venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pyarrow/tests/test_array.py

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from collections.abc import Iterable
import datetime
import decimal
import hypothesis as h
import hypothesis.strategies as st
import itertools
import pytest
import struct
import subprocess
import sys
import weakref

import numpy as np

import pyarrow as pa
import pyarrow.tests.strategies as past
from pyarrow.vendored.version import Version


def test_total_bytes_allocated():
    code = """if 1:
    import pyarrow as pa

    assert pa.total_allocated_bytes() == 0
    """
    res = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-c", code],
                         universal_newlines=True, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    if res.returncode != 0:
        print(res.stderr, file=sys.stderr)
        res.check_returncode()  # fail
    assert len(res.stderr.splitlines()) == 0


def test_weakref():
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3])
    wr = weakref.ref(arr)
    assert wr() is not None
    del arr
    assert wr() is None


def test_getitem_NULL():
    arr = pa.array([1, None, 2])
    assert arr[1].as_py() is None
    assert arr[1].is_valid is False
    assert isinstance(arr[1], pa.Int64Scalar)


def test_constructor_raises():
    # This could happen by wrong capitalization.
    # ARROW-2638: prevent calling extension class constructors directly
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        pa.Array([1, 2])


def test_list_format():
    arr = pa.array([[1], None, [2, 3, None]])
    result = arr.to_string()
    expected = """\
[
  [
    1
  ],
  null,
  [
    2,
    3,
    null
  ]
]"""
    assert result == expected


def test_string_format():
    arr = pa.array(['', None, 'foo'])
    result = arr.to_string()
    expected = """\
[
  "",
  null,
  "foo"
]"""
    assert result == expected


def test_long_array_format():
    arr = pa.array(range(100))
    result = arr.to_string(window=2)
    expected = """\
[
  0,
  1,
  ...
  98,
  99
]"""
    assert result == expected


def test_indented_string_format():
    arr = pa.array(['', None, 'foo'])
    result = arr.to_string(indent=1)
    expected = '[\n "",\n null,\n "foo"\n]'

    assert result == expected


def test_top_level_indented_string_format():
    arr = pa.array(['', None, 'foo'])
    result = arr.to_string(top_level_indent=1)
    expected = ' [\n   "",\n   null,\n   "foo"\n ]'

    assert result == expected


def test_binary_format():
    arr = pa.array([b'\x00', b'', None, b'\x01foo', b'\x80\xff'])
    result = arr.to_string()
    expected = """\
[
  00,
  ,
  null,
  01666F6F,
  80FF
]"""
    assert result == expected


def test_binary_total_values_length():
    arr = pa.array([b'0000', None, b'11111', b'222222', b'3333333'],
                   type='binary')
    large_arr = pa.array([b'0000', None, b'11111', b'222222', b'3333333'],
                         type='large_binary')

    assert arr.total_values_length == 22
    assert arr.slice(1, 3).total_values_length == 11
    assert large_arr.total_values_length == 22
    assert large_arr.slice(1, 3).total_values_length == 11


def test_to_numpy_zero_copy():
    arr = pa.array(range(10))

    np_arr = arr.to_numpy()

    # check for zero copy (both arrays using same memory)
    arrow_buf = arr.buffers()[1]
    assert arrow_buf.address == np_arr.ctypes.data

    arr = None
    import gc
    gc.collect()

    # Ensure base is still valid
    assert np_arr.base is not None
    expected = np.arange(10)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(np_arr, expected)


def test_chunked_array_to_numpy_zero_copy():
    elements = [[2, 2, 4], [4, 5, 100]]

    chunked_arr = pa.chunked_array(elements)

    msg = "zero_copy_only must be False for pyarrow.ChunkedArray.to_numpy"

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        chunked_arr.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=True)

    np_arr = chunked_arr.to_numpy()
    expected = [2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 100]
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(np_arr, expected)


def test_to_numpy_unsupported_types():
    # ARROW-2871: Some primitive types are not yet supported in to_numpy
    bool_arr = pa.array([True, False, True])

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        bool_arr.to_numpy()

    result = bool_arr.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    expected = np.array([True, False, True])
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)

    null_arr = pa.array([None, None, None])

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        null_arr.to_numpy()

    result = null_arr.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    expected = np.array([None, None, None], dtype=object)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)

    arr = pa.array([1, 2, None])

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="with 1 nulls"):
        arr.to_numpy()


def test_to_numpy_writable():
    arr = pa.array(range(10))
    np_arr = arr.to_numpy()

    # by default not writable for zero-copy conversion
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        np_arr[0] = 10

    np_arr2 = arr.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False, writable=True)
    np_arr2[0] = 10
    assert arr[0].as_py() == 0

    # when asking for writable, cannot do zero-copy
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        arr.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=True, writable=True)


@pytest.mark.parametrize('unit', ['s', 'ms', 'us', 'ns'])
@pytest.mark.parametrize('tz', [None, "UTC"])
def test_to_numpy_datetime64(unit, tz):
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3], pa.timestamp(unit, tz=tz))
    expected = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype="datetime64[{}]".format(unit))
    np_arr = arr.to_numpy()
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(np_arr, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize('unit', ['s', 'ms', 'us', 'ns'])
def test_to_numpy_timedelta64(unit):
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3], pa.duration(unit))
    expected = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype="timedelta64[{}]".format(unit))
    np_arr = arr.to_numpy()
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(np_arr, expected)


def test_to_numpy_dictionary():
    # ARROW-7591
    arr = pa.array(["a", "b", "a"]).dictionary_encode()
    expected = np.array(["a", "b", "a"], dtype=object)
    np_arr = arr.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(np_arr, expected)


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_to_pandas_zero_copy():
    import gc

    arr = pa.array(range(10))

    for i in range(10):
        series = arr.to_pandas()
        assert sys.getrefcount(series) == 2
        series = None  # noqa

    assert sys.getrefcount(arr) == 2

    for i in range(10):
        arr = pa.array(range(10))
        series = arr.to_pandas()
        arr = None
        gc.collect()

        # Ensure base is still valid

        # Because of py.test's assert inspection magic, if you put getrefcount
        # on the line being examined, it will be 1 higher than you expect
        base_refcount = sys.getrefcount(series.values.base)
        assert base_refcount == 2
        series.sum()


@pytest.mark.nopandas
@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_asarray():
    # ensure this is tested both when pandas is present or not (ARROW-6564)

    arr = pa.array(range(4))

    # The iterator interface gives back an array of Int64Value's
    np_arr = np.asarray([_ for _ in arr])
    assert np_arr.tolist() == [0, 1, 2, 3]
    assert np_arr.dtype == np.dtype('O')
    assert isinstance(np_arr[0], pa.lib.Int64Value)

    # Calling with the arrow array gives back an array with 'int64' dtype
    np_arr = np.asarray(arr)
    assert np_arr.tolist() == [0, 1, 2, 3]
    assert np_arr.dtype == np.dtype('int64')

    # An optional type can be specified when calling np.asarray
    np_arr = np.asarray(arr, dtype='str')
    assert np_arr.tolist() == ['0', '1', '2', '3']

    # If PyArrow array has null values, numpy type will be changed as needed
    # to support nulls.
    arr = pa.array([0, 1, 2, None])
    assert arr.type == pa.int64()
    np_arr = np.asarray(arr)
    elements = np_arr.tolist()
    assert elements[:3] == [0., 1., 2.]
    assert np.isnan(elements[3])
    assert np_arr.dtype == np.dtype('float64')

    # DictionaryType data will be converted to dense numpy array
    arr = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
        pa.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1]), pa.array(['a', 'b', 'c']))
    np_arr = np.asarray(arr)
    assert np_arr.dtype == np.dtype('object')
    assert np_arr.tolist() == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b']


@pytest.mark.parametrize('ty', [
    None,
    pa.null(),
    pa.int8(),
    pa.string()
])
def test_nulls(ty):
    arr = pa.nulls(3, type=ty)
    expected = pa.array([None, None, None], type=ty)

    assert len(arr) == 3
    assert arr.equals(expected)

    if ty is None:
        assert arr.type == pa.null()
    else:
        assert arr.type == ty


def test_array_from_scalar():
    pytz = pytest.importorskip("pytz")

    today = datetime.date.today()
    now = datetime.datetime.now()
    now_utc = now.replace(tzinfo=pytz.utc)
    now_with_tz = now_utc.astimezone(pytz.timezone('US/Eastern'))
    oneday = datetime.timedelta(days=1)

    cases = [
        (None, 1, pa.array([None])),
        (None, 10, pa.nulls(10)),
        (-1, 3, pa.array([-1, -1, -1], type=pa.int64())),
        (2.71, 2, pa.array([2.71, 2.71], type=pa.float64())),
        ("string", 4, pa.array(["string"] * 4)),
        (
            pa.scalar(8, type=pa.uint8()),
            17,
            pa.array([8] * 17, type=pa.uint8())
        ),
        (pa.scalar(None), 3, pa.array([None, None, None])),
        (pa.scalar(True), 11, pa.array([True] * 11)),
        (today, 2, pa.array([today] * 2)),
        (now, 10, pa.array([now] * 10)),
        (
            now_with_tz,
            2,
            pa.array(
                [now_utc] * 2,
                type=pa.timestamp('us', tz=pytz.timezone('US/Eastern'))
            )
        ),
        (now.time(), 9, pa.array([now.time()] * 9)),
        (oneday, 4, pa.array([oneday] * 4)),
        (False, 9, pa.array([False] * 9)),
        ([1, 2], 2, pa.array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])),
        (
            pa.scalar([-1, 3], type=pa.large_list(pa.int8())),
            5,
            pa.array([[-1, 3]] * 5, type=pa.large_list(pa.int8()))
        ),
        ({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, 3, pa.array([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}] * 3))
    ]

    for value, size, expected in cases:
        arr = pa.repeat(value, size)
        assert len(arr) == size
        assert arr.type.equals(expected.type)
        assert arr.equals(expected)
        if expected.type == pa.null():
            assert arr.null_count == size
        else:
            assert arr.null_count == 0


def test_array_from_dictionary_scalar():
    dictionary = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
    arr = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays([2, 1, 2, 0], dictionary=dictionary)

    result = pa.repeat(arr[0], 5)
    expected = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays([2] * 5, dictionary=dictionary)
    assert result.equals(expected)

    result = pa.repeat(arr[3], 5)
    expected = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays([0] * 5, dictionary=dictionary)
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_array_getitem():
    arr = pa.array(range(10, 15))
    lst = arr.to_pylist()

    for idx in range(-len(arr), len(arr)):
        assert arr[idx].as_py() == lst[idx]
    for idx in range(-2 * len(arr), -len(arr)):
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            arr[idx]
    for idx in range(len(arr), 2 * len(arr)):
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            arr[idx]

    # check that numpy scalars are supported
    for idx in range(-len(arr), len(arr)):
        assert arr[np.int32(idx)].as_py() == lst[idx]


def test_array_slice():
    arr = pa.array(range(10))

    sliced = arr.slice(2)
    expected = pa.array(range(2, 10))
    assert sliced.equals(expected)

    sliced2 = arr.slice(2, 4)
    expected2 = pa.array(range(2, 6))
    assert sliced2.equals(expected2)

    # 0 offset
    assert arr.slice(0).equals(arr)

    # Slice past end of array
    assert len(arr.slice(len(arr))) == 0
    assert len(arr.slice(len(arr) + 2)) == 0
    assert len(arr.slice(len(arr) + 2, 100)) == 0

    with pytest.raises(IndexError):
        arr.slice(-1)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        arr.slice(2, -1)

    # Test slice notation
    assert arr[2:].equals(arr.slice(2))
    assert arr[2:5].equals(arr.slice(2, 3))
    assert arr[-5:].equals(arr.slice(len(arr) - 5))

    n = len(arr)
    for start in range(-n * 2, n * 2):
        for stop in range(-n * 2, n * 2):
            res = arr[start:stop]
            res.validate()
            expected = arr.to_pylist()[start:stop]
            assert res.to_pylist() == expected
            assert res.to_numpy().tolist() == expected


def test_array_slice_negative_step():
    # ARROW-2714
    np_arr = np.arange(20)
    arr = pa.array(np_arr)
    chunked_arr = pa.chunked_array([arr])

    cases = [
        slice(None, None, -1),
        slice(None, 6, -2),
        slice(10, 6, -2),
        slice(8, None, -2),
        slice(2, 10, -2),
        slice(10, 2, -2),
        slice(None, None, 2),
        slice(0, 10, 2),
        slice(15, -25, -1),  # GH-38768
        slice(-22, -22, -1),  # GH-40642
    ]

    for case in cases:
        result = arr[case]
        expected = pa.array(np_arr[case])
        assert result.equals(expected)

        result = pa.record_batch([arr], names=['f0'])[case]
        expected = pa.record_batch([expected], names=['f0'])
        assert result.equals(expected)

        result = chunked_arr[case]
        expected = pa.chunked_array([np_arr[case]])
        assert result.equals(expected)


def test_array_diff():
    # ARROW-6252
    arr1 = pa.array(['foo'], type=pa.utf8())
    arr2 = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', None], type=pa.utf8())
    arr3 = pa.array([1, 2, 3])
    arr4 = pa.array([[], [1], None], type=pa.list_(pa.int64()))

    assert arr1.diff(arr1) == ''
    assert arr1.diff(arr2) == '''
@@ -1, +1 @@
+"bar"
+null
'''
    assert arr1.diff(arr3).strip() == '# Array types differed: string vs int64'
    assert arr1.diff(arr3).strip() == '# Array types differed: string vs int64'
    assert arr1.diff(arr4).strip() == ('# Array types differed: string vs '
                                       'list<item: int64>')


def test_array_iter():
    arr = pa.array(range(10))

    for i, j in zip(range(10), arr):
        assert i == j.as_py()

    assert isinstance(arr, Iterable)


def test_struct_array_slice():
    # ARROW-2311: slicing nested arrays needs special care
    ty = pa.struct([pa.field('a', pa.int8()),
                    pa.field('b', pa.float32())])
    arr = pa.array([(1, 2.5), (3, 4.5), (5, 6.5)], type=ty)
    assert arr[1:].to_pylist() == [{'a': 3, 'b': 4.5},
                                   {'a': 5, 'b': 6.5}]


def test_array_factory_invalid_type():

    class MyObject:
        pass

    arr = np.array([MyObject()])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array(arr)


def test_array_ref_to_ndarray_base():
    arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])

    refcount = sys.getrefcount(arr)
    arr2 = pa.array(arr)  # noqa
    assert sys.getrefcount(arr) == (refcount + 1)


def test_array_eq():
    # ARROW-2150 / ARROW-9445: we define the __eq__ behavior to be
    # data equality (not element-wise equality)
    arr1 = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int32())
    arr2 = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int32())
    arr3 = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int64())

    assert (arr1 == arr2) is True
    assert (arr1 != arr2) is False
    assert (arr1 == arr3) is False
    assert (arr1 != arr3) is True

    assert (arr1 == 1) is False
    assert (arr1 == None) is False  # noqa: E711


def test_array_from_buffers():
    values_buf = pa.py_buffer(np.int16([4, 5, 6, 7]))
    nulls_buf = pa.py_buffer(np.uint8([0b00001101]))
    arr = pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.int16(), 4, [nulls_buf, values_buf])
    assert arr.type == pa.int16()
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [4, None, 6, 7]

    arr = pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.int16(), 4, [None, values_buf])
    assert arr.type == pa.int16()
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [4, 5, 6, 7]

    arr = pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.int16(), 3, [nulls_buf, values_buf],
                                offset=1)
    assert arr.type == pa.int16()
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [None, 6, 7]

