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ckpts/universal/global_step40/zero/10.post_attention_layernorm.weight/exp_avg.pt

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ckpts/universal/global_step40/zero/10.post_attention_layernorm.weight/exp_avg_sq.pt

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ckpts/universal/global_step40/zero/24.attention.dense.weight/fp32.pt

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ckpts/universal/global_step40/zero/8.input_layernorm.weight/exp_avg.pt

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ckpts/universal/global_step40/zero/8.input_layernorm.weight/exp_avg_sq.pt

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ckpts/universal/global_step40/zero/8.input_layernorm.weight/fp32.pt

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venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/_boost/__init__.py

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+from scipy.stats._boost.beta_ufunc import (
+    _beta_pdf, _beta_cdf, _beta_sf, _beta_ppf,
+    _beta_isf, _beta_mean, _beta_variance,
+    _beta_skewness, _beta_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.binom_ufunc import (
+    _binom_pdf, _binom_cdf, _binom_sf, _binom_ppf,
+    _binom_isf, _binom_mean, _binom_variance,
+    _binom_skewness, _binom_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.nbinom_ufunc import (
+    _nbinom_pdf, _nbinom_cdf, _nbinom_sf, _nbinom_ppf,
+    _nbinom_isf, _nbinom_mean, _nbinom_variance,
+    _nbinom_skewness, _nbinom_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.hypergeom_ufunc import (
+    _hypergeom_pdf, _hypergeom_cdf, _hypergeom_sf, _hypergeom_ppf,
+    _hypergeom_isf, _hypergeom_mean, _hypergeom_variance,
+    _hypergeom_skewness, _hypergeom_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.ncf_ufunc import (
+    _ncf_pdf, _ncf_cdf, _ncf_sf, _ncf_ppf,
+    _ncf_isf, _ncf_mean, _ncf_variance,
+    _ncf_skewness, _ncf_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.ncx2_ufunc import (
+    _ncx2_pdf, _ncx2_cdf, _ncx2_sf, _ncx2_ppf,
+    _ncx2_isf, _ncx2_mean, _ncx2_variance,
+    _ncx2_skewness, _ncx2_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.nct_ufunc import (
+    _nct_pdf, _nct_cdf, _nct_sf, _nct_ppf,
+    _nct_isf, _nct_mean, _nct_variance,
+    _nct_skewness, _nct_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.skewnorm_ufunc import (
+    _skewnorm_pdf, _skewnorm_cdf, _skewnorm_sf, _skewnorm_ppf,
+    _skewnorm_isf, _skewnorm_mean, _skewnorm_variance,
+    _skewnorm_skewness, _skewnorm_kurtosis_excess,
+)
+
+from scipy.stats._boost.invgauss_ufunc import (
+    _invgauss_pdf, _invgauss_cdf, _invgauss_sf, _invgauss_ppf,
+    _invgauss_isf, _invgauss_mean, _invgauss_variance,
+    _invgauss_skewness, _invgauss_kurtosis_excess,
+)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/_levy_stable/__init__.py

