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ckpts/universal/global_step120/zero/10.attention.query_key_value.weight/exp_avg.pt

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+size 50332828

ckpts/universal/global_step120/zero/23.post_attention_layernorm.weight/exp_avg.pt

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+size 9372

ckpts/universal/global_step120/zero/23.post_attention_layernorm.weight/exp_avg_sq.pt

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+oid sha256:552f7b41d62cf60240a4300545947e080c170e5eb6293ccc3292eba26ac46f77
+size 9387

ckpts/universal/global_step120/zero/23.post_attention_layernorm.weight/fp32.pt

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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+size 9293

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/THC/THCAtomics.cuh

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+// TODO: Remove once torchvision has been updated to use the ATen header
+#include <ATen/cuda/Atomic.cuh>

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/THC/THCDeviceUtils.cuh

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+// TODO: Remove this header
+#include <ATen/cuda/DeviceUtils.cuh>

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/Backend.h

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/DeviceType.h>
+#include <c10/core/DispatchKey.h>
+#include <c10/core/DispatchKeySet.h>
+#include <c10/util/Exception.h>
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+/**
+ * This legacy enum class defines the set of backends supported by old school,
+ * code generated Type-based ATen.  A "backend" in this sense roughly
+ * corresponds to the cartesian product of (device type, layout), but restricted
+ * only to combinations which we actually have kernels for.  Backend does NOT
+ * include dtype.
+ *
+ * The reason we are sunsetting this enum class is because it doesn't allow for
+ * open registration; e.g., if you want to add SparseXLA, you'd have to
+ * edit this enum; you wouldn't be able to do it out of tree.  DispatchKey is
+ * the replacement for Backend which supports open registration.
+ *
+ * NB: The concept of 'Backend' here disagrees with the notion of backend
+ * exposed to users in torch.backends.  Backend here is something like "CPU"
+ * or "SparseCUDA"; backend in torch.backends is something like "MKL" or
+ * "CUDNN".
+ */
+enum class Backend {
+  CPU,
+  CUDA,
+  HIP,
+  VE,
+  FPGA,
+  IPU,
+  XPU,
+  SparseCPU,
+  SparseCUDA,
+  SparseCsrCPU,
+  SparseCsrCUDA,
+  SparseHIP,
+  SparseVE,
+  SparseXPU,
+  SparsePrivateUse1,
+  SparseCsrHIP,
+  SparseCsrVE,
+  SparseCsrXPU,
+  SparseCsrPrivateUse1,
+  ORT,
+  XLA,
+  Vulkan,
+  Metal,
+  Meta,
+  QuantizedCPU,
+  QuantizedCUDA,
+  QuantizedXPU,
+  QuantizedPrivateUse1,
+  Undefined,
+  MkldnnCPU,
+  MPS,
+  HPU,
+  Lazy,
+  MTIA,
+  PrivateUse1,
+  NumOptions
+};
+
+static inline Backend dispatchKeyToBackend(DispatchKey t) {
+  if (t == DispatchKey::CPU || t == DispatchKey::AutogradCPU) {
+    return Backend::CPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::CUDA || t == DispatchKey::AutogradCUDA) {
+    return Backend::CUDA;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::HIP) {
+    return Backend::HIP;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::VE) {
+    return Backend::VE;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::FPGA) {
+    return Backend::FPGA;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::ORT) {
+    return Backend::ORT;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::XLA || t == DispatchKey::AutogradXLA) {
+    return Backend::XLA;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::Lazy || t == DispatchKey::AutogradLazy) {
+    return Backend::Lazy;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::MPS || t == DispatchKey::AutogradMPS) {
+    return Backend::MPS;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::Vulkan) {
+    return Backend::Vulkan;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::Metal) {
+    return Backend::Metal;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::Meta) {
+    return Backend::Meta;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCPU) {
+    return Backend::SparseCPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCUDA) {
+    return Backend::SparseCUDA;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseHIP) {
+    return Backend::SparseHIP;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseVE) {
+    return Backend::SparseVE;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparsePrivateUse1) {
+    return Backend::SparsePrivateUse1;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCsrCPU) {
+    return Backend::SparseCsrCPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCsrCUDA) {
+    return Backend::SparseCsrCUDA;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCsrHIP) {
+    return Backend::SparseCsrHIP;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCsrVE) {
+    return Backend::SparseCsrVE;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCsrPrivateUse1) {
+    return Backend::SparseCsrPrivateUse1;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::MkldnnCPU) {
+    return Backend::MkldnnCPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::QuantizedCPU) {
+    return Backend::QuantizedCPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::QuantizedCUDA) {
+    return Backend::QuantizedCUDA;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::IPU || t == DispatchKey::AutogradIPU) {
+    return Backend::IPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::XPU || t == DispatchKey::AutogradXPU) {
+    return Backend::XPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseXPU) {
+    return Backend::SparseXPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::SparseCsrXPU) {
+    return Backend::SparseCsrXPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::QuantizedXPU) {
+    return Backend::QuantizedXPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::QuantizedPrivateUse1) {
+    return Backend::QuantizedPrivateUse1;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::HPU || t == DispatchKey::AutogradHPU) {
+    return Backend::HPU;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::MTIA || t == DispatchKey::AutogradMTIA) {
+    return Backend::MTIA;
+  } else if (
+      t == DispatchKey::PrivateUse1 || t == DispatchKey::AutogradPrivateUse1) {
+    return Backend::PrivateUse1;
+  } else if (t == DispatchKey::Undefined) {
+    return Backend::Undefined;
+  } else {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Unrecognized tensor type ID: ", t);
+  }
+}
+
+static inline DispatchKey backendToDispatchKey(Backend b) {
+  switch (b) {
+    case Backend::CPU:
+      return DispatchKey::CPU;
+    case Backend::CUDA:
+      return DispatchKey::CUDA;
+    case Backend::HIP:
+      return DispatchKey::HIP;
+    case Backend::VE:
+      return DispatchKey::VE;
+    case Backend::FPGA:
+      return DispatchKey::FPGA;
+    case Backend::ORT:
+      return DispatchKey::ORT;
+    case Backend::XLA:
+      return DispatchKey::XLA;
+    case Backend::Lazy:
+      return DispatchKey::Lazy;
+    case Backend::IPU:
+      return DispatchKey::IPU;
+    case Backend::XPU:
+      return DispatchKey::XPU;
+    case Backend::SparseXPU:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseXPU;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrXPU:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCsrXPU;
+    case Backend::SparseCPU:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCPU;
+    case Backend::SparseCUDA:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCUDA;
+    case Backend::SparseHIP:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseHIP;
+    case Backend::SparseVE:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseVE;
+    case Backend::SparsePrivateUse1:
+      return DispatchKey::SparsePrivateUse1;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCPU:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCsrCPU;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCUDA:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCsrCUDA;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrHIP:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCsrHIP;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrVE:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCsrVE;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrPrivateUse1:
+      return DispatchKey::SparseCsrPrivateUse1;
+    case Backend::MkldnnCPU:
+      return DispatchKey::MkldnnCPU;
+    case Backend::Vulkan:
+      return DispatchKey::Vulkan;
+    case Backend::Metal:
+      return DispatchKey::Metal;
+    case Backend::Meta:
+      return DispatchKey::Meta;
+    case Backend::QuantizedCPU:
+      return DispatchKey::QuantizedCPU;
+    case Backend::QuantizedCUDA:
+      return DispatchKey::QuantizedCUDA;
+    case Backend::QuantizedPrivateUse1:
+      return DispatchKey::QuantizedPrivateUse1;
+    case Backend::Undefined:
+      return DispatchKey::Undefined;
+    case Backend::MPS:
+      return DispatchKey::MPS;
+    case Backend::HPU:
+      return DispatchKey::HPU;
+    case Backend::MTIA:
+      return DispatchKey::MTIA;
+    case Backend::PrivateUse1:
+      return DispatchKey::PrivateUse1;
+    default:
+      throw std::runtime_error("Unknown backend");
+  }
+}
+
+static inline DeviceType backendToDeviceType(Backend b) {
+  switch (b) {
+    case Backend::CPU:
+    case Backend::MkldnnCPU:
+    case Backend::SparseCPU:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCPU:
+    case Backend::QuantizedCPU:
+      return DeviceType::CPU;
+    case Backend::CUDA:
+    case Backend::SparseCUDA:
+    case Backend::QuantizedCUDA:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCUDA:
+      return DeviceType::CUDA;
+    case Backend::HIP:
+      return DeviceType::HIP;
+    case Backend::VE:
+      return DeviceType::VE;
+    case Backend::FPGA:
+      return DeviceType::FPGA;
+    case Backend::ORT:
+      return DeviceType::ORT;
+    case Backend::XLA:
+      return DeviceType::XLA;
+    case Backend::Lazy:
+      return DeviceType::Lazy;
+    case Backend::SparseHIP:
+      return DeviceType::HIP;
+    case Backend::SparseVE:
+      return DeviceType::VE;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrHIP:
+      return DeviceType::HIP;
+    case Backend::SparseCsrVE:
+      return DeviceType::VE;
+    case Backend::IPU:
+      return DeviceType::IPU;
+    case Backend::XPU:
+    case Backend::SparseXPU:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrXPU:
+    case Backend::QuantizedXPU:
+      return DeviceType::XPU;
+    case Backend::Vulkan:
+      return DeviceType::Vulkan;
+    case Backend::Metal:
+      return DeviceType::Metal;
+    case Backend::Meta:
+      return DeviceType::Meta;
+    case Backend::MPS:
+      return DeviceType::MPS;
+    case Backend::HPU:
+      return DeviceType::HPU;
+    case Backend::MTIA:
+      return DeviceType::MTIA;
+    case Backend::PrivateUse1:
+    case Backend::SparsePrivateUse1:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrPrivateUse1:
+    case Backend::QuantizedPrivateUse1:
+      return DeviceType::PrivateUse1;
+    case Backend::Undefined:
+      TORCH_CHECK(false, "Undefined backend is not a valid device type");
+    default:
+      TORCH_CHECK(false, "Unknown backend");
+  }
+}
+
+// TODO: This probably shouldn't actually be static inline
+static inline const char* toString(Backend b) {
+  switch (b) {
+    case Backend::CPU:
+      return "CPU";
+    case Backend::CUDA:
+      return "CUDA";
+    case Backend::HIP:
+      return "HIP";
+    case Backend::VE:
+      return "VE";
+    case Backend::FPGA:
+      return "FPGA";
+    case Backend::XPU:
+      return "XPU";
+    case Backend::IPU:
+      return "IPU";
+    case Backend::ORT:
+      return "ORT";
+    case Backend::XLA:
+      return "XLA";
+    case Backend::Lazy:
+      return "Lazy";
+    case Backend::MPS:
+      return "MPS";
+    case Backend::SparseCPU:
+      return "SparseCPU";
+    case Backend::SparseCUDA:
+      return "SparseCUDA";
+    case Backend::SparseHIP:
+      return "SparseHIP";
+    case Backend::SparseVE:
+      return "SparseVE";
+    case Backend::SparseXPU:
+      return "SparseXPU";
+    case Backend::SparsePrivateUse1:
+      return "SparsePrivateUse1";
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCPU:
+      return "SparseCsrCPU";
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCUDA:
+      return "SparseCsrCUDA";
+    case Backend::SparseCsrHIP:
+      return "SparseCsrHIP";
+    case Backend::SparseCsrVE:
+      return "SparseCsrVE";
+    case Backend::SparseCsrXPU:
+      return "SparseCsrXPU";
+    case Backend::SparseCsrPrivateUse1:
+      return "SparseCsrPrivateUse1";
+    case Backend::MkldnnCPU:
+      return "MkldnnCPU";
+    case Backend::Vulkan:
+      return "Vulkan";
+    case Backend::Metal:
+      return "Metal";
+    case Backend::Meta:
+      return "Meta";
+    case Backend::QuantizedCPU:
+      return "QuantizedCPU";
+    case Backend::QuantizedCUDA:
+      return "QuantizedCUDA";
+    case Backend::QuantizedXPU:
+      return "QuantizedXPU";
+    case Backend::QuantizedPrivateUse1:
+      return "QuantizedPrivateUse1";
+    case Backend::HPU:
+      return "HPU";
+    case Backend::MTIA:
+      return "MTIA";
+    case Backend::PrivateUse1:
+      return "PrivateUseOne";
+    default:
+      return "UNKNOWN_BACKEND";
+  }
+}
+
+static inline bool isSparse(Backend b) {
+  switch (b) {
+    case Backend::SparseXPU:
+    case Backend::SparseCPU:
+    case Backend::SparseCUDA:
+    case Backend::SparseHIP:
+    case Backend::SparseVE:
+    case Backend::SparsePrivateUse1:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+static inline bool isSparseCsr(Backend b) {
+  switch (b) {
+    case Backend::SparseCsrXPU:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCPU:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrCUDA:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrHIP:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrVE:
+    case Backend::SparseCsrPrivateUse1:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/CPUAllocator.h

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include <c10/core/Allocator.h>
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+#include <c10/util/Flags.h>
+
+// TODO: rename to c10
+C10_DECLARE_bool(caffe2_report_cpu_memory_usage);
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+using MemoryDeleter = void (*)(void*);
+
+// A helper function that is basically doing nothing.
+C10_API void NoDelete(void*);
+
+// A simple struct that is used to report C10's memory allocation,
+// deallocation status and out-of-memory events to the profiler
+class C10_API ProfiledCPUMemoryReporter {
+ public:
+  ProfiledCPUMemoryReporter() = default;
+  void New(void* ptr, size_t nbytes);
+  void OutOfMemory(size_t nbytes);
+  void Delete(void* ptr);
+
+ private:
+  std::mutex mutex_;
+  std::unordered_map<void*, size_t> size_table_;
+  size_t allocated_ = 0;
+  size_t log_cnt_ = 0;
+};
+
+C10_API ProfiledCPUMemoryReporter& profiledCPUMemoryReporter();
+
+// Get the CPU Allocator.
+C10_API at::Allocator* GetCPUAllocator();
+// Sets the CPU allocator to the given allocator: the caller gives away the
+// ownership of the pointer.
+C10_API void SetCPUAllocator(at::Allocator* alloc, uint8_t priority = 0);
+
+// Get the Default CPU Allocator
+C10_API at::Allocator* GetDefaultCPUAllocator();
+
+// Get the Default Mobile CPU Allocator
+C10_API at::Allocator* GetDefaultMobileCPUAllocator();
+
+// The CPUCachingAllocator is experimental and might disappear in the future.
+// The only place that uses it is in StaticRuntime.
+// Set the CPU Caching Allocator
+C10_API void SetCPUCachingAllocator(Allocator* alloc, uint8_t priority = 0);
+// Get the CPU Caching Allocator
+C10_API Allocator* GetCPUCachingAllocator();
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/CompileTimeFunctionPointer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/util/TypeTraits.h>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+/**
+ * Represent a function pointer as a C++ type.
+ * This allows using the function pointer as a type
+ * in a template and calling it from inside the template
+ * allows the compiler to inline the call because it
+ * knows the function pointer at compile time.
+ *
+ * Example 1:
+ *  int add(int a, int b) {return a + b;}
+ *  using Add = TORCH_FN_TYPE(add);
+ *  template<class Func> struct Executor {
+ *    int execute(int a, int b) {
+ *      return Func::func_ptr()(a, b);
+ *    }
+ *  };
+ *  Executor<Add> executor;
+ *  EXPECT_EQ(3, executor.execute(1, 2));
+ *
+ * Example 2:
+ *  int add(int a, int b) {return a + b;}
+ *  template<class Func> int execute(Func, int a, int b) {
+ *    return Func::func_ptr()(a, b);
+ *  }
+ *  EXPECT_EQ(3, execute(TORCH_FN(add), 1, 2));
+ */
+template <class FuncType_, FuncType_* func_ptr_>
+struct CompileTimeFunctionPointer final {
+  static_assert(
+      guts::is_function_type<FuncType_>::value,
+      "TORCH_FN can only wrap function types.");
+  using FuncType = FuncType_;
+
+  static constexpr FuncType* func_ptr() {
+    return func_ptr_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct is_compile_time_function_pointer : std::false_type {};
+template <class FuncType, FuncType* func_ptr>
+struct is_compile_time_function_pointer<
+    CompileTimeFunctionPointer<FuncType, func_ptr>> : std::true_type {};
+
+} // namespace c10
+
+#define TORCH_FN_TYPE(func)                                           \
+  ::c10::CompileTimeFunctionPointer<                                  \
+      std::remove_pointer_t<std::remove_reference_t<decltype(func)>>, \
+      func>
+#define TORCH_FN(func) TORCH_FN_TYPE(func)()

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/Contiguity.h

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <c10/core/SymBool.h>
+#include <c10/core/SymInt.h>
+#include <c10/util/ArrayRef.h>
+#include <c10/util/SmallVector.h>
+#include <c10/util/irange.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+template <typename T>
+bool _compute_contiguous(ArrayRef<T> sizes, ArrayRef<T> strides, T numel) {
+  bool is_contiguous = true;
+  if (TORCH_GUARD_SIZE_OBLIVIOUS(sym_eq(numel, 0))) {
+    return is_contiguous;
+  }
+  T z = 1;
+  // NB: make sure we do signed arithmetic
+  for (int64_t d = int64_t(sizes.size()) - 1; d >= 0; d--) {
+    const auto& size_d = sizes[d];
+    if (TORCH_GUARD_SIZE_OBLIVIOUS(sym_ne(size_d, 1))) {
+      if (TORCH_GUARD_SIZE_OBLIVIOUS(sym_eq(strides[d], z))) {
+        z *= size_d;
+      } else {
+        is_contiguous = false;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return is_contiguous;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+bool _compute_channels_last_contiguous_2d(
+    ArrayRef<T> sizes,
+    ArrayRef<T> strides) {
+  // Please don't combine these code, constant array is used here to let
+  // compiler fully unroll the loop to get better performance
+  switch (sizes.size()) {
+    case 4: {
+      T expected = 1;
+      for (auto& d : {1, 3, 2, 0}) {
+        const auto& size_d = sizes[d];
+        if (TORCH_GUARD_SIZE_OBLIVIOUS(sym_ne(size_d, 1))) {
+          if (TORCH_GUARD_SIZE_OBLIVIOUS(sym_ne(strides[d], expected))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          expected *= size_d;
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-branch-clone)
+    case 3:
+      // TODO dim == 3 case will be enabled once it is fully tested
+      return false;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+bool _compute_channels_last_contiguous_3d(
+    ArrayRef<T> sizes,
+    ArrayRef<T> strides) {
+  // Please don't combine these code, constant array is used here to let
+  // compiler fully unroll the loop to get better performance
+  switch (sizes.size()) {
+    case 5: {
+      T expected = 1;
+      for (auto& d : {1, 4, 3, 2, 0}) {
+        const auto& size_d = sizes[d];
+        if (TORCH_GUARD_SIZE_OBLIVIOUS(sym_ne(size_d, 1))) {
+          if (TORCH_GUARD_SIZE_OBLIVIOUS(sym_ne(strides[d], expected))) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          expected *= size_d;
+        }
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-branch-clone)
+    case 4:
+      // TODO dim == 4 case will be enabled once it is fully tested
+      return false;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+bool _compute_non_overlapping_and_dense(
+    ArrayRef<T> sizes,
+    ArrayRef<T> strides) {
+  auto dim = sizes.size();
+  if (dim == 1) {
+    return sizes[0] < 2 || strides[0] == 1;
+  }
+  SmallVector<int64_t, 5> perm;
+  perm.resize(dim);
+  for (const auto i : c10::irange(dim)) {
+    perm[i] = i;
+  }
+  // Sort by strides, leaving 0 and 1 sized dims at the end of the array
+  std::sort(perm.begin(), perm.end(), [&](int64_t a, int64_t b) {
+    if (sizes[a] < 2) {
+      return false;
+    } else if (sizes[b] < 2) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return strides[a] < strides[b];
+  });
+  T require_stride = 1;
+  for (const auto i : c10::irange(dim)) {
+    const auto& size_perm_i = sizes[perm[i]];
+    if (size_perm_i < 2) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (strides[perm[i]] != require_stride) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    require_stride *= size_perm_i;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/DefaultTensorOptions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/Device.h>
+#include <c10/core/DeviceType.h>
+#include <c10/core/Layout.h>
+#include <c10/core/ScalarType.h>
+#include <c10/util/typeid.h>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+struct TensorOptions;
+
+/// Like TensorOptions, but all fields are guaranteed to be filled.
+struct DefaultTensorOptions {
+  DefaultTensorOptions() = default;
+
+  caffe2::TypeMeta dtype() const noexcept {
+    return dtype_;
+  }
+  Device device() const noexcept {
+    return device_;
+  }
+  Layout layout() const noexcept {
+    return layout_;
+  }
+  bool requires_grad() const noexcept {
+    return requires_grad_;
+  }
+
+  // Defined in TensorOptions.h
+  inline DefaultTensorOptions& merge(const TensorOptions& options);
+
+ private:
+  caffe2::TypeMeta dtype_ = caffe2::TypeMeta::Make<float>(); // 64-bit
+  Device device_ = at::kCPU; // 32-bit
+  Layout layout_ = at::kStrided; // 8-bit
+  bool requires_grad_ = false; // 8-bit
+};
+
+inline const DefaultTensorOptions& getDefaultTensorOptions() {
+  static const auto options = DefaultTensorOptions();
+  return options;
+}
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/DeviceGuard.h

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/Device.h>
+#include <c10/core/impl/DeviceGuardImplInterface.h>
+#include <c10/core/impl/InlineDeviceGuard.h>
+#include <c10/core/impl/VirtualGuardImpl.h>
+#include <c10/util/Optional.h>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+/// RAII guard that sets a certain default device in its constructor, and
+/// changes it back to the device that was originally active upon destruction.
+///
+/// The device is always reset to the one that was active at the time of
+/// construction of the guard. Even if you `set_device` after construction, the
+/// destructor will still reset the device to the one that was active at
+/// construction time.
+///
+/// This device guard does NOT have an uninitialized state; it is guaranteed
+/// to reset a device on exit.  If you are in a situation where you *might*
+/// want to setup a guard (i.e., are looking for the moral equivalent
+/// of optional<DeviceGuard>), see OptionalDeviceGuard.
+class DeviceGuard {
+ public:
+  /// No default constructor; see Note [Omitted default constructor from RAII]
+  explicit DeviceGuard() = delete;
+
+  /// Set the current device to the passed Device.
+  explicit DeviceGuard(Device device) : guard_(device) {}
+
+  /// This constructor is for testing only.
+  explicit DeviceGuard(
+      Device device,
+      const impl::DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl)
+      : guard_(device, impl) {}
+
+  /// Copy is disallowed
+  DeviceGuard(const DeviceGuard&) = delete;
+  DeviceGuard& operator=(const DeviceGuard&) = delete;
+
+  /// Move is disallowed, as DeviceGuard does not have an uninitialized state,
+  /// which is required for moves on types with nontrivial destructors.
+  DeviceGuard(DeviceGuard&& other) = delete;
+  DeviceGuard& operator=(DeviceGuard&& other) = delete;
+
+  /// Sets the device to the given one.  The specified device must be consistent
+  /// with the device type originally specified during guard construction.
+  ///
+  /// TODO: The consistency check here is inconsistent with StreamGuard's
+  /// behavior with set_stream, where a stream on a different device than
+  /// the original one isn't an error; we just reset the stream and then
+  /// switch devices.
+  void reset_device(at::Device device) {
+    guard_.reset_device(device);
+  }
+
+  /// This method is for testing only.
+  void reset_device(
+      at::Device device,
+      const impl::DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl) {
+    guard_.reset_device(device, impl);
+  }
+
+  /// Sets the device index to the given one.  The device type is inferred
+  /// from the original device type the guard was constructed with.
+  void set_index(DeviceIndex index) {
+    guard_.set_index(index);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the device that was set at the time the guard was constructed.
+  Device original_device() const {
+    return guard_.original_device();
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the most recent device that was set using this device guard,
+  /// either from construction, or via set_device.
+  Device current_device() const {
+    return guard_.current_device();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  impl::InlineDeviceGuard<impl::VirtualGuardImpl> guard_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A OptionalDeviceGuard is an RAII class that sets a device to some value on
+ * initialization, and resets the device to its original value on destruction.
+ * Morally, a OptionalDeviceGuard is equivalent to optional<DeviceGuard>, but
+ * with extra constructors and methods as appropriate.
+ *
+ * Besides its obvious use (optionally applying a DeviceGuard),
+ * OptionalDeviceGuard is often also used for the following idiom:
+ *
+ *    OptionalDeviceGuard g;
+ *    for (const auto& t : tensors) {
+ *      g.set_device(t.device());
+ *      do_something_with(t);
+ *    }
+ *
+ * This usage is marginally more efficient than constructing a DeviceGuard every
+ * iteration of the for loop, as it avoids an unnecessary device reset.
+ *
+ * Unlike DeviceGuard, a OptionalDeviceGuard may be uninitialized.  This occurs
+ * when you use the nullary constructor, or pass a nullopt to the constructor.
+ * Uninitialized OptionalDeviceGuards do *nothing*; they do not know what the
+ * original device was and they do not reset on destruction.  This is why
+ * original_device() and current_device() return optional<Device> rather than
+ * Device (as they do in DeviceGuard), and also is why we didn't just
+ * provide OptionalDeviceGuard by default and hide DeviceGuard from users.
+ *
+ * The semantics of an OptionalDeviceGuard are exactly explained by thinking
+ * of it as an optional<DeviceGuard>.  In particular, an initialized
+ * OptionalDeviceGuard doesn't restore device to its value at construction; it
+ * restores device to its value *at initialization*.  So if you have the
+ * program:
+ *
+ *     setDevice(1);
+ *     OptionalDeviceGuard g;
+ *     setDevice(2);
+ *     g.reset_device(Device(DeviceType::CUDA, 3));  // initializes!
+ *
+ * On destruction, g will reset device to 2, rather than 1.
+ *
+ * An uninitialized OptionalDeviceGuard is distinct from a (initialized)
+ * DeviceGuard whose original_device_ and current_device_ match, since the
+ * DeviceGuard will still reset the device to original_device_.
+ */
+class OptionalDeviceGuard {
+ public:
+  /// Create an uninitialized guard.  Set the guard later using reset_device.
+  explicit OptionalDeviceGuard() = default;
+
+  /// Initialize the guard, setting the current device to the passed Device.
+  explicit OptionalDeviceGuard(Device device) : guard_(device) {}
+
+  /// Initialize the guard if a Device is passed; otherwise leave the
+  /// guard uninitialized.
+  explicit OptionalDeviceGuard(optional<Device> device) : guard_(device) {}
+
+  /// Constructor for testing only.
+  explicit OptionalDeviceGuard(
+      Device device,
+      const impl::DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl)
+      : guard_(device, impl) {}
+
+  /// Copy is disallowed
+  OptionalDeviceGuard(const OptionalDeviceGuard&) = delete;
+  OptionalDeviceGuard& operator=(const OptionalDeviceGuard&) = delete;
+
+  /// Move is disallowed
+  /// See Note [Explicit initialization of optional fields]
+  /// and // Note [Move construction for RAII guards is tricky]
+  /// for rationale.
+  OptionalDeviceGuard(OptionalDeviceGuard&& other) = delete;
+  OptionalDeviceGuard& operator=(OptionalDeviceGuard&& other) = delete;
+
+  /// Sets the device to the given one.  The specified device must be consistent
+  /// with the device type originally specified during guard construction.
+  void reset_device(at::Device device) {
+    guard_.reset_device(device);
+  }
+
+  /// For testing only
+  void reset_device(
+      at::Device device,
+      const impl::DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl) {
+    guard_.reset_device(device, impl);
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the device that was set at the time the guard was constructed.
+  optional<Device> original_device() const {
+    return guard_.original_device();
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the most recent device that was set using this device guard,
+  /// either from construction, or via reset_device.
+  optional<Device> current_device() const {
+    return guard_.current_device();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  impl::InlineOptionalDeviceGuard<impl::VirtualGuardImpl> guard_{};
+};
+
+// Note [Whither the DeviceGuard boilerplate]
+// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+// Design note: in principle, we could avoid these wrappers using:
+//
+// using DeviceGuard = impl::InlineDeviceGuard<impl::VirtualGuardImpl>;
+// using OptionalDeviceGuard =
+// impl::InlineOptionalDeviceGuard<impl::VirtualGuardImpl>;
+//
+// But the error messages are worse, and our users can't just look at the
+// header file to find out what's going on.  Furthermore, for specializations
+// like CUDAStreamGuard, it can be profitable to replace some interfaces with
+// refined types (e.g., return CUDAStream instead of Stream).  So, we eat
+// the boilerplate and write out the API explicitly.
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/DeviceType.h

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// This is directly synchronized with caffe2/proto/caffe2.proto, but
+// doesn't require me to figure out how to get Protobuf headers into
+// ATen/core (which would require a lot more build system hacking.)
+// If you modify me, keep me synchronized with that file.
+
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+// These contains all device types that also have a BackendComponent
+// and therefore participate in per-backend functionality dispatch keys.
+// This is most backends except PrivateUse2 and PrivateUse3
+#define C10_FORALL_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPES(_, extra) \
+  _(CPU, extra)                                   \
+  _(CUDA, extra)                                  \
+  _(HIP, extra)                                   \
+  _(XLA, extra)                                   \
+  _(MPS, extra)                                   \
+  _(IPU, extra)                                   \
+  _(XPU, extra)                                   \
+  _(HPU, extra)                                   \
+  _(VE, extra)                                    \
+  _(Lazy, extra)                                  \
+  _(Meta, extra)                                  \
+  _(MTIA, extra)                                  \
+  _(PrivateUse1, extra)
+
+enum class DeviceType : int8_t {
+  CPU = 0,
+  CUDA = 1, // CUDA.
+  MKLDNN = 2, // Reserved for explicit MKLDNN
+  OPENGL = 3, // OpenGL
+  OPENCL = 4, // OpenCL
+  IDEEP = 5, // IDEEP.
+  HIP = 6, // AMD HIP
+  FPGA = 7, // FPGA
+  ORT = 8, // ONNX Runtime / Microsoft
+  XLA = 9, // XLA / TPU
+  Vulkan = 10, // Vulkan
+  Metal = 11, // Metal
+  XPU = 12, // XPU
+  MPS = 13, // MPS
+  Meta = 14, // Meta (tensors with no data)
+  HPU = 15, // HPU / HABANA
+  VE = 16, // SX-Aurora / NEC
+  Lazy = 17, // Lazy Tensors
+  IPU = 18, // Graphcore IPU
+  MTIA = 19, // Meta training and inference devices
+  PrivateUse1 = 20, // PrivateUse1 device
+  // NB: If you add more devices:
+  //  - Change the implementations of DeviceTypeName and isValidDeviceType
+  //    in DeviceType.cpp
+  //  - Change the number below
+  COMPILE_TIME_MAX_DEVICE_TYPES = 21,
+};
+
+constexpr DeviceType kCPU = DeviceType::CPU;
+constexpr DeviceType kCUDA = DeviceType::CUDA;
+constexpr DeviceType kHIP = DeviceType::HIP;
+constexpr DeviceType kFPGA = DeviceType::FPGA;
+constexpr DeviceType kORT = DeviceType::ORT;
+constexpr DeviceType kXLA = DeviceType::XLA;
+constexpr DeviceType kMPS = DeviceType::MPS;
+constexpr DeviceType kMeta = DeviceType::Meta;
+constexpr DeviceType kVulkan = DeviceType::Vulkan;
+constexpr DeviceType kMetal = DeviceType::Metal;
+constexpr DeviceType kXPU = DeviceType::XPU;
+constexpr DeviceType kHPU = DeviceType::HPU;
+constexpr DeviceType kVE = DeviceType::VE;
+constexpr DeviceType kLazy = DeviceType::Lazy;
+constexpr DeviceType kIPU = DeviceType::IPU;
+constexpr DeviceType kMTIA = DeviceType::MTIA;
+constexpr DeviceType kPrivateUse1 = DeviceType::PrivateUse1;
+
+// define explicit int constant
+constexpr int COMPILE_TIME_MAX_DEVICE_TYPES =
+    static_cast<int>(DeviceType::COMPILE_TIME_MAX_DEVICE_TYPES);
+
+static_assert(
+    COMPILE_TIME_MAX_DEVICE_TYPES <= 21,
+    "Hey!  You seem to be adding a lot of new DeviceTypes.  The intent was "
+    "for this constant to reflect the actual number of DeviceTypes we support "
+    "in PyTorch; it's important that this number is not too large as we "
+    "use this to allocate stack arrays in some places in our code.  If you "
+    "are indeed just adding the 20th device type, feel free to change "
+    "the check to 32; but if you are adding some sort of extensible device "
+    "types registration, please be aware that you are affecting code that "
+    "this number is small.  Try auditing uses of this constant.");
+
+C10_API std::string DeviceTypeName(DeviceType d, bool lower_case = false);
+
+C10_API bool isValidDeviceType(DeviceType d);
+
+C10_API std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, DeviceType type);
+
+C10_API void register_privateuse1_backend(const std::string& backend_name);
+C10_API std::string get_privateuse1_backend(bool lower_case = true);
+
+C10_API bool is_privateuse1_backend_registered();
+
+} // namespace c10
+
+namespace std {
+template <>
+struct hash<c10::DeviceType> {
+  std::size_t operator()(c10::DeviceType k) const {
+    return std::hash<int>()(static_cast<int>(k));
+  }
+};
+} // namespace std
+
+namespace torch {
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(misc-unused-using-decls)
+using c10::DeviceType;
+} // namespace torch

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/GeneratorImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <mutex>
+
+#include <c10/core/Device.h>
+#include <c10/core/DispatchKeySet.h>
+#include <c10/core/TensorImpl.h>
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+#include <c10/util/intrusive_ptr.h>
+#include <c10/util/python_stub.h>
+
+/**
+ * Note [Generator]
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ * A Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) is an engine that uses an algorithm
+ * to generate a seemingly random sequence of numbers, that may be later be used
+ * in creating a random distribution. Such an engine almost always maintains a
+ * state and requires a seed to start off the creation of random numbers. Often
+ * times, users have found it beneficial to be able to explicitly create,
+ * retain, and destroy PRNG states and also be able to have control over the
+ * seed value.
+ *
+ * A Generator in ATen gives users the ability to read, write and modify a PRNG
+ * engine. For instance, it does so by letting users seed a PRNG engine, fork
+ * the state of the engine, etc.
+ *
+ * By default, there is one generator per device, and a device's generator is
+ * lazily created. A user can use the torch.Generator() api to create their own
+ * generator. Currently torch.Generator() can only create a CPUGeneratorImpl.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Note [Acquire lock when using random generators]
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ * Generator and its derived classes are NOT thread-safe. Please note that most
+ * of the places where we have inserted locking for generators are historically
+ * based, and we haven't actually checked that everything is truly thread safe
+ * (and it probably isn't). Please use the public mutex_ when using any methods
+ * from these classes, except for the read-only methods. You can learn about the
+ * usage by looking into the unittests (aten/src/ATen/cpu_generator_test.cpp)
+ * and other places where we have used lock_guard.
+ *
+ * TODO: Look into changing the threading semantics of Generators in ATen (e.g.,
+ * making them non-thread safe and instead making the generator state
+ * splittable, to accommodate forks into other threads).
+ */
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+// The default seed is selected to be a large number
+// with good distribution of 0s and 1s in bit representation
+constexpr uint64_t default_rng_seed_val = 67280421310721;
+
+struct C10_API GeneratorImpl : public c10::intrusive_ptr_target {
+  // Constructors
+  GeneratorImpl(Device device_in, DispatchKeySet key_set);
+
+  // Delete all copy and move assignment in favor of clone()
+  // method
+  GeneratorImpl(const GeneratorImpl& other) = delete;
+  GeneratorImpl(GeneratorImpl&& other) = delete;
+  GeneratorImpl& operator=(const GeneratorImpl& other) = delete;
+
+  ~GeneratorImpl() override = default;
+  c10::intrusive_ptr<GeneratorImpl> clone() const;
+
+  // Common methods for all generators
+  virtual void set_current_seed(uint64_t seed) = 0;
+  virtual void set_offset(uint64_t offset) = 0;
+  virtual uint64_t get_offset() const = 0;
+  virtual uint64_t current_seed() const = 0;
+  virtual uint64_t seed() = 0;
+  virtual void set_state(const c10::TensorImpl& new_state) = 0;
+  virtual c10::intrusive_ptr<c10::TensorImpl> get_state() const = 0;
+  Device device() const;
+
+  // See Note [Acquire lock when using random generators]
+  std::mutex mutex_;
+
+  DispatchKeySet key_set() const {
+    return key_set_;
+  }
+
+  inline void set_pyobj(PyObject* pyobj) noexcept {
+    pyobj_ = pyobj;
+  }
+
+  inline PyObject* pyobj() const noexcept {
+    return pyobj_;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Device device_;
+  DispatchKeySet key_set_;
+  PyObject* pyobj_ = nullptr;
+
+  virtual GeneratorImpl* clone_impl() const = 0;
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+C10_API uint64_t getNonDeterministicRandom(bool is_cuda = false);
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/SymNodeImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+#include <c10/util/ArrayRef.h>
+#include <c10/util/Exception.h>
+#include <c10/util/Optional.h>
+#include <c10/util/intrusive_ptr.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+class SymNodeImpl;
+using SymNode = c10::intrusive_ptr<SymNodeImpl>;
+
+// When you add a method, you also need to edit
+// torch/csrc/jit/python/init.cpp
+// torch/csrc/utils/python_symnode.h
+// c10/core/ConstantSymNodeImpl.h
+class C10_API SymNodeImpl : public c10::intrusive_ptr_target {
+ public:
+  ~SymNodeImpl() override = default;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  c10::intrusive_ptr<T> dyn_cast() const {
+    return c10::intrusive_ptr<T>::reclaim_copy(dynamic_cast<T*>(this));
+  }
+
+  // these could be pure virtual when we implement LTC versions
+  virtual bool is_int() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual bool is_bool() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual bool is_float() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual bool is_nested_int() const {
+    return false;
+  };
+  virtual SymNode add(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sub(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode mul(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode truediv(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode pow(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode floordiv(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode mod(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode eq(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode ne(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode gt(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode lt(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode le(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode ge(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode ceil() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode floor() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode neg() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sym_min(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sym_max(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sym_or(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sym_and(const SymNode& other) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sym_not() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sym_ite(const SymNode& then_val, const SymNode& else_val) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  // NB: self is ignored here, only the arguments are used
+  virtual SymNode is_contiguous(
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> sizes,
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> strides) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode is_channels_last_contiguous_2d(
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> sizes,
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> strides) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode is_channels_last_contiguous_3d(
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> sizes,
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> strides) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode is_channels_last_strides_2d(
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> sizes,
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> strides) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode is_channels_last_strides_3d(
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> sizes,
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> strides) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode is_non_overlapping_and_dense(
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> sizes,
+      ArrayRef<SymNode> strides) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode clone() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode sym_float() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  }
+  virtual SymNode wrap_int(int64_t num) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode wrap_float(double num) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual SymNode wrap_bool(bool num) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual int64_t guard_int(const char* file, int64_t line) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual bool guard_bool(const char* file, int64_t line) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual double guard_float(const char* file, int64_t line) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual bool guard_size_oblivious(const char* file, int64_t line) {
+    // No improvement for unbacked SymBools by default, replace this
+    // with a better implementation!
+    return guard_bool(file, line);
+  }
+  virtual bool expect_true(const char* file, int64_t line) {
+    // No improvement for unbacked SymBools by default, replace this
+    // with a better implementation!
+    return guard_bool(file, line);
+  };
+  virtual bool expect_size(const char* file, int64_t line) {
+    // No improvement for unbacked SymInts by default, replace this
+    // with a better implementation!
+    return ge(wrap_int(0))->guard_bool(file, line);
+  };
+  virtual int64_t int_() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual bool bool_() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual bool has_hint() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual std::string str() {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "NYI");
+  };
+  virtual c10::optional<int64_t> nested_int() {
+    return c10::nullopt;
+  }
+  virtual c10::optional<int64_t> nested_int_coeff() {
+    return c10::nullopt;
+  }
+  virtual c10::optional<int64_t> constant_int() {
+    return c10::nullopt;
+  }
+  virtual c10::optional<bool> constant_bool() {
+    return c10::nullopt;
+  }
+  virtual c10::optional<int64_t> maybe_as_int() {
+    return c10::nullopt;
+  }
+  virtual bool is_constant() {
+    return false;
+  }
+  virtual bool is_symbolic() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os) {
+    os << str();
+    return os;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/UndefinedTensorImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/MemoryFormat.h>
+#include <c10/core/SymIntArrayRef.h>
+#include <c10/core/TensorImpl.h>
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+#include <c10/util/ArrayRef.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+struct C10_API UndefinedTensorImpl final : public TensorImpl {
+ public:
+  // Without this, we get:
+  //  error: identifier "at::UndefinedTensorImpl::_singleton" is undefined in
+  //  device code
+  // (ostensibly because the constexpr tricks MSVC into trying to compile this
+  // function for device as well).
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  static inline TensorImpl* singleton() {
+#else
+  static constexpr inline TensorImpl* singleton() {
+#endif
+    return &_singleton;
+  }
+#ifdef DEBUG
+  bool has_storage() const override;
+#endif
+  void set_storage_offset(int64_t offset) override;
+
+ protected:
+  bool is_contiguous_custom(MemoryFormat format) const override;
+  IntArrayRef strides_custom() const override;
+  SymIntArrayRef sym_strides_custom() const override;
+
+ private:
+  UndefinedTensorImpl();
+  static UndefinedTensorImpl _singleton;
+  const char* tensorimpl_type_name() const override;
+};
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/COW.h

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/macros/Macros.h>
+#include <c10/util/intrusive_ptr.h>
+
+namespace c10 {
+struct StorageImpl;
+class DataPtr;
+}; // namespace c10
+
+namespace c10::impl::cow {
+
+// Creates a Copy-on-write (COW) clone of the given storage. This will also
+// convert the given storage into a COW storage if it is not COW already.
+//
+// Converting the storage into a COW storage will not be successful if the
+// storage's DataPtr has some context (`DataPtr::get_context()`) which is not
+// equal to the data pointer (`DataPtr::get()`). In this case, a nullptr is
+// returned.
+C10_API c10::intrusive_ptr<StorageImpl> lazy_clone_storage(
+    StorageImpl& storage);
+
+// Check if a storage has a simple DataPtr with no abnormal context
+C10_API bool has_simple_data_ptr(const c10::StorageImpl& storage);
+
+// Check if a DataPtr is COW
+C10_API bool is_cow_data_ptr(const c10::DataPtr& data_ptr);
+
+// Eagerly copies a COW storage's data, turning it into a non-COW storage.
+C10_API void materialize_cow_storage(StorageImpl& storage);
+
+} // namespace c10::impl::cow

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/COWDeleter.h

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+#include <c10/util/UniqueVoidPtr.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <shared_mutex>
+#include <variant>
+
+namespace c10::impl::cow {
+
+// A COWDeleterContext object is used as the `ctx` argument for DataPtr
+// to implement a Copy-on-write (COW) DataPtr.
+class C10_API COWDeleterContext {
+ public:
+  // Creates an instance, holding the pair of data and original
+  // deleter.
+  //
+  // Note that the deleter will only be called in our destructor if
+  // the last reference to this goes away without getting
+  // materialized.
+  explicit COWDeleterContext(std::unique_ptr<void, DeleterFnPtr> data);
+
+  // Increments the current refcount.
+  void increment_refcount();
+
+  // See README.md in this directory to understand the locking
+  // strategy.
+
+  // Represents a reference to the context.
+  //
+  // This is returned by decrement_refcount to allow the caller to
+  // copy the data under the shared lock.
+  using NotLastReference = std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex>;
+
+  // Represents the last reference to the context.
+  //
+  // This will be returned by decrement_refcount when it is the last
+  // reference remaining and after any pending copies have completed.
+  using LastReference = std::unique_ptr<void, DeleterFnPtr>;
+
+  // Decrements the refcount, returning a handle indicating what to
+  // do with it.
+  std::variant<NotLastReference, LastReference> decrement_refcount();
+
+ private:
+  // The destructor is hidden, this should only ever be used within
+  // UniqueVoidPtr using cow::delete_context as the deleter.
+  ~COWDeleterContext();
+
+  std::shared_mutex mutex_;
+  std::unique_ptr<void, DeleterFnPtr> data_;
+  std::atomic<std::int64_t> refcount_ = 1;
+};
+
+// `cow_deleter` is used as the `ctx_deleter` for DataPtr to implement a COW
+// DataPtr.
+//
+// Warning: This should only be called on a pointer to a COWDeleterContext that
+// was allocated on the heap with `new`, because when the refcount reaches 0,
+// the context is deleted with `delete`.
+C10_API void cow_deleter(void* ctx);
+
+} // namespace c10::impl::cow