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.int16(), 3, ['', ''], offset=1)


def test_string_binary_from_buffers():
    array = pa.array(["a", None, "b", "c"])

    buffers = array.buffers()
    copied = pa.StringArray.from_buffers(
        len(array), buffers[1], buffers[2], buffers[0], array.null_count,
        array.offset)
    assert copied.to_pylist() == ["a", None, "b", "c"]

    binary_copy = pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.binary(), len(array),
                                        array.buffers(), array.null_count,
                                        array.offset)
    assert binary_copy.to_pylist() == [b"a", None, b"b", b"c"]

    copied = pa.StringArray.from_buffers(
        len(array), buffers[1], buffers[2], buffers[0])
    assert copied.to_pylist() == ["a", None, "b", "c"]

    sliced = array[1:]
    buffers = sliced.buffers()
    copied = pa.StringArray.from_buffers(
        len(sliced), buffers[1], buffers[2], buffers[0], -1, sliced.offset)
    assert copied.to_pylist() == [None, "b", "c"]
    assert copied.null_count == 1

    # Slice but exclude all null entries so that we don't need to pass
    # the null bitmap.
    sliced = array[2:]
    buffers = sliced.buffers()
    copied = pa.StringArray.from_buffers(
        len(sliced), buffers[1], buffers[2], None, -1, sliced.offset)
    assert copied.to_pylist() == ["b", "c"]
    assert copied.null_count == 0


@pytest.mark.parametrize('list_type_factory', [
    pa.list_, pa.large_list, pa.list_view, pa.large_list_view])
def test_list_from_buffers(list_type_factory):
    ty = list_type_factory(pa.int16())
    array = pa.array([[0, 1, 2], None, [], [3, 4, 5]], type=ty)
    assert array.type == ty

    buffers = array.buffers()

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        # No children
        pa.Array.from_buffers(ty, 4, buffers[:ty.num_buffers])

    child = pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.int16(), 6, buffers[ty.num_buffers:])
    copied = pa.Array.from_buffers(ty, 4, buffers[:ty.num_buffers], children=[child])
    assert copied.equals(array)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        # too many children
        pa.Array.from_buffers(ty, 4, buffers[:ty.num_buffers],
                              children=[child, child])


def test_struct_from_buffers():
    ty = pa.struct([pa.field('a', pa.int16()), pa.field('b', pa.utf8())])
    array = pa.array([{'a': 0, 'b': 'foo'}, None, {'a': 5, 'b': ''}],
                     type=ty)
    buffers = array.buffers()

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        # No children
        pa.Array.from_buffers(ty, 3, [None, buffers[1]])

    children = [pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.int16(), 3, buffers[1:3]),
                pa.Array.from_buffers(pa.utf8(), 3, buffers[3:])]
    copied = pa.Array.from_buffers(ty, 3, buffers[:1], children=children)
    assert copied.equals(array)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        # not enough many children
        pa.Array.from_buffers(ty, 3, [buffers[0]],
                              children=children[:1])


def test_struct_from_arrays():
    a = pa.array([4, 5, 6], type=pa.int64())
    b = pa.array(["bar", None, ""])
    c = pa.array([[1, 2], None, [3, None]])
    expected_list = [
        {'a': 4, 'b': 'bar', 'c': [1, 2]},
        {'a': 5, 'b': None, 'c': None},
        {'a': 6, 'b': '', 'c': [3, None]},
    ]

    # From field names
    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays([a, b, c], ["a", "b", "c"])
    assert arr.type == pa.struct(
        [("a", a.type), ("b", b.type), ("c", c.type)])
    assert arr.to_pylist() == expected_list

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.StructArray.from_arrays([a, b, c], ["a", "b"])

    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays([], [])
    assert arr.type == pa.struct([])
    assert arr.to_pylist() == []

    # From fields
    fa = pa.field("a", a.type, nullable=False)
    fb = pa.field("b", b.type)
    fc = pa.field("c", c.type)
    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays([a, b, c], fields=[fa, fb, fc])
    assert arr.type == pa.struct([fa, fb, fc])
    assert not arr.type[0].nullable
    assert arr.to_pylist() == expected_list

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.StructArray.from_arrays([a, b, c], fields=[fa, fb])

    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays([], fields=[])
    assert arr.type == pa.struct([])
    assert arr.to_pylist() == []

    # Inconsistent fields
    fa2 = pa.field("a", pa.int32())
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="int64 vs int32"):
        pa.StructArray.from_arrays([a, b, c], fields=[fa2, fb, fc])

    arrays = [a, b, c]
    fields = [fa, fb, fc]
    # With mask
    mask = pa.array([True, False, False])
    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays(arrays, fields=fields, mask=mask)
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [None] + expected_list[1:]

    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays(arrays, names=['a', 'b', 'c'], mask=mask)
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [None] + expected_list[1:]

    # Bad masks
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='Mask must be'):
        pa.StructArray.from_arrays(arrays, fields, mask=[True, False, False])

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='not contain nulls'):
        pa.StructArray.from_arrays(
            arrays, fields, mask=pa.array([True, False, None]))

    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='Mask must be'):
        pa.StructArray.from_arrays(
            arrays, fields, mask=pa.chunked_array([mask]))

    # Non-empty array with no fields https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/15109
    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays([], [], mask=mask)
    assert arr.is_null() == mask
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [None, {}, {}]


def test_struct_array_from_chunked():
    # ARROW-11780
    # Check that we don't segfault when trying to build
    # a StructArray from a chunked array.
    chunked_arr = pa.chunked_array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Expected Array"):
        pa.StructArray.from_arrays([chunked_arr], ["foo"])


@pytest.mark.parametrize("offset", (0, 1))
def test_dictionary_from_buffers(offset):
    a = pa.array(["one", "two", "three", "two", "one"]).dictionary_encode()
    b = pa.DictionaryArray.from_buffers(a.type, len(a)-offset,
                                        a.indices.buffers(), a.dictionary,
                                        offset=offset)
    assert a[offset:] == b


def test_dictionary_from_numpy():
    indices = np.repeat([0, 1, 2], 2)
    dictionary = np.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'], dtype=object)
    mask = np.array([False, False, True, False, False, False])

    d1 = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices, dictionary)
    d2 = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices, dictionary, mask=mask)

    assert d1.indices.to_pylist() == indices.tolist()
    assert d1.indices.to_pylist() == indices.tolist()
    assert d1.dictionary.to_pylist() == dictionary.tolist()
    assert d2.dictionary.to_pylist() == dictionary.tolist()

    for i in range(len(indices)):
        assert d1[i].as_py() == dictionary[indices[i]]

        if mask[i]:
            assert d2[i].as_py() is None
        else:
            assert d2[i].as_py() == dictionary[indices[i]]


def test_dictionary_to_numpy():
    expected = pa.array(
        ["foo", "bar", None, "foo"]
    ).to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    a = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
        pa.array([0, 1, None, 0]),
        pa.array(['foo', 'bar'])
    )
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False),
                                  expected)

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        # If this would be changed to no longer raise in the future,
        # ensure to test the actual result because, currently, to_numpy takes
        # for granted that when zero_copy_only=True there will be no nulls
        # (it's the decoding of the DictionaryArray that handles the nulls and
        # this is only activated with zero_copy_only=False)
        a.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=True)

    anonulls = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
        pa.array([0, 1, 1, 0]),
        pa.array(['foo', 'bar'])
    )
    expected = pa.array(
        ["foo", "bar", "bar", "foo"]
    ).to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(anonulls.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False),
                                  expected)

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        anonulls.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=True)

    afloat = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
        pa.array([0, 1, 1, 0]),
        pa.array([13.7, 11.0])
    )
    expected = pa.array([13.7, 11.0, 11.0, 13.7]).to_numpy()
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(afloat.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=True),
                                  expected)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(afloat.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False),
                                  expected)

    afloat2 = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
        pa.array([0, 1, None, 0]),
        pa.array([13.7, 11.0])
    )
    expected = pa.array(
        [13.7, 11.0, None, 13.7]
    ).to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    np.testing.assert_allclose(
        afloat2.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False),
        expected,
        equal_nan=True
    )

    # Testing for integers can reveal problems related to dealing
    # with None values, as a numpy array of int dtype
    # can't contain NaN nor None.
    aints = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
        pa.array([0, 1, None, 0]),
        pa.array([7, 11])
    )
    expected = pa.array([7, 11, None, 7]).to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    np.testing.assert_allclose(
        aints.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False),
        expected,
        equal_nan=True
    )


def test_dictionary_from_boxed_arrays():
    indices = np.repeat([0, 1, 2], 2)
    dictionary = np.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'], dtype=object)

    iarr = pa.array(indices)
    darr = pa.array(dictionary)

    d1 = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(iarr, darr)

    assert d1.indices.to_pylist() == indices.tolist()
    assert d1.dictionary.to_pylist() == dictionary.tolist()

    for i in range(len(indices)):
        assert d1[i].as_py() == dictionary[indices[i]]


def test_dictionary_from_arrays_boundscheck():
    indices1 = pa.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2])
    indices2 = pa.array([0, -1, 2])
    indices3 = pa.array([0, 1, 2, 3])

    dictionary = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])

    # Works fine
    pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices1, dictionary)

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowException):
        pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices2, dictionary)

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowException):
        pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices3, dictionary)

    # If we are confident that the indices are "safe" we can pass safe=False to
    # disable the boundschecking
    pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices2, dictionary, safe=False)


def test_dictionary_indices():
    # https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-6882
    indices = pa.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2])
    dictionary = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
    arr = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices, dictionary)
    arr.indices.validate(full=True)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('list_array_type', 'list_type_factory'),
                         [(pa.ListArray, pa.list_),
                          (pa.LargeListArray, pa.large_list)])
def test_list_from_arrays(list_array_type, list_type_factory):
    offsets_arr = np.array([0, 2, 5, 8], dtype='i4')
    offsets = pa.array(offsets_arr, type='int32')
    pyvalues = [b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h']
    values = pa.array(pyvalues, type='binary')

    result = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, values)
    expected = pa.array([pyvalues[:2], pyvalues[2:5], pyvalues[5:8]],
                        type=list_type_factory(pa.binary()))

    assert result.equals(expected)

    # With specified type
    typ = list_type_factory(pa.field("name", pa.binary()))
    result = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, values, typ)
    assert result.type == typ
    assert result.type.value_field.name == "name"

    # With nulls
    offsets = [0, None, 2, 6]
    values = [b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f']

    result = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, values)
    expected = pa.array([values[:2], None, values[2:]],
                        type=list_type_factory(pa.binary()))

    assert result.equals(expected)

    # Another edge case
    offsets2 = [0, 2, None, 6]
    result = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets2, values)
    expected = pa.array([values[:2], values[2:], None],
                        type=list_type_factory(pa.binary()))
    assert result.equals(expected)

    # raise on invalid array
    offsets = [1, 3, 10]
    values = np.arange(5)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, values)

    # Non-monotonic offsets
    offsets = [0, 3, 2, 6]
    values = list(range(6))
    result = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, values)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        result.validate(full=True)

    # mismatching type
    typ = list_type_factory(pa.binary())
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, values, type=typ)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('list_array_type', 'list_type_factory'), (
    (pa.ListArray, pa.list_),
    (pa.LargeListArray, pa.large_list)
))
@pytest.mark.parametrize("arr", (
    [None, [0]],
    [None, [0, None], [0]],
    [[0], [1]],
))
def test_list_array_types_from_arrays(
    list_array_type, list_type_factory, arr
):
    arr = pa.array(arr, list_type_factory(pa.int8()))
    reconstructed_arr = list_array_type.from_arrays(
        arr.offsets, arr.values, mask=arr.is_null())
    assert arr == reconstructed_arr


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('list_array_type', 'list_type_factory'), (
    (pa.ListArray, pa.list_),
    (pa.LargeListArray, pa.large_list)
))
def test_list_array_types_from_arrays_fail(list_array_type, list_type_factory):
    # Fail when manual offsets include nulls and mask passed
    # ListArray.offsets doesn't report nulls.