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+#
+
+import warnings
+from functools import partial
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from scipy import optimize
+from scipy import integrate
+from scipy.integrate._quadrature import _builtincoeffs
+from scipy import interpolate
+from scipy.interpolate import RectBivariateSpline
+import scipy.special as sc
+from scipy._lib._util import _lazywhere
+from .._distn_infrastructure import rv_continuous, _ShapeInfo
+from .._continuous_distns import uniform, expon, _norm_pdf, _norm_cdf
+from .levyst import Nolan
+from scipy._lib.doccer import inherit_docstring_from
+
+
+__all__ = ["levy_stable", "levy_stable_gen", "pdf_from_cf_with_fft"]
+
+# Stable distributions are known for various parameterisations
+# some being advantageous for numerical considerations and others
+# useful due to their location/scale awareness.
+#
+# Here we follow [NO] convention (see the references in the docstring
+# for levy_stable_gen below).
+#
+# S0 / Z0 / x0 (aka Zoleterav's M)
+# S1 / Z1 / x1
+#
+# Where S* denotes parameterisation, Z* denotes standardized
+# version where gamma = 1, delta = 0 and x* denotes variable.
+#
+# Scipy's original Stable was a random variate generator. It
+# uses S1 and unfortunately is not a location/scale aware.
+
+
+# default numerical integration tolerance
+# used for epsrel in piecewise and both epsrel and epsabs in dni
+# (epsabs needed in dni since weighted quad requires epsabs > 0)
+_QUAD_EPS = 1.2e-14
+
+
+def _Phi_Z0(alpha, t):
+    return (
+        -np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2) * (np.abs(t) ** (1 - alpha) - 1)
+        if alpha != 1
+        else -2.0 * np.log(np.abs(t)) / np.pi
+    )
+
+
+def _Phi_Z1(alpha, t):
+    return (
+        np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2)
+        if alpha != 1
+        else -2.0 * np.log(np.abs(t)) / np.pi
+    )
+
+
+def _cf(Phi, t, alpha, beta):
+    """Characteristic function."""
+    return np.exp(
+        -(np.abs(t) ** alpha) * (1 - 1j * beta * np.sign(t) * Phi(alpha, t))
+    )
+
+
+_cf_Z0 = partial(_cf, _Phi_Z0)
+_cf_Z1 = partial(_cf, _Phi_Z1)
+
+
+def _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate(Phi, x, alpha, beta, **kwds):
+    """To improve DNI accuracy convert characteristic function in to real
+    valued integral using Euler's formula, then exploit cosine symmetry to
+    change limits to [0, inf). Finally use cosine addition formula to split
+    into two parts that can be handled by weighted quad pack.
+    """
+    quad_eps = kwds.get("quad_eps", _QUAD_EPS)
+
+    def integrand1(t):
+        if t == 0:
+            return 0
+        return np.exp(-(t ** alpha)) * (
+            np.cos(beta * (t ** alpha) * Phi(alpha, t))
+        )
+
+    def integrand2(t):
+        if t == 0:
+            return 0
+        return np.exp(-(t ** alpha)) * (
+            np.sin(beta * (t ** alpha) * Phi(alpha, t))
+        )
+
+    with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
+        int1, *ret1 = integrate.quad(
+            integrand1,
+            0,
+            np.inf,
+            weight="cos",
+            wvar=x,
+            limit=1000,
+            epsabs=quad_eps,
+            epsrel=quad_eps,
+            full_output=1,
+        )
+
+        int2, *ret2 = integrate.quad(
+            integrand2,
+            0,
+            np.inf,
+            weight="sin",
+            wvar=x,
+            limit=1000,
+            epsabs=quad_eps,
+            epsrel=quad_eps,
+            full_output=1,
+        )
+
+    return (int1 + int2) / np.pi
+
+
+_pdf_single_value_cf_integrate_Z0 = partial(
+    _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate, _Phi_Z0
+)
+_pdf_single_value_cf_integrate_Z1 = partial(
+    _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate, _Phi_Z1
+)
+
+
+def _nolan_round_x_near_zeta(x0, alpha, zeta, x_tol_near_zeta):
+    """Round x close to zeta for Nolan's method in [NO]."""
+    #   "8. When |x0-beta*tan(pi*alpha/2)| is small, the
+    #   computations of the density and cumulative have numerical problems.
+    #   The program works around this by setting
+    #   z = beta*tan(pi*alpha/2) when
+    #   |z-beta*tan(pi*alpha/2)| < tol(5)*alpha**(1/alpha).
+    #   (The bound on the right is ad hoc, to get reasonable behavior
+    #   when alpha is small)."
+    # where tol(5) = 0.5e-2 by default.
+    #
+    # We seem to have partially addressed this through re-expression of
+    # g(theta) here, but it still needs to be used in some extreme cases.
+    # Perhaps tol(5) = 0.5e-2 could be reduced for our implementation.
+    if np.abs(x0 - zeta) < x_tol_near_zeta * alpha ** (1 / alpha):
+        x0 = zeta
+    return x0
+
+
+def _nolan_round_difficult_input(
+    x0, alpha, beta, zeta, x_tol_near_zeta, alpha_tol_near_one
+):
+    """Round difficult input values for Nolan's method in [NO]."""
+
+    # following Nolan's STABLE,
+    #   "1. When 0 < |alpha-1| < 0.005, the program has numerical problems
+    #   evaluating the pdf and cdf.  The current version of the program sets
+    #   alpha=1 in these cases. This approximation is not bad in the S0
+    #   parameterization."
+    if np.abs(alpha - 1) < alpha_tol_near_one:
+        alpha = 1.0
+
+    #   "2. When alpha=1 and |beta| < 0.005, the program has numerical
+    #   problems.  The current version sets beta=0."
+    # We seem to have addressed this through re-expression of g(theta) here
+
+    x0 = _nolan_round_x_near_zeta(x0, alpha, zeta, x_tol_near_zeta)
+    return x0, alpha, beta
+
+
+def _pdf_single_value_piecewise_Z1(x, alpha, beta, **kwds):
+    # convert from Nolan's S_1 (aka S) to S_0 (aka Zolaterev M)
+    # parameterization
+
+    zeta = -beta * np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2.0)
+    x0 = x + zeta if alpha != 1 else x
+
+    return _pdf_single_value_piecewise_Z0(x0, alpha, beta, **kwds)
+
+
+def _pdf_single_value_piecewise_Z0(x0, alpha, beta, **kwds):
+
+    quad_eps = kwds.get("quad_eps", _QUAD_EPS)
+    x_tol_near_zeta = kwds.get("piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta", 0.005)
+    alpha_tol_near_one = kwds.get("piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one", 0.005)
+
+    zeta = -beta * np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2.0)
+    x0, alpha, beta = _nolan_round_difficult_input(
+        x0, alpha, beta, zeta, x_tol_near_zeta, alpha_tol_near_one
+    )
+
+    # some other known distribution pdfs / analytical cases
+    # TODO: add more where possible with test coverage,
+    # eg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_distribution#Other_analytic_cases
+    if alpha == 2.0:
+        # normal
+        return _norm_pdf(x0 / np.sqrt(2)) / np.sqrt(2)
+    elif alpha == 0.5 and beta == 1.0:
+        # levy
+        # since S(1/2, 1, gamma, delta; <x>) ==
+        # S(1/2, 1, gamma, gamma + delta; <x0>).
+        _x = x0 + 1
+        if _x <= 0:
+            return 0
+
+        return 1 / np.sqrt(2 * np.pi * _x) / _x * np.exp(-1 / (2 * _x))
+    elif alpha == 0.5 and beta == 0.0 and x0 != 0:
+        # analytical solution [HO]
+        S, C = sc.fresnel([1 / np.sqrt(2 * np.pi * np.abs(x0))])
+        arg = 1 / (4 * np.abs(x0))
+        return (
+            np.sin(arg) * (0.5 - S[0]) + np.cos(arg) * (0.5 - C[0])
+        ) / np.sqrt(2 * np.pi * np.abs(x0) ** 3)
+    elif alpha == 1.0 and beta == 0.0:
+        # cauchy
+        return 1 / (1 + x0 ** 2) / np.pi
+
+    return _pdf_single_value_piecewise_post_rounding_Z0(
+        x0, alpha, beta, quad_eps, x_tol_near_zeta
+    )
+
+
+def _pdf_single_value_piecewise_post_rounding_Z0(x0, alpha, beta, quad_eps,
+                                                 x_tol_near_zeta):
+    """Calculate pdf using Nolan's methods as detailed in [NO]."""
+
+    _nolan = Nolan(alpha, beta, x0)
+    zeta = _nolan.zeta
+    xi = _nolan.xi
+    c2 = _nolan.c2
+    g = _nolan.g
+
+    # round x0 to zeta again if needed. zeta was recomputed and may have
+    # changed due to floating point differences.
+    # See https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/18133
+    x0 = _nolan_round_x_near_zeta(x0, alpha, zeta, x_tol_near_zeta)
+    # handle Nolan's initial case logic
+    if x0 == zeta:
+        return (
+            sc.gamma(1 + 1 / alpha)
+            * np.cos(xi)
+            / np.pi
+            / ((1 + zeta ** 2) ** (1 / alpha / 2))
+        )
+    elif x0 < zeta:
+        return _pdf_single_value_piecewise_post_rounding_Z0(
+            -x0, alpha, -beta, quad_eps, x_tol_near_zeta
+        )
+
+    # following Nolan, we may now assume
+    #   x0 > zeta when alpha != 1
+    #   beta != 0 when alpha == 1
+
+    # spare calculating integral on null set
+    # use isclose as macos has fp differences
+    if np.isclose(-xi, np.pi / 2, rtol=1e-014, atol=1e-014):
+        return 0.0
+
+    def integrand(theta):
+        # limit any numerical issues leading to g_1 < 0 near theta limits
+        g_1 = g(theta)
+        if not np.isfinite(g_1) or g_1 < 0:
+            g_1 = 0
+        return g_1 * np.exp(-g_1)
+
+    with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+        peak = optimize.bisect(
+            lambda t: g(t) - 1, -xi, np.pi / 2, xtol=quad_eps
+        )
+
+        # this integrand can be very peaked, so we need to force
+        # QUADPACK to evaluate the function inside its support
+        #
+
+        # lastly, we add additional samples at
+        #   ~exp(-100), ~exp(-10), ~exp(-5), ~exp(-1)
+        # to improve QUADPACK's detection of rapidly descending tail behavior
+        # (this choice is fairly ad hoc)
+        tail_points = [
+            optimize.bisect(lambda t: g(t) - exp_height, -xi, np.pi / 2)
+            for exp_height in [100, 10, 5]
+            # exp_height = 1 is handled by peak
+        ]
+        intg_points = [0, peak] + tail_points
+        intg, *ret = integrate.quad(
+            integrand,
+            -xi,
+            np.pi / 2,
+            points=intg_points,
+            limit=100,
+            epsrel=quad_eps,
+            epsabs=0,
+            full_output=1,
+        )
+
+    return c2 * intg
+
+
+def _cdf_single_value_piecewise_Z1(x, alpha, beta, **kwds):
+    # convert from Nolan's S_1 (aka S) to S_0 (aka Zolaterev M)
+    # parameterization
+
+    zeta = -beta * np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2.0)
+    x0 = x + zeta if alpha != 1 else x
+
+    return _cdf_single_value_piecewise_Z0(x0, alpha, beta, **kwds)
+
+
+def _cdf_single_value_piecewise_Z0(x0, alpha, beta, **kwds):
+
+    quad_eps = kwds.get("quad_eps", _QUAD_EPS)
+    x_tol_near_zeta = kwds.get("piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta", 0.005)
+    alpha_tol_near_one = kwds.get("piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one", 0.005)
+
+    zeta = -beta * np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2.0)
+    x0, alpha, beta = _nolan_round_difficult_input(
+        x0, alpha, beta, zeta, x_tol_near_zeta, alpha_tol_near_one
+    )
+
+    # some other known distribution cdfs / analytical cases
+    # TODO: add more where possible with test coverage,
+    # eg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_distribution#Other_analytic_cases
+    if alpha == 2.0:
+        # normal
+        return _norm_cdf(x0 / np.sqrt(2))
+    elif alpha == 0.5 and beta == 1.0:
+        # levy
+        # since S(1/2, 1, gamma, delta; <x>) ==
+        # S(1/2, 1, gamma, gamma + delta; <x0>).
+        _x = x0 + 1
+        if _x <= 0:
+            return 0
+
+        return sc.erfc(np.sqrt(0.5 / _x))
+    elif alpha == 1.0 and beta == 0.0:
+        # cauchy
+        return 0.5 + np.arctan(x0) / np.pi
+
+    return _cdf_single_value_piecewise_post_rounding_Z0(
+        x0, alpha, beta, quad_eps, x_tol_near_zeta
+    )
+
+
+def _cdf_single_value_piecewise_post_rounding_Z0(x0, alpha, beta, quad_eps,
+                                                 x_tol_near_zeta):
+    """Calculate cdf using Nolan's methods as detailed in [NO]."""
+    _nolan = Nolan(alpha, beta, x0)
+    zeta = _nolan.zeta
+    xi = _nolan.xi
+    c1 = _nolan.c1
+    # c2 = _nolan.c2
+    c3 = _nolan.c3
+    g = _nolan.g
+    # round x0 to zeta again if needed. zeta was recomputed and may have
+    # changed due to floating point differences.
+    # See https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/18133
+    x0 = _nolan_round_x_near_zeta(x0, alpha, zeta, x_tol_near_zeta)
+    # handle Nolan's initial case logic
+    if (alpha == 1 and beta < 0) or x0 < zeta:
+        # NOTE: Nolan's paper has a typo here!
+        # He states F(x) = 1 - F(x, alpha, -beta), but this is clearly
+        # incorrect since F(-infty) would be 1.0 in this case
+        # Indeed, the alpha != 1, x0 < zeta case is correct here.
+        return 1 - _cdf_single_value_piecewise_post_rounding_Z0(
+            -x0, alpha, -beta, quad_eps, x_tol_near_zeta
+        )
+    elif x0 == zeta:
+        return 0.5 - xi / np.pi
+
+    # following Nolan, we may now assume
+    #   x0 > zeta when alpha != 1
+    #   beta > 0 when alpha == 1
+
+    # spare calculating integral on null set
+    # use isclose as macos has fp differences
+    if np.isclose(-xi, np.pi / 2, rtol=1e-014, atol=1e-014):
+        return c1
+
+    def integrand(theta):
+        g_1 = g(theta)
+        return np.exp(-g_1)
+
+    with np.errstate(all="ignore"):
+        # shrink supports where required
+        left_support = -xi
+        right_support = np.pi / 2
+        if alpha > 1:
+            # integrand(t) monotonic 0 to 1
+            if integrand(-xi) != 0.0:
+                res = optimize.minimize(
+                    integrand,
+                    (-xi,),
+                    method="L-BFGS-B",
+                    bounds=[(-xi, np.pi / 2)],
+                )
+                left_support = res.x[0]
+        else:
+            # integrand(t) monotonic 1 to 0
+            if integrand(np.pi / 2) != 0.0:
+                res = optimize.minimize(
+                    integrand,
+                    (np.pi / 2,),
+                    method="L-BFGS-B",
+                    bounds=[(-xi, np.pi / 2)],
+                )
+                right_support = res.x[0]
+
+        intg, *ret = integrate.quad(
+            integrand,
+            left_support,
+            right_support,
+            points=[left_support, right_support],
+            limit=100,
+            epsrel=quad_eps,
+            epsabs=0,
+            full_output=1,
+        )
+
+    return c1 + c3 * intg
+
+
+def _rvs_Z1(alpha, beta, size=None, random_state=None):
+    """Simulate random variables using Nolan's methods as detailed in [NO].
+    """
+
+    def alpha1func(alpha, beta, TH, aTH, bTH, cosTH, tanTH, W):
+        return (
+            2
+            / np.pi
+            * (
+                (np.pi / 2 + bTH) * tanTH
+                - beta * np.log((np.pi / 2 * W * cosTH) / (np.pi / 2 + bTH))
+            )
+        )
+
+    def beta0func(alpha, beta, TH, aTH, bTH, cosTH, tanTH, W):
+        return (
+            W
+            / (cosTH / np.tan(aTH) + np.sin(TH))
+            * ((np.cos(aTH) + np.sin(aTH) * tanTH) / W) ** (1.0 / alpha)
+        )
+
+    def otherwise(alpha, beta, TH, aTH, bTH, cosTH, tanTH, W):
+        # alpha is not 1 and beta is not 0
+        val0 = beta * np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2)
+        th0 = np.arctan(val0) / alpha
+        val3 = W / (cosTH / np.tan(alpha * (th0 + TH)) + np.sin(TH))
+        res3 = val3 * (
+            (
+                np.cos(aTH)
+                + np.sin(aTH) * tanTH
+                - val0 * (np.sin(aTH) - np.cos(aTH) * tanTH)
+            )
+            / W
+        ) ** (1.0 / alpha)
+        return res3
+
+    def alphanot1func(alpha, beta, TH, aTH, bTH, cosTH, tanTH, W):
+        res = _lazywhere(
+            beta == 0,
+            (alpha, beta, TH, aTH, bTH, cosTH, tanTH, W),
+            beta0func,
+            f2=otherwise,
+        )
+        return res
+
+    alpha = np.broadcast_to(alpha, size)
+    beta = np.broadcast_to(beta, size)
+    TH = uniform.rvs(
+        loc=-np.pi / 2.0, scale=np.pi, size=size, random_state=random_state
+    )
+    W = expon.rvs(size=size, random_state=random_state)
+    aTH = alpha * TH
+    bTH = beta * TH
+    cosTH = np.cos(TH)
+    tanTH = np.tan(TH)
+    res = _lazywhere(
+        alpha == 1,
+        (alpha, beta, TH, aTH, bTH, cosTH, tanTH, W),
+        alpha1func,
+        f2=alphanot1func,
+    )
+    return res
+
+
+def _fitstart_S0(data):
+    alpha, beta, delta1, gamma = _fitstart_S1(data)
+
+    # Formulas for mapping parameters in S1 parameterization to
+    # those in S0 parameterization can be found in [NO]. Note that
+    # only delta changes.
+    if alpha != 1:
+        delta0 = delta1 + beta * gamma * np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2.0)
+    else:
+        delta0 = delta1 + 2 * beta * gamma * np.log(gamma) / np.pi
+
+    return alpha, beta, delta0, gamma
+
+
+def _fitstart_S1(data):
+    # We follow McCullock 1986 method - Simple Consistent Estimators
+    # of Stable Distribution Parameters
+
+    # fmt: off
+    # Table III and IV
+    nu_alpha_range = [2.439, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3, 3.2, 3.5, 4,
+                      5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 25]
+    nu_beta_range = [0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1]
+
+    # table III - alpha = psi_1(nu_alpha, nu_beta)
+    alpha_table = np.array([
+        [2.000, 2.000, 2.000, 2.000, 2.000, 2.000, 2.000],
+        [1.916, 1.924, 1.924, 1.924, 1.924, 1.924, 1.924],
+        [1.808, 1.813, 1.829, 1.829, 1.829, 1.829, 1.829],
+        [1.729, 1.730, 1.737, 1.745, 1.745, 1.745, 1.745],
+        [1.664, 1.663, 1.663, 1.668, 1.676, 1.676, 1.676],
+        [1.563, 1.560, 1.553, 1.548, 1.547, 1.547, 1.547],
+        [1.484, 1.480, 1.471, 1.460, 1.448, 1.438, 1.438],
+        [1.391, 1.386, 1.378, 1.364, 1.337, 1.318, 1.318],
+        [1.279, 1.273, 1.266, 1.250, 1.210, 1.184, 1.150],
+        [1.128, 1.121, 1.114, 1.101, 1.067, 1.027, 0.973],
+        [1.029, 1.021, 1.014, 1.004, 0.974, 0.935, 0.874],
+        [0.896, 0.892, 0.884, 0.883, 0.855, 0.823, 0.769],
+        [0.818, 0.812, 0.806, 0.801, 0.780, 0.756, 0.691],
+        [0.698, 0.695, 0.692, 0.689, 0.676, 0.656, 0.597],
+        [0.593, 0.590, 0.588, 0.586, 0.579, 0.563, 0.513]]).T
+    # transpose because interpolation with `RectBivariateSpline` is with
+    # `nu_beta` as `x` and `nu_alpha` as `y`
+
+    # table IV - beta = psi_2(nu_alpha, nu_beta)
+    beta_table = np.array([
+        [0, 2.160, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000],
+        [0, 1.592, 3.390, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000],
+        [0, 0.759, 1.800, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000],
+        [0, 0.482, 1.048, 1.694, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000],
+        [0, 0.360, 0.760, 1.232, 2.229, 1.000, 1.000],
+        [0, 0.253, 0.518, 0.823, 1.575, 1.000, 1.000],
+        [0, 0.203, 0.410, 0.632, 1.244, 1.906, 1.000],
+        [0, 0.165, 0.332, 0.499, 0.943, 1.560, 1.000],
+        [0, 0.136, 0.271, 0.404, 0.689, 1.230, 2.195],
+        [0, 0.109, 0.216, 0.323, 0.539, 0.827, 1.917],
+        [0, 0.096, 0.190, 0.284, 0.472, 0.693, 1.759],
+        [0, 0.082, 0.163, 0.243, 0.412, 0.601, 1.596],
+        [0, 0.074, 0.147, 0.220, 0.377, 0.546, 1.482],
+        [0, 0.064, 0.128, 0.191, 0.330, 0.478, 1.362],
+        [0, 0.056, 0.112, 0.167, 0.285, 0.428, 1.274]]).T
+
+    # Table V and VII
+    # These are ordered with decreasing `alpha_range`; so we will need to
+    # reverse them as required by RectBivariateSpline.
+    alpha_range = [2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1,
+                   1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5][::-1]
+    beta_range = [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1]
+
+    # Table V - nu_c = psi_3(alpha, beta)
+    nu_c_table = np.array([
+        [1.908, 1.908, 1.908, 1.908, 1.908],
+        [1.914, 1.915, 1.916, 1.918, 1.921],
+        [1.921, 1.922, 1.927, 1.936, 1.947],
+        [1.927, 1.930, 1.943, 1.961, 1.987],
+        [1.933, 1.940, 1.962, 1.997, 2.043],
+        [1.939, 1.952, 1.988, 2.045, 2.116],
+        [1.946, 1.967, 2.022, 2.106, 2.211],
+        [1.955, 1.984, 2.067, 2.188, 2.333],
+        [1.965, 2.007, 2.125, 2.294, 2.491],
+        [1.980, 2.040, 2.205, 2.435, 2.696],
+        [2.000, 2.085, 2.311, 2.624, 2.973],
+        [2.040, 2.149, 2.461, 2.886, 3.356],
+        [2.098, 2.244, 2.676, 3.265, 3.912],
+        [2.189, 2.392, 3.004, 3.844, 4.775],
+        [2.337, 2.634, 3.542, 4.808, 6.247],
+        [2.588, 3.073, 4.534, 6.636, 9.144]])[::-1].T
+    # transpose because interpolation with `RectBivariateSpline` is with
+    # `beta` as `x` and `alpha` as `y`
+
+    # Table VII - nu_zeta = psi_5(alpha, beta)
+    nu_zeta_table = np.array([
+        [0, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000],
+        [0, -0.017, -0.032, -0.049, -0.064],
+        [0, -0.030, -0.061, -0.092, -0.123],
+        [0, -0.043, -0.088, -0.132, -0.179],
+        [0, -0.056, -0.111, -0.170, -0.232],
+        [0, -0.066, -0.134, -0.206, -0.283],
+        [0, -0.075, -0.154, -0.241, -0.335],
+        [0, -0.084, -0.173, -0.276, -0.390],
+        [0, -0.090, -0.192, -0.310, -0.447],
+        [0, -0.095, -0.208, -0.346, -0.508],
+        [0, -0.098, -0.223, -0.380, -0.576],
+        [0, -0.099, -0.237, -0.424, -0.652],
+        [0, -0.096, -0.250, -0.469, -0.742],
+        [0, -0.089, -0.262, -0.520, -0.853],
+        [0, -0.078, -0.272, -0.581, -0.997],
+        [0, -0.061, -0.279, -0.659, -1.198]])[::-1].T
+    # fmt: on
+
+    psi_1 = RectBivariateSpline(nu_beta_range, nu_alpha_range,
+                                alpha_table, kx=1, ky=1, s=0)
+
+    def psi_1_1(nu_beta, nu_alpha):
+        return psi_1(nu_beta, nu_alpha) \
+            if nu_beta > 0 else psi_1(-nu_beta, nu_alpha)
+
+    psi_2 = RectBivariateSpline(nu_beta_range, nu_alpha_range,
+                                beta_table, kx=1, ky=1, s=0)
+
+    def psi_2_1(nu_beta, nu_alpha):
+        return psi_2(nu_beta, nu_alpha) \
+            if nu_beta > 0 else -psi_2(-nu_beta, nu_alpha)
+
+    phi_3 = RectBivariateSpline(beta_range, alpha_range, nu_c_table,
+                                kx=1, ky=1, s=0)
+
+    def phi_3_1(beta, alpha):
+        return phi_3(beta, alpha) if beta > 0 else phi_3(-beta, alpha)
+
+    phi_5 = RectBivariateSpline(beta_range, alpha_range, nu_zeta_table,
+                                kx=1, ky=1, s=0)
+
+    def phi_5_1(beta, alpha):
+        return phi_5(beta, alpha) if beta > 0 else -phi_5(-beta, alpha)
+
+    # quantiles
+    p05 = np.percentile(data, 5)
+    p50 = np.percentile(data, 50)
+    p95 = np.percentile(data, 95)
+    p25 = np.percentile(data, 25)
+    p75 = np.percentile(data, 75)
+
+    nu_alpha = (p95 - p05) / (p75 - p25)
+    nu_beta = (p95 + p05 - 2 * p50) / (p95 - p05)
+
+    if nu_alpha >= 2.439:
+        eps = np.finfo(float).eps
+        alpha = np.clip(psi_1_1(nu_beta, nu_alpha)[0, 0], eps, 2.)
+        beta = np.clip(psi_2_1(nu_beta, nu_alpha)[0, 0], -1.0, 1.0)
+    else:
+        alpha = 2.0
+        beta = np.sign(nu_beta)
+    c = (p75 - p25) / phi_3_1(beta, alpha)[0, 0]
+    zeta = p50 + c * phi_5_1(beta, alpha)[0, 0]
+    delta = zeta-beta*c*np.tan(np.pi*alpha/2.) if alpha != 1. else zeta
+
+    return (alpha, beta, delta, c)
+
+
+class levy_stable_gen(rv_continuous):
+    r"""A Levy-stable continuous random variable.
+
+    %(before_notes)s
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    levy, levy_l, cauchy, norm
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The distribution for `levy_stable` has characteristic function:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \varphi(t, \alpha, \beta, c, \mu) =
+        e^{it\mu -|ct|^{\alpha}(1-i\beta\operatorname{sign}(t)\Phi(\alpha, t))}
+
+    where two different parameterizations are supported. The first :math:`S_1`:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \Phi = \begin{cases}
+                \tan \left({\frac {\pi \alpha }{2}}\right)&\alpha \neq 1\\