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/DeviceGuardImplInterface.h

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/Device.h>
+#include <c10/core/DeviceType.h>
+#include <c10/core/Stream.h>
+#include <c10/util/Exception.h>
+
+// Just for C10_ANONYMOUS_VARIABLE
+#include <c10/util/Registry.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+// Forward declaration
+class DataPtr;
+
+/**
+ * Flags defining the behavior of events.
+ *
+ * PYTORCH_DEFAULT and BACKEND_DEFAULT are valid for all backends. The
+ * BACKEND_DEFAULT is what a particular backend would select if no
+ * flags were given. PYTORCH_DEFAULT is the PyTorch's framework default
+ * choice for events on that backend, which may not be the same. For example,
+ * when PyTorch creates a CUDA event it sets the flag
+ * CUDA_EVENT_DISABLING_TIMING by default to improve performance.
+ *
+ * The mapping of PYTORCH_DEFAULT and BACKEND_DEFAULT is done by each
+ * backend implementation. Backend-specific flags, like CUDA_EVENT_DEFAULT,
+ * should map one-to-one with actual event flags for those backends.
+ */
+enum class EventFlag {
+  PYTORCH_DEFAULT,
+  BACKEND_DEFAULT,
+  // CUDA flags
+  CUDA_EVENT_DEFAULT,
+  CUDA_EVENT_DISABLE_TIMING, // PyTorch-default for CUDA
+  // HIP flags
+  HIP_EVENT_DEFAULT,
+  HIP_EVENT_DISABLE_TIMING, // PyTorch-default for HIP
+  // FOR TESTING ONLY
+  INVALID
+};
+
+namespace impl {
+
+/**
+ * DeviceGuardImplInterface represents the virtual interface which provides
+ * functionality to provide an RAII class for device and stream switching,
+ * via DeviceGuard.  Every distinct device type, e.g., CUDA and HIP, is
+ * expected to implement and register an implementation of this interface.
+ * All classes which inherit from DeviceGuardImplInterface should be declared
+ * 'final'.
+ *
+ * This class exists because we provide a unified interface for performing
+ * device guards via DeviceGuard, but we cannot assume that we have actually
+ * compiled against the, e.g., CUDA library, which actually implements
+ * this guard functionality.  In this case, a dynamic dispatch is required
+ * to cross the library boundary.
+ *
+ * If possible, you should directly use implementations of this interface;
+ * those uses will be devirtualized.
+ */
+struct C10_API DeviceGuardImplInterface {
+  DeviceGuardImplInterface() = default;
+  DeviceGuardImplInterface(const DeviceGuardImplInterface&) = default;
+  DeviceGuardImplInterface& operator=(const DeviceGuardImplInterface&) =
+      default;
+  DeviceGuardImplInterface(DeviceGuardImplInterface&&) noexcept = default;
+  DeviceGuardImplInterface& operator=(DeviceGuardImplInterface&&) noexcept =
+      default;
+
+  /**
+   * Return the type of device managed by this guard implementation.
+   */
+  virtual DeviceType type() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Set the current device to Device, and return the previous Device.
+   */
+  virtual Device exchangeDevice(Device) const = 0;
+  // NB: Implementations of exchangeDevice can be a bit boilerplatey.  You might
+  // consider replacing exchangeDevice with a non-virtual function with a baked
+  // in implementation; however, note that this will triple the number of
+  // virtual calls (when you implement exchangeDevice in a final subclass,
+  // the compiler gets to devirtualize everything; it won't do that if you don't
+  // define it in the subclass!)  A common way to solve this problem is to use
+  // some sort of CRTP; however, we can template DeviceGuardImplInterface since
+  // we really *do* need it to be virtual.  A little boilerplate seems easiest
+  // to explain.  (Another way around this problem is to provide inline
+  // functions that provide the default implementations, but this seems a little
+  // hard to explain.  In any case, we're only going to have on order of ten
+  // implementations of this anyway.)
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current device.
+   */
+  virtual Device getDevice() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Set the current device to Device.
+   */
+  virtual void setDevice(Device) const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Set the current device to Device, without checking for errors
+   * (so, e.g., this can be called from a destructor).
+   */
+  virtual void uncheckedSetDevice(Device) const noexcept = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current stream for a given device.
+   */
+  virtual Stream getStream(Device) const noexcept = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the default stream for a given device.
+   */
+  virtual Stream getDefaultStream(Device) const {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Backend doesn't support acquiring a default stream.")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get a stream from the global pool for a given device.
+   */
+  virtual Stream getStreamFromGlobalPool(Device, bool isHighPriority = false)
+      const {
+    (void)isHighPriority; // Suppress unused variable warning
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Backend doesn't support acquiring a stream from pool.")
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set a stream to be the thread local current stream for its device.
+   * Return the previous stream for that device. You are NOT required
+   * to set the current device to match the device of this stream.
+   */
+  virtual Stream exchangeStream(Stream) const noexcept = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Destroys the given event.
+   */
+  virtual void destroyEvent(void* /*event*/, const DeviceIndex /*device_index*/)
+      const noexcept {}
+
+  /**
+   * Increments the event's version and enqueues a job with this version
+   * in the stream's work queue. When the stream process that job
+   * it notifies all streams waiting on / blocked by that version of the
+   * event to continue and marks that version as recorded.
+   * */
+  virtual void record(
+      void** /*event*/,
+      const Stream& /*stream*/,
+      const DeviceIndex /*device_index*/,
+      const c10::EventFlag /*flag*/) const {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Backend doesn't support events.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Does nothing if the event has not been scheduled to be recorded.
+   * If the event was previously enqueued to be recorded, a command
+   * to wait for the version of the event that exists at the time of this call
+   * is inserted in the stream's work queue.
+   * When the stream reaches this command it will stop processing
+   * additional commands until that version of the event is marked as recorded.
+   */
+  virtual void block(void* /*event*/, const Stream& /*stream*/) const {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Backend doesn't support events.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns true if (and only if)
+   *  (1) the event has never been scheduled to be recorded
+   *  (2) the current version is marked as recorded.
+   * Returns false otherwise.
+   */
+  virtual bool queryEvent(void* /*event*/) const {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Backend doesn't support events.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the number of devices.  WARNING: This is REQUIRED to not raise
+   * an exception.  If there is some sort of problem, e.g., driver error,
+   * you should report that there are zero available devices.
+   */
+  virtual DeviceIndex deviceCount() const noexcept = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Return true if all the work previously enqueued on the stream for
+   * asynchronous execution has completed running on the device.
+   */
+  virtual bool queryStream(const Stream& /*stream*/) const {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Backend doesn't support querying streams.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wait (by blocking the calling thread) until all the work previously
+   * enqueued on the stream has completed running on the device.
+   */
+  virtual void synchronizeStream(const Stream& /*stream*/) const {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, "Backend doesn't support synchronizing streams.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Ensure the caching allocator (if any) is aware that the given DataPtr is
+   * being used on the given stream, and that it should thus avoid recycling the
+   * DataPtr until all work on that stream is done.
+   */
+  virtual void recordDataPtrOnStream(const c10::DataPtr&, const Stream&) const {
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Intended use of this class is to leak the DeviceGuardImpl at program end.
+   * So you better not call the destructor, buster!
+   */
+  virtual ~DeviceGuardImplInterface() = default;
+};
+
+// A no-op device guard impl that doesn't do anything interesting.  Useful
+// for devices that don't actually have a concept of device index.  Prominent
+// examples are CPU and Meta.
+template <DeviceType D>
+struct NoOpDeviceGuardImpl final : public DeviceGuardImplInterface {
+  NoOpDeviceGuardImpl() = default;
+  DeviceType type() const override {
+    return D;
+  }
+  Device exchangeDevice(Device) const override {
+    return Device(D, -1); // no-op
+  }
+  Device getDevice() const override {
+    return Device(D, -1);
+  }
+  void setDevice(Device) const override {
+    // no-op
+  }
+  void uncheckedSetDevice(Device) const noexcept override {
+    // no-op
+  }
+  Stream getStream(Device) const noexcept override {
+    // no-op
+    return Stream(Stream::DEFAULT, Device(D, -1));
+  }
+  // NB: These do NOT set the current device
+  Stream exchangeStream(Stream) const noexcept override {
+    // no-op
+    return Stream(Stream::DEFAULT, Device(D, -1));
+  }
+  DeviceIndex deviceCount() const noexcept override {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // Event-related functions
+  void record(
+      void** /*event*/,
+      const Stream& /*stream*/,
+      const DeviceIndex /*device_index*/,
+      const EventFlag /*flag*/) const override {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, D, " backend doesn't support events.");
+  }
+  void block(void* /*event*/, const Stream& /*stream*/) const override {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, D, " backend doesn't support events.")
+  }
+  bool queryEvent(void* /*event*/) const override {
+    TORCH_CHECK(false, D, " backend doesn't support events.")
+  }
+  void destroyEvent(void* /*event*/, const DeviceIndex /*device_index*/)
+      const noexcept override {}
+
+  // Stream-related functions
+  bool queryStream(const Stream& /*stream*/) const override {
+    return true;
+  }
+  void synchronizeStream(const Stream& /*stream*/) const override {
+    // Don't wait for anything.
+  }
+};
+
+// The registry is NON-owning.  Each stored pointer is std::atomic so
+// that under all interleavings of registry calls the structure is
+// race-free.  This doesn't cost us anything on reads in X86.  (An
+// unsynchronized implementation probably is OK too, but I didn't want
+// to prove that we never read from device_guard_impl_registry at the
+// same time some registration is occurring.  Shiver.)
+//
+// I'd like this registry to be valid even at program destruction time
+// (in case someone uses a DeviceGuard in a destructor to do some cleanup
+// in the CUDA API.)  Since there are no direct accesses of the underlying
+// owning objects which I can use to enforce initialization order (unlike
+// in a Meyer singleton), it implies that you must *leak* objects when
+// putting them in the registry.  This is done by deleting the destructor
+// on DeviceGuardImplInterface.
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(*c-arrays*)
+extern C10_API std::atomic<const DeviceGuardImplInterface*>
+    device_guard_impl_registry[static_cast<size_t>(
+        DeviceType::COMPILE_TIME_MAX_DEVICE_TYPES)];
+
+// I can't conveniently use c10/util/Registry.h for the following reason:
+// c10/util/Registry.h gives me a slow way of Create'ing a object of some
+// interface from the registry, but no way of quickly accessing an already
+// created object.  I'll be banging on getDeviceGuardImpl every time we do a
+// DeviceGuard, so I really don't want to be doing an unordered_map lookup.
+// Better if the registration mechanism directly drops its implementation
+// into device_guard_impl_registry.
+
+class C10_API DeviceGuardImplRegistrar {
+ public:
+  DeviceGuardImplRegistrar(DeviceType, const DeviceGuardImplInterface*);
+};
+
+#define C10_REGISTER_GUARD_IMPL(DevType, DeviceGuardImpl)              \
+  static ::c10::impl::DeviceGuardImplRegistrar C10_ANONYMOUS_VARIABLE( \
+      g_##DeviceType)(::c10::DeviceType::DevType, new DeviceGuardImpl());
+
+inline const DeviceGuardImplInterface* getDeviceGuardImpl(DeviceType type) {
+  // Two adjacent int16_t fields DeviceType and DeviceIndex has field access
+  // miscompiled on NVCC. To workaround this issue, we apply a mask to the
+  // DeviceType. First check if the DeviceType is 16-bit.
+  // FB employees can see
+  //   https://fb.workplace.com/groups/llvm.gcc/permalink/4053565044692080/
+  // for more details
+  static_assert(sizeof(DeviceType) == 1, "DeviceType is not 8-bit");
+  auto p = device_guard_impl_registry[static_cast<size_t>(type) & 0xFF].load();
+
+  // This seems to be the first place where you make use of a device
+  // when you pass devices to factory functions.  Give a nicer error
+  // message in this case.
+  TORCH_CHECK(p, "PyTorch is not linked with support for ", type, " devices");
+  return p;
+}
+
+inline bool hasDeviceGuardImpl(DeviceType type) {
+  return device_guard_impl_registry[static_cast<size_t>(type)].load();
+}
+
+} // namespace impl
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/FakeGuardImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/impl/DeviceGuardImplInterface.h>
+
+#include <array>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+// FakeGuardImpl is hardcoded to have eight devices.  Not for
+// any good reason, just to simplify code.
+constexpr DeviceIndex kFakeGuardImplMaxDevices = 8;
+
+/**
+ * A fake implementation of DeviceGuardImplInterface suitable for testing.
+ * The current device is modeled as a mutable field in the guard implementation
+ * class.  See DeviceGuard_test.cpp for an example use.
+ */
+template <DeviceType T>
+struct FakeGuardImpl final : public DeviceGuardImplInterface {
+  static constexpr DeviceType static_type = T;
+  // Runtime device type is not used
+  FakeGuardImpl(DeviceType) {}
+  FakeGuardImpl() = default;
+  DeviceType type() const override {
+    return T;
+  }
+  Device exchangeDevice(Device d) const override {
+    AT_ASSERT(d.type() == type());
+    AT_ASSERT(d.index() < kFakeGuardImplMaxDevices);
+    Device old_device = getDevice();
+    if (old_device.index() != d.index()) {
+      current_device_ = d.index();
+    }
+    return old_device;
+  }
+  Device getDevice() const override {
+    return Device(type(), current_device_);
+  }
+  void setDevice(Device d) const override {
+    AT_ASSERT(d.type() == type());
+    AT_ASSERT(d.index() >= 0);
+    AT_ASSERT(d.index() < kFakeGuardImplMaxDevices);
+    current_device_ = d.index();
+  }
+  void uncheckedSetDevice(Device d) const noexcept override {
+    current_device_ = d.index();
+  }
+  Stream getStream(Device d) const noexcept override {
+    return Stream(Stream::UNSAFE, d, current_streams_[d.index()]);
+  }
+  Stream exchangeStream(Stream s) const noexcept override {
+    auto old_id = current_streams_[s.device_index()];
+    current_streams_[s.device_index()] = s.id();
+    return Stream(Stream::UNSAFE, s.device(), old_id);
+  }
+  DeviceIndex deviceCount() const noexcept override {
+    return kFakeGuardImplMaxDevices;
+  }
+
+  // Event-related functions
+  void record(
+      void** event,
+      const Stream& stream,
+      const DeviceIndex device_index,
+      const EventFlag flag) const override {}
+  void block(void* event, const Stream& stream) const override {}
+  bool queryEvent(void* event) const override {
+    return true;
+  }
+  void destroyEvent(void* event, const DeviceIndex device_index)
+      const noexcept override {}
+
+  // Convenience methods for testing
+  static DeviceIndex getDeviceIndex() {
+    return current_device_;
+  }
+  static void setDeviceIndex(DeviceIndex i) {
+    AT_ASSERT(i >= 0);
+    AT_ASSERT(i < kFakeGuardImplMaxDevices);
+    current_device_ = i;
+  }
+  static StreamId getCurrentStreamIdFor(DeviceIndex i) {
+    return current_streams_.at(i);
+  }
+  static void resetStreams() {
+    current_streams_.fill(0);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  thread_local static DeviceIndex current_device_;
+  thread_local static std::array<StreamId, kFakeGuardImplMaxDevices>
+      current_streams_;
+};
+
+template <DeviceType T>
+thread_local DeviceIndex FakeGuardImpl<T>::current_device_ = 0;
+
+template <DeviceType T>
+thread_local std::array<StreamId, kFakeGuardImplMaxDevices>
+    FakeGuardImpl<T>::current_streams_ = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/GPUTrace.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/impl/PyInterpreter.h>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+struct C10_API GPUTrace {
+  // On the x86 architecture the atomic operations are lock-less.
+  static std::atomic<const PyInterpreter*> gpuTraceState;
+
+  // When PyTorch migrates to C++20, this should be changed to an atomic flag.
+  // Currently, the access to this variable is not synchronized, on the basis
+  // that it will only be flipped once and by the first interpreter that
+  // accesses it.
+  static bool haveState;
+
+  // This function will only register the first interpreter that tries to invoke
+  // it. For all of the next ones it will be a no-op.
+  static void set_trace(const PyInterpreter*);
+
+  static const PyInterpreter* get_trace() {
+    if (!haveState)
+      return nullptr;
+    return gpuTraceState.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/HermeticPyObjectTLS.h

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+// This TLS controls whether or not we permanently associate PyObject
+// with Tensor the first time it is allocated.  When hermetic PyObject
+// TLS is enabled (state is true), we DO NOT save PyObjects to Tensor,
+// meaning you get a distinct PyObject whenever you execute the code in
+// question.
+struct C10_API HermeticPyObjectTLS {
+  static void set_state(bool state);
+  static bool get_state() {
+    // Hypothetical fastpath if torchdeploy/multipy isn't used.  Per
+    // https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/p2055r0.pdf
+    // this qualifies relaxed access because it is a single-location data
+    // structure (only the boolean here).
+    //
+    // Forgetting about data races for a moment, is there a logical race?
+    //
+    //  - Boolean only ever transitions from false to true.  So the
+    //    critical situation is when one interpreter is already running
+    //    when a second interpreter switches haveState from false to true.
+    //
+    //  - The first interpreter is indifferent whether or not it sees
+    //    hasState true/false; obviously false works (this is what the
+    //    interpreter was previously using; more directly, the interpreter
+    //    calls into itself as the handler, so being hermetic is not
+    //    required), and true simply means serviced python operator calls will
+    //    be hermetic; in these cases it is expected to be functionally
+    //    equivalent.
+    //
+    //  - The second interpreter MUST see hasState true (as its requests will
+    //    be forwarded to the first interpreter), but it is assumed that there
+    //    is a synchronization between the interpreter initialization, and
+    //    when we actually perform operations, so it is guaranteed to see
+    //    hasState true.
+    //
+    // QED.
+    //
+    // This fastpath is currently disabled so that we can more easily test that
+    // hermetic mode works correctly even on stock build of PyTorch.
+    if (false && !haveState_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed))
+      return false;
+    return get_tls_state();
+  }
+  // Call this from the multipy/torchdeploy top level
+  static void init_state();
+
+ private:
+  // This only flipped once from false to true during torchdeploy/multipy
+  // initialization, and never again.
+  static std::atomic<bool> haveState_;
+  static bool get_tls_state();
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/InlineDeviceGuard.h

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// This file provides implementations of InlineDeviceGuard and
+// InlineOptionalDeviceGuard.
+
+#include <c10/core/Device.h>
+#include <c10/core/DeviceType.h>
+#include <c10/core/impl/DeviceGuardImplInterface.h>
+#include <c10/core/impl/VirtualGuardImpl.h>
+#include <c10/util/Exception.h>
+#include <c10/util/Optional.h>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+/**
+ * A DeviceGuard is an RAII class that sets a device to some value
+ * on construction, and resets the device to its original value on
+ * destruction.
+ *
+ * InlineDeviceGuard is a helper class for implementing DeviceGuards.
+ * It is templated over a DeviceGuardImpl (anything that implements
+ * DeviceGuardImplInterface).  There are two primary ways to instantiate
+ * InlineDeviceGuard:
+ *
+ *  - With a concrete implementation of DeviceGuardImpl, e.g., CUDAGuardImpl.
+ *    This is the best way to use InlineDeviceGuard, as all calls are
+ *    devirtualized, giving you code as efficient as straight line
+ *    calls to cudaGetDevice/cudaSetDevice.
+ *
+ *  - With VirtualGuardImpl, which does a virtual dispatch to a DeviceGuardImpl
+ *    retrieved from a DeviceType registry.  We have explicitly instantiated
+ *    InlineDeviceGuard this way as c10::DeviceGuard.
+ *
+ * If you are in a hurry, you can use InlineDeviceGuard directly:
+ *
+ *    using CUDAGuard = impl::InlineDeviceGuard<CUDAGuardImpl>;
+ *
+ * However, you can provide a better user experience if you explicitly write a
+ * wrapper class that itself contains the template instantiation:
+ *
+ *    class CUDAGuard {
+ *    public:
+ *      // ... the API ...
+ *    private:
+ *      impl::InlineDeviceGuard<CUDAGuardImpl> guard_;
+ *    }
+ *
+ * The wrapper class provides a good place to write documentation, and helps
+ * avoid weird template instantiation errors when a user incorrectly uses the
+ * class.
+ *
+ * If you need to test this class, consider instantiating it with FakeGuardImpl.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+class InlineDeviceGuard {
+ public:
+  // Note [Omitted default constructor from RAII]
+  // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  // In principle, we could add a default constructor to
+  // DeviceGuard which reads the current device and promises to
+  // restore to that device on exit.  However, most cases where you
+  // would have written this, you probably meant to actually just
+  // use OptionalDeviceGuard (since you don't actually need the
+  // restore to happen if you don't ever actually set the device).
+  // We remove the constructor here to encourage you to think about
+  // what you actually want to happen.
+  explicit InlineDeviceGuard() = delete;
+
+  /// Set the current device to the passed Device.
+  explicit InlineDeviceGuard(Device device)
+      : impl_(device.type()),
+        original_device_(
+            device.index() == -1 ? impl_.getDevice()
+                                 : impl_.exchangeDevice(device)),
+        current_device_(device.index() == -1 ? original_device_ : device) {}
+
+  /// Set the current device index to the passed DeviceIndex.  (The
+  /// device type is inferred from the template parameter T).
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename =
+          typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>>>
+  explicit InlineDeviceGuard(DeviceIndex device_index)
+      : InlineDeviceGuard(Device(U::static_type, device_index)) {}
+
+  /// Construct an InlineDeviceGuard using VirtualGuardImpl with an explicit
+  /// DeviceGuardImplInterface pointer.
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename = typename std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>>>
+  explicit InlineDeviceGuard(
+      Device device,
+      const DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl)
+      : impl_(
+            VirtualGuardImpl(impl ? impl : getDeviceGuardImpl(device.type()))),
+        original_device_(
+            device.index() == -1 ? impl_.getDevice()
+                                 : impl_.exchangeDevice(device)),
+        current_device_(device.index() == -1 ? original_device_ : device) {}
+
+  /// Copy is disallowed
+  InlineDeviceGuard(const InlineDeviceGuard<T>&) = delete;
+  InlineDeviceGuard<T>& operator=(const InlineDeviceGuard<T>&) = delete;
+
+  /// Move is disallowed, as DeviceGuard does not have an uninitialized state,
+  /// which is required for moves on types with nontrivial destructors.
+  InlineDeviceGuard(InlineDeviceGuard<T>&& other) = delete;
+  InlineDeviceGuard& operator=(InlineDeviceGuard<T>&& other) = delete;
+
+  ~InlineDeviceGuard() {
+    impl_.uncheckedSetDevice(original_device_);
+  }
+
+  /// Sets the device to the given one.
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>, int> = 0>
+  void set_device(at::Device device) {
+    AT_ASSERT(
+        (U::static_type == DeviceType::HIP && device.is_cuda()) ||
+        device.type() == U::static_type);
+    auto index = device.index();
+    if (index == -1)
+      return;
+    impl_.setDevice(device);
+    current_device_ = device;
+  }
+
+  /// Resets the currently set device to its original device, and then sets the
+  /// current device to the passed device.  This is effectively equivalent to
+  /// set_device when a guard supports only a single device type.
+  template <typename U = T>
+  typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>> reset_device(
+      at::Device device) {
+    set_device(device);
+  }
+
+  /// Resets the currently set device to its original device, and then sets the
+  /// current device to the passed device (for a possibly different device
+  /// type).
+  ///
+  /// This method is named reset_device to highlight the fact that previous
+  /// device settings from this guard are NOT preserved, even if the device
+  /// has a different device type.  For example:
+  ///
+  ///   // CUDA device is 0
+  ///   DeviceGuard g(Device(kCUDA, 1));
+  ///   g.reset_device(Device(kHIP, 2));
+  ///   // CUDA device is 0 (!!)
+  ///
+  /// NOTE: this implementation may skip some device setting if it can prove
+  /// that it is unnecessary.
+  ///
+  /// Optional argument is for testing only.
+  template <typename U = T>
+  typename std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>> reset_device(
+      at::Device device,
+      const impl::DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl = nullptr) {
+    auto index = device.index();
+    if (index == -1)
+      return;
+    if (device.type() == original_device_.type()) {
+      AT_ASSERT(impl == nullptr || impl->type() == device.type());
+      impl_.setDevice(device);
+      current_device_ = device;
+    } else {
+      // Destruct and reconstruct the DeviceGuard in place
+      impl_.setDevice(original_device_);
+      impl_ = !impl ? VirtualGuardImpl(device.type()) : VirtualGuardImpl(impl);
+      original_device_ = impl_.exchangeDevice(device);
+      current_device_ = device;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Sets the device index to the given one.  The device type is inferred
+  /// from the original device type.
+  void set_index(DeviceIndex index) {
+    reset_device(Device(original_device_.type(), index));
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the device that was set at the time the most recent
+  /// reset_device(), or otherwise the device at construction time.
+  Device original_device() const {
+    return original_device_;
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the most recent device that was set using this device guard,
+  /// either from construction, or via set_device/reset_device/set_index.
+  Device current_device() const {
+    return current_device_;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  T impl_;
+
+ private:
+  Device original_device_;
+  Device current_device_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A OptionalDeviceGuard is an RAII class that sets a device to some value on
+ * initialization, and resets the device to its original value on destruction.
+ *
+ * InlineOptionalDeviceGuard is a helper class for implementing
+ * OptionalDeviceGuards.  See guidance in InlineDeviceGuard on how to
+ * use this.  See OptionalDeviceGuard for user-oriented usage notes.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+class InlineOptionalDeviceGuard {
+ public:
+  // Note [Explicit initialization of optional fields]
+  // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  // Explicit initialization of optional fields
+  // required to workaround an nvcc bug; see
+  // https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/12117
+
+  /// Creates an uninitialized OptionalDeviceGuard.
+  explicit InlineOptionalDeviceGuard()
+      : guard_() // See Note [Explicit initialization of optional fields]
+  {}
+
+  /// Set the current device to the passed Device, if it is not nullopt.
+  explicit InlineOptionalDeviceGuard(optional<Device> device_opt)
+      : guard_() { // See Note [Explicit initialization of optional fields]
+    if (device_opt.has_value()) {
+      guard_.emplace(device_opt.value());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Set the current device to the passed DeviceIndex, if it is not nullopt.
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename =
+          typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>>>
+  explicit InlineOptionalDeviceGuard(optional<DeviceIndex> device_index_opt)
+      : guard_() { // See Note [Explicit initialization of optional fields]
+    if (device_index_opt.has_value()) {
+      guard_.emplace(device_index_opt.value());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// All constructors of DeviceGuard are valid for OptionalDeviceGuard
+  /// and result in initialized OptionalDeviceGuard.
+  template <typename... Args>
+  explicit InlineOptionalDeviceGuard(Args&&... args)
+      : guard_(std::in_place, std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
+
+  // TODO: Consider reading Tensor and TensorList constructors here, when
+  // Tensor moves to c10.  (These are only valid on OptionalDeviceGuard,
+  // because a Tensor may be undefined, in which case we need an uninitialized
+  // tensor guard.)
+
+  // Note [Move construction for RAII guards is tricky]
+  // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  // In principle, move construction is useful for terminating
+  // the lifetime of a `OptionalDeviceGuard` early; for example:
+  //
+  //     // current device is d0
+  //     OptionalDeviceGuard g1(d1);
+  //     // current device is d1
+  //     {
+  //       OptionalDeviceGuard g2(std::move(g1));
+  //     }
+  //     // current device is d0!!
+  //
+  // However, it's difficult to implement the move constructor
+  // in a way that works in all situations.  For example, consider
+  // the following example:
+  //
+  //     OptionalDeviceGuard g1(d1);
+  //     {
+  //       OptionalDeviceGuard g2(d2);
+  //       {
+  //         OptionalDeviceGuard g3(std::move(g1)); // !!!
+  //       }
+  //     }
+  //
+  // What should the current device be while g3 in scope... and what
+  // should it be after it goes out of scope?  What about g2?
+  // There don't seem to be satisfactory answers for these questions.
+  //
+  // It's in principle possible to raise an error when this occurs
+  // by doing some extra thread-local bookkeeping.  But why bother?
+  // Just don't provide the constructor.
+  InlineOptionalDeviceGuard(InlineOptionalDeviceGuard<T>&& other) = delete;
+
+  // Note [Move assignment for RAII guards is tricky]
+  // ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+  // Move assignment is deleted, because you need to know which guard was
+  // defined "first", as that guard's original_device_ wins--with the current
+  // representation, we have no way of telling which is the case.  (Move
+  // construction does not have this problem, as one guard is always
+  // uninitialized.)
+  //
+  // We can make this clear by way of a pair of examples:
+  //
+  // Example 1:
+  //
+  //  // initial device is n0
+  //  {
+  //    CUDAGuard g1(n1);
+  //    {
+  //      CUDAGuard g2(n2);
+  //      // current device should be n2
+  //      g1 = std::move(g2);
+  //      // current device should still be n2
+  //    }
+  //    // current device should still be n2
+  //  }
+  //  // current device should be n0
+  //
+  //  Example 2 (flip the order of the two guards):
+  //
+  //  // initial device is n0
+  //  {
+  //    CUDAGuard g2(n2);
+  //    {
+  //      CUDAGuard g1(n1);
+  //      // current device should be n1
+  //      g1 = std::move(g2);
+  //      // current device should be n2
+  //    }
+  //    // current device should be n0 (since g2 has been vacated)
+  //  }
+  //
+  // In both examples, we need g1 to restore to n0 after move assignment.
+  // However, in example 1, this is determined by the restore value of g1
+  // (prior to the move). In example 2, however, it is determined by the the
+  // restore value of g2(!!). We don't know which one should win, without having
+  // a way of telling which guard was allocated first.
+  //
+  // We could solve this with an extra thread-local variable.  But no one is
+  // actually using move-assignment.  So just get rid of it.
+  InlineOptionalDeviceGuard& operator=(InlineOptionalDeviceGuard&& other) =
+      delete;
+
+  /// Sets the device to the given one.  Initializes OptionalDeviceGuard if it
+  /// is not already initialized.
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename =
+          typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>>>
+  void set_device(at::Device device) {
+    if (!guard_.has_value()) {
+      guard_.emplace(device);
+    } else {
+      guard_->set_device(device);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Resets the currently set device to its original device, and then sets the
+  /// current device to the passed device (for a possibly different device
+  /// type).  Initializes OptionalDeviceGuard if it is not already initialized.
+  ///
+  /// See notes on why this is called reset_device on InlineDeviceGuard.
+  ///
+  /// Optional argument is for testing only.
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename = typename std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>>>
+  void reset_device(
+      at::Device device,
+      const DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl = nullptr) {
+    if (!guard_.has_value()) {
+      guard_.emplace(device, impl);
+    } else {
+      guard_->reset_device(device, impl);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Resets the currently set device to its original device, and then sets the
+  /// current device to the passed device.  Initializes the guard if it is
+  /// not already initialized.  This is effectively equivalent to set_device
+  /// when a guard supports only a single device type.
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename =
+          typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>>>
+  void reset_device(at::Device device) {
+    if (!guard_.has_value()) {
+      guard_.emplace(device);
+    } else {
+      guard_->reset_device(device);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Sets the device index to the given one.  The device type is statically
+  /// known.
+  template <
+      typename U = T,
+      typename =
+          typename std::enable_if_t<!std::is_same_v<U, VirtualGuardImpl>>>
+  void set_index(DeviceIndex index) {
+    if (!guard_.has_value()) {
+      guard_.emplace(index);
+    } else {
+      guard_->set_index(index);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the device that was set immediately prior to initialization of
+  /// the, guard, or nullopt if the guard is uninitialized.
+  optional<Device> original_device() const {
+    return guard_.has_value() ? make_optional(guard_->original_device())
+                              : nullopt;
+  }
+
+  /// Returns the most recent device that was set using this device guard,
+  /// either from construction, or via set_device, if the guard is initialized,
+  /// or nullopt if the guard is uninitialized.
+  optional<Device> current_device() const {
+    return guard_.has_value() ? make_optional(guard_->current_device())
+                              : nullopt;
+  }
+
+  /// Restore the original device, resetting this guard to uninitialized state.
+  void reset() {
+    guard_.reset();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  optional<InlineDeviceGuard<T>> guard_;
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/InlineEvent.h

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/DeviceType.h>
+#include <c10/core/Stream.h>
+#include <c10/core/impl/DeviceGuardImplInterface.h>
+#include <c10/util/Exception.h>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+template <typename T>
+struct InlineEvent final {
+  InlineEvent() = delete;
+  InlineEvent(
+      const DeviceType _device_type,
+      const EventFlag _flag = EventFlag::PYTORCH_DEFAULT)
+      : backend_{_device_type}, device_type_{_device_type}, flag_{_flag} {}
+
+  // Copy constructor and copy assignment operator (deleted)
+  InlineEvent(const InlineEvent&) = delete;
+  InlineEvent& operator=(const InlineEvent&) = delete;
+
+  // Move constructor and move assignment operator
+  InlineEvent(InlineEvent&& other) noexcept
+      : event_(other.event_),
+        backend_(std::move(other.backend_)),
+        device_type_(other.device_type_),
+        device_index_(other.device_index_),
+        flag_(other.flag_),
+        was_marked_for_recording_(other.was_marked_for_recording_) {
+    other.event_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  InlineEvent& operator=(InlineEvent&& other) noexcept {
+    swap(other);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  void swap(InlineEvent& other) noexcept {
+    std::swap(event_, other.event_);
+    std::swap(backend_, other.backend_);
+    std::swap(device_type_, other.device_type_);
+    std::swap(device_index_, other.device_index_);
+    std::swap(flag_, other.flag_);
+    std::swap(was_marked_for_recording_, other.was_marked_for_recording_);
+  }
+
+  ~InlineEvent() noexcept {
+    if (event_)
+      backend_.destroyEvent(event_, device_index_);
+  }
+
+  DeviceType device_type() const noexcept {
+    return device_type_;
+  }
+  DeviceIndex device_index() const noexcept {
+    return device_index_;
+  }
+  EventFlag flag() const noexcept {
+    return flag_;
+  }
+  bool was_marked_for_recording() const noexcept {
+    return was_marked_for_recording_;
+  }
+
+  void recordOnce(const Stream& stream) {
+    if (!was_marked_for_recording_)
+      record(stream);
+  }
+
+  void record(const Stream& stream) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(
+        stream.device_type() == device_type_,
+        "Event device type ",
+        DeviceTypeName(device_type_),
+        " does not match recording stream's device type ",
+        DeviceTypeName(stream.device_type()),
+        ".");
+
+    backend_.record(&event_, stream, device_index_, flag_);
+    was_marked_for_recording_ = true;
+    device_index_ = stream.device_index();
+  }
+
+  void block(const Stream& stream) const {
+    if (!was_marked_for_recording_)
+      return;
+
+    TORCH_CHECK(
+        stream.device_type() == device_type_,
+        "Event device type ",
+        DeviceTypeName(device_type_),
+        " does not match blocking stream's device type ",
+        DeviceTypeName(stream.device_type()),
+        ".");
+
+    backend_.block(event_, stream);
+  }
+
+  bool query() const {
+    if (!was_marked_for_recording_)
+      return true;
+    return backend_.queryEvent(event_);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void* event_ = nullptr;
+  T backend_;
+  DeviceType device_type_;
+  DeviceIndex device_index_ = -1;
+  EventFlag flag_ = EventFlag::PYTORCH_DEFAULT;
+  bool was_marked_for_recording_ = false;
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/LocalDispatchKeySet.h

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/DispatchKeySet.h>
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+
+// TLS management for DispatchKeySet (the "local" DispatchKeySet(s))
+//
+// This manages two thread-local DispatchKeySets:
+//
+//  - The included type set, which adds a tensor type for consideration
+//    in dispatch.  (For example, you might add Profiling to
+//    the included type set to turn on profiling on all tensor operations.)
+//
+//  - The excluded type set, which disqualifies a tensor type from dispatch.
+//    (For example, after redispatching on variable, we disqualify
+//    Autograd so we don't attempt to handle variable again.)
+//    (Exclusion wins over inclusion.)
+//
+// NB: Originally, I implemented the excluded type set as storing the inverted
+// set, but TLS is defined to be zero-initialized, so this doesn't actually work
+// (if it's inverted, you want the set to be -1 initialized).
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+// POD version of LocalDispatchKeySet.  Declared here just so that
+// we can put it in the guards.
+// This struct encapsulates special handling for TLS initialization
+// in set_included()/included() API so that they reflect the truth.
+// If you want to create PODLocalDispatchKeySet with non-zero state,
+// use set_included() instead of default constructor.
+struct C10_API PODLocalDispatchKeySet {
+  uint64_t included_;
+  uint64_t excluded_;
+
+  // See Note [TLS Initialization]
+  DispatchKeySet included() const {
+    return DispatchKeySet(DispatchKeySet::RAW, included_) ^
+        c10::default_included_set;
+  }
+  DispatchKeySet excluded() const {
+    return DispatchKeySet(DispatchKeySet::RAW, excluded_) ^
+        c10::default_excluded_set;
+  }
+
+  void set_included(DispatchKeySet x) {
+    included_ = (x ^ c10::default_included_set).raw_repr();
+  }
+  void set_excluded(DispatchKeySet x) {
+    excluded_ = (x ^ c10::default_excluded_set).raw_repr();
+  }
+};
+static_assert(
+    std::is_trivial_v<PODLocalDispatchKeySet>,
+    "PODLocalDispatchKeySet must be a POD type.");
+
+struct C10_API LocalDispatchKeySet {
+  /* implicit */ LocalDispatchKeySet(PODLocalDispatchKeySet x)
+      : included_(x.included()), excluded_(x.excluded()) {}
+  DispatchKeySet included_;
+  DispatchKeySet excluded_;
+};
+
+// thread_local variables cannot be C10_API on Windows.
+// Inlining this seems to break AutoDispatchBelowAutograd on Android.
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(C10_ANDROID) || defined(C10_IPHONE)
+C10_API LocalDispatchKeySet tls_local_dispatch_key_set();
+#else // defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(C10_ANDROID) || defined(C10_IPHONE)
+extern C10_API thread_local PODLocalDispatchKeySet raw_local_dispatch_key_set;
+
+inline C10_API LocalDispatchKeySet tls_local_dispatch_key_set() {
+  // Don't let people fiddle with the thread_local directly just
+  // because they include this header.
+  return raw_local_dispatch_key_set;
+}
+#endif // defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(C10_ANDROID) || defined(C10_IPHONE)
+
+// Internal, use ThreadLocalStateGuard
+C10_API void _force_tls_local_dispatch_key_set(LocalDispatchKeySet key_set);
+
+// RAII API for manipulating the thread-local dispatch state.
+
+class C10_API IncludeDispatchKeyGuard {
+ public:
+  IncludeDispatchKeyGuard(DispatchKeySet);
+  IncludeDispatchKeyGuard(DispatchKey k)
+      : IncludeDispatchKeyGuard(DispatchKeySet(k)) {}
+  IncludeDispatchKeyGuard(const IncludeDispatchKeyGuard&) = delete;
+  IncludeDispatchKeyGuard operator=(const IncludeDispatchKeyGuard&) = delete;
+  IncludeDispatchKeyGuard(IncludeDispatchKeyGuard&&) = delete;
+  IncludeDispatchKeyGuard operator=(IncludeDispatchKeyGuard&&) = delete;
+  ~IncludeDispatchKeyGuard();
+
+ private:
+  // A little micro-optimization to save us from tls_get_addr call
+  // on destruction
+  PODLocalDispatchKeySet* tls_;
+  DispatchKeySet include_;
+};
+
+class C10_API ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard {
+ public:
+  ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard(DispatchKeySet);
+  ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard(DispatchKey k)
+      : ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard(DispatchKeySet(k)) {}
+  ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard(const ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard&) = delete;
+  ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard operator=(const ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard&) = delete;
+  ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard(ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard&&) = delete;
+  ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard operator=(ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard&&) = delete;
+  ~ExcludeDispatchKeyGuard();
+
+ private:
+  // A little micro-optimization to save us from tls_get_addr call
+  // on destruction
+  PODLocalDispatchKeySet* tls_;
+  DispatchKeySet exclude_;
+};
+
+struct C10_API ForceDispatchKeyGuard {
+ public:
+  ForceDispatchKeyGuard(c10::impl::LocalDispatchKeySet key_set)
+      : saved_keyset_(c10::impl::tls_local_dispatch_key_set()) {
+    c10::impl::_force_tls_local_dispatch_key_set(key_set);
+  }
+  ForceDispatchKeyGuard(
+      c10::DispatchKeySet include,
+      c10::DispatchKeySet exclude)
+      : saved_keyset_(c10::impl::tls_local_dispatch_key_set()) {
+    auto updated_set = saved_keyset_;
+    updated_set.included_ = include;
+    updated_set.excluded_ = exclude;
+    c10::impl::_force_tls_local_dispatch_key_set(updated_set);
+  }
+  ~ForceDispatchKeyGuard() {
+    c10::impl::_force_tls_local_dispatch_key_set(saved_keyset_);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  c10::impl::LocalDispatchKeySet saved_keyset_;
+};
+
+// Non-RAII API for manipulating the thread-local dispatch state.
+// Please prefer the RAII API.  The non-RAII API may be useful when
+// the included/excluded state of a given DispatchKey must span
+// many calls from the Python to the C++, so you cannot conveniently
+// use an RAII guard.
+//
+// Example use case:  a Python context manager that includes a certain
+// DispatchKey, to ensure ops running under the context manager dispatch
+// through that DispatchKey's registered overrides.
+//
+// The non-RAII API is less efficient than the RAII guards because both the
+// getter and setter will do a tls_getaddr lookup (the RAII struct only needs
+// one!)
+
+C10_API bool tls_is_dispatch_key_excluded(DispatchKey x);
+C10_API void tls_set_dispatch_key_excluded(DispatchKey x, bool desired_state);
+C10_API bool tls_is_dispatch_key_included(DispatchKey x);
+C10_API void tls_set_dispatch_key_included(DispatchKey x, bool desired_state);
+C10_API bool tls_is_dispatch_keyset_excluded(DispatchKeySet ks);
+C10_API bool tls_is_dispatch_keyset_included(DispatchKeySet ks);
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/PyInterpreter.h

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/Device.h>
+#include <c10/core/DispatchKeySet.h>
+#include <c10/core/Layout.h>
+#include <c10/core/MemoryFormat.h>
+#include <c10/core/SymIntArrayRef.h>
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+#include <c10/util/ArrayRef.h>
+#include <c10/util/intrusive_ptr.h>
+#include <c10/util/python_stub.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+// Forward declarations
+
+namespace c10 {
+struct IValue;
+class OperatorHandle;
+struct TensorImpl;
+} // namespace c10
+
+namespace torch::jit {
+using Stack = std::vector<c10::IValue>;
+}
+
+// Actual implementation
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+struct C10_API PyInterpreter;
+
+// Note [Python interpreter tag]
+// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+// Traditionally, PyTorch is layered such that our Python library
+// (libtorch_python) references our pure C++ library (libtorch) as the
+// natural order of things.  However, sometimes this natural order is
+// subverted: C++ objects refer to Python objects (for example, we
+// store a PyObject* pointer on TensorImpl so that converting from a
+// C++ Tensor to a Python Tensor is just a memory dereference).
+//
+// These unusual orderings must be treated with care.  To start, you need to
+// virtualize the destructor so that the PyObject can be decref'ed on
+// destruction (because the C++ object itself doesn't know anything about
+// Python--remember, layering!).  This process itself is fraught, since
+// acquiring the GIL could lead to deadlocks if someone is blocking on you
+// while holding the GIL.  Furthermore, if the C++ objects outlive the
+// interpreter (which can happen if you stash them in a static global
+// variable defined in libtorch), you may attempt to decref the object when
+// the Python interpreter has already been shutdown.
+//
+// BUT WAIT, IT GETS WORSE.  With torchdeploy, there may be multiple Python
+// interpreters in a single process. If a C++ object is accessible from
+// multiple interpreters, we must take care not to accidentally pass a
+// PyObject from one interpreter with another interpreter.
+//
+// To prevent these mixups, we introduce a PyInterpreter "tag" (object with
+// a vtable), which specifies a specific Python interpreter.
+//
+//  - Any given object can be associated with AT MOST one Python interpreter.
+//    We represent the interpreter tag as a memory address to an instance of
+//    a virtual class that is allocated once per interpreter (this is so that
+//    we can request the interpreter to perform operations for us, if
+//    necessary).
+//
+//  - It can be recorded with a PyObject (PyInterpreterObject) so that
+//    we know what interpreter the object is associated with, and we can
+//    raise an error if you try to use the PyObject from the wrong
+//    interpreter context.
+//
+//  - It contains a vtable that can be used to perform various Python
+//    operations from ordinary C++ code that ordinarily wouldn't be accessible
+//    from libtorch.
+//
+// A simple use case is when a C++ object must be associated with a PyObject.
+// However, for TensorImpl, we lazily allocate a PyObject the first time the
+// object passes into Python.  The invariants for this situation are more
+// subtle:
+//
+//  - A given TensorImpl's interpreter tag can only go from uninitialized to
+//    tagged; once tagged, this is a quiescent state (once tagged to an
+//    interpreter, ALWAYS tagged to that interpreter)
+//
+//  - A thread may mutate the PyObject field of a TensorImpl if and only if it
+//    holds the GIL for the interpreter tagged on the TensorImpl.  (If the
+//    TensorImpl is not tagged, it must first atomically claim its tag before it
+//    can validly write)
+//
+// WARNING: This class has to be written very carefully, because it may be
+// possible for a Tensor to have a reference an interpreter corresponding to
+// a shared library that has ALREADY BEEN UNLOADED.  This makes blindly calling
+// virtual methods very dangerous, because the vtable may be garbage at that
+// point (on a good day, you might get "pure virtual method called").
+//
+// The idea to solve this problem is we always leak PyInterpreters (so they
+// always stay live even after dlclose), and make sure we can disarm their
+// virtual methods by indirecting through a separate PyInterpreterVTable
+// object.  This can be replaced with a no-op vtable from libc10.so, which
+// is guaranteed to stick around until the bitter end.
+//
+// NB: The downside with representing PyInterpreter tags as full objects is that
+// it takes an extra word on TensorImpl.  If tags were instead just integer
+// indices, on 64-bit architectures we could pack the tag and PyObject together
+// into a single atomic word.  On 32-bit architectures we could simply say that
+// only one Python interpreter is supported (erroring if a nontrivial
+// interpreter tag is attempted to be set).
+//
+// The difficulty with this scheme is we need to maintain an out-of-line table
+// to get at the PyInterpreters so that we can do virtual method calls on them,
+// and registration/deregistration to this table must be done in a thread safe
+// manner.  This can be easily done if the number of possible PyInterpreters is
+// small enough (e.g., 8-bit integer) by simply preallocating an array of
+// sufficient size to hold all possible interpreters.  Surely 128 threads is
+// more than enough for anyone!
+//
+// I didn't decide to do this technique at the moment, because the extra word
+// added by the PyInterpreter tag takes us to 24 words, which means that we
+// still fit inside three eight word cache lines.  If you need to penny pinch
+// another word consider doing this!
+
+struct C10_API PyInterpreterVTable {
+  virtual ~PyInterpreterVTable() = default;
+
+  // Report the name of this interpreter
+  virtual std::string name() const = 0;
+
+  // Run Py_DECREF on a PyObject.  We DO NOT assume the GIL is held on call
+  // See NOTE [PyInterpreter::decref takes a `has_pyobj_slot` arg]
+  virtual void decref(PyObject* pyobj, bool has_pyobj_slot) const = 0;
+
+  // Perform a detach by deferring to the __torch_dispatch__ implementation of
+  // detach, which will also arrange for the PyObject to get copied in this
+  // situation
+  virtual c10::intrusive_ptr<TensorImpl> detach(
+      const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+
+  // Invoke the Python boxed fallback dispatch to go back into Python
+  virtual void dispatch(const c10::OperatorHandle& op, torch::jit::Stack* stack)
+      const = 0;
+
+  virtual void reportErrorCallback(PyObject* callback, DispatchKey key)
+      const = 0;
+
+  // This is only invoked in the multipy/torchdeploy situation from
+  // pythonOpRegistrationTrampoline; this lets us get to the Python
+  // interpreter to actually find the appropriate Python op registration
+  // entry to call.
+  virtual void python_op_registration_trampoline(
+      const c10::OperatorHandle& op,
+      c10::DispatchKey,
+      torch::jit::Stack* stack) const = 0;
+
+  virtual void throw_abstract_impl_not_imported_error(
+      std::string opname,
+      const char* pymodule,
+      const char* context) const = 0;
+
+  // Invoke the Python dispatcher to handle this call
+  virtual void python_dispatcher(
+      const c10::OperatorHandle& op,
+      c10::DispatchKeySet,
+      torch::jit::Stack* stack) const = 0;
+
+  virtual bool is_contiguous(const TensorImpl* self, at::MemoryFormat)
+      const = 0;
+  virtual bool is_strides_like(const TensorImpl* self, at::MemoryFormat)
+      const = 0;
+  virtual bool is_non_overlapping_and_dense(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::Device device(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual int64_t dim(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::IntArrayRef strides(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::IntArrayRef sizes(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::SymIntArrayRef sym_sizes(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::Layout layout(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual int64_t numel(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::SymInt sym_numel(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::SymIntArrayRef sym_strides(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+  virtual c10::SymInt sym_storage_offset(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+
+  virtual void trace_gpu_event_creation(uintptr_t event) const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_event_deletion(uintptr_t event) const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_event_record(uintptr_t event, uintptr_t stream)
+      const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_event_wait(uintptr_t event, uintptr_t stream)
+      const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_memory_allocation(uintptr_t ptr) const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_memory_deallocation(uintptr_t ptr) const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_stream_creation(uintptr_t stream) const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_device_synchronization() const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_stream_synchronization(uintptr_t stream) const = 0;
+  virtual void trace_gpu_event_synchronization(uintptr_t event) const = 0;
+
+  virtual void reset_backward_hooks(const TensorImpl* self) const = 0;
+};
+
+struct C10_API PyInterpreter {
+  const PyInterpreterVTable* vtable_;
+
+  PyInterpreter(const PyInterpreterVTable* vtable) : vtable_(vtable){};
+
+  const PyInterpreterVTable& operator*() const noexcept {
+    return *vtable_;
+  }
+  const PyInterpreterVTable* operator->() const noexcept {
+    return vtable_;
+  }
+
+  // Disarm this PyInterpreter, making all of its methods noops.
+  // The vtable pointer is not an atomic at the moment, which means
+  // a disarm() invocation that is concurrent with active destructors
+  // is not thread safe and will trigger TSAN.  My hope is that this
+  // situations doesn't ever actually happen; tensor destruction should
+  // quiesce when a dlclose happens, and any long lived tensors whose
+  // destructors would be disarmed here only begin the destruction process
+  // on process shutdown (long after the dlclose has occurred).
+  void disarm() noexcept;
+};
+
+// PyInterpreterStatus describes what the state of its interpreter tag
+// is, relative to the thread currently holding the GIL.
+enum class PyInterpreterStatus {
+  // We just allocated the Tensor, it hasn't escaped to other threads,
+  // we know that it definitely hasn't been tagged to be associated
+  // with an interpreter.
+  DEFINITELY_UNINITIALIZED,
+  // We queried the interpreter field and it looked uninitialized.  But
+  // another thread may have raced with us to tag it with some other
+  // interpreter id.  So we will have to do a CEX to make sure we can
+  // actually nab it.
+  MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED,
+  // We queried the interpreter field and it was tagged to belong to us.
+  // This means we have sole write access (as we hold the GIL for this
+  // interpreter)
+  TAGGED_BY_US,
+  // Someone else tagged this.  We can't use this TensorImpl from Python.
+  TAGGED_BY_OTHER,
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/PythonDispatcherTLS.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/impl/PyInterpreter.h>
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+struct C10_API PythonDispatcherTLS {
+  static void set_state(PyInterpreter* state);
+  static PyInterpreter* get_state();
+  static void reset_state();
+};
+
+struct C10_API DisablePythonDispatcher {
+  DisablePythonDispatcher() : old_(PythonDispatcherTLS::get_state()) {
+    PythonDispatcherTLS::set_state({});
+  }
+  ~DisablePythonDispatcher() {
+    PythonDispatcherTLS::set_state(old_);
+  }
+  PyInterpreter* old_;
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/SizesAndStrides.h