    # This test case arr.offsets == [0, 1, 1, 3, 4]
    arr = pa.array([[0], None, [0, None], [0]], list_type_factory(pa.int8()))
    offsets = pa.array([0, None, 1, 3, 4])

    # Using array's offset has no nulls; gives empty lists on top level
    reconstructed_arr = list_array_type.from_arrays(arr.offsets, arr.values)
    assert reconstructed_arr.to_pylist() == [[0], [], [0, None], [0]]

    # Manually specifying offsets (with nulls) is same as mask at top level
    reconstructed_arr = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, arr.values)
    assert arr == reconstructed_arr
    reconstructed_arr = list_array_type.from_arrays(arr.offsets,
                                                    arr.values,
                                                    mask=arr.is_null())
    assert arr == reconstructed_arr

    # But using both is ambiguous, in this case `offsets` has nulls
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Ambiguous to specify both "):
        list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, arr.values, mask=arr.is_null())

    # Not supported to reconstruct from a slice.
    arr_slice = arr[1:]
    msg = "Null bitmap with offsets slice not supported."
    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
        list_array_type.from_arrays(
            arr_slice.offsets, arr_slice.values, mask=arr_slice.is_null())


def test_map_labelled():
    #  ARROW-13735
    t = pa.map_(pa.field("name", "string", nullable=False), "int64")
    arr = pa.array([[('a', 1), ('b', 2)], [('c', 3)]], type=t)
    assert arr.type.key_field == pa.field("name", pa.utf8(), nullable=False)
    assert arr.type.item_field == pa.field("value", pa.int64())
    assert len(arr) == 2


def test_map_from_dict():
    # ARROW-17832
    tup_arr = pa.array([[('a', 1), ('b', 2)], [('c', 3)]],
                       pa.map_(pa.string(), pa.int64()))
    dict_arr = pa.array([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'c': 3}],
                        pa.map_(pa.string(), pa.int64()))

    assert tup_arr.equals(dict_arr)


def test_map_from_arrays():
    offsets_arr = np.array([0, 2, 5, 8], dtype='i4')
    offsets = pa.array(offsets_arr, type='int32')
    pykeys = [b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h']
    pyitems = list(range(len(pykeys)))
    pypairs = list(zip(pykeys, pyitems))
    pyentries = [pypairs[:2], pypairs[2:5], pypairs[5:8]]
    keys = pa.array(pykeys, type='binary')
    items = pa.array(pyitems, type='i4')

    result = pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys, items)
    expected = pa.array(pyentries, type=pa.map_(pa.binary(), pa.int32()))

    assert result.equals(expected)

    # With nulls
    offsets = [0, None, 2, 6]
    pykeys = [b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f']
    pyitems = [1, 2, 3, None, 4, 5]
    pypairs = list(zip(pykeys, pyitems))
    pyentries = [pypairs[:2], None, pypairs[2:]]
    keys = pa.array(pykeys, type='binary')
    items = pa.array(pyitems, type='i4')

    result = pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys, items)
    expected = pa.array(pyentries, type=pa.map_(pa.binary(), pa.int32()))

    assert result.equals(expected)

    # pass in the type explicitly
    result = pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys, items, pa.map_(
        keys.type,
        items.type
    ))
    assert result.equals(expected)

    # pass in invalid types
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError, match='Expected map type, got string'):
        pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys, items, pa.string())

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError, match='Mismatching map items type'):
        pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys, items, pa.map_(
            keys.type,
            # Larger than the original i4
            pa.int64()
        ))

    # check invalid usage
    offsets = [0, 1, 3, 5]
    keys = np.arange(5)
    items = np.arange(5)
    _ = pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys, items)

    # raise on invalid offsets
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets + [6], keys, items)

    # raise on length of keys != items
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys, np.concatenate([items, items]))

    # raise on keys with null
    keys_with_null = list(keys)[:-1] + [None]
    assert len(keys_with_null) == len(items)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.MapArray.from_arrays(offsets, keys_with_null, items)


def test_fixed_size_list_from_arrays():
    values = pa.array(range(12), pa.int64())
    result = pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values, 4)
    assert result.to_pylist() == [[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10, 11]]
    assert result.type.equals(pa.list_(pa.int64(), 4))

    typ = pa.list_(pa.field("name", pa.int64()), 4)
    result = pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values, type=typ)
    assert result.to_pylist() == [[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10, 11]]
    assert result.type.equals(typ)
    assert result.type.value_field.name == "name"

    result = pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values,
                                               type=typ,
                                               mask=pa.array([False, True, False]))
    assert result.to_pylist() == [[0, 1, 2, 3], None, [8, 9, 10, 11]]

    result = pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values,
                                               list_size=4,
                                               mask=pa.array([False, True, False]))
    assert result.to_pylist() == [[0, 1, 2, 3], None, [8, 9, 10, 11]]

    # raise on invalid values / list_size
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values, -4)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        # array with list size 0 cannot be constructed with from_arrays
        pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(pa.array([], pa.int64()), 0)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        # length of values not multiple of 5
        pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values, 5)

    typ = pa.list_(pa.int64(), 5)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values, type=typ)

    # raise on mismatching values type
    typ = pa.list_(pa.float64(), 4)
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values, type=typ)

    # raise on specifying none or both of list_size / type
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values)

    typ = pa.list_(pa.int64(), 4)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.FixedSizeListArray.from_arrays(values, list_size=4, type=typ)


def test_variable_list_from_arrays():
    values = pa.array([1, 2, 3, 4], pa.int64())
    offsets = pa.array([0, 2, 4])
    result = pa.ListArray.from_arrays(offsets, values)
    assert result.to_pylist() == [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    assert result.type.equals(pa.list_(pa.int64()))

    offsets = pa.array([0, None, 2, 4])
    result = pa.ListArray.from_arrays(offsets, values)
    assert result.to_pylist() == [[1, 2], None, [3, 4]]

    # raise if offset out of bounds
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.ListArray.from_arrays(pa.array([-1, 2, 4]), values)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.ListArray.from_arrays(pa.array([0, 2, 5]), values)


def test_union_from_dense():
    binary = pa.array([b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd'], type='binary')
    int64 = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type='int64')
    types = pa.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0], type='int8')
    logical_types = pa.array([11, 13, 11, 11, 13, 13, 11], type='int8')
    value_offsets = pa.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3], type='int32')
    py_value = [b'a', 1, b'b', b'c', 2, 3, b'd']

    def check_result(result, expected_field_names, expected_type_codes,
                     expected_type_code_values):
        result.validate(full=True)
        actual_field_names = [result.type[i].name
                              for i in range(result.type.num_fields)]
        assert actual_field_names == expected_field_names
        assert result.type.mode == "dense"
        assert result.type.type_codes == expected_type_codes
        assert result.to_pylist() == py_value
        assert expected_type_code_values.equals(result.type_codes)
        assert value_offsets.equals(result.offsets)
        assert result.field(0).equals(binary)
        assert result.field(1).equals(int64)
        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
            result.field(-1)
        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
            result.field(2)

    # without field names and type codes
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_dense(types, value_offsets,
                                          [binary, int64]),
                 expected_field_names=['0', '1'],
                 expected_type_codes=[0, 1],
                 expected_type_code_values=types)

    # with field names
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_dense(types, value_offsets,
                                          [binary, int64],
                                          ['bin', 'int']),
                 expected_field_names=['bin', 'int'],
                 expected_type_codes=[0, 1],
                 expected_type_code_values=types)

    # with type codes
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_dense(logical_types, value_offsets,
                                          [binary, int64],
                                          type_codes=[11, 13]),
                 expected_field_names=['0', '1'],
                 expected_type_codes=[11, 13],
                 expected_type_code_values=logical_types)

    # with field names and type codes
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_dense(logical_types, value_offsets,
                                          [binary, int64],
                                          ['bin', 'int'], [11, 13]),
                 expected_field_names=['bin', 'int'],
                 expected_type_codes=[11, 13],
                 expected_type_code_values=logical_types)

    # Bad type ids
    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_dense(logical_types, value_offsets,
                                   [binary, int64])
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        arr.validate(full=True)
    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_dense(types, value_offsets, [binary, int64],
                                   type_codes=[11, 13])
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        arr.validate(full=True)

    # Offset larger than child size
    bad_offsets = pa.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 4], type='int32')
    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_dense(types, bad_offsets, [binary, int64])
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        arr.validate(full=True)


def test_union_from_sparse():
    binary = pa.array([b'a', b' ', b'b', b'c', b' ', b' ', b'd'],
                      type='binary')
    int64 = pa.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 3, 0], type='int64')
    types = pa.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0], type='int8')
    logical_types = pa.array([11, 13, 11, 11, 13, 13, 11], type='int8')
    py_value = [b'a', 1, b'b', b'c', 2, 3, b'd']

    def check_result(result, expected_field_names, expected_type_codes,
                     expected_type_code_values):
        result.validate(full=True)
        assert result.to_pylist() == py_value
        actual_field_names = [result.type[i].name
                              for i in range(result.type.num_fields)]
        assert actual_field_names == expected_field_names
        assert result.type.mode == "sparse"
        assert result.type.type_codes == expected_type_codes
        assert expected_type_code_values.equals(result.type_codes)
        assert result.field(0).equals(binary)
        assert result.field(1).equals(int64)
        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError):
            result.offsets
        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
            result.field(-1)
        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
            result.field(2)

    # without field names and type codes
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(types, [binary, int64]),
                 expected_field_names=['0', '1'],
                 expected_type_codes=[0, 1],
                 expected_type_code_values=types)

    # with field names
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(types, [binary, int64],
                                           ['bin', 'int']),
                 expected_field_names=['bin', 'int'],
                 expected_type_codes=[0, 1],
                 expected_type_code_values=types)

    # with type codes
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(logical_types, [binary, int64],
                                           type_codes=[11, 13]),
                 expected_field_names=['0', '1'],
                 expected_type_codes=[11, 13],
                 expected_type_code_values=logical_types)

    # with field names and type codes
    check_result(pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(logical_types, [binary, int64],
                                           ['bin', 'int'],
                                           [11, 13]),
                 expected_field_names=['bin', 'int'],
                 expected_type_codes=[11, 13],
                 expected_type_code_values=logical_types)

    # Bad type ids
    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(logical_types, [binary, int64])
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        arr.validate(full=True)
    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(types, [binary, int64],
                                    type_codes=[11, 13])
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        arr.validate(full=True)

    # Invalid child length
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        arr = pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(logical_types, [binary, int64[1:]])


def test_union_array_to_pylist_with_nulls():
    # ARROW-9556
    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(
        pa.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1], type=pa.int8()),
        [
            pa.array([0.0, 1.1, None, 3.3, 4.4]),
            pa.array([True, None, False, True, False]),
        ]
    )
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [0.0, None, None, 3.3, False]

    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_dense(
        pa.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1], type=pa.int8()),
        pa.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2], type=pa.int32()),
        [
            pa.array([0.0, 1.1, None, 3.3]),
            pa.array([True, None, False])
        ]
    )
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [0.0, True, 1.1, None, 3.3, None, False]


def test_union_array_slice():
    # ARROW-2314
    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_sparse(pa.array([0, 0, 1, 1], type=pa.int8()),
                                    [pa.array(["a", "b", "c", "d"]),
                                     pa.array([1, 2, 3, 4])])
    assert arr[1:].to_pylist() == ["b", 3, 4]

    binary = pa.array([b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd'], type='binary')
    int64 = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type='int64')
    types = pa.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0], type='int8')
    value_offsets = pa.array([0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3], type='int32')

    arr = pa.UnionArray.from_dense(types, value_offsets, [binary, int64])
    lst = arr.to_pylist()
    for i in range(len(arr)):
        for j in range(i, len(arr)):
            assert arr[i:j].to_pylist() == lst[i:j]


def _check_cast_case(case, *, safe=True, check_array_construction=True):
    in_data, in_type, out_data, out_type = case
    if isinstance(out_data, pa.Array):
        assert out_data.type == out_type
        expected = out_data
    else:
        expected = pa.array(out_data, type=out_type)

    # check casting an already created array
    if isinstance(in_data, pa.Array):
        assert in_data.type == in_type
        in_arr = in_data
    else:
        in_arr = pa.array(in_data, type=in_type)
    casted = in_arr.cast(out_type, safe=safe)
    casted.validate(full=True)
    assert casted.equals(expected)

    # constructing an array with out type which optionally involves casting
    # for more see ARROW-1949
    if check_array_construction:
        in_arr = pa.array(in_data, type=out_type, safe=safe)
        assert in_arr.equals(expected)


def test_cast_integers_safe():
    safe_cases = [
        (np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='i1'), 'int8',
         np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='i4'), pa.int32()),
        (np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='i1'), 'int8',
         np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='u4'), pa.uint16()),
        (np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='i1'), 'int8',
         np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='u1'), pa.uint8()),
        (np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='i1'), 'int8',
         np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='f8'), pa.float64())
    ]

    for case in safe_cases:
        _check_cast_case(case)

    unsafe_cases = [
        (np.array([50000], dtype='i4'), 'int32', 'int16'),
        (np.array([70000], dtype='i4'), 'int32', 'uint16'),
        (np.array([-1], dtype='i4'), 'int32', 'uint16'),
        (np.array([50000], dtype='u2'), 'uint16', 'int16')
    ]
    for in_data, in_type, out_type in unsafe_cases:
        in_arr = pa.array(in_data, type=in_type)

        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
            in_arr.cast(out_type)


def test_cast_none():
    # ARROW-3735: Ensure that calling cast(None) doesn't segfault.
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3])

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        arr.cast(None)


def test_cast_list_to_primitive():
    # ARROW-8070: cast segfaults on unsupported cast from list<binary> to utf8
    arr = pa.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
        arr.cast(pa.int8())

    arr = pa.array([[b"a", b"b"], [b"c"]], pa.list_(pa.binary()))
    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
        arr.cast(pa.binary())


def test_slice_chunked_array_zero_chunks():
    # ARROW-8911
    arr = pa.chunked_array([], type='int8')
    assert arr.num_chunks == 0

    result = arr[:]
    assert result.equals(arr)

    # Do not crash
    arr[:5]


def test_cast_chunked_array():
    arrays = [pa.array([1, 2, 3]), pa.array([4, 5, 6])]
    carr = pa.chunked_array(arrays)

    target = pa.float64()
    casted = carr.cast(target)
    expected = pa.chunked_array([x.cast(target) for x in arrays])
    assert casted.equals(expected)


def test_cast_chunked_array_empty():
    # ARROW-8142
    for typ1, typ2 in [(pa.dictionary(pa.int8(), pa.string()), pa.string()),
                       (pa.int64(), pa.int32())]:

        arr = pa.chunked_array([], type=typ1)
        result = arr.cast(typ2)
        expected = pa.chunked_array([], type=typ2)
        assert result.equals(expected)


def test_chunked_array_data_warns():
    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning):
        res = pa.chunked_array([[]]).data
    assert isinstance(res, pa.ChunkedArray)


def test_cast_integers_unsafe():
    # We let NumPy do the unsafe casting.
    # Note that NEP50 in the NumPy spec no longer allows
    # the np.array() constructor to pass the dtype directly
    # if it results in an unsafe cast.
    unsafe_cases = [
        (np.array([50000], dtype='i4'), 'int32',
         np.array([50000]).astype(dtype='i2'), pa.int16()),
        (np.array([70000], dtype='i4'), 'int32',
         np.array([70000]).astype(dtype='u2'), pa.uint16()),
        (np.array([-1], dtype='i4'), 'int32',
         np.array([-1]).astype(dtype='u2'), pa.uint16()),
        (np.array([50000], dtype='u2'), pa.uint16(),
         np.array([50000]).astype(dtype='i2'), pa.int16())
    ]

    for case in unsafe_cases:
        _check_cast_case(case, safe=False)


def test_floating_point_truncate_safe():
    safe_cases = [
        (np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], dtype='float32'), 'float32',
         np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='i4'), pa.int32()),
        (np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], dtype='float64'), 'float64',
         np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='i4'), pa.int32()),
        (np.array([-10.0, 20.0, -30.0], dtype='float64'), 'float64',
         np.array([-10, 20, -30], dtype='i4'), pa.int32()),
    ]
    for case in safe_cases:
        _check_cast_case(case, safe=True)


def test_floating_point_truncate_unsafe():
    unsafe_cases = [
        (np.array([1.1, 2.2, 3.3], dtype='float32'), 'float32',
         np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='i4'), pa.int32()),
        (np.array([1.1, 2.2, 3.3], dtype='float64'), 'float64',
         np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='i4'), pa.int32()),
        (np.array([-10.1, 20.2, -30.3], dtype='float64'), 'float64',
         np.array([-10, 20, -30], dtype='i4'), pa.int32()),
    ]
    for case in unsafe_cases:
        # test safe casting raises
        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match='truncated'):
            _check_cast_case(case, safe=True)