+                -{\frac {2}{\pi }}\log |t|&\alpha =1
+                \end{cases}
+
+    The second :math:`S_0`:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \Phi = \begin{cases}
+                -\tan \left({\frac {\pi \alpha }{2}}\right)(|ct|^{1-\alpha}-1)
+                &\alpha \neq 1\\
+                -{\frac {2}{\pi }}\log |ct|&\alpha =1
+                \end{cases}
+
+
+    The probability density function for `levy_stable` is:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        f(x) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^\infty \varphi(t)e^{-ixt}\,dt
+
+    where :math:`-\infty < t < \infty`. This integral does not have a known
+    closed form.
+
+    `levy_stable` generalizes several distributions.  Where possible, they
+    should be used instead.  Specifically, when the shape parameters
+    assume the values in the table below, the corresponding equivalent
+    distribution should be used.
+
+    =========  ========  ===========
+    ``alpha``  ``beta``   Equivalent
+    =========  ========  ===========
+     1/2       -1        `levy_l`
+     1/2       1         `levy`
+     1         0         `cauchy`
+     2         any       `norm` (with ``scale=sqrt(2)``)
+    =========  ========  ===========
+
+    Evaluation of the pdf uses Nolan's piecewise integration approach with the
+    Zolotarev :math:`M` parameterization by default. There is also the option
+    to use direct numerical integration of the standard parameterization of the
+    characteristic function or to evaluate by taking the FFT of the
+    characteristic function.
+
+    The default method can changed by setting the class variable
+    ``levy_stable.pdf_default_method`` to one of 'piecewise' for Nolan's
+    approach, 'dni' for direct numerical integration, or 'fft-simpson' for the
+    FFT based approach. For the sake of backwards compatibility, the methods
+    'best' and 'zolotarev' are equivalent to 'piecewise' and the method
+    'quadrature' is equivalent to 'dni'.
+
+    The parameterization can be changed  by setting the class variable
+    ``levy_stable.parameterization`` to either 'S0' or 'S1'.
+    The default is 'S1'.
+
+    To improve performance of piecewise and direct numerical integration one
+    can specify ``levy_stable.quad_eps`` (defaults to 1.2e-14). This is used
+    as both the absolute and relative quadrature tolerance for direct numerical
+    integration and as the relative quadrature tolerance for the piecewise
+    method. One can also specify ``levy_stable.piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta``
+    (defaults to 0.005) for how close x is to zeta before it is considered the
+    same as x [NO]. The exact check is
+    ``abs(x0 - zeta) < piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta*alpha**(1/alpha)``. One can
+    also specify ``levy_stable.piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one`` (defaults to
+    0.005) for how close alpha is to 1 before being considered equal to 1.
+
+    To increase accuracy of FFT calculation one can specify
+    ``levy_stable.pdf_fft_grid_spacing`` (defaults to 0.001) and
+    ``pdf_fft_n_points_two_power`` (defaults to None which means a value is
+    calculated that sufficiently covers the input range).
+
+    Further control over FFT calculation is available by setting
+    ``pdf_fft_interpolation_degree`` (defaults to 3) for spline order and
+    ``pdf_fft_interpolation_level`` for determining the number of points to use
+    in the Newton-Cotes formula when approximating the characteristic function
+    (considered experimental).
+
+    Evaluation of the cdf uses Nolan's piecewise integration approach with the
+    Zolatarev :math:`S_0` parameterization by default. There is also the option
+    to evaluate through integration of an interpolated spline of the pdf
+    calculated by means of the FFT method. The settings affecting FFT
+    calculation are the same as for pdf calculation. The default cdf method can
+    be changed by setting ``levy_stable.cdf_default_method`` to either
+    'piecewise' or 'fft-simpson'.  For cdf calculations the Zolatarev method is
+    superior in accuracy, so FFT is disabled by default.
+
+    Fitting estimate uses quantile estimation method in [MC]. MLE estimation of
+    parameters in fit method uses this quantile estimate initially. Note that
+    MLE doesn't always converge if using FFT for pdf calculations; this will be
+    the case if alpha <= 1 where the FFT approach doesn't give good
+    approximations.
+
+    Any non-missing value for the attribute
+    ``levy_stable.pdf_fft_min_points_threshold`` will set
+    ``levy_stable.pdf_default_method`` to 'fft-simpson' if a valid
+    default method is not otherwise set.
+
+
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        For pdf calculations FFT calculation is considered experimental.
+
+        For cdf calculations FFT calculation is considered experimental. Use
+        Zolatarev's method instead (default).
+
+    The probability density above is defined in the "standardized" form. To
+    shift and/or scale the distribution use the ``loc`` and ``scale``
+    parameters.
+    Generally ``%(name)s.pdf(x, %(shapes)s, loc, scale)`` is identically
+    equivalent to ``%(name)s.pdf(y, %(shapes)s) / scale`` with
+    ``y = (x - loc) / scale``, except in the ``S1`` parameterization if
+    ``alpha == 1``.  In that case ``%(name)s.pdf(x, %(shapes)s, loc, scale)``
+    is identically equivalent to ``%(name)s.pdf(y, %(shapes)s) / scale`` with
+    ``y = (x - loc - 2 * beta * scale * np.log(scale) / np.pi) / scale``.
+    See [NO2]_ Definition 1.8 for more information.
+    Note that shifting the location of a distribution
+    does not make it a "noncentral" distribution.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [MC] McCulloch, J., 1986. Simple consistent estimators of stable
+        distribution parameters. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and
+        Computation 15, 11091136.
+    .. [WZ] Wang, Li and Zhang, Ji-Hong, 2008. Simpson's rule based FFT method
+        to compute densities of stable distribution.
+    .. [NO] Nolan, J., 1997. Numerical Calculation of Stable Densities and
+        distributions Functions.
+    .. [NO2] Nolan, J., 2018. Stable Distributions: Models for Heavy Tailed
+        Data.
+    .. [HO] Hopcraft, K. I., Jakeman, E., Tanner, R. M. J., 1999. Lévy random
+        walks with fluctuating step number and multiscale behavior.
+
+    %(example)s
+
+    """
+    # Configurable options as class variables
+    # (accessible from self by attribute lookup).
+    parameterization = "S1"
+    pdf_default_method = "piecewise"
+    cdf_default_method = "piecewise"
+    quad_eps = _QUAD_EPS
+    piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta = 0.005
+    piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one = 0.005
+    pdf_fft_min_points_threshold = None
+    pdf_fft_grid_spacing = 0.001
+    pdf_fft_n_points_two_power = None
+    pdf_fft_interpolation_level = 3
+    pdf_fft_interpolation_degree = 3
+
+    def _argcheck(self, alpha, beta):
+        return (alpha > 0) & (alpha <= 2) & (beta <= 1) & (beta >= -1)
+
+    def _shape_info(self):
+        ialpha = _ShapeInfo("alpha", False, (0, 2), (False, True))
+        ibeta = _ShapeInfo("beta", False, (-1, 1), (True, True))
+        return [ialpha, ibeta]
+
+    def _parameterization(self):
+        allowed = ("S0", "S1")
+        pz = self.parameterization
+        if pz not in allowed:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Parameterization '{pz}' in supported list: {allowed}"
+            )
+        return pz
+
+    @inherit_docstring_from(rv_continuous)
+    def rvs(self, *args, **kwds):
+        X1 = super().rvs(*args, **kwds)
+
+        kwds.pop("discrete", None)
+        kwds.pop("random_state", None)
+        (alpha, beta), delta, gamma, size = self._parse_args_rvs(*args, **kwds)
+
+        # shift location for this parameterisation (S1)
+        X1 = np.where(
+            alpha == 1.0, X1 + 2 * beta * gamma * np.log(gamma) / np.pi, X1
+        )
+
+        if self._parameterization() == "S0":
+            return np.where(
+                alpha == 1.0,
+                X1 - (beta * 2 * gamma * np.log(gamma) / np.pi),
+                X1 - gamma * beta * np.tan(np.pi * alpha / 2.0),
+            )
+        elif self._parameterization() == "S1":
+            return X1
+
+    def _rvs(self, alpha, beta, size=None, random_state=None):
+        return _rvs_Z1(alpha, beta, size, random_state)
+
+    @inherit_docstring_from(rv_continuous)
+    def pdf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        # override base class version to correct
+        # location for S1 parameterization
+        if self._parameterization() == "S0":
+            return super().pdf(x, *args, **kwds)
+        elif self._parameterization() == "S1":
+            (alpha, beta), delta, gamma = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+            if np.all(np.reshape(alpha, (1, -1))[0, :] != 1):
+                return super().pdf(x, *args, **kwds)
+            else:
+                # correct location for this parameterisation
+                x = np.reshape(x, (1, -1))[0, :]
+                x, alpha, beta = np.broadcast_arrays(x, alpha, beta)
+
+                data_in = np.dstack((x, alpha, beta))[0]
+                data_out = np.empty(shape=(len(data_in), 1))
+                # group data in unique arrays of alpha, beta pairs
+                uniq_param_pairs = np.unique(data_in[:, 1:], axis=0)
+                for pair in uniq_param_pairs:
+                    _alpha, _beta = pair
+                    _delta = (
+                        delta + 2 * _beta * gamma * np.log(gamma) / np.pi
+                        if _alpha == 1.0
+                        else delta
+                    )
+                    data_mask = np.all(data_in[:, 1:] == pair, axis=-1)
+                    _x = data_in[data_mask, 0]
+                    data_out[data_mask] = (
+                        super()
+                        .pdf(_x, _alpha, _beta, loc=_delta, scale=gamma)
+                        .reshape(len(_x), 1)
+                    )
+                output = data_out.T[0]
+                if output.shape == (1,):
+                    return output[0]
+                return output
+
+    def _pdf(self, x, alpha, beta):
+        if self._parameterization() == "S0":
+            _pdf_single_value_piecewise = _pdf_single_value_piecewise_Z0
+            _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate = _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate_Z0
+            _cf = _cf_Z0
+        elif self._parameterization() == "S1":
+            _pdf_single_value_piecewise = _pdf_single_value_piecewise_Z1
+            _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate = _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate_Z1
+            _cf = _cf_Z1
+
+        x = np.asarray(x).reshape(1, -1)[0, :]
+
+        x, alpha, beta = np.broadcast_arrays(x, alpha, beta)
+
+        data_in = np.dstack((x, alpha, beta))[0]
+        data_out = np.empty(shape=(len(data_in), 1))
+
+        pdf_default_method_name = self.pdf_default_method
+        if pdf_default_method_name in ("piecewise", "best", "zolotarev"):
+            pdf_single_value_method = _pdf_single_value_piecewise
+        elif pdf_default_method_name in ("dni", "quadrature"):
+            pdf_single_value_method = _pdf_single_value_cf_integrate
+        elif (
+            pdf_default_method_name == "fft-simpson"
+            or self.pdf_fft_min_points_threshold is not None
+        ):
+            pdf_single_value_method = None
+
+        pdf_single_value_kwds = {
+            "quad_eps": self.quad_eps,
+            "piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta": self.piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta,
+            "piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one": self.piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one,
+        }
+
+        fft_grid_spacing = self.pdf_fft_grid_spacing
+        fft_n_points_two_power = self.pdf_fft_n_points_two_power
+        fft_interpolation_level = self.pdf_fft_interpolation_level
+        fft_interpolation_degree = self.pdf_fft_interpolation_degree
+
+        # group data in unique arrays of alpha, beta pairs
+        uniq_param_pairs = np.unique(data_in[:, 1:], axis=0)
+        for pair in uniq_param_pairs:
+            data_mask = np.all(data_in[:, 1:] == pair, axis=-1)
+            data_subset = data_in[data_mask]
+            if pdf_single_value_method is not None:
+                data_out[data_mask] = np.array(
+                    [
+                        pdf_single_value_method(
+                            _x, _alpha, _beta, **pdf_single_value_kwds
+                        )
+                        for _x, _alpha, _beta in data_subset
+                    ]
+                ).reshape(len(data_subset), 1)
+            else:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "Density calculations experimental for FFT method."
+                    + " Use combination of piecewise and dni methods instead.",
+                    RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3,
+                )
+                _alpha, _beta = pair
+                _x = data_subset[:, (0,)]
+
+                if _alpha < 1.0:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "FFT method does not work well for alpha less than 1."
+                    )
+
+                # need enough points to "cover" _x for interpolation
+                if fft_grid_spacing is None and fft_n_points_two_power is None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "One of fft_grid_spacing or fft_n_points_two_power "
+                        + "needs to be set."
+                    )
+                max_abs_x = np.max(np.abs(_x))
+                h = (
+                    2 ** (3 - fft_n_points_two_power) * max_abs_x
+                    if fft_grid_spacing is None
+                    else fft_grid_spacing
+                )
+                q = (
+                    np.ceil(np.log(2 * max_abs_x / h) / np.log(2)) + 2
+                    if fft_n_points_two_power is None
+                    else int(fft_n_points_two_power)
+                )
+
+                # for some parameters, the range of x can be quite
+                # large, let's choose an arbitrary cut off (8GB) to save on
+                # computer memory.
+                MAX_Q = 30
+                if q > MAX_Q:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "fft_n_points_two_power has a maximum "
+                        + f"value of {MAX_Q}"
+                    )
+
+                density_x, density = pdf_from_cf_with_fft(
+                    lambda t: _cf(t, _alpha, _beta),
+                    h=h,
+                    q=q,
+                    level=fft_interpolation_level,
+                )
+                f = interpolate.InterpolatedUnivariateSpline(
+                    density_x, np.real(density), k=fft_interpolation_degree
+                )  # patch FFT to use cubic
+                data_out[data_mask] = f(_x)
+
+        return data_out.T[0]
+
+    @inherit_docstring_from(rv_continuous)
+    def cdf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        # override base class version to correct
+        # location for S1 parameterization
+        # NOTE: this is near identical to pdf() above
+        if self._parameterization() == "S0":
+            return super().cdf(x, *args, **kwds)
+        elif self._parameterization() == "S1":
+            (alpha, beta), delta, gamma = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+            if np.all(np.reshape(alpha, (1, -1))[0, :] != 1):
+                return super().cdf(x, *args, **kwds)
+            else:
+                # correct location for this parameterisation
+                x = np.reshape(x, (1, -1))[0, :]
+                x, alpha, beta = np.broadcast_arrays(x, alpha, beta)
+
+                data_in = np.dstack((x, alpha, beta))[0]
+                data_out = np.empty(shape=(len(data_in), 1))
+                # group data in unique arrays of alpha, beta pairs
+                uniq_param_pairs = np.unique(data_in[:, 1:], axis=0)
+                for pair in uniq_param_pairs:
+                    _alpha, _beta = pair
+                    _delta = (
+                        delta + 2 * _beta * gamma * np.log(gamma) / np.pi
+                        if _alpha == 1.0
+                        else delta
+                    )
+                    data_mask = np.all(data_in[:, 1:] == pair, axis=-1)
+                    _x = data_in[data_mask, 0]
+                    data_out[data_mask] = (
+                        super()
+                        .cdf(_x, _alpha, _beta, loc=_delta, scale=gamma)
+                        .reshape(len(_x), 1)
+                    )
+                output = data_out.T[0]
+                if output.shape == (1,):
+                    return output[0]
+                return output
+
+    def _cdf(self, x, alpha, beta):
+        if self._parameterization() == "S0":
+            _cdf_single_value_piecewise = _cdf_single_value_piecewise_Z0
+            _cf = _cf_Z0
+        elif self._parameterization() == "S1":
+            _cdf_single_value_piecewise = _cdf_single_value_piecewise_Z1
+            _cf = _cf_Z1
+
+        x = np.asarray(x).reshape(1, -1)[0, :]
+
+        x, alpha, beta = np.broadcast_arrays(x, alpha, beta)
+
+        data_in = np.dstack((x, alpha, beta))[0]
+        data_out = np.empty(shape=(len(data_in), 1))
+
+        cdf_default_method_name = self.cdf_default_method
+        if cdf_default_method_name == "piecewise":
+            cdf_single_value_method = _cdf_single_value_piecewise
+        elif cdf_default_method_name == "fft-simpson":
+            cdf_single_value_method = None
+
+        cdf_single_value_kwds = {
+            "quad_eps": self.quad_eps,
+            "piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta": self.piecewise_x_tol_near_zeta,
+            "piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one": self.piecewise_alpha_tol_near_one,
+        }
+
+        fft_grid_spacing = self.pdf_fft_grid_spacing
+        fft_n_points_two_power = self.pdf_fft_n_points_two_power
+        fft_interpolation_level = self.pdf_fft_interpolation_level
+        fft_interpolation_degree = self.pdf_fft_interpolation_degree
+
+        # group data in unique arrays of alpha, beta pairs
+        uniq_param_pairs = np.unique(data_in[:, 1:], axis=0)
+        for pair in uniq_param_pairs:
+            data_mask = np.all(data_in[:, 1:] == pair, axis=-1)
+            data_subset = data_in[data_mask]
+            if cdf_single_value_method is not None:
+                data_out[data_mask] = np.array(
+                    [
+                        cdf_single_value_method(
+                            _x, _alpha, _beta, **cdf_single_value_kwds
+                        )
+                        for _x, _alpha, _beta in data_subset
+                    ]
+                ).reshape(len(data_subset), 1)
+            else:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "Cumulative density calculations experimental for FFT"
+                    + " method. Use piecewise method instead.",
+                    RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3,
+                )
+                _alpha, _beta = pair
+                _x = data_subset[:, (0,)]
+
+                # need enough points to "cover" _x for interpolation
+                if fft_grid_spacing is None and fft_n_points_two_power is None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "One of fft_grid_spacing or fft_n_points_two_power "
+                        + "needs to be set."
+                    )
+                max_abs_x = np.max(np.abs(_x))
+                h = (
+                    2 ** (3 - fft_n_points_two_power) * max_abs_x
+                    if fft_grid_spacing is None
+                    else fft_grid_spacing
+                )
+                q = (
+                    np.ceil(np.log(2 * max_abs_x / h) / np.log(2)) + 2
+                    if fft_n_points_two_power is None
+                    else int(fft_n_points_two_power)
+                )
+
+                density_x, density = pdf_from_cf_with_fft(
+                    lambda t: _cf(t, _alpha, _beta),
+                    h=h,
+                    q=q,
+                    level=fft_interpolation_level,
+                )
+                f = interpolate.InterpolatedUnivariateSpline(
+                    density_x, np.real(density), k=fft_interpolation_degree
+                )
+                data_out[data_mask] = np.array(
+                    [f.integral(self.a, float(x_1.squeeze())) for x_1 in _x]
+                ).reshape(data_out[data_mask].shape)
+
+        return data_out.T[0]
+
+    def _fitstart(self, data):
+        if self._parameterization() == "S0":
+            _fitstart = _fitstart_S0
+        elif self._parameterization() == "S1":
+            _fitstart = _fitstart_S1
+        return _fitstart(data)
+
+    def _stats(self, alpha, beta):
+        mu = 0 if alpha > 1 else np.nan
+        mu2 = 2 if alpha == 2 else np.inf
+        g1 = 0.0 if alpha == 2.0 else np.nan
+        g2 = 0.0 if alpha == 2.0 else np.nan
+        return mu, mu2, g1, g2
+
+
+# cotes numbers - see sequence from http://oeis.org/A100642
+Cotes_table = np.array(
+    [[], [1]] + [v[2] for v in _builtincoeffs.values()], dtype=object
+)
+Cotes = np.array(
+    [
+        np.pad(r, (0, len(Cotes_table) - 1 - len(r)), mode='constant')
+        for r in Cotes_table
+    ]
+)
+
+
+def pdf_from_cf_with_fft(cf, h=0.01, q=9, level=3):
+    """Calculates pdf from characteristic function.
+
+    Uses fast Fourier transform with Newton-Cotes integration following [WZ].
+    Defaults to using Simpson's method (3-point Newton-Cotes integration).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    cf : callable
+        Single argument function from float -> complex expressing a
+        characteristic function for some distribution.
+    h : Optional[float]
+        Step size for Newton-Cotes integration. Default: 0.01
+    q : Optional[int]
+        Use 2**q steps when performing Newton-Cotes integration.
+        The infinite integral in the inverse Fourier transform will then
+        be restricted to the interval [-2**q * h / 2, 2**q * h / 2]. Setting
+        the number of steps equal to a power of 2 allows the fft to be
+        calculated in O(n*log(n)) time rather than O(n**2).
+        Default: 9
+    level : Optional[int]
+        Calculate integral using n-point Newton-Cotes integration for
+        n = level. The 3-point Newton-Cotes formula corresponds to Simpson's
+        rule. Default: 3
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    x_l : ndarray
+        Array of points x at which pdf is estimated. 2**q equally spaced
+        points from -pi/h up to but not including pi/h.
+    density : ndarray
+        Estimated values of pdf corresponding to cf at points in x_l.
+
+    References
+    ----------
+    .. [WZ] Wang, Li and Zhang, Ji-Hong, 2008. Simpson's rule based FFT method
+        to compute densities of stable distribution.
+    """
+    n = level
+    N = 2**q
+    steps = np.arange(0, N)
+    L = N * h / 2
+    x_l = np.pi * (steps - N / 2) / L
+    if level > 1:
+        indices = np.arange(n).reshape(n, 1)
+        s1 = np.sum(
+            (-1) ** steps * Cotes[n, indices] * np.fft.fft(
+                (-1)**steps * cf(-L + h * steps + h * indices / (n - 1))
+            ) * np.exp(
+                1j * np.pi * indices / (n - 1)
+                - 2 * 1j * np.pi * indices * steps /
+                (N * (n - 1))
+            ),
+            axis=0
+        )
+    else:
+        s1 = (-1) ** steps * Cotes[n, 0] * np.fft.fft(
+            (-1) ** steps * cf(-L + h * steps)
+        )
+    density = h * s1 / (2 * np.pi * np.sum(Cotes[n]))
+    return (x_l, density)
+
+
+levy_stable = levy_stable_gen(name="levy_stable")