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include <c10/macros/Macros.h>
+#include <c10/util/ArrayRef.h>
+#include <c10/util/SmallVector.h>
+
+#define C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE 5
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+// Packed container for TensorImpl sizes and strides.
+// This design improves on the previous approach of using a pair of
+// c10::SmallVector<int64_t, 5> by specializing for the operations we
+// actually use and enforcing that the number of sizes is the same as
+// the number of strides. The memory layout is as follows:
+//
+// 1 size_t for the size
+// 5 eightbytes of inline sizes and 5 eightbytes of inline strides, OR pointer
+// to out-of-line array
+class C10_API SizesAndStrides {
+ public:
+  // TODO: different iterator types for sizes & strides to prevent
+  // mixing the two accidentally.
+  using sizes_iterator = int64_t*;
+  using sizes_const_iterator = const int64_t*;
+  using strides_iterator = int64_t*;
+  using strides_const_iterator = const int64_t*;
+
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init)
+  SizesAndStrides() {
+    size_at_unchecked(0) = 0;
+    stride_at_unchecked(0) = 1;
+  }
+
+  ~SizesAndStrides() {
+    if (C10_UNLIKELY(!isInline())) {
+      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc)
+      free(outOfLineStorage_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init)
+  SizesAndStrides(const SizesAndStrides& rhs) : size_(rhs.size_) {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(rhs.isInline())) {
+      copyDataInline(rhs);
+    } else {
+      allocateOutOfLineStorage(size_);
+      copyDataOutline(rhs);
+    }
+  }
+
+  SizesAndStrides& operator=(const SizesAndStrides& rhs) {
+    if (this == &rhs) {
+      return *this;
+    }
+    if (C10_LIKELY(rhs.isInline())) {
+      if (C10_UNLIKELY(!isInline())) {
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc)
+        free(outOfLineStorage_);
+      }
+      copyDataInline(rhs);
+    } else {
+      if (isInline()) {
+        allocateOutOfLineStorage(rhs.size_);
+      } else {
+        resizeOutOfLineStorage(rhs.size_);
+      }
+      copyDataOutline(rhs);
+    }
+    size_ = rhs.size_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Move from rhs. rhs.size() == 0 afterwards.
+  SizesAndStrides(SizesAndStrides&& rhs) noexcept : size_(rhs.size_) {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(isInline())) {
+      memcpy(inlineStorage_, rhs.inlineStorage_, sizeof(inlineStorage_));
+    } else {
+      outOfLineStorage_ = rhs.outOfLineStorage_;
+      rhs.outOfLineStorage_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    rhs.size_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Move from rhs. rhs.size() == 0 afterwards.
+  SizesAndStrides& operator=(SizesAndStrides&& rhs) noexcept {
+    if (this == &rhs) {
+      return *this;
+    }
+    if (C10_LIKELY(rhs.isInline())) {
+      if (C10_UNLIKELY(!isInline())) {
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc)
+        free(outOfLineStorage_);
+      }
+      copyDataInline(rhs);
+    } else {
+      // They're outline. We're going to steal their vector.
+      if (!isInline()) {
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc)
+        free(outOfLineStorage_);
+      }
+      outOfLineStorage_ = rhs.outOfLineStorage_;
+      rhs.outOfLineStorage_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    size_ = rhs.size_;
+    rhs.size_ = 0;
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  size_t size() const noexcept {
+    return size_;
+  }
+
+  const int64_t* sizes_data() const noexcept {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(isInline())) {
+      return &inlineStorage_[0];
+    } else {
+      return &outOfLineStorage_[0];
+    }
+  }
+
+  int64_t* sizes_data() noexcept {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(isInline())) {
+      return &inlineStorage_[0];
+    } else {
+      return &outOfLineStorage_[0];
+    }
+  }
+
+  sizes_const_iterator sizes_begin() const noexcept {
+    return sizes_data();
+  }
+
+  sizes_iterator sizes_begin() noexcept {
+    return sizes_data();
+  }
+
+  sizes_const_iterator sizes_end() const noexcept {
+    return sizes_begin() + size();
+  }
+
+  sizes_iterator sizes_end() noexcept {
+    return sizes_begin() + size();
+  }
+
+  IntArrayRef sizes_arrayref() const noexcept {
+    return IntArrayRef{sizes_data(), size()};
+  }
+
+  void set_sizes(IntArrayRef newSizes) {
+    resize(newSizes.size());
+    std::copy(newSizes.begin(), newSizes.end(), sizes_begin());
+  }
+
+  void set_strides(IntArrayRef strides) {
+    TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(strides.size() == size());
+    std::copy(strides.begin(), strides.end(), strides_begin());
+  }
+
+  const int64_t* strides_data() const noexcept {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(isInline())) {
+      return &inlineStorage_[C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE];
+    } else {
+      return &outOfLineStorage_[size()];
+    }
+  }
+
+  int64_t* strides_data() noexcept {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(isInline())) {
+      return &inlineStorage_[C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE];
+    } else {
+      return &outOfLineStorage_[size()];
+    }
+  }
+
+  strides_const_iterator strides_begin() const noexcept {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(isInline())) {
+      return &inlineStorage_[C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE];
+    } else {
+      return &outOfLineStorage_[size()];
+    }
+  }
+
+  strides_iterator strides_begin() noexcept {
+    if (C10_LIKELY(isInline())) {
+      return &inlineStorage_[C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE];
+    } else {
+      return &outOfLineStorage_[size()];
+    }
+  }
+
+  strides_const_iterator strides_end() const noexcept {
+    return strides_begin() + size();
+  }
+
+  strides_iterator strides_end() noexcept {
+    return strides_begin() + size();
+  }
+
+  IntArrayRef strides_arrayref() const noexcept {
+    return IntArrayRef{strides_data(), size()};
+  }
+
+  // Size accessors.
+  int64_t size_at(size_t idx) const noexcept {
+    assert(idx < size());
+    return sizes_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  int64_t& size_at(size_t idx) noexcept {
+    assert(idx < size());
+    return sizes_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  int64_t size_at_unchecked(size_t idx) const noexcept {
+    return sizes_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  int64_t& size_at_unchecked(size_t idx) noexcept {
+    return sizes_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  // Size accessors.
+  int64_t stride_at(size_t idx) const noexcept {
+    assert(idx < size());
+    return strides_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  int64_t& stride_at(size_t idx) noexcept {
+    assert(idx < size());
+    return strides_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  int64_t stride_at_unchecked(size_t idx) const noexcept {
+    return strides_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  int64_t& stride_at_unchecked(size_t idx) noexcept {
+    return strides_data()[idx];
+  }
+
+  void resize(size_t newSize) {
+    const auto oldSize = size();
+    if (newSize == oldSize) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (C10_LIKELY(
+            newSize <= C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE && isInline())) {
+      if (oldSize < newSize) {
+        const auto bytesToZero =
+            (newSize - oldSize) * sizeof(inlineStorage_[0]);
+        memset(&inlineStorage_[oldSize], 0, bytesToZero);
+        memset(
+            &inlineStorage_[C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE + oldSize],
+            0,
+            bytesToZero);
+      }
+      size_ = newSize;
+    } else {
+      resizeSlowPath(newSize, oldSize);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void resizeSlowPath(size_t newSize, size_t oldSize);
+
+ private:
+  bool isInline() const noexcept {
+    return size_ <= C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE;
+  }
+
+  void copyDataInline(const SizesAndStrides& rhs) {
+    TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT_DEBUG_ONLY(rhs.isInline());
+    memcpy(inlineStorage_, rhs.inlineStorage_, sizeof(inlineStorage_));
+  }
+
+  static size_t storageBytes(size_t size) noexcept {
+    return size * 2 * sizeof(int64_t);
+  }
+
+  void allocateOutOfLineStorage(size_t size) {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc)
+    outOfLineStorage_ = static_cast<int64_t*>(malloc(storageBytes(size)));
+    TORCH_CHECK(
+        outOfLineStorage_,
+        "Could not allocate memory for Tensor SizesAndStrides!");
+  }
+
+  void resizeOutOfLineStorage(size_t newSize) {
+    TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT_DEBUG_ONLY(!isInline());
+    outOfLineStorage_ = static_cast<int64_t*>(
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc)
+        realloc(outOfLineStorage_, storageBytes(newSize)));
+    TORCH_CHECK(
+        outOfLineStorage_,
+        "Could not allocate memory for Tensor SizesAndStrides!");
+  }
+
+  void copyDataOutline(const SizesAndStrides& rhs) noexcept {
+    memcpy(outOfLineStorage_, rhs.outOfLineStorage_, storageBytes(rhs.size_));
+  }
+
+  size_t size_{1};
+  union {
+    int64_t* outOfLineStorage_;
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(*c-array*)
+    int64_t inlineStorage_[C10_SIZES_AND_STRIDES_MAX_INLINE_SIZE * 2]{};
+  };
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/TorchDispatchModeTLS.h

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/SafePyObject.h>
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+enum class TorchDispatchModeKey : int8_t {
+  FAKE,
+  PROXY,
+  FUNCTIONAL,
+  NUM_MODE_KEYS
+};
+
+struct C10_API TorchDispatchModeTLS {
+  // This API is NOT invariant safe.
+  // It must not take in an infra mode that uses TorchDispatchModeKey
+  // If you're pushing an infra mode onto the stack, we expect
+  // you to use set_mode
+  static void push_non_infra_mode_onto_stack(
+      std::shared_ptr<SafePyObject> mode);
+  // Pops the top mode of the stack,
+  // giving precedence to user modes before attempting to pop
+  // any infra modes
+  static const std::shared_ptr<SafePyObject> pop_stack();
+  // Returns the highest-priority infra mode on the stack,
+  // along with its mode key.
+  static const std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<SafePyObject>, TorchDispatchModeKey>
+  pop_highest_infra_mode();
+
+  static const std::shared_ptr<SafePyObject>& get_stack_at(int64_t idx);
+  static int64_t stack_len();
+
+  static const c10::optional<std::shared_ptr<SafePyObject>> get_mode(
+      TorchDispatchModeKey mode_key);
+  static const c10::optional<std::shared_ptr<SafePyObject>> unset_mode(
+      TorchDispatchModeKey mode_key);
+  static void set_mode(
+      const std::shared_ptr<SafePyObject>& mode,
+      TorchDispatchModeKey mode_key);
+
+  static const TorchDispatchModeTLS& get_state();
+  static void set_state(TorchDispatchModeTLS state);
+
+  static bool any_modes_set(bool skip_infra_modes = false);
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<c10::SafePyObject>> stack_;
+  // Users are allowed to push multiple ProxyTorchDispatchMode objects onto the
+  // stack
+  // However, we only allow a single FakeTensorMode onto the stack at a time
+  // (Pushing additional FakeTensorModes onto the stack is a no-op)
+  std::array<
+      c10::optional<std::shared_ptr<c10::SafePyObject>>,
+      static_cast<size_t>(TorchDispatchModeKey::NUM_MODE_KEYS)>
+      infra_modes_;
+};
+
+C10_API bool dispatch_mode_enabled();
+
+C10_API std::string to_string(TorchDispatchModeKey mode_key);
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/VirtualGuardImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/impl/DeviceGuardImplInterface.h>
+
+namespace c10::impl {
+
+/**
+ * An implementation of DeviceGuardImplInterface which delegates
+ * to virtual dispatch on the DeviceGuardImpl registry.
+ */
+class VirtualGuardImpl final : public DeviceGuardImplInterface {
+ public:
+  VirtualGuardImpl(DeviceType device_type)
+      : impl_(getDeviceGuardImpl(device_type)) {}
+  // This constructor exists purely for testing
+  VirtualGuardImpl(const DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl) : impl_(impl) {}
+
+  // Copying and moving is OK!
+  VirtualGuardImpl(const VirtualGuardImpl&) = default;
+  VirtualGuardImpl& operator=(const VirtualGuardImpl&) = default;
+  VirtualGuardImpl(VirtualGuardImpl&&) noexcept = default;
+  VirtualGuardImpl& operator=(VirtualGuardImpl&&) noexcept = default;
+
+  DeviceType type() const override {
+    return impl_->type();
+  }
+  Device exchangeDevice(Device d) const override {
+    return impl_->exchangeDevice(d);
+  }
+  Device getDevice() const override {
+    return impl_->getDevice();
+  }
+  void setDevice(Device d) const override {
+    impl_->setDevice(d);
+  }
+  void uncheckedSetDevice(Device d) const noexcept override {
+    impl_->uncheckedSetDevice(d);
+  }
+  Stream getStream(Device d) const noexcept override {
+    return impl_->getStream(d);
+  }
+  Stream getDefaultStream(Device d) const override {
+    return impl_->getDefaultStream(d);
+  }
+  Stream getStreamFromGlobalPool(Device d, bool isHighPriority = false)
+      const override {
+    return impl_->getStreamFromGlobalPool(d, isHighPriority);
+  }
+  Stream exchangeStream(Stream s) const noexcept override {
+    return impl_->exchangeStream(s);
+  }
+  DeviceIndex deviceCount() const noexcept override {
+    return impl_->deviceCount();
+  }
+
+  // Event functions
+  void record(
+      void** event,
+      const Stream& stream,
+      const DeviceIndex device_index,
+      const EventFlag flag) const override {
+    impl_->record(event, stream, device_index, flag);
+  }
+  void block(void* event, const Stream& stream) const override {
+    impl_->block(event, stream);
+  }
+  bool queryEvent(void* event) const override {
+    return impl_->queryEvent(event);
+  }
+  void destroyEvent(void* event, const DeviceIndex device_index)
+      const noexcept override {
+    impl_->destroyEvent(event, device_index);
+  }
+
+  bool queryStream(const Stream& stream) const override {
+    return impl_->queryStream(stream);
+  }
+  void synchronizeStream(const Stream& stream) const override {
+    impl_->synchronizeStream(stream);
+  }
+
+  void recordDataPtrOnStream(const c10::DataPtr& data_ptr, const Stream& stream)
+      const override {
+    impl_->recordDataPtrOnStream(data_ptr, stream);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const DeviceGuardImplInterface* impl_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/core/impl/alloc_cpu.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/macros/Export.h>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace c10 {
+
+C10_API void* alloc_cpu(size_t nbytes);
+C10_API void free_cpu(void* data);
+
+} // namespace c10

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/xpu/XPUCachingAllocator.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/Allocator.h>
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUStream.h>
+
+namespace c10::xpu::XPUCachingAllocator {
+
+C10_XPU_API Allocator* get();
+
+C10_XPU_API void init(DeviceIndex device_count);
+
+C10_XPU_API void emptyCache();
+
+C10_XPU_API void* raw_alloc(size_t size);
+
+C10_XPU_API void raw_delete(void* ptr);
+
+C10_XPU_API void recordStream(const DataPtr& dataPtr, XPUStream stream);
+
+} // namespace c10::xpu::XPUCachingAllocator

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/xpu/XPUDeviceProp.h

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUMacros.h>
+#include <sycl/sycl.hpp>
+
+namespace c10::xpu {
+
+#define AT_FORALL_XPU_DEVICE_PROPERTIES(_)                                     \
+  /* the device name of this SYCL device. */                                   \
+  _(name)                                                                      \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the device type associated with the device. */                            \
+  _(device_type)                                                               \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the vendor of this SYCL device. */                                        \
+  _(vendor)                                                                    \
+                                                                               \
+  /* a backend-defined driver version as a std::string. */                     \
+  _(driver_version)                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the SYCL version as a std::string in the form <major>.<minor> */          \
+  _(version)                                                                   \
+                                                                               \
+  /* true if the SYCL device is available. Otherwise, return false. */         \
+  _(is_available)                                                              \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the maximum size in bytes of the arguments that can be passed to a        \
+   * kernel. */                                                                \
+  _(max_parameter_size)                                                        \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the number of parallel compute units available to the device. */          \
+  _(max_compute_units)                                                         \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the maximum dimensions that specify the global and local work-item IDs    \
+   * used by the data parallel execution model. */                             \
+  _(max_work_item_dimensions)                                                  \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the maximum number of workitems that are permitted in a work-group        \
+   * executing a kernel on a single compute unit. */                           \
+  _(max_work_group_size)                                                       \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the maximum number of subgroups in a work-group for any kernel executed   \
+   * on the device. */                                                         \
+  _(max_num_sub_groups)                                                        \
+                                                                               \
+  /* a std::vector of size_t containing the set of sub-group sizes  supported  \
+   * by the device. */                                                         \
+  _(sub_group_sizes)                                                           \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the maximum configured clock frequency of this SYCL device in MHz. */     \
+  _(max_clock_frequency)                                                       \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the default compute device address space size specified as an unsigned    \
+   * integer value in bits. Must return either 32 or 64. */                    \
+  _(address_bits)                                                              \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the maximum size of memory object allocation in bytes. */                 \
+  _(max_mem_alloc_size)                                                        \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the minimum value in bits of the largest supported SYCL built-in data     \
+   * type if this SYCL device is not of device type                            \
+   * sycl::info::device_type::custom. */                                       \
+  _(mem_base_addr_align)                                                       \
+                                                                               \
+  /* a std::vector of info::fp_config describing the half/single/double        \
+   * precision floating-point capability of this SYCL device. */               \
+  _(half_fp_config)                                                            \
+  _(single_fp_config)                                                          \
+  _(double_fp_config)                                                          \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the size of global device memory in bytes. */                             \
+  _(global_mem_size)                                                           \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the type of global memory cache supported. */                             \
+  _(global_mem_cache_type)                                                     \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the size of global memory cache in bytes. */                              \
+  _(global_mem_cache_size)                                                     \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the size of global memory cache line in bytes. */                         \
+  _(global_mem_cache_line_size)                                                \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the type of local memory supported. */                                    \
+  _(local_mem_type)                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the size of local memory arena in bytes. */                               \
+  _(local_mem_size)                                                            \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the maximum number of sub-devices that can be created when this device is \
+   * partitioned. */                                                           \
+  _(partition_max_sub_devices)                                                 \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the resolution of device timer in nanoseconds. */                         \
+  _(profiling_timer_resolution)                                                \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the preferred native vector width size for built-in scalar types that can \
+   * be put into vectors. */                                                   \
+  _(preferred_vector_width_char)                                               \
+  _(preferred_vector_width_short)                                              \
+  _(preferred_vector_width_int)                                                \
+  _(preferred_vector_width_long)                                               \
+  _(preferred_vector_width_float)                                              \
+  _(preferred_vector_width_double)                                             \
+  _(preferred_vector_width_half)                                               \
+                                                                               \
+  /* the native ISA vector width. The vector width is defined as the number of \
+   * scalar elements that can be stored in the vector. */                      \
+  _(native_vector_width_char)                                                  \
+  _(native_vector_width_short)                                                 \
+  _(native_vector_width_int)                                                   \
+  _(native_vector_width_long)                                                  \
+  _(native_vector_width_float)                                                 \
+  _(native_vector_width_double)                                                \
+  _(native_vector_width_half)
+
+#define AT_FORALL_XPU_EXT_DEVICE_PROPERTIES(_)           \
+  /* the number of EUs associated with the Intel GPU. */ \
+  _(gpu_eu_count, 512)                                   \
+                                                         \
+  /* the number of EUs in a subslice. */                 \
+  _(gpu_eu_count_per_subslice, 8)                        \
+                                                         \
+  /* the simd width of EU of GPU. */                     \
+  _(gpu_eu_simd_width, 8)                                \
+                                                         \
+  /* the number of hardware threads per EU of GPU. */    \
+  _(gpu_hw_threads_per_eu, 8)
+
+#define _DEFINE_SYCL_PROP(ns, property, member) \
+  ns::property::return_type member;
+
+#define DEFINE_DEVICE_PROP(property) \
+  _DEFINE_SYCL_PROP(sycl::info::device, property, property)
+
+#define DEFINE_PLATFORM_PROP(property, member) \
+  _DEFINE_SYCL_PROP(sycl::info::platform, property, member)
+
+#define DEFINE_EXT_DEVICE_PROP(property, ...) \
+  _DEFINE_SYCL_PROP(sycl::ext::intel::info::device, property, property)
+
+struct C10_XPU_API DeviceProp {
+  AT_FORALL_XPU_DEVICE_PROPERTIES(DEFINE_DEVICE_PROP);
+
+  // the platform name.
+  DEFINE_PLATFORM_PROP(name, platform_name);
+
+  AT_FORALL_XPU_EXT_DEVICE_PROPERTIES(DEFINE_EXT_DEVICE_PROP)
+};
+
+#undef _DEFINE_SYCL_PROP
+#undef DEFINE_DEVICE_PROP
+#undef DEFINE_PLATFORM_PROP
+#undef DEFINE_EXT_DEVICE_PROP
+
+} // namespace c10::xpu

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/xpu/XPUException.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/util/Exception.h>
+#include <sycl/sycl.hpp>
+
+namespace c10::xpu {
+
+static inline sycl::async_handler asyncHandler = [](sycl::exception_list el) {
+  if (el.size() == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  for (const auto& e : el) {
+    try {
+      std::rethrow_exception(e);
+    } catch (sycl::exception& e) {
+      TORCH_WARN("SYCL Exception: ", e.what());
+    }
+  }
+  throw;
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::xpu

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/xpu/XPUFunctions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/Device.h>
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUDeviceProp.h>
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUMacros.h>
+
+// The naming convention used here matches the naming convention of torch.xpu
+
+namespace c10::xpu {
+
+// Log a warning only once if no devices are detected.
+C10_XPU_API DeviceIndex device_count();
+
+// Throws an error if no devices are detected.
+C10_XPU_API DeviceIndex device_count_ensure_non_zero();
+
+C10_XPU_API DeviceIndex current_device();
+
+C10_XPU_API void set_device(DeviceIndex device);
+
+C10_XPU_API DeviceIndex exchange_device(DeviceIndex device);
+
+C10_XPU_API DeviceIndex maybe_exchange_device(DeviceIndex to_device);
+
+C10_XPU_API sycl::device& get_raw_device(DeviceIndex device);
+
+C10_XPU_API sycl::context& get_device_context();
+
+C10_XPU_API void get_device_properties(
+    DeviceProp* device_prop,
+    DeviceIndex device);
+
+C10_XPU_API DeviceIndex get_device_idx_from_pointer(void* ptr);
+
+} // namespace c10::xpu

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/xpu/XPUMacros.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// See c10/macros/Export.h for a detailed explanation of what the function
+// of these macros are.  We need one set of macros for every separate library
+// we build.
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define C10_XPU_EXPORT __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
+#else // defined(__GNUC__)
+#define C10_XPU_EXPORT
+#endif // defined(__GNUC__)
+#define C10_XPU_IMPORT C10_XPU_EXPORT
+
+// This one is being used by libc10_xpu.so
+#ifdef C10_XPU_BUILD_MAIN_LIB
+#define C10_XPU_API C10_XPU_EXPORT
+#else
+#define C10_XPU_API C10_XPU_IMPORT
+#endif

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/xpu/XPUStream.h

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/Stream.h>
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUFunctions.h>
+
+namespace c10::xpu {
+
+/*
+ * Note [Stream Management]
+ *
+ * An XPUStream is an abstraction of an actual SYCL queue in which SYCL kernel
+ * can execute. Currently, there are several pools per device to manage SYCL
+ * queue, and a device's pool is lazily created.
+ *
+ * There are two pools per device. The first pool contains "normal priority"
+ * queues. The second pool is the "high priority" queues. There are 32 queues in
+ * per pool per device, and when a queue is requested one of these queues is
+ * returned round-robin. That is, the first queue requested is at index 0, the
+ * second at index 1... to index 31, then index 0 again.
+ *
+ * This means that if 33 queues are requested, the first and last queues
+ * requested are actually the same queue (under the covers) and kernels enqueued
+ * on them cannot run concurrently.
+ *
+ * It is safe to enqueue a kernel on the same queue from two different
+ * threads as the SYCL specification described.
+ */
+
+static constexpr int max_compile_time_stream_priorities = 2;
+
+/*
+ * This serves as a wrapper around c10::Stream and acts as a representation for
+ * a SYCL queue. On each device, a SYCL queue pool consists of kStreamsPerPool
+ * queues, and you can access a particular queue by its index. The index is
+ * extracted from XPUStream.id().
+ */
+class C10_XPU_API XPUStream {
+ public:
+  enum Unchecked { UNCHECKED };
+
+  // Construct a XPUStream from a Stream. This construction is checked, and
+  // will raise an error if the Stream is not, in fact, a XPU stream.
+  explicit XPUStream(Stream stream) : stream_(stream) {
+    TORCH_CHECK(stream_.device_type() == DeviceType::XPU);
+  }
+
+  // Construct a XPUStream from a Stream with no error checking.
+  explicit XPUStream(Unchecked, Stream stream) : stream_(stream) {}
+
+  bool operator==(const XPUStream& other) const noexcept {
+    return unwrap() == other.unwrap();
+  }
+
+  bool operator!=(const XPUStream& other) const noexcept {
+    return unwrap() != other.unwrap();
+  }
+
+  operator sycl::queue&() const {
+    return queue();
+  }
+
+  operator Stream() const {
+    return unwrap();
+  }
+
+  DeviceType device_type() const {
+    return DeviceType::XPU;
+  }
+
+  DeviceIndex device_index() const {
+    return stream_.device_index();
+  }
+
+  Device device() const {
+    return Device(DeviceType::XPU, device_index());
+  }
+
+  // Return the stream ID corresponding to this particular stream. StreamId is
+  /// a int64_t representation generated by its type and index.
+  StreamId id() const {
+    return stream_.id();
+  }
+
+  bool query() const {
+    return queue().ext_oneapi_empty();
+  }
+
+  void synchronize() const {
+    queue().wait_and_throw();
+  }
+
+  int priority() const;
+
+  // Explicit conversion to sycl::queue&.
+  sycl::queue& queue() const;
+
+  Stream unwrap() const {
+    return stream_;
+  }
+
+  struct c10::StreamData3 pack3() const {
+    return stream_.pack3();
+  }
+
+  static XPUStream unpack3(
+      StreamId stream_id,
+      DeviceIndex device_index,
+      DeviceType device_type) {
+    return XPUStream(Stream::unpack3(stream_id, device_index, device_type));
+  }
+
+  static std::tuple<int, int> priority_range() {
+    return std::make_tuple(0, -max_compile_time_stream_priorities + 1);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Stream stream_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Get a stream from the pool in a round-robin fashion.
+ *
+ * You can request a stream from the high priority pool by setting
+ * isHighPriority to true, or a priority value for a specific device by setting
+ * device.
+ */
+C10_XPU_API XPUStream
+getStreamFromPool(const bool isHighPriority = false, DeviceIndex device = -1);
+// The priority number lower, the priority higher.
+C10_XPU_API XPUStream
+getStreamFromPool(const int priority, DeviceIndex device = -1);
+
+/**
+ * Get the current XPU stream, for the passed XPU device, or for the current
+ * device if no device index is passed.
+ */
+C10_XPU_API XPUStream getCurrentXPUStream(DeviceIndex device = -1);
+
+/**
+ * Set the current stream on the device of the passed in stream to be the passed
+ * in stream.
+ */
+C10_XPU_API void setCurrentXPUStream(XPUStream stream);
+
+C10_XPU_API std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const XPUStream& s);
+
+/**
+ * Block all reserved SYCL queues in the stream pools on the device, and wait
+ * for their synchronizations.
+ */
+C10_XPU_API void syncStreamsOnDevice(DeviceIndex device = -1);
+
+} // namespace c10::xpu
+
+namespace std {
+template <>
+struct hash<c10::xpu::XPUStream> {
+  size_t operator()(c10::xpu::XPUStream s) const noexcept {
+    return std::hash<c10::Stream>{}(s.unwrap());
+  }
+};
+} // namespace std

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/c10/xpu/impl/XPUGuardImpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <c10/core/DeviceGuard.h>
+#include <c10/core/impl/DeviceGuardImplInterface.h>
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUCachingAllocator.h>
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUFunctions.h>
+#include <c10/xpu/XPUStream.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace c10::xpu::impl {
+
+struct XPUGuardImpl final : public c10::impl::DeviceGuardImplInterface {
+  static constexpr DeviceType static_type = kXPU;
+
+  XPUGuardImpl() = default;
+
+  explicit XPUGuardImpl(DeviceType t) {
+    TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(t == kXPU);
+  }
+
+  DeviceType type() const override {
+    return kXPU;
+  }
+
+  Device exchangeDevice(Device d) const override {
+    TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(d.is_xpu());
+    const auto old_device_index = c10::xpu::exchange_device(d.index());
+    return Device(kXPU, old_device_index);
+  }
+
+  Device getDevice() const override {
+    const auto device = c10::xpu::current_device();
+    return Device(kXPU, device);
+  }
+
+  void setDevice(Device d) const override {
+    TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(d.is_xpu());
+    c10::xpu::set_device(d.index());
+  }
+
+  void uncheckedSetDevice(Device d) const noexcept override {
+    c10::xpu::set_device(d.index());
+  }
+
+  Stream getStream(Device d) const noexcept override {
+    return getCurrentXPUStream(d.index()).unwrap();
+  }
+
+  Stream getStreamFromGlobalPool(Device d, bool isHighPriority = false)
+      const override {
+    return getStreamFromPool(isHighPriority, d.index());
+  }
+
+  // NB: These do NOT set the current device
+  Stream exchangeStream(Stream s) const noexcept override {
+    const XPUStream stream(s);
+    const auto old_stream = getCurrentXPUStream(s.device().index());
+    setCurrentXPUStream(stream);
+    return old_stream.unwrap();
+  }
+
+  DeviceIndex deviceCount() const noexcept override {
+    return c10::xpu::device_count();
+  }
+
+  // Event-related functions
+  void destroyEvent(void* event, const DeviceIndex device_index)
+      const noexcept override {}
+
+  void record(
+      void** event,
+      const Stream& stream,
+      const DeviceIndex device_index,
+      const EventFlag flag) const override {
+    TORCH_CHECK(
+        device_index == -1 || device_index == stream.device_index(),
+        "Event device index ",
+        device_index,
+        " does not match recording stream's device index ",
+        stream.device_index(),
+        ".");
+
+    auto* xpu_event = reinterpret_cast<sycl::event*>(*event);
+    const XPUStream xpu_stream{stream};
+    *xpu_event = xpu_stream.queue().ext_oneapi_submit_barrier();
+  }
+
+  void block(void* event, const Stream& stream) const override {
+    if (!event)
+      return;
+    auto* xpu_event = reinterpret_cast<sycl::event*>(event);
+    std::vector<sycl::event> event_list{*xpu_event};
+    const XPUStream xpu_stream(stream);
+    xpu_stream.queue().ext_oneapi_submit_barrier(event_list);
+  }
+
+  bool queryEvent(void* event) const override {
+    using namespace sycl::info;
+    if (!event)
+      return true;
+    auto* xpu_event = reinterpret_cast<sycl::event*>(event);
+    return xpu_event->get_info<event::command_execution_status>() ==
+        event_command_status::complete;
+  }
+
+  // Stream-related functions
+  bool queryStream(const Stream& stream) const override {
+    const XPUStream xpu_stream{stream};
+    return xpu_stream.query();
+  }
+
+  void synchronizeStream(const Stream& stream) const override {
+    const XPUStream xpu_stream{stream};
+    xpu_stream.synchronize();
+  }
+
+  void recordDataPtrOnStream(const c10::DataPtr& data_ptr, const Stream& stream)
+      const override {
+    const XPUStream xpu_stream{stream};
+    XPUCachingAllocator::recordStream(data_ptr, xpu_stream);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace c10::xpu::impl