        # test unsafe casting truncates
        _check_cast_case(case, safe=False)


def test_decimal_to_int_safe():
    safe_cases = [
        (
            [decimal.Decimal("123456"), None, decimal.Decimal("-912345")],
            pa.decimal128(32, 5),
            [123456, None, -912345],
            pa.int32()
        ),
        (
            [decimal.Decimal("1234"), None, decimal.Decimal("-9123")],
            pa.decimal128(19, 10),
            [1234, None, -9123],
            pa.int16()
        ),
        (
            [decimal.Decimal("123"), None, decimal.Decimal("-91")],
            pa.decimal128(19, 10),
            [123, None, -91],
            pa.int8()
        ),
    ]
    for case in safe_cases:
        _check_cast_case(case)
        _check_cast_case(case, safe=True)


def test_decimal_to_int_value_out_of_bounds():
    out_of_bounds_cases = [
        (
            np.array([
                decimal.Decimal("1234567890123"),
                None,
                decimal.Decimal("-912345678901234")
            ]),
            pa.decimal128(32, 5),
            [1912276171, None, -135950322],
            pa.int32()
        ),
        (
            [decimal.Decimal("123456"), None, decimal.Decimal("-912345678")],
            pa.decimal128(32, 5),
            [-7616, None, -19022],
            pa.int16()
        ),
        (
            [decimal.Decimal("1234"), None, decimal.Decimal("-9123")],
            pa.decimal128(32, 5),
            [-46, None, 93],
            pa.int8()
        ),
    ]

    for case in out_of_bounds_cases:
        # test safe casting raises
        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid,
                           match='Integer value out of bounds'):
            _check_cast_case(case)

        # XXX `safe=False` can be ignored when constructing an array
        # from a sequence of Python objects (ARROW-8567)
        _check_cast_case(case, safe=False, check_array_construction=False)


def test_decimal_to_int_non_integer():
    non_integer_cases = [
        (
            [
                decimal.Decimal("123456.21"),
                None,
                decimal.Decimal("-912345.13")
            ],
            pa.decimal128(32, 5),
            [123456, None, -912345],
            pa.int32()
        ),
        (
            [decimal.Decimal("1234.134"), None, decimal.Decimal("-9123.1")],
            pa.decimal128(19, 10),
            [1234, None, -9123],
            pa.int16()
        ),
        (
            [decimal.Decimal("123.1451"), None, decimal.Decimal("-91.21")],
            pa.decimal128(19, 10),
            [123, None, -91],
            pa.int8()
        ),
    ]

    for case in non_integer_cases:
        # test safe casting raises
        msg_regexp = 'Rescaling Decimal128 value would cause data loss'
        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=msg_regexp):
            _check_cast_case(case)

        _check_cast_case(case, safe=False)


def test_decimal_to_decimal():
    arr = pa.array(
        [decimal.Decimal("1234.12"), None],
        type=pa.decimal128(19, 10)
    )
    result = arr.cast(pa.decimal128(15, 6))
    expected = pa.array(
        [decimal.Decimal("1234.12"), None],
        type=pa.decimal128(15, 6)
    )
    assert result.equals(expected)

    msg_regexp = 'Rescaling Decimal128 value would cause data loss'
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=msg_regexp):
        result = arr.cast(pa.decimal128(9, 1))

    result = arr.cast(pa.decimal128(9, 1), safe=False)
    expected = pa.array(
        [decimal.Decimal("1234.1"), None],
        type=pa.decimal128(9, 1)
    )
    assert result.equals(expected)

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid,
                       match='Decimal value does not fit in precision'):
        result = arr.cast(pa.decimal128(5, 2))


def test_safe_cast_nan_to_int_raises():
    arr = pa.array([np.nan, 1.])

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match='truncated'):
        arr.cast(pa.int64(), safe=True)


def test_cast_signed_to_unsigned():
    safe_cases = [
        (np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='i1'), pa.uint8(),
         np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='u1'), pa.uint8()),
        (np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='i2'), pa.uint16(),
         np.array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='u2'), pa.uint16())
    ]

    for case in safe_cases:
        _check_cast_case(case)


def test_cast_from_null():
    in_data = [None] * 3
    in_type = pa.null()
    out_types = [
        pa.null(),
        pa.uint8(),
        pa.float16(),
        pa.utf8(),
        pa.binary(),
        pa.binary(10),
        pa.list_(pa.int16()),
        pa.list_(pa.int32(), 4),
        pa.large_list(pa.uint8()),
        pa.decimal128(19, 4),
        pa.timestamp('us'),
        pa.timestamp('us', tz='UTC'),
        pa.timestamp('us', tz='Europe/Paris'),
        pa.duration('us'),
        pa.month_day_nano_interval(),
        pa.struct([pa.field('a', pa.int32()),
                   pa.field('b', pa.list_(pa.int8())),
                   pa.field('c', pa.string())]),
        pa.dictionary(pa.int32(), pa.string()),
    ]
    for out_type in out_types:
        _check_cast_case((in_data, in_type, in_data, out_type))

    out_types = [

        pa.union([pa.field('a', pa.binary(10)),
                  pa.field('b', pa.string())], mode=pa.lib.UnionMode_DENSE),
        pa.union([pa.field('a', pa.binary(10)),
                  pa.field('b', pa.string())], mode=pa.lib.UnionMode_SPARSE),
    ]
    in_arr = pa.array(in_data, type=pa.null())
    for out_type in out_types:
        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
            in_arr.cast(out_type)


def test_cast_string_to_number_roundtrip():
    cases = [
        (pa.array(["1", "127", "-128"]),
         pa.array([1, 127, -128], type=pa.int8())),
        (pa.array([None, "18446744073709551615"]),
         pa.array([None, 18446744073709551615], type=pa.uint64())),
    ]
    for in_arr, expected in cases:
        casted = in_arr.cast(expected.type, safe=True)
        casted.validate(full=True)
        assert casted.equals(expected)
        casted_back = casted.cast(in_arr.type, safe=True)
        casted_back.validate(full=True)
        assert casted_back.equals(in_arr)


def test_cast_dictionary():
    # cast to the value type
    arr = pa.array(
        ["foo", "bar", None],
        type=pa.dictionary(pa.int64(), pa.string())
    )
    expected = pa.array(["foo", "bar", None])
    assert arr.type == pa.dictionary(pa.int64(), pa.string())
    assert arr.cast(pa.string()) == expected

    # cast to a different key type
    for key_type in [pa.int8(), pa.int16(), pa.int32()]:
        typ = pa.dictionary(key_type, pa.string())
        expected = pa.array(
            ["foo", "bar", None],
            type=pa.dictionary(key_type, pa.string())
        )
        assert arr.cast(typ) == expected

    # shouldn't crash (ARROW-7077)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        arr.cast(pa.int32())


def test_view():
    # ARROW-5992
    arr = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'], type=pa.utf8())
    expected = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'], type=pa.binary())

    assert arr.view(pa.binary()).equals(expected)
    assert arr.view('binary').equals(expected)


def test_unique_simple():
    cases = [
        (pa.array([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]), pa.array([1, 2, 3])),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo']),
         pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar'])),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo'], pa.large_binary()),
         pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar'], pa.large_binary())),
    ]
    for arr, expected in cases:
        result = arr.unique()
        assert result.equals(expected)
        result = pa.chunked_array([arr]).unique()
        assert result.equals(expected)


def test_value_counts_simple():
    cases = [
        (pa.array([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]),
         pa.array([1, 2, 3]),
         pa.array([2, 2, 2], type=pa.int64())),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo']),
         pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar']),
         pa.array([2, 1, 1], type=pa.int64())),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo'], pa.large_binary()),
         pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar'], pa.large_binary()),
         pa.array([2, 1, 1], type=pa.int64())),
    ]
    for arr, expected_values, expected_counts in cases:
        for arr_in in (arr, pa.chunked_array([arr])):
            result = arr_in.value_counts()
            assert result.type.equals(
                pa.struct([pa.field("values", arr.type),
                           pa.field("counts", pa.int64())]))
            assert result.field("values").equals(expected_values)
            assert result.field("counts").equals(expected_counts)


def test_unique_value_counts_dictionary_type():
    indices = pa.array([3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1])
    dictionary = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'qux'])

    arr = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices, dictionary)

    unique_result = arr.unique()
    expected = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(indices.unique(), dictionary)
    assert unique_result.equals(expected)

    result = arr.value_counts()
    assert result.field('values').equals(unique_result)
    assert result.field('counts').equals(pa.array([3, 5, 4], type='int64'))

    arr = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
        pa.array([], type='int64'), dictionary)
    unique_result = arr.unique()
    expected = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(pa.array([], type='int64'),
                                              pa.array([], type='utf8'))
    assert unique_result.equals(expected)

    result = arr.value_counts()
    assert result.field('values').equals(unique_result)
    assert result.field('counts').equals(pa.array([], type='int64'))


def test_dictionary_encode_simple():
    cases = [
        (pa.array([1, 2, 3, None, 1, 2, 3]),
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, 1, 2, None, 0, 1, 2], type='int32'),
             [1, 2, 3])),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo']),
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, None, 1, 0], type='int32'),
             ['foo', 'bar'])),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo'], type=pa.large_binary()),
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, None, 1, 0], type='int32'),
             pa.array(['foo', 'bar'], type=pa.large_binary()))),
    ]
    for arr, expected in cases:
        result = arr.dictionary_encode()
        assert result.equals(expected)
        result = pa.chunked_array([arr]).dictionary_encode()
        assert result.num_chunks == 1
        assert result.chunk(0).equals(expected)
        result = pa.chunked_array([], type=arr.type).dictionary_encode()
        assert result.num_chunks == 0
        assert result.type == expected.type


def test_dictionary_encode_sliced():
    cases = [
        (pa.array([1, 2, 3, None, 1, 2, 3])[1:-1],
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, 1, None, 2, 0], type='int32'),
             [2, 3, 1])),
        (pa.array([None, 'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'xyzzy'])[1:-1],
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, 1, 0], type='int32'),
             ['foo', 'bar'])),
        (pa.array([None, 'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'xyzzy'],
                  type=pa.large_string())[1:-1],
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, 1, 0], type='int32'),
             pa.array(['foo', 'bar'], type=pa.large_string()))),
    ]
    for arr, expected in cases:
        result = arr.dictionary_encode()
        assert result.equals(expected)
        result = pa.chunked_array([arr]).dictionary_encode()
        assert result.num_chunks == 1
        assert result.type == expected.type
        assert result.chunk(0).equals(expected)
        result = pa.chunked_array([], type=arr.type).dictionary_encode()
        assert result.num_chunks == 0
        assert result.type == expected.type

    # ARROW-9143 dictionary_encode after slice was segfaulting
    array = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
    array.slice(1).dictionary_encode()


def test_dictionary_encode_zero_length():
    # User-facing experience of ARROW-7008
    arr = pa.array([], type=pa.string())
    encoded = arr.dictionary_encode()
    assert len(encoded.dictionary) == 0
    encoded.validate(full=True)


def test_dictionary_decode():
    cases = [
        (pa.array([1, 2, 3, None, 1, 2, 3]),
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, 1, 2, None, 0, 1, 2], type='int32'),
             [1, 2, 3])),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo']),
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, None, 1, 0], type='int32'),
             ['foo', 'bar'])),
        (pa.array(['foo', None, 'bar', 'foo'], type=pa.large_binary()),
         pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays(
             pa.array([0, None, 1, 0], type='int32'),
             pa.array(['foo', 'bar'], type=pa.large_binary()))),
    ]
    for expected, arr in cases:
        result = arr.dictionary_decode()
        assert result.equals(expected)


def test_cast_time32_to_int():
    arr = pa.array(np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='int32'),
                   type=pa.time32('s'))
    expected = pa.array([0, 1, 2], type='i4')

    result = arr.cast('i4')
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_cast_time64_to_int():
    arr = pa.array(np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='int64'),
                   type=pa.time64('us'))
    expected = pa.array([0, 1, 2], type='i8')

    result = arr.cast('i8')
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_cast_timestamp_to_int():
    arr = pa.array(np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='int64'),
                   type=pa.timestamp('us'))
    expected = pa.array([0, 1, 2], type='i8')

    result = arr.cast('i8')
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_cast_date32_to_int():
    arr = pa.array([0, 1, 2], type='i4')

    result1 = arr.cast('date32')
    result2 = result1.cast('i4')

    expected1 = pa.array([
        datetime.date(1970, 1, 1),
        datetime.date(1970, 1, 2),
        datetime.date(1970, 1, 3)
    ]).cast('date32')

    assert result1.equals(expected1)
    assert result2.equals(arr)


def test_cast_duration_to_int():
    arr = pa.array(np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='int64'),
                   type=pa.duration('us'))
    expected = pa.array([0, 1, 2], type='i8')

    result = arr.cast('i8')
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_cast_binary_to_utf8():
    binary_arr = pa.array([b'foo', b'bar', b'baz'], type=pa.binary())
    utf8_arr = binary_arr.cast(pa.utf8())
    expected = pa.array(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'], type=pa.utf8())

    assert utf8_arr.equals(expected)

    non_utf8_values = [('mañana').encode('utf-16-le')]
    non_utf8_binary = pa.array(non_utf8_values)
    assert non_utf8_binary.type == pa.binary()
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        non_utf8_binary.cast(pa.string())

    non_utf8_all_null = pa.array(non_utf8_values, mask=np.array([True]),
                                 type=pa.binary())
    # No error
    casted = non_utf8_all_null.cast(pa.string())
    assert casted.null_count == 1


def test_cast_date64_to_int():
    arr = pa.array(np.array([0, 1, 2], dtype='int64'),
                   type=pa.date64())
    expected = pa.array([0, 1, 2], type='i8')

    result = arr.cast('i8')

    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_date64_from_builtin_datetime():
    val1 = datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1, 12, 34, 56, 123456)
    val2 = datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1)
    result = pa.array([val1, val2], type='date64')
    result2 = pa.array([val1.date(), val2.date()], type='date64')

    assert result.equals(result2)

    as_i8 = result.view('int64')
    assert as_i8[0].as_py() == as_i8[1].as_py()


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('ty', 'values'), [
    ('bool', [True, False, True]),
    ('uint8', range(0, 255)),
    ('int8', range(0, 128)),
    ('uint16', range(0, 10)),
    ('int16', range(0, 10)),
    ('uint32', range(0, 10)),
    ('int32', range(0, 10)),
    ('uint64', range(0, 10)),
    ('int64', range(0, 10)),
    ('float', [0.0, 0.1, 0.2]),
    ('double', [0.0, 0.1, 0.2]),
    ('string', ['a', 'b', 'c']),
    ('binary', [b'a', b'b', b'c']),
    (pa.binary(3), [b'abc', b'bcd', b'cde'])
])
def test_cast_identities(ty, values):
    arr = pa.array(values, type=ty)
    assert arr.cast(ty).equals(arr)


pickle_test_parametrize = pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ('data', 'typ'),
    [
        ([True, False, True, True], pa.bool_()),
        ([1, 2, 4, 6], pa.int64()),
        ([1.0, 2.5, None], pa.float64()),
        (['a', None, 'b'], pa.string()),
        ([], None),
        ([[1, 2], [3]], pa.list_(pa.int64())),
        ([[4, 5], [6]], pa.large_list(pa.int16())),
        ([['a'], None, ['b', 'c']], pa.list_(pa.string())),
        ([[1, 2], [3]], pa.list_view(pa.int64())),
        ([[4, 5], [6]], pa.large_list_view(pa.int16())),
        ([['a'], None, ['b', 'c']], pa.list_view(pa.string())),
        ([(1, 'a'), (2, 'c'), None],
            pa.struct([pa.field('a', pa.int64()), pa.field('b', pa.string())]))
    ]
)