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/_rcont/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#
+from .rcont import rvs_rcont1, rvs_rcont2
+
+__all__ = ["rvs_rcont1", "rvs_rcont2"]

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/common_tests.py

@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+import pickle
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.testing as npt
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_equal
+from pytest import raises as assert_raises
+
+import numpy.ma.testutils as ma_npt
+
+from scipy._lib._util import (
+    getfullargspec_no_self as _getfullargspec, np_long
+)
+from scipy import stats
+
+
+def check_named_results(res, attributes, ma=False):
+    for i, attr in enumerate(attributes):
+        if ma:
+            ma_npt.assert_equal(res[i], getattr(res, attr))
+        else:
+            npt.assert_equal(res[i], getattr(res, attr))
+
+
+def check_normalization(distfn, args, distname):
+    norm_moment = distfn.moment(0, *args)
+    npt.assert_allclose(norm_moment, 1.0)
+
+    if distname == "rv_histogram_instance":
+        atol, rtol = 1e-5, 0
+    else:
+        atol, rtol = 1e-7, 1e-7
+
+    normalization_expect = distfn.expect(lambda x: 1, args=args)
+    npt.assert_allclose(normalization_expect, 1.0, atol=atol, rtol=rtol,
+                        err_msg=distname, verbose=True)
+
+    _a, _b = distfn.support(*args)
+    normalization_cdf = distfn.cdf(_b, *args)
+    npt.assert_allclose(normalization_cdf, 1.0)
+
+
+def check_moment(distfn, arg, m, v, msg):
+    m1 = distfn.moment(1, *arg)
+    m2 = distfn.moment(2, *arg)
+    if not np.isinf(m):
+        npt.assert_almost_equal(m1, m, decimal=10,
+                                err_msg=msg + ' - 1st moment')
+    else:                     # or np.isnan(m1),
+        npt.assert_(np.isinf(m1),
+                    msg + ' - 1st moment -infinite, m1=%s' % str(m1))
+
+    if not np.isinf(v):
+        npt.assert_almost_equal(m2 - m1 * m1, v, decimal=10,
+                                err_msg=msg + ' - 2ndt moment')
+    else:                     # or np.isnan(m2),
+        npt.assert_(np.isinf(m2), msg + f' - 2nd moment -infinite, {m2=}')
+
+
+def check_mean_expect(distfn, arg, m, msg):
+    if np.isfinite(m):
+        m1 = distfn.expect(lambda x: x, arg)
+        npt.assert_almost_equal(m1, m, decimal=5,
+                                err_msg=msg + ' - 1st moment (expect)')
+
+
+def check_var_expect(distfn, arg, m, v, msg):
+    dist_looser_tolerances = {"rv_histogram_instance" , "ksone"}
+    kwargs = {'rtol': 5e-6} if msg in dist_looser_tolerances else {}
+    if np.isfinite(v):
+        m2 = distfn.expect(lambda x: x*x, arg)
+        npt.assert_allclose(m2, v + m*m, **kwargs)
+
+
+def check_skew_expect(distfn, arg, m, v, s, msg):
+    if np.isfinite(s):
+        m3e = distfn.expect(lambda x: np.power(x-m, 3), arg)
+        npt.assert_almost_equal(m3e, s * np.power(v, 1.5),
+                                decimal=5, err_msg=msg + ' - skew')
+    else:
+        npt.assert_(np.isnan(s))
+
+
+def check_kurt_expect(distfn, arg, m, v, k, msg):
+    if np.isfinite(k):
+        m4e = distfn.expect(lambda x: np.power(x-m, 4), arg)
+        npt.assert_allclose(m4e, (k + 3.) * np.power(v, 2),
+                            atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-5,
+                            err_msg=msg + ' - kurtosis')
+    elif not np.isposinf(k):
+        npt.assert_(np.isnan(k))
+
+
+def check_munp_expect(dist, args, msg):
+    # If _munp is overridden, test a higher moment. (Before gh-18634, some
+    # distributions had issues with moments 5 and higher.)
+    if dist._munp.__func__ != stats.rv_continuous._munp:
+        res = dist.moment(5, *args)  # shouldn't raise an error
+        ref = dist.expect(lambda x: x ** 5, args, lb=-np.inf, ub=np.inf)
+        if not np.isfinite(res):  # could be valid; automated test can't know
+            return
+        # loose tolerance, mostly to see whether _munp returns *something*
+        assert_allclose(res, ref, atol=1e-10, rtol=1e-4,
+                        err_msg=msg + ' - higher moment / _munp')
+
+
+def check_entropy(distfn, arg, msg):
+    ent = distfn.entropy(*arg)
+    npt.assert_(not np.isnan(ent), msg + 'test Entropy is nan')
+
+
+def check_private_entropy(distfn, args, superclass):
+    # compare a generic _entropy with the distribution-specific implementation
+    npt.assert_allclose(distfn._entropy(*args),
+                        superclass._entropy(distfn, *args))
+
+
+def check_entropy_vect_scale(distfn, arg):
+    # check 2-d
+    sc = np.asarray([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    v_ent = distfn.entropy(*arg, scale=sc)
+    s_ent = [distfn.entropy(*arg, scale=s) for s in sc.ravel()]
+    s_ent = np.asarray(s_ent).reshape(v_ent.shape)
+    assert_allclose(v_ent, s_ent, atol=1e-14)
+
+    # check invalid value, check cast
+    sc = [1, 2, -3]
+    v_ent = distfn.entropy(*arg, scale=sc)
+    s_ent = [distfn.entropy(*arg, scale=s) for s in sc]
+    s_ent = np.asarray(s_ent).reshape(v_ent.shape)
+    assert_allclose(v_ent, s_ent, atol=1e-14)
+
+
+def check_edge_support(distfn, args):
+    # Make sure that x=self.a and self.b are handled correctly.
+    x = distfn.support(*args)
+    if isinstance(distfn, stats.rv_discrete):
+        x = x[0]-1, x[1]
+
+    npt.assert_equal(distfn.cdf(x, *args), [0.0, 1.0])
+    npt.assert_equal(distfn.sf(x, *args), [1.0, 0.0])
+
+    if distfn.name not in ('skellam', 'dlaplace'):
+        # with a = -inf, log(0) generates warnings
+        npt.assert_equal(distfn.logcdf(x, *args), [-np.inf, 0.0])
+        npt.assert_equal(distfn.logsf(x, *args), [0.0, -np.inf])
+
+    npt.assert_equal(distfn.ppf([0.0, 1.0], *args), x)
+    npt.assert_equal(distfn.isf([0.0, 1.0], *args), x[::-1])
+
+    # out-of-bounds for isf & ppf
+    npt.assert_(np.isnan(distfn.isf([-1, 2], *args)).all())
+    npt.assert_(np.isnan(distfn.ppf([-1, 2], *args)).all())
+
+
+def check_named_args(distfn, x, shape_args, defaults, meths):
+    ## Check calling w/ named arguments.
+
+    # check consistency of shapes, numargs and _parse signature
+    signature = _getfullargspec(distfn._parse_args)
+    npt.assert_(signature.varargs is None)
+    npt.assert_(signature.varkw is None)
+    npt.assert_(not signature.kwonlyargs)
+    npt.assert_(list(signature.defaults) == list(defaults))
+
+    shape_argnames = signature.args[:-len(defaults)]  # a, b, loc=0, scale=1
+    if distfn.shapes:
+        shapes_ = distfn.shapes.replace(',', ' ').split()
+    else:
+        shapes_ = ''
+    npt.assert_(len(shapes_) == distfn.numargs)
+    npt.assert_(len(shapes_) == len(shape_argnames))
+
+    # check calling w/ named arguments
+    shape_args = list(shape_args)
+
+    vals = [meth(x, *shape_args) for meth in meths]
+    npt.assert_(np.all(np.isfinite(vals)))
+
+    names, a, k = shape_argnames[:], shape_args[:], {}
+    while names:
+        k.update({names.pop(): a.pop()})
+        v = [meth(x, *a, **k) for meth in meths]
+        npt.assert_array_equal(vals, v)
+        if 'n' not in k.keys():
+            # `n` is first parameter of moment(), so can't be used as named arg
+            npt.assert_equal(distfn.moment(1, *a, **k),
+                             distfn.moment(1, *shape_args))
+
+    # unknown arguments should not go through:
+    k.update({'kaboom': 42})
+    assert_raises(TypeError, distfn.cdf, x, **k)
+
+
+def check_random_state_property(distfn, args):
+    # check the random_state attribute of a distribution *instance*
+
+    # This test fiddles with distfn.random_state. This breaks other tests,
+    # hence need to save it and then restore.
+    rndm = distfn.random_state
+
+    # baseline: this relies on the global state
+    np.random.seed(1234)
+    distfn.random_state = None
+    r0 = distfn.rvs(*args, size=8)
+
+    # use an explicit instance-level random_state
+    distfn.random_state = 1234
+    r1 = distfn.rvs(*args, size=8)
+    npt.assert_equal(r0, r1)
+
+    distfn.random_state = np.random.RandomState(1234)
+    r2 = distfn.rvs(*args, size=8)
+    npt.assert_equal(r0, r2)
+
+    # check that np.random.Generator can be used (numpy >= 1.17)
+    if hasattr(np.random, 'default_rng'):
+        # obtain a np.random.Generator object
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(1234)
+        distfn.rvs(*args, size=1, random_state=rng)
+
+    # can override the instance-level random_state for an individual .rvs call
+    distfn.random_state = 2
+    orig_state = distfn.random_state.get_state()
+
+    r3 = distfn.rvs(*args, size=8, random_state=np.random.RandomState(1234))
+    npt.assert_equal(r0, r3)
+
+    # ... and that does not alter the instance-level random_state!
+    npt.assert_equal(distfn.random_state.get_state(), orig_state)
+
+    # finally, restore the random_state
+    distfn.random_state = rndm
+
+
+def check_meth_dtype(distfn, arg, meths):
+    q0 = [0.25, 0.5, 0.75]
+    x0 = distfn.ppf(q0, *arg)
+    x_cast = [x0.astype(tp) for tp in (np_long, np.float16, np.float32,
+                                       np.float64)]
+
+    for x in x_cast:
+        # casting may have clipped the values, exclude those
+        distfn._argcheck(*arg)
+        x = x[(distfn.a < x) & (x < distfn.b)]
+        for meth in meths:
+            val = meth(x, *arg)
+            npt.assert_(val.dtype == np.float64)
+
+
+def check_ppf_dtype(distfn, arg):
+    q0 = np.asarray([0.25, 0.5, 0.75])
+    q_cast = [q0.astype(tp) for tp in (np.float16, np.float32, np.float64)]
+    for q in q_cast:
+        for meth in [distfn.ppf, distfn.isf]:
+            val = meth(q, *arg)
+            npt.assert_(val.dtype == np.float64)
+
+
+def check_cmplx_deriv(distfn, arg):
+    # Distributions allow complex arguments.
+    def deriv(f, x, *arg):
+        x = np.asarray(x)
+        h = 1e-10
+        return (f(x + h*1j, *arg)/h).imag
+
+    x0 = distfn.ppf([0.25, 0.51, 0.75], *arg)
+    x_cast = [x0.astype(tp) for tp in (np_long, np.float16, np.float32,
+                                       np.float64)]
+
+    for x in x_cast:
+        # casting may have clipped the values, exclude those
+        distfn._argcheck(*arg)
+        x = x[(distfn.a < x) & (x < distfn.b)]
+
+        pdf, cdf, sf = distfn.pdf(x, *arg), distfn.cdf(x, *arg), distfn.sf(x, *arg)
+        assert_allclose(deriv(distfn.cdf, x, *arg), pdf, rtol=1e-5)
+        assert_allclose(deriv(distfn.logcdf, x, *arg), pdf/cdf, rtol=1e-5)
+
+        assert_allclose(deriv(distfn.sf, x, *arg), -pdf, rtol=1e-5)
+        assert_allclose(deriv(distfn.logsf, x, *arg), -pdf/sf, rtol=1e-5)
+
+        assert_allclose(deriv(distfn.logpdf, x, *arg),
+                        deriv(distfn.pdf, x, *arg) / distfn.pdf(x, *arg),
+                        rtol=1e-5)
+
+
+def check_pickling(distfn, args):
+    # check that a distribution instance pickles and unpickles
+    # pay special attention to the random_state property
+
+    # save the random_state (restore later)
+    rndm = distfn.random_state
+
+    # check unfrozen
+    distfn.random_state = 1234
+    distfn.rvs(*args, size=8)
+    s = pickle.dumps(distfn)
+    r0 = distfn.rvs(*args, size=8)
+
+    unpickled = pickle.loads(s)
+    r1 = unpickled.rvs(*args, size=8)
+    npt.assert_equal(r0, r1)
+
+    # also smoke test some methods
+    medians = [distfn.ppf(0.5, *args), unpickled.ppf(0.5, *args)]
+    npt.assert_equal(medians[0], medians[1])
+    npt.assert_equal(distfn.cdf(medians[0], *args),
+                     unpickled.cdf(medians[1], *args))
+
+    # check frozen pickling/unpickling with rvs
+    frozen_dist = distfn(*args)
+    pkl = pickle.dumps(frozen_dist)
+    unpickled = pickle.loads(pkl)
+
+    r0 = frozen_dist.rvs(size=8)
+    r1 = unpickled.rvs(size=8)
+    npt.assert_equal(r0, r1)
+
+    # check pickling/unpickling of .fit method
+    if hasattr(distfn, "fit"):
+        fit_function = distfn.fit
+        pickled_fit_function = pickle.dumps(fit_function)
+        unpickled_fit_function = pickle.loads(pickled_fit_function)
+        assert fit_function.__name__ == unpickled_fit_function.__name__ == "fit"
+
+    # restore the random_state
+    distfn.random_state = rndm
+
+
+def check_freezing(distfn, args):
+    # regression test for gh-11089: freezing a distribution fails
+    # if loc and/or scale are specified
+    if isinstance(distfn, stats.rv_continuous):
+        locscale = {'loc': 1, 'scale': 2}
+    else:
+        locscale = {'loc': 1}
+
+    rv = distfn(*args, **locscale)
+    assert rv.a == distfn(*args).a
+    assert rv.b == distfn(*args).b
+
+
+def check_rvs_broadcast(distfunc, distname, allargs, shape, shape_only, otype):
+    np.random.seed(123)
+    sample = distfunc.rvs(*allargs)
+    assert_equal(sample.shape, shape, "%s: rvs failed to broadcast" % distname)
+    if not shape_only:
+        rvs = np.vectorize(lambda *allargs: distfunc.rvs(*allargs), otypes=otype)
+        np.random.seed(123)
+        expected = rvs(*allargs)
+        assert_allclose(sample, expected, rtol=1e-13)

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/_mvt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import math
+import numpy as np
+from scipy import special
+from scipy.stats._qmc import primes_from_2_to
+
+
+def _primes(n):
+    # Defined to facilitate comparison between translation and source
+    # In Matlab, primes(10.5) -> first four primes, primes(11.5) -> first five
+    return primes_from_2_to(math.ceil(n))
+
+
+def _gaminv(a, b):
+    # Defined to facilitate comparison between translation and source
+    # Matlab's `gaminv` is like `special.gammaincinv` but args are reversed
+    return special.gammaincinv(b, a)
+
+
+def _qsimvtv(m, nu, sigma, a, b, rng):
+    """Estimates the multivariate t CDF using randomized QMC
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    m : int
+        The number of points
+    nu : float
+        Degrees of freedom
+    sigma : ndarray
+        A 2D positive semidefinite covariance matrix
+    a : ndarray
+        Lower integration limits
+    b : ndarray
+        Upper integration limits.
+    rng : Generator
+        Pseudorandom number generator
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    p : float
+        The estimated CDF.
+    e : float
+        An absolute error estimate.
+
+    """
+    # _qsimvtv is a Python translation of the Matlab function qsimvtv,
+    # semicolons and all.
+    #
+    #   This function uses an algorithm given in the paper
+    #      "Comparison of Methods for the Numerical Computation of
+    #       Multivariate t Probabilities", in
+    #      J. of Computational and Graphical Stat., 11(2002), pp. 950-971, by
+    #          Alan Genz and Frank Bretz
+    #
+    #   The primary references for the numerical integration are
+    #    "On a Number-Theoretical Integration Method"
+    #    H. Niederreiter, Aequationes Mathematicae, 8(1972), pp. 304-11.
+    #    and
+    #    "Randomization of Number Theoretic Methods for Multiple Integration"
+    #     R. Cranley & T.N.L. Patterson, SIAM J Numer Anal, 13(1976), pp. 904-14.
+    #
+    #   Alan Genz is the author of this function and following Matlab functions.
+    #          Alan Genz, WSU Math, PO Box 643113, Pullman, WA 99164-3113
+    #          Email : [email protected]
+    #
+    # Copyright (C) 2013, Alan Genz,  All rights reserved.
+    #
+    # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+    # modification, are permitted provided the following conditions are met:
+    #   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+    #      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    #   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+    #      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+    #      the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+    #      distribution.
+    #   3. The contributor name(s) may not be used to endorse or promote
+    #      products derived from this software without specific prior
+    #      written permission.
+    # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+    # "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+    # LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+    # FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    # COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+    # INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+    # BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
+    # OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+    # ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR
+    # TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF USE
+    # OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+    # Initialization
+    sn = max(1, math.sqrt(nu)); ch, az, bz = _chlrps(sigma, a/sn, b/sn)
+    n = len(sigma); N = 10; P = math.ceil(m/N); on = np.ones(P); p = 0; e = 0
+    ps = np.sqrt(_primes(5*n*math.log(n+4)/4)); q = ps[:, np.newaxis]  # Richtmyer gens.
+
+    # Randomization loop for ns samples
+    c = None; dc = None
+    for S in range(N):
+        vp = on.copy(); s = np.zeros((n, P))
+        for i in range(n):
+            x = np.abs(2*np.mod(q[i]*np.arange(1, P+1) + rng.random(), 1)-1)  # periodizing transform
+            if i == 0:
+                r = on
+                if nu > 0:
+                    r = np.sqrt(2*_gaminv(x, nu/2))
+            else:
+                y = _Phinv(c + x*dc)
+                s[i:] += ch[i:, i-1:i] * y
+            si = s[i, :]; c = on.copy(); ai = az[i]*r - si; d = on.copy(); bi = bz[i]*r - si
+            c[ai <= -9] = 0; tl = abs(ai) < 9; c[tl] = _Phi(ai[tl])
+            d[bi <= -9] = 0; tl = abs(bi) < 9; d[tl] = _Phi(bi[tl])
+            dc = d - c; vp = vp * dc
+        d = (np.mean(vp) - p)/(S + 1); p = p + d; e = (S - 1)*e/(S + 1) + d**2
+    e = math.sqrt(e)  # error estimate is 3 times std error with N samples.
+    return p, e
+
+
+#  Standard statistical normal distribution functions
+def _Phi(z):
+    return special.ndtr(z)
+
+
+def _Phinv(p):
+    return special.ndtri(p)
+
+
+def _chlrps(R, a, b):
+    """
+    Computes permuted and scaled lower Cholesky factor c for R which may be
+    singular, also permuting and scaling integration limit vectors a and b.
+    """
+    ep = 1e-10  # singularity tolerance
+    eps = np.finfo(R.dtype).eps
+
+    n = len(R); c = R.copy(); ap = a.copy(); bp = b.copy(); d = np.sqrt(np.maximum(np.diag(c), 0))
+    for i in range(n):
+        if d[i] > 0:
+            c[:, i] /= d[i]; c[i, :] /= d[i]
+            ap[i] /= d[i]; bp[i] /= d[i]
+    y = np.zeros((n, 1)); sqtp = math.sqrt(2*math.pi)
+
+    for k in range(n):
+        im = k; ckk = 0; dem = 1; s = 0
+        for i in range(k, n):
+            if c[i, i] > eps:
+                cii = math.sqrt(max(c[i, i], 0))
+                if i > 0: s = c[i, :k] @ y[:k]
+                ai = (ap[i]-s)/cii; bi = (bp[i]-s)/cii; de = _Phi(bi)-_Phi(ai)
+                if de <= dem:
+                    ckk = cii; dem = de; am = ai; bm = bi; im = i
+        if im > k:
+            ap[[im, k]] = ap[[k, im]]; bp[[im, k]] = bp[[k, im]]; c[im, im] = c[k, k]
+            t = c[im, :k].copy(); c[im, :k] = c[k, :k]; c[k, :k] = t
+            t = c[im+1:, im].copy(); c[im+1:, im] = c[im+1:, k]; c[im+1:, k] = t
+            t = c[k+1:im, k].copy(); c[k+1:im, k] = c[im, k+1:im].T; c[im, k+1:im] = t.T
+        if ckk > ep*(k+1):
+            c[k, k] = ckk; c[k, k+1:] = 0
+            for i in range(k+1, n):
+                c[i, k] = c[i, k]/ckk; c[i, k+1:i+1] = c[i, k+1:i+1] - c[i, k]*c[k+1:i+1, k].T
+            if abs(dem) > ep:
+                y[k] = (np.exp(-am**2/2) - np.exp(-bm**2/2)) / (sqtp*dem)
+            else:
+                y[k] = (am + bm) / 2
+                if am < -10:
+                    y[k] = bm
+                elif bm > 10:
+                    y[k] = am
+            c[k, :k+1] /= ckk; ap[k] /= ckk; bp[k] /= ckk
+        else:
+            c[k:, k] = 0; y[k] = (ap[k] + bp[k])/2
+        pass
+    return c, ap, bp