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/attr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,690 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/attr.h: Infrastructure for processing custom
+    type and function attributes
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "detail/common.h"
+#include "cast.h"
+
+#include <functional>
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+/// \addtogroup annotations
+/// @{
+
+/// Annotation for methods
+struct is_method {
+    handle class_;
+    explicit is_method(const handle &c) : class_(c) {}
+};
+
+/// Annotation for setters
+struct is_setter {};
+
+/// Annotation for operators
+struct is_operator {};
+
+/// Annotation for classes that cannot be subclassed
+struct is_final {};
+
+/// Annotation for parent scope
+struct scope {
+    handle value;
+    explicit scope(const handle &s) : value(s) {}
+};
+
+/// Annotation for documentation
+struct doc {
+    const char *value;
+    explicit doc(const char *value) : value(value) {}
+};
+
+/// Annotation for function names
+struct name {
+    const char *value;
+    explicit name(const char *value) : value(value) {}
+};
+
+/// Annotation indicating that a function is an overload associated with a given "sibling"
+struct sibling {
+    handle value;
+    explicit sibling(const handle &value) : value(value.ptr()) {}
+};
+
+/// Annotation indicating that a class derives from another given type
+template <typename T>
+struct base {
+
+    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(
+        "base<T>() was deprecated in favor of specifying 'T' as a template argument to class_")
+    base() = default;
+};
+
+/// Keep patient alive while nurse lives
+template <size_t Nurse, size_t Patient>
+struct keep_alive {};
+
+/// Annotation indicating that a class is involved in a multiple inheritance relationship
+struct multiple_inheritance {};
+
+/// Annotation which enables dynamic attributes, i.e. adds `__dict__` to a class
+struct dynamic_attr {};
+
+/// Annotation which enables the buffer protocol for a type
+struct buffer_protocol {};
+
+/// Annotation which requests that a special metaclass is created for a type
+struct metaclass {
+    handle value;
+
+    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("py::metaclass() is no longer required. It's turned on by default now.")
+    metaclass() = default;
+
+    /// Override pybind11's default metaclass
+    explicit metaclass(handle value) : value(value) {}
+};
+
+/// Specifies a custom callback with signature `void (PyHeapTypeObject*)` that
+/// may be used to customize the Python type.
+///
+/// The callback is invoked immediately before `PyType_Ready`.
+///
+/// Note: This is an advanced interface, and uses of it may require changes to
+/// work with later versions of pybind11.  You may wish to consult the
+/// implementation of `make_new_python_type` in `detail/classes.h` to understand
+/// the context in which the callback will be run.
+struct custom_type_setup {
+    using callback = std::function<void(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type)>;
+
+    explicit custom_type_setup(callback value) : value(std::move(value)) {}
+
+    callback value;
+};
+
+/// Annotation that marks a class as local to the module:
+struct module_local {
+    const bool value;
+    constexpr explicit module_local(bool v = true) : value(v) {}
+};
+
+/// Annotation to mark enums as an arithmetic type
+struct arithmetic {};
+
+/// Mark a function for addition at the beginning of the existing overload chain instead of the end
+struct prepend {};
+
+/** \rst
+    A call policy which places one or more guard variables (``Ts...``) around the function call.
+
+    For example, this definition:
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        m.def("foo", foo, py::call_guard<T>());
+
+    is equivalent to the following pseudocode:
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        m.def("foo", [](args...) {
+            T scope_guard;
+            return foo(args...); // forwarded arguments
+        });
+ \endrst */
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct call_guard;
+
+template <>
+struct call_guard<> {
+    using type = detail::void_type;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct call_guard<T> {
+    static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<T>::value,
+                  "The guard type must be default constructible");
+
+    using type = T;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+struct call_guard<T, Ts...> {
+    struct type {
+        T guard{}; // Compose multiple guard types with left-to-right default-constructor order
+        typename call_guard<Ts...>::type next{};
+    };
+};
+
+/// @} annotations
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+/* Forward declarations */
+enum op_id : int;
+enum op_type : int;
+struct undefined_t;
+template <op_id id, op_type ot, typename L = undefined_t, typename R = undefined_t>
+struct op_;
+void keep_alive_impl(size_t Nurse, size_t Patient, function_call &call, handle ret);
+
+/// Internal data structure which holds metadata about a keyword argument
+struct argument_record {
+    const char *name;  ///< Argument name
+    const char *descr; ///< Human-readable version of the argument value
+    handle value;      ///< Associated Python object
+    bool convert : 1;  ///< True if the argument is allowed to convert when loading
+    bool none : 1;     ///< True if None is allowed when loading
+
+    argument_record(const char *name, const char *descr, handle value, bool convert, bool none)
+        : name(name), descr(descr), value(value), convert(convert), none(none) {}
+};
+
+/// Internal data structure which holds metadata about a bound function (signature, overloads,
+/// etc.)
+struct function_record {
+    function_record()
+        : is_constructor(false), is_new_style_constructor(false), is_stateless(false),
+          is_operator(false), is_method(false), is_setter(false), has_args(false),
+          has_kwargs(false), prepend(false) {}
+
+    /// Function name
+    char *name = nullptr; /* why no C++ strings? They generate heavier code.. */
+
+    // User-specified documentation string
+    char *doc = nullptr;
+
+    /// Human-readable version of the function signature
+    char *signature = nullptr;
+
+    /// List of registered keyword arguments
+    std::vector<argument_record> args;
+
+    /// Pointer to lambda function which converts arguments and performs the actual call
+    handle (*impl)(function_call &) = nullptr;
+
+    /// Storage for the wrapped function pointer and captured data, if any
+    void *data[3] = {};
+
+    /// Pointer to custom destructor for 'data' (if needed)
+    void (*free_data)(function_record *ptr) = nullptr;
+
+    /// Return value policy associated with this function
+    return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic;
+
+    /// True if name == '__init__'
+    bool is_constructor : 1;
+
+    /// True if this is a new-style `__init__` defined in `detail/init.h`
+    bool is_new_style_constructor : 1;
+
+    /// True if this is a stateless function pointer
+    bool is_stateless : 1;
+
+    /// True if this is an operator (__add__), etc.
+    bool is_operator : 1;
+
+    /// True if this is a method
+    bool is_method : 1;
+
+    /// True if this is a setter
+    bool is_setter : 1;
+
+    /// True if the function has a '*args' argument
+    bool has_args : 1;
+
+    /// True if the function has a '**kwargs' argument
+    bool has_kwargs : 1;
+
+    /// True if this function is to be inserted at the beginning of the overload resolution chain
+    bool prepend : 1;
+
+    /// Number of arguments (including py::args and/or py::kwargs, if present)
+    std::uint16_t nargs;
+
+    /// Number of leading positional arguments, which are terminated by a py::args or py::kwargs
+    /// argument or by a py::kw_only annotation.
+    std::uint16_t nargs_pos = 0;
+
+    /// Number of leading arguments (counted in `nargs`) that are positional-only
+    std::uint16_t nargs_pos_only = 0;
+
+    /// Python method object
+    PyMethodDef *def = nullptr;
+
+    /// Python handle to the parent scope (a class or a module)
+    handle scope;
+
+    /// Python handle to the sibling function representing an overload chain
+    handle sibling;
+
+    /// Pointer to next overload
+    function_record *next = nullptr;
+};
+
+/// Special data structure which (temporarily) holds metadata about a bound class
+struct type_record {
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE type_record()
+        : multiple_inheritance(false), dynamic_attr(false), buffer_protocol(false),
+          default_holder(true), module_local(false), is_final(false) {}
+
+    /// Handle to the parent scope
+    handle scope;
+
+    /// Name of the class
+    const char *name = nullptr;
+
+    // Pointer to RTTI type_info data structure
+    const std::type_info *type = nullptr;
+
+    /// How large is the underlying C++ type?
+    size_t type_size = 0;
+
+    /// What is the alignment of the underlying C++ type?
+    size_t type_align = 0;
+
+    /// How large is the type's holder?
+    size_t holder_size = 0;
+
+    /// The global operator new can be overridden with a class-specific variant
+    void *(*operator_new)(size_t) = nullptr;
+
+    /// Function pointer to class_<..>::init_instance
+    void (*init_instance)(instance *, const void *) = nullptr;
+
+    /// Function pointer to class_<..>::dealloc
+    void (*dealloc)(detail::value_and_holder &) = nullptr;
+
+    /// List of base classes of the newly created type
+    list bases;
+
+    /// Optional docstring
+    const char *doc = nullptr;
+
+    /// Custom metaclass (optional)
+    handle metaclass;
+
+    /// Custom type setup.
+    custom_type_setup::callback custom_type_setup_callback;
+
+    /// Multiple inheritance marker
+    bool multiple_inheritance : 1;
+
+    /// Does the class manage a __dict__?
+    bool dynamic_attr : 1;
+
+    /// Does the class implement the buffer protocol?
+    bool buffer_protocol : 1;
+
+    /// Is the default (unique_ptr) holder type used?
+    bool default_holder : 1;
+
+    /// Is the class definition local to the module shared object?
+    bool module_local : 1;
+
+    /// Is the class inheritable from python classes?
+    bool is_final : 1;
+
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_base(const std::type_info &base, void *(*caster)(void *) ) {
+        auto *base_info = detail::get_type_info(base, false);
+        if (!base_info) {
+            std::string tname(base.name());
+            detail::clean_type_id(tname);
+            pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(name)
+                          + "\" referenced unknown base type \"" + tname + "\"");
+        }
+
+        if (default_holder != base_info->default_holder) {
+            std::string tname(base.name());
+            detail::clean_type_id(tname);
+            pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(name) + "\" "
+                          + (default_holder ? "does not have" : "has")
+                          + " a non-default holder type while its base \"" + tname + "\" "
+                          + (base_info->default_holder ? "does not" : "does"));
+        }
+
+        bases.append((PyObject *) base_info->type);
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B0000
+        dynamic_attr |= base_info->type->tp_dictoffset != 0;
+#else
+        dynamic_attr |= (base_info->type->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT) != 0;
+#endif
+
+        if (caster) {
+            base_info->implicit_casts.emplace_back(type, caster);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+inline function_call::function_call(const function_record &f, handle p) : func(f), parent(p) {
+    args.reserve(f.nargs);
+    args_convert.reserve(f.nargs);
+}
+
+/// Tag for a new-style `__init__` defined in `detail/init.h`
+struct is_new_style_constructor {};
+
+/**
+ * Partial template specializations to process custom attributes provided to
+ * cpp_function_ and class_. These are either used to initialize the respective
+ * fields in the type_record and function_record data structures or executed at
+ * runtime to deal with custom call policies (e.g. keep_alive).
+ */
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct process_attribute;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct process_attribute_default {
+    /// Default implementation: do nothing
+    static void init(const T &, function_record *) {}
+    static void init(const T &, type_record *) {}
+    static void precall(function_call &) {}
+    static void postcall(function_call &, handle) {}
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute specifying the function's name
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<name> : process_attribute_default<name> {
+    static void init(const name &n, function_record *r) { r->name = const_cast<char *>(n.value); }
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute specifying the function's docstring
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<doc> : process_attribute_default<doc> {
+    static void init(const doc &n, function_record *r) { r->doc = const_cast<char *>(n.value); }
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute specifying the function's docstring (provided as a C-style string)
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<const char *> : process_attribute_default<const char *> {
+    static void init(const char *d, function_record *r) { r->doc = const_cast<char *>(d); }
+    static void init(const char *d, type_record *r) { r->doc = d; }
+};
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<char *> : process_attribute<const char *> {};
+
+/// Process an attribute indicating the function's return value policy
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<return_value_policy> : process_attribute_default<return_value_policy> {
+    static void init(const return_value_policy &p, function_record *r) { r->policy = p; }
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute which indicates that this is an overloaded function associated with a
+/// given sibling
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<sibling> : process_attribute_default<sibling> {
+    static void init(const sibling &s, function_record *r) { r->sibling = s.value; }
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute which indicates that this function is a method
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<is_method> : process_attribute_default<is_method> {
+    static void init(const is_method &s, function_record *r) {
+        r->is_method = true;
+        r->scope = s.class_;
+    }
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute which indicates that this function is a setter
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<is_setter> : process_attribute_default<is_setter> {
+    static void init(const is_setter &, function_record *r) { r->is_setter = true; }
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute which indicates the parent scope of a method
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<scope> : process_attribute_default<scope> {
+    static void init(const scope &s, function_record *r) { r->scope = s.value; }
+};
+
+/// Process an attribute which indicates that this function is an operator
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<is_operator> : process_attribute_default<is_operator> {
+    static void init(const is_operator &, function_record *r) { r->is_operator = true; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<is_new_style_constructor>
+    : process_attribute_default<is_new_style_constructor> {
+    static void init(const is_new_style_constructor &, function_record *r) {
+        r->is_new_style_constructor = true;
+    }
+};
+
+inline void check_kw_only_arg(const arg &a, function_record *r) {
+    if (r->args.size() > r->nargs_pos && (!a.name || a.name[0] == '\0')) {
+        pybind11_fail("arg(): cannot specify an unnamed argument after a kw_only() annotation or "
+                      "args() argument");
+    }
+}
+
+inline void append_self_arg_if_needed(function_record *r) {
+    if (r->is_method && r->args.empty()) {
+        r->args.emplace_back("self", nullptr, handle(), /*convert=*/true, /*none=*/false);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Process a keyword argument attribute (*without* a default value)
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<arg> : process_attribute_default<arg> {
+    static void init(const arg &a, function_record *r) {
+        append_self_arg_if_needed(r);
+        r->args.emplace_back(a.name, nullptr, handle(), !a.flag_noconvert, a.flag_none);
+
+        check_kw_only_arg(a, r);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Process a keyword argument attribute (*with* a default value)
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<arg_v> : process_attribute_default<arg_v> {
+    static void init(const arg_v &a, function_record *r) {
+        if (r->is_method && r->args.empty()) {
+            r->args.emplace_back(
+                "self", /*descr=*/nullptr, /*parent=*/handle(), /*convert=*/true, /*none=*/false);
+        }
+
+        if (!a.value) {
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+            std::string descr("'");
+            if (a.name) {
+                descr += std::string(a.name) + ": ";
+            }
+            descr += a.type + "'";
+            if (r->is_method) {
+                if (r->name) {
+                    descr += " in method '" + (std::string) str(r->scope) + "."
+                             + (std::string) r->name + "'";
+                } else {
+                    descr += " in method of '" + (std::string) str(r->scope) + "'";
+                }
+            } else if (r->name) {
+                descr += " in function '" + (std::string) r->name + "'";
+            }
+            pybind11_fail("arg(): could not convert default argument " + descr
+                          + " into a Python object (type not registered yet?)");
+#else
+            pybind11_fail("arg(): could not convert default argument "
+                          "into a Python object (type not registered yet?). "
+                          "#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for "
+                          "more information.");
+#endif
+        }
+        r->args.emplace_back(a.name, a.descr, a.value.inc_ref(), !a.flag_noconvert, a.flag_none);
+
+        check_kw_only_arg(a, r);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Process a keyword-only-arguments-follow pseudo argument
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<kw_only> : process_attribute_default<kw_only> {
+    static void init(const kw_only &, function_record *r) {
+        append_self_arg_if_needed(r);
+        if (r->has_args && r->nargs_pos != static_cast<std::uint16_t>(r->args.size())) {
+            pybind11_fail("Mismatched args() and kw_only(): they must occur at the same relative "
+                          "argument location (or omit kw_only() entirely)");
+        }
+        r->nargs_pos = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(r->args.size());
+    }
+};
+
+/// Process a positional-only-argument maker
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<pos_only> : process_attribute_default<pos_only> {
+    static void init(const pos_only &, function_record *r) {
+        append_self_arg_if_needed(r);
+        r->nargs_pos_only = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(r->args.size());
+        if (r->nargs_pos_only > r->nargs_pos) {
+            pybind11_fail("pos_only(): cannot follow a py::args() argument");
+        }
+        // It also can't follow a kw_only, but a static_assert in pybind11.h checks that
+    }
+};
+
+/// Process a parent class attribute.  Single inheritance only (class_ itself already guarantees
+/// that)
+template <typename T>
+struct process_attribute<T, enable_if_t<is_pyobject<T>::value>>
+    : process_attribute_default<handle> {
+    static void init(const handle &h, type_record *r) { r->bases.append(h); }
+};
+
+/// Process a parent class attribute (deprecated, does not support multiple inheritance)
+template <typename T>
+struct process_attribute<base<T>> : process_attribute_default<base<T>> {
+    static void init(const base<T> &, type_record *r) { r->add_base(typeid(T), nullptr); }
+};
+
+/// Process a multiple inheritance attribute
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<multiple_inheritance> : process_attribute_default<multiple_inheritance> {
+    static void init(const multiple_inheritance &, type_record *r) {
+        r->multiple_inheritance = true;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<dynamic_attr> : process_attribute_default<dynamic_attr> {
+    static void init(const dynamic_attr &, type_record *r) { r->dynamic_attr = true; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<custom_type_setup> {
+    static void init(const custom_type_setup &value, type_record *r) {
+        r->custom_type_setup_callback = value.value;
+    }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<is_final> : process_attribute_default<is_final> {
+    static void init(const is_final &, type_record *r) { r->is_final = true; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<buffer_protocol> : process_attribute_default<buffer_protocol> {
+    static void init(const buffer_protocol &, type_record *r) { r->buffer_protocol = true; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<metaclass> : process_attribute_default<metaclass> {
+    static void init(const metaclass &m, type_record *r) { r->metaclass = m.value; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<module_local> : process_attribute_default<module_local> {
+    static void init(const module_local &l, type_record *r) { r->module_local = l.value; }
+};
+
+/// Process a 'prepend' attribute, putting this at the beginning of the overload chain
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<prepend> : process_attribute_default<prepend> {
+    static void init(const prepend &, function_record *r) { r->prepend = true; }
+};
+
+/// Process an 'arithmetic' attribute for enums (does nothing here)
+template <>
+struct process_attribute<arithmetic> : process_attribute_default<arithmetic> {};
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+struct process_attribute<call_guard<Ts...>> : process_attribute_default<call_guard<Ts...>> {};
+
+/**
+ * Process a keep_alive call policy -- invokes keep_alive_impl during the
+ * pre-call handler if both Nurse, Patient != 0 and use the post-call handler
+ * otherwise
+ */
+template <size_t Nurse, size_t Patient>
+struct process_attribute<keep_alive<Nurse, Patient>>
+    : public process_attribute_default<keep_alive<Nurse, Patient>> {
+    template <size_t N = Nurse, size_t P = Patient, enable_if_t<N != 0 && P != 0, int> = 0>
+    static void precall(function_call &call) {
+        keep_alive_impl(Nurse, Patient, call, handle());
+    }
+    template <size_t N = Nurse, size_t P = Patient, enable_if_t<N != 0 && P != 0, int> = 0>
+    static void postcall(function_call &, handle) {}
+    template <size_t N = Nurse, size_t P = Patient, enable_if_t<N == 0 || P == 0, int> = 0>
+    static void precall(function_call &) {}
+    template <size_t N = Nurse, size_t P = Patient, enable_if_t<N == 0 || P == 0, int> = 0>
+    static void postcall(function_call &call, handle ret) {
+        keep_alive_impl(Nurse, Patient, call, ret);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Recursively iterate over variadic template arguments
+template <typename... Args>
+struct process_attributes {
+    static void init(const Args &...args, function_record *r) {
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(r);
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(r);
+        using expander = int[];
+        (void) expander{
+            0, ((void) process_attribute<typename std::decay<Args>::type>::init(args, r), 0)...};
+    }
+    static void init(const Args &...args, type_record *r) {
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(r);
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(r);
+        using expander = int[];
+        (void) expander{0,
+                        (process_attribute<typename std::decay<Args>::type>::init(args, r), 0)...};
+    }
+    static void precall(function_call &call) {
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(call);
+        using expander = int[];
+        (void) expander{0,
+                        (process_attribute<typename std::decay<Args>::type>::precall(call), 0)...};
+    }
+    static void postcall(function_call &call, handle fn_ret) {
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(call, fn_ret);
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(fn_ret);
+        using expander = int[];
+        (void) expander{
+            0, (process_attribute<typename std::decay<Args>::type>::postcall(call, fn_ret), 0)...};
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_call_guard = is_instantiation<call_guard, T>;
+
+/// Extract the ``type`` from the first `call_guard` in `Extras...` (or `void_type` if none found)
+template <typename... Extra>
+using extract_guard_t = typename exactly_one_t<is_call_guard, call_guard<>, Extra...>::type;
+
+/// Check the number of named arguments at compile time
+template <typename... Extra,
+          size_t named = constexpr_sum(std::is_base_of<arg, Extra>::value...),
+          size_t self = constexpr_sum(std::is_same<is_method, Extra>::value...)>
+constexpr bool expected_num_args(size_t nargs, bool has_args, bool has_kwargs) {
+    PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(nargs, has_args, has_kwargs);
+    return named == 0 || (self + named + size_t(has_args) + size_t(has_kwargs)) == nargs;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/buffer_info.h: Python buffer object interface
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "detail/common.h"
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+// Default, C-style strides
+inline std::vector<ssize_t> c_strides(const std::vector<ssize_t> &shape, ssize_t itemsize) {
+    auto ndim = shape.size();
+    std::vector<ssize_t> strides(ndim, itemsize);
+    if (ndim > 0) {
+        for (size_t i = ndim - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+            strides[i - 1] = strides[i] * shape[i];
+        }
+    }
+    return strides;
+}
+
+// F-style strides; default when constructing an array_t with `ExtraFlags & f_style`
+inline std::vector<ssize_t> f_strides(const std::vector<ssize_t> &shape, ssize_t itemsize) {
+    auto ndim = shape.size();
+    std::vector<ssize_t> strides(ndim, itemsize);
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < ndim; ++i) {
+        strides[i] = strides[i - 1] * shape[i - 1];
+    }
+    return strides;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct compare_buffer_info;
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Information record describing a Python buffer object
+struct buffer_info {
+    void *ptr = nullptr;          // Pointer to the underlying storage
+    ssize_t itemsize = 0;         // Size of individual items in bytes
+    ssize_t size = 0;             // Total number of entries
+    std::string format;           // For homogeneous buffers, this should be set to
+                                  // format_descriptor<T>::format()
+    ssize_t ndim = 0;             // Number of dimensions
+    std::vector<ssize_t> shape;   // Shape of the tensor (1 entry per dimension)
+    std::vector<ssize_t> strides; // Number of bytes between adjacent entries
+                                  // (for each per dimension)
+    bool readonly = false;        // flag to indicate if the underlying storage may be written to
+
+    buffer_info() = default;
+
+    buffer_info(void *ptr,
+                ssize_t itemsize,
+                const std::string &format,
+                ssize_t ndim,
+                detail::any_container<ssize_t> shape_in,
+                detail::any_container<ssize_t> strides_in,
+                bool readonly = false)
+        : ptr(ptr), itemsize(itemsize), size(1), format(format), ndim(ndim),
+          shape(std::move(shape_in)), strides(std::move(strides_in)), readonly(readonly) {
+        if (ndim != (ssize_t) shape.size() || ndim != (ssize_t) strides.size()) {
+            pybind11_fail("buffer_info: ndim doesn't match shape and/or strides length");
+        }
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) ndim; ++i) {
+            size *= shape[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    buffer_info(T *ptr,
+                detail::any_container<ssize_t> shape_in,
+                detail::any_container<ssize_t> strides_in,
+                bool readonly = false)
+        : buffer_info(private_ctr_tag(),
+                      ptr,
+                      sizeof(T),
+                      format_descriptor<T>::format(),
+                      static_cast<ssize_t>(shape_in->size()),
+                      std::move(shape_in),
+                      std::move(strides_in),
+                      readonly) {}
+
+    buffer_info(void *ptr,
+                ssize_t itemsize,
+                const std::string &format,
+                ssize_t size,
+                bool readonly = false)
+        : buffer_info(ptr, itemsize, format, 1, {size}, {itemsize}, readonly) {}
+
+    template <typename T>
+    buffer_info(T *ptr, ssize_t size, bool readonly = false)
+        : buffer_info(ptr, sizeof(T), format_descriptor<T>::format(), size, readonly) {}
+
+    template <typename T>
+    buffer_info(const T *ptr, ssize_t size, bool readonly = true)
+        : buffer_info(
+            const_cast<T *>(ptr), sizeof(T), format_descriptor<T>::format(), size, readonly) {}
+
+    explicit buffer_info(Py_buffer *view, bool ownview = true)
+        : buffer_info(
+            view->buf,
+            view->itemsize,
+            view->format,
+            view->ndim,
+            {view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim},
+            /* Though buffer::request() requests PyBUF_STRIDES, ctypes objects
+             * ignore this flag and return a view with NULL strides.
+             * When strides are NULL, build them manually.  */
+            view->strides
+                ? std::vector<ssize_t>(view->strides, view->strides + view->ndim)
+                : detail::c_strides({view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim}, view->itemsize),
+            (view->readonly != 0)) {
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer)
+        this->m_view = view;
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer)
+        this->ownview = ownview;
+    }
+
+    buffer_info(const buffer_info &) = delete;
+    buffer_info &operator=(const buffer_info &) = delete;
+
+    buffer_info(buffer_info &&other) noexcept { (*this) = std::move(other); }
+
+    buffer_info &operator=(buffer_info &&rhs) noexcept {
+        ptr = rhs.ptr;
+        itemsize = rhs.itemsize;
+        size = rhs.size;
+        format = std::move(rhs.format);
+        ndim = rhs.ndim;
+        shape = std::move(rhs.shape);
+        strides = std::move(rhs.strides);
+        std::swap(m_view, rhs.m_view);
+        std::swap(ownview, rhs.ownview);
+        readonly = rhs.readonly;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    ~buffer_info() {
+        if (m_view && ownview) {
+            PyBuffer_Release(m_view);
+            delete m_view;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Py_buffer *view() const { return m_view; }
+    Py_buffer *&view() { return m_view; }
+
+    /* True if the buffer item type is equivalent to `T`. */
+    // To define "equivalent" by example:
+    // `buffer_info::item_type_is_equivalent_to<int>(b)` and
+    // `buffer_info::item_type_is_equivalent_to<long>(b)` may both be true
+    // on some platforms, but `int` and `unsigned` will never be equivalent.
+    // For the ground truth, please inspect `detail::compare_buffer_info<>`.
+    template <typename T>
+    bool item_type_is_equivalent_to() const {
+        return detail::compare_buffer_info<T>::compare(*this);
+    }
+
+private:
+    struct private_ctr_tag {};
+
+    buffer_info(private_ctr_tag,
+                void *ptr,
+                ssize_t itemsize,
+                const std::string &format,
+                ssize_t ndim,
+                detail::any_container<ssize_t> &&shape_in,
+                detail::any_container<ssize_t> &&strides_in,
+                bool readonly)
+        : buffer_info(
+            ptr, itemsize, format, ndim, std::move(shape_in), std::move(strides_in), readonly) {}
+
+    Py_buffer *m_view = nullptr;
+    bool ownview = false;
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE>
+struct compare_buffer_info {
+    static bool compare(const buffer_info &b) {
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-sizeof-expression) Needed for `PyObject *`
+        return b.format == format_descriptor<T>::format() && b.itemsize == (ssize_t) sizeof(T);
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct compare_buffer_info<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value>> {
+    static bool compare(const buffer_info &b) {
+        return (size_t) b.itemsize == sizeof(T)
+               && (b.format == format_descriptor<T>::value
+                   || ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(long))
+                       && b.format == (std::is_unsigned<T>::value ? "L" : "l"))
+                   || ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(size_t))
+                       && b.format == (std::is_unsigned<T>::value ? "N" : "n")));
+    }
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/cast.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1837 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/cast.h: Partial template specializations to cast between
+    C++ and Python types
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "detail/common.h"
+#include "detail/descr.h"
+#include "detail/type_caster_base.h"
+#include "detail/typeid.h"
+#include "pytypes.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4127)
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <typename type, typename SFINAE = void>
+class type_caster : public type_caster_base<type> {};
+template <typename type>
+using make_caster = type_caster<intrinsic_t<type>>;
+
+// Shortcut for calling a caster's `cast_op_type` cast operator for casting a type_caster to a T
+template <typename T>
+typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<T> cast_op(make_caster<T> &caster) {
+    using result_t = typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<T>; // See PR #4893
+    return caster.operator result_t();
+}
+template <typename T>
+typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<typename std::add_rvalue_reference<T>::type>
+cast_op(make_caster<T> &&caster) {
+    using result_t = typename make_caster<T>::template cast_op_type<
+        typename std::add_rvalue_reference<T>::type>; // See PR #4893
+    return std::move(caster).operator result_t();
+}
+
+template <typename type>
+class type_caster<std::reference_wrapper<type>> {
+private:
+    using caster_t = make_caster<type>;
+    caster_t subcaster;
+    using reference_t = type &;
+    using subcaster_cast_op_type = typename caster_t::template cast_op_type<reference_t>;
+
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<type>::type &, subcaster_cast_op_type>::value
+            || std::is_same<reference_t, subcaster_cast_op_type>::value,
+        "std::reference_wrapper<T> caster requires T to have a caster with an "
+        "`operator T &()` or `operator const T &()`");
+
+public:
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) { return subcaster.load(src, convert); }
+    static constexpr auto name = caster_t::name;
+    static handle
+    cast(const std::reference_wrapper<type> &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
+        // It is definitely wrong to take ownership of this pointer, so mask that rvp
+        if (policy == return_value_policy::take_ownership
+            || policy == return_value_policy::automatic) {
+            policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference;
+        }
+        return caster_t::cast(&src.get(), policy, parent);
+    }
+    template <typename T>
+    using cast_op_type = std::reference_wrapper<type>;
+    explicit operator std::reference_wrapper<type>() { return cast_op<type &>(subcaster); }
+};
+
+#define PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, py_name)                                                       \
+protected:                                                                                        \
+    type value;                                                                                   \
+                                                                                                  \
+public:                                                                                           \
+    static constexpr auto name = py_name;                                                         \
+    template <typename T_,                                                                        \
+              ::pybind11::detail::enable_if_t<                                                    \
+                  std::is_same<type, ::pybind11::detail::remove_cv_t<T_>>::value,                 \
+                  int>                                                                            \
+              = 0>                                                                                \
+    static ::pybind11::handle cast(                                                               \
+        T_ *src, ::pybind11::return_value_policy policy, ::pybind11::handle parent) {             \
+        if (!src)                                                                                 \
+            return ::pybind11::none().release();                                                  \
+        if (policy == ::pybind11::return_value_policy::take_ownership) {                          \
+            auto h = cast(std::move(*src), policy, parent);                                       \
+            delete src;                                                                           \
+            return h;                                                                             \
+        }                                                                                         \
+        return cast(*src, policy, parent);                                                        \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    operator type *() { return &value; }               /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */   \
+    operator type &() { return value; }                /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */   \
+    operator type &&() && { return std::move(value); } /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */   \
+    template <typename T_>                                                                        \
+    using cast_op_type = ::pybind11::detail::movable_cast_op_type<T_>
+
+template <typename CharT>
+using is_std_char_type = any_of<std::is_same<CharT, char>, /* std::string */
+#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING)
+                                std::is_same<CharT, char8_t>, /* std::u8string */
+#endif
+                                std::is_same<CharT, char16_t>, /* std::u16string */
+                                std::is_same<CharT, char32_t>, /* std::u32string */
+                                std::is_same<CharT, wchar_t>   /* std::wstring */
+                                >;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct type_caster<T, enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && !is_std_char_type<T>::value>> {
+    using _py_type_0 = conditional_t<sizeof(T) <= sizeof(long), long, long long>;
+    using _py_type_1 = conditional_t<std::is_signed<T>::value,
+                                     _py_type_0,
+                                     typename std::make_unsigned<_py_type_0>::type>;
+    using py_type = conditional_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, double, _py_type_1>;
+
+public:
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        py_type py_value;
+
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+        auto index_check = [](PyObject *o) { return PyIndex_Check(o); };
+#else
+        // In PyPy 7.3.3, `PyIndex_Check` is implemented by calling `__index__`,
+        // while CPython only considers the existence of `nb_index`/`__index__`.
+        auto index_check = [](PyObject *o) { return hasattr(o, "__index__"); };
+#endif
+
+        if (std::is_floating_point<T>::value) {
+            if (convert || PyFloat_Check(src.ptr())) {
+                py_value = (py_type) PyFloat_AsDouble(src.ptr());
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else if (PyFloat_Check(src.ptr())
+                   || (!convert && !PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(src.ptr()) && !index_check(src.ptr()))) {
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            handle src_or_index = src;
+            // PyPy: 7.3.7's 3.8 does not implement PyLong_*'s __index__ calls.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000 || defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+            object index;
+            if (!PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(src.ptr())) { // So: index_check(src.ptr())
+                index = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyNumber_Index(src.ptr()));
+                if (!index) {
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                    if (!convert)
+                        return false;
+                } else {
+                    src_or_index = index;
+                }
+            }
+#endif
+            if (std::is_unsigned<py_type>::value) {
+                py_value = as_unsigned<py_type>(src_or_index.ptr());
+            } else { // signed integer:
+                py_value = sizeof(T) <= sizeof(long)
+                               ? (py_type) PyLong_AsLong(src_or_index.ptr())
+                               : (py_type) PYBIND11_LONG_AS_LONGLONG(src_or_index.ptr());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Python API reported an error
+        bool py_err = py_value == (py_type) -1 && PyErr_Occurred();
+
+        // Check to see if the conversion is valid (integers should match exactly)
+        // Signed/unsigned checks happen elsewhere
+        if (py_err
+            || (std::is_integral<T>::value && sizeof(py_type) != sizeof(T)
+                && py_value != (py_type) (T) py_value)) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            if (py_err && convert && (PyNumber_Check(src.ptr()) != 0)) {
+                auto tmp = reinterpret_steal<object>(std::is_floating_point<T>::value
+                                                         ? PyNumber_Float(src.ptr())
+                                                         : PyNumber_Long(src.ptr()));
+                PyErr_Clear();
+                return load(tmp, false);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = (T) py_value;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U = T>
+    static typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<U>::value, handle>::type
+    cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return PyFloat_FromDouble((double) src);
+    }
+
+    template <typename U = T>
+    static typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<U>::value && std::is_signed<U>::value
+                                       && (sizeof(U) <= sizeof(long)),
+                                   handle>::type
+    cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_SIGNED((long) src);
+    }
+
+    template <typename U = T>
+    static typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<U>::value && std::is_unsigned<U>::value
+                                       && (sizeof(U) <= sizeof(unsigned long)),
+                                   handle>::type
+    cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_UNSIGNED((unsigned long) src);
+    }
+
+    template <typename U = T>
+    static typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<U>::value && std::is_signed<U>::value
+                                       && (sizeof(U) > sizeof(long)),
+                                   handle>::type
+    cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return PyLong_FromLongLong((long long) src);
+    }
+
+    template <typename U = T>
+    static typename std::enable_if<!std::is_floating_point<U>::value && std::is_unsigned<U>::value
+                                       && (sizeof(U) > sizeof(unsigned long)),
+                                   handle>::type
+    cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned long long) src);
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(T, const_name<std::is_integral<T>::value>("int", "float"));
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct void_caster {
+public:
+    bool load(handle src, bool) {
+        if (src && src.is_none()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    static handle cast(T, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return none().release();
+    }
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(T, const_name("None"));
+};
+
+template <>
+class type_caster<void_type> : public void_caster<void_type> {};
+
+template <>
+class type_caster<void> : public type_caster<void_type> {
+public:
+    using type_caster<void_type>::cast;
+
+    bool load(handle h, bool) {
+        if (!h) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (h.is_none()) {
+            value = nullptr;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /* Check if this is a capsule */
+        if (isinstance<capsule>(h)) {
+            value = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(h);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /* Check if this is a C++ type */
+        const auto &bases = all_type_info((PyTypeObject *) type::handle_of(h).ptr());
+        if (bases.size() == 1) { // Only allowing loading from a single-value type
+            value = values_and_holders(reinterpret_cast<instance *>(h.ptr())).begin()->value_ptr();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /* Fail */
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const void *ptr, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        if (ptr) {
+            return capsule(ptr).release();
+        }
+        return none().release();
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    using cast_op_type = void *&;
+    explicit operator void *&() { return value; }
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("capsule");
+
+private:
+    void *value = nullptr;
+};
+
+template <>
+class type_caster<std::nullptr_t> : public void_caster<std::nullptr_t> {};
+
+template <>
+class type_caster<bool> {
+public:
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (src.ptr() == Py_True) {
+            value = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (src.ptr() == Py_False) {
+            value = false;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (convert || is_numpy_bool(src)) {
+            // (allow non-implicit conversion for numpy booleans), use strncmp
+            // since NumPy 1.x had an additional trailing underscore.
+
+            Py_ssize_t res = -1;
+            if (src.is_none()) {
+                res = 0; // None is implicitly converted to False
+            }
+#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+            // On PyPy, check that "__bool__" attr exists
+            else if (hasattr(src, PYBIND11_BOOL_ATTR)) {
+                res = PyObject_IsTrue(src.ptr());
+            }
+#else
+            // Alternate approach for CPython: this does the same as the above, but optimized
+            // using the CPython API so as to avoid an unneeded attribute lookup.
+            else if (auto *tp_as_number = src.ptr()->ob_type->tp_as_number) {
+                if (PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(tp_as_number)) {
+                    res = (*PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(tp_as_number))(src.ptr());
+                }
+            }
+#endif
+            if (res == 0 || res == 1) {
+                value = (res != 0);
+                return true;
+            }
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    static handle cast(bool src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return handle(src ? Py_True : Py_False).inc_ref();
+    }
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(bool, const_name("bool"));
+
+private:
+    // Test if an object is a NumPy boolean (without fetching the type).
+    static inline bool is_numpy_bool(handle object) {
+        const char *type_name = Py_TYPE(object.ptr())->tp_name;
+        // Name changed to `numpy.bool` in NumPy 2, `numpy.bool_` is needed for 1.x support
+        return std::strcmp("numpy.bool", type_name) == 0
+               || std::strcmp("numpy.bool_", type_name) == 0;
+    }
+};
+
+// Helper class for UTF-{8,16,32} C++ stl strings:
+template <typename StringType, bool IsView = false>
+struct string_caster {
+    using CharT = typename StringType::value_type;
+
+    // Simplify life by being able to assume standard char sizes (the standard only guarantees
+    // minimums, but Python requires exact sizes)
+    static_assert(!std::is_same<CharT, char>::value || sizeof(CharT) == 1,
+                  "Unsupported char size != 1");
+#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING)
+    static_assert(!std::is_same<CharT, char8_t>::value || sizeof(CharT) == 1,
+                  "Unsupported char8_t size != 1");
+#endif
+    static_assert(!std::is_same<CharT, char16_t>::value || sizeof(CharT) == 2,
+                  "Unsupported char16_t size != 2");
+    static_assert(!std::is_same<CharT, char32_t>::value || sizeof(CharT) == 4,
+                  "Unsupported char32_t size != 4");
+    // wchar_t can be either 16 bits (Windows) or 32 (everywhere else)
+    static_assert(!std::is_same<CharT, wchar_t>::value || sizeof(CharT) == 2 || sizeof(CharT) == 4,
+                  "Unsupported wchar_t size != 2/4");
+    static constexpr size_t UTF_N = 8 * sizeof(CharT);
+
+    bool load(handle src, bool) {
+        handle load_src = src;
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!PyUnicode_Check(load_src.ptr())) {
+            return load_raw(load_src);
+        }
+
+        // For UTF-8 we avoid the need for a temporary `bytes` object by using
+        // `PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize`.
+        if (UTF_N == 8) {
+            Py_ssize_t size = -1;
+            const auto *buffer
+                = reinterpret_cast<const CharT *>(PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(load_src.ptr(), &size));
+            if (!buffer) {
+                PyErr_Clear();
+                return false;
+            }
+            value = StringType(buffer, static_cast<size_t>(size));
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        auto utfNbytes
+            = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(load_src.ptr(),
+                                                                  UTF_N == 8    ? "utf-8"
+                                                                  : UTF_N == 16 ? "utf-16"
+                                                                                : "utf-32",
+                                                                  nullptr));
+        if (!utfNbytes) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        const auto *buffer
+            = reinterpret_cast<const CharT *>(PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING(utfNbytes.ptr()));
+        size_t length = (size_t) PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE(utfNbytes.ptr()) / sizeof(CharT);
+        // Skip BOM for UTF-16/32
+        if (UTF_N > 8) {
+            buffer++;
+            length--;
+        }
+        value = StringType(buffer, length);
+
+        // If we're loading a string_view we need to keep the encoded Python object alive:
+        if (IsView) {
+            loader_life_support::add_patient(utfNbytes);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static handle
+    cast(const StringType &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        const char *buffer = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(src.data());
+        auto nbytes = ssize_t(src.size() * sizeof(CharT));
+        handle s = decode_utfN(buffer, nbytes);
+        if (!s) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(StringType, const_name(PYBIND11_STRING_NAME));
+
+private:
+    static handle decode_utfN(const char *buffer, ssize_t nbytes) {
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+        return UTF_N == 8    ? PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(buffer, nbytes, nullptr)
+               : UTF_N == 16 ? PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(buffer, nbytes, nullptr, nullptr)
+                             : PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(buffer, nbytes, nullptr, nullptr);
+#else
+        // PyPy segfaults when on PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16 (and possibly on PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32 as
+        // well), so bypass the whole thing by just passing the encoding as a string value, which
+        // works properly:
+        return PyUnicode_Decode(buffer,
+                                nbytes,
+                                UTF_N == 8    ? "utf-8"
+                                : UTF_N == 16 ? "utf-16"
+                                              : "utf-32",
+                                nullptr);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    // When loading into a std::string or char*, accept a bytes/bytearray object as-is (i.e.
+    // without any encoding/decoding attempt).  For other C++ char sizes this is a no-op.
+    // which supports loading a unicode from a str, doesn't take this path.
+    template <typename C = CharT>
+    bool load_raw(enable_if_t<std::is_same<C, char>::value, handle> src) {
+        if (PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK(src.ptr())) {
+            // We were passed raw bytes; accept it into a std::string or char*
+            // without any encoding attempt.
+            const char *bytes = PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING(src.ptr());
+            if (!bytes) {
+                pybind11_fail("Unexpected PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING() failure.");
+            }
+            value = StringType(bytes, (size_t) PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE(src.ptr()));
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (PyByteArray_Check(src.ptr())) {
+            // We were passed a bytearray; accept it into a std::string or char*
+            // without any encoding attempt.
+            const char *bytearray = PyByteArray_AsString(src.ptr());
+            if (!bytearray) {
+                pybind11_fail("Unexpected PyByteArray_AsString() failure.");
+            }
+            value = StringType(bytearray, (size_t) PyByteArray_Size(src.ptr()));
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    template <typename C = CharT>
+    bool load_raw(enable_if_t<!std::is_same<C, char>::value, handle>) {
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename CharT, class Traits, class Allocator>
+struct type_caster<std::basic_string<CharT, Traits, Allocator>,
+                   enable_if_t<is_std_char_type<CharT>::value>>
+    : string_caster<std::basic_string<CharT, Traits, Allocator>> {};
+
+#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+template <typename CharT, class Traits>
+struct type_caster<std::basic_string_view<CharT, Traits>,
+                   enable_if_t<is_std_char_type<CharT>::value>>
+    : string_caster<std::basic_string_view<CharT, Traits>, true> {};
+#endif
+
+// Type caster for C-style strings.  We basically use a std::string type caster, but also add the
+// ability to use None as a nullptr char* (which the string caster doesn't allow).
+template <typename CharT>
+struct type_caster<CharT, enable_if_t<is_std_char_type<CharT>::value>> {
+    using StringType = std::basic_string<CharT>;
+    using StringCaster = make_caster<StringType>;
+    StringCaster str_caster;
+    bool none = false;
+    CharT one_char = 0;
+
+public:
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (src.is_none()) {
+            // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode):
+            if (!convert) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            none = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return str_caster.load(src, convert);
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const CharT *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
+        if (src == nullptr) {
+            return pybind11::none().release();
+        }
+        return StringCaster::cast(StringType(src), policy, parent);
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(CharT src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
+        if (std::is_same<char, CharT>::value) {
+            handle s = PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1((const char *) &src, 1, nullptr);
+            if (!s) {
+                throw error_already_set();
+            }
+            return s;
+        }
+        return StringCaster::cast(StringType(1, src), policy, parent);
+    }
+
+    explicit operator CharT *() {
+        return none ? nullptr : const_cast<CharT *>(static_cast<StringType &>(str_caster).c_str());
+    }
+    explicit operator CharT &() {
+        if (none) {
+            throw value_error("Cannot convert None to a character");
+        }
+
+        auto &value = static_cast<StringType &>(str_caster);
+        size_t str_len = value.size();
+        if (str_len == 0) {
+            throw value_error("Cannot convert empty string to a character");
+        }
+
+        // If we're in UTF-8 mode, we have two possible failures: one for a unicode character that
+        // is too high, and one for multiple unicode characters (caught later), so we need to
+        // figure out how long the first encoded character is in bytes to distinguish between these
+        // two errors.  We also allow want to allow unicode characters U+0080 through U+00FF, as
+        // those can fit into a single char value.
+        if (StringCaster::UTF_N == 8 && str_len > 1 && str_len <= 4) {
+            auto v0 = static_cast<unsigned char>(value[0]);
+            // low bits only: 0-127
+            // 0b110xxxxx - start of 2-byte sequence
+            // 0b1110xxxx - start of 3-byte sequence
+            // 0b11110xxx - start of 4-byte sequence
+            size_t char0_bytes = (v0 & 0x80) == 0      ? 1
+                                 : (v0 & 0xE0) == 0xC0 ? 2
+                                 : (v0 & 0xF0) == 0xE0 ? 3
+                                                       : 4;
+
+            if (char0_bytes == str_len) {
+                // If we have a 128-255 value, we can decode it into a single char:
+                if (char0_bytes == 2 && (v0 & 0xFC) == 0xC0) { // 0x110000xx 0x10xxxxxx
+                    one_char = static_cast<CharT>(((v0 & 3) << 6)
+                                                  + (static_cast<unsigned char>(value[1]) & 0x3F));
+                    return one_char;
+                }
+                // Otherwise we have a single character, but it's > U+00FF
+                throw value_error("Character code point not in range(0x100)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // UTF-16 is much easier: we can only have a surrogate pair for values above U+FFFF, thus a
+        // surrogate pair with total length 2 instantly indicates a range error (but not a "your
+        // string was too long" error).
+        else if (StringCaster::UTF_N == 16 && str_len == 2) {
+            one_char = static_cast<CharT>(value[0]);
+            if (one_char >= 0xD800 && one_char < 0xE000) {
+                throw value_error("Character code point not in range(0x10000)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (str_len != 1) {
+            throw value_error("Expected a character, but multi-character string found");
+        }
+
+        one_char = value[0];
+        return one_char;
+    }
+
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name(PYBIND11_STRING_NAME);
+    template <typename _T>
+    using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<_T>;
+};
+
+// Base implementation for std::tuple and std::pair
+template <template <typename...> class Tuple, typename... Ts>
+class tuple_caster {
+    using type = Tuple<Ts...>;
+    static constexpr auto size = sizeof...(Ts);
+    using indices = make_index_sequence<size>;
+
+public:
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        if (!isinstance<sequence>(src)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto seq = reinterpret_borrow<sequence>(src);
+        if (seq.size() != size) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return load_impl(seq, convert, indices{});
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    static handle cast(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
+        return cast_impl(std::forward<T>(src), policy, parent, indices{});
+    }
+
+    // copied from the PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER macro
+    template <typename T>
+    static handle cast(T *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
+        if (!src) {
+            return none().release();
+        }
+        if (policy == return_value_policy::take_ownership) {
+            auto h = cast(std::move(*src), policy, parent);
+            delete src;
+            return h;
+        }
+        return cast(*src, policy, parent);
+    }
+
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("tuple[")
+                                 + ::pybind11::detail::concat(make_caster<Ts>::name...)
+                                 + const_name("]");
+
+    template <typename T>
+    using cast_op_type = type;
+
+    explicit operator type() & { return implicit_cast(indices{}); }
+    explicit operator type() && { return std::move(*this).implicit_cast(indices{}); }
+
+protected:
+    template <size_t... Is>
+    type implicit_cast(index_sequence<Is...>) & {
+        return type(cast_op<Ts>(std::get<Is>(subcasters))...);
+    }
+    template <size_t... Is>
+    type implicit_cast(index_sequence<Is...>) && {
+        return type(cast_op<Ts>(std::move(std::get<Is>(subcasters)))...);
+    }
+
+    static constexpr bool load_impl(const sequence &, bool, index_sequence<>) { return true; }
+
+    template <size_t... Is>
+    bool load_impl(const sequence &seq, bool convert, index_sequence<Is...>) {
+#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions
+        if ((... || !std::get<Is>(subcasters).load(seq[Is], convert))) {
+            return false;
+        }
+#else
+        for (bool r : {std::get<Is>(subcasters).load(seq[Is], convert)...}) {
+            if (!r) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation: Convert a C++ tuple into a Python tuple */
+    template <typename T, size_t... Is>
+    static handle
+    cast_impl(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent, index_sequence<Is...>) {
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(src, policy, parent);
+        PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(policy, parent);
+        std::array<object, size> entries{{reinterpret_steal<object>(
+            make_caster<Ts>::cast(std::get<Is>(std::forward<T>(src)), policy, parent))...}};
+        for (const auto &entry : entries) {
+            if (!entry) {
+                return handle();
+            }
+        }
+        tuple result(size);
+        int counter = 0;
+        for (auto &entry : entries) {
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result.ptr(), counter++, entry.release().ptr());
+        }
+        return result.release();
+    }
+
+    Tuple<make_caster<Ts>...> subcasters;
+};
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+class type_caster<std::pair<T1, T2>> : public tuple_caster<std::pair, T1, T2> {};
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+class type_caster<std::tuple<Ts...>> : public tuple_caster<std::tuple, Ts...> {};
+
+/// Helper class which abstracts away certain actions. Users can provide specializations for
+/// custom holders, but it's only necessary if the type has a non-standard interface.
+template <typename T>
+struct holder_helper {
+    static auto get(const T &p) -> decltype(p.get()) { return p.get(); }
+};
+
+/// Type caster for holder types like std::shared_ptr, etc.
+/// The SFINAE hook is provided to help work around the current lack of support
+/// for smart-pointer interoperability. Please consider it an implementation
+/// detail that may change in the future, as formal support for smart-pointer
+/// interoperability is added into pybind11.
+template <typename type, typename holder_type, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct copyable_holder_caster : public type_caster_base<type> {
+public:
+    using base = type_caster_base<type>;
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<base, type_caster<type>>::value,
+                  "Holder classes are only supported for custom types");
+    using base::base;
+    using base::cast;
+    using base::typeinfo;
+    using base::value;
+
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        return base::template load_impl<copyable_holder_caster<type, holder_type>>(src, convert);
+    }
+
+    explicit operator type *() { return this->value; }
+    // static_cast works around compiler error with MSVC 17 and CUDA 10.2
+    // see issue #2180
+    explicit operator type &() { return *(static_cast<type *>(this->value)); }
+    explicit operator holder_type *() { return std::addressof(holder); }
+    explicit operator holder_type &() { return holder; }
+
+    static handle cast(const holder_type &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
+        const auto *ptr = holder_helper<holder_type>::get(src);
+        return type_caster_base<type>::cast_holder(ptr, &src);
+    }
+
+protected:
+    friend class type_caster_generic;
+    void check_holder_compat() {
+        if (typeinfo->default_holder) {
+            throw cast_error("Unable to load a custom holder type from a default-holder instance");
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool load_value(value_and_holder &&v_h) {
+        if (v_h.holder_constructed()) {
+            value = v_h.value_ptr();
+            holder = v_h.template holder<holder_type>();
+            return true;
+        }
+        throw cast_error("Unable to cast from non-held to held instance (T& to Holder<T>) "
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+                         "(#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for "
+                         "type information)");
+#else
+                         "of type '"
+                         + type_id<holder_type>() + "''");
+#endif
+    }
+
+    template <typename T = holder_type,
+              detail::enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<T, const T &, type *>::value, int> = 0>
+    bool try_implicit_casts(handle, bool) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T = holder_type,
+              detail::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<T, const T &, type *>::value, int> = 0>
+    bool try_implicit_casts(handle src, bool convert) {
+        for (auto &cast : typeinfo->implicit_casts) {
+            copyable_holder_caster sub_caster(*cast.first);
+            if (sub_caster.load(src, convert)) {
+                value = cast.second(sub_caster.value);
+                holder = holder_type(sub_caster.holder, (type *) value);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static bool try_direct_conversions(handle) { return false; }
+
+    holder_type holder;
+};
+
+/// Specialize for the common std::shared_ptr, so users don't need to
+template <typename T>
+class type_caster<std::shared_ptr<T>> : public copyable_holder_caster<T, std::shared_ptr<T>> {};
+
+/// Type caster for holder types like std::unique_ptr.
+/// Please consider the SFINAE hook an implementation detail, as explained
+/// in the comment for the copyable_holder_caster.
+template <typename type, typename holder_type, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct move_only_holder_caster {
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<type_caster_base<type>, type_caster<type>>::value,
+                  "Holder classes are only supported for custom types");
+
+    static handle cast(holder_type &&src, return_value_policy, handle) {
+        auto *ptr = holder_helper<holder_type>::get(src);
+        return type_caster_base<type>::cast_holder(ptr, std::addressof(src));
+    }
+    static constexpr auto name = type_caster_base<type>::name;
+};
+
+template <typename type, typename deleter>
+class type_caster<std::unique_ptr<type, deleter>>
+    : public move_only_holder_caster<type, std::unique_ptr<type, deleter>> {};
+
+template <typename type, typename holder_type>
+using type_caster_holder = conditional_t<is_copy_constructible<holder_type>::value,
+                                         copyable_holder_caster<type, holder_type>,
+                                         move_only_holder_caster<type, holder_type>>;
+
+template <typename T, bool Value = false>
+struct always_construct_holder {
+    static constexpr bool value = Value;
+};
+
+/// Create a specialization for custom holder types (silently ignores std::shared_ptr)
+#define PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(type, holder_type, ...)                                      \
+    PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)                                                  \
+    namespace detail {                                                                            \
+    template <typename type>                                                                      \
+    struct always_construct_holder<holder_type> : always_construct_holder<void, ##__VA_ARGS__> {  \
+    };                                                                                            \
+    template <typename type>                                                                      \
+    class type_caster<holder_type, enable_if_t<!is_shared_ptr<holder_type>::value>>               \
+        : public type_caster_holder<type, holder_type> {};                                        \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+// PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE holder types:
+template <typename base, typename holder>
+struct is_holder_type
+    : std::is_base_of<detail::type_caster_holder<base, holder>, detail::type_caster<holder>> {};
+// Specialization for always-supported unique_ptr holders:
+template <typename base, typename deleter>
+struct is_holder_type<base, std::unique_ptr<base, deleter>> : std::true_type {};
+
+#ifdef PYBIND11_DISABLE_HANDLE_TYPE_NAME_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION // See PR #4888
+
+// This leads to compilation errors if a specialization is missing.
+template <typename T>
+struct handle_type_name;
+
+#else
+
+template <typename T>
+struct handle_type_name {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<T>();
+};
+
+#endif
+
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<object> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("object");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<list> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("list");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<dict> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("dict");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<anyset> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Union[set, frozenset]");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<set> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("set");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<frozenset> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("frozenset");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<str> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("str");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<tuple> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("tuple");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<bool_> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("bool");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<bytes> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name(PYBIND11_BYTES_NAME);
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<buffer> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Buffer");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<int_> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("int");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<iterable> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Iterable");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<iterator> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Iterator");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<float_> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("float");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<function> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Callable");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<handle> {
+    static constexpr auto name = handle_type_name<object>::name;
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<none> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("None");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<sequence> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Sequence");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<bytearray> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("bytearray");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<memoryview> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("memoryview");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<slice> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("slice");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<type> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("type");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<capsule> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("capsule");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<ellipsis> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("ellipsis");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<weakref> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("weakref");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<args> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("*args");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<kwargs> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("**kwargs");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<obj_attr_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<obj_attr_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<str_attr_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<str_attr_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<item_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<item_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<sequence_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<sequence_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<list_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<list_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<tuple_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<tuple_accessor>();
+};
+
+template <typename type>
+struct pyobject_caster {
+    template <typename T = type, enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, handle>::value, int> = 0>
+    pyobject_caster() : value() {}
+
+    // `type` may not be default constructible (e.g. frozenset, anyset).  Initializing `value`
+    // to a nil handle is safe since it will only be accessed if `load` succeeds.
+    template <typename T = type, enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<object, T>::value, int> = 0>
+    pyobject_caster() : value(reinterpret_steal<type>(handle())) {}
+
+    template <typename T = type, enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, handle>::value, int> = 0>
+    bool load(handle src, bool /* convert */) {
+        value = src;
+        return static_cast<bool>(value);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T = type, enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<object, T>::value, int> = 0>
+    bool load(handle src, bool /* convert */) {
+        if (!isinstance<type>(src)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        value = reinterpret_borrow<type>(src);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const handle &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return src.inc_ref();
+    }
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, handle_type_name<type>::name);
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class type_caster<T, enable_if_t<is_pyobject<T>::value>> : public pyobject_caster<T> {};
+
+// Our conditions for enabling moving are quite restrictive:
+// At compile time:
+// - T needs to be a non-const, non-pointer, non-reference type
+// - type_caster<T>::operator T&() must exist
+// - the type must be move constructible (obviously)
+// At run-time:
+// - if the type is non-copy-constructible, the object must be the sole owner of the type (i.e. it
+//   must have ref_count() == 1)h
+// If any of the above are not satisfied, we fall back to copying.
+template <typename T>
+using move_is_plain_type
+    = satisfies_none_of<T, std::is_void, std::is_pointer, std::is_reference, std::is_const>;
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct move_always : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct move_always<
+    T,
+    enable_if_t<
+        all_of<move_is_plain_type<T>,
+               negation<is_copy_constructible<T>>,
+               is_move_constructible<T>,
+               std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<make_caster<T>>().operator T &()), T &>>::value>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct move_if_unreferenced : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct move_if_unreferenced<
+    T,
+    enable_if_t<
+        all_of<move_is_plain_type<T>,
+               negation<move_always<T>>,
+               is_move_constructible<T>,
+               std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<make_caster<T>>().operator T &()), T &>>::value>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+template <typename T>
+using move_never = none_of<move_always<T>, move_if_unreferenced<T>>;
+
+// Detect whether returning a `type` from a cast on type's type_caster is going to result in a
+// reference or pointer to a local variable of the type_caster.  Basically, only
+// non-reference/pointer `type`s and reference/pointers from a type_caster_generic are safe;
+// everything else returns a reference/pointer to a local variable.
+template <typename type>
+using cast_is_temporary_value_reference
+    = bool_constant<(std::is_reference<type>::value || std::is_pointer<type>::value)
+                    && !std::is_base_of<type_caster_generic, make_caster<type>>::value
+                    && !std::is_same<intrinsic_t<type>, void>::value>;
+
+// When a value returned from a C++ function is being cast back to Python, we almost always want to
+// force `policy = move`, regardless of the return value policy the function/method was declared
+// with.
+template <typename Return, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct return_value_policy_override {
+    static return_value_policy policy(return_value_policy p) { return p; }
+};
+
+template <typename Return>
+struct return_value_policy_override<
+    Return,
+    detail::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<type_caster_generic, make_caster<Return>>::value, void>> {
+    static return_value_policy policy(return_value_policy p) {
+        return !std::is_lvalue_reference<Return>::value && !std::is_pointer<Return>::value
+                   ? return_value_policy::move
+                   : p;
+    }
+};
+
+// Basic python -> C++ casting; throws if casting fails
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE>
+type_caster<T, SFINAE> &load_type(type_caster<T, SFINAE> &conv, const handle &handle) {
+    static_assert(!detail::is_pyobject<T>::value,
+                  "Internal error: type_caster should only be used for C++ types");
+    if (!conv.load(handle, true)) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+        throw cast_error(
+            "Unable to cast Python instance of type "
+            + str(type::handle_of(handle)).cast<std::string>()
+            + " to C++ type '?' (#define "
+              "PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for details)");
+#else
+        throw cast_error("Unable to cast Python instance of type "
+                         + str(type::handle_of(handle)).cast<std::string>() + " to C++ type '"
+                         + type_id<T>() + "'");
+#endif
+    }
+    return conv;
+}
+// Wrapper around the above that also constructs and returns a type_caster
+template <typename T>
+make_caster<T> load_type(const handle &handle) {
+    make_caster<T> conv;
+    load_type(conv, handle);
+    return conv;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+// pytype -> C++ type
+template <typename T,
+          detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_pyobject<T>::value
+                                  && !detail::is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *>::value,
+                              int>
+          = 0>
+T cast(const handle &handle) {
+    using namespace detail;
+    static_assert(!cast_is_temporary_value_reference<T>::value,
+                  "Unable to cast type to reference: value is local to type caster");
+    return cast_op<T>(load_type<T>(handle));
+}
+
+// pytype -> pytype (calls converting constructor)
+template <typename T, detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_pyobject<T>::value, int> = 0>
+T cast(const handle &handle) {
+    return T(reinterpret_borrow<object>(handle));
+}
+
+// Note that `cast<PyObject *>(obj)` increments the reference count of `obj`.
+// This is necessary for the case that `obj` is a temporary, and could
+// not possibly be different, given
+// 1. the established convention that the passed `handle` is borrowed, and
+// 2. we don't want to force all generic code using `cast<T>()` to special-case
+//    handling of `T` = `PyObject *` (to increment the reference count there).
+// It is the responsibility of the caller to ensure that the reference count
+// is decremented.
+template <typename T,
+          typename Handle,
+          detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *>::value
+                                  && detail::is_same_ignoring_cvref<Handle, handle>::value,
+                              int>
+          = 0>
+T cast(Handle &&handle) {
+    return handle.inc_ref().ptr();
+}
+// To optimize way an inc_ref/dec_ref cycle:
+template <typename T,
+          typename Object,
+          detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *>::value
+                                  && detail::is_same_ignoring_cvref<Object, object>::value,
+                              int>
+          = 0>
+T cast(Object &&obj) {
+    return obj.release().ptr();
+}
+
+// C++ type -> py::object
+template <typename T, detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_pyobject<T>::value, int> = 0>
+object cast(T &&value,
+            return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference,
+            handle parent = handle()) {
+    using no_ref_T = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+    if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic) {
+        policy = std::is_pointer<no_ref_T>::value     ? return_value_policy::take_ownership
+                 : std::is_lvalue_reference<T>::value ? return_value_policy::copy
+                                                      : return_value_policy::move;
+    } else if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic_reference) {
+        policy = std::is_pointer<no_ref_T>::value     ? return_value_policy::reference
+                 : std::is_lvalue_reference<T>::value ? return_value_policy::copy
+                                                      : return_value_policy::move;
+    }
+    return reinterpret_steal<object>(
+        detail::make_caster<T>::cast(std::forward<T>(value), policy, parent));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+T handle::cast() const {
+    return pybind11::cast<T>(*this);
+}
+template <>
+inline void handle::cast() const {
+    return;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+detail::enable_if_t<!detail::move_never<T>::value, T> move(object &&obj) {
+    if (obj.ref_count() > 1) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+        throw cast_error(
+            "Unable to cast Python " + str(type::handle_of(obj)).cast<std::string>()
+            + " instance to C++ rvalue: instance has multiple references"
+              " (#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for details)");
+#else
+        throw cast_error("Unable to move from Python "
+                         + str(type::handle_of(obj)).cast<std::string>() + " instance to C++ "
+                         + type_id<T>() + " instance: instance has multiple references");
+#endif
+    }
+
+    // Move into a temporary and return that, because the reference may be a local value of `conv`
+    T ret = std::move(detail::load_type<T>(obj).operator T &());
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// Calling cast() on an rvalue calls pybind11::cast with the object rvalue, which does:
+// - If we have to move (because T has no copy constructor), do it.  This will fail if the moved
+//   object has multiple references, but trying to copy will fail to compile.
+// - If both movable and copyable, check ref count: if 1, move; otherwise copy
+// - Otherwise (not movable), copy.
+template <typename T>
+detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_pyobject<T>::value && detail::move_always<T>::value, T>
+cast(object &&object) {
+    return move<T>(std::move(object));
+}
+template <typename T>
+detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_pyobject<T>::value && detail::move_if_unreferenced<T>::value, T>
+cast(object &&object) {
+    if (object.ref_count() > 1) {
+        return cast<T>(object);
+    }
+    return move<T>(std::move(object));
+}
+template <typename T>
+detail::enable_if_t<!detail::is_pyobject<T>::value && detail::move_never<T>::value, T>
+cast(object &&object) {
+    return cast<T>(object);
+}
+
+// pytype rvalue -> pytype (calls converting constructor)
+template <typename T>
+detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_pyobject<T>::value, T> cast(object &&object) {
+    return T(std::move(object));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+T object::cast() const & {
+    return pybind11::cast<T>(*this);
+}
+template <typename T>
+T object::cast() && {
+    return pybind11::cast<T>(std::move(*this));
+}
+template <>
+inline void object::cast() const & {
+    return;
+}
+template <>
+inline void object::cast() && {
+    return;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+// Declared in pytypes.h:
+template <typename T, enable_if_t<!is_pyobject<T>::value, int>>
+object object_or_cast(T &&o) {
+    return pybind11::cast(std::forward<T>(o));
+}
+
+// Placeholder type for the unneeded (and dead code) static variable in the
+// PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_OVERRIDE macro
+struct override_unused {};
+template <typename ret_type>
+using override_caster_t = conditional_t<cast_is_temporary_value_reference<ret_type>::value,
+                                        make_caster<ret_type>,
+                                        override_unused>;
+
+// Trampoline use: for reference/pointer types to value-converted values, we do a value cast, then
+// store the result in the given variable.  For other types, this is a no-op.
+template <typename T>
+enable_if_t<cast_is_temporary_value_reference<T>::value, T> cast_ref(object &&o,
+                                                                     make_caster<T> &caster) {
+    return cast_op<T>(load_type(caster, o));
+}
+template <typename T>
+enable_if_t<!cast_is_temporary_value_reference<T>::value, T> cast_ref(object &&,
+                                                                      override_unused &) {
+    pybind11_fail("Internal error: cast_ref fallback invoked");
+}
+
+// Trampoline use: Having a pybind11::cast with an invalid reference type is going to
+// static_assert, even though if it's in dead code, so we provide a "trampoline" to pybind11::cast
+// that only does anything in cases where pybind11::cast is valid.
+template <typename T>
+enable_if_t<cast_is_temporary_value_reference<T>::value, T> cast_safe(object &&) {
+    pybind11_fail("Internal error: cast_safe fallback invoked");
+}
+template <typename T>
+enable_if_t<std::is_void<T>::value, void> cast_safe(object &&) {}
+template <typename T>
+enable_if_t<detail::none_of<cast_is_temporary_value_reference<T>, std::is_void<T>>::value, T>
+cast_safe(object &&o) {
+    return pybind11::cast<T>(std::move(o));
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+// The overloads could coexist, i.e. the #if is not strictly speaking needed,
+// but it is an easy minor optimization.
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+inline cast_error cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(const std::string &name) {
+    return cast_error("Unable to convert call argument '" + name
+                      + "' to Python object (#define "
+                        "PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for details)");
+}
+#else
+inline cast_error cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(const std::string &name,
+                                                        const std::string &type) {
+    return cast_error("Unable to convert call argument '" + name + "' of type '" + type
+                      + "' to Python object");
+}
+#endif
+
+template <return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference>
+tuple make_tuple() {
+    return tuple(0);
+}
+
+template <return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference, typename... Args>
+tuple make_tuple(Args &&...args_) {
+    constexpr size_t size = sizeof...(Args);
+    std::array<object, size> args{{reinterpret_steal<object>(
+        detail::make_caster<Args>::cast(std::forward<Args>(args_), policy, nullptr))...}};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) {
+        if (!args[i]) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+            throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(std::to_string(i));
+#else
+            std::array<std::string, size> argtypes{{type_id<Args>()...}};
+            throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(std::to_string(i), argtypes[i]);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    tuple result(size);
+    int counter = 0;
+    for (auto &arg_value : args) {
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result.ptr(), counter++, arg_value.release().ptr());
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/// \ingroup annotations
+/// Annotation for arguments
+struct arg {
+    /// Constructs an argument with the name of the argument; if null or omitted, this is a
+    /// positional argument.
+    constexpr explicit arg(const char *name = nullptr)
+        : name(name), flag_noconvert(false), flag_none(true) {}
+    /// Assign a value to this argument
+    template <typename T>
+    arg_v operator=(T &&value) const;
+    /// Indicate that the type should not be converted in the type caster
+    arg &noconvert(bool flag = true) {
+        flag_noconvert = flag;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    /// Indicates that the argument should/shouldn't allow None (e.g. for nullable pointer args)
+    arg &none(bool flag = true) {
+        flag_none = flag;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    const char *name;        ///< If non-null, this is a named kwargs argument
+    bool flag_noconvert : 1; ///< If set, do not allow conversion (requires a supporting type
+                             ///< caster!)
+    bool flag_none : 1;      ///< If set (the default), allow None to be passed to this argument
+};
+
+/// \ingroup annotations
+/// Annotation for arguments with values
+struct arg_v : arg {
+private:
+    template <typename T>
+    arg_v(arg &&base, T &&x, const char *descr = nullptr)
+        : arg(base), value(reinterpret_steal<object>(detail::make_caster<T>::cast(
+                         std::forward<T>(x), return_value_policy::automatic, {}))),
+          descr(descr)
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+          ,
+          type(type_id<T>())
+#endif
+    {
+        // Workaround! See:
+        // https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/2336
+        // https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/2685#issuecomment-731286700
+        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+public:
+    /// Direct construction with name, default, and description
+    template <typename T>
+    arg_v(const char *name, T &&x, const char *descr = nullptr)
+        : arg_v(arg(name), std::forward<T>(x), descr) {}
+
+    /// Called internally when invoking `py::arg("a") = value`
+    template <typename T>
+    arg_v(const arg &base, T &&x, const char *descr = nullptr)
+        : arg_v(arg(base), std::forward<T>(x), descr) {}
+
+    /// Same as `arg::noconvert()`, but returns *this as arg_v&, not arg&
+    arg_v &noconvert(bool flag = true) {
+        arg::noconvert(flag);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `arg::nonone()`, but returns *this as arg_v&, not arg&
+    arg_v &none(bool flag = true) {
+        arg::none(flag);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// The default value
+    object value;
+    /// The (optional) description of the default value
+    const char *descr;
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+    /// The C++ type name of the default value (only available when compiled in debug mode)
+    std::string type;
+#endif
+};
+
+/// \ingroup annotations
+/// Annotation indicating that all following arguments are keyword-only; the is the equivalent of
+/// an unnamed '*' argument
+struct kw_only {};
+
+/// \ingroup annotations
+/// Annotation indicating that all previous arguments are positional-only; the is the equivalent of
+/// an unnamed '/' argument (in Python 3.8)
+struct pos_only {};
+
+template <typename T>
+arg_v arg::operator=(T &&value) const {
+    return {*this, std::forward<T>(value)};
+}
+
+/// Alias for backward compatibility -- to be removed in version 2.0
+template <typename /*unused*/>
+using arg_t = arg_v;
+
+inline namespace literals {
+/** \rst
+    String literal version of `arg`
+ \endrst */
+constexpr arg
+#if !defined(__clang__) && defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ < 5
+operator"" _a // gcc 4.8.5 insists on having a space (hard error).
+#else
+operator""_a // clang 17 generates a deprecation warning if there is a space.
+#endif
+    (const char *name, size_t) {
+    return arg(name);
+}
+} // namespace literals
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_kw_only = std::is_same<intrinsic_t<T>, kw_only>;
+template <typename T>
+using is_pos_only = std::is_same<intrinsic_t<T>, pos_only>;
+
+// forward declaration (definition in attr.h)
+struct function_record;
+
+/// Internal data associated with a single function call
+struct function_call {
+    function_call(const function_record &f, handle p); // Implementation in attr.h
+
+    /// The function data:
+    const function_record &func;
+
+    /// Arguments passed to the function:
+    std::vector<handle> args;
+
+    /// The `convert` value the arguments should be loaded with
+    std::vector<bool> args_convert;
+
+    /// Extra references for the optional `py::args` and/or `py::kwargs` arguments (which, if
+    /// present, are also in `args` but without a reference).
+    object args_ref, kwargs_ref;
+
+    /// The parent, if any
+    handle parent;
+
+    /// If this is a call to an initializer, this argument contains `self`
+    handle init_self;
+};
+
+/// Helper class which loads arguments for C++ functions called from Python
+template <typename... Args>
+class argument_loader {
+    using indices = make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Args)>;
+
+    template <typename Arg>
+    using argument_is_args = std::is_same<intrinsic_t<Arg>, args>;
+    template <typename Arg>
+    using argument_is_kwargs = std::is_same<intrinsic_t<Arg>, kwargs>;
+    // Get kwargs argument position, or -1 if not present:
+    static constexpr auto kwargs_pos = constexpr_last<argument_is_kwargs, Args...>();
+
+    static_assert(kwargs_pos == -1 || kwargs_pos == (int) sizeof...(Args) - 1,
+                  "py::kwargs is only permitted as the last argument of a function");
+
+public:
+    static constexpr bool has_kwargs = kwargs_pos != -1;
+
+    // py::args argument position; -1 if not present.
+    static constexpr int args_pos = constexpr_last<argument_is_args, Args...>();
+
+    static_assert(args_pos == -1 || args_pos == constexpr_first<argument_is_args, Args...>(),
+                  "py::args cannot be specified more than once");
+
+    static constexpr auto arg_names
+        = ::pybind11::detail::concat(type_descr(make_caster<Args>::name)...);
+
+    bool load_args(function_call &call) { return load_impl_sequence(call, indices{}); }
+
+    template <typename Return, typename Guard, typename Func>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type)
+    enable_if_t<!std::is_void<Return>::value, Return> call(Func &&f) && {
+        return std::move(*this).template call_impl<remove_cv_t<Return>>(
+            std::forward<Func>(f), indices{}, Guard{});
+    }
+
+    template <typename Return, typename Guard, typename Func>
+    enable_if_t<std::is_void<Return>::value, void_type> call(Func &&f) && {
+        std::move(*this).template call_impl<remove_cv_t<Return>>(
+            std::forward<Func>(f), indices{}, Guard{});
+        return void_type();
+    }
+
+private:
+    static bool load_impl_sequence(function_call &, index_sequence<>) { return true; }
+
+    template <size_t... Is>
+    bool load_impl_sequence(function_call &call, index_sequence<Is...>) {
+#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions
+        if ((... || !std::get<Is>(argcasters).load(call.args[Is], call.args_convert[Is]))) {
+            return false;
+        }
+#else
+        for (bool r : {std::get<Is>(argcasters).load(call.args[Is], call.args_convert[Is])...}) {
+            if (!r) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Return, typename Func, size_t... Is, typename Guard>
+    Return call_impl(Func &&f, index_sequence<Is...>, Guard &&) && {
+        return std::forward<Func>(f)(cast_op<Args>(std::move(std::get<Is>(argcasters)))...);
+    }
+
+    std::tuple<make_caster<Args>...> argcasters;
+};
+
+/// Helper class which collects only positional arguments for a Python function call.
+/// A fancier version below can collect any argument, but this one is optimal for simple calls.
+template <return_value_policy policy>
+class simple_collector {
+public:
+    template <typename... Ts>
+    explicit simple_collector(Ts &&...values)
+        : m_args(pybind11::make_tuple<policy>(std::forward<Ts>(values)...)) {}
+
+    const tuple &args() const & { return m_args; }
+    dict kwargs() const { return {}; }
+
+    tuple args() && { return std::move(m_args); }
+
+    /// Call a Python function and pass the collected arguments
+    object call(PyObject *ptr) const {
+        PyObject *result = PyObject_CallObject(ptr, m_args.ptr());
+        if (!result) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        return reinterpret_steal<object>(result);
+    }
+
+private:
+    tuple m_args;
+};
+
+/// Helper class which collects positional, keyword, * and ** arguments for a Python function call
+template <return_value_policy policy>
+class unpacking_collector {
+public:
+    template <typename... Ts>
+    explicit unpacking_collector(Ts &&...values) {
+        // Tuples aren't (easily) resizable so a list is needed for collection,
+        // but the actual function call strictly requires a tuple.
+        auto args_list = list();
+        using expander = int[];
+        (void) expander{0, (process(args_list, std::forward<Ts>(values)), 0)...};
+
+        m_args = std::move(args_list);
+    }
+
+    const tuple &args() const & { return m_args; }
+    const dict &kwargs() const & { return m_kwargs; }
+
+    tuple args() && { return std::move(m_args); }
+    dict kwargs() && { return std::move(m_kwargs); }
+
+    /// Call a Python function and pass the collected arguments
+    object call(PyObject *ptr) const {
+        PyObject *result = PyObject_Call(ptr, m_args.ptr(), m_kwargs.ptr());
+        if (!result) {
+            throw error_already_set();
+        }
+        return reinterpret_steal<object>(result);
+    }
+
+private:
+    template <typename T>
+    void process(list &args_list, T &&x) {
+        auto o = reinterpret_steal<object>(
+            detail::make_caster<T>::cast(std::forward<T>(x), policy, {}));
+        if (!o) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+            throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(std::to_string(args_list.size()));
+#else
+            throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(std::to_string(args_list.size()),
+                                                        type_id<T>());
+#endif
+        }
+        args_list.append(std::move(o));
+    }
+
+    void process(list &args_list, detail::args_proxy ap) {
+        for (auto a : ap) {
+            args_list.append(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void process(list & /*args_list*/, arg_v a) {
+        if (!a.name) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+            nameless_argument_error();
+#else
+            nameless_argument_error(a.type);
+#endif
+        }
+        if (m_kwargs.contains(a.name)) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+            multiple_values_error();
+#else
+            multiple_values_error(a.name);
+#endif
+        }
+        if (!a.value) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+            throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(a.name);
+#else
+            throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(a.name, a.type);
+#endif
+        }
+        m_kwargs[a.name] = std::move(a.value);
+    }
+
+    void process(list & /*args_list*/, detail::kwargs_proxy kp) {
+        if (!kp) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (auto k : reinterpret_borrow<dict>(kp)) {
+            if (m_kwargs.contains(k.first)) {
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+                multiple_values_error();
+#else
+                multiple_values_error(str(k.first));
+#endif
+            }
+            m_kwargs[k.first] = k.second;
+        }
+    }
+
+    [[noreturn]] static void nameless_argument_error() {
+        throw type_error(
+            "Got kwargs without a name; only named arguments "
+            "may be passed via py::arg() to a python function call. "
+            "(#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for details)");
+    }
+    [[noreturn]] static void nameless_argument_error(const std::string &type) {
+        throw type_error("Got kwargs without a name of type '" + type
+                         + "'; only named "
+                           "arguments may be passed via py::arg() to a python function call. ");
+    }
+    [[noreturn]] static void multiple_values_error() {
+        throw type_error(
+            "Got multiple values for keyword argument "
+            "(#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for details)");
+    }
+
+    [[noreturn]] static void multiple_values_error(const std::string &name) {
+        throw type_error("Got multiple values for keyword argument '" + name + "'");
+    }
+
+private:
+    tuple m_args;
+    dict m_kwargs;
+};
+
+// [workaround(intel)] Separate function required here
+// We need to put this into a separate function because the Intel compiler
+// fails to compile enable_if_t<!all_of<is_positional<Args>...>::value>
+// (tested with ICC 2021.1 Beta 20200827).
+template <typename... Args>
+constexpr bool args_are_all_positional() {
+    return all_of<is_positional<Args>...>::value;
+}
+
+/// Collect only positional arguments for a Python function call
+template <return_value_policy policy,
+          typename... Args,
+          typename = enable_if_t<args_are_all_positional<Args...>()>>
+simple_collector<policy> collect_arguments(Args &&...args) {
+    return simple_collector<policy>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+/// Collect all arguments, including keywords and unpacking (only instantiated when needed)
+template <return_value_policy policy,
+          typename... Args,
+          typename = enable_if_t<!args_are_all_positional<Args...>()>>
+unpacking_collector<policy> collect_arguments(Args &&...args) {
+    // Following argument order rules for generalized unpacking according to PEP 448
+    static_assert(constexpr_last<is_positional, Args...>()
+                          < constexpr_first<is_keyword_or_ds, Args...>()
+                      && constexpr_last<is_s_unpacking, Args...>()
+                             < constexpr_first<is_ds_unpacking, Args...>(),
+                  "Invalid function call: positional args must precede keywords and ** unpacking; "
+                  "* unpacking must precede ** unpacking");
+    return unpacking_collector<policy>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <typename Derived>
+template <return_value_policy policy, typename... Args>
+object object_api<Derived>::operator()(Args &&...args) const {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    if (!PyGILState_Check()) {
+        pybind11_fail("pybind11::object_api<>::operator() PyGILState_Check() failure.");
+    }
+#endif
+    return detail::collect_arguments<policy>(std::forward<Args>(args)...).call(derived().ptr());
+}
+
+template <typename Derived>
+template <return_value_policy policy, typename... Args>
+object object_api<Derived>::call(Args &&...args) const {
+    return operator()<policy>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template <typename T>
+handle type::handle_of() {
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<detail::type_caster_generic, detail::make_caster<T>>::value,
+                  "py::type::of<T> only supports the case where T is a registered C++ types.");
+
+    return detail::get_type_handle(typeid(T), true);
+}
+
+#define PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(...)                                                                 \
+    PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)                                                  \
+    namespace detail {                                                                            \
+    template <>                                                                                   \
+    class type_caster<__VA_ARGS__> : public type_caster_base<__VA_ARGS__> {};                     \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+/// Lets you pass a type containing a `,` through a macro parameter without needing a separate
+/// typedef, e.g.:
+/// `PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(PYBIND11_TYPE(ReturnType<A, B>), PYBIND11_TYPE(Parent<C, D>), f, arg)`
+#define PYBIND11_TYPE(...) __VA_ARGS__
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/chrono.h