@pickle_test_parametrize
def test_array_pickle(data, typ, pickle_module):
    # Allocate here so that we don't have any Arrow data allocated.
    # This is needed to ensure that allocator tests can be reliable.
    array = pa.array(data, type=typ)
    for proto in range(0, pickle_module.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
        result = pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(array, proto))
        assert array.equals(result)


def test_array_pickle_dictionary(pickle_module):
    # not included in the above as dictionary array cannot be created with
    # the pa.array function
    array = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays([0, 1, 2, 0, 1], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
    for proto in range(0, pickle_module.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
        result = pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(array, proto))
        assert array.equals(result)


@h.settings(suppress_health_check=(h.HealthCheck.too_slow,))
@h.given(
    past.arrays(
        past.all_types,
        size=st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=10)
    )
)
def test_pickling(pickle_module, arr):
    data = pickle_module.dumps(arr)
    restored = pickle_module.loads(data)
    assert arr.equals(restored)


@pickle_test_parametrize
def test_array_pickle_protocol5(data, typ, pickle_module):
    # Test zero-copy pickling with protocol 5 (PEP 574)
    array = pa.array(data, type=typ)
    addresses = [buf.address if buf is not None else 0
                 for buf in array.buffers()]

    for proto in range(5, pickle_module.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
        buffers = []
        pickled = pickle_module.dumps(array, proto, buffer_callback=buffers.append)
        result = pickle_module.loads(pickled, buffers=buffers)
        assert array.equals(result)

        result_addresses = [buf.address if buf is not None else 0
                            for buf in result.buffers()]
        assert result_addresses == addresses


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'narr',
    [
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.int64),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.int32),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.int16),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.int8),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.uint64),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.uint32),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.uint16),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.uint8),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.float64),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.float32),
        np.arange(10, dtype=np.float16),
    ]
)
def test_to_numpy_roundtrip(narr):
    arr = pa.array(narr)
    assert narr.dtype == arr.to_numpy().dtype
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(narr, arr.to_numpy())
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(narr[:6], arr[:6].to_numpy())
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(narr[2:], arr[2:].to_numpy())
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(narr[2:6], arr[2:6].to_numpy())


def test_array_uint64_from_py_over_range():
    arr = pa.array([2 ** 63], type=pa.uint64())
    expected = pa.array(np.array([2 ** 63], dtype='u8'))
    assert arr.equals(expected)


def test_array_conversions_no_sentinel_values():
    arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype='int8')
    refcount = sys.getrefcount(arr)
    arr2 = pa.array(arr)  # noqa
    assert sys.getrefcount(arr) == (refcount + 1)

    assert arr2.type == 'int8'

    arr3 = pa.array(np.array([1, np.nan, 2, 3, np.nan, 4], dtype='float32'),
                    type='float32')
    assert arr3.type == 'float32'
    assert arr3.null_count == 0


def test_time32_time64_from_integer():
    # ARROW-4111
    result = pa.array([1, 2, None], type=pa.time32('s'))
    expected = pa.array([datetime.time(second=1),
                         datetime.time(second=2), None],
                        type=pa.time32('s'))
    assert result.equals(expected)

    result = pa.array([1, 2, None], type=pa.time32('ms'))
    expected = pa.array([datetime.time(microsecond=1000),
                         datetime.time(microsecond=2000), None],
                        type=pa.time32('ms'))
    assert result.equals(expected)

    result = pa.array([1, 2, None], type=pa.time64('us'))
    expected = pa.array([datetime.time(microsecond=1),
                         datetime.time(microsecond=2), None],
                        type=pa.time64('us'))
    assert result.equals(expected)

    result = pa.array([1000, 2000, None], type=pa.time64('ns'))
    expected = pa.array([datetime.time(microsecond=1),
                         datetime.time(microsecond=2), None],
                        type=pa.time64('ns'))
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_binary_string_pandas_null_sentinels():
    # ARROW-6227
    def _check_case(ty):
        arr = pa.array(['string', np.nan], type=ty, from_pandas=True)
        expected = pa.array(['string', None], type=ty)
        assert arr.equals(expected)
    _check_case('binary')
    _check_case('utf8')


def test_pandas_null_sentinels_raise_error():
    # ARROW-6227
    cases = [
        ([None, np.nan], 'null'),
        (['string', np.nan], 'binary'),
        (['string', np.nan], 'utf8'),
        (['string', np.nan], 'large_binary'),
        (['string', np.nan], 'large_utf8'),
        ([b'string', np.nan], pa.binary(6)),
        ([True, np.nan], pa.bool_()),
        ([decimal.Decimal('0'), np.nan], pa.decimal128(12, 2)),
        ([0, np.nan], pa.date32()),
        ([0, np.nan], pa.date32()),
        ([0, np.nan], pa.date64()),
        ([0, np.nan], pa.time32('s')),
        ([0, np.nan], pa.time64('us')),
        ([0, np.nan], pa.timestamp('us')),
        ([0, np.nan], pa.duration('us')),
    ]
    for case, ty in cases:
        # Both types of exceptions are raised. May want to clean that up
        with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError)):
            pa.array(case, type=ty)

        # from_pandas option suppresses failure
        result = pa.array(case, type=ty, from_pandas=True)
        assert result.null_count == (1 if ty != 'null' else 2)


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_pandas_null_sentinels_index():
    # ARROW-7023 - ensure that when passing a pandas Index, "from_pandas"
    # semantics are used
    import pandas as pd
    idx = pd.Index([1, 2, np.nan], dtype=object)
    result = pa.array(idx)
    expected = pa.array([1, 2, np.nan], from_pandas=True)
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_array_roundtrip_from_numpy_datetimeD():
    arr = np.array([None, datetime.date(2017, 4, 4)], dtype='datetime64[D]')

    result = pa.array(arr)
    expected = pa.array([None, datetime.date(2017, 4, 4)], type=pa.date32())
    assert result.equals(expected)
    result = result.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, arr)
    assert result.dtype == arr.dtype


def test_array_from_naive_datetimes():
    arr = pa.array([
        None,
        datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 4, 12, 11, 10),
        datetime.datetime(2018, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0)
    ])
    assert arr.type == pa.timestamp('us', tz=None)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('dtype', 'type'), [
    ('datetime64[s]', pa.timestamp('s')),
    ('datetime64[ms]', pa.timestamp('ms')),
    ('datetime64[us]', pa.timestamp('us')),
    ('datetime64[ns]', pa.timestamp('ns'))
])
def test_array_from_numpy_datetime(dtype, type):
    data = [
        None,
        datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 4, 12, 11, 10),
        datetime.datetime(2018, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0)
    ]

    # from numpy array
    arr = pa.array(np.array(data, dtype=dtype))
    expected = pa.array(data, type=type)
    assert arr.equals(expected)

    # from list of numpy scalars
    arr = pa.array(list(np.array(data, dtype=dtype)))
    assert arr.equals(expected)


def test_array_from_different_numpy_datetime_units_raises():
    data = [
        None,
        datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 4, 12, 11, 10),
        datetime.datetime(2018, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0)
    ]
    s = np.array(data, dtype='datetime64[s]')
    ms = np.array(data, dtype='datetime64[ms]')
    data = list(s[:2]) + list(ms[2:])

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError):
        pa.array(data)


@pytest.mark.parametrize('unit', ['ns', 'us', 'ms', 's'])
def test_array_from_list_of_timestamps(unit):
    n = np.datetime64('NaT', unit)
    x = np.datetime64('2017-01-01 01:01:01.111111111', unit)
    y = np.datetime64('2018-11-22 12:24:48.111111111', unit)

    a1 = pa.array([n, x, y])
    a2 = pa.array([n, x, y], type=pa.timestamp(unit))

    assert a1.type == a2.type
    assert a1.type.unit == unit
    assert a1[0] == a2[0]


def test_array_from_timestamp_with_generic_unit():
    n = np.datetime64('NaT')
    x = np.datetime64('2017-01-01 01:01:01.111111111')
    y = np.datetime64('2018-11-22 12:24:48.111111111')

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError,
                       match='Unbound or generic datetime64 time unit'):
        pa.array([n, x, y])


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('dtype', 'type'), [
    ('timedelta64[s]', pa.duration('s')),
    ('timedelta64[ms]', pa.duration('ms')),
    ('timedelta64[us]', pa.duration('us')),
    ('timedelta64[ns]', pa.duration('ns'))
])
def test_array_from_numpy_timedelta(dtype, type):
    data = [
        None,
        datetime.timedelta(1),
        datetime.timedelta(0, 1)
    ]

    # from numpy array
    np_arr = np.array(data, dtype=dtype)
    arr = pa.array(np_arr)
    assert isinstance(arr, pa.DurationArray)
    assert arr.type == type
    expected = pa.array(data, type=type)
    assert arr.equals(expected)
    assert arr.to_pylist() == data

    # from list of numpy scalars
    arr = pa.array(list(np.array(data, dtype=dtype)))
    assert arr.equals(expected)
    assert arr.to_pylist() == data


def test_array_from_numpy_timedelta_incorrect_unit():
    # generic (no unit)
    td = np.timedelta64(1)

    for data in [[td], np.array([td])]:
        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
            pa.array(data)

    # unsupported unit
    td = np.timedelta64(1, 'M')
    for data in [[td], np.array([td])]:
        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
            pa.array(data)


def test_array_from_numpy_ascii():
    arr = np.array(['abcde', 'abc', ''], dtype='|S5')

    arrow_arr = pa.array(arr)
    assert arrow_arr.type == 'binary'
    expected = pa.array(['abcde', 'abc', ''], type='binary')
    assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)

    mask = np.array([False, True, False])
    arrow_arr = pa.array(arr, mask=mask)
    expected = pa.array(['abcde', None, ''], type='binary')
    assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)

    # Strided variant
    arr = np.array(['abcde', 'abc', ''] * 5, dtype='|S5')[::2]
    mask = np.array([False, True, False] * 5)[::2]
    arrow_arr = pa.array(arr, mask=mask)

    expected = pa.array(['abcde', '', None, 'abcde', '', None, 'abcde', ''],
                        type='binary')
    assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)

    # 0 itemsize
    arr = np.array(['', '', ''], dtype='|S0')
    arrow_arr = pa.array(arr)
    expected = pa.array(['', '', ''], type='binary')
    assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)


def test_interval_array_from_timedelta():
    data = [
        None,
        datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1, microseconds=1,
                           milliseconds=1, minutes=1, hours=1, weeks=1)]

    # From timedelta (explicit type required)
    arr = pa.array(data, pa.month_day_nano_interval())
    assert isinstance(arr, pa.MonthDayNanoIntervalArray)
    assert arr.type == pa.month_day_nano_interval()
    expected_list = [
        None,
        pa.MonthDayNano([0, 8,
                         (datetime.timedelta(seconds=1, microseconds=1,
                                             milliseconds=1, minutes=1,
                                             hours=1) //
                          datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1)) * 1000])]
    expected = pa.array(expected_list)
    assert arr.equals(expected)
    assert arr.to_pylist() == expected_list


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_interval_array_from_relativedelta():
    # dateutil is dependency of pandas
    from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
    from pandas import DateOffset
    data = [
        None,
        relativedelta(years=1, months=1,
                      days=1, seconds=1, microseconds=1,
                      minutes=1, hours=1, weeks=1, leapdays=1)]
    # Note leapdays are ignored.

    # From relativedelta
    arr = pa.array(data)
    assert isinstance(arr, pa.MonthDayNanoIntervalArray)
    assert arr.type == pa.month_day_nano_interval()
    expected_list = [
        None,
        pa.MonthDayNano([13, 8,
                         (datetime.timedelta(seconds=1, microseconds=1,
                                             minutes=1, hours=1) //
                          datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1)) * 1000])]
    expected = pa.array(expected_list)
    assert arr.equals(expected)
    assert arr.to_pandas().tolist() == [
        None, DateOffset(months=13, days=8,
                         microseconds=(
                             datetime.timedelta(seconds=1, microseconds=1,
                                                minutes=1, hours=1) //
                             datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1)),
                         nanoseconds=0)]
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array([DateOffset(years=((1 << 32) // 12), months=100)])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array([DateOffset(weeks=((1 << 32) // 7), days=100)])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array([DateOffset(seconds=((1 << 64) // 1000000000),
                             nanoseconds=1)])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array([DateOffset(microseconds=((1 << 64) // 100))])


def test_interval_array_from_tuple():
    data = [None, (1, 2, -3)]

    # From timedelta (explicit type required)
    arr = pa.array(data, pa.month_day_nano_interval())
    assert isinstance(arr, pa.MonthDayNanoIntervalArray)
    assert arr.type == pa.month_day_nano_interval()
    expected_list = [
        None,
        pa.MonthDayNano([1, 2, -3])]
    expected = pa.array(expected_list)
    assert arr.equals(expected)
    assert arr.to_pylist() == expected_list


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_interval_array_from_dateoffset():
    from pandas.tseries.offsets import DateOffset
    data = [
        None,
        DateOffset(years=1, months=1,
                   days=1, seconds=1, microseconds=1,
                   minutes=1, hours=1, weeks=1, nanoseconds=1),
        DateOffset()]

    arr = pa.array(data)
    assert isinstance(arr, pa.MonthDayNanoIntervalArray)
    assert arr.type == pa.month_day_nano_interval()
    expected_list = [
        None,
        pa.MonthDayNano([13, 8, 3661000001001]),
        pa.MonthDayNano([0, 0, 0])]
    expected = pa.array(expected_list)
    assert arr.equals(expected)
    expected_from_pandas = [
        None, DateOffset(months=13, days=8,
                         microseconds=(
                             datetime.timedelta(seconds=1, microseconds=1,
                                                minutes=1, hours=1) //
                             datetime.timedelta(microseconds=1)),
                         nanoseconds=1),
        DateOffset(months=0, days=0, microseconds=0, nanoseconds=0)]

    assert arr.to_pandas().tolist() == expected_from_pandas

    # nested list<interval> array conversion
    actual_list = pa.array([data]).to_pandas().tolist()
    assert len(actual_list) == 1
    assert list(actual_list[0]) == expected_from_pandas


def test_array_from_numpy_unicode():
    dtypes = ['<U5', '>U5']

    for dtype in dtypes:
        arr = np.array(['abcde', 'abc', ''], dtype=dtype)

        arrow_arr = pa.array(arr)
        assert arrow_arr.type == 'utf8'
        expected = pa.array(['abcde', 'abc', ''], type='utf8')
        assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)

        mask = np.array([False, True, False])
        arrow_arr = pa.array(arr, mask=mask)
        expected = pa.array(['abcde', None, ''], type='utf8')
        assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)