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/fisher_exact_results_from_r.py

@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE!
+# This file was generated by the R script
+#     generate_fisher_exact_results_from_r.R
+# The script was run with R version 3.6.2 (2019-12-12) at 2020-11-09 06:16:09
+
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+import numpy as np
+
+
+Inf = np.inf
+
+Parameters = namedtuple('Parameters',
+                        ['table', 'confidence_level', 'alternative'])
+RResults = namedtuple('RResults',
+                      ['pvalue', 'conditional_odds_ratio',
+                       'conditional_odds_ratio_ci'])
+data = [
+    (Parameters(table=[[100, 2], [1000, 5]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1300759363430016,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.25055839934223,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.04035202926536294,
+                                         2.662846672960251))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[2, 7], [8, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.02301413756522116,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.0858623513573622,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.004668988338943325,
+                                         0.895792956493601))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [10, 10]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1973244147157191,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=4.725646047336587,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.4153910882532168,
+                                         259.2593661129417))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 15], [20, 20]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.09580440012477633,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.3394396617440851,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.08056337526385809,
+                                         1.22704788545557))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 16], [16, 25]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.2697004098849359,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.4937791394540491,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.1176691231650079,
+                                         1.787463657995973))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 1]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1973244147157192,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.2116112781158479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.003857141267422399,
+                                         2.407369893767229))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 0]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.06126482213438735,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.451643573543705))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 0], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.04761904761904762,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(1.024822256141754,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 5], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         39.00054996869288))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [0, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.04761904761904761,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(1.024822256141754,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 1], [3, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         39.00054996869287))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[200, 7], [8, 300]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=2.005657880389071e-122,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=977.7866978606228,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(349.2595113327733,
+                                         3630.382605689872))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[28, 21], [6, 1957]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=5.728437460831947e-44,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=425.2403028434684,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(152.4166024390096,
+                                         1425.700792178893))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[190, 800], [200, 900]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.574111858126088,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=1.068697577856801,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.8520462587912048,
+                                         1.340148950273938))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[100, 2], [1000, 5]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1300759363430016,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.25055839934223,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.02502345007115455,
+                                         6.304424772117853))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[2, 7], [8, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.02301413756522116,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.0858623513573622,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.001923034001462487,
+                                         1.53670836950172))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [10, 10]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1973244147157191,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=4.725646047336587,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.2397970951413721,
+                                         1291.342011095509))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 15], [20, 20]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.09580440012477633,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.3394396617440851,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.05127576113762925,
+                                         1.717176678806983))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 16], [16, 25]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.2697004098849359,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.4937791394540491,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.07498546954483619,
+                                         2.506969905199901))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 1]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1973244147157192,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.2116112781158479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.0007743881879531337,
+                                         4.170192301163831))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 0]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.06126482213438735,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         2.642491011905582))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 0], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.04761904761904762,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.496935393325443,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 5], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         198.019801980198))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [0, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.04761904761904761,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.496935393325443,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 1], [3, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         198.019801980198))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[200, 7], [8, 300]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=2.005657880389071e-122,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=977.7866978606228,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(270.0334165523604,
+                                         5461.333333326708))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[28, 21], [6, 1957]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=5.728437460831947e-44,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=425.2403028434684,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(116.7944750275836,
+                                         1931.995993191814))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[190, 800], [200, 900]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='two.sided'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.574111858126088,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=1.068697577856801,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.7949398282935892,
+                                         1.436229679394333))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[100, 2], [1000, 5]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1300759363430016,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.25055839934223,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.797867027270803))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[2, 7], [8, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.0185217259520665,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.0858623513573622,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         0.6785254803404526))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [10, 10]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9782608695652173,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=4.725646047336587,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         127.8497388102893))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 15], [20, 20]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.05625775074399956,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.3394396617440851,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.032332939718425))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 16], [16, 25]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1808979350599346,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.4937791394540491,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.502407513296985))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 1]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1652173913043479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.2116112781158479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.820421051562392))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 0]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.0565217391304348,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.06224603077045))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 0], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 5], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.5,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         19.00192394479939))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [0, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 1], [3, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.4999999999999999,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         19.00192394479939))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[200, 7], [8, 300]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=977.7866978606228,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         3045.460216525746))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[28, 21], [6, 1957]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=425.2403028434684,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1186.440170942579))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[190, 800], [200, 900]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.7416227010368963,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=1.068697577856801,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.293551891610822))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[100, 2], [1000, 5]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1300759363430016,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.25055839934223,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         4.375946050832565))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[2, 7], [8, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.0185217259520665,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.0858623513573622,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.235282118191202))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [10, 10]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9782608695652173,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=4.725646047336587,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         657.2063583945989))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 15], [20, 20]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.05625775074399956,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.3394396617440851,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.498867660683128))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 16], [16, 25]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1808979350599346,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.4937791394540491,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         2.186159386716762))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 1]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1652173913043479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.2116112781158479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         3.335351451901569))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 0]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.0565217391304348,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         2.075407697450433))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 0], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 5], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.5,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         99.00009507969122))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [0, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 1], [3, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.4999999999999999,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         99.00009507969123))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[200, 7], [8, 300]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=977.7866978606228,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         4503.078257659934))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[28, 21], [6, 1957]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=425.2403028434684,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1811.766127544222))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[190, 800], [200, 900]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='less'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.7416227010368963,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=1.068697577856801,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         1.396522811516685))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[100, 2], [1000, 5]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.979790445314723,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.25055839934223,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.05119649909830196,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[2, 7], [8, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9990149169715733,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.0858623513573622,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.007163749169069961,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [10, 10]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1652173913043478,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=4.725646047336587,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.5493234651081089,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 15], [20, 20]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9849086665340765,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.3394396617440851,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.1003538933958604,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 16], [16, 25]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9330176609214881,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.4937791394540491,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.146507416280863,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 1]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9782608695652174,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.2116112781158479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.007821681994077808,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 0]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 0], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.02380952380952382,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(1.487678929918272,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 5], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [0, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.0238095238095238,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(1.487678929918272,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 1], [3, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[200, 7], [8, 300]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=2.005657880388915e-122,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=977.7866978606228,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(397.784359748113,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[28, 21], [6, 1957]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=5.728437460831983e-44,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=425.2403028434684,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(174.7148056880929,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[190, 800], [200, 900]],
+                confidence_level=0.95,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.2959825901308897,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=1.068697577856801,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.8828406663967776,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[100, 2], [1000, 5]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.979790445314723,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.25055839934223,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.03045407081240429,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[2, 7], [8, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9990149169715733,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.0858623513573622,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.002768053063547901,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [10, 10]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.1652173913043478,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=4.725646047336587,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.2998184792279909,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 15], [20, 20]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9849086665340765,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.3394396617440851,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.06180414342643172,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 16], [16, 25]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9330176609214881,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.4937791394540491,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.09037094010066403,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 1]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.9782608695652174,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0.2116112781158479,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.001521592095430679,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[10, 5], [10, 0]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 0], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.02380952380952382,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.6661157890359722,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 5], [1, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[5, 1], [0, 4]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.0238095238095238,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=Inf,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.6661157890359725,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[0, 1], [3, 2]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=1,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=0,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[200, 7], [8, 300]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=2.005657880388915e-122,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=977.7866978606228,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(297.9619252357688,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[28, 21], [6, 1957]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=5.728437460831983e-44,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=425.2403028434684,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(130.3213490295859,
+                                         Inf))),
+    (Parameters(table=[[190, 800], [200, 900]],
+                confidence_level=0.99,
+                alternative='greater'),
+     RResults(pvalue=0.2959825901308897,
+              conditional_odds_ratio=1.068697577856801,
+              conditional_odds_ratio_ci=(0.8176272148267533,
+                                         Inf))),
+]

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/AtmWtAg.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   AtmWtAg   (AtmWtAg.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 108) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Powell, L.J., Murphy, T.J. and Gramlich, J.W. (1982).
+                "The Absolute Isotopic Abundance & Atomic Weight
+                of a Reference Sample of Silver".
+                NBS Journal of Research, 87, pp. 9-19.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                2 Treatments
+                24 Replicates/Cell
+                48 Observations
+                7 Constant Leading Digits
+                Average Level of Difficulty
+                Observed Data
+
+
+Model:          3 Parameters (mu, tau_1, tau_2)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares             F Statistic
+
+
+Between Instrument  1 3.63834187500000E-09 3.63834187500000E-09 1.59467335677930E+01
+Within Instrument  46 1.04951729166667E-08 2.28155932971014E-10
+
+                   Certified R-Squared 2.57426544538321E-01
+
+                   Certified Residual
+                   Standard Deviation  1.51048314446410E-05
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Instrument           AgWt
+           1            107.8681568
+           1            107.8681465
+           1            107.8681572
+           1            107.8681785
+           1            107.8681446
+           1            107.8681903
+           1            107.8681526
+           1            107.8681494
+           1            107.8681616
+           1            107.8681587
+           1            107.8681519
+           1            107.8681486
+           1            107.8681419
+           1            107.8681569
+           1            107.8681508
+           1            107.8681672
+           1            107.8681385
+           1            107.8681518
+           1            107.8681662
+           1            107.8681424
+           1            107.8681360
+           1            107.8681333
+           1            107.8681610
+           1            107.8681477
+           2            107.8681079
+           2            107.8681344
+           2            107.8681513
+           2            107.8681197
+           2            107.8681604
+           2            107.8681385
+           2            107.8681642
+           2            107.8681365
+           2            107.8681151
+           2            107.8681082
+           2            107.8681517
+           2            107.8681448
+           2            107.8681198
+           2            107.8681482
+           2            107.8681334
+           2            107.8681609
+           2            107.8681101
+           2            107.8681512
+           2            107.8681469
+           2            107.8681360
+           2            107.8681254
+           2            107.8681261
+           2            107.8681450
+           2            107.8681368

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/SiRstv.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   SiRstv     (SiRstv.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 85) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Ehrstein, James and Croarkin, M. Carroll.
+                Unpublished NIST dataset.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                5 Treatments
+                5  Replicates/Cell
+                25 Observations
+                3 Constant Leading Digits
+                Lower Level of Difficulty
+                Observed Data
+
+
+Model:          6 Parameters (mu,tau_1, ... , tau_5)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares             F Statistic
+
+Between Instrument  4 5.11462616000000E-02 1.27865654000000E-02 1.18046237440255E+00
+Within Instrument  20 2.16636560000000E-01 1.08318280000000E-02
+
+                   Certified R-Squared 1.90999039051129E-01
+
+                   Certified Residual
+                   Standard Deviation  1.04076068334656E-01
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Instrument   Resistance
+           1         196.3052
+           1         196.1240
+           1         196.1890
+           1         196.2569
+           1         196.3403
+           2         196.3042
+           2         196.3825
+           2         196.1669
+           2         196.3257
+           2         196.0422
+           3         196.1303
+           3         196.2005
+           3         196.2889
+           3         196.0343
+           3         196.1811
+           4         196.2795
+           4         196.1748
+           4         196.1494
+           4         196.1485
+           4         195.9885
+           5         196.2119
+           5         196.1051
+           5         196.1850
+           5         196.0052
+           5         196.2090

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/SmLs01.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   SmLs01   (SmLs01.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 249) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Simon, Stephen D. and Lesage, James P. (1989).
+                "Assessing the Accuracy of ANOVA Calculations in
+                Statistical Software".
+                Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 8, pp. 325-332.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                9 Treatments
+                21 Replicates/Cell
+                189 Observations
+                1 Constant Leading Digit
+                Lower Level of Difficulty
+                Generated Data
+
+
+Model:          10 Parameters (mu,tau_1, ... , tau_9)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares            F Statistic
+
+Between Treatment   8 1.68000000000000E+00 2.10000000000000E-01 2.10000000000000E+01
+Within Treatment  180 1.80000000000000E+00 1.00000000000000E-02
+
+                  Certified R-Squared 4.82758620689655E-01
+
+                  Certified Residual
+                  Standard Deviation  1.00000000000000E-01
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Treatment   Response
+           1         1.4
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           2         1.3
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           3         1.5
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           4         1.3
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           5         1.5
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           6         1.3
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           6         1.2
+           6         1.4
+           7         1.5
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           7         1.4
+           7         1.6
+           8         1.3
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           8         1.2
+           8         1.4
+           9         1.5
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/SmLs02.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,1869 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   SmLs02   (SmLs02.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 1869) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Simon, Stephen D. and Lesage, James P. (1989).
+                "Assessing the Accuracy of ANOVA Calculations in
+                Statistical Software".
+                Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 8, pp. 325-332.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                9 Treatments
+                201 Replicates/Cell
+                1809 Observations
+                1 Constant Leading Digit
+                Lower Level of Difficulty
+                Generated Data
+
+
+Model:          10 Parameters (mu,tau_1, ... , tau_9)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares             F Statistic
+
+Between Treatment    8 1.60800000000000E+01 2.01000000000000E+00 2.01000000000000E+02
+Within Treatment  1800 1.80000000000000E+01 1.00000000000000E-02
+
+                  Certified R-Squared 4.71830985915493E-01
+
+                  Certified Residual
+                  Standard Deviation  1.00000000000000E-01
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Treatment   Response
+           1         1.4
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           1         1.3
+           1         1.5
+           2         1.3
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           2         1.2
+           2         1.4
+           3         1.5
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           3         1.4
+           3         1.6
+           4         1.3
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           4         1.2
+           4         1.4
+           5         1.5
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
+           5         1.6
+           5         1.4
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+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6
+           9         1.4
+           9         1.6

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/SmLs04.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   SmLs04   (SmLs04.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 249) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Simon, Stephen D. and Lesage, James P. (1989).
+                "Assessing the Accuracy of ANOVA Calculations in
+                Statistical Software".
+                Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 8, pp. 325-332.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                9 Treatments
+                21 Replicates/Cell
+                189 Observations
+                7 Constant Leading Digits
+                Average Level of Difficulty
+                Generated Data
+
+
+Model:          10 Parameters (mu,tau_1, ... , tau_9)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares             F Statistic
+
+Between Treatment   8 1.68000000000000E+00 2.10000000000000E-01 2.10000000000000E+01
+Within Treatment  180 1.80000000000000E+00 1.00000000000000E-02
+
+                  Certified R-Squared 4.82758620689655E-01
+
+                  Certified Residual
+                  Standard Deviation  1.00000000000000E-01
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Treatment   Response
+           1       1000000.4
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           2       1000000.3
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           2       1000000.2
+           2       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.5
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
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+           3       1000000.6
+           3       1000000.4
+           3       1000000.6
+           4       1000000.3
+           4       1000000.2
+           4       1000000.4
+           4       1000000.2
+           4       1000000.4
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+           6       1000000.2
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+           7       1000000.5
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+           7       1000000.4
+           7       1000000.6
+           7       1000000.4
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+           7       1000000.6
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+           7       1000000.6
+           8       1000000.3
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
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+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           8       1000000.2
+           8       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.5
+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6
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+           9       1000000.6
+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6
+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6
+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6
+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6
+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6
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+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6
+           9       1000000.4
+           9       1000000.6