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/chrono.h: Transparent conversion between std::chrono and python's datetime
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Trent Houliston <[email protected]> and
+                       Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "pybind11.h"
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <datetime.h>
+#include <mutex>
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <typename type>
+class duration_caster {
+public:
+    using rep = typename type::rep;
+    using period = typename type::period;
+
+    // signed 25 bits required by the standard.
+    using days = std::chrono::duration<int_least32_t, std::ratio<86400>>;
+
+    bool load(handle src, bool) {
+        using namespace std::chrono;
+
+        // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import
+        if (!PyDateTimeAPI) {
+            PyDateTime_IMPORT;
+        }
+
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // If invoked with datetime.delta object
+        if (PyDelta_Check(src.ptr())) {
+            value = type(duration_cast<duration<rep, period>>(
+                days(PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_DAYS(src.ptr()))
+                + seconds(PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_SECONDS(src.ptr()))
+                + microseconds(PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_MICROSECONDS(src.ptr()))));
+            return true;
+        }
+        // If invoked with a float we assume it is seconds and convert
+        if (PyFloat_Check(src.ptr())) {
+            value = type(duration_cast<duration<rep, period>>(
+                duration<double>(PyFloat_AsDouble(src.ptr()))));
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // If this is a duration just return it back
+    static const std::chrono::duration<rep, period> &
+    get_duration(const std::chrono::duration<rep, period> &src) {
+        return src;
+    }
+
+    // If this is a time_point get the time_since_epoch
+    template <typename Clock>
+    static std::chrono::duration<rep, period>
+    get_duration(const std::chrono::time_point<Clock, std::chrono::duration<rep, period>> &src) {
+        return src.time_since_epoch();
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const type &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        using namespace std::chrono;
+
+        // Use overloaded function to get our duration from our source
+        // Works out if it is a duration or time_point and get the duration
+        auto d = get_duration(src);
+
+        // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import
+        if (!PyDateTimeAPI) {
+            PyDateTime_IMPORT;
+        }
+
+        // Declare these special duration types so the conversions happen with the correct
+        // primitive types (int)
+        using dd_t = duration<int, std::ratio<86400>>;
+        using ss_t = duration<int, std::ratio<1>>;
+        using us_t = duration<int, std::micro>;
+
+        auto dd = duration_cast<dd_t>(d);
+        auto subd = d - dd;
+        auto ss = duration_cast<ss_t>(subd);
+        auto us = duration_cast<us_t>(subd - ss);
+        return PyDelta_FromDSU(dd.count(), ss.count(), us.count());
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, const_name("datetime.timedelta"));
+};
+
+inline std::tm *localtime_thread_safe(const std::time_t *time, std::tm *buf) {
+#if (defined(__STDC_LIB_EXT1__) && defined(__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__)) || defined(_MSC_VER)
+    if (localtime_s(buf, time))
+        return nullptr;
+    return buf;
+#else
+    static std::mutex mtx;
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
+    std::tm *tm_ptr = std::localtime(time);
+    if (tm_ptr != nullptr) {
+        *buf = *tm_ptr;
+    }
+    return tm_ptr;
+#endif
+}
+
+// This is for casting times on the system clock into datetime.datetime instances
+template <typename Duration>
+class type_caster<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>> {
+public:
+    using type = std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>;
+    bool load(handle src, bool) {
+        using namespace std::chrono;
+
+        // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import
+        if (!PyDateTimeAPI) {
+            PyDateTime_IMPORT;
+        }
+
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::tm cal;
+        microseconds msecs;
+
+        if (PyDateTime_Check(src.ptr())) {
+            cal.tm_sec = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_SECOND(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_min = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MINUTE(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_hour = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_HOUR(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_mday = PyDateTime_GET_DAY(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_mon = PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(src.ptr()) - 1;
+            cal.tm_year = PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(src.ptr()) - 1900;
+            cal.tm_isdst = -1;
+            msecs = microseconds(PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MICROSECOND(src.ptr()));
+        } else if (PyDate_Check(src.ptr())) {
+            cal.tm_sec = 0;
+            cal.tm_min = 0;
+            cal.tm_hour = 0;
+            cal.tm_mday = PyDateTime_GET_DAY(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_mon = PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(src.ptr()) - 1;
+            cal.tm_year = PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(src.ptr()) - 1900;
+            cal.tm_isdst = -1;
+            msecs = microseconds(0);
+        } else if (PyTime_Check(src.ptr())) {
+            cal.tm_sec = PyDateTime_TIME_GET_SECOND(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_min = PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MINUTE(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_hour = PyDateTime_TIME_GET_HOUR(src.ptr());
+            cal.tm_mday = 1;  // This date (day, month, year) = (1, 0, 70)
+            cal.tm_mon = 0;   // represents 1-Jan-1970, which is the first
+            cal.tm_year = 70; // earliest available date for Python's datetime
+            cal.tm_isdst = -1;
+            msecs = microseconds(PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MICROSECOND(src.ptr()));
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        value = time_point_cast<Duration>(system_clock::from_time_t(std::mktime(&cal)) + msecs);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration> &src,
+                       return_value_policy /* policy */,
+                       handle /* parent */) {
+        using namespace std::chrono;
+
+        // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import
+        if (!PyDateTimeAPI) {
+            PyDateTime_IMPORT;
+        }
+
+        // Get out microseconds, and make sure they are positive, to avoid bug in eastern
+        // hemisphere time zones (cfr. https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/2417)
+        using us_t = duration<int, std::micro>;
+        auto us = duration_cast<us_t>(src.time_since_epoch() % seconds(1));
+        if (us.count() < 0) {
+            us += seconds(1);
+        }
+
+        // Subtract microseconds BEFORE `system_clock::to_time_t`, because:
+        // > If std::time_t has lower precision, it is implementation-defined whether the value is
+        // rounded or truncated. (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/system_clock/to_time_t)
+        std::time_t tt
+            = system_clock::to_time_t(time_point_cast<system_clock::duration>(src - us));
+
+        std::tm localtime;
+        std::tm *localtime_ptr = localtime_thread_safe(&tt, &localtime);
+        if (!localtime_ptr) {
+            throw cast_error("Unable to represent system_clock in local time");
+        }
+        return PyDateTime_FromDateAndTime(localtime.tm_year + 1900,
+                                          localtime.tm_mon + 1,
+                                          localtime.tm_mday,
+                                          localtime.tm_hour,
+                                          localtime.tm_min,
+                                          localtime.tm_sec,
+                                          us.count());
+    }
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, const_name("datetime.datetime"));
+};
+
+// Other clocks that are not the system clock are not measured as datetime.datetime objects
+// since they are not measured on calendar time. So instead we just make them timedeltas
+// Or if they have passed us a time as a float we convert that
+template <typename Clock, typename Duration>
+class type_caster<std::chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>>
+    : public duration_caster<std::chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration>> {};
+
+template <typename Rep, typename Period>
+class type_caster<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>>
+    : public duration_caster<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>> {};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/common.h

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#include "detail/common.h"
+#warning "Including 'common.h' is deprecated. It will be removed in v3.0. Use 'pybind11.h'."

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/complex.h

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/complex.h: Complex number support
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "pybind11.h"
+
+#include <complex>
+
+/// glibc defines I as a macro which breaks things, e.g., boost template names
+#ifdef I
+#    undef I
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+template <typename T>
+struct format_descriptor<std::complex<T>, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>> {
+    static constexpr const char c = format_descriptor<T>::c;
+    static constexpr const char value[3] = {'Z', c, '\0'};
+    static std::string format() { return std::string(value); }
+};
+
+#ifndef PYBIND11_CPP17
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr const char
+    format_descriptor<std::complex<T>,
+                      detail::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>>::value[3];
+
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_fmt_numeric<std::complex<T>, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<T>::value>> {
+    static constexpr bool value = true;
+    static constexpr int index = is_fmt_numeric<T>::index + 3;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class type_caster<std::complex<T>> {
+public:
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!convert && !PyComplex_Check(src.ptr())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        Py_complex result = PyComplex_AsCComplex(src.ptr());
+        if (result.real == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            return false;
+        }
+        value = std::complex<T>((T) result.real, (T) result.imag);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static handle
+    cast(const std::complex<T> &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) {
+        return PyComplex_FromDoubles((double) src.real(), (double) src.imag());
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(std::complex<T>, const_name("complex"));
+};
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/detail/class.h