        # Strided variant
        arr = np.array(['abcde', 'abc', ''] * 5, dtype=dtype)[::2]
        mask = np.array([False, True, False] * 5)[::2]
        arrow_arr = pa.array(arr, mask=mask)

        expected = pa.array(['abcde', '', None, 'abcde', '', None,
                             'abcde', ''], type='utf8')
        assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)

    # 0 itemsize
    arr = np.array(['', '', ''], dtype='<U0')
    arrow_arr = pa.array(arr)
    expected = pa.array(['', '', ''], type='utf8')
    assert arrow_arr.equals(expected)


def test_array_string_from_non_string():
    # ARROW-5682 - when converting to string raise on non string-like dtype
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        pa.array(np.array([1, 2, 3]), type=pa.string())


def test_array_string_from_all_null():
    # ARROW-5682
    vals = np.array([None, None], dtype=object)
    arr = pa.array(vals, type=pa.string())
    assert arr.null_count == 2

    vals = np.array([np.nan, np.nan], dtype='float64')
    # by default raises, but accept as all-null when from_pandas=True
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        pa.array(vals, type=pa.string())
    arr = pa.array(vals, type=pa.string(), from_pandas=True)
    assert arr.null_count == 2


def test_array_from_masked():
    ma = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype='int64',
                     mask=[False, False, True, False])
    result = pa.array(ma)
    expected = pa.array([1, 2, None, 4], type='int64')
    assert expected.equals(result)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot pass a numpy masked array"):
        pa.array(ma, mask=np.array([True, False, False, False]))


def test_array_from_shrunken_masked():
    ma = np.ma.array([0], dtype='int64')
    result = pa.array(ma)
    expected = pa.array([0], type='int64')
    assert expected.equals(result)


def test_array_from_invalid_dim_raises():
    msg = "only handle 1-dimensional arrays"
    arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        pa.array(arr2d)

    arr0d = np.array(0)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        pa.array(arr0d)


def test_array_from_strided_bool():
    # ARROW-6325
    arr = np.ones((3, 2), dtype=bool)
    result = pa.array(arr[:, 0])
    expected = pa.array([True, True, True])
    assert result.equals(expected)
    result = pa.array(arr[0, :])
    expected = pa.array([True, True])
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_array_from_strided():
    pydata = [
        ([b"ab", b"cd", b"ef"], (pa.binary(), pa.binary(2))),
        ([1, 2, 3], (pa.int8(), pa.int16(), pa.int32(), pa.int64())),
        ([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], (pa.float32(), pa.float64())),
        (["ab", "cd", "ef"], (pa.utf8(), ))
    ]

    for values, dtypes in pydata:
        nparray = np.array(values)
        for patype in dtypes:
            for mask in (None, np.array([False, False])):
                arrow_array = pa.array(nparray[::2], patype,
                                       mask=mask)
                assert values[::2] == arrow_array.to_pylist()


def test_boolean_true_count_false_count():
    # ARROW-9145
    arr = pa.array([True, True, None, False, None, True] * 1000)
    assert arr.true_count == 3000
    assert arr.false_count == 1000


def test_buffers_primitive():
    a = pa.array([1, 2, None, 4], type=pa.int16())
    buffers = a.buffers()
    assert len(buffers) == 2
    null_bitmap = buffers[0].to_pybytes()
    assert 1 <= len(null_bitmap) <= 64  # XXX this is varying
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00001011

    # Slicing does not affect the buffers but the offset
    a_sliced = a[1:]
    buffers = a_sliced.buffers()
    a_sliced.offset == 1
    assert len(buffers) == 2
    null_bitmap = buffers[0].to_pybytes()
    assert 1 <= len(null_bitmap) <= 64  # XXX this is varying
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00001011

    assert struct.unpack('hhxxh', buffers[1].to_pybytes()) == (1, 2, 4)

    a = pa.array(np.int8([4, 5, 6]))
    buffers = a.buffers()
    assert len(buffers) == 2
    # No null bitmap from Numpy int array
    assert buffers[0] is None
    assert struct.unpack('3b', buffers[1].to_pybytes()) == (4, 5, 6)

    a = pa.array([b'foo!', None, b'bar!!'])
    buffers = a.buffers()
    assert len(buffers) == 3
    null_bitmap = buffers[0].to_pybytes()
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00000101
    offsets = buffers[1].to_pybytes()
    assert struct.unpack('4i', offsets) == (0, 4, 4, 9)
    values = buffers[2].to_pybytes()
    assert values == b'foo!bar!!'


def test_buffers_nested():
    a = pa.array([[1, 2], None, [3, None, 4, 5]], type=pa.list_(pa.int64()))
    buffers = a.buffers()
    assert len(buffers) == 4
    # The parent buffers
    null_bitmap = buffers[0].to_pybytes()
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00000101
    offsets = buffers[1].to_pybytes()
    assert struct.unpack('4i', offsets) == (0, 2, 2, 6)
    # The child buffers
    null_bitmap = buffers[2].to_pybytes()
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00110111
    values = buffers[3].to_pybytes()
    assert struct.unpack('qqq8xqq', values) == (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

    a = pa.array([(42, None), None, (None, 43)],
                 type=pa.struct([pa.field('a', pa.int8()),
                                 pa.field('b', pa.int16())]))
    buffers = a.buffers()
    assert len(buffers) == 5
    # The parent buffer
    null_bitmap = buffers[0].to_pybytes()
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00000101
    # The child buffers: 'a'
    null_bitmap = buffers[1].to_pybytes()
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00000011
    values = buffers[2].to_pybytes()
    assert struct.unpack('bxx', values) == (42,)
    # The child buffers: 'b'
    null_bitmap = buffers[3].to_pybytes()
    assert bytearray(null_bitmap)[0] == 0b00000110
    values = buffers[4].to_pybytes()
    assert struct.unpack('4xh', values) == (43,)


def test_total_buffer_size():
    a = pa.array(np.array([4, 5, 6], dtype='int64'))
    assert a.nbytes == 8 * 3
    assert a.get_total_buffer_size() == 8 * 3
    assert sys.getsizeof(a) >= object.__sizeof__(a) + a.nbytes
    a = pa.array([1, None, 3], type='int64')
    assert a.nbytes == 8*3 + 1
    assert a.get_total_buffer_size() == 8*3 + 1
    assert sys.getsizeof(a) >= object.__sizeof__(a) + a.nbytes
    a = pa.array([[1, 2], None, [3, None, 4, 5]], type=pa.list_(pa.int64()))
    assert a.nbytes == 62
    assert a.get_total_buffer_size() == 1 + 4 * 4 + 1 + 6 * 8
    assert sys.getsizeof(a) >= object.__sizeof__(a) + a.nbytes
    a = pa.array([[[5, 6, 7]], [[9, 10]]], type=pa.list_(pa.list_(pa.int8())))
    assert a.get_total_buffer_size() == (4 * 3) + (4 * 3) + (1 * 5)
    assert a.nbytes == 21
    a = pa.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6, 7], None, [8]], [[9, 10]]],
                 type=pa.list_(pa.list_(pa.int8())))
    a1 = a.slice(1, 2)
    assert a1.nbytes == (4 * 2) + 1 + (4 * 4) + (1 * 6)
    assert a1.get_total_buffer_size() == (4 * 4) + 1 + (4 * 7) + (1 * 10)


def test_nbytes_size():
    a = pa.chunked_array([pa.array([1, None, 3], type=pa.int16()),
                          pa.array([4, 5, 6], type=pa.int16())])
    assert a.nbytes == 13


def test_invalid_tensor_constructor_repr():
    # ARROW-2638: prevent calling extension class constructors directly
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        repr(pa.Tensor([1]))


def test_invalid_tensor_construction():
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        pa.Tensor()


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('offset_type', 'list_type_factory'),
                         [(pa.int32(), pa.list_), (pa.int64(), pa.large_list)])
def test_list_array_flatten(offset_type, list_type_factory):
    typ2 = list_type_factory(
        list_type_factory(
            pa.int64()
        )
    )
    arr2 = pa.array([
        None,
        [
            [1, None, 2],
            None,
            [3, 4]
        ],
        [],
        [
            [],
            [5, 6],
            None
        ],
        [
            [7, 8]
        ]
    ], type=typ2)
    offsets2 = pa.array([0, 0, 3, 3, 6, 7], type=offset_type)

    typ1 = list_type_factory(pa.int64())
    arr1 = pa.array([
        [1, None, 2],
        None,
        [3, 4],
        [],
        [5, 6],
        None,
        [7, 8]
    ], type=typ1)
    offsets1 = pa.array([0, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7, 9], type=offset_type)

    arr0 = pa.array([
        1, None, 2,
        3, 4,
        5, 6,
        7, 8
    ], type=pa.int64())

    assert arr2.flatten().equals(arr1)
    assert arr2.offsets.equals(offsets2)
    assert arr2.values.equals(arr1)
    assert arr1.flatten().equals(arr0)
    assert arr1.offsets.equals(offsets1)
    assert arr1.values.equals(arr0)
    assert arr2.flatten().flatten().equals(arr0)
    assert arr2.values.values.equals(arr0)


@pytest.mark.parametrize('list_type', [
    pa.list_(pa.int32()),
    pa.list_(pa.int32(), list_size=2),
    pa.large_list(pa.int32())])
def test_list_value_parent_indices(list_type):
    arr = pa.array(
        [
            [0, 1],
            None,
            [None, None],
            [3, 4]
        ], type=list_type)
    expected = pa.array([0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3], type=pa.int64())
    assert arr.value_parent_indices().equals(expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('offset_type', 'list_type'),
                         [(pa.int32(), pa.list_(pa.int32())),
                          (pa.int32(), pa.list_(pa.int32(), list_size=2)),
                          (pa.int64(), pa.large_list(pa.int32()))])
def test_list_value_lengths(offset_type, list_type):

    # FixedSizeListArray needs fixed list sizes
    if getattr(list_type, "list_size", None):
        arr = pa.array(
            [
                [0, 1],
                None,
                [None, None],
                [3, 4]
            ], type=list_type)
        expected = pa.array([2, None, 2, 2], type=offset_type)

    # Otherwise create variable list sizes
    else:
        arr = pa.array(
            [
                [0, 1, 2],
                None,
                [],
                [3, 4]
            ], type=list_type)
        expected = pa.array([3, None, 0, 2], type=offset_type)
    assert arr.value_lengths().equals(expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize('list_type_factory', [pa.list_, pa.large_list])
def test_list_array_flatten_non_canonical(list_type_factory):
    # Non-canonical list array (null elements backed by non-empty sublists)
    typ = list_type_factory(pa.int64())
    arr = pa.array([[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], type=typ)
    buffers = arr.buffers()[:2]
    buffers[0] = pa.py_buffer(b"\x05")  # validity bitmap
    arr = arr.from_buffers(arr.type, len(arr), buffers, children=[arr.values])
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [[1], None, [4, 5, 6]]
    assert arr.offsets.to_pylist() == [0, 1, 3, 6]

    flattened = arr.flatten()
    flattened.validate(full=True)
    assert flattened.type == typ.value_type
    assert flattened.to_pylist() == [1, 4, 5, 6]

    # .values is the physical values array (including masked elements)
    assert arr.values.to_pylist() == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]


@pytest.mark.parametrize('klass', [pa.ListArray, pa.LargeListArray])
def test_list_array_values_offsets_sliced(klass):
    # ARROW-7301
    arr = klass.from_arrays(offsets=[0, 3, 4, 6], values=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
    assert arr.values.to_pylist() == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    assert arr.offsets.to_pylist() == [0, 3, 4, 6]

    # sliced -> values keeps referring to full values buffer, but offsets is
    # sliced as well so the offsets correctly point into the full values array
    # sliced -> flatten() will return the sliced value array.
    arr2 = arr[1:]
    assert arr2.values.to_pylist() == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    assert arr2.offsets.to_pylist() == [3, 4, 6]
    assert arr2.flatten().to_pylist() == [4, 5, 6]
    i = arr2.offsets[0].as_py()
    j = arr2.offsets[1].as_py()
    assert arr2[0].as_py() == arr2.values[i:j].to_pylist() == [4]


def test_fixed_size_list_array_flatten():
    typ2 = pa.list_(pa.list_(pa.int64(), 2), 3)
    arr2 = pa.array([
        [
            [1, 2],
            [3, 4],
            [5, 6],
        ],
        None,
        [
            [7, None],
            None,
            [8, 9]
        ],
    ], type=typ2)
    assert arr2.type.equals(typ2)

    typ1 = pa.list_(pa.int64(), 2)
    arr1 = pa.array([
        [1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6],
        [7, None], None, [8, 9]
    ], type=typ1)
    assert arr1.type.equals(typ1)
    assert arr2.flatten().equals(arr1)

    typ0 = pa.int64()
    arr0 = pa.array([
        1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, None, 8, 9,
    ], type=typ0)
    assert arr0.type.equals(typ0)
    assert arr1.flatten().equals(arr0)
    assert arr2.flatten().flatten().equals(arr0)


def test_fixed_size_list_array_flatten_with_slice():
    array = pa.array([[1], [2], [3]],
                     type=pa.list_(pa.float64(), list_size=1))
    assert array[2:].flatten() == pa.array([3], type=pa.float64())


def test_map_array_values_offsets():
    ty = pa.map_(pa.utf8(), pa.int32())
    ty_values = pa.struct([pa.field("key", pa.utf8(), nullable=False),
                           pa.field("value", pa.int32())])
    a = pa.array([[('a', 1), ('b', 2)], [('c', 3)]], type=ty)

    assert a.values.type.equals(ty_values)
    assert a.values == pa.array([
        {'key': 'a', 'value': 1},
        {'key': 'b', 'value': 2},
        {'key': 'c', 'value': 3},
    ], type=ty_values)
    assert a.keys.equals(pa.array(['a', 'b', 'c']))
    assert a.items.equals(pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int32()))

    assert pa.ListArray.from_arrays(a.offsets, a.keys).equals(
        pa.array([['a', 'b'], ['c']]))
    assert pa.ListArray.from_arrays(a.offsets, a.items).equals(
        pa.array([[1, 2], [3]], type=pa.list_(pa.int32())))