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/SmLs05.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,1869 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   SmLs05   (SmLs05.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 1869) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Simon, Stephen D. and Lesage, James P. (1989).
+                "Assessing the Accuracy of ANOVA Calculations in
+                Statistical Software".
+                Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 8, pp. 325-332.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                9 Treatments
+                201 Replicates/Cell
+                1809 Observations
+                7 Constant Leading Digits
+                Average Level of Difficulty
+                Generated Data
+
+
+Model:          10 Parameters (mu,tau_1, ... , tau_9)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares            F Statistic
+
+Between Treatment    8 1.60800000000000E+01 2.01000000000000E+00 2.01000000000000E+02
+Within Treatment  1800 1.80000000000000E+01 1.00000000000000E-02
+
+                  Certified R-Squared 4.71830985915493E-01
+
+                  Certified Residual
+                  Standard Deviation  1.00000000000000E-01
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Treatment   Response
+           1       1000000.4
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
+           1       1000000.3
+           1       1000000.5
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venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/SmLs07.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   SmLs07   (SmLs07.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 249) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Simon, Stephen D. and Lesage, James P. (1989).
+                "Assessing the Accuracy of ANOVA Calculations in
+                Statistical Software".
+                Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 8, pp. 325-332.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                9 Treatments
+                21 Replicates/Cell
+                189 Observations
+                13 Constant Leading Digits
+                Higher Level of Difficulty
+                Generated Data
+
+
+Model:          10 Parameters (mu,tau_1, ... , tau_9)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares            F Statistic
+
+Between Treatment   8 1.68000000000000E+00 2.10000000000000E-01 2.10000000000000E+01
+Within Treatment  180 1.80000000000000E+00 1.00000000000000E-02
+
+                  Certified R-Squared 4.82758620689655E-01
+
+                  Certified Residual
+                  Standard Deviation  1.00000000000000E-01
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Treatment   Response
+           1    1000000000000.4
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           2    1000000000000.3
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           2    1000000000000.2
+           2    1000000000000.4
+           3    1000000000000.5
+           3    1000000000000.4
+           3    1000000000000.6
+           3    1000000000000.4
+           3    1000000000000.6
+           3    1000000000000.4
+           3    1000000000000.6
+           3    1000000000000.4
+           3    1000000000000.6
+           3    1000000000000.4
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+           3    1000000000000.4
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+           3    1000000000000.4
+           3    1000000000000.6
+           4    1000000000000.3
+           4    1000000000000.2
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+           4    1000000000000.2
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+           5    1000000000000.4
+           5    1000000000000.6
+           6    1000000000000.3
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           6    1000000000000.2
+           6    1000000000000.4
+           7    1000000000000.5
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+           7    1000000000000.6
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+           8    1000000000000.3
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+           8    1000000000000.2
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+           9    1000000000000.5
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+           9    1000000000000.4
+           9    1000000000000.6
+           9    1000000000000.4
+           9    1000000000000.6
+           9    1000000000000.4
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+           9    1000000000000.4
+           9    1000000000000.6
+           9    1000000000000.4
+           9    1000000000000.6
+           9    1000000000000.4
+           9    1000000000000.6
+           9    1000000000000.4
+           9    1000000000000.6
+           9    1000000000000.4
+           9    1000000000000.6

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_anova/SmLs08.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,1869 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD 
+Dataset Name:   SmLs08   (SmLs08.dat)
+
+
+File Format:    ASCII
+                Certified Values   (lines 41 to 47)
+                Data               (lines 61 to 1869) 
+
+
+Procedure:      Analysis of Variance
+
+
+Reference:      Simon, Stephen D. and Lesage, James P. (1989).
+                "Assessing the Accuracy of ANOVA Calculations in
+                Statistical Software".
+                Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 8, pp. 325-332.
+
+
+Data:           1 Factor
+                9 Treatments
+                201 Replicates/Cell
+                1809 Observations
+                13 Constant Leading Digits
+                Higher Level of Difficulty
+                Generated Data
+
+
+Model:          10 Parameters (mu,tau_1, ... , tau_9)
+                y_{ij} = mu + tau_i + epsilon_{ij}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Certified Values:
+
+Source of                  Sums of               Mean               
+Variation          df      Squares              Squares              F Statistic
+
+Between Treatment    8 1.60800000000000E+01 2.01000000000000E+00 2.01000000000000E+02
+Within Treatment  1800 1.80000000000000E+01 1.00000000000000E-02
+
+                  Certified R-Squared 4.71830985915493E-01
+
+                  Certified Residual
+                  Standard Deviation  1.00000000000000E-01
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data:  Treatment   Response
+           1    1000000000000.4
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
+           1    1000000000000.3
+           1    1000000000000.5
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venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/nist_linregress/Norris.dat

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+NIST/ITL StRD
+Dataset Name:  Norris (Norris.dat)
+
+File Format:   ASCII
+               Certified Values  (lines 31 to 46)
+               Data              (lines 61 to 96)
+
+Procedure:     Linear Least Squares Regression
+
+Reference:     Norris, J., NIST.  
+               Calibration of Ozone Monitors.
+
+Data:          1 Response Variable (y)
+               1 Predictor Variable (x)
+               36 Observations
+               Lower Level of Difficulty
+               Observed Data
+
+Model:         Linear Class
+               2 Parameters (B0,B1)
+
+               y = B0 + B1*x + e
+
+
+
+               Certified Regression Statistics
+
+                                          Standard Deviation
+     Parameter          Estimate             of Estimate
+
+        B0        -0.262323073774029     0.232818234301152
+        B1         1.00211681802045      0.429796848199937E-03
+
+     Residual
+     Standard Deviation   0.884796396144373
+
+     R-Squared            0.999993745883712
+
+
+               Certified Analysis of Variance Table
+
+Source of Degrees of    Sums of             Mean  
+Variation  Freedom      Squares            Squares           F Statistic
+              
+Regression    1     4255954.13232369   4255954.13232369   5436385.54079785
+Residual     34     26.6173985294224   0.782864662630069
+
+                 
+                                          
+                                          
+                                                           
+
+                            
+                                   
+                                                       
+
+
+
+
+Data:       y          x
+           0.1        0.2
+         338.8      337.4
+         118.1      118.2
+         888.0      884.6
+           9.2       10.1
+         228.1      226.5
+         668.5      666.3
+         998.5      996.3
+         449.1      448.6
+         778.9      777.0
+         559.2      558.2
+           0.3        0.4
+           0.1        0.6
+         778.1      775.5
+         668.8      666.9
+         339.3      338.0
+         448.9      447.5
+          10.8       11.6
+         557.7      556.0
+         228.3      228.1
+         998.0      995.8
+         888.8      887.6
+         119.6      120.2
+           0.3        0.3
+           0.6        0.3
+         557.6      556.8
+         339.3      339.1
+         888.0      887.2
+         998.5      999.0
+         778.9      779.0
+          10.2       11.1
+         117.6      118.3
+         228.9      229.2
+         668.4      669.1
+         449.2      448.9
+           0.2        0.5
+                                   

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/data/studentized_range_mpmath_ref.json

@@ -0,0 +1,1499 @@
+{
+  "COMMENT": "!!!!!! THIS FILE WAS AUTOGENERATED BY RUNNING `python studentized_range_mpmath_ref.py` !!!!!!",
+  "moment_data": [
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "m": 0,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-09,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-09
+      },
+      "mp_result": 1.0
+    },
+    {
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+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-09,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-09
+      },
+      "mp_result": 1.8342745127927962
+    },
+    {
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+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-09,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-09
+      },
+      "mp_result": 4.567483357831711
+    },
+    {
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+        "m": 3,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-09,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-09
+      },
+      "mp_result": 14.412156886227011
+    },
+    {
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+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-09,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-09
+      },
+      "mp_result": 56.012250366720444
+    }
+  ],
+  "cdf_data": [
+    {
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+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 3,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
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+      },
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+    },
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+    {
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+    {
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+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.07185383302009114
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.050268901219386576
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 50,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.03321056847176124
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 20,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.04044172384981084
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 100,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.030571365659999617
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 120,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.030120779149073032
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 3,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.17501664247670937
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.22374394725370736
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 50,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.23246597521020534
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 20,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.23239043677504484
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 100,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.23057775622748988
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 120,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.23012666145240815
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 3,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.2073676639537027
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.3245990542431859
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 3,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.0033733228559870584
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 7.728665739003835e-05
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 20,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.38244500549096866
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 100,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.45434978340834464
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 50,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.43334135870667473
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 100,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 2.159522630228393e-09
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 4,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 120,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.45807877248528855
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 50,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 3.5303467191175695e-08
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
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+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 20,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 3.121281850105421e-06
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
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+        "k": 3,
+        "v": 120,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
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+      "mp_result": 1.1901591191700855e-09
+    },
+    {
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+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.0006784051704217357
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
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+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 3,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.011845582636101885
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 20,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 3.844183552674918e-05
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 100,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 3.215093171597309e-08
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 50,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 5.125792577534542e-07
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 10,
+        "v": 120,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 1.7759015355532446e-08
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 10,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.0017957646258393628
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 3,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.018534407764819284
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 20,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 0.00013316083413164858
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 50,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 2.082489228991225e-06
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 100,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 1.3444226792257012e-07
+    },
+    {
+      "src_case": {
+        "q": 10,
+        "k": 20,
+        "v": 120,
+        "expected_atol": 1e-11,
+        "expected_rtol": 1e-11
+      },
+      "mp_result": 7.446912854228521e-08
+    }
+  ]
+}

venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/scipy/stats/tests/test_axis_nan_policy.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1188 @@
+# Many scipy.stats functions support `axis` and `nan_policy` parameters.
+# When the two are combined, it can be tricky to get all the behavior just
+# right. This file contains a suite of common tests for scipy.stats functions
+# that support `axis` and `nan_policy` and additional tests for some associated
+# functions in stats._util.
+
+from itertools import product, combinations_with_replacement, permutations
+import re
+import pickle
+import pytest
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose, assert_equal, suppress_warnings
+from scipy import stats
+from scipy.stats import norm  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+from scipy.stats._axis_nan_policy import _masked_arrays_2_sentinel_arrays
+from scipy._lib._util import AxisError
+
+
+def unpack_ttest_result(res):
+    low, high = res.confidence_interval()
+    return (res.statistic, res.pvalue, res.df, res._standard_error,
+            res._estimate, low, high)
+
+
+def _get_ttest_ci(ttest):
+    # get a function that returns the CI bounds of provided `ttest`
+    def ttest_ci(*args, **kwargs):
+        res = ttest(*args, **kwargs)
+        return res.confidence_interval()
+    return ttest_ci
+
+
+axis_nan_policy_cases = [
+    # function, args, kwds, number of samples, number of outputs,
+    # ... paired, unpacker function
+    # args, kwds typically aren't needed; just showing that they work
+    (stats.kruskal, tuple(), dict(), 3, 2, False, None),  # 4 samples is slow
+    (stats.ranksums, ('less',), dict(), 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.mannwhitneyu, tuple(), {'method': 'asymptotic'}, 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.wilcoxon, ('pratt',), {'mode': 'auto'}, 2, 2, True,
+     lambda res: (res.statistic, res.pvalue)),
+    (stats.wilcoxon, tuple(), dict(), 1, 2, True,
+     lambda res: (res.statistic, res.pvalue)),
+    (stats.wilcoxon, tuple(), {'mode': 'approx'}, 1, 3, True,
+     lambda res: (res.statistic, res.pvalue, res.zstatistic)),
+    (stats.gmean, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.hmean, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.pmean, (1.42,), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.sem, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.iqr, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.kurtosis, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.skew, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.kstat, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.kstatvar, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.moment, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.moment, tuple(), dict(order=[1, 2]), 1, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.jarque_bera, tuple(), dict(), 1, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.ttest_1samp, (np.array([0]),), dict(), 1, 7, False,
+     unpack_ttest_result),
+    (stats.ttest_rel, tuple(), dict(), 2, 7, True, unpack_ttest_result),
+    (stats.ttest_ind, tuple(), dict(), 2, 7, False, unpack_ttest_result),
+    (_get_ttest_ci(stats.ttest_1samp), (0,), dict(), 1, 2, False, None),
+    (_get_ttest_ci(stats.ttest_rel), tuple(), dict(), 2, 2, True, None),
+    (_get_ttest_ci(stats.ttest_ind), tuple(), dict(), 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.mode, tuple(), dict(), 1, 2, True, lambda x: (x.mode, x.count)),
+    (stats.differential_entropy, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.variation, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.friedmanchisquare, tuple(), dict(), 3, 2, True, None),
+    (stats.brunnermunzel, tuple(), dict(), 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.mood, tuple(), {}, 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.shapiro, tuple(), {}, 1, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.ks_1samp, (norm().cdf,), dict(), 1, 4, False,
+     lambda res: (*res, res.statistic_location, res.statistic_sign)),
+    (stats.ks_2samp, tuple(), dict(), 2, 4, False,
+     lambda res: (*res, res.statistic_location, res.statistic_sign)),
+    (stats.kstest, (norm().cdf,), dict(), 1, 4, False,
+     lambda res: (*res, res.statistic_location, res.statistic_sign)),
+    (stats.kstest, tuple(), dict(), 2, 4, False,
+     lambda res: (*res, res.statistic_location, res.statistic_sign)),
+    (stats.levene, tuple(), {}, 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.fligner, tuple(), {'center': 'trimmed', 'proportiontocut': 0.01},
+     2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.ansari, tuple(), {}, 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.entropy, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.entropy, tuple(), dict(), 2, 1, True, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.skewtest, tuple(), dict(), 1, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.kurtosistest, tuple(), dict(), 1, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.normaltest, tuple(), dict(), 1, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.cramervonmises, ("norm",), dict(), 1, 2, False,
+     lambda res: (res.statistic, res.pvalue)),
+    (stats.cramervonmises_2samp, tuple(), dict(), 2, 2, False,
+     lambda res: (res.statistic, res.pvalue)),
+    (stats.epps_singleton_2samp, tuple(), dict(), 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.bartlett, tuple(), {}, 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.tmean, tuple(), {}, 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.tvar, tuple(), {}, 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.tmin, tuple(), {}, 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.tmax, tuple(), {}, 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.tstd, tuple(), {}, 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.tsem, tuple(), {}, 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.circmean, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.circvar, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.circstd, tuple(), dict(), 1, 1, False, lambda x: (x,)),
+    (stats.f_oneway, tuple(), {}, 2, 2, False, None),
+    (stats.alexandergovern, tuple(), {}, 2, 2, False,
+     lambda res: (res.statistic, res.pvalue)),
+    (stats.combine_pvalues, tuple(), {}, 1, 2, False, None),
+]
+
+# If the message is one of those expected, put nans in
+# appropriate places of `statistics` and `pvalues`
+too_small_messages = {"The input contains nan",  # for nan_policy="raise"
+                      "Degrees of freedom <= 0 for slice",
+                      "x and y should have at least 5 elements",
+                      "Data must be at least length 3",
+                      "The sample must contain at least two",
+                      "x and y must contain at least two",
+                      "division by zero",
+                      "Mean of empty slice",
+                      "Data passed to ks_2samp must not be empty",
+                      "Not enough test observations",
+                      "Not enough other observations",
+                      "Not enough observations.",
+                      "At least one observation is required",
+                      "zero-size array to reduction operation maximum",
+                      "`x` and `y` must be of nonzero size.",
+                      "The exact distribution of the Wilcoxon test",
+                      "Data input must not be empty",
+                      "Window length (0) must be positive and less",
+                      "Window length (1) must be positive and less",
+                      "Window length (2) must be positive and less",
+                      "skewtest is not valid with less than",
+                      "kurtosistest requires at least 5",
+                      "attempt to get argmax of an empty sequence",
+                      "No array values within given limits",
+                      "Input sample size must be greater than one.",}
+
+# If the message is one of these, results of the function may be inaccurate,
+# but NaNs are not to be placed
+inaccuracy_messages = {"Precision loss occurred in moment calculation",
+                       "Sample size too small for normal approximation."}
+
+# For some functions, nan_policy='propagate' should not just return NaNs
+override_propagate_funcs = {stats.mode}
+
+# For some functions, empty arrays produce non-NaN results
+empty_special_case_funcs = {stats.entropy}
+
+def _mixed_data_generator(n_samples, n_repetitions, axis, rng,
+                          paired=False):
+    # generate random samples to check the response of hypothesis tests to
+    # samples with different (but broadcastable) shapes and various
+    # nan patterns (e.g. all nans, some nans, no nans) along axis-slices
+
+    data = []
+    for i in range(n_samples):
+        n_patterns = 6  # number of distinct nan patterns
+        n_obs = 20 if paired else 20 + i  # observations per axis-slice
+        x = np.ones((n_repetitions, n_patterns, n_obs)) * np.nan
+
+        for j in range(n_repetitions):
+            samples = x[j, :, :]
+
+            # case 0: axis-slice with all nans (0 reals)
+            # cases 1-3: axis-slice with 1-3 reals (the rest nans)
+            # case 4: axis-slice with mostly (all but two) reals
+            # case 5: axis slice with all reals
+            for k, n_reals in enumerate([0, 1, 2, 3, n_obs-2, n_obs]):
+                # for cases 1-3, need paired nansw  to be in the same place
+                indices = rng.permutation(n_obs)[:n_reals]
+                samples[k, indices] = rng.random(size=n_reals)
+
+            # permute the axis-slices just to show that order doesn't matter
+            samples[:] = rng.permutation(samples, axis=0)
+
+        # For multi-sample tests, we want to test broadcasting and check
+        # that nan policy works correctly for each nan pattern for each input.
+        # This takes care of both simultaneously.
+        new_shape = [n_repetitions] + [1]*n_samples + [n_obs]
+        new_shape[1 + i] = 6
+        x = x.reshape(new_shape)
+
+        x = np.moveaxis(x, -1, axis)
+        data.append(x)
+    return data
+
+
+def _homogeneous_data_generator(n_samples, n_repetitions, axis, rng,
+                                paired=False, all_nans=True):
+    # generate random samples to check the response of hypothesis tests to
+    # samples with different (but broadcastable) shapes and homogeneous
+    # data (all nans or all finite)
+    data = []
+    for i in range(n_samples):
+        n_obs = 20 if paired else 20 + i  # observations per axis-slice
+        shape = [n_repetitions] + [1]*n_samples + [n_obs]
+        shape[1 + i] = 2
+        x = np.ones(shape) * np.nan if all_nans else rng.random(shape)
+        x = np.moveaxis(x, -1, axis)
+        data.append(x)
+    return data
+
+
+def nan_policy_1d(hypotest, data1d, unpacker, *args, n_outputs=2,
+                  nan_policy='raise', paired=False, _no_deco=True, **kwds):
+    # Reference implementation for how `nan_policy` should work for 1d samples
+
+    if nan_policy == 'raise':
+        for sample in data1d:
+            if np.any(np.isnan(sample)):
+                raise ValueError("The input contains nan values")
+
+    elif (nan_policy == 'propagate'
+          and hypotest not in override_propagate_funcs):
+        # For all hypothesis tests tested, returning nans is the right thing.
+        # But many hypothesis tests don't propagate correctly (e.g. they treat
+        # np.nan the same as np.inf, which doesn't make sense when ranks are
+        # involved) so override that behavior here.
+        for sample in data1d:
+            if np.any(np.isnan(sample)):
+                return np.full(n_outputs, np.nan)
+
+    elif nan_policy == 'omit':
+        # manually omit nans (or pairs in which at least one element is nan)
+        if not paired:
+            data1d = [sample[~np.isnan(sample)] for sample in data1d]
+        else:
+            nan_mask = np.isnan(data1d[0])
+            for sample in data1d[1:]:
+                nan_mask = np.logical_or(nan_mask, np.isnan(sample))
+            data1d = [sample[~nan_mask] for sample in data1d]
+
+    return unpacker(hypotest(*data1d, *args, _no_deco=_no_deco, **kwds))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::RuntimeWarning')
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::UserWarning')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("hypotest", "args", "kwds", "n_samples", "n_outputs",
+                          "paired", "unpacker"), axis_nan_policy_cases)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("nan_policy"), ("propagate", "omit", "raise"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("axis"), (1,))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("data_generator"), ("mixed",))
+def test_axis_nan_policy_fast(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples, n_outputs,
+                              paired, unpacker, nan_policy, axis,
+                              data_generator):
+    _axis_nan_policy_test(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples, n_outputs, paired,
+                          unpacker, nan_policy, axis, data_generator)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::RuntimeWarning')
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::UserWarning')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("hypotest", "args", "kwds", "n_samples", "n_outputs",
+                          "paired", "unpacker"), axis_nan_policy_cases)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("nan_policy"), ("propagate", "omit", "raise"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("axis"), range(-3, 3))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("data_generator"),
+                         ("all_nans", "all_finite", "mixed"))
+def test_axis_nan_policy_full(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples, n_outputs,
+                              paired, unpacker, nan_policy, axis,
+                              data_generator):
+    _axis_nan_policy_test(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples, n_outputs, paired,
+                          unpacker, nan_policy, axis, data_generator)
+
+
+def _axis_nan_policy_test(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples, n_outputs, paired,
+                          unpacker, nan_policy, axis, data_generator):
+    # Tests the 1D and vectorized behavior of hypothesis tests against a
+    # reference implementation (nan_policy_1d with np.ndenumerate)
+
+    # Some hypothesis tests return a non-iterable that needs an `unpacker` to
+    # extract the statistic and p-value. For those that don't:
+    if not unpacker:
+        def unpacker(res):
+            return res
+
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+
+    # Generate multi-dimensional test data with all important combinations
+    # of patterns of nans along `axis`
+    n_repetitions = 3  # number of repetitions of each pattern
+    data_gen_kwds = {'n_samples': n_samples, 'n_repetitions': n_repetitions,
+                     'axis': axis, 'rng': rng, 'paired': paired}
+    if data_generator == 'mixed':
+        inherent_size = 6  # number of distinct types of patterns
+        data = _mixed_data_generator(**data_gen_kwds)
+    elif data_generator == 'all_nans':
+        inherent_size = 2  # hard-coded in _homogeneous_data_generator
+        data_gen_kwds['all_nans'] = True
+        data = _homogeneous_data_generator(**data_gen_kwds)
+    elif data_generator == 'all_finite':
+        inherent_size = 2  # hard-coded in _homogeneous_data_generator
+        data_gen_kwds['all_nans'] = False
+        data = _homogeneous_data_generator(**data_gen_kwds)
+
+    output_shape = [n_repetitions] + [inherent_size]*n_samples
+
+    # To generate reference behavior to compare against, loop over the axis-
+    # slices in data. Make indexing easier by moving `axis` to the end and
+    # broadcasting all samples to the same shape.
+    data_b = [np.moveaxis(sample, axis, -1) for sample in data]
+    data_b = [np.broadcast_to(sample, output_shape + [sample.shape[-1]])
+              for sample in data_b]
+    statistics = np.zeros(output_shape)
+    pvalues = np.zeros(output_shape)
+
+    for i, _ in np.ndenumerate(statistics):
+        data1d = [sample[i] for sample in data_b]
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
+            try:
+                res1d = nan_policy_1d(hypotest, data1d, unpacker, *args,
+                                      n_outputs=n_outputs,
+                                      nan_policy=nan_policy,
+                                      paired=paired, _no_deco=True, **kwds)
+
+                # Eventually we'll check the results of a single, vectorized
+                # call of `hypotest` against the arrays `statistics` and
+                # `pvalues` populated using the reference `nan_policy_1d`.
+                # But while we're at it, check the results of a 1D call to
+                # `hypotest` against the reference `nan_policy_1d`.
+                res1db = unpacker(hypotest(*data1d, *args,
+                                           nan_policy=nan_policy, **kwds))
+                assert_equal(res1db[0], res1d[0])
+                if len(res1db) == 2:
+                    assert_equal(res1db[1], res1d[1])
+
+            # When there is not enough data in 1D samples, many existing
+            # hypothesis tests raise errors instead of returning nans .
+            # For vectorized calls, we put nans in the corresponding elements
+            # of the output.
+            except (RuntimeWarning, UserWarning, ValueError,
+                    ZeroDivisionError) as e:
+
+                # whatever it is, make sure same error is raised by both
+                # `nan_policy_1d` and `hypotest`
+                with pytest.raises(type(e), match=re.escape(str(e))):
+                    nan_policy_1d(hypotest, data1d, unpacker, *args,
+                                  n_outputs=n_outputs, nan_policy=nan_policy,
+                                  paired=paired, _no_deco=True, **kwds)
+                with pytest.raises(type(e), match=re.escape(str(e))):
+                    hypotest(*data1d, *args, nan_policy=nan_policy, **kwds)
+
+                if any([str(e).startswith(message)
+                        for message in too_small_messages]):
+                    res1d = np.full(n_outputs, np.nan)
+                elif any([str(e).startswith(message)
+                          for message in inaccuracy_messages]):
+                    with suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                        sup.filter(RuntimeWarning)
+                        sup.filter(UserWarning)
+                        res1d = nan_policy_1d(hypotest, data1d, unpacker,
+                                              *args, n_outputs=n_outputs,
+                                              nan_policy=nan_policy,
+                                              paired=paired, _no_deco=True,
+                                              **kwds)
+                else:
+                    raise e
+        statistics[i] = res1d[0]
+        if len(res1d) == 2:
+            pvalues[i] = res1d[1]
+
+    # Perform a vectorized call to the hypothesis test.
+    # If `nan_policy == 'raise'`, check that it raises the appropriate error.
+    # If not, compare against the output against `statistics` and `pvalues`
+    if nan_policy == 'raise' and not data_generator == "all_finite":
+        message = 'The input contains nan values'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            hypotest(*data, axis=axis, nan_policy=nan_policy, *args, **kwds)
+
+    else:
+        with suppress_warnings() as sup, \
+             np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
+            sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "Precision loss occurred in moment")
+            sup.filter(UserWarning, "Sample size too small for normal "
+                                    "approximation.")
+            res = unpacker(hypotest(*data, axis=axis, nan_policy=nan_policy,
+                                    *args, **kwds))
+        assert_allclose(res[0], statistics, rtol=1e-15)
+        assert_equal(res[0].dtype, statistics.dtype)
+
+        if len(res) == 2:
+            assert_allclose(res[1], pvalues, rtol=1e-15)
+            assert_equal(res[1].dtype, pvalues.dtype)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::RuntimeWarning')
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("hypotest", "args", "kwds", "n_samples", "n_outputs",
+                          "paired", "unpacker"), axis_nan_policy_cases)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("nan_policy"), ("propagate", "omit", "raise"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("data_generator"),
+                         ("all_nans", "all_finite", "mixed", "empty"))
+def test_axis_nan_policy_axis_is_None(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples,
+                                      n_outputs, paired, unpacker, nan_policy,
+                                      data_generator):
+    # check for correct behavior when `axis=None`
+
+    if not unpacker:
+        def unpacker(res):
+            return res
+
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+
+    if data_generator == "empty":
+        data = [rng.random((2, 0)) for i in range(n_samples)]
+    else:
+        data = [rng.random((2, 20)) for i in range(n_samples)]
+
+    if data_generator == "mixed":
+        masks = [rng.random((2, 20)) > 0.9 for i in range(n_samples)]
+        for sample, mask in zip(data, masks):
+            sample[mask] = np.nan
+    elif data_generator == "all_nans":
+        data = [sample * np.nan for sample in data]
+
+    data_raveled = [sample.ravel() for sample in data]
+
+    if nan_policy == 'raise' and data_generator not in {"all_finite", "empty"}:
+        message = 'The input contains nan values'
+
+        # check for correct behavior whether or not data is 1d to begin with
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            hypotest(*data, axis=None, nan_policy=nan_policy,
+                     *args, **kwds)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            hypotest(*data_raveled, axis=None, nan_policy=nan_policy,
+                     *args, **kwds)
+
+    else:
+        # behavior of reference implementation with 1d input, hypotest with 1d
+        # input, and hypotest with Nd input should match, whether that means
+        # that outputs are equal or they raise the same exception
+
+        ea_str, eb_str, ec_str = None, None, None
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
+            try:
+                res1da = nan_policy_1d(hypotest, data_raveled, unpacker, *args,
+                                       n_outputs=n_outputs,
+                                       nan_policy=nan_policy, paired=paired,
+                                       _no_deco=True, **kwds)
+            except (RuntimeWarning, ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as ea:
+                ea_str = str(ea)
+
+            try:
+                res1db = unpacker(hypotest(*data_raveled, *args,
+                                           nan_policy=nan_policy, **kwds))
+            except (RuntimeWarning, ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as eb:
+                eb_str = str(eb)
+
+            try:
+                res1dc = unpacker(hypotest(*data, *args, axis=None,
+                                           nan_policy=nan_policy, **kwds))
+            except (RuntimeWarning, ValueError, ZeroDivisionError) as ec:
+                ec_str = str(ec)
+
+            if ea_str or eb_str or ec_str:
+                assert any([str(ea_str).startswith(message)
+                            for message in too_small_messages])
+                assert ea_str == eb_str == ec_str
+            else:
+                assert_equal(res1db, res1da)
+                assert_equal(res1dc, res1da)
+                for item in list(res1da) + list(res1db) + list(res1dc):
+                    # Most functions naturally return NumPy numbers, which
+                    # are drop-in replacements for the Python versions but with
+                    # desirable attributes. Make sure this is consistent.
+                    assert np.issubdtype(item.dtype, np.number)
+
+# Test keepdims for:
+#     - single-output and multi-output functions (gmean and mannwhitneyu)
+#     - Axis negative, positive, None, and tuple
+#     - 1D with no NaNs
+#     - 1D with NaN propagation
