r o s z & S id n er (1 9 8 6 ) id e n tify a d isco u rse segm en t p u r p o s e w h ich p r o v id e s in fo r m a tio n o n w h a t p u r p o s e a certa in segm en t has in th e d isco u rse . C a r b e r r y (1 9 8 9 ) p resen ts a n u m b er o f d isco u rse g o a ls an d rulesfo r u tte ra n ce s in in fo r m a tio n -s e e k in g d ia lo g u e s . S he a lso iden tifies a n u m b e r o f p la n s fo r n o n p r im itiv e task s. L itm a n (1 9 8 5 ) p ro v id e s n o t o n ly p la n s b u t also S:33> Do you vant VingFrltid to book any excursions? U:34> Which ones exist? S:36> VingFritid searching. Corfu excursions: Tovn sight-seeing.", | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "FIGREF11": { | |
| "text": "plan s. T h e s e stu d ies all re p o r t th e im p o r ta n c e t o m o d e l a n d u se th e users e x p e c ta tio n s a n d c o m m u n ic a tio n g o a ls w h en in te rp re tin g an u tte ra n ce . D ia lo g u e 2 is an ex^lm ple w h ere k n o w le d g e a b o u t th e u s e r's g o a l ca n h elp . U tte ra n ce U :1 0 8 sign als a se g m en t sh ift fr o m o n e tu rn ta b le m o d e l t o a n o th e r. T h e user w an ts t o fin d a tu rn ta b le in th e d a ta b a s e w ith b r e a d th 5 2 0 m m .^ H ow ever, 520 m m c o u ld a lso b e in te rp re te d as a q u e stio n w h e th e r th e ca n c e le d tu rn ta b le w as 520 m m o r if th ere is a n y ite m in th e d a ta b a s e th a t is 520 m m . T o h an d le this w e assu m e th a t th e d is co u rs e sta te co n s is ts o f b o t h fo c u s e d o b je c t a n d p o te n tia l fo c i (P F ) o b je c t s . A fte r u tte r a n c e S :1 0 7 , T u rn ta b le s is in P F as tu rn ta b le s are cu rre n tly d iscu ssed , s o 520 m m c o u ld b e in te rp re te d as eith er th e b re a d th o f th e ca n ce le d tu rn ta b le o r o f a n y tu rn ta b le . N o w , th e u se r's g o a l is to c o m p le te an o rd e r a n d a fter ca n c e lin g o n e ite m it is p r o b a b le th a t he w ill o r d e r a n o th e r o f th e sa m e ty p e . S o a search fo r a n o th e r tu rn ta b le o c c u r s . T o su m m a rize: \u2022 P r o x im ity is th e m a jo r crite ria in th e d a ta b a s e in fo r m a tio n retriev a l diar logu es \u2022 O b je c t h iera rch y is im p o r ta n t fo r d a ta b a s e c o n fig u r a tio n d ia log u es \u2022 G o a l d ire cte d c o n tr o l is n ecessa ry fo r a d v is o r y s y ste m c o n fig u r a tio n d ia log u es.", | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "FIGREF12": { | |
| "text": "d G o o d , W h ite s id e , W ix o n J on e s (1 9 8 4 ) re p o rt sim ilar ideas fo r d ev elop in g a c o m m a n d la n g u a g e . M y id e a is t o use a N L IM S fo r d e cid in g th e p rio rity o f th e d ifferen t d is co u rs e stra teg ies. S u ch a sy stem sh ou ld h ave a co m p o n e n t fo r m o r p h o lo g ic a l a n d s y n ta c tic a n a ly sis, a c o lle c tio n o f differen t sem a n tic c o m p o n en ts a n d a c o lle c tio n o f m e ch a n ism s fo r d is co u rs e m a n a g e m en t. T h e lan gu age en g in e e r first b u ild s a p r o t o t y p ic a l in terfa ce u sin g k n o w le d g e a b o u t th e ty p e o f b a c k g r o u n d sy ste m a n d a ls o m a y b e s o m e in fo rm a tio n c o n c e r n in g th e fu tu re use o f th e sy ste m . T h e n h e ru n s a series o f sim u la tion s. T h e s e sim u la tion s are u sed fo r u p d a t in g th e g r a m m a r a n d le x ic o n a u to m a tic a lly (J \u00f6 n s s o n k, A h re n b e rg , 1989)", | |
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| "FIGREF13": { | |
| "text": "trie d . O f c o u r s e th e s y s te m m u st b e u p d a te d a fter a n u m b er o f ru n s w h ich also c o u ld im p ly th a t n ew sim u la tio n s n e ed t o b e p e rfo rm e d . 6 Acknowledgements T h is research is v e r y m u ch rela ted t o th e e x p e rim e n ts I c o n d u c t e d w ith N ils D a h lb \u00e4 c k a n d as a lw a y s I a m in d e b te d t o h im . L a rs A h r e n b e r g read p re v iou s v e rsio n s o f th e p a p e r a n d fo r c e d m e t o sh a rp en m y te rm in o lo g y . I am a lso o b lig e d t o M a g n u s M erk el a n d M a ts W ir \u00e9 n fo r v a lu a b le d iscu ssion s. B u t o f co u rse all re m a in in g m ista k es ^lre m y o w n .", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>: Scenarios a n d background systems.</td></tr><tr><td>o f d iscou rse, b u t th e y d o n o t a llo w q u e stio n s like W h ich books h ave I ord ered^</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>U :104> ordered turntable</td></tr><tr><td>S:105> Linn Sondek LP 12</td></tr><tr><td>U:106> cancel order</td></tr><tr><td>S:107> OK</td></tr><tr><td>U:108> S20 nm</td></tr><tr><td>S:109> HiFi searching:</td></tr><tr><td>Oracle Delphi Harkll</td></tr><tr><td>U:110> prices turntables</td></tr><tr><td>S : 111> TURNTABLES ___ listing...</td></tr><tr><td>U:112> order oracle</td></tr><tr><td>Dialogue 2. HiFi:3</td></tr><tr><td>U:ll> What is the price if I instead take a cheaper pair of</td></tr><tr><td>loudspeakers</td></tr><tr><td>S:12> What loudspeakers?</td></tr><tr><td>U :13> The cheapest there are</td></tr><tr><td>S:14> 70 600 SEK</td></tr><tr><td>U:</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "16> Nov I sant to change to a better pair of loudspeakers shich are at the most 29 400 SEK more than the ones I have nos." | |
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