    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
        a.flatten()


def test_struct_array_flatten():
    ty = pa.struct([pa.field('x', pa.int16()),
                    pa.field('y', pa.float32())])
    a = pa.array([(1, 2.5), (3, 4.5), (5, 6.5)], type=ty)
    xs, ys = a.flatten()
    assert xs.type == pa.int16()
    assert ys.type == pa.float32()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [1, 3, 5]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [2.5, 4.5, 6.5]
    xs, ys = a[1:].flatten()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [3, 5]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [4.5, 6.5]

    a = pa.array([(1, 2.5), None, (3, 4.5)], type=ty)
    xs, ys = a.flatten()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [1, None, 3]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [2.5, None, 4.5]
    xs, ys = a[1:].flatten()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [None, 3]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [None, 4.5]

    a = pa.array([(1, None), (2, 3.5), (None, 4.5)], type=ty)
    xs, ys = a.flatten()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [1, 2, None]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [None, 3.5, 4.5]
    xs, ys = a[1:].flatten()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [2, None]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [3.5, 4.5]

    a = pa.array([(1, None), None, (None, 2.5)], type=ty)
    xs, ys = a.flatten()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [1, None, None]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [None, None, 2.5]
    xs, ys = a[1:].flatten()
    assert xs.to_pylist() == [None, None]
    assert ys.to_pylist() == [None, 2.5]


def test_struct_array_field():
    ty = pa.struct([pa.field('x', pa.int16()),
                    pa.field('y', pa.float32())])
    a = pa.array([(1, 2.5), (3, 4.5), (5, 6.5)], type=ty)

    x0 = a.field(0)
    y0 = a.field(1)
    x1 = a.field(-2)
    y1 = a.field(-1)
    x2 = a.field('x')
    y2 = a.field('y')

    assert isinstance(x0, pa.lib.Int16Array)
    assert isinstance(y1, pa.lib.FloatArray)
    assert x0.equals(pa.array([1, 3, 5], type=pa.int16()))
    assert y0.equals(pa.array([2.5, 4.5, 6.5], type=pa.float32()))
    assert x0.equals(x1)
    assert x0.equals(x2)
    assert y0.equals(y1)
    assert y0.equals(y2)

    for invalid_index in [None, pa.int16()]:
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            a.field(invalid_index)

    for invalid_index in [3, -3]:
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            a.field(invalid_index)

    for invalid_name in ['z', '']:
        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
            a.field(invalid_name)


def test_struct_array_flattened_field():
    ty = pa.struct([pa.field('x', pa.int16()),
                    pa.field('y', pa.float32())])
    a = pa.array([(1, 2.5), (3, 4.5), (5, 6.5)], type=ty,
                 mask=pa.array([False, True, False]))

    x0 = a._flattened_field(0)
    y0 = a._flattened_field(1)
    x1 = a._flattened_field(-2)
    y1 = a._flattened_field(-1)
    x2 = a._flattened_field('x')
    y2 = a._flattened_field('y')

    assert isinstance(x0, pa.lib.Int16Array)
    assert isinstance(y1, pa.lib.FloatArray)
    assert x0.equals(pa.array([1, None, 5], type=pa.int16()))
    assert y0.equals(pa.array([2.5, None, 6.5], type=pa.float32()))
    assert x0.equals(x1)
    assert x0.equals(x2)
    assert y0.equals(y1)
    assert y0.equals(y2)

    for invalid_index in [None, pa.int16()]:
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            a._flattened_field(invalid_index)

    for invalid_index in [3, -3]:
        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
            a._flattened_field(invalid_index)

    for invalid_name in ['z', '']:
        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
            a._flattened_field(invalid_name)


def test_empty_cast():
    types = [
        pa.null(),
        pa.bool_(),
        pa.int8(),
        pa.int16(),
        pa.int32(),
        pa.int64(),
        pa.uint8(),
        pa.uint16(),
        pa.uint32(),
        pa.uint64(),
        pa.float16(),
        pa.float32(),
        pa.float64(),
        pa.date32(),
        pa.date64(),
        pa.binary(),
        pa.binary(length=4),
        pa.string(),
    ]

    for (t1, t2) in itertools.product(types, types):
        try:
            # ARROW-4766: Ensure that supported types conversion don't segfault
            # on empty arrays of common types
            pa.array([], type=t1).cast(t2)
        except (pa.lib.ArrowNotImplementedError, pa.ArrowInvalid):
            continue


def test_nested_dictionary_array():
    dict_arr = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays([0, 1, 0], ['a', 'b'])
    list_arr = pa.ListArray.from_arrays([0, 2, 3], dict_arr)
    assert list_arr.to_pylist() == [['a', 'b'], ['a']]

    dict_arr = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays([0, 1, 0], ['a', 'b'])
    dict_arr2 = pa.DictionaryArray.from_arrays([0, 1, 2, 1, 0], dict_arr)
    assert dict_arr2.to_pylist() == ['a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a']


def test_array_from_numpy_str_utf8():
    # ARROW-3890 -- in Python 3, NPY_UNICODE arrays are produced, but in Python
    # 2 they are NPY_STRING (binary), so we must do UTF-8 validation
    vec = np.array(["toto", "tata"])
    vec2 = np.array(["toto", "tata"], dtype=object)

    arr = pa.array(vec, pa.string())
    arr2 = pa.array(vec2, pa.string())
    expected = pa.array(["toto", "tata"])
    assert arr.equals(expected)
    assert arr2.equals(expected)

    # with mask, separate code path
    mask = np.array([False, False], dtype=bool)
    arr = pa.array(vec, pa.string(), mask=mask)
    assert arr.equals(expected)

    # UTF8 validation failures
    vec = np.array([('mañana').encode('utf-16-le')])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array(vec, pa.string())

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array(vec, pa.string(), mask=np.array([False]))


@pytest.mark.slow
@pytest.mark.large_memory
def test_numpy_binary_overflow_to_chunked():
    # ARROW-3762, ARROW-5966

    # 2^31 + 1 bytes
    values = [b'x']
    unicode_values = ['x']

    # Make 10 unique 1MB strings then repeat then 2048 times
    unique_strings = {
        i: b'x' * ((1 << 20) - 1) + str(i % 10).encode('utf8')
        for i in range(10)
    }
    unicode_unique_strings = {i: x.decode('utf8')
                              for i, x in unique_strings.items()}
    values += [unique_strings[i % 10] for i in range(1 << 11)]
    unicode_values += [unicode_unique_strings[i % 10]
                       for i in range(1 << 11)]

    for case, ex_type in [(values, pa.binary()),
                          (unicode_values, pa.utf8())]:
        arr = np.array(case)
        arrow_arr = pa.array(arr)
        arr = None

        assert isinstance(arrow_arr, pa.ChunkedArray)
        assert arrow_arr.type == ex_type

        # Split up into 16MB chunks. 128 * 16 = 2048, so 129
        assert arrow_arr.num_chunks == 129

        value_index = 0
        for i in range(arrow_arr.num_chunks):
            chunk = arrow_arr.chunk(i)
            for val in chunk:
                assert val.as_py() == case[value_index]
                value_index += 1


@pytest.mark.large_memory
def test_list_child_overflow_to_chunked():
    kilobyte_string = 'x' * 1024
    two_mega = 2**21

    vals = [[kilobyte_string]] * (two_mega - 1)
    arr = pa.array(vals)
    assert isinstance(arr, pa.Array)
    assert len(arr) == two_mega - 1

    vals = [[kilobyte_string]] * two_mega
    arr = pa.array(vals)
    assert isinstance(arr, pa.ChunkedArray)
    assert len(arr) == two_mega
    assert len(arr.chunk(0)) == two_mega - 1
    assert len(arr.chunk(1)) == 1


def test_infer_type_masked():
    # ARROW-5208
    ty = pa.infer_type(['foo', 'bar', None, 2],
                       mask=[False, False, False, True])
    assert ty == pa.utf8()

    # all masked
    ty = pa.infer_type(['foo', 'bar', None, 2],
                       mask=np.array([True, True, True, True]))
    assert ty == pa.null()

    # length 0
    assert pa.infer_type([], mask=[]) == pa.null()


def test_array_masked():
    # ARROW-5208
    arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3.],
                   mask=np.array([False, True, False, True]))
    assert arr.type == pa.int64()

    # ndarray dtype=object argument
    arr = pa.array(np.array([4, None, 4, 3.], dtype="O"),
                   mask=np.array([False, True, False, True]))
    assert arr.type == pa.int64()


def test_array_supported_masks():
    # ARROW-13883
    arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3.],
                   mask=np.array([False, True, False, True]))
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [4, None, 4, None]

    arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3],
                   mask=pa.array([False, True, False, True]))
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [4, None, 4, None]

    arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3],
                   mask=[False, True, False, True])
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [4, None, 4, None]

    arr = pa.array([4, 3, None, 3],
                   mask=[False, True, False, True])
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [4, None, None, None]

    # Non boolean values
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError):
        arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3],
                       mask=pa.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]))

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError):
        arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3],
                       mask=[1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0])

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError):
        arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3],
                       mask=np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]))

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError):
        arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3],
                       mask=pa.array([False, True, False, True],
                                     mask=pa.array([True, True, True, True])))

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowTypeError):
        arr = pa.array([4, None, 4, 3],
                       mask=pa.array([False, None, False, True]))

    # Numpy arrays only accepts numpy masks
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        arr = pa.array(np.array([4, None, 4, 3.]),
                       mask=[True, False, True, False])

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        arr = pa.array(np.array([4, None, 4, 3.]),
                       mask=pa.array([True, False, True, False]))


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_array_supported_pandas_masks():
    import pandas
    arr = pa.array(pandas.Series([0, 1], name="a", dtype="int64"),
                   mask=pandas.Series([True, False], dtype='bool'))
    assert arr.to_pylist() == [None, 1]


def test_binary_array_masked():
    # ARROW-12431
    masked_basic = pa.array([b'\x05'], type=pa.binary(1),
                            mask=np.array([False]))
    assert [b'\x05'] == masked_basic.to_pylist()

    # Fixed Length Binary
    masked = pa.array(np.array([b'\x05']), type=pa.binary(1),
                      mask=np.array([False]))
    assert [b'\x05'] == masked.to_pylist()

    masked_nulls = pa.array(np.array([b'\x05']), type=pa.binary(1),
                            mask=np.array([True]))
    assert [None] == masked_nulls.to_pylist()

    # Variable Length Binary
    masked = pa.array(np.array([b'\x05']), type=pa.binary(),
                      mask=np.array([False]))
    assert [b'\x05'] == masked.to_pylist()

    masked_nulls = pa.array(np.array([b'\x05']), type=pa.binary(),
                            mask=np.array([True]))
    assert [None] == masked_nulls.to_pylist()

    # Fixed Length Binary, copy
    npa = np.array([b'aaa', b'bbb', b'ccc']*10)
    arrow_array = pa.array(npa, type=pa.binary(3),
                           mask=np.array([False, False, False]*10))
    npa[npa == b"bbb"] = b"XXX"
    assert ([b'aaa', b'bbb', b'ccc']*10) == arrow_array.to_pylist()


def test_binary_array_strided():
    # Masked
    nparray = np.array([b"ab", b"cd", b"ef"])
    arrow_array = pa.array(nparray[::2], pa.binary(2),
                           mask=np.array([False, False]))
    assert [b"ab", b"ef"] == arrow_array.to_pylist()

    # Unmasked
    nparray = np.array([b"ab", b"cd", b"ef"])
    arrow_array = pa.array(nparray[::2], pa.binary(2))
    assert [b"ab", b"ef"] == arrow_array.to_pylist()


def test_array_invalid_mask_raises():
    # ARROW-10742
    cases = [
        ([1, 2], np.array([False, False], dtype="O"),
         TypeError, "must be boolean dtype"),

        ([1, 2], np.array([[False], [False]]),
         pa.ArrowInvalid, "must be 1D array"),

        ([1, 2, 3], np.array([False, False]),
         pa.ArrowInvalid, "different length"),

        (np.array([1, 2]), np.array([False, False], dtype="O"),
         TypeError, "must be boolean dtype"),

        (np.array([1, 2]), np.array([[False], [False]]),
         ValueError, "must be 1D array"),

        (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([False, False]),
         ValueError, "different length"),
    ]
    for obj, mask, ex, msg in cases:
        with pytest.raises(ex, match=msg):
            pa.array(obj, mask=mask)


def test_array_from_large_pyints():
    # ARROW-5430
    with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
        # too large for int64 so dtype must be explicitly provided
        pa.array([int(2 ** 63)])


def test_numpy_array_protocol():
    # test the __array__ method on pyarrow.Array
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3])
    result = np.asarray(arr)
    expected = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype="int64")
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)

    # this should not raise a deprecation warning with numpy 2.0+
    result = np.array(arr, copy=False)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)

    result = np.array(arr, dtype="int64", copy=False)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)

    # no zero-copy is possible
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, None])
    expected = np.array([1, 2, np.nan], dtype="float64")
    result = np.asarray(arr)
    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)

    if Version(np.__version__) < Version("2.0"):
        # copy keyword is not strict and not passed down to __array__
        result = np.array(arr, copy=False)
        np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)

        result = np.array(arr, dtype="float64", copy=False)
        np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected)
    else:
        # starting with numpy 2.0, the copy=False keyword is assumed to be strict
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unable to avoid a copy"):
            np.array(arr, copy=False)

        arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3])
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            np.array(arr, dtype="float64", copy=False)

    # copy=True -> not yet passed by numpy, so we have to call this directly to test
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3])
    result = arr.__array__(copy=True)
    assert result.flags.writeable

    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3])
    result = arr.__array__(dtype=np.dtype("float64"), copy=True)
    assert result.dtype == "float64"


def test_array_protocol():

    class MyArray:
        def __init__(self, data):
            self.data = data

        def __arrow_array__(self, type=None):
            return pa.array(self.data, type=type)

    arr = MyArray(np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64'))
    result = pa.array(arr)
    expected = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int64())
    assert result.equals(expected)
    result = pa.array(arr, type=pa.int64())
    expected = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int64())
    assert result.equals(expected)
    result = pa.array(arr, type=pa.float64())
    expected = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.float64())
    assert result.equals(expected)

    # raise error when passing size or mask keywords
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array(arr, mask=np.array([True, False, True]))
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.array(arr, size=3)

    # ensure the return value is an Array
    class MyArrayInvalid:
        def __init__(self, data):
            self.data = data

        def __arrow_array__(self, type=None):
            return np.array(self.data)

    arr = MyArrayInvalid(np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64'))
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        pa.array(arr)

    # ARROW-7066 - allow ChunkedArray output
    # GH-33727 - if num_chunks=1 return Array
    class MyArray2:
        def __init__(self, data):
            self.data = data

        def __arrow_array__(self, type=None):
            return pa.chunked_array([self.data], type=type)

    arr = MyArray2(np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64'))
    result = pa.array(arr)
    expected = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int64())
    assert result.equals(expected)

    class MyArray3:
        def __init__(self, data1, data2):
            self.data1 = data1
            self.data2 = data2

        def __arrow_array__(self, type=None):
            return pa.chunked_array([self.data1, self.data2], type=type)

    np_arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
    arr = MyArray3(np_arr, np_arr)
    result = pa.array(arr)
    expected = pa.chunked_array([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]], type=pa.int64())
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_c_array_protocol():
    class ArrayWrapper:
        def __init__(self, data):
            self.data = data

        def __arrow_c_array__(self, requested_schema=None):
            return self.data.__arrow_c_array__(requested_schema)