@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/detail/class.h: Python C API implementation details for py::class_
+
+    Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../attr.h"
+#include "../options.h"
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+#    define PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME
+#    define PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(obj, nameobj)
+#else
+// In PyPy, we still set __qualname__ so that we can produce reliable function type
+// signatures; in CPython this macro expands to nothing:
+#    define PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(obj, nameobj)                                             \
+        setattr((PyObject *) obj, "__qualname__", nameobj)
+#endif
+
+inline std::string get_fully_qualified_tp_name(PyTypeObject *type) {
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    return type->tp_name;
+#else
+    auto module_name = handle((PyObject *) type).attr("__module__").cast<std::string>();
+    if (module_name == PYBIND11_BUILTINS_MODULE)
+        return type->tp_name;
+    else
+        return std::move(module_name) + "." + type->tp_name;
+#endif
+}
+
+inline PyTypeObject *type_incref(PyTypeObject *type) {
+    Py_INCREF(type);
+    return type;
+}
+
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+
+/// `pybind11_static_property.__get__()`: Always pass the class instead of the instance.
+extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_static_get(PyObject *self, PyObject * /*ob*/, PyObject *cls) {
+    return PyProperty_Type.tp_descr_get(self, cls, cls);
+}
+
+/// `pybind11_static_property.__set__()`: Just like the above `__get__()`.
+extern "C" inline int pybind11_static_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *value) {
+    PyObject *cls = PyType_Check(obj) ? obj : (PyObject *) Py_TYPE(obj);
+    return PyProperty_Type.tp_descr_set(self, cls, value);
+}
+
+// Forward declaration to use in `make_static_property_type()`
+inline void enable_dynamic_attributes(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type);
+
+/** A `static_property` is the same as a `property` but the `__get__()` and `__set__()`
+    methods are modified to always use the object type instead of a concrete instance.
+    Return value: New reference. */
+inline PyTypeObject *make_static_property_type() {
+    constexpr auto *name = "pybind11_static_property";
+    auto name_obj = reinterpret_steal<object>(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(name));
+
+    /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to
+       issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the
+       garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in
+       turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */
+    auto *heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0);
+    if (!heap_type) {
+        pybind11_fail("make_static_property_type(): error allocating type!");
+    }
+
+    heap_type->ht_name = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr();
+#    ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME
+    heap_type->ht_qualname = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr();
+#    endif
+
+    auto *type = &heap_type->ht_type;
+    type->tp_name = name;
+    type->tp_base = type_incref(&PyProperty_Type);
+    type->tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE;
+    type->tp_descr_get = pybind11_static_get;
+    type->tp_descr_set = pybind11_static_set;
+
+#    if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000
+    // Since Python-3.12 property-derived types are required to
+    // have dynamic attributes (to set `__doc__`)
+    enable_dynamic_attributes(heap_type);
+#    endif
+
+    if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) {
+        pybind11_fail("make_static_property_type(): failure in PyType_Ready()!");
+    }
+
+    setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", str("pybind11_builtins"));
+    PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, name_obj);
+
+    return type;
+}
+
+#else // PYPY
+
+/** PyPy has some issues with the above C API, so we evaluate Python code instead.
+    This function will only be called once so performance isn't really a concern.
+    Return value: New reference. */
+inline PyTypeObject *make_static_property_type() {
+    auto d = dict();
+    PyObject *result = PyRun_String(R"(\
+class pybind11_static_property(property):
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        return property.__get__(self, cls, cls)
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value):
+        cls = obj if isinstance(obj, type) else type(obj)
+        property.__set__(self, cls, value)
+)",
+                                    Py_file_input,
+                                    d.ptr(),
+                                    d.ptr());
+    if (result == nullptr)
+        throw error_already_set();
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+    return (PyTypeObject *) d["pybind11_static_property"].cast<object>().release().ptr();
+}
+
+#endif // PYPY
+
+/** Types with static properties need to handle `Type.static_prop = x` in a specific way.
+    By default, Python replaces the `static_property` itself, but for wrapped C++ types
+    we need to call `static_property.__set__()` in order to propagate the new value to
+    the underlying C++ data structure. */
+extern "C" inline int pybind11_meta_setattro(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name, PyObject *value) {
+    // Use `_PyType_Lookup()` instead of `PyObject_GetAttr()` in order to get the raw
+    // descriptor (`property`) instead of calling `tp_descr_get` (`property.__get__()`).
+    PyObject *descr = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject *) obj, name);
+
+    // The following assignment combinations are possible:
+    //   1. `Type.static_prop = value`             --> descr_set: `Type.static_prop.__set__(value)`
+    //   2. `Type.static_prop = other_static_prop` --> setattro:  replace existing `static_prop`
+    //   3. `Type.regular_attribute = value`       --> setattro:  regular attribute assignment
+    auto *const static_prop = (PyObject *) get_internals().static_property_type;
+    const auto call_descr_set = (descr != nullptr) && (value != nullptr)
+                                && (PyObject_IsInstance(descr, static_prop) != 0)
+                                && (PyObject_IsInstance(value, static_prop) == 0);
+    if (call_descr_set) {
+        // Call `static_property.__set__()` instead of replacing the `static_property`.
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+        return Py_TYPE(descr)->tp_descr_set(descr, obj, value);
+#else
+        if (PyObject *result = PyObject_CallMethod(descr, "__set__", "OO", obj, value)) {
+            Py_DECREF(result);
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+#endif
+    } else {
+        // Replace existing attribute.
+        return PyType_Type.tp_setattro(obj, name, value);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Python 3's PyInstanceMethod_Type hides itself via its tp_descr_get, which prevents aliasing
+ * methods via cls.attr("m2") = cls.attr("m1"): instead the tp_descr_get returns a plain function,
+ * when called on a class, or a PyMethod, when called on an instance.  Override that behaviour here
+ * to do a special case bypass for PyInstanceMethod_Types.
+ */
+extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_meta_getattro(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject *descr = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject *) obj, name);
+    if (descr && PyInstanceMethod_Check(descr)) {
+        Py_INCREF(descr);
+        return descr;
+    }
+    return PyType_Type.tp_getattro(obj, name);
+}
+
+/// metaclass `__call__` function that is used to create all pybind11 objects.
+extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_meta_call(PyObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs) {
+
+    // use the default metaclass call to create/initialize the object
+    PyObject *self = PyType_Type.tp_call(type, args, kwargs);
+    if (self == nullptr) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Ensure that the base __init__ function(s) were called
+    values_and_holders vhs(self);
+    for (const auto &vh : vhs) {
+        if (!vh.holder_constructed() && !vhs.is_redundant_value_and_holder(vh)) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                         "%.200s.__init__() must be called when overriding __init__",
+                         get_fully_qualified_tp_name(vh.type->type).c_str());
+            Py_DECREF(self);
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/// Cleanup the type-info for a pybind11-registered type.
+extern "C" inline void pybind11_meta_dealloc(PyObject *obj) {
+    auto *type = (PyTypeObject *) obj;
+    auto &internals = get_internals();
+
+    // A pybind11-registered type will:
+    // 1) be found in internals.registered_types_py
+    // 2) have exactly one associated `detail::type_info`
+    auto found_type = internals.registered_types_py.find(type);
+    if (found_type != internals.registered_types_py.end() && found_type->second.size() == 1
+        && found_type->second[0]->type == type) {
+
+        auto *tinfo = found_type->second[0];
+        auto tindex = std::type_index(*tinfo->cpptype);
+        internals.direct_conversions.erase(tindex);
+
+        if (tinfo->module_local) {
+            get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp.erase(tindex);
+        } else {
+            internals.registered_types_cpp.erase(tindex);
+        }
+        internals.registered_types_py.erase(tinfo->type);
+
+        // Actually just `std::erase_if`, but that's only available in C++20
+        auto &cache = internals.inactive_override_cache;
+        for (auto it = cache.begin(), last = cache.end(); it != last;) {
+            if (it->first == (PyObject *) tinfo->type) {
+                it = cache.erase(it);
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+
+        delete tinfo;
+    }
+
+    PyType_Type.tp_dealloc(obj);
+}
+
+/** This metaclass is assigned by default to all pybind11 types and is required in order
+    for static properties to function correctly. Users may override this using `py::metaclass`.
+    Return value: New reference. */
+inline PyTypeObject *make_default_metaclass() {
+    constexpr auto *name = "pybind11_type";
+    auto name_obj = reinterpret_steal<object>(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(name));
+
+    /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to
+       issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the
+       garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in
+       turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */
+    auto *heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0);
+    if (!heap_type) {
+        pybind11_fail("make_default_metaclass(): error allocating metaclass!");
+    }
+
+    heap_type->ht_name = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr();
+#ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME
+    heap_type->ht_qualname = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr();
+#endif
+
+    auto *type = &heap_type->ht_type;
+    type->tp_name = name;
+    type->tp_base = type_incref(&PyType_Type);
+    type->tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE;
+
+    type->tp_call = pybind11_meta_call;
+
+    type->tp_setattro = pybind11_meta_setattro;
+    type->tp_getattro = pybind11_meta_getattro;
+
+    type->tp_dealloc = pybind11_meta_dealloc;
+
+    if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) {
+        pybind11_fail("make_default_metaclass(): failure in PyType_Ready()!");
+    }
+
+    setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", str("pybind11_builtins"));
+    PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, name_obj);
+
+    return type;
+}
+
+/// For multiple inheritance types we need to recursively register/deregister base pointers for any
+/// base classes with pointers that are difference from the instance value pointer so that we can
+/// correctly recognize an offset base class pointer. This calls a function with any offset base
+/// ptrs.
+inline void traverse_offset_bases(void *valueptr,
+                                  const detail::type_info *tinfo,
+                                  instance *self,
+                                  bool (*f)(void * /*parentptr*/, instance * /*self*/)) {
+    for (handle h : reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(tinfo->type->tp_bases)) {
+        if (auto *parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr())) {
+            for (auto &c : parent_tinfo->implicit_casts) {
+                if (c.first == tinfo->cpptype) {
+                    auto *parentptr = c.second(valueptr);
+                    if (parentptr != valueptr) {
+                        f(parentptr, self);
+                    }
+                    traverse_offset_bases(parentptr, parent_tinfo, self, f);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+inline bool register_instance_impl(void *ptr, instance *self) {
+    get_internals().registered_instances.emplace(ptr, self);
+    return true; // unused, but gives the same signature as the deregister func
+}
+inline bool deregister_instance_impl(void *ptr, instance *self) {
+    auto &registered_instances = get_internals().registered_instances;
+    auto range = registered_instances.equal_range(ptr);
+    for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
+        if (self == it->second) {
+            registered_instances.erase(it);
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+inline void register_instance(instance *self, void *valptr, const type_info *tinfo) {
+    register_instance_impl(valptr, self);
+    if (!tinfo->simple_ancestors) {
+        traverse_offset_bases(valptr, tinfo, self, register_instance_impl);
+    }
+}
+
+inline bool deregister_instance(instance *self, void *valptr, const type_info *tinfo) {
+    bool ret = deregister_instance_impl(valptr, self);
+    if (!tinfo->simple_ancestors) {
+        traverse_offset_bases(valptr, tinfo, self, deregister_instance_impl);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/// Instance creation function for all pybind11 types. It allocates the internal instance layout
+/// for holding C++ objects and holders.  Allocation is done lazily (the first time the instance is
+/// cast to a reference or pointer), and initialization is done by an `__init__` function.
+inline PyObject *make_new_instance(PyTypeObject *type) {
+#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    // PyPy gets tp_basicsize wrong (issue 2482) under multiple inheritance when the first
+    // inherited object is a plain Python type (i.e. not derived from an extension type).  Fix it.
+    ssize_t instance_size = static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(instance));
+    if (type->tp_basicsize < instance_size) {
+        type->tp_basicsize = instance_size;
+    }
+#endif
+    PyObject *self = type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
+    auto *inst = reinterpret_cast<instance *>(self);
+    // Allocate the value/holder internals:
+    inst->allocate_layout();
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/// Instance creation function for all pybind11 types. It only allocates space for the
+/// C++ object, but doesn't call the constructor -- an `__init__` function must do that.
+extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_object_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
+    return make_new_instance(type);
+}
+
+/// An `__init__` function constructs the C++ object. Users should provide at least one
+/// of these using `py::init` or directly with `.def(__init__, ...)`. Otherwise, the
+/// following default function will be used which simply throws an exception.
+extern "C" inline int pybind11_object_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
+    PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(self);
+    std::string msg = get_fully_qualified_tp_name(type) + ": No constructor defined!";
+    set_error(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+    return -1;
+}
+
+inline void add_patient(PyObject *nurse, PyObject *patient) {
+    auto &internals = get_internals();
+    auto *instance = reinterpret_cast<detail::instance *>(nurse);
+    instance->has_patients = true;
+    Py_INCREF(patient);
+    internals.patients[nurse].push_back(patient);
+}
+
+inline void clear_patients(PyObject *self) {
+    auto *instance = reinterpret_cast<detail::instance *>(self);
+    auto &internals = get_internals();
+    auto pos = internals.patients.find(self);
+    assert(pos != internals.patients.end());
+    // Clearing the patients can cause more Python code to run, which
+    // can invalidate the iterator. Extract the vector of patients
+    // from the unordered_map first.
+    auto patients = std::move(pos->second);
+    internals.patients.erase(pos);
+    instance->has_patients = false;
+    for (PyObject *&patient : patients) {
+        Py_CLEAR(patient);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Clears all internal data from the instance and removes it from registered instances in
+/// preparation for deallocation.
+inline void clear_instance(PyObject *self) {
+    auto *instance = reinterpret_cast<detail::instance *>(self);
+
+    // Deallocate any values/holders, if present:
+    for (auto &v_h : values_and_holders(instance)) {
+        if (v_h) {
+
+            // We have to deregister before we call dealloc because, for virtual MI types, we still
+            // need to be able to get the parent pointers.
+            if (v_h.instance_registered()
+                && !deregister_instance(instance, v_h.value_ptr(), v_h.type)) {
+                pybind11_fail(
+                    "pybind11_object_dealloc(): Tried to deallocate unregistered instance!");
+            }
+
+            if (instance->owned || v_h.holder_constructed()) {
+                v_h.type->dealloc(v_h);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Deallocate the value/holder layout internals:
+    instance->deallocate_layout();
+
+    if (instance->weakrefs) {
+        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs(self);
+    }
+
+    PyObject **dict_ptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(self);
+    if (dict_ptr) {
+        Py_CLEAR(*dict_ptr);
+    }
+
+    if (instance->has_patients) {
+        clear_patients(self);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Instance destructor function for all pybind11 types. It calls `type_info.dealloc`
+/// to destroy the C++ object itself, while the rest is Python bookkeeping.
+extern "C" inline void pybind11_object_dealloc(PyObject *self) {
+    auto *type = Py_TYPE(self);
+
+    // If this is a GC tracked object, untrack it first
+    // Note that the track call is implicitly done by the
+    // default tp_alloc, which we never override.
+    if (PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC) != 0) {
+        PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
+    }
+
+    clear_instance(self);
+
+    type->tp_free(self);
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000
+    // `type->tp_dealloc != pybind11_object_dealloc` means that we're being called
+    // as part of a derived type's dealloc, in which case we're not allowed to decref
+    // the type here. For cross-module compatibility, we shouldn't compare directly
+    // with `pybind11_object_dealloc`, but with the common one stashed in internals.
+    auto pybind11_object_type = (PyTypeObject *) get_internals().instance_base;
+    if (type->tp_dealloc == pybind11_object_type->tp_dealloc)
+        Py_DECREF(type);
+#else
+    // This was not needed before Python 3.8 (Python issue 35810)
+    // https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/1946
+    Py_DECREF(type);
+#endif
+}
+
+std::string error_string();
+
+/** Create the type which can be used as a common base for all classes.  This is
+    needed in order to satisfy Python's requirements for multiple inheritance.
+    Return value: New reference. */
+inline PyObject *make_object_base_type(PyTypeObject *metaclass) {
+    constexpr auto *name = "pybind11_object";
+    auto name_obj = reinterpret_steal<object>(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(name));
+
+    /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to
+       issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the
+       garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in
+       turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */
+    auto *heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) metaclass->tp_alloc(metaclass, 0);
+    if (!heap_type) {
+        pybind11_fail("make_object_base_type(): error allocating type!");
+    }
+
+    heap_type->ht_name = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr();
+#ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME
+    heap_type->ht_qualname = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr();
+#endif
+
+    auto *type = &heap_type->ht_type;
+    type->tp_name = name;
+    type->tp_base = type_incref(&PyBaseObject_Type);
+    type->tp_basicsize = static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(instance));
+    type->tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE;
+
+    type->tp_new = pybind11_object_new;
+    type->tp_init = pybind11_object_init;
+    type->tp_dealloc = pybind11_object_dealloc;
+
+    /* Support weak references (needed for the keep_alive feature) */
+    type->tp_weaklistoffset = offsetof(instance, weakrefs);
+
+    if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) {
+        pybind11_fail("PyType_Ready failed in make_object_base_type(): " + error_string());
+    }
+
+    setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", str("pybind11_builtins"));
+    PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, name_obj);
+
+    assert(!PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC));
+    return (PyObject *) heap_type;
+}
+
+/// dynamic_attr: Allow the garbage collector to traverse the internal instance `__dict__`.
+extern "C" inline int pybind11_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030D0000
+    PyObject_VisitManagedDict(self, visit, arg);
+#else
+    PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(self);
+    Py_VISIT(dict);
+#endif
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_traverse
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000
+    Py_VISIT(Py_TYPE(self));
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/// dynamic_attr: Allow the GC to clear the dictionary.
+extern "C" inline int pybind11_clear(PyObject *self) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030D0000
+    PyObject_ClearManagedDict(self);
+#else
+    PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(self);
+    Py_CLEAR(dict);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/// Give instances of this type a `__dict__` and opt into garbage collection.
+inline void enable_dynamic_attributes(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type) {
+    auto *type = &heap_type->ht_type;
+    type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B0000
+    type->tp_dictoffset = type->tp_basicsize;           // place dict at the end
+    type->tp_basicsize += (ssize_t) sizeof(PyObject *); // and allocate enough space for it
+#else
+    type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT;
+#endif
+    type->tp_traverse = pybind11_traverse;
+    type->tp_clear = pybind11_clear;
+
+    static PyGetSetDef getset[] = {{
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+                                       const_cast<char *>("__dict__"),
+#else
+                                       "__dict__",
+#endif
+                                       PyObject_GenericGetDict,
+                                       PyObject_GenericSetDict,
+                                       nullptr,
+                                       nullptr},
+                                   {nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr}};
+    type->tp_getset = getset;
+}
+
+/// buffer_protocol: Fill in the view as specified by flags.
+extern "C" inline int pybind11_getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) {
+    // Look for a `get_buffer` implementation in this type's info or any bases (following MRO).
+    type_info *tinfo = nullptr;
+    for (auto type : reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_mro)) {
+        tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) type.ptr());
+        if (tinfo && tinfo->get_buffer) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (view == nullptr || !tinfo || !tinfo->get_buffer) {
+        if (view) {
+            view->obj = nullptr;
+        }
+        set_error(PyExc_BufferError, "pybind11_getbuffer(): Internal error");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    std::memset(view, 0, sizeof(Py_buffer));
+    buffer_info *info = tinfo->get_buffer(obj, tinfo->get_buffer_data);
+    if ((flags & PyBUF_WRITABLE) == PyBUF_WRITABLE && info->readonly) {
+        delete info;
+        // view->obj = nullptr;  // Was just memset to 0, so not necessary
+        set_error(PyExc_BufferError, "Writable buffer requested for readonly storage");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    view->obj = obj;
+    view->ndim = 1;
+    view->internal = info;
+    view->buf = info->ptr;
+    view->itemsize = info->itemsize;
+    view->len = view->itemsize;
+    for (auto s : info->shape) {
+        view->len *= s;
+    }
+    view->readonly = static_cast<int>(info->readonly);
+    if ((flags & PyBUF_FORMAT) == PyBUF_FORMAT) {
+        view->format = const_cast<char *>(info->format.c_str());
+    }
+    if ((flags & PyBUF_STRIDES) == PyBUF_STRIDES) {
+        view->ndim = (int) info->ndim;
+        view->strides = info->strides.data();
+        view->shape = info->shape.data();
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(view->obj);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/// buffer_protocol: Release the resources of the buffer.
+extern "C" inline void pybind11_releasebuffer(PyObject *, Py_buffer *view) {
+    delete (buffer_info *) view->internal;
+}
+
+/// Give this type a buffer interface.
+inline void enable_buffer_protocol(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type) {
+    heap_type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer = &heap_type->as_buffer;
+
+    heap_type->as_buffer.bf_getbuffer = pybind11_getbuffer;
+    heap_type->as_buffer.bf_releasebuffer = pybind11_releasebuffer;
+}
+
+/** Create a brand new Python type according to the `type_record` specification.
+    Return value: New reference. */
+inline PyObject *make_new_python_type(const type_record &rec) {
+    auto name = reinterpret_steal<object>(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(rec.name));
+
+    auto qualname = name;
+    if (rec.scope && !PyModule_Check(rec.scope.ptr()) && hasattr(rec.scope, "__qualname__")) {
+        qualname = reinterpret_steal<object>(
+            PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U.%U", rec.scope.attr("__qualname__").ptr(), name.ptr()));
+    }
+
+    object module_;
+    if (rec.scope) {
+        if (hasattr(rec.scope, "__module__")) {
+            module_ = rec.scope.attr("__module__");
+        } else if (hasattr(rec.scope, "__name__")) {
+            module_ = rec.scope.attr("__name__");
+        }
+    }
+
+    const auto *full_name = c_str(
+#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+        module_ ? str(module_).cast<std::string>() + "." + rec.name :
+#endif
+                rec.name);
+
+    char *tp_doc = nullptr;
+    if (rec.doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) {
+        /* Allocate memory for docstring (using PyObject_MALLOC, since
+           Python will free this later on) */
+        size_t size = std::strlen(rec.doc) + 1;
+        tp_doc = (char *) PyObject_MALLOC(size);
+        std::memcpy((void *) tp_doc, rec.doc, size);
+    }
+
+    auto &internals = get_internals();
+    auto bases = tuple(rec.bases);
+    auto *base = (bases.empty()) ? internals.instance_base : bases[0].ptr();
+
+    /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to
+       issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the
+       garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in
+       turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */
+    auto *metaclass
+        = rec.metaclass.ptr() ? (PyTypeObject *) rec.metaclass.ptr() : internals.default_metaclass;
+
+    auto *heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) metaclass->tp_alloc(metaclass, 0);
+    if (!heap_type) {
+        pybind11_fail(std::string(rec.name) + ": Unable to create type object!");
+    }
+
+    heap_type->ht_name = name.release().ptr();
+#ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME
+    heap_type->ht_qualname = qualname.inc_ref().ptr();
+#endif
+
+    auto *type = &heap_type->ht_type;
+    type->tp_name = full_name;
+    type->tp_doc = tp_doc;
+    type->tp_base = type_incref((PyTypeObject *) base);
+    type->tp_basicsize = static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(instance));
+    if (!bases.empty()) {
+        type->tp_bases = bases.release().ptr();
+    }
+
+    /* Don't inherit base __init__ */
+    type->tp_init = pybind11_object_init;
+
+    /* Supported protocols */
+    type->tp_as_number = &heap_type->as_number;
+    type->tp_as_sequence = &heap_type->as_sequence;
+    type->tp_as_mapping = &heap_type->as_mapping;
+    type->tp_as_async = &heap_type->as_async;
+
+    /* Flags */
+    type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE;
+    if (!rec.is_final) {
+        type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE;
+    }
+
+    if (rec.dynamic_attr) {
+        enable_dynamic_attributes(heap_type);
+    }
+
+    if (rec.buffer_protocol) {
+        enable_buffer_protocol(heap_type);
+    }
+
+    if (rec.custom_type_setup_callback) {
+        rec.custom_type_setup_callback(heap_type);
+    }
+
+    if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) {
+        pybind11_fail(std::string(rec.name) + ": PyType_Ready failed: " + error_string());
+    }
+
+    assert(!rec.dynamic_attr || PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC));
+
+    /* Register type with the parent scope */
+    if (rec.scope) {
+        setattr(rec.scope, rec.name, (PyObject *) type);
+    } else {
+        Py_INCREF(type); // Keep it alive forever (reference leak)
+    }
+
+    if (module_) { // Needed by pydoc
+        setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", module_);
+    }
+
+    PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, qualname);
+
+    return (PyObject *) type;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/detail/common.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1267 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/detail/common.h -- Basic macros
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR 2
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR 12
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH 0
+
+// Similar to Python's convention: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/apiabiversion.html
+// Additional convention: 0xD = dev
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_HEX 0x020C0000
+
+// Define some generic pybind11 helper macros for warning management.
+//
+// Note that compiler-specific push/pop pairs are baked into the
+// PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN/PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END pair of macros. Therefore manual
+// PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH/PYBIND11_WARNING_POP are usually only needed in `#include` sections.
+//
+// If you find you need to suppress a warning, please try to make the suppression as local as
+// possible using these macros. Please also be sure to push/pop with the pybind11 macros. Please
+// only use compiler specifics if you need to check specific versions, e.g. Apple Clang vs. vanilla
+// Clang.
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_MSVC
+#    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) __pragma(__VA_ARGS__)
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning(push))
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning(pop))
+#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_INTEL
+#    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) _Pragma(#__VA_ARGS__)
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning push)
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning pop)
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+#    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_CLANG
+#    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) _Pragma(#__VA_ARGS__)
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(clang diagnostic push)
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(clang diagnostic push)
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#    define PYBIND11_COMPILER_GCC
+#    define PYBIND11_PRAGMA(...) _Pragma(#__VA_ARGS__)
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH PYBIND11_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic push)
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_POP PYBIND11_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic pop)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_MSVC
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning(disable : name))
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(name)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_CLANG
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_CLANG(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(clang diagnostic ignored name)
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_CLANG(name)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_GCC
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(GCC diagnostic ignored name)
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC(name)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PYBIND11_COMPILER_INTEL
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_INTEL(name) PYBIND11_PRAGMA(warning disable name)
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_INTEL(name)
+#endif
+
+#define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(name)                                                            \
+    namespace name {                                                                              \
+    PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH
+
+#define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(name)                                                              \
+    PYBIND11_WARNING_POP                                                                          \
+    }
+
+// Robust support for some features and loading modules compiled against different pybind versions
+// requires forcing hidden visibility on pybind code, so we enforce this by setting the attribute
+// on the main `pybind11` namespace.
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+#    ifdef __GNUG__
+#        define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE pybind11 __attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE pybind11
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+#if !(defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L)
+#    if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+#        define PYBIND11_CPP14
+#        if __cplusplus >= 201703L
+#            define PYBIND11_CPP17
+#            if __cplusplus >= 202002L
+#                define PYBIND11_CPP20
+// Please update tests/pybind11_tests.cpp `cpp_std()` when adding a macro here.
+#            endif
+#        endif
+#    endif
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L
+// MSVC sets _MSVC_LANG rather than __cplusplus (supposedly until the standard is fully
+// implemented). Unless you use the /Zc:__cplusplus flag on Visual Studio 2017 15.7 Preview 3
+// or newer.
+#    if _MSVC_LANG >= 201402L
+#        define PYBIND11_CPP14
+#        if _MSVC_LANG > 201402L
+#            define PYBIND11_CPP17
+#            if _MSVC_LANG >= 202002L
+#                define PYBIND11_CPP20
+#            endif
+#        endif
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP20)
+#    define PYBIND11_CONSTINIT constinit
+#    define PYBIND11_DTOR_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_CONSTINIT
+#    define PYBIND11_DTOR_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+
+// Compiler version assertions
+#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#    if __INTEL_COMPILER < 1800
+#        error pybind11 requires Intel C++ compiler v18 or newer
+#    elif __INTEL_COMPILER < 1900 && defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+#        error pybind11 supports only C++11 with Intel C++ compiler v18. Use v19 or newer for C++14.
+#    endif
+/* The following pragma cannot be pop'ed:
+   https://community.intel.com/t5/Intel-C-Compiler/Inline-and-no-inline-warning/td-p/1216764 */
+#    pragma warning disable 2196 // warning #2196: routine is both "inline" and "noinline"
+#elif defined(__clang__) && !defined(__apple_build_version__)
+#    if __clang_major__ < 3 || (__clang_major__ == 3 && __clang_minor__ < 3)
+#        error pybind11 requires clang 3.3 or newer
+#    endif
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+// Apple changes clang version macros to its Xcode version; the first Xcode release based on
+// (upstream) clang 3.3 was Xcode 5:
+#    if __clang_major__ < 5
+#        error pybind11 requires Xcode/clang 5.0 or newer
+#    endif
+#elif defined(__GNUG__)
+#    if __GNUC__ < 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 8)
+#        error pybind11 requires gcc 4.8 or newer
+#    endif
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    if _MSC_VER < 1910
+#        error pybind11 2.10+ requires MSVC 2017 or newer
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_EXPORT)
+#    if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+#        define PYBIND11_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION)
+#    if defined(__apple_build_version__)
+#        define PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION PYBIND11_EXPORT
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+// For CUDA, GCC7, GCC8:
+// PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED is incompatible with `-Wattributes -Werror`.
+// When defining PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED, it is best to also use `-Wno-attributes`.
+// However, the measured shared-library size saving when using noinline are only
+// 1.7% for CUDA, -0.2% for GCC7, and 0.0% for GCC8 (using -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel,
+// the default under pybind11/tests).
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED)                                                            \
+    && (defined(__CUDACC__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 7 || __GNUC__ == 8)))
+#    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE_DISABLED
+#endif
+
+// The PYBIND11_NOINLINE macro is for function DEFINITIONS.
+// In contrast, FORWARD DECLARATIONS should never use this macro:
+// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9317473/forward-declaration-of-inline-functions
+#if defined(PYBIND11_NOINLINE_DISABLED) // Option for maximum portability and experimentation.
+#    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE __declspec(noinline) inline
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline)) inline
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__MINGW32__)
+// For unknown reasons all PYBIND11_DEPRECATED member trigger a warning when declared
+// whether it is used or not
+#    define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason)
+#elif defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+#    define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) [[deprecated(reason)]]
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) __attribute__((deprecated(reason)))
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
+#    define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#    define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED __attribute__((__unused__))
+#endif
+
+/* Don't let Python.h #define (v)snprintf as macro because they are implemented
+   properly in Visual Studio since 2015. */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define HAVE_SNPRINTF 1
+#endif
+
+/// Include Python header, disable linking to pythonX_d.lib on Windows in debug mode
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH
+PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4505)
+// C4505: 'PySlice_GetIndicesEx': unreferenced local function has been removed (PyPy only)
+#    if defined(_DEBUG) && !defined(Py_DEBUG)
+// Workaround for a VS 2022 issue.
+// NOTE: This workaround knowingly violates the Python.h include order requirement:
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/intro.html#include-files
+// See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3497 for full context.
+#        include <yvals.h>
+#        if _MSVC_STL_VERSION >= 143
+#            include <crtdefs.h>
+#        endif
+#        define PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER
+#        undef _DEBUG
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+// https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/chrono/localtime
+#if defined(__STDC_LIB_EXT1__) && !defined(__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__)
+#    define __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_include
+// std::optional (but including it in c++14 mode isn't allowed)
+#    if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include(<optional>)
+#        define PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL 1
+#    endif
+// std::experimental::optional (but not allowed in c++11 mode)
+#    if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) && (__has_include(<experimental/optional>) && \
+                                 !__has_include(<optional>))
+#        define PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL 1
+#    endif
+// std::variant
+#    if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include(<variant>)
+#        define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1
+#    endif
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
+#    define PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL 1
+#    define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
+#    if defined(__has_include)
+#        if __has_include(<string_view>)
+#            define PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+#        endif
+#    elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#        define PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+#include <Python.h>
+// Reminder: WITH_THREAD is always defined if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03070000
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03060000
+#    error "PYTHON < 3.6 IS UNSUPPORTED. pybind11 v2.9 was the last to support Python 2 and 3.5."
+#endif
+#include <frameobject.h>
+#include <pythread.h>
+
+/* Python #defines overrides on all sorts of core functions, which
+   tends to weak havok in C++ codebases that expect these to work
+   like regular functions (potentially with several overloads) */
+#if defined(isalnum)
+#    undef isalnum
+#    undef isalpha
+#    undef islower
+#    undef isspace
+#    undef isupper
+#    undef tolower
+#    undef toupper
+#endif
+
+#if defined(copysign)
+#    undef copysign
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY)
+#    define PYBIND11_INTERNAL_NUMPY_1_ONLY_DETECTED
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) && !defined(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
+#    define PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    if defined(PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER)
+#        define _DEBUG
+#        undef PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER
+#    endif
+PYBIND11_WARNING_POP
+#endif
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <exception>
+#include <forward_list>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeindex>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+#if defined(__has_include)
+#    if __has_include(<version>)
+#        include <version>
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+// Must be after including <version> or one of the other headers specified by the standard
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t) && __cpp_lib_char8_t >= 201811L
+#    define PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING
+#endif
+
+// See description of PR #4246:
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_NO_ASSERT_GIL_HELD_INCREF_DECREF) && !defined(NDEBUG)                       \
+    && !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && !defined(PYBIND11_ASSERT_GIL_HELD_INCREF_DECREF)
+#    define PYBIND11_ASSERT_GIL_HELD_INCREF_DECREF
+#endif
+
+// #define PYBIND11_STR_LEGACY_PERMISSIVE
+// If DEFINED, pybind11::str can hold PyUnicodeObject or PyBytesObject
+//             (probably surprising and never documented, but this was the
+//             legacy behavior until and including v2.6.x). As a side-effect,
+//             pybind11::isinstance<str>() is true for both pybind11::str and
+//             pybind11::bytes.
+// If UNDEFINED, pybind11::str can only hold PyUnicodeObject, and
+//               pybind11::isinstance<str>() is true only for pybind11::str.
+//               However, for Python 2 only (!), the pybind11::str caster
+//               implicitly decoded bytes to PyUnicodeObject. This was to ease
+//               the transition from the legacy behavior to the non-permissive
+//               behavior.
+
+/// Compatibility macros for Python 2 / Python 3 versions TODO: remove
+#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(ptr, class_) PyInstanceMethod_New(ptr)
+#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK PyInstanceMethod_Check
+#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION
+#define PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK PyBytes_Check
+#define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING PyBytes_FromString
+#define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE PyBytes_AsStringAndSize
+#define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING PyBytes_AsString
+#define PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE PyBytes_Size
+#define PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(o) PyLong_Check(o)
+#define PYBIND11_LONG_AS_LONGLONG(o) PyLong_AsLongLong(o)
+#define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_SIGNED(o) PyLong_FromSsize_t((ssize_t) (o))
+#define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_UNSIGNED(o) PyLong_FromSize_t((size_t) (o))
+#define PYBIND11_BYTES_NAME "bytes"
+#define PYBIND11_STRING_NAME "str"
+#define PYBIND11_SLICE_OBJECT PyObject
+#define PYBIND11_FROM_STRING PyUnicode_FromString
+#define PYBIND11_STR_TYPE ::pybind11::str
+#define PYBIND11_BOOL_ATTR "__bool__"
+#define PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(ptr) ((ptr)->nb_bool)
+#define PYBIND11_BUILTINS_MODULE "builtins"
+// Providing a separate declaration to make Clang's -Wmissing-prototypes happy.
+// See comment for PYBIND11_MODULE below for why this is marked "maybe unused".
+#define PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name)                                                                \
+    extern "C" PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED PYBIND11_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name();                   \
+    extern "C" PYBIND11_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name()
+
+#define PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD ((PyObject *) 1) // special failure return code
+#define PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(x) #x
+#define PYBIND11_TOSTRING(x) PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(x)
+#define PYBIND11_CONCAT(first, second) first##second
+#define PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY pybind11::detail::get_internals();
+
+#define PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION                                                             \
+    {                                                                                             \
+        const char *compiled_ver                                                                  \
+            = PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MAJOR_VERSION) "." PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MINOR_VERSION);        \
+        const char *runtime_ver = Py_GetVersion();                                                \
+        size_t len = std::strlen(compiled_ver);                                                   \
+        if (std::strncmp(runtime_ver, compiled_ver, len) != 0                                     \
+            || (runtime_ver[len] >= '0' && runtime_ver[len] <= '9')) {                            \
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,                                                       \
+                         "Python version mismatch: module was compiled for Python %s, "           \
+                         "but the interpreter version is incompatible: %s.",                      \
+                         compiled_ver,                                                            \
+                         runtime_ver);                                                            \
+            return nullptr;                                                                       \
+        }                                                                                         \
+    }
+
+#define PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS                                                            \
+    catch (pybind11::error_already_set & e) {                                                     \
+        pybind11::raise_from(e, PyExc_ImportError, "initialization failed");                      \
+        return nullptr;                                                                           \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    catch (const std::exception &e) {                                                             \
+        ::pybind11::set_error(PyExc_ImportError, e.what());                                       \
+        return nullptr;                                                                           \
+    }
+
+/** \rst
+    ***Deprecated in favor of PYBIND11_MODULE***
+
+    This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter
+    imports a plugin library. Please create a `module_` in the function body and return
+    the pointer to its underlying Python object at the end.
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
+            pybind11::module_ m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
+            /// Set up bindings here
+            return m.ptr();
+        }
+\endrst */
+#define PYBIND11_PLUGIN(name)                                                                     \
+    PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("PYBIND11_PLUGIN is deprecated, use PYBIND11_MODULE")                     \
+    static PyObject *pybind11_init();                                                             \
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) {                                                                  \
+        PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION                                                             \
+        PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY                                                           \
+        try {                                                                                     \
+            return pybind11_init();                                                               \
+        }                                                                                         \
+        PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS                                                            \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    PyObject *pybind11_init()
+
+/** \rst
+    This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter
+    imports an extension module. The module name is given as the first argument and it
+    should not be in quotes. The second macro argument defines a variable of type
+    `py::module_` which can be used to initialize the module.
+
+    The entry point is marked as "maybe unused" to aid dead-code detection analysis:
+    since the entry point is typically only looked up at runtime and not referenced
+    during translation, it would otherwise appear as unused ("dead") code.
+
+    .. code-block:: cpp
+
+        PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
+            m.doc() = "pybind11 example module";
+
+            // Add bindings here
+            m.def("foo", []() {
+                return "Hello, World!";
+            });
+        }
+\endrst */
+#define PYBIND11_MODULE(name, variable)                                                           \
+    static ::pybind11::module_::module_def PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name)            \
+        PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED;                                                                    \
+    PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED                                                                         \
+    static void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ &);                     \
+    PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) {                                                                  \
+        PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION                                                             \
+        PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY                                                           \
+        auto m = ::pybind11::module_::create_extension_module(                                    \
+            PYBIND11_TOSTRING(name), nullptr, &PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name));      \
+        try {                                                                                     \
+            PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(m);                                             \
+            return m.ptr();                                                                       \
+        }                                                                                         \
+        PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS                                                            \
+    }                                                                                             \
+    void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ & (variable))
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+using ssize_t = Py_ssize_t;
+using size_t = std::size_t;
+
+template <typename IntType>
+inline ssize_t ssize_t_cast(const IntType &val) {
+    static_assert(sizeof(IntType) <= sizeof(ssize_t), "Implicit narrowing is not permitted.");
+    return static_cast<ssize_t>(val);
+}
+
+/// Approach used to cast a previously unknown C++ instance into a Python object
+enum class return_value_policy : uint8_t {
+    /** This is the default return value policy, which falls back to the policy
+        return_value_policy::take_ownership when the return value is a pointer.
+        Otherwise, it uses return_value::move or return_value::copy for rvalue
+        and lvalue references, respectively. See below for a description of what
+        all of these different policies do. */
+    automatic = 0,
+
+    /** As above, but use policy return_value_policy::reference when the return
+        value is a pointer. This is the default conversion policy for function
+        arguments when calling Python functions manually from C++ code (i.e. via
+        handle::operator()). You probably won't need to use this. */
+    automatic_reference,
+
+    /** Reference an existing object (i.e. do not create a new copy) and take
+        ownership. Python will call the destructor and delete operator when the
+        object's reference count reaches zero. Undefined behavior ensues when
+        the C++ side does the same.. */
+    take_ownership,
+
+    /** Create a new copy of the returned object, which will be owned by
+        Python. This policy is comparably safe because the lifetimes of the two
+        instances are decoupled. */
+    copy,
+
+    /** Use std::move to move the return value contents into a new instance
+        that will be owned by Python. This policy is comparably safe because the
+        lifetimes of the two instances (move source and destination) are
+        decoupled. */
+    move,
+
+    /** Reference an existing object, but do not take ownership. The C++ side
+        is responsible for managing the object's lifetime and deallocating it
+        when it is no longer used. Warning: undefined behavior will ensue when
+        the C++ side deletes an object that is still referenced and used by
+        Python. */
+    reference,
+
+    /** This policy only applies to methods and properties. It references the
+        object without taking ownership similar to the above
+        return_value_policy::reference policy. In contrast to that policy, the
+        function or property's implicit this argument (called the parent) is
+        considered to be the the owner of the return value (the child).
+        pybind11 then couples the lifetime of the parent to the child via a
+        reference relationship that ensures that the parent cannot be garbage
+        collected while Python is still using the child. More advanced
+        variations of this scheme are also possible using combinations of
+        return_value_policy::reference and the keep_alive call policy */
+    reference_internal
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+inline static constexpr int log2(size_t n, int k = 0) {
+    return (n <= 1) ? k : log2(n >> 1, k + 1);
+}
+
+// Returns the size as a multiple of sizeof(void *), rounded up.
+inline static constexpr size_t size_in_ptrs(size_t s) {
+    return 1 + ((s - 1) >> log2(sizeof(void *)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * The space to allocate for simple layout instance holders (see below) in multiple of the size of
+ * a pointer (e.g.  2 means 16 bytes on 64-bit architectures).  The default is the minimum required
+ * to holder either a std::unique_ptr or std::shared_ptr (which is almost always
+ * sizeof(std::shared_ptr<T>)).
+ */
+constexpr size_t instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs() {
+    static_assert(sizeof(std::shared_ptr<int>) >= sizeof(std::unique_ptr<int>),
+                  "pybind assumes std::shared_ptrs are at least as big as std::unique_ptrs");
+    return size_in_ptrs(sizeof(std::shared_ptr<int>));
+}
+
+// Forward declarations
+struct type_info;
+struct value_and_holder;
+
+struct nonsimple_values_and_holders {
+    void **values_and_holders;
+    uint8_t *status;
+};
+
+/// The 'instance' type which needs to be standard layout (need to be able to use 'offsetof')
+struct instance {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    /// Storage for pointers and holder; see simple_layout, below, for a description
+    union {
+        void *simple_value_holder[1 + instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs()];
+        nonsimple_values_and_holders nonsimple;
+    };
+    /// Weak references
+    PyObject *weakrefs;
+    /// If true, the pointer is owned which means we're free to manage it with a holder.
+    bool owned : 1;
+    /**
+     * An instance has two possible value/holder layouts.
+     *
+     * Simple layout (when this flag is true), means the `simple_value_holder` is set with a
+     * pointer and the holder object governing that pointer, i.e. [val1*][holder].  This layout is
+     * applied whenever there is no python-side multiple inheritance of bound C++ types *and* the
+     * type's holder will fit in the default space (which is large enough to hold either a
+     * std::unique_ptr or std::shared_ptr).
+     *
+     * Non-simple layout applies when using custom holders that require more space than
+     * `shared_ptr` (which is typically the size of two pointers), or when multiple inheritance is
+     * used on the python side.  Non-simple layout allocates the required amount of memory to have
+     * multiple bound C++ classes as parents.  Under this layout, `nonsimple.values_and_holders` is
+     * set to a pointer to allocated space of the required space to hold a sequence of value
+     * pointers and holders followed `status`, a set of bit flags (1 byte each), i.e.
+     * [val1*][holder1][val2*][holder2]...[bb...]  where each [block] is rounded up to a multiple
+     * of `sizeof(void *)`.  `nonsimple.status` is, for convenience, a pointer to the beginning of
+     * the [bb...] block (but not independently allocated).
+     *
+     * Status bits indicate whether the associated holder is constructed (&
+     * status_holder_constructed) and whether the value pointer is registered (&
+     * status_instance_registered) in `registered_instances`.
+     */
+    bool simple_layout : 1;
+    /// For simple layout, tracks whether the holder has been constructed
+    bool simple_holder_constructed : 1;
+    /// For simple layout, tracks whether the instance is registered in `registered_instances`
+    bool simple_instance_registered : 1;
+    /// If true, get_internals().patients has an entry for this object
+    bool has_patients : 1;
+
+    /// Initializes all of the above type/values/holders data (but not the instance values
+    /// themselves)
+    void allocate_layout();
+
+    /// Destroys/deallocates all of the above
+    void deallocate_layout();
+
+    /// Returns the value_and_holder wrapper for the given type (or the first, if `find_type`
+    /// omitted).  Returns a default-constructed (with `.inst = nullptr`) object on failure if
+    /// `throw_if_missing` is false.
+    value_and_holder get_value_and_holder(const type_info *find_type = nullptr,
+                                          bool throw_if_missing = true);
+
+    /// Bit values for the non-simple status flags
+    static constexpr uint8_t status_holder_constructed = 1;
+    static constexpr uint8_t status_instance_registered = 2;
+};
+
+static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<instance>::value,
+              "Internal error: `pybind11::detail::instance` is not standard layout!");
+
+/// from __cpp_future__ import (convenient aliases from C++14/17)
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+using std::conditional_t;
+using std::enable_if_t;
+using std::remove_cv_t;
+using std::remove_reference_t;
+#else
+template <bool B, typename T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+template <bool B, typename T, typename F>
+using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_cv_t = typename std::remove_cv<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP20)
+using std::remove_cvref;
+using std::remove_cvref_t;
+#else
+template <class T>
+struct remove_cvref {
+    using type = remove_cv_t<remove_reference_t<T>>;
+};
+template <class T>
+using remove_cvref_t = typename remove_cvref<T>::type;
+#endif
+
+/// Example usage: is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *>::value
+template <typename T, typename U>
+using is_same_ignoring_cvref = std::is_same<detail::remove_cvref_t<T>, U>;
+
+/// Index sequences
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+using std::index_sequence;
+using std::make_index_sequence;
+#else
+template <size_t...>
+struct index_sequence {};
+template <size_t N, size_t... S>
+struct make_index_sequence_impl : make_index_sequence_impl<N - 1, N - 1, S...> {};
+template <size_t... S>
+struct make_index_sequence_impl<0, S...> {
+    using type = index_sequence<S...>;
+};
+template <size_t N>
+using make_index_sequence = typename make_index_sequence_impl<N>::type;
+#endif
+
+/// Make an index sequence of the indices of true arguments
+template <typename ISeq, size_t, bool...>
+struct select_indices_impl {
+    using type = ISeq;
+};
+template <size_t... IPrev, size_t I, bool B, bool... Bs>
+struct select_indices_impl<index_sequence<IPrev...>, I, B, Bs...>
+    : select_indices_impl<conditional_t<B, index_sequence<IPrev..., I>, index_sequence<IPrev...>>,
+                          I + 1,
+                          Bs...> {};
+template <bool... Bs>
+using select_indices = typename select_indices_impl<index_sequence<>, 0, Bs...>::type;
+
+/// Backports of std::bool_constant and std::negation to accommodate older compilers
+template <bool B>
+using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
+template <typename T>
+struct negation : bool_constant<!T::value> {};
+
+// PGI/Intel cannot detect operator delete with the "compatible" void_t impl, so
+// using the new one (C++14 defect, so generally works on newer compilers, even
+// if not in C++17 mode)
+#if defined(__PGIC__) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+template <typename...>
+using void_t = void;
+#else
+template <typename...>
+struct void_t_impl {
+    using type = void;
+};
+template <typename... Ts>
+using void_t = typename void_t_impl<Ts...>::type;
+#endif
+
+/// Compile-time all/any/none of that check the boolean value of all template types
+#if defined(__cpp_fold_expressions) && !(defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1916))
+template <class... Ts>
+using all_of = bool_constant<(Ts::value && ...)>;
+template <class... Ts>
+using any_of = bool_constant<(Ts::value || ...)>;
+#elif !defined(_MSC_VER)
+template <bool...>
+struct bools {};
+template <class... Ts>
+using all_of = std::is_same<bools<Ts::value..., true>, bools<true, Ts::value...>>;
+template <class... Ts>
+using any_of = negation<all_of<negation<Ts>...>>;
+#else
+// MSVC has trouble with the above, but supports std::conjunction, which we can use instead (albeit
+// at a slight loss of compilation efficiency).
+template <class... Ts>
+using all_of = std::conjunction<Ts...>;
+template <class... Ts>
+using any_of = std::disjunction<Ts...>;
+#endif
+template <class... Ts>
+using none_of = negation<any_of<Ts...>>;
+
+template <class T, template <class> class... Predicates>
+using satisfies_all_of = all_of<Predicates<T>...>;
+template <class T, template <class> class... Predicates>
+using satisfies_any_of = any_of<Predicates<T>...>;
+template <class T, template <class> class... Predicates>
+using satisfies_none_of = none_of<Predicates<T>...>;
+
+/// Strip the class from a method type
+template <typename T>
+struct remove_class {};
+template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
+struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...)> {
+    using type = R(A...);
+};
+template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
+struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...) const> {
+    using type = R(A...);
+};
+#ifdef __cpp_noexcept_function_type
+template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
+struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...) noexcept> {
+    using type = R(A...);
+};
+template <typename C, typename R, typename... A>
+struct remove_class<R (C::*)(A...) const noexcept> {
+    using type = R(A...);
+};
+#endif
+/// Helper template to strip away type modifiers
+template <typename T>
+struct intrinsic_type {
+    using type = T;
+};
+template <typename T>
+struct intrinsic_type<const T> {
+    using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
+};
+template <typename T>
+struct intrinsic_type<T *> {
+    using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
+};
+template <typename T>
+struct intrinsic_type<T &> {
+    using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
+};
+template <typename T>
+struct intrinsic_type<T &&> {
+    using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
+};
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+struct intrinsic_type<const T[N]> {
+    using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
+};
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+struct intrinsic_type<T[N]> {
+    using type = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
+};
+template <typename T>
+using intrinsic_t = typename intrinsic_type<T>::type;
+
+/// Helper type to replace 'void' in some expressions
+struct void_type {};
+
+/// Helper template which holds a list of types
+template <typename...>
+struct type_list {};
+
+/// Compile-time integer sum
+#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions
+template <typename... Ts>
+constexpr size_t constexpr_sum(Ts... ns) {
+    return (0 + ... + size_t{ns});
+}
+#else
+constexpr size_t constexpr_sum() { return 0; }
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+constexpr size_t constexpr_sum(T n, Ts... ns) {
+    return size_t{n} + constexpr_sum(ns...);
+}
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(constexpr_impl)
+/// Implementation details for constexpr functions
+constexpr int first(int i) { return i; }
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+constexpr int first(int i, T v, Ts... vs) {
+    return v ? i : first(i + 1, vs...);
+}
+
+constexpr int last(int /*i*/, int result) { return result; }
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+constexpr int last(int i, int result, T v, Ts... vs) {
+    return last(i + 1, v ? i : result, vs...);
+}
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(constexpr_impl)
+
+/// Return the index of the first type in Ts which satisfies Predicate<T>.
+/// Returns sizeof...(Ts) if none match.
+template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename... Ts>
+constexpr int constexpr_first() {
+    return constexpr_impl::first(0, Predicate<Ts>::value...);
+}
+
+/// Return the index of the last type in Ts which satisfies Predicate<T>, or -1 if none match.
+template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename... Ts>
+constexpr int constexpr_last() {
+    return constexpr_impl::last(0, -1, Predicate<Ts>::value...);
+}
+
+/// Return the Nth element from the parameter pack
+template <size_t N, typename T, typename... Ts>
+struct pack_element {
+    using type = typename pack_element<N - 1, Ts...>::type;
+};
+template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+struct pack_element<0, T, Ts...> {
+    using type = T;
+};
+
+/// Return the one and only type which matches the predicate, or Default if none match.
+/// If more than one type matches the predicate, fail at compile-time.
+template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts>
+struct exactly_one {
+    static constexpr auto found = constexpr_sum(Predicate<Ts>::value...);
+    static_assert(found <= 1, "Found more than one type matching the predicate");
+
+    static constexpr auto index = found ? constexpr_first<Predicate, Ts...>() : 0;
+    using type = conditional_t<found, typename pack_element<index, Ts...>::type, Default>;
+};
+template <template <typename> class P, typename Default>
+struct exactly_one<P, Default> {
+    using type = Default;
+};
+
+template <template <typename> class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts>
+using exactly_one_t = typename exactly_one<Predicate, Default, Ts...>::type;
+
+/// Defer the evaluation of type T until types Us are instantiated
+template <typename T, typename... /*Us*/>
+struct deferred_type {
+    using type = T;
+};
+template <typename T, typename... Us>
+using deferred_t = typename deferred_type<T, Us...>::type;
+
+/// Like is_base_of, but requires a strict base (i.e. `is_strict_base_of<T, T>::value == false`,
+/// unlike `std::is_base_of`)
+template <typename Base, typename Derived>
+using is_strict_base_of
+    = bool_constant<std::is_base_of<Base, Derived>::value && !std::is_same<Base, Derived>::value>;
+
+/// Like is_base_of, but also requires that the base type is accessible (i.e. that a Derived
+/// pointer can be converted to a Base pointer) For unions, `is_base_of<T, T>::value` is False, so
+/// we need to check `is_same` as well.
+template <typename Base, typename Derived>
+using is_accessible_base_of
+    = bool_constant<(std::is_same<Base, Derived>::value || std::is_base_of<Base, Derived>::value)
+                    && std::is_convertible<Derived *, Base *>::value>;
+
+template <template <typename...> class Base>
+struct is_template_base_of_impl {
+    template <typename... Us>
+    static std::true_type check(Base<Us...> *);
+    static std::false_type check(...);
+};
+
+/// Check if a template is the base of a type. For example:
+/// `is_template_base_of<Base, T>` is true if `struct T : Base<U> {}` where U can be anything
+template <template <typename...> class Base, typename T>
+// Sadly, all MSVC versions incl. 2022 need the workaround, even in C++20 mode.
+// See also: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3741
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+using is_template_base_of
+    = decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr));
+#else
+struct is_template_base_of
+    : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr)) {
+};
+#endif
+
+/// Check if T is an instantiation of the template `Class`. For example:
+/// `is_instantiation<shared_ptr, T>` is true if `T == shared_ptr<U>` where U can be anything.
+template <template <typename...> class Class, typename T>
+struct is_instantiation : std::false_type {};
+template <template <typename...> class Class, typename... Us>
+struct is_instantiation<Class, Class<Us...>> : std::true_type {};
+
+/// Check if T is std::shared_ptr<U> where U can be anything
+template <typename T>
+using is_shared_ptr = is_instantiation<std::shared_ptr, T>;
+
+/// Check if T looks like an input iterator
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct is_input_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_input_iterator<T,
+                         void_t<decltype(*std::declval<T &>()), decltype(++std::declval<T &>())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_function_pointer
+    = bool_constant<std::is_pointer<T>::value
+                    && std::is_function<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type>::value>;
+
+template <typename F>
+struct strip_function_object {
+    // If you are encountering an
+    // 'error: name followed by "::" must be a class or namespace name'
+    // with the Intel compiler and a noexcept function here,
+    // try to use noexcept(true) instead of plain noexcept.
+    using type = typename remove_class<decltype(&F::operator())>::type;
+};
+
+// Extracts the function signature from a function, function pointer or lambda.
+template <typename Function, typename F = remove_reference_t<Function>>
+using function_signature_t = conditional_t<
+    std::is_function<F>::value,
+    F,
+    typename conditional_t<std::is_pointer<F>::value || std::is_member_pointer<F>::value,
+                           std::remove_pointer<F>,
+                           strip_function_object<F>>::type>;
+
+/// Returns true if the type looks like a lambda: that is, isn't a function, pointer or member
+/// pointer.  Note that this can catch all sorts of other things, too; this is intended to be used
+/// in a place where passing a lambda makes sense.
+template <typename T>
+using is_lambda = satisfies_none_of<remove_reference_t<T>,
+                                    std::is_function,
+                                    std::is_pointer,
+                                    std::is_member_pointer>;
+
+// [workaround(intel)] Internal error on fold expression
+/// Apply a function over each element of a parameter pack
+#if defined(__cpp_fold_expressions) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+// Intel compiler produces an internal error on this fold expression (tested with ICC 19.0.2)
+#    define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN) (((PATTERN), void()), ...)
+#else
+using expand_side_effects = bool[];
+#    define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN)                                                 \
+        (void) pybind11::detail::expand_side_effects { ((PATTERN), void(), false)..., false }
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// C++ bindings of builtin Python exceptions
+class PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION builtin_exception : public std::runtime_error {
+public:
+    using std::runtime_error::runtime_error;
+    /// Set the error using the Python C API
+    virtual void set_error() const = 0;
+};
+
+#define PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(name, type)                                                    \
+    class PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION name : public builtin_exception {                             \
+    public:                                                                                       \
+        using builtin_exception::builtin_exception;                                               \
+        name() : name("") {}                                                                      \
+        void set_error() const override { PyErr_SetString(type, what()); }                        \
+    };
+
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(stop_iteration, PyExc_StopIteration)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(index_error, PyExc_IndexError)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(key_error, PyExc_KeyError)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(value_error, PyExc_ValueError)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(type_error, PyExc_TypeError)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(buffer_error, PyExc_BufferError)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(import_error, PyExc_ImportError)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(attribute_error, PyExc_AttributeError)
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(cast_error, PyExc_RuntimeError) /// Thrown when pybind11::cast or
+                                                           /// handle::call fail due to a type
+                                                           /// casting error
+PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(reference_cast_error, PyExc_RuntimeError) /// Used internally
+
+[[noreturn]] PYBIND11_NOINLINE void pybind11_fail(const char *reason) {
+    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
+    throw std::runtime_error(reason);
+}
+[[noreturn]] PYBIND11_NOINLINE void pybind11_fail(const std::string &reason) {
+    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
+    throw std::runtime_error(reason);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct format_descriptor {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct format_descriptor<
+    T,
+    detail::enable_if_t<detail::is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *>::value>> {
+    static constexpr const char c = 'O';
+    static constexpr const char value[2] = {c, '\0'};
+    static std::string format() { return std::string(1, c); }
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+// Returns the index of the given type in the type char array below, and in the list in numpy.h
+// The order here is: bool; 8 ints ((signed,unsigned)x(8,16,32,64)bits); float,double,long double;
+// complex float,double,long double.  Note that the long double types only participate when long
+// double is actually longer than double (it isn't under MSVC).
+// NB: not only the string below but also complex.h and numpy.h rely on this order.
+template <typename T, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct is_fmt_numeric {
+    static constexpr bool value = false;
+};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_fmt_numeric<T, enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>> {
+    static constexpr bool value = true;
+    static constexpr int index
+        = std::is_same<T, bool>::value
+              ? 0
+              : 1
+                    + (std::is_integral<T>::value
+                           ? detail::log2(sizeof(T)) * 2 + std::is_unsigned<T>::value
+                           : 8
+                                 + (std::is_same<T, double>::value        ? 1
+                                    : std::is_same<T, long double>::value ? 2
+                                                                          : 0));
+};
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+template <typename T>
+struct format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>> {
+    static constexpr const char c = "?bBhHiIqQfdg"[detail::is_fmt_numeric<T>::index];
+    static constexpr const char value[2] = {c, '\0'};
+    static std::string format() { return std::string(1, c); }
+};
+
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr const char
+    format_descriptor<T, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>>::value[2];
+
+#endif
+
+/// RAII wrapper that temporarily clears any Python error state
+struct error_scope {
+    PyObject *type, *value, *trace;
+    error_scope() { PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &trace); }
+    error_scope(const error_scope &) = delete;
+    error_scope &operator=(const error_scope &) = delete;
+    ~error_scope() { PyErr_Restore(type, value, trace); }
+};
+
+/// Dummy destructor wrapper that can be used to expose classes with a private destructor
+struct nodelete {
+    template <typename T>
+    void operator()(T *) {}
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+template <typename... Args>
+struct overload_cast_impl {
+    template <typename Return>
+    constexpr auto operator()(Return (*pf)(Args...)) const noexcept -> decltype(pf) {
+        return pf;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Return, typename Class>
+    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...), std::false_type = {}) const noexcept
+        -> decltype(pmf) {
+        return pmf;
+    }
+
+    template <typename Return, typename Class>
+    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const, std::true_type) const noexcept
+        -> decltype(pmf) {
+        return pmf;
+    }
+};
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+// overload_cast requires variable templates: C++14
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+#    define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST 1
+/// Syntax sugar for resolving overloaded function pointers:
+///  - regular: static_cast<Return (Class::*)(Arg0, Arg1, Arg2)>(&Class::func)
+///  - sweet:   overload_cast<Arg0, Arg1, Arg2>(&Class::func)
+template <typename... Args>
+static constexpr detail::overload_cast_impl<Args...> overload_cast{};
+#endif
+
+/// Const member function selector for overload_cast
+///  - regular: static_cast<Return (Class::*)(Arg) const>(&Class::func)
+///  - sweet:   overload_cast<Arg>(&Class::func, const_)
+static constexpr auto const_ = std::true_type{};
+
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) // no overload_cast: providing something that static_assert-fails:
+template <typename... Args>
+struct overload_cast {
+    static_assert(detail::deferred_t<std::false_type, Args...>::value,
+                  "pybind11::overload_cast<...> requires compiling in C++14 mode");
+};
+#endif // overload_cast
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+// Adaptor for converting arbitrary container arguments into a vector; implicitly convertible from
+// any standard container (or C-style array) supporting std::begin/std::end, any singleton
+// arithmetic type (if T is arithmetic), or explicitly constructible from an iterator pair.
+template <typename T>
+class any_container {
+    std::vector<T> v;
+
+public:
+    any_container() = default;
+
+    // Can construct from a pair of iterators
+    template <typename It, typename = enable_if_t<is_input_iterator<It>::value>>
+    any_container(It first, It last) : v(first, last) {}
+
+    // Implicit conversion constructor from any arbitrary container type
+    // with values convertible to T
+    template <typename Container,
+              typename = enable_if_t<
+                  std::is_convertible<decltype(*std::begin(std::declval<const Container &>())),
+                                      T>::value>>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    any_container(const Container &c) : any_container(std::begin(c), std::end(c)) {}
+
+    // initializer_list's aren't deducible, so don't get matched by the above template;
+    // we need this to explicitly allow implicit conversion from one:
+    template <typename TIn, typename = enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<TIn, T>::value>>
+    any_container(const std::initializer_list<TIn> &c) : any_container(c.begin(), c.end()) {}
+
+    // Avoid copying if given an rvalue vector of the correct type.
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    any_container(std::vector<T> &&v) : v(std::move(v)) {}
+
+    // Moves the vector out of an rvalue any_container
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    operator std::vector<T> &&() && { return std::move(v); }
+
+    // Dereferencing obtains a reference to the underlying vector
+    std::vector<T> &operator*() { return v; }
+    const std::vector<T> &operator*() const { return v; }
+
+    // -> lets you call methods on the underlying vector
+    std::vector<T> *operator->() { return &v; }
+    const std::vector<T> *operator->() const { return &v; }
+};
+
+// Forward-declaration; see detail/class.h
+std::string get_fully_qualified_tp_name(PyTypeObject *);
+
+template <typename T>
+inline static std::shared_ptr<T>
+try_get_shared_from_this(std::enable_shared_from_this<T> *holder_value_ptr) {
+// Pre C++17, this code path exploits undefined behavior, but is known to work on many platforms.
+// Use at your own risk!
+// See also https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/enable_shared_from_this, and in particular
+// the `std::shared_ptr<Good> gp1 = not_so_good.getptr();` and `try`-`catch` parts of the example.
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_enable_shared_from_this) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1912)
+    return holder_value_ptr->weak_from_this().lock();
+#else
+    try {
+        return holder_value_ptr->shared_from_this();
+    } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+// For silencing "unused" compiler warnings in special situations.
+template <typename... Args>
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1920 // MSVC 2017
+constexpr
+#endif
+    inline void
+    silence_unused_warnings(Args &&...) {
+}
+
+// MSVC warning C4100: Unreferenced formal parameter
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1916
+#    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(...)                                         \
+        detail::silence_unused_warnings(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(...)
+#endif
+
+// GCC -Wunused-but-set-parameter  All GCC versions (as of July 2021).
+#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(...)                       \
+        detail::silence_unused_warnings(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(...)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__)                                                                            \
+    && (defined(__apple_build_version__) /* AppleClang 13.0.0.13000029 was the only data point    \
+                                            available. */                                         \
+        || (__clang_major__ >= 7                                                                  \
+            && __clang_major__ <= 12) /* Clang 3, 5, 13, 14, 15 do not generate the warning. */   \
+    )
+#    define PYBIND11_DETECTED_CLANG_WITH_MISLEADING_CALL_STD_MOVE_EXPLICITLY_WARNING
+// Example:
+// tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp:46:68: error: local variable 'args' will be copied despite
+// being returned by name [-Werror,-Wreturn-std-move]
+//     m.def("args_function", [](py::args args) -> py::tuple { return args; });
+//                                                                    ^~~~
+// test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp:46:68: note: call 'std::move' explicitly to avoid copying
+//     m.def("args_function", [](py::args args) -> py::tuple { return args; });
+//                                                                    ^~~~
+//                                                                    std::move(args)
+#endif
+
+// Pybind offers detailed error messages by default for all builts that are debug (through the
+// negation of NDEBUG). This can also be manually enabled by users, for any builds, through
+// defining PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES. This information is primarily useful for those
+// who are writing (as opposed to merely using) libraries that use pybind11.
+#if !defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES) && !defined(NDEBUG)
+#    define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES
+#endif
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/detail/descr.h: Helper type for concatenating type signatures at compile time
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR static constexpr
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR const
+#endif
+
+/* Concatenate type signatures at compile time */
+template <size_t N, typename... Ts>
+struct descr {
+    char text[N + 1]{'\0'};
+
+    constexpr descr() = default;
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    constexpr descr(char const (&s)[N + 1]) : descr(s, make_index_sequence<N>()) {}
+
+    template <size_t... Is>
+    constexpr descr(char const (&s)[N + 1], index_sequence<Is...>) : text{s[Is]..., '\0'} {}
+
+    template <typename... Chars>
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    constexpr descr(char c, Chars... cs) : text{c, static_cast<char>(cs)..., '\0'} {}
+
+    static constexpr std::array<const std::type_info *, sizeof...(Ts) + 1> types() {
+        return {{&typeid(Ts)..., nullptr}};
+    }
+};
+
+template <size_t N1, size_t N2, typename... Ts1, typename... Ts2, size_t... Is1, size_t... Is2>
+constexpr descr<N1 + N2, Ts1..., Ts2...> plus_impl(const descr<N1, Ts1...> &a,
+                                                   const descr<N2, Ts2...> &b,
+                                                   index_sequence<Is1...>,
+                                                   index_sequence<Is2...>) {
+    PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(b);
+    return {a.text[Is1]..., b.text[Is2]...};
+}
+
+template <size_t N1, size_t N2, typename... Ts1, typename... Ts2>
+constexpr descr<N1 + N2, Ts1..., Ts2...> operator+(const descr<N1, Ts1...> &a,
+                                                   const descr<N2, Ts2...> &b) {
+    return plus_impl(a, b, make_index_sequence<N1>(), make_index_sequence<N2>());
+}
+
+template <size_t N>
+constexpr descr<N - 1> const_name(char const (&text)[N]) {
+    return descr<N - 1>(text);
+}
+constexpr descr<0> const_name(char const (&)[1]) { return {}; }
+
+template <size_t Rem, size_t... Digits>
+struct int_to_str : int_to_str<Rem / 10, Rem % 10, Digits...> {};
+template <size_t... Digits>
+struct int_to_str<0, Digits...> {
+    // WARNING: This only works with C++17 or higher.
+    static constexpr auto digits = descr<sizeof...(Digits)>(('0' + Digits)...);
+};
+
+// Ternary description (like std::conditional)
+template <bool B, size_t N1, size_t N2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<B, descr<N1 - 1>> const_name(char const (&text1)[N1], char const (&)[N2]) {
+    return const_name(text1);
+}
+template <bool B, size_t N1, size_t N2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<!B, descr<N2 - 1>> const_name(char const (&)[N1], char const (&text2)[N2]) {
+    return const_name(text2);
+}
+
+template <bool B, typename T1, typename T2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<B, T1> const_name(const T1 &d, const T2 &) {
+    return d;
+}
+template <bool B, typename T1, typename T2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<!B, T2> const_name(const T1 &, const T2 &d) {
+    return d;
+}
+
+template <size_t Size>
+auto constexpr const_name() -> remove_cv_t<decltype(int_to_str<Size / 10, Size % 10>::digits)> {
+    return int_to_str<Size / 10, Size % 10>::digits;
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+constexpr descr<1, Type> const_name() {
+    return {'%'};
+}
+
+// If "_" is defined as a macro, py::detail::_ cannot be provided.
+// It is therefore best to use py::detail::const_name universally.
+// This block is for backward compatibility only.
+// (The const_name code is repeated to avoid introducing a "_" #define ourselves.)
+#ifndef _
+#    define PYBIND11_DETAIL_UNDERSCORE_BACKWARD_COMPATIBILITY
+template <size_t N>
+constexpr descr<N - 1> _(char const (&text)[N]) {
+    return const_name<N>(text);
+}
+template <bool B, size_t N1, size_t N2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<B, descr<N1 - 1>> _(char const (&text1)[N1], char const (&text2)[N2]) {
+    return const_name<B, N1, N2>(text1, text2);
+}
+template <bool B, size_t N1, size_t N2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<!B, descr<N2 - 1>> _(char const (&text1)[N1], char const (&text2)[N2]) {
+    return const_name<B, N1, N2>(text1, text2);
+}
+template <bool B, typename T1, typename T2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<B, T1> _(const T1 &d1, const T2 &d2) {
+    return const_name<B, T1, T2>(d1, d2);
+}
+template <bool B, typename T1, typename T2>
+constexpr enable_if_t<!B, T2> _(const T1 &d1, const T2 &d2) {
+    return const_name<B, T1, T2>(d1, d2);
+}
+
+template <size_t Size>
+auto constexpr _() -> remove_cv_t<decltype(int_to_str<Size / 10, Size % 10>::digits)> {
+    return const_name<Size>();
+}
+template <typename Type>
+constexpr descr<1, Type> _() {
+    return const_name<Type>();
+}
+#endif // #ifndef _
+
+constexpr descr<0> concat() { return {}; }
+
+template <size_t N, typename... Ts>
+constexpr descr<N, Ts...> concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &descr) {
+    return descr;
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions
+template <size_t N1, size_t N2, typename... Ts1, typename... Ts2>
+constexpr descr<N1 + N2 + 2, Ts1..., Ts2...> operator,(const descr<N1, Ts1...> &a,
+                                                       const descr<N2, Ts2...> &b) {
+    return a + const_name(", ") + b;
+}
+
+template <size_t N, typename... Ts, typename... Args>
+constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d, const Args &...args) {
+    return (d, ..., args);
+}
+#else
+template <size_t N, typename... Ts, typename... Args>
+constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d, const Args &...args)
+    -> decltype(std::declval<descr<N + 2, Ts...>>() + concat(args...)) {
+    return d + const_name(", ") + concat(args...);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <size_t N, typename... Ts>
+constexpr descr<N + 2, Ts...> type_descr(const descr<N, Ts...> &descr) {
+    return const_name("{") + descr + const_name("}");
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/detail/init.h