    # Can roundtrip through the C array protocol
    arr = ArrayWrapper(pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int64()))
    result = pa.array(arr)
    assert result == arr.data

    # Will cast to requested type
    result = pa.array(arr, type=pa.int32())
    assert result == pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int32())


def test_concat_array():
    concatenated = pa.concat_arrays(
        [pa.array([1, 2]), pa.array([3, 4])])
    assert concatenated.equals(pa.array([1, 2, 3, 4]))


def test_concat_array_different_types():
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        pa.concat_arrays([pa.array([1]), pa.array([2.])])


def test_concat_array_invalid_type():
    # ARROW-9920 - do not segfault on non-array input

    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="should contain Array objects"):
        pa.concat_arrays([None])

    arr = pa.chunked_array([[0, 1], [3, 4]])
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="should contain Array objects"):
        pa.concat_arrays(arr)


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_to_pandas_timezone():
    # https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-6652
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.timestamp('s', tz='Europe/Brussels'))
    s = arr.to_pandas()
    assert s.dt.tz is not None
    arr = pa.chunked_array([arr])
    s = arr.to_pandas()
    assert s.dt.tz is not None


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_to_pandas_float16_list():
    # https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/36168
    expected = [[np.float16(1)], [np.float16(2)], [np.float16(3)]]
    arr = pa.array(expected)
    result = arr.to_pandas()
    assert result[0].dtype == "float16"
    assert result.tolist() == expected


def test_array_sort():
    arr = pa.array([5, 7, 35], type=pa.int64())
    sorted_arr = arr.sort("descending")
    assert sorted_arr.to_pylist() == [35, 7, 5]

    arr = pa.chunked_array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
    sorted_arr = arr.sort("descending")
    assert sorted_arr.to_pylist() == [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

    arr = pa.array([5, 7, 35, None], type=pa.int64())
    sorted_arr = arr.sort("descending", null_placement="at_end")
    assert sorted_arr.to_pylist() == [35, 7, 5, None]
    sorted_arr = arr.sort("descending", null_placement="at_start")
    assert sorted_arr.to_pylist() == [None, 35, 7, 5]


def test_struct_array_sort():
    arr = pa.StructArray.from_arrays([
        pa.array([5, 7, 7, 35], type=pa.int64()),
        pa.array(["foo", "car", "bar", "foobar"])
    ], names=["a", "b"])

    sorted_arr = arr.sort("descending", by="a")
    assert sorted_arr.to_pylist() == [
        {"a": 35, "b": "foobar"},
        {"a": 7, "b": "car"},
        {"a": 7, "b": "bar"},
        {"a": 5, "b": "foo"},
    ]

    arr_with_nulls = pa.StructArray.from_arrays([
        pa.array([5, 7, 7, 35], type=pa.int64()),
        pa.array(["foo", "car", "bar", "foobar"])
    ], names=["a", "b"], mask=pa.array([False, False, True, False]))

    sorted_arr = arr_with_nulls.sort(
        "descending", by="a", null_placement="at_start")
    assert sorted_arr.to_pylist() == [
        None,
        {"a": 35, "b": "foobar"},
        {"a": 7, "b": "car"},
        {"a": 5, "b": "foo"},
    ]

    sorted_arr = arr_with_nulls.sort(
        "descending", by="a", null_placement="at_end")
    assert sorted_arr.to_pylist() == [
        {"a": 35, "b": "foobar"},
        {"a": 7, "b": "car"},
        {"a": 5, "b": "foo"},
        None
    ]


def test_array_accepts_pyarrow_array():
    arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3])
    result = pa.array(arr)
    assert arr == result

    # Test casting to a different type
    result = pa.array(arr, type=pa.uint8())
    expected = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.uint8())
    assert expected == result
    assert expected.type == pa.uint8()

    # Test casting with safe keyword
    arr = pa.array([2 ** 63 - 1], type=pa.int64())

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        pa.array(arr, type=pa.int32())

    expected = pa.array([-1], type=pa.int32())
    result = pa.array(arr, type=pa.int32(), safe=False)
    assert result == expected

    # Test memory_pool keyword is accepted
    result = pa.array(arr, memory_pool=pa.default_memory_pool())
    assert arr == result


def check_run_end_encoded(ree_array, run_ends, values, logical_length, physical_length,
                          physical_offset):
    assert ree_array.run_ends.to_pylist() == run_ends
    assert ree_array.values.to_pylist() == values
    assert len(ree_array) == logical_length
    assert ree_array.find_physical_length() == physical_length
    assert ree_array.find_physical_offset() == physical_offset


def check_run_end_encoded_from_arrays_with_type(ree_type=None):
    run_ends = [3, 5, 10, 19]
    values = [1, 2, 1, 3]
    ree_array = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_arrays(run_ends, values, ree_type)
    check_run_end_encoded(ree_array, run_ends, values, 19, 4, 0)


def test_run_end_encoded_from_arrays():
    check_run_end_encoded_from_arrays_with_type()
    for run_end_type in [pa.int16(), pa.int32(), pa.int64()]:
        for value_type in [pa.uint32(), pa.int32(), pa.uint64(), pa.int64()]:
            ree_type = pa.run_end_encoded(run_end_type, value_type)
            check_run_end_encoded_from_arrays_with_type(ree_type)


def test_run_end_encoded_from_buffers():
    run_ends = [3, 5, 10, 19]
    values = [1, 2, 1, 3]

    ree_type = pa.run_end_encoded(run_end_type=pa.int32(), value_type=pa.uint8())
    length = 19
    buffers = [None]
    null_count = 0
    offset = 0
    children = [run_ends, values]

    ree_array = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length, buffers,
                                                   null_count, offset,
                                                   children)
    check_run_end_encoded(ree_array, run_ends, values, 19, 4, 0)
    # buffers = []
    ree_array = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length, [],
                                                   null_count, offset,
                                                   children)
    check_run_end_encoded(ree_array, run_ends, values, 19, 4, 0)
    # null_count = -1
    ree_array = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length, buffers,
                                                   -1, offset,
                                                   children)
    check_run_end_encoded(ree_array, run_ends, values, 19, 4, 0)
    # offset = 4
    ree_array = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length - 4, buffers,
                                                   null_count, 4, children)
    check_run_end_encoded(ree_array, run_ends, values, length - 4, 3, 1)
    # buffers = [None, None]
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length, [None, None],
                                           null_count, offset, children)
    # children = None
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length, buffers,
                                           null_count, offset, None)
    # len(children) == 1
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length, buffers,
                                           null_count, offset, [run_ends])
    # null_count = 1
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_buffers(ree_type, length, buffers,
                                           1, offset, children)


def test_run_end_encoded_from_array_with_type():
    run_ends = [1, 3, 6]
    values = [1, 2, 3]
    ree_type = pa.run_end_encoded(pa.int32(), pa.int64())
    expected = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_arrays(run_ends, values,
                                                 ree_type)

    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
    result = pa.array(arr, type=ree_type)
    assert result.equals(expected)
    result = pa.array(np.array(arr), type=ree_type)
    assert result.equals(expected)

    ree_type_2 = pa.run_end_encoded(pa.int16(), pa.float32())
    result = pa.array(arr, type=ree_type_2)
    assert not result.equals(expected)
    expected_2 = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_arrays(run_ends, values,
                                                   ree_type_2)
    assert result.equals(expected_2)

    run_ends = [1, 3, 5, 6]
    values = [1, 2, 3, None]
    expected = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_arrays(run_ends, values,
                                                 ree_type)

    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, None]
    result = pa.array(arr, type=ree_type)
    assert result.equals(expected)

    run_ends = [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    values = [1, 2, None, 3, None]
    expected = pa.RunEndEncodedArray.from_arrays(run_ends, values,
                                                 ree_type)

    mask = pa.array([False, False, False, True, False, True])
    result = pa.array(arr, type=ree_type, mask=mask)
    assert result.equals(expected)


def test_run_end_encoded_to_numpy():
    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
    ree_array = pa.array(arr, pa.run_end_encoded(pa.int32(), pa.int64()))
    expected = np.array(arr)

    np.testing.assert_array_equal(ree_array.to_numpy(zero_copy_only=False), expected)

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        ree_array.to_numpy()


@pytest.mark.pandas
def test_run_end_encoded_to_pandas():
    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
    ree_array = pa.array(arr, pa.run_end_encoded(pa.int32(), pa.int64()))

    assert ree_array.to_pandas().tolist() == arr

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        ree_array.to_pandas(zero_copy_only=True)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('list_array_type', 'list_type_factory'),
                         [(pa.ListViewArray, pa.list_view),
                          (pa.LargeListViewArray, pa.large_list_view)])
def test_list_view_from_arrays(list_array_type, list_type_factory):
    # test in order offsets, similar to ListArray representation
    values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, None, 7]
    offsets = [0, 2, 4, 6]
    sizes = [2, 2, 2, 2]
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values)

    assert array.to_pylist() == [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [None, 7]]
    assert array.values.to_pylist() == values
    assert array.offsets.to_pylist() == offsets
    assert array.sizes.to_pylist() == sizes

    # with specified type
    typ = list_type_factory(pa.field("name", pa.int64()))
    result = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values, typ)
    assert result.type == typ
    assert result.type.value_field.name == "name"

    # with mismatching type
    typ = list_type_factory(pa.binary())
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values, type=typ)

    # test out of order offsets with overlapping values
    values = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    offsets = [2, 1, 0]
    sizes = [2, 2, 2]
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values)

    assert array.to_pylist() == [[3, 4], [2, 3], [1, 2]]
    assert array.values.to_pylist() == values
    assert array.offsets.to_pylist() == offsets
    assert array.sizes.to_pylist() == sizes

    # test null offsets and empty list values
    values = []
    offsets = [0, None]
    sizes = [0, 0]
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values)

    assert array.to_pylist() == [[], None]
    assert array.values.to_pylist() == values
    assert array.offsets.to_pylist() == [0, 0]
    assert array.sizes.to_pylist() == sizes

    # test null sizes and empty list values
    values = []
    offsets = [0, 0]
    sizes = [None, 0]
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values)

    assert array.to_pylist() == [None, []]
    assert array.values.to_pylist() == values
    assert array.offsets.to_pylist() == offsets
    assert array.sizes.to_pylist() == [0, 0]

    # test null bitmask
    values = [1, 2]
    offsets = [0, 0, 1]
    sizes = [1, 0, 1]
    mask = pa.array([False, True, False])
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values, mask=mask)

    assert array.to_pylist() == [[1], None, [2]]
    assert array.values.to_pylist() == values
    assert array.offsets.to_pylist() == offsets
    assert array.sizes.to_pylist() == sizes


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('list_array_type', 'list_type_factory'),
                         [(pa.ListViewArray, pa.list_view),
                          (pa.LargeListViewArray, pa.large_list_view)])
def test_list_view_from_arrays_fails(list_array_type, list_type_factory):
    values = [1, 2]
    offsets = [0, 1, None]
    sizes = [1, 1, 0]
    mask = pa.array([False, False, True])

    # Ambiguous to specify both validity map and offsets or sizes with nulls
    with pytest.raises(pa.lib.ArrowInvalid):
        list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values, mask=mask)

    offsets = [0, 1, 1]
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values, mask=mask)
    array_slice = array[1:]

    # List offsets and sizes must not be slices if a validity map is specified
    with pytest.raises(pa.lib.ArrowInvalid):
        list_array_type.from_arrays(
            array_slice.offsets, array_slice.sizes,
            array_slice.values, mask=array_slice.is_null())


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('list_array_type', 'list_type_factory', 'offset_type'),
                         [(pa.ListViewArray, pa.list_view, pa.int32()),
                          (pa.LargeListViewArray, pa.large_list_view, pa.int64())])
def test_list_view_flatten(list_array_type, list_type_factory, offset_type):
    arr0 = pa.array([
        1, None, 2,
        3, 4,
        5, 6,
        7, 8
    ], type=pa.int64())

    typ1 = list_type_factory(pa.int64())
    arr1 = pa.array([
        [1, None, 2],
        None,
        [3, 4],
        [],
        [5, 6],
        None,
        [7, 8]
    ], type=typ1)
    offsets1 = pa.array([0, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7], type=offset_type)
    sizes1 = pa.array([3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2], type=offset_type)

    typ2 = list_type_factory(
        list_type_factory(
            pa.int64()
        )
    )
    arr2 = pa.array([
        None,
        [
            [1, None, 2],
            None,
            [3, 4]
        ],
        [],
        [
            [],
            [5, 6],
            None
        ],
        [
            [7, 8]
        ]
    ], type=typ2)
    offsets2 = pa.array([0, 0, 3, 3, 6], type=offset_type)
    sizes2 = pa.array([0, 3, 0, 3, 1], type=offset_type)

    assert arr1.flatten().equals(arr0)
    assert arr1.offsets.equals(offsets1)
    assert arr1.sizes.equals(sizes1)
    assert arr1.values.equals(arr0)
    assert arr2.flatten().equals(arr1)
    assert arr2.offsets.equals(offsets2)
    assert arr2.sizes.equals(sizes2)
    assert arr2.values.equals(arr1)
    assert arr2.flatten().flatten().equals(arr0)
    assert arr2.values.values.equals(arr0)

    # test out of order offsets
    values = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    offsets = [3, 2, 1, 0]
    sizes = [1, 1, 1, 1]
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values)

    assert array.flatten().to_pylist() == [4, 3, 2, 1]

    # test null elements backed by non-empty sublists
    mask = pa.array([False, False, False, True])
    array = list_array_type.from_arrays(offsets, sizes, values, mask=mask)

    assert array.flatten().to_pylist() == [4, 3, 2]
    assert array.values.to_pylist() == [1, 2, 3, 4]


@pytest.mark.parametrize('list_view_type', [pa.ListViewArray, pa.LargeListViewArray])
def test_list_view_slice(list_view_type):
    # sliced -> values keeps referring to full values buffer, but offsets is
    # sliced as well so the offsets correctly point into the full values array
    # sliced -> flatten() will return the sliced value array.

    array = list_view_type.from_arrays(offsets=[0, 3, 4], sizes=[
                                       3, 1, 2], values=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
    sliced_array = array[1:]

    assert sliced_array.values.to_pylist() == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    assert sliced_array.offsets.to_pylist() == [3, 4]
    assert sliced_array.flatten().to_pylist() == [4, 5, 6]

    i = sliced_array.offsets[0].as_py()
    j = sliced_array.offsets[1].as_py()

    assert sliced_array[0].as_py() == sliced_array.values[i:j].to_pylist() == [4]