@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/detail/init.h: init factory function implementation and support code.
+
+    Copyright (c) 2017 Jason Rhinelander <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "class.h"
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4127)
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <>
+class type_caster<value_and_holder> {
+public:
+    bool load(handle h, bool) {
+        value = reinterpret_cast<value_and_holder *>(h.ptr());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template <typename>
+    using cast_op_type = value_and_holder &;
+    explicit operator value_and_holder &() { return *value; }
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<value_and_holder>();
+
+private:
+    value_and_holder *value = nullptr;
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(initimpl)
+
+inline void no_nullptr(void *ptr) {
+    if (!ptr) {
+        throw type_error("pybind11::init(): factory function returned nullptr");
+    }
+}
+
+// Implementing functions for all forms of py::init<...> and py::init(...)
+template <typename Class>
+using Cpp = typename Class::type;
+template <typename Class>
+using Alias = typename Class::type_alias;
+template <typename Class>
+using Holder = typename Class::holder_type;
+
+template <typename Class>
+using is_alias_constructible = std::is_constructible<Alias<Class>, Cpp<Class> &&>;
+
+// Takes a Cpp pointer and returns true if it actually is a polymorphic Alias instance.
+template <typename Class, enable_if_t<Class::has_alias, int> = 0>
+bool is_alias(Cpp<Class> *ptr) {
+    return dynamic_cast<Alias<Class> *>(ptr) != nullptr;
+}
+// Failing fallback version of the above for a no-alias class (always returns false)
+template <typename /*Class*/>
+constexpr bool is_alias(void *) {
+    return false;
+}
+
+// Constructs and returns a new object; if the given arguments don't map to a constructor, we fall
+// back to brace aggregate initialization so that for aggregate initialization can be used with
+// py::init, e.g.  `py::init<int, int>` to initialize a `struct T { int a; int b; }`.  For
+// non-aggregate types, we need to use an ordinary T(...) constructor (invoking as `T{...}` usually
+// works, but will not do the expected thing when `T` has an `initializer_list<T>` constructor).
+template <typename Class,
+          typename... Args,
+          detail::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<Class, Args...>::value, int> = 0>
+inline Class *construct_or_initialize(Args &&...args) {
+    return new Class(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+template <typename Class,
+          typename... Args,
+          detail::enable_if_t<!std::is_constructible<Class, Args...>::value, int> = 0>
+inline Class *construct_or_initialize(Args &&...args) {
+    return new Class{std::forward<Args>(args)...};
+}
+
+// Attempts to constructs an alias using a `Alias(Cpp &&)` constructor.  This allows types with
+// an alias to provide only a single Cpp factory function as long as the Alias can be
+// constructed from an rvalue reference of the base Cpp type.  This means that Alias classes
+// can, when appropriate, simply define a `Alias(Cpp &&)` constructor rather than needing to
+// inherit all the base class constructors.
+template <typename Class>
+void construct_alias_from_cpp(std::true_type /*is_alias_constructible*/,
+                              value_and_holder &v_h,
+                              Cpp<Class> &&base) {
+    v_h.value_ptr() = new Alias<Class>(std::move(base));
+}
+template <typename Class>
+[[noreturn]] void construct_alias_from_cpp(std::false_type /*!is_alias_constructible*/,
+                                           value_and_holder &,
+                                           Cpp<Class> &&) {
+    throw type_error("pybind11::init(): unable to convert returned instance to required "
+                     "alias class: no `Alias<Class>(Class &&)` constructor available");
+}
+
+// Error-generating fallback for factories that don't match one of the below construction
+// mechanisms.
+template <typename Class>
+void construct(...) {
+    static_assert(!std::is_same<Class, Class>::value /* always false */,
+                  "pybind11::init(): init function must return a compatible pointer, "
+                  "holder, or value");
+}
+
+// Pointer return v1: the factory function returns a class pointer for a registered class.
+// If we don't need an alias (because this class doesn't have one, or because the final type is
+// inherited on the Python side) we can simply take over ownership.  Otherwise we need to try to
+// construct an Alias from the returned base instance.
+template <typename Class>
+void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Cpp<Class> *ptr, bool need_alias) {
+    PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(need_alias);
+    no_nullptr(ptr);
+    if (Class::has_alias && need_alias && !is_alias<Class>(ptr)) {
+        // We're going to try to construct an alias by moving the cpp type.  Whether or not
+        // that succeeds, we still need to destroy the original cpp pointer (either the
+        // moved away leftover, if the alias construction works, or the value itself if we
+        // throw an error), but we can't just call `delete ptr`: it might have a special
+        // deleter, or might be shared_from_this.  So we construct a holder around it as if
+        // it was a normal instance, then steal the holder away into a local variable; thus
+        // the holder and destruction happens when we leave the C++ scope, and the holder
+        // class gets to handle the destruction however it likes.
+        v_h.value_ptr() = ptr;
+        v_h.set_instance_registered(true);          // To prevent init_instance from registering it
+        v_h.type->init_instance(v_h.inst, nullptr); // Set up the holder
+        Holder<Class> temp_holder(std::move(v_h.holder<Holder<Class>>())); // Steal the holder
+        v_h.type->dealloc(v_h); // Destroys the moved-out holder remains, resets value ptr to null
+        v_h.set_instance_registered(false);
+
+        construct_alias_from_cpp<Class>(is_alias_constructible<Class>{}, v_h, std::move(*ptr));
+    } else {
+        // Otherwise the type isn't inherited, so we don't need an Alias
+        v_h.value_ptr() = ptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// Pointer return v2: a factory that always returns an alias instance ptr.  We simply take over
+// ownership of the pointer.
+template <typename Class, enable_if_t<Class::has_alias, int> = 0>
+void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Alias<Class> *alias_ptr, bool) {
+    no_nullptr(alias_ptr);
+    v_h.value_ptr() = static_cast<Cpp<Class> *>(alias_ptr);
+}
+
+// Holder return: copy its pointer, and move or copy the returned holder into the new instance's
+// holder.  This also handles types like std::shared_ptr<T> and std::unique_ptr<T> where T is a
+// derived type (through those holder's implicit conversion from derived class holder
+// constructors).
+template <typename Class>
+void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Holder<Class> holder, bool need_alias) {
+    PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(need_alias);
+    auto *ptr = holder_helper<Holder<Class>>::get(holder);
+    no_nullptr(ptr);
+    // If we need an alias, check that the held pointer is actually an alias instance
+    if (Class::has_alias && need_alias && !is_alias<Class>(ptr)) {
+        throw type_error("pybind11::init(): construction failed: returned holder-wrapped instance "
+                         "is not an alias instance");
+    }
+
+    v_h.value_ptr() = ptr;
+    v_h.type->init_instance(v_h.inst, &holder);
+}
+
+// return-by-value version 1: returning a cpp class by value.  If the class has an alias and an
+// alias is required the alias must have an `Alias(Cpp &&)` constructor so that we can construct
+// the alias from the base when needed (i.e. because of Python-side inheritance).  When we don't
+// need it, we simply move-construct the cpp value into a new instance.
+template <typename Class>
+void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Cpp<Class> &&result, bool need_alias) {
+    PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(need_alias);
+    static_assert(is_move_constructible<Cpp<Class>>::value,
+                  "pybind11::init() return-by-value factory function requires a movable class");
+    if (Class::has_alias && need_alias) {
+        construct_alias_from_cpp<Class>(is_alias_constructible<Class>{}, v_h, std::move(result));
+    } else {
+        v_h.value_ptr() = new Cpp<Class>(std::move(result));
+    }
+}
+
+// return-by-value version 2: returning a value of the alias type itself.  We move-construct an
+// Alias instance (even if no the python-side inheritance is involved).  The is intended for
+// cases where Alias initialization is always desired.
+template <typename Class>
+void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Alias<Class> &&result, bool) {
+    static_assert(
+        is_move_constructible<Alias<Class>>::value,
+        "pybind11::init() return-by-alias-value factory function requires a movable alias class");
+    v_h.value_ptr() = new Alias<Class>(std::move(result));
+}
+
+// Implementing class for py::init<...>()
+template <typename... Args>
+struct constructor {
+    template <typename Class, typename... Extra, enable_if_t<!Class::has_alias, int> = 0>
+    static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) {
+                v_h.value_ptr() = construct_or_initialize<Cpp<Class>>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            },
+            is_new_style_constructor(),
+            extra...);
+    }
+
+    template <
+        typename Class,
+        typename... Extra,
+        enable_if_t<Class::has_alias && std::is_constructible<Cpp<Class>, Args...>::value, int>
+        = 0>
+    static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) {
+                if (Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) == v_h.type->type) {
+                    v_h.value_ptr()
+                        = construct_or_initialize<Cpp<Class>>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                } else {
+                    v_h.value_ptr()
+                        = construct_or_initialize<Alias<Class>>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                }
+            },
+            is_new_style_constructor(),
+            extra...);
+    }
+
+    template <
+        typename Class,
+        typename... Extra,
+        enable_if_t<Class::has_alias && !std::is_constructible<Cpp<Class>, Args...>::value, int>
+        = 0>
+    static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) {
+                v_h.value_ptr()
+                    = construct_or_initialize<Alias<Class>>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            },
+            is_new_style_constructor(),
+            extra...);
+    }
+};
+
+// Implementing class for py::init_alias<...>()
+template <typename... Args>
+struct alias_constructor {
+    template <
+        typename Class,
+        typename... Extra,
+        enable_if_t<Class::has_alias && std::is_constructible<Alias<Class>, Args...>::value, int>
+        = 0>
+    static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) {
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) {
+                v_h.value_ptr()
+                    = construct_or_initialize<Alias<Class>>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            },
+            is_new_style_constructor(),
+            extra...);
+    }
+};
+
+// Implementation class for py::init(Func) and py::init(Func, AliasFunc)
+template <typename CFunc,
+          typename AFunc = void_type (*)(),
+          typename = function_signature_t<CFunc>,
+          typename = function_signature_t<AFunc>>
+struct factory;
+
+// Specialization for py::init(Func)
+template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args>
+struct factory<Func, void_type (*)(), Return(Args...)> {
+    remove_reference_t<Func> class_factory;
+
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    factory(Func &&f) : class_factory(std::forward<Func>(f)) {}
+
+    // The given class either has no alias or has no separate alias factory;
+    // this always constructs the class itself.  If the class is registered with an alias
+    // type and an alias instance is needed (i.e. because the final type is a Python class
+    // inheriting from the C++ type) the returned value needs to either already be an alias
+    // instance, or the alias needs to be constructible from a `Class &&` argument.
+    template <typename Class, typename... Extra>
+    void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) && {
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [func = std::move(class_factory)]
+#else
+        auto &func = class_factory;
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [func]
+#endif
+            (value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) {
+                construct<Class>(
+                    v_h, func(std::forward<Args>(args)...), Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) != v_h.type->type);
+            },
+            is_new_style_constructor(),
+            extra...);
+    }
+};
+
+// Specialization for py::init(Func, AliasFunc)
+template <typename CFunc,
+          typename AFunc,
+          typename CReturn,
+          typename... CArgs,
+          typename AReturn,
+          typename... AArgs>
+struct factory<CFunc, AFunc, CReturn(CArgs...), AReturn(AArgs...)> {
+    static_assert(sizeof...(CArgs) == sizeof...(AArgs),
+                  "pybind11::init(class_factory, alias_factory): class and alias factories "
+                  "must have identical argument signatures");
+    static_assert(all_of<std::is_same<CArgs, AArgs>...>::value,
+                  "pybind11::init(class_factory, alias_factory): class and alias factories "
+                  "must have identical argument signatures");
+
+    remove_reference_t<CFunc> class_factory;
+    remove_reference_t<AFunc> alias_factory;
+
+    factory(CFunc &&c, AFunc &&a)
+        : class_factory(std::forward<CFunc>(c)), alias_factory(std::forward<AFunc>(a)) {}
+
+    // The class factory is called when the `self` type passed to `__init__` is the direct
+    // class (i.e. not inherited), the alias factory when `self` is a Python-side subtype.
+    template <typename Class, typename... Extra>
+    void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) && {
+        static_assert(Class::has_alias,
+                      "The two-argument version of `py::init()` can "
+                      "only be used if the class has an alias");
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [class_func = std::move(class_factory), alias_func = std::move(alias_factory)]
+#else
+        auto &class_func = class_factory;
+        auto &alias_func = alias_factory;
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [class_func, alias_func]
+#endif
+            (value_and_holder &v_h, CArgs... args) {
+                if (Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) == v_h.type->type) {
+                    // If the instance type equals the registered type we don't have inheritance,
+                    // so don't need the alias and can construct using the class function:
+                    construct<Class>(v_h, class_func(std::forward<CArgs>(args)...), false);
+                } else {
+                    construct<Class>(v_h, alias_func(std::forward<CArgs>(args)...), true);
+                }
+            },
+            is_new_style_constructor(),
+            extra...);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Set just the C++ state. Same as `__init__`.
+template <typename Class, typename T>
+void setstate(value_and_holder &v_h, T &&result, bool need_alias) {
+    construct<Class>(v_h, std::forward<T>(result), need_alias);
+}
+
+/// Set both the C++ and Python states
+template <typename Class,
+          typename T,
+          typename O,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<O, handle>::value, int> = 0>
+void setstate(value_and_holder &v_h, std::pair<T, O> &&result, bool need_alias) {
+    construct<Class>(v_h, std::move(result.first), need_alias);
+    auto d = handle(result.second);
+    if (PyDict_Check(d.ptr()) && PyDict_Size(d.ptr()) == 0) {
+        // Skipping setattr below, to not force use of py::dynamic_attr() for Class unnecessarily.
+        // See PR #2972 for details.
+        return;
+    }
+    setattr((PyObject *) v_h.inst, "__dict__", d);
+}
+
+/// Implementation for py::pickle(GetState, SetState)
+template <typename Get,
+          typename Set,
+          typename = function_signature_t<Get>,
+          typename = function_signature_t<Set>>
+struct pickle_factory;
+
+template <typename Get,
+          typename Set,
+          typename RetState,
+          typename Self,
+          typename NewInstance,
+          typename ArgState>
+struct pickle_factory<Get, Set, RetState(Self), NewInstance(ArgState)> {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<intrinsic_t<RetState>, intrinsic_t<ArgState>>::value,
+                  "The type returned by `__getstate__` must be the same "
+                  "as the argument accepted by `__setstate__`");
+
+    remove_reference_t<Get> get;
+    remove_reference_t<Set> set;
+
+    pickle_factory(Get get, Set set) : get(std::forward<Get>(get)), set(std::forward<Set>(set)) {}
+
+    template <typename Class, typename... Extra>
+    void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) && {
+        cl.def("__getstate__", std::move(get));
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
+        cl.def(
+            "__setstate__",
+            [func = std::move(set)]
+#else
+        auto &func = set;
+        cl.def(
+            "__setstate__",
+            [func]
+#endif
+            (value_and_holder &v_h, ArgState state) {
+                setstate<Class>(
+                    v_h, func(std::forward<ArgState>(state)), Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) != v_h.type->type);
+            },
+            is_new_style_constructor(),
+            extra...);
+    }
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(initimpl)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h

@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/detail/internals.h: Internal data structure and related functions
+
+    Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "common.h"
+
+#if defined(WITH_THREAD) && defined(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
+#    include "../gil.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "../pytypes.h"
+
+#include <exception>
+
+/// Tracks the `internals` and `type_info` ABI version independent of the main library version.
+///
+/// Some portions of the code use an ABI that is conditional depending on this
+/// version number.  That allows ABI-breaking changes to be "pre-implemented".
+/// Once the default version number is incremented, the conditional logic that
+/// no longer applies can be removed.  Additionally, users that need not
+/// maintain ABI compatibility can increase the version number in order to take
+/// advantage of any functionality/efficiency improvements that depend on the
+/// newer ABI.
+///
+/// WARNING: If you choose to manually increase the ABI version, note that
+/// pybind11 may not be tested as thoroughly with a non-default ABI version, and
+/// further ABI-incompatible changes may be made before the ABI is officially
+/// changed to the new version.
+#ifndef PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION
+#    if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030C0000 || defined(_MSC_VER)
+// Version bump for Python 3.12+, before first 3.12 beta release.
+// Version bump for MSVC piggy-backed on PR #4779. See comments there.
+#        define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION 5
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION 4
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+// This requirement is mainly to reduce the support burden (see PR #4570).
+static_assert(PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030C0000 || PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION >= 5,
+              "pybind11 ABI version 5 is the minimum for Python 3.12+");
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+
+using ExceptionTranslator = void (*)(std::exception_ptr);
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+constexpr const char *internals_function_record_capsule_name = "pybind11_function_record_capsule";
+
+// Forward declarations
+inline PyTypeObject *make_static_property_type();
+inline PyTypeObject *make_default_metaclass();
+inline PyObject *make_object_base_type(PyTypeObject *metaclass);
+
+// The old Python Thread Local Storage (TLS) API is deprecated in Python 3.7 in favor of the new
+// Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API.
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03070000
+// Avoid unnecessary allocation of `Py_tss_t`, since we cannot use
+// `Py_LIMITED_API` anyway.
+#    if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF Py_tss_t &
+#        if defined(__clang__)
+#            define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var)                                                    \
+                _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")                                         /**/     \
+                    _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-field-initializers\"") /**/     \
+                    Py_tss_t var                                                                  \
+                    = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;                                                          \
+                _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
+#        elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#            define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var)                                                    \
+                _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")                                         /**/       \
+                    _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-field-initializers\"") /**/       \
+                    Py_tss_t var                                                                  \
+                    = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;                                                          \
+                _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
+#        else
+#            define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var) Py_tss_t var = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+#        endif
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(var) (PyThread_tss_create(&(var)) == 0)
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_get(&(key))
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value) PyThread_tss_set(&(key), (value))
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_set(&(key), nullptr)
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(key) PyThread_tss_delete(&(key))
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF Py_tss_t *
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var) Py_tss_t *var = nullptr;
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(var)                                                      \
+            (((var) = PyThread_tss_alloc()) != nullptr && (PyThread_tss_create((var)) == 0))
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_get((key))
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value) PyThread_tss_set((key), (value))
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_set((key), nullptr)
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(key) PyThread_tss_free(key)
+#    endif
+#else
+// Usually an int but a long on Cygwin64 with Python 3.x
+#    define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF decltype(PyThread_create_key())
+#    define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var) PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF var = 0;
+#    define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(var) (((var) = PyThread_create_key()) != -1)
+#    define PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(key) PyThread_get_key_value((key))
+#    if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+// On CPython < 3.4 and on PyPy, `PyThread_set_key_value` strangely does not set
+// the value if it has already been set.  Instead, it must first be deleted and
+// then set again.
+inline void tls_replace_value(PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF key, void *value) {
+    PyThread_delete_key_value(key);
+    PyThread_set_key_value(key, value);
+}
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_delete_key_value(key)
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value)                                            \
+            ::pybind11::detail::tls_replace_value((key), (value))
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_set_key_value((key), nullptr)
+#        define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value) PyThread_set_key_value((key), (value))
+#    endif
+#    define PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(key) (void) key
+#endif
+
+// Python loads modules by default with dlopen with the RTLD_LOCAL flag; under libc++ and possibly
+// other STLs, this means `typeid(A)` from one module won't equal `typeid(A)` from another module
+// even when `A` is the same, non-hidden-visibility type (e.g. from a common include).  Under
+// libstdc++, this doesn't happen: equality and the type_index hash are based on the type name,
+// which works.  If not under a known-good stl, provide our own name-based hash and equality
+// functions that use the type name.
+#if (PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION <= 4 && defined(__GLIBCXX__))                                     \
+    || (PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION >= 5 && !defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))
+inline bool same_type(const std::type_info &lhs, const std::type_info &rhs) { return lhs == rhs; }
+using type_hash = std::hash<std::type_index>;
+using type_equal_to = std::equal_to<std::type_index>;
+#else
+inline bool same_type(const std::type_info &lhs, const std::type_info &rhs) {
+    return lhs.name() == rhs.name() || std::strcmp(lhs.name(), rhs.name()) == 0;
+}
+
+struct type_hash {
+    size_t operator()(const std::type_index &t) const {
+        size_t hash = 5381;
+        const char *ptr = t.name();
+        while (auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(*ptr++)) {
+            hash = (hash * 33) ^ c;
+        }
+        return hash;
+    }
+};
+
+struct type_equal_to {
+    bool operator()(const std::type_index &lhs, const std::type_index &rhs) const {
+        return lhs.name() == rhs.name() || std::strcmp(lhs.name(), rhs.name()) == 0;
+    }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <typename value_type>
+using type_map = std::unordered_map<std::type_index, value_type, type_hash, type_equal_to>;
+
+struct override_hash {
+    inline size_t operator()(const std::pair<const PyObject *, const char *> &v) const {
+        size_t value = std::hash<const void *>()(v.first);
+        value ^= std::hash<const void *>()(v.second) + 0x9e3779b9 + (value << 6) + (value >> 2);
+        return value;
+    }
+};
+
+/// Internal data structure used to track registered instances and types.
+/// Whenever binary incompatible changes are made to this structure,
+/// `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION` must be incremented.
+struct internals {
+    // std::type_index -> pybind11's type information
+    type_map<type_info *> registered_types_cpp;
+    // PyTypeObject* -> base type_info(s)
+    std::unordered_map<PyTypeObject *, std::vector<type_info *>> registered_types_py;
+    std::unordered_multimap<const void *, instance *> registered_instances; // void * -> instance*
+    std::unordered_set<std::pair<const PyObject *, const char *>, override_hash>
+        inactive_override_cache;
+    type_map<std::vector<bool (*)(PyObject *, void *&)>> direct_conversions;
+    std::unordered_map<const PyObject *, std::vector<PyObject *>> patients;
+    std::forward_list<ExceptionTranslator> registered_exception_translators;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, void *> shared_data; // Custom data to be shared across
+                                                         // extensions
+#if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4
+    std::vector<PyObject *> unused_loader_patient_stack_remove_at_v5;
+#endif
+    std::forward_list<std::string> static_strings; // Stores the std::strings backing
+                                                   // detail::c_str()
+    PyTypeObject *static_property_type;
+    PyTypeObject *default_metaclass;
+    PyObject *instance_base;
+#if defined(WITH_THREAD)
+    // Unused if PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT is defined:
+    PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(tstate)
+#    if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+    PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(loader_life_support_tls_key)
+#    endif // PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+    // Unused if PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT is defined:
+    PyInterpreterState *istate = nullptr;
+
+#    if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+    // Note that we have to use a std::string to allocate memory to ensure a unique address
+    // We want unique addresses since we use pointer equality to compare function records
+    std::string function_record_capsule_name = internals_function_record_capsule_name;
+#    endif
+
+    internals() = default;
+    internals(const internals &other) = delete;
+    internals &operator=(const internals &other) = delete;
+    ~internals() {
+#    if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+        PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(loader_life_support_tls_key);
+#    endif // PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+
+        // This destructor is called *after* Py_Finalize() in finalize_interpreter().
+        // That *SHOULD BE* fine. The following details what happens when PyThread_tss_free is
+        // called. PYBIND11_TLS_FREE is PyThread_tss_free on python 3.7+. On older python, it does
+        // nothing. PyThread_tss_free calls PyThread_tss_delete and PyMem_RawFree.
+        // PyThread_tss_delete just calls TlsFree (on Windows) or pthread_key_delete (on *NIX).
+        // Neither of those have anything to do with CPython internals. PyMem_RawFree *requires*
+        // that the `tstate` be allocated with the CPython allocator.
+        PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(tstate);
+    }
+#endif
+};
+
+/// Additional type information which does not fit into the PyTypeObject.
+/// Changes to this struct also require bumping `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION`.
+struct type_info {
+    PyTypeObject *type;
+    const std::type_info *cpptype;
+    size_t type_size, type_align, holder_size_in_ptrs;
+    void *(*operator_new)(size_t);
+    void (*init_instance)(instance *, const void *);
+    void (*dealloc)(value_and_holder &v_h);
+    std::vector<PyObject *(*) (PyObject *, PyTypeObject *)> implicit_conversions;
+    std::vector<std::pair<const std::type_info *, void *(*) (void *)>> implicit_casts;
+    std::vector<bool (*)(PyObject *, void *&)> *direct_conversions;
+    buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *) = nullptr;
+    void *get_buffer_data = nullptr;
+    void *(*module_local_load)(PyObject *, const type_info *) = nullptr;
+    /* A simple type never occurs as a (direct or indirect) parent
+     * of a class that makes use of multiple inheritance.
+     * A type can be simple even if it has non-simple ancestors as long as it has no descendants.
+     */
+    bool simple_type : 1;
+    /* True if there is no multiple inheritance in this type's inheritance tree */
+    bool simple_ancestors : 1;
+    /* for base vs derived holder_type checks */
+    bool default_holder : 1;
+    /* true if this is a type registered with py::module_local */
+    bool module_local : 1;
+};
+
+/// On MSVC, debug and release builds are not ABI-compatible!
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_DEBUG)
+#    define PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "_debug"
+#else
+#    define PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE ""
+#endif
+
+/// Let's assume that different compilers are ABI-incompatible.
+/// A user can manually set this string if they know their
+/// compiler is compatible.
+#ifndef PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE
+#    if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_msvc"
+#    elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_icc"
+#    elif defined(__clang__)
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_clang"
+#    elif defined(__PGI)
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_pgi"
+#    elif defined(__MINGW32__)
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_mingw"
+#    elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_gcc_cygwin"
+#    elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_gcc"
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_unknown"
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+/// Also standard libs
+#ifndef PYBIND11_STDLIB
+#    if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
+#        define PYBIND11_STDLIB "_libcpp"
+#    elif defined(__GLIBCXX__) || defined(__GLIBCPP__)
+#        define PYBIND11_STDLIB "_libstdcpp"
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_STDLIB ""
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+/// On Linux/OSX, changes in __GXX_ABI_VERSION__ indicate ABI incompatibility.
+/// On MSVC, changes in _MSC_VER may indicate ABI incompatibility (#2898).
+#ifndef PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI
+#    if defined(__GXX_ABI_VERSION)
+#        define PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI "_cxxabi" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(__GXX_ABI_VERSION)
+#    elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#        define PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI "_mscver" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(_MSC_VER)
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI ""
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND
+#    if defined(WITH_THREAD)
+#        define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND ""
+#    else
+#        define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND "_without_thread"
+#    endif
+#endif
+
+#define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID                                                                     \
+    "__pybind11_internals_v" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION)                        \
+        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI         \
+            PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
+
+#define PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID                                                                  \
+    "__pybind11_module_local_v" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION)                     \
+        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI         \
+            PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
+
+/// Each module locally stores a pointer to the `internals` data. The data
+/// itself is shared among modules with the same `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID`.
+inline internals **&get_internals_pp() {
+    static internals **internals_pp = nullptr;
+    return internals_pp;
+}
+
+// forward decl
+inline void translate_exception(std::exception_ptr);
+
+template <class T,
+          enable_if_t<std::is_same<std::nested_exception, remove_cvref_t<T>>::value, int> = 0>
+bool handle_nested_exception(const T &exc, const std::exception_ptr &p) {
+    std::exception_ptr nested = exc.nested_ptr();
+    if (nested != nullptr && nested != p) {
+        translate_exception(nested);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+template <class T,
+          enable_if_t<!std::is_same<std::nested_exception, remove_cvref_t<T>>::value, int> = 0>
+bool handle_nested_exception(const T &exc, const std::exception_ptr &p) {
+    if (const auto *nep = dynamic_cast<const std::nested_exception *>(std::addressof(exc))) {
+        return handle_nested_exception(*nep, p);
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+inline bool raise_err(PyObject *exc_type, const char *msg) {
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        raise_from(exc_type, msg);
+        return true;
+    }
+    set_error(exc_type, msg);
+    return false;
+}
+
+inline void translate_exception(std::exception_ptr p) {
+    if (!p) {
+        return;
+    }
+    try {
+        std::rethrow_exception(p);
+    } catch (error_already_set &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        e.restore();
+        return;
+    } catch (const builtin_exception &e) {
+        // Could not use template since it's an abstract class.
+        if (const auto *nep = dynamic_cast<const std::nested_exception *>(std::addressof(e))) {
+            handle_nested_exception(*nep, p);
+        }
+        e.set_error();
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::bad_alloc &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_MemoryError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::domain_error &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::length_error &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::out_of_range &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_IndexError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::range_error &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::overflow_error &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_OverflowError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_RuntimeError, e.what());
+        return;
+    } catch (const std::nested_exception &e) {
+        handle_nested_exception(e, p);
+        raise_err(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Caught an unknown nested exception!");
+        return;
+    } catch (...) {
+        raise_err(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Caught an unknown exception!");
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+#if !defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+inline void translate_local_exception(std::exception_ptr p) {
+    try {
+        if (p) {
+            std::rethrow_exception(p);
+        }
+    } catch (error_already_set &e) {
+        e.restore();
+        return;
+    } catch (const builtin_exception &e) {
+        e.set_error();
+        return;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+inline object get_python_state_dict() {
+    object state_dict;
+#if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION <= 4 || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000 || defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    state_dict = reinterpret_borrow<object>(PyEval_GetBuiltins());
+#else
+#    if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000
+    PyInterpreterState *istate = _PyInterpreterState_Get();
+#    else
+    PyInterpreterState *istate = PyInterpreterState_Get();
+#    endif
+    if (istate) {
+        state_dict = reinterpret_borrow<object>(PyInterpreterState_GetDict(istate));
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!state_dict) {
+        raise_from(PyExc_SystemError, "pybind11::detail::get_python_state_dict() FAILED");
+        throw error_already_set();
+    }
+    return state_dict;
+}
+
+inline object get_internals_obj_from_state_dict(handle state_dict) {
+    return reinterpret_borrow<object>(dict_getitemstring(state_dict.ptr(), PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID));
+}
+
+inline internals **get_internals_pp_from_capsule(handle obj) {
+    void *raw_ptr = PyCapsule_GetPointer(obj.ptr(), /*name=*/nullptr);
+    if (raw_ptr == nullptr) {
+        raise_from(PyExc_SystemError, "pybind11::detail::get_internals_pp_from_capsule() FAILED");
+        throw error_already_set();
+    }
+    return static_cast<internals **>(raw_ptr);
+}
+
+/// Return a reference to the current `internals` data
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE internals &get_internals() {
+    auto **&internals_pp = get_internals_pp();
+    if (internals_pp && *internals_pp) {
+        return **internals_pp;
+    }
+
+#if defined(WITH_THREAD)
+#    if defined(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
+    gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+#    else
+    // Ensure that the GIL is held since we will need to make Python calls.
+    // Cannot use py::gil_scoped_acquire here since that constructor calls get_internals.
+    struct gil_scoped_acquire_local {
+        gil_scoped_acquire_local() : state(PyGILState_Ensure()) {}
+        gil_scoped_acquire_local(const gil_scoped_acquire_local &) = delete;
+        gil_scoped_acquire_local &operator=(const gil_scoped_acquire_local &) = delete;
+        ~gil_scoped_acquire_local() { PyGILState_Release(state); }
+        const PyGILState_STATE state;
+    } gil;
+#    endif
+#endif
+    error_scope err_scope;
+
+    dict state_dict = get_python_state_dict();
+    if (object internals_obj = get_internals_obj_from_state_dict(state_dict)) {
+        internals_pp = get_internals_pp_from_capsule(internals_obj);
+    }
+    if (internals_pp && *internals_pp) {
+        // We loaded the internals through `state_dict`, which means that our `error_already_set`
+        // and `builtin_exception` may be different local classes than the ones set up in the
+        // initial exception translator, below, so add another for our local exception classes.
+        //
+        // libstdc++ doesn't require this (types there are identified only by name)
+        // libc++ with CPython doesn't require this (types are explicitly exported)
+        // libc++ with PyPy still need it, awaiting further investigation
+#if !defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+        (*internals_pp)->registered_exception_translators.push_front(&translate_local_exception);
+#endif
+    } else {
+        if (!internals_pp) {
+            internals_pp = new internals *();
+        }
+        auto *&internals_ptr = *internals_pp;
+        internals_ptr = new internals();
+#if defined(WITH_THREAD)
+
+        PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_Get();
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-assignment-in-if-condition)
+        if (!PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(internals_ptr->tstate)) {
+            pybind11_fail("get_internals: could not successfully initialize the tstate TSS key!");
+        }
+        PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(internals_ptr->tstate, tstate);
+
+#    if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-assignment-in-if-condition)
+        if (!PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(internals_ptr->loader_life_support_tls_key)) {
+            pybind11_fail("get_internals: could not successfully initialize the "
+                          "loader_life_support TSS key!");
+        }
+#    endif
+        internals_ptr->istate = tstate->interp;
+#endif
+        state_dict[PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID] = capsule(internals_pp);
+        internals_ptr->registered_exception_translators.push_front(&translate_exception);
+        internals_ptr->static_property_type = make_static_property_type();
+        internals_ptr->default_metaclass = make_default_metaclass();
+        internals_ptr->instance_base = make_object_base_type(internals_ptr->default_metaclass);
+    }
+    return **internals_pp;
+}
+
+// the internals struct (above) is shared between all the modules. local_internals are only
+// for a single module. Any changes made to internals may require an update to
+// PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION, breaking backwards compatibility. local_internals is, by design,
+// restricted to a single module. Whether a module has local internals or not should not
+// impact any other modules, because the only things accessing the local internals is the
+// module that contains them.
+struct local_internals {
+    type_map<type_info *> registered_types_cpp;
+    std::forward_list<ExceptionTranslator> registered_exception_translators;
+#if defined(WITH_THREAD) && PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4
+
+    // For ABI compatibility, we can't store the loader_life_support TLS key in
+    // the `internals` struct directly.  Instead, we store it in `shared_data` and
+    // cache a copy in `local_internals`.  If we allocated a separate TLS key for
+    // each instance of `local_internals`, we could end up allocating hundreds of
+    // TLS keys if hundreds of different pybind11 modules are loaded (which is a
+    // plausible number).
+    PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(loader_life_support_tls_key)
+
+    // Holds the shared TLS key for the loader_life_support stack.
+    struct shared_loader_life_support_data {
+        PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(loader_life_support_tls_key)
+        shared_loader_life_support_data() {
+            // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-assignment-in-if-condition)
+            if (!PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(loader_life_support_tls_key)) {
+                pybind11_fail("local_internals: could not successfully initialize the "
+                              "loader_life_support TLS key!");
+            }
+        }
+        // We can't help but leak the TLS key, because Python never unloads extension modules.
+    };
+
+    local_internals() {
+        auto &internals = get_internals();
+        // Get or create the `loader_life_support_stack_key`.
+        auto &ptr = internals.shared_data["_life_support"];
+        if (!ptr) {
+            ptr = new shared_loader_life_support_data;
+        }
+        loader_life_support_tls_key
+            = static_cast<shared_loader_life_support_data *>(ptr)->loader_life_support_tls_key;
+    }
+#endif //  defined(WITH_THREAD) && PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4
+};
+
+/// Works like `get_internals`, but for things which are locally registered.
+inline local_internals &get_local_internals() {
+    // Current static can be created in the interpreter finalization routine. If the later will be
+    // destroyed in another static variable destructor, creation of this static there will cause
+    // static deinitialization fiasco. In order to avoid it we avoid destruction of the
+    // local_internals static. One can read more about the problem and current solution here:
+    // https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Static_and_Global_Variables
+    static auto *locals = new local_internals();
+    return *locals;
+}
+
+/// Constructs a std::string with the given arguments, stores it in `internals`, and returns its
+/// `c_str()`.  Such strings objects have a long storage duration -- the internal strings are only
+/// cleared when the program exits or after interpreter shutdown (when embedding), and so are
+/// suitable for c-style strings needed by Python internals (such as PyTypeObject's tp_name).
+template <typename... Args>
+const char *c_str(Args &&...args) {
+    auto &strings = get_internals().static_strings;
+    strings.emplace_front(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return strings.front().c_str();
+}
+
+inline const char *get_function_record_capsule_name() {
+#if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
+    return get_internals().function_record_capsule_name.c_str();
+#else
+    return nullptr;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Determine whether or not the following capsule contains a pybind11 function record.
+// Note that we use `internals` to make sure that only ABI compatible records are touched.
+//
+// This check is currently used in two places:
+// - An important optimization in functional.h to avoid overhead in C++ -> Python -> C++
+// - The sibling feature of cpp_function to allow overloads
+inline bool is_function_record_capsule(const capsule &cap) {
+    // Pointer equality as we rely on internals() to ensure unique pointers
+    return cap.name() == get_function_record_capsule_name();
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+/// Returns a named pointer that is shared among all extension modules (using the same
+/// pybind11 version) running in the current interpreter. Names starting with underscores
+/// are reserved for internal usage. Returns `nullptr` if no matching entry was found.
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void *get_shared_data(const std::string &name) {
+    auto &internals = detail::get_internals();
+    auto it = internals.shared_data.find(name);
+    return it != internals.shared_data.end() ? it->second : nullptr;
+}
+
+/// Set the shared data that can be later recovered by `get_shared_data()`.
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void *set_shared_data(const std::string &name, void *data) {
+    detail::get_internals().shared_data[name] = data;
+    return data;
+}
+
+/// Returns a typed reference to a shared data entry (by using `get_shared_data()`) if
+/// such entry exists. Otherwise, a new object of default-constructible type `T` is
+/// added to the shared data under the given name and a reference to it is returned.
+template <typename T>
+T &get_or_create_shared_data(const std::string &name) {
+    auto &internals = detail::get_internals();
+    auto it = internals.shared_data.find(name);
+    T *ptr = (T *) (it != internals.shared_data.end() ? it->second : nullptr);
+    if (!ptr) {
+        ptr = new T();
+        internals.shared_data[name] = ptr;
+    }
+    return *ptr;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1218 @@
+/*
+    pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h (originally first part of pybind11/cast.h)
+
+    Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <[email protected]>
+
+    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../pytypes.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "descr.h"
+#include "internals.h"
+#include "typeid.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <new>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <typeindex>
+#include <typeinfo>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+/// A life support system for temporary objects created by `type_caster::load()`.
+/// Adding a patient will keep it alive up until the enclosing function returns.
+class loader_life_support {
+private:
+    loader_life_support *parent = nullptr;
+    std::unordered_set<PyObject *> keep_alive;
+
+#if defined(WITH_THREAD)
+    // Store stack pointer in thread-local storage.
+    static PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF get_stack_tls_key() {
+#    if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4
+        return get_local_internals().loader_life_support_tls_key;
+#    else
+        return get_internals().loader_life_support_tls_key;
+#    endif
+    }
+    static loader_life_support *get_stack_top() {
+        return static_cast<loader_life_support *>(PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(get_stack_tls_key()));
+    }
+    static void set_stack_top(loader_life_support *value) {
+        PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(get_stack_tls_key(), value);
+    }
+#else
+    // Use single global variable for stack.
+    static loader_life_support **get_stack_pp() {
+        static loader_life_support *global_stack = nullptr;
+        return global_stack;
+    }
+    static loader_life_support *get_stack_top() { return *get_stack_pp(); }
+    static void set_stack_top(loader_life_support *value) { *get_stack_pp() = value; }
+#endif
+
+public:
+    /// A new patient frame is created when a function is entered
+    loader_life_support() : parent{get_stack_top()} { set_stack_top(this); }
+
+    /// ... and destroyed after it returns
+    ~loader_life_support() {
+        if (get_stack_top() != this) {
+            pybind11_fail("loader_life_support: internal error");
+        }
+        set_stack_top(parent);
+        for (auto *item : keep_alive) {
+            Py_DECREF(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This can only be used inside a pybind11-bound function, either by `argument_loader`
+    /// at argument preparation time or by `py::cast()` at execution time.
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE static void add_patient(handle h) {
+        loader_life_support *frame = get_stack_top();
+        if (!frame) {
+            // NOTE: It would be nice to include the stack frames here, as this indicates
+            // use of pybind11::cast<> outside the normal call framework, finding such
+            // a location is challenging. Developers could consider printing out
+            // stack frame addresses here using something like __builtin_frame_address(0)
+            throw cast_error("When called outside a bound function, py::cast() cannot "
+                             "do Python -> C++ conversions which require the creation "
+                             "of temporary values");
+        }
+
+        if (frame->keep_alive.insert(h.ptr()).second) {
+            Py_INCREF(h.ptr());
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+// Gets the cache entry for the given type, creating it if necessary.  The return value is the pair
+// returned by emplace, i.e. an iterator for the entry and a bool set to `true` if the entry was
+// just created.
+inline std::pair<decltype(internals::registered_types_py)::iterator, bool>
+all_type_info_get_cache(PyTypeObject *type);
+
+// Band-aid workaround to fix a subtle but serious bug in a minimalistic fashion. See PR #4762.
+inline void all_type_info_add_base_most_derived_first(std::vector<type_info *> &bases,
+                                                      type_info *addl_base) {
+    for (auto it = bases.begin(); it != bases.end(); it++) {
+        type_info *existing_base = *it;
+        if (PyType_IsSubtype(addl_base->type, existing_base->type) != 0) {
+            bases.insert(it, addl_base);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    bases.push_back(addl_base);
+}
+
+// Populates a just-created cache entry.
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void all_type_info_populate(PyTypeObject *t, std::vector<type_info *> &bases) {
+    assert(bases.empty());
+    std::vector<PyTypeObject *> check;
+    for (handle parent : reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(t->tp_bases)) {
+        check.push_back((PyTypeObject *) parent.ptr());
+    }
+
+    auto const &type_dict = get_internals().registered_types_py;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < check.size(); i++) {
+        auto *type = check[i];
+        // Ignore Python2 old-style class super type:
+        if (!PyType_Check((PyObject *) type)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Check `type` in the current set of registered python types:
+        auto it = type_dict.find(type);
+        if (it != type_dict.end()) {
+            // We found a cache entry for it, so it's either pybind-registered or has pre-computed
+            // pybind bases, but we have to make sure we haven't already seen the type(s) before:
+            // we want to follow Python/virtual C++ rules that there should only be one instance of
+            // a common base.
+            for (auto *tinfo : it->second) {
+                // NB: Could use a second set here, rather than doing a linear search, but since
+                // having a large number of immediate pybind11-registered types seems fairly
+                // unlikely, that probably isn't worthwhile.
+                bool found = false;
+                for (auto *known : bases) {
+                    if (known == tinfo) {
+                        found = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (!found) {
+                    all_type_info_add_base_most_derived_first(bases, tinfo);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (type->tp_bases) {
+            // It's some python type, so keep follow its bases classes to look for one or more
+            // registered types
+            if (i + 1 == check.size()) {
+                // When we're at the end, we can pop off the current element to avoid growing
+                // `check` when adding just one base (which is typical--i.e. when there is no
+                // multiple inheritance)
+                check.pop_back();
+                i--;
+            }
+            for (handle parent : reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(type->tp_bases)) {
+                check.push_back((PyTypeObject *) parent.ptr());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extracts vector of type_info pointers of pybind-registered roots of the given Python type.  Will
+ * be just 1 pybind type for the Python type of a pybind-registered class, or for any Python-side
+ * derived class that uses single inheritance.  Will contain as many types as required for a Python
+ * class that uses multiple inheritance to inherit (directly or indirectly) from multiple
+ * pybind-registered classes.  Will be empty if neither the type nor any base classes are
+ * pybind-registered.
+ *
+ * The value is cached for the lifetime of the Python type.
+ */
+inline const std::vector<detail::type_info *> &all_type_info(PyTypeObject *type) {
+    auto ins = all_type_info_get_cache(type);
+    if (ins.second) {
+        // New cache entry: populate it
+        all_type_info_populate(type, ins.first->second);
+    }
+
+    return ins.first->second;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets a single pybind11 type info for a python type.  Returns nullptr if neither the type nor any
+ * ancestors are pybind11-registered.  Throws an exception if there are multiple bases--use
+ * `all_type_info` instead if you want to support multiple bases.
+ */
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE detail::type_info *get_type_info(PyTypeObject *type) {
+    const auto &bases = all_type_info(type);
+    if (bases.empty()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (bases.size() > 1) {
+        pybind11_fail(
+            "pybind11::detail::get_type_info: type has multiple pybind11-registered bases");
+    }
+    return bases.front();
+}
+
+inline detail::type_info *get_local_type_info(const std::type_index &tp) {
+    auto &locals = get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp;
+    auto it = locals.find(tp);
+    if (it != locals.end()) {
+        return it->second;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+inline detail::type_info *get_global_type_info(const std::type_index &tp) {
+    auto &types = get_internals().registered_types_cpp;
+    auto it = types.find(tp);
+    if (it != types.end()) {
+        return it->second;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+/// Return the type info for a given C++ type; on lookup failure can either throw or return
+/// nullptr.
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE detail::type_info *get_type_info(const std::type_index &tp,
+                                                   bool throw_if_missing = false) {
+    if (auto *ltype = get_local_type_info(tp)) {
+        return ltype;
+    }
+    if (auto *gtype = get_global_type_info(tp)) {
+        return gtype;
+    }
+
+    if (throw_if_missing) {
+        std::string tname = tp.name();
+        detail::clean_type_id(tname);
+        pybind11_fail("pybind11::detail::get_type_info: unable to find type info for \""
+                      + std::move(tname) + '"');
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE handle get_type_handle(const std::type_info &tp, bool throw_if_missing) {
+    detail::type_info *type_info = get_type_info(tp, throw_if_missing);
+    return handle(type_info ? ((PyObject *) type_info->type) : nullptr);
+}
+
+// Searches the inheritance graph for a registered Python instance, using all_type_info().
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE handle find_registered_python_instance(void *src,
+                                                         const detail::type_info *tinfo) {
+    auto it_instances = get_internals().registered_instances.equal_range(src);
+    for (auto it_i = it_instances.first; it_i != it_instances.second; ++it_i) {
+        for (auto *instance_type : detail::all_type_info(Py_TYPE(it_i->second))) {
+            if (instance_type && same_type(*instance_type->cpptype, *tinfo->cpptype)) {
+                return handle((PyObject *) it_i->second).inc_ref();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return handle();
+}
+
+struct value_and_holder {
+    instance *inst = nullptr;
+    size_t index = 0u;
+    const detail::type_info *type = nullptr;
+    void **vh = nullptr;
+
+    // Main constructor for a found value/holder:
+    value_and_holder(instance *i, const detail::type_info *type, size_t vpos, size_t index)
+        : inst{i}, index{index}, type{type},
+          vh{inst->simple_layout ? inst->simple_value_holder
+                                 : &inst->nonsimple.values_and_holders[vpos]} {}
+
+    // Default constructor (used to signal a value-and-holder not found by get_value_and_holder())
+    value_and_holder() = default;
+
+    // Used for past-the-end iterator
+    explicit value_and_holder(size_t index) : index{index} {}
+
+    template <typename V = void>
+    V *&value_ptr() const {
+        return reinterpret_cast<V *&>(vh[0]);
+    }
+    // True if this `value_and_holder` has a non-null value pointer
+    explicit operator bool() const { return value_ptr() != nullptr; }
+
+    template <typename H>
+    H &holder() const {
+        return reinterpret_cast<H &>(vh[1]);
+    }
+    bool holder_constructed() const {
+        return inst->simple_layout
+                   ? inst->simple_holder_constructed
+                   : (inst->nonsimple.status[index] & instance::status_holder_constructed) != 0u;
+    }
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-make-member-function-const)
+    void set_holder_constructed(bool v = true) {
+        if (inst->simple_layout) {
+            inst->simple_holder_constructed = v;
+        } else if (v) {
+            inst->nonsimple.status[index] |= instance::status_holder_constructed;
+        } else {
+            inst->nonsimple.status[index] &= (std::uint8_t) ~instance::status_holder_constructed;
+        }
+    }
+    bool instance_registered() const {
+        return inst->simple_layout
+                   ? inst->simple_instance_registered
+                   : ((inst->nonsimple.status[index] & instance::status_instance_registered) != 0);
+    }
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-make-member-function-const)
+    void set_instance_registered(bool v = true) {
+        if (inst->simple_layout) {
+            inst->simple_instance_registered = v;
+        } else if (v) {
+            inst->nonsimple.status[index] |= instance::status_instance_registered;
+        } else {
+            inst->nonsimple.status[index] &= (std::uint8_t) ~instance::status_instance_registered;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+// Container for accessing and iterating over an instance's values/holders
+struct values_and_holders {
+private:
+    instance *inst;
+    using type_vec = std::vector<detail::type_info *>;
+    const type_vec &tinfo;
+
+public:
+    explicit values_and_holders(instance *inst)
+        : inst{inst}, tinfo(all_type_info(Py_TYPE(inst))) {}
+
+    explicit values_and_holders(PyObject *obj)
+        : inst{nullptr}, tinfo(all_type_info(Py_TYPE(obj))) {
+        if (!tinfo.empty()) {
+            inst = reinterpret_cast<instance *>(obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct iterator {
+    private:
+        instance *inst = nullptr;
+        const type_vec *types = nullptr;
+        value_and_holder curr;
+        friend struct values_and_holders;
+        iterator(instance *inst, const type_vec *tinfo) : inst{inst}, types{tinfo} {
+            if (inst != nullptr) {
+                assert(!types->empty());
+                curr = value_and_holder(
+                    inst /* instance */,
+                    (*types)[0] /* type info */,
+                    0, /* vpos: (non-simple types only): the first vptr comes first */
+                    0 /* index */);
+            }
+        }
+        // Past-the-end iterator:
+        explicit iterator(size_t end) : curr(end) {}
+
+    public:
+        bool operator==(const iterator &other) const { return curr.index == other.curr.index; }
+        bool operator!=(const iterator &other) const { return curr.index != other.curr.index; }
+        iterator &operator++() {
+            if (!inst->simple_layout) {
+                curr.vh += 1 + (*types)[curr.index]->holder_size_in_ptrs;
+            }
+            ++curr.index;
+            curr.type = curr.index < types->size() ? (*types)[curr.index] : nullptr;
+            return *this;
+        }
+        value_and_holder &operator*() { return curr; }
+        value_and_holder *operator->() { return &curr; }
+    };
+
+    iterator begin() { return iterator(inst, &tinfo); }
+    iterator end() { return iterator(tinfo.size()); }
+
+    iterator find(const type_info *find_type) {
+        auto it = begin(), endit = end();
+        while (it != endit && it->type != find_type) {
+            ++it;
+        }
+        return it;
+    }
+
+    size_t size() { return tinfo.size(); }
+
+    // Band-aid workaround to fix a subtle but serious bug in a minimalistic fashion. See PR #4762.
+    bool is_redundant_value_and_holder(const value_and_holder &vh) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < vh.index; i++) {
+            if (PyType_IsSubtype(tinfo[i]->type, tinfo[vh.index]->type) != 0) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Extracts C++ value and holder pointer references from an instance (which may contain multiple
+ * values/holders for python-side multiple inheritance) that match the given type.  Throws an error
+ * if the given type (or ValueType, if omitted) is not a pybind11 base of the given instance.  If
+ * `find_type` is omitted (or explicitly specified as nullptr) the first value/holder are returned,
+ * regardless of type (and the resulting .type will be nullptr).
+ *
+ * The returned object should be short-lived: in particular, it must not outlive the called-upon
+ * instance.
+ */
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE value_and_holder
+instance::get_value_and_holder(const type_info *find_type /*= nullptr default in common.h*/,
+                               bool throw_if_missing /*= true in common.h*/) {
+    // Optimize common case:
+    if (!find_type || Py_TYPE(this) == find_type->type) {
+        return value_and_holder(this, find_type, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    detail::values_and_holders vhs(this);
+    auto it = vhs.find(find_type);
+    if (it != vhs.end()) {
+        return *it;
+    }
+
+    if (!throw_if_missing) {
+        return value_and_holder();
+    }
+
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+    pybind11_fail("pybind11::detail::instance::get_value_and_holder: `"
+                  + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(find_type->type)
+                  + "' is not a pybind11 base of the given `"
+                  + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(Py_TYPE(this)) + "' instance");
+#else
+    pybind11_fail(
+        "pybind11::detail::instance::get_value_and_holder: "
+        "type is not a pybind11 base of the given instance "
+        "(#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in debug mode for type details)");
+#endif
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void instance::allocate_layout() {
+    const auto &tinfo = all_type_info(Py_TYPE(this));
+
+    const size_t n_types = tinfo.size();
+
+    if (n_types == 0) {
+        pybind11_fail(
+            "instance allocation failed: new instance has no pybind11-registered base types");
+    }
+
+    simple_layout
+        = n_types == 1 && tinfo.front()->holder_size_in_ptrs <= instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs();
+
+    // Simple path: no python-side multiple inheritance, and a small-enough holder
+    if (simple_layout) {
+        simple_value_holder[0] = nullptr;
+        simple_holder_constructed = false;
+        simple_instance_registered = false;
+    } else { // multiple base types or a too-large holder
+        // Allocate space to hold: [v1*][h1][v2*][h2]...[bb...] where [vN*] is a value pointer,
+        // [hN] is the (uninitialized) holder instance for value N, and [bb...] is a set of bool
+        // values that tracks whether each associated holder has been initialized.  Each [block] is
+        // padded, if necessary, to an integer multiple of sizeof(void *).
+        size_t space = 0;
+        for (auto *t : tinfo) {
+            space += 1;                      // value pointer
+            space += t->holder_size_in_ptrs; // holder instance
+        }
+        size_t flags_at = space;
+        space += size_in_ptrs(n_types); // status bytes (holder_constructed and
+                                        // instance_registered)
+
+        // Allocate space for flags, values, and holders, and initialize it to 0 (flags and values,
+        // in particular, need to be 0).  Use Python's memory allocation
+        // functions: Python is using pymalloc, which is designed to be
+        // efficient for small allocations like the one we're doing here;
+        // for larger allocations they are just wrappers around malloc.
+        // TODO: is this still true for pure Python 3.6?
+        nonsimple.values_and_holders = (void **) PyMem_Calloc(space, sizeof(void *));
+        if (!nonsimple.values_and_holders) {
+            throw std::bad_alloc();
+        }
+        nonsimple.status
+            = reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t *>(&nonsimple.values_and_holders[flags_at]);
+    }
+    owned = true;
+}
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-make-member-function-const)
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE void instance::deallocate_layout() {
+    if (!simple_layout) {
+        PyMem_Free(nonsimple.values_and_holders);
+    }
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE bool isinstance_generic(handle obj, const std::type_info &tp) {
+    handle type = detail::get_type_handle(tp, false);
+    if (!type) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return isinstance(obj, type);
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE handle get_object_handle(const void *ptr, const detail::type_info *type) {
+    auto &instances = get_internals().registered_instances;
+    auto range = instances.equal_range(ptr);
+    for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
+        for (const auto &vh : values_and_holders(it->second)) {
+            if (vh.type == type) {
+                return handle((PyObject *) it->second);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return handle();
+}
+
+inline PyThreadState *get_thread_state_unchecked() {
+#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+    return PyThreadState_GET();
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030D0000
+    return _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet();
+#else
+    return PyThreadState_GetUnchecked();
+#endif
+}
+
+// Forward declarations
+void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient);
+inline PyObject *make_new_instance(PyTypeObject *type);
+
+class type_caster_generic {
+public:
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE explicit type_caster_generic(const std::type_info &type_info)
+        : typeinfo(get_type_info(type_info)), cpptype(&type_info) {}
+
+    explicit type_caster_generic(const type_info *typeinfo)
+        : typeinfo(typeinfo), cpptype(typeinfo ? typeinfo->cpptype : nullptr) {}
+
+    bool load(handle src, bool convert) { return load_impl<type_caster_generic>(src, convert); }
+
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE static handle cast(const void *_src,
+                                         return_value_policy policy,
+                                         handle parent,
+                                         const detail::type_info *tinfo,
+                                         void *(*copy_constructor)(const void *),
+                                         void *(*move_constructor)(const void *),
+                                         const void *existing_holder = nullptr) {
+        if (!tinfo) { // no type info: error will be set already
+            return handle();
+        }
+
+        void *src = const_cast<void *>(_src);
+        if (src == nullptr) {
+            return none().release();
+        }
+
+        if (handle registered_inst = find_registered_python_instance(src, tinfo)) {
+            return registered_inst;
+        }
+
+        auto inst = reinterpret_steal<object>(make_new_instance(tinfo->type));
+        auto *wrapper = reinterpret_cast<instance *>(inst.ptr());
+        wrapper->owned = false;
+        void *&valueptr = values_and_holders(wrapper).begin()->value_ptr();
+
+        switch (policy) {
+            case return_value_policy::automatic:
+            case return_value_policy::take_ownership:
+                valueptr = src;
+                wrapper->owned = true;
+                break;
+
+            case return_value_policy::automatic_reference:
+            case return_value_policy::reference:
+                valueptr = src;
+                wrapper->owned = false;
+                break;
+
+            case return_value_policy::copy:
+                if (copy_constructor) {
+                    valueptr = copy_constructor(src);
+                } else {
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+                    std::string type_name(tinfo->cpptype->name());
+                    detail::clean_type_id(type_name);
+                    throw cast_error("return_value_policy = copy, but type " + type_name
+                                     + " is non-copyable!");
+#else
+                    throw cast_error("return_value_policy = copy, but type is "
+                                     "non-copyable! (#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or "
+                                     "compile in debug mode for details)");
+#endif
+                }
+                wrapper->owned = true;
+                break;
+
+            case return_value_policy::move:
+                if (move_constructor) {
+                    valueptr = move_constructor(src);
+                } else if (copy_constructor) {
+                    valueptr = copy_constructor(src);
+                } else {
+#if defined(PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES)
+                    std::string type_name(tinfo->cpptype->name());
+                    detail::clean_type_id(type_name);
+                    throw cast_error("return_value_policy = move, but type " + type_name
+                                     + " is neither movable nor copyable!");
+#else
+                    throw cast_error("return_value_policy = move, but type is neither "
+                                     "movable nor copyable! "
+                                     "(#define PYBIND11_DETAILED_ERROR_MESSAGES or compile in "
+                                     "debug mode for details)");
+#endif
+                }
+                wrapper->owned = true;
+                break;
+
+            case return_value_policy::reference_internal:
+                valueptr = src;
+                wrapper->owned = false;
+                keep_alive_impl(inst, parent);
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw cast_error("unhandled return_value_policy: should not happen!");
+        }
+
+        tinfo->init_instance(wrapper, existing_holder);
+
+        return inst.release();
+    }
+
+    // Base methods for generic caster; there are overridden in copyable_holder_caster
+    void load_value(value_and_holder &&v_h) {
+        auto *&vptr = v_h.value_ptr();
+        // Lazy allocation for unallocated values:
+        if (vptr == nullptr) {
+            const auto *type = v_h.type ? v_h.type : typeinfo;
+            if (type->operator_new) {
+                vptr = type->operator_new(type->type_size);
+            } else {
+#if defined(__cpp_aligned_new) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1912)
+                if (type->type_align > __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__) {
+                    vptr = ::operator new(type->type_size, std::align_val_t(type->type_align));
+                } else {
+                    vptr = ::operator new(type->type_size);
+                }
+#else
+                vptr = ::operator new(type->type_size);
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        value = vptr;
+    }
+    bool try_implicit_casts(handle src, bool convert) {
+        for (const auto &cast : typeinfo->implicit_casts) {
+            type_caster_generic sub_caster(*cast.first);
+            if (sub_caster.load(src, convert)) {
+                value = cast.second(sub_caster.value);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    bool try_direct_conversions(handle src) {
+        for (auto &converter : *typeinfo->direct_conversions) {
+            if (converter(src.ptr(), value)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    void check_holder_compat() {}
+
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE static void *local_load(PyObject *src, const type_info *ti) {
+        auto caster = type_caster_generic(ti);
+        if (caster.load(src, false)) {
+            return caster.value;
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    /// Try to load with foreign typeinfo, if available. Used when there is no
+    /// native typeinfo, or when the native one wasn't able to produce a value.
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE bool try_load_foreign_module_local(handle src) {
+        constexpr auto *local_key = PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID;
+        const auto pytype = type::handle_of(src);
+        if (!hasattr(pytype, local_key)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        type_info *foreign_typeinfo = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(getattr(pytype, local_key));
+        // Only consider this foreign loader if actually foreign and is a loader of the correct cpp
+        // type
+        if (foreign_typeinfo->module_local_load == &local_load
+            || (cpptype && !same_type(*cpptype, *foreign_typeinfo->cpptype))) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (auto *result = foreign_typeinfo->module_local_load(src.ptr(), foreign_typeinfo)) {
+            value = result;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Implementation of `load`; this takes the type of `this` so that it can dispatch the relevant
+    // bits of code between here and copyable_holder_caster where the two classes need different
+    // logic (without having to resort to virtual inheritance).
+    template <typename ThisT>
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE bool load_impl(handle src, bool convert) {
+        if (!src) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!typeinfo) {
+            return try_load_foreign_module_local(src);
+        }
+
+        auto &this_ = static_cast<ThisT &>(*this);
+        this_.check_holder_compat();
+
+        PyTypeObject *srctype = Py_TYPE(src.ptr());
+
+        // Case 1: If src is an exact type match for the target type then we can reinterpret_cast
+        // the instance's value pointer to the target type:
+        if (srctype == typeinfo->type) {
+            this_.load_value(reinterpret_cast<instance *>(src.ptr())->get_value_and_holder());
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Case 2: We have a derived class
+        if (PyType_IsSubtype(srctype, typeinfo->type)) {
+            const auto &bases = all_type_info(srctype);
+            bool no_cpp_mi = typeinfo->simple_type;
+
+            // Case 2a: the python type is a Python-inherited derived class that inherits from just
+            // one simple (no MI) pybind11 class, or is an exact match, so the C++ instance is of
+            // the right type and we can use reinterpret_cast.
+            // (This is essentially the same as case 2b, but because not using multiple inheritance
+            // is extremely common, we handle it specially to avoid the loop iterator and type
+            // pointer lookup overhead)
+            if (bases.size() == 1 && (no_cpp_mi || bases.front()->type == typeinfo->type)) {
+                this_.load_value(reinterpret_cast<instance *>(src.ptr())->get_value_and_holder());
+                return true;
+            }
+            // Case 2b: the python type inherits from multiple C++ bases.  Check the bases to see
+            // if we can find an exact match (or, for a simple C++ type, an inherited match); if
+            // so, we can safely reinterpret_cast to the relevant pointer.
+            if (bases.size() > 1) {
+                for (auto *base : bases) {
+                    if (no_cpp_mi ? PyType_IsSubtype(base->type, typeinfo->type)
+                                  : base->type == typeinfo->type) {
+                        this_.load_value(
+                            reinterpret_cast<instance *>(src.ptr())->get_value_and_holder(base));
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Case 2c: C++ multiple inheritance is involved and we couldn't find an exact type
+            // match in the registered bases, above, so try implicit casting (needed for proper C++
+            // casting when MI is involved).
+            if (this_.try_implicit_casts(src, convert)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Perform an implicit conversion
+        if (convert) {
+            for (const auto &converter : typeinfo->implicit_conversions) {
+                auto temp = reinterpret_steal<object>(converter(src.ptr(), typeinfo->type));
+                if (load_impl<ThisT>(temp, false)) {
+                    loader_life_support::add_patient(temp);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            if (this_.try_direct_conversions(src)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Failed to match local typeinfo. Try again with global.
+        if (typeinfo->module_local) {
+            if (auto *gtype = get_global_type_info(*typeinfo->cpptype)) {
+                typeinfo = gtype;
+                return load(src, false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Global typeinfo has precedence over foreign module_local
+        if (try_load_foreign_module_local(src)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Custom converters didn't take None, now we convert None to nullptr.
+        if (src.is_none()) {
+            // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode):
+            if (!convert) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            value = nullptr;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Called to do type lookup and wrap the pointer and type in a pair when a dynamic_cast
+    // isn't needed or can't be used.  If the type is unknown, sets the error and returns a pair
+    // with .second = nullptr.  (p.first = nullptr is not an error: it becomes None).
+    PYBIND11_NOINLINE static std::pair<const void *, const type_info *>
+    src_and_type(const void *src,
+                 const std::type_info &cast_type,
+                 const std::type_info *rtti_type = nullptr) {
+        if (auto *tpi = get_type_info(cast_type)) {
+            return {src, const_cast<const type_info *>(tpi)};
+        }
+
+        // Not found, set error:
+        std::string tname = rtti_type ? rtti_type->name() : cast_type.name();
+        detail::clean_type_id(tname);
+        std::string msg = "Unregistered type : " + tname;
+        set_error(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
+        return {nullptr, nullptr};
+    }
+
+    const type_info *typeinfo = nullptr;
+    const std::type_info *cpptype = nullptr;
+    void *value = nullptr;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Determine suitable casting operator for pointer-or-lvalue-casting type casters.  The type caster
+ * needs to provide `operator T*()` and `operator T&()` operators.
+ *
+ * If the type supports moving the value away via an `operator T&&() &&` method, it should use
+ * `movable_cast_op_type` instead.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+using cast_op_type = conditional_t<std::is_pointer<remove_reference_t<T>>::value,
+                                   typename std::add_pointer<intrinsic_t<T>>::type,
+                                   typename std::add_lvalue_reference<intrinsic_t<T>>::type>;
+
+/**
+ * Determine suitable casting operator for a type caster with a movable value.  Such a type caster
+ * needs to provide `operator T*()`, `operator T&()`, and `operator T&&() &&`.  The latter will be
+ * called in appropriate contexts where the value can be moved rather than copied.
+ *
+ * These operator are automatically provided when using the PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER macro.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+using movable_cast_op_type
+    = conditional_t<std::is_pointer<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::value,
+                    typename std::add_pointer<intrinsic_t<T>>::type,
+                    conditional_t<std::is_rvalue_reference<T>::value,
+                                  typename std::add_rvalue_reference<intrinsic_t<T>>::type,
+                                  typename std::add_lvalue_reference<intrinsic_t<T>>::type>>;
+
+// Does the container have a mapped type and is it recursive?
+// Implemented by specializations below.
+template <typename Container, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct container_mapped_type_traits {
+    static constexpr bool has_mapped_type = false;
+    static constexpr bool has_recursive_mapped_type = false;
+};
+
+template <typename Container>
+struct container_mapped_type_traits<
+    Container,
+    typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_same<typename Container::mapped_type, Container>::value>::type> {
+    static constexpr bool has_mapped_type = true;
+    static constexpr bool has_recursive_mapped_type = true;
+};
+
+template <typename Container>
+struct container_mapped_type_traits<
+    Container,
+    typename std::enable_if<
+        negation<std::is_same<typename Container::mapped_type, Container>>::value>::type> {
+    static constexpr bool has_mapped_type = true;
+    static constexpr bool has_recursive_mapped_type = false;
+};
+
+// Does the container have a value type and is it recursive?
+// Implemented by specializations below.
+template <typename Container, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct container_value_type_traits : std::false_type {
+    static constexpr bool has_value_type = false;
+    static constexpr bool has_recursive_value_type = false;
+};
+
+template <typename Container>
+struct container_value_type_traits<
+    Container,
+    typename std::enable_if<
+        std::is_same<typename Container::value_type, Container>::value>::type> {
+    static constexpr bool has_value_type = true;
+    static constexpr bool has_recursive_value_type = true;
+};
+
+template <typename Container>
+struct container_value_type_traits<
+    Container,
+    typename std::enable_if<
+        negation<std::is_same<typename Container::value_type, Container>>::value>::type> {
+    static constexpr bool has_value_type = true;
+    static constexpr bool has_recursive_value_type = false;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Tag to be used for representing the bottom of recursively defined types.
+ * Define this tag so we don't have to use void.
+ */
+struct recursive_bottom {};
+
+/*
+ * Implementation detail of `recursive_container_traits` below.
+ * `T` is the `value_type` of the container, which might need to be modified to
+ * avoid recursive types and const types.
+ */
+template <typename T, bool is_this_a_map>
+struct impl_type_to_check_recursively {
+    /*
+     * If the container is recursive, then no further recursion should be done.
+     */
+    using if_recursive = recursive_bottom;
+    /*
+     * Otherwise yield `T` unchanged.
+     */
+    using if_not_recursive = T;
+};
+
+/*
+ * For pairs - only as value type of a map -, the first type should remove the `const`.
+ * Also, if the map is recursive, then the recursive checking should consider
+ * the first type only.
+ */
+template <typename A, typename B>
+struct impl_type_to_check_recursively<std::pair<A, B>, /* is_this_a_map = */ true> {
+    using if_recursive = typename std::remove_const<A>::type;
+    using if_not_recursive = std::pair<typename std::remove_const<A>::type, B>;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Implementation of `recursive_container_traits` below.
+ */
+template <typename Container, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct impl_recursive_container_traits {
+    using type_to_check_recursively = recursive_bottom;
+};
+
+template <typename Container>
+struct impl_recursive_container_traits<
+    Container,
+    typename std::enable_if<container_value_type_traits<Container>::has_value_type>::type> {
+    static constexpr bool is_recursive
+        = container_mapped_type_traits<Container>::has_recursive_mapped_type
+          || container_value_type_traits<Container>::has_recursive_value_type;
+    /*
+     * This member dictates which type Pybind11 should check recursively in traits
+     * such as `is_move_constructible`, `is_copy_constructible`, `is_move_assignable`, ...
+     * Direct access to `value_type` should be avoided:
+     * 1. `value_type` might recursively contain the type again
+     * 2. `value_type` of STL map types is `std::pair<A const, B>`, the `const`
+     *    should be removed.
+     *
+     */
+    using type_to_check_recursively = typename std::conditional<
+        is_recursive,
+        typename impl_type_to_check_recursively<
+            typename Container::value_type,
+            container_mapped_type_traits<Container>::has_mapped_type>::if_recursive,
+        typename impl_type_to_check_recursively<
+            typename Container::value_type,
+            container_mapped_type_traits<Container>::has_mapped_type>::if_not_recursive>::type;
+};
+
+/*
+ * This trait defines the `type_to_check_recursively` which is needed to properly
+ * handle recursively defined traits such as `is_move_constructible` without going
+ * into an infinite recursion.
+ * Should be used instead of directly accessing the `value_type`.
+ * It cancels the recursion by returning the `recursive_bottom` tag.
+ *
+ * The default definition of `type_to_check_recursively` is as follows:
+ *
+ * 1. By default, it is `recursive_bottom`, so that the recursion is canceled.
+ * 2. If the type is non-recursive and defines a `value_type`, then the `value_type` is used.
+ *    If the `value_type` is a pair and a `mapped_type` is defined,
+ *    then the `const` is removed from the first type.
+ * 3. If the type is recursive and `value_type` is not a pair, then `recursive_bottom` is returned.
+ * 4. If the type is recursive and `value_type` is a pair and a `mapped_type` is defined,
+ *    then `const` is removed from the first type and the first type is returned.
+ *
+ * This behavior can be extended by the user as seen in test_stl_binders.cpp.
+ *
+ * This struct is exactly the same as impl_recursive_container_traits.
+ * The duplication achieves that user-defined specializations don't compete
+ * with internal specializations, but take precedence.
+ */
+template <typename Container, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct recursive_container_traits : impl_recursive_container_traits<Container> {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_move_constructible
+    : all_of<std::is_move_constructible<T>,
+             is_move_constructible<
+                 typename recursive_container_traits<T>::type_to_check_recursively>> {};
+
+template <>
+struct is_move_constructible<recursive_bottom> : std::true_type {};
+
+// Likewise for std::pair
+// (after C++17 it is mandatory that the move constructor not exist when the two types aren't
+// themselves move constructible, but this can not be relied upon when T1 or T2 are themselves
+// containers).
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+struct is_move_constructible<std::pair<T1, T2>>
+    : all_of<is_move_constructible<T1>, is_move_constructible<T2>> {};
+
+// std::is_copy_constructible isn't quite enough: it lets std::vector<T> (and similar) through when
+// T is non-copyable, but code containing such a copy constructor fails to actually compile.
+template <typename T>
+struct is_copy_constructible
+    : all_of<std::is_copy_constructible<T>,
+             is_copy_constructible<
+                 typename recursive_container_traits<T>::type_to_check_recursively>> {};
+
+template <>
+struct is_copy_constructible<recursive_bottom> : std::true_type {};
+
+// Likewise for std::pair
+// (after C++17 it is mandatory that the copy constructor not exist when the two types aren't
+// themselves copy constructible, but this can not be relied upon when T1 or T2 are themselves
+// containers).
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+struct is_copy_constructible<std::pair<T1, T2>>
+    : all_of<is_copy_constructible<T1>, is_copy_constructible<T2>> {};
+
+// The same problems arise with std::is_copy_assignable, so we use the same workaround.
+template <typename T>
+struct is_copy_assignable
+    : all_of<
+          std::is_copy_assignable<T>,
+          is_copy_assignable<typename recursive_container_traits<T>::type_to_check_recursively>> {
+};
+
+template <>
+struct is_copy_assignable<recursive_bottom> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+struct is_copy_assignable<std::pair<T1, T2>>
+    : all_of<is_copy_assignable<T1>, is_copy_assignable<T2>> {};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
+// polymorphic_type_hook<itype>::get(src, tinfo) determines whether the object pointed
+// to by `src` actually is an instance of some class derived from `itype`.
+// If so, it sets `tinfo` to point to the std::type_info representing that derived
+// type, and returns a pointer to the start of the most-derived object of that type
+// (in which `src` is a subobject; this will be the same address as `src` in most
+// single inheritance cases). If not, or if `src` is nullptr, it simply returns `src`
+// and leaves `tinfo` at its default value of nullptr.
+//
+// The default polymorphic_type_hook just returns src. A specialization for polymorphic
+// types determines the runtime type of the passed object and adjusts the this-pointer
+// appropriately via dynamic_cast<void*>. This is what enables a C++ Animal* to appear
+// to Python as a Dog (if Dog inherits from Animal, Animal is polymorphic, Dog is
+// registered with pybind11, and this Animal is in fact a Dog).
+//
+// You may specialize polymorphic_type_hook yourself for types that want to appear
+// polymorphic to Python but do not use C++ RTTI. (This is a not uncommon pattern
+// in performance-sensitive applications, used most notably in LLVM.)
+//
+// polymorphic_type_hook_base allows users to specialize polymorphic_type_hook with
+// std::enable_if. User provided specializations will always have higher priority than
+// the default implementation and specialization provided in polymorphic_type_hook_base.
+template <typename itype, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct polymorphic_type_hook_base {
+    static const void *get(const itype *src, const std::type_info *&) { return src; }
+};
+template <typename itype>
+struct polymorphic_type_hook_base<itype, detail::enable_if_t<std::is_polymorphic<itype>::value>> {
+    static const void *get(const itype *src, const std::type_info *&type) {
+        type = src ? &typeid(*src) : nullptr;
+        return dynamic_cast<const void *>(src);
+    }
+};
+template <typename itype, typename SFINAE = void>
+struct polymorphic_type_hook : public polymorphic_type_hook_base<itype> {};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+/// Generic type caster for objects stored on the heap
+template <typename type>
+class type_caster_base : public type_caster_generic {
+    using itype = intrinsic_t<type>;
+
+public:
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<type>();
+
+    type_caster_base() : type_caster_base(typeid(type)) {}
+    explicit type_caster_base(const std::type_info &info) : type_caster_generic(info) {}
+
+    static handle cast(const itype &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
+        if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic
+            || policy == return_value_policy::automatic_reference) {
+            policy = return_value_policy::copy;
+        }
+        return cast(&src, policy, parent);
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(itype &&src, return_value_policy, handle parent) {
+        return cast(&src, return_value_policy::move, parent);
+    }
+
+    // Returns a (pointer, type_info) pair taking care of necessary type lookup for a
+    // polymorphic type (using RTTI by default, but can be overridden by specializing
+    // polymorphic_type_hook). If the instance isn't derived, returns the base version.
+    static std::pair<const void *, const type_info *> src_and_type(const itype *src) {
+        const auto &cast_type = typeid(itype);
+        const std::type_info *instance_type = nullptr;
+        const void *vsrc = polymorphic_type_hook<itype>::get(src, instance_type);
+        if (instance_type && !same_type(cast_type, *instance_type)) {
+            // This is a base pointer to a derived type. If the derived type is registered
+            // with pybind11, we want to make the full derived object available.
+            // In the typical case where itype is polymorphic, we get the correct
+            // derived pointer (which may be != base pointer) by a dynamic_cast to
+            // most derived type. If itype is not polymorphic, we won't get here
+            // except via a user-provided specialization of polymorphic_type_hook,
+            // and the user has promised that no this-pointer adjustment is
+            // required in that case, so it's OK to use static_cast.
+            if (const auto *tpi = get_type_info(*instance_type)) {
+                return {vsrc, tpi};
+            }
+        }
+        // Otherwise we have either a nullptr, an `itype` pointer, or an unknown derived pointer,
+        // so don't do a cast
+        return type_caster_generic::src_and_type(src, cast_type, instance_type);
+    }
+
+    static handle cast(const itype *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) {
+        auto st = src_and_type(src);
+        return type_caster_generic::cast(st.first,
+                                         policy,
+                                         parent,
+                                         st.second,
+                                         make_copy_constructor(src),
+                                         make_move_constructor(src));
+    }
+
+    static handle cast_holder(const itype *src, const void *holder) {
+        auto st = src_and_type(src);
+        return type_caster_generic::cast(st.first,
+                                         return_value_policy::take_ownership,
+                                         {},
+                                         st.second,
+                                         nullptr,
+                                         nullptr,
+                                         holder);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    using cast_op_type = detail::cast_op_type<T>;
+
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    operator itype *() { return (type *) value; }
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+    operator itype &() {
+        if (!value) {
+            throw reference_cast_error();
+        }
+        return *((itype *) value);
+    }
+
+protected:
+    using Constructor = void *(*) (const void *);
+
+    /* Only enabled when the types are {copy,move}-constructible *and* when the type
+       does not have a private operator new implementation. A comma operator is used in the
+       decltype argument to apply SFINAE to the public copy/move constructors.*/
+    template <typename T, typename = enable_if_t<is_copy_constructible<T>::value>>
+    static auto make_copy_constructor(const T *)
+        -> decltype(new T(std::declval<const T>()), Constructor{}) {
+        return [](const void *arg) -> void * { return new T(*reinterpret_cast<const T *>(arg)); };
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename = enable_if_t<is_move_constructible<T>::value>>
+    static auto make_move_constructor(const T *)
+        -> decltype(new T(std::declval<T &&>()), Constructor{}) {
+        return [](const void *arg) -> void * {
+            return new T(std::move(*const_cast<T *>(reinterpret_cast<const T *>(arg))));
+        };
+    }
+
+    static Constructor make_copy_constructor(...) { return nullptr; }
+    static Constructor make_move_constructor(...) { return nullptr; }
+};
+
+inline std::string quote_cpp_type_name(const std::string &cpp_type_name) {
+    return cpp_type_name; // No-op for now. See PR #4888
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NOINLINE std::string type_info_description(const std::type_info &ti) {
+    if (auto *type_data = get_type_info(ti)) {
+        handle th((PyObject *) type_data->type);
+        return th.attr("__module__").cast<std::string>() + '.'
+               + th.attr("__qualname__").cast<std::string>();
+    }
+    return quote_cpp_type_name(clean_type_id(ti.name()));
+}
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)