+#     - Zero-sized output
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("nan_policy", ("omit", "propagate"))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("hypotest", "args", "kwds", "n_samples", "unpacker"),
+    ((stats.gmean, tuple(), dict(), 1, lambda x: (x,)),
+     (stats.mannwhitneyu, tuple(), {'method': 'asymptotic'}, 2, None))
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("sample_shape", "axis_cases"),
+    (((2, 3, 3, 4), (None, 0, -1, (0, 2), (1, -1), (3, 1, 2, 0))),
+     ((10, ), (0, -1)),
+     ((20, 0), (0, 1)))
+)
+def test_keepdims(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples, unpacker,
+                  sample_shape, axis_cases, nan_policy):
+    # test if keepdims parameter works correctly
+    if not unpacker:
+        def unpacker(res):
+            return res
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    data = [rng.random(sample_shape) for _ in range(n_samples)]
+    nan_data = [sample.copy() for sample in data]
+    nan_mask = [rng.random(sample_shape) < 0.2 for _ in range(n_samples)]
+    for sample, mask in zip(nan_data, nan_mask):
+        sample[mask] = np.nan
+    for axis in axis_cases:
+        expected_shape = list(sample_shape)
+        if axis is None:
+            expected_shape = np.ones(len(sample_shape))
+        else:
+            if isinstance(axis, int):
+                expected_shape[axis] = 1
+            else:
+                for ax in axis:
+                    expected_shape[ax] = 1
+        expected_shape = tuple(expected_shape)
+        res = unpacker(hypotest(*data, *args, axis=axis, keepdims=True,
+                                **kwds))
+        res_base = unpacker(hypotest(*data, *args, axis=axis, keepdims=False,
+                                     **kwds))
+        nan_res = unpacker(hypotest(*nan_data, *args, axis=axis,
+                                    keepdims=True, nan_policy=nan_policy,
+                                    **kwds))
+        nan_res_base = unpacker(hypotest(*nan_data, *args, axis=axis,
+                                         keepdims=False,
+                                         nan_policy=nan_policy, **kwds))
+        for r, r_base, rn, rn_base in zip(res, res_base, nan_res,
+                                          nan_res_base):
+            assert r.shape == expected_shape
+            r = np.squeeze(r, axis=axis)
+            assert_equal(r, r_base)
+            assert rn.shape == expected_shape
+            rn = np.squeeze(rn, axis=axis)
+            assert_equal(rn, rn_base)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("fun", "nsamp"),
+                         [(stats.kstat, 1),
+                          (stats.kstatvar, 1)])
+def test_hypotest_back_compat_no_axis(fun, nsamp):
+    m, n = 8, 9
+
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    x = rng.random((nsamp, m, n))
+    res = fun(*x)
+    res2 = fun(*x, _no_deco=True)
+    res3 = fun([xi.ravel() for xi in x])
+    assert_equal(res, res2)
+    assert_equal(res, res3)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("axis"), (0, 1, 2))
+def test_axis_nan_policy_decorated_positional_axis(axis):
+    # Test for correct behavior of function decorated with
+    # _axis_nan_policy_decorator whether `axis` is provided as positional or
+    # keyword argument
+
+    shape = (8, 9, 10)
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    x = rng.random(shape)
+    y = rng.random(shape)
+    res1 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, True, 'two-sided', axis)
+    res2 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, True, 'two-sided', axis=axis)
+    assert_equal(res1, res2)
+
+    message = "mannwhitneyu() got multiple values for argument 'axis'"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=re.escape(message)):
+        stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, True, 'two-sided', axis, axis=axis)
+
+
+def test_axis_nan_policy_decorated_positional_args():
+    # Test for correct behavior of function decorated with
+    # _axis_nan_policy_decorator when function accepts *args
+
+    shape = (3, 8, 9, 10)
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    x = rng.random(shape)
+    x[0, 0, 0, 0] = np.nan
+    stats.kruskal(*x)
+
+    message = "kruskal() got an unexpected keyword argument 'samples'"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=re.escape(message)):
+        stats.kruskal(samples=x)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=re.escape(message)):
+        stats.kruskal(*x, samples=x)
+
+
+def test_axis_nan_policy_decorated_keyword_samples():
+    # Test for correct behavior of function decorated with
+    # _axis_nan_policy_decorator whether samples are provided as positional or
+    # keyword arguments
+
+    shape = (2, 8, 9, 10)
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    x = rng.random(shape)
+    x[0, 0, 0, 0] = np.nan
+    res1 = stats.mannwhitneyu(*x)
+    res2 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x=x[0], y=x[1])
+    assert_equal(res1, res2)
+
+    message = "mannwhitneyu() got multiple values for argument"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=re.escape(message)):
+        stats.mannwhitneyu(*x, x=x[0], y=x[1])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("hypotest", "args", "kwds", "n_samples", "n_outputs",
+                          "paired", "unpacker"), axis_nan_policy_cases)
+def test_axis_nan_policy_decorated_pickled(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples,
+                                           n_outputs, paired, unpacker):
+    if "ttest_ci" in hypotest.__name__:
+        pytest.skip("Can't pickle functions defined within functions.")
+
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+
+    # Some hypothesis tests return a non-iterable that needs an `unpacker` to
+    # extract the statistic and p-value. For those that don't:
+    if not unpacker:
+        def unpacker(res):
+            return res
+
+    data = rng.uniform(size=(n_samples, 2, 30))
+    pickled_hypotest = pickle.dumps(hypotest)
+    unpickled_hypotest = pickle.loads(pickled_hypotest)
+    res1 = unpacker(hypotest(*data, *args, axis=-1, **kwds))
+    res2 = unpacker(unpickled_hypotest(*data, *args, axis=-1, **kwds))
+    assert_allclose(res1, res2, rtol=1e-12)
+
+
+def test_check_empty_inputs():
+    # Test that _check_empty_inputs is doing its job, at least for single-
+    # sample inputs. (Multi-sample functionality is tested below.)
+    # If the input sample is not empty, it should return None.
+    # If the input sample is empty, it should return an array of NaNs or an
+    # empty array of appropriate shape. np.mean is used as a reference for the
+    # output because, like the statistics calculated by these functions,
+    # it works along and "consumes" `axis` but preserves the other axes.
+    for i in range(5):
+        for combo in combinations_with_replacement([0, 1, 2], i):
+            for axis in range(len(combo)):
+                samples = (np.zeros(combo),)
+                output = stats._axis_nan_policy._check_empty_inputs(samples,
+                                                                    axis)
+                if output is not None:
+                    with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                        sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "Mean of empty slice.")
+                        sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered")
+                        reference = samples[0].mean(axis=axis)
+                    np.testing.assert_equal(output, reference)
+
+
+def _check_arrays_broadcastable(arrays, axis):
+    # https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/basics.broadcasting.html
+    # "When operating on two arrays, NumPy compares their shapes element-wise.
+    # It starts with the trailing (i.e. rightmost) dimensions and works its
+    # way left.
+    # Two dimensions are compatible when
+    # 1. they are equal, or
+    # 2. one of them is 1
+    # ...
+    # Arrays do not need to have the same number of dimensions."
+    # (Clarification: if the arrays are compatible according to the criteria
+    #  above and an array runs out of dimensions, it is still compatible.)
+    # Below, we follow the rules above except ignoring `axis`
+
+    n_dims = max([arr.ndim for arr in arrays])
+    if axis is not None:
+        # convert to negative axis
+        axis = (-n_dims + axis) if axis >= 0 else axis
+
+    for dim in range(1, n_dims+1):  # we'll index from -1 to -n_dims, inclusive
+        if -dim == axis:
+            continue  # ignore lengths along `axis`
+
+        dim_lengths = set()
+        for arr in arrays:
+            if dim <= arr.ndim and arr.shape[-dim] != 1:
+                dim_lengths.add(arr.shape[-dim])
+
+        if len(dim_lengths) > 1:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("hypotest", "args", "kwds", "n_samples", "n_outputs",
+                          "paired", "unpacker"), axis_nan_policy_cases)
+def test_empty(hypotest, args, kwds, n_samples, n_outputs, paired, unpacker):
+    # test for correct output shape when at least one input is empty
+
+    if hypotest in override_propagate_funcs:
+        reason = "Doesn't follow the usual pattern. Tested separately."
+        pytest.skip(reason=reason)
+
+    if unpacker is None:
+        unpacker = lambda res: (res[0], res[1])  # noqa: E731
+
+    def small_data_generator(n_samples, n_dims):
+
+        def small_sample_generator(n_dims):
+            # return all possible "small" arrays in up to n_dim dimensions
+            for i in n_dims:
+                # "small" means with size along dimension either 0 or 1
+                for combo in combinations_with_replacement([0, 1, 2], i):
+                    yield np.zeros(combo)
+
+        # yield all possible combinations of small samples
+        gens = [small_sample_generator(n_dims) for i in range(n_samples)]
+        yield from product(*gens)
+
+    n_dims = [2, 3]
+    for samples in small_data_generator(n_samples, n_dims):
+
+        # this test is only for arrays of zero size
+        if not any(sample.size == 0 for sample in samples):
+            continue
+
+        max_axis = max(sample.ndim for sample in samples)
+
+        # need to test for all valid values of `axis` parameter, too
+        for axis in range(-max_axis, max_axis):
+
+            try:
+                # After broadcasting, all arrays are the same shape, so
+                # the shape of the output should be the same as a single-
+                # sample statistic. Use np.mean as a reference.
+                concat = stats._stats_py._broadcast_concatenate(samples, axis)
+                with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                    sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "Mean of empty slice.")
+                    sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered")
+                    expected = np.mean(concat, axis=axis) * np.nan
+
+                if hypotest in empty_special_case_funcs:
+                    empty_val = hypotest(*([[]]*len(samples)), *args, **kwds)
+                    mask = np.isnan(expected)
+                    expected[mask] = empty_val
+
+                with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
+                    # generated by f_oneway for too_small inputs
+                    sup.filter(stats.DegenerateDataWarning)
+                    res = hypotest(*samples, *args, axis=axis, **kwds)
+                res = unpacker(res)
+
+                for i in range(n_outputs):
+                    assert_equal(res[i], expected)
+
+            except ValueError:
+                # confirm that the arrays truly are not broadcastable
+                assert not _check_arrays_broadcastable(samples,
+                                                       None if paired else axis)
+
+                # confirm that _both_ `_broadcast_concatenate` and `hypotest`
+                # produce this information.
+                message = "Array shapes are incompatible for broadcasting."
+                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+                    stats._stats_py._broadcast_concatenate(samples, axis, paired)
+                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+                    hypotest(*samples, *args, axis=axis, **kwds)
+
+
+def test_masked_array_2_sentinel_array():
+    # prepare arrays
+    np.random.seed(0)
+    A = np.random.rand(10, 11, 12)
+    B = np.random.rand(12)
+    mask = A < 0.5
+    A = np.ma.masked_array(A, mask)
+
+    # set arbitrary elements to special values
+    # (these values might have been considered for use as sentinel values)
+    max_float = np.finfo(np.float64).max
+    max_float2 = np.nextafter(max_float, -np.inf)
+    max_float3 = np.nextafter(max_float2, -np.inf)
+    A[3, 4, 1] = np.nan
+    A[4, 5, 2] = np.inf
+    A[5, 6, 3] = max_float
+    B[8] = np.nan
+    B[7] = np.inf
+    B[6] = max_float2
+
+    # convert masked A to array with sentinel value, don't modify B
+    out_arrays, sentinel = _masked_arrays_2_sentinel_arrays([A, B])
+    A_out, B_out = out_arrays
+
+    # check that good sentinel value was chosen (according to intended logic)
+    assert (sentinel != max_float) and (sentinel != max_float2)
+    assert sentinel == max_float3
+
+    # check that output arrays are as intended
+    A_reference = A.data
+    A_reference[A.mask] = sentinel
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(A_out, A_reference)
+    assert B_out is B
+
+
+def test_masked_dtype():
+    # When _masked_arrays_2_sentinel_arrays was first added, it always
+    # upcast the arrays to np.float64. After gh16662, check expected promotion
+    # and that the expected sentinel is found.
+
+    # these are important because the max of the promoted dtype is the first
+    # candidate to be the sentinel value
+    max16 = np.iinfo(np.int16).max
+    max128c = np.finfo(np.complex128).max
+
+    # a is a regular array, b has masked elements, and c has no masked elements
+    a = np.array([1, 2, max16], dtype=np.int16)
+    b = np.ma.array([1, 2, 1], dtype=np.int8, mask=[0, 1, 0])
+    c = np.ma.array([1, 2, 1], dtype=np.complex128, mask=[0, 0, 0])
+
+    # check integer masked -> sentinel conversion
+    out_arrays, sentinel = _masked_arrays_2_sentinel_arrays([a, b])
+    a_out, b_out = out_arrays
+    assert sentinel == max16-1  # not max16 because max16 was in the data
+    assert b_out.dtype == np.int16  # check expected promotion
+    assert_allclose(b_out, [b[0], sentinel, b[-1]])  # check sentinel placement
+    assert a_out is a  # not a masked array, so left untouched
+    assert not isinstance(b_out, np.ma.MaskedArray)  # b became regular array
+
+    # similarly with complex
+    out_arrays, sentinel = _masked_arrays_2_sentinel_arrays([b, c])
+    b_out, c_out = out_arrays
+    assert sentinel == max128c  # max128c was not in the data
+    assert b_out.dtype == np.complex128  # b got promoted
+    assert_allclose(b_out, [b[0], sentinel, b[-1]])  # check sentinel placement
+    assert not isinstance(b_out, np.ma.MaskedArray)  # b became regular array
+    assert not isinstance(c_out, np.ma.MaskedArray)  # c became regular array
+
+    # Also, check edge case when a sentinel value cannot be found in the data
+    min8, max8 = np.iinfo(np.int8).min, np.iinfo(np.int8).max
+    a = np.arange(min8, max8+1, dtype=np.int8)  # use all possible values
+    mask1 = np.zeros_like(a, dtype=bool)
+    mask0 = np.zeros_like(a, dtype=bool)
+
+    # a masked value can be used as the sentinel
+    mask1[1] = True
+    a1 = np.ma.array(a, mask=mask1)
+    out_arrays, sentinel = _masked_arrays_2_sentinel_arrays([a1])
+    assert sentinel == min8+1
+
+    # unless it's the smallest possible; skipped for simiplicity (see code)
+    mask0[0] = True
+    a0 = np.ma.array(a, mask=mask0)
+    message = "This function replaces masked elements with sentinel..."
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+        _masked_arrays_2_sentinel_arrays([a0])
+
+    # test that dtype is preserved in functions
+    a = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=[0, 1, 0], dtype=np.float32)
+    assert stats.gmean(a).dtype == np.float32
+
+
+def test_masked_stat_1d():
+    # basic test of _axis_nan_policy_factory with 1D masked sample
+    males = [19, 22, 16, 29, 24]
+    females = [20, 11, 17, 12]
+    res = stats.mannwhitneyu(males, females)
+
+    # same result when extra nan is omitted
+    females2 = [20, 11, 17, np.nan, 12]
+    res2 = stats.mannwhitneyu(males, females2, nan_policy='omit')
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res2, res)
+
+    # same result when extra element is masked
+    females3 = [20, 11, 17, 1000, 12]
+    mask3 = [False, False, False, True, False]
+    females3 = np.ma.masked_array(females3, mask=mask3)
+    res3 = stats.mannwhitneyu(males, females3)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res3, res)
+
+    # same result when extra nan is omitted and additional element is masked
+    females4 = [20, 11, 17, np.nan, 1000, 12]
+    mask4 = [False, False, False, False, True, False]
+    females4 = np.ma.masked_array(females4, mask=mask4)
+    res4 = stats.mannwhitneyu(males, females4, nan_policy='omit')
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res4, res)
+
+    # same result when extra elements, including nan, are masked
+    females5 = [20, 11, 17, np.nan, 1000, 12]
+    mask5 = [False, False, False, True, True, False]
+    females5 = np.ma.masked_array(females5, mask=mask5)
+    res5 = stats.mannwhitneyu(males, females5, nan_policy='propagate')
+    res6 = stats.mannwhitneyu(males, females5, nan_policy='raise')
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res5, res)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res6, res)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("axis"), range(-3, 3))
+def test_masked_stat_3d(axis):
+    # basic test of _axis_nan_policy_factory with 3D masked sample
+    np.random.seed(0)
+    a = np.random.rand(3, 4, 5)
+    b = np.random.rand(4, 5)
+    c = np.random.rand(4, 1)
+
+    mask_a = a < 0.1
+    mask_c = [False, False, False, True]
+    a_masked = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=mask_a)
+    c_masked = np.ma.masked_array(c, mask=mask_c)
+
+    a_nans = a.copy()
+    a_nans[mask_a] = np.nan
+    c_nans = c.copy()
+    c_nans[mask_c] = np.nan
+
+    res = stats.kruskal(a_nans, b, c_nans, nan_policy='omit', axis=axis)
+    res2 = stats.kruskal(a_masked, b, c_masked, axis=axis)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, res2)
+
+
+def test_mixed_mask_nan_1():
+    # targeted test of _axis_nan_policy_factory with 2D masked sample:
+    # omitting samples with masks and nan_policy='omit' are equivalent
+    # also checks paired-sample sentinel value removal
+    m, n = 3, 20
+    axis = -1
+
+    np.random.seed(0)
+    a = np.random.rand(m, n)
+    b = np.random.rand(m, n)
+    mask_a1 = np.random.rand(m, n) < 0.2
+    mask_a2 = np.random.rand(m, n) < 0.1
+    mask_b1 = np.random.rand(m, n) < 0.15
+    mask_b2 = np.random.rand(m, n) < 0.15
+    mask_a1[2, :] = True
+
+    a_nans = a.copy()
+    b_nans = b.copy()
+    a_nans[mask_a1 | mask_a2] = np.nan
+    b_nans[mask_b1 | mask_b2] = np.nan
+
+    a_masked1 = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=mask_a1)
+    b_masked1 = np.ma.masked_array(b, mask=mask_b1)
+    a_masked1[mask_a2] = np.nan
+    b_masked1[mask_b2] = np.nan
+
+    a_masked2 = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=mask_a2)
+    b_masked2 = np.ma.masked_array(b, mask=mask_b2)
+    a_masked2[mask_a1] = np.nan
+    b_masked2[mask_b1] = np.nan
+
+    a_masked3 = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=(mask_a1 | mask_a2))
+    b_masked3 = np.ma.masked_array(b, mask=(mask_b1 | mask_b2))
+
+    res = stats.wilcoxon(a_nans, b_nans, nan_policy='omit', axis=axis)
+    res1 = stats.wilcoxon(a_masked1, b_masked1, nan_policy='omit', axis=axis)
+    res2 = stats.wilcoxon(a_masked2, b_masked2, nan_policy='omit', axis=axis)
+    res3 = stats.wilcoxon(a_masked3, b_masked3, nan_policy='raise', axis=axis)
+    res4 = stats.wilcoxon(a_masked3, b_masked3,
+                          nan_policy='propagate', axis=axis)
+
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res1, res)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res2, res)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res3, res)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res4, res)
+
+
+def test_mixed_mask_nan_2():
+    # targeted test of _axis_nan_policy_factory with 2D masked sample:
+    # check for expected interaction between masks and nans
+
+    # Cases here are
+    # [mixed nan/mask, all nans, all masked,
+    # unmasked nan, masked nan, unmasked non-nan]
+    a = [[1, np.nan, 2], [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan], [1, 2, 3],
+         [1, np.nan, 3], [1, np.nan, 3], [1, 2, 3]]
+    mask = [[1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1],
+            [0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
+    a_masked = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=mask)
+    b = [[4, 5, 6]]
+    ref1 = stats.ranksums([1, 3], [4, 5, 6])
+    ref2 = stats.ranksums([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
+
+    # nan_policy = 'omit'
+    # all elements are removed from first three rows
+    # middle element is removed from fourth and fifth rows
+    # no elements removed from last row
+    res = stats.ranksums(a_masked, b, nan_policy='omit', axis=-1)
+    stat_ref = [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan,
+                ref1.statistic, ref1.statistic, ref2.statistic]
+    p_ref = [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan,
+             ref1.pvalue, ref1.pvalue, ref2.pvalue]
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res.statistic, stat_ref)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res.pvalue, p_ref)
+
+    # nan_policy = 'propagate'
+    # nans propagate in first, second, and fourth row
+    # all elements are removed by mask from third row
+    # middle element is removed from fifth row
+    # no elements removed from last row
+    res = stats.ranksums(a_masked, b, nan_policy='propagate', axis=-1)
+    stat_ref = [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan,
+                np.nan, ref1.statistic, ref2.statistic]
+    p_ref = [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan,
+             np.nan, ref1.pvalue, ref2.pvalue]
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res.statistic, stat_ref)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res.pvalue, p_ref)
+
+
+def test_axis_None_vs_tuple():
+    # `axis` `None` should be equivalent to tuple with all axes
+    shape = (3, 8, 9, 10)
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    x = rng.random(shape)
+    res = stats.kruskal(*x, axis=None)
+    res2 = stats.kruskal(*x, axis=(0, 1, 2))
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, res2)
+
+
+def test_axis_None_vs_tuple_with_broadcasting():
+    # `axis` `None` should be equivalent to tuple with all axes,
+    # which should be equivalent to raveling the arrays before passing them
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    x = rng.random((5, 1))
+    y = rng.random((1, 5))
+    x2, y2 = np.broadcast_arrays(x, y)
+
+    res0 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x.ravel(), y.ravel())
+    res1 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, axis=None)
+    res2 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, axis=(0, 1))
+    res3 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x2.ravel(), y2.ravel())
+
+    assert res1 == res0
+    assert res2 == res0
+    assert res3 != res0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(("axis"),
+                         list(permutations(range(-3, 3), 2)) + [(-4, 1)])
+def test_other_axis_tuples(axis):
+    # Check that _axis_nan_policy_factory treats all `axis` tuples as expected
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    shape_x = (4, 5, 6)
+    shape_y = (1, 6)
+    x = rng.random(shape_x)
+    y = rng.random(shape_y)
+    axis_original = axis
+
+    # convert axis elements to positive
+    axis = tuple([(i if i >= 0 else 3 + i) for i in axis])
+    axis = sorted(axis)
+
+    if len(set(axis)) != len(axis):
+        message = "`axis` must contain only distinct elements"
+        with pytest.raises(AxisError, match=re.escape(message)):
+            stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, axis=axis_original)
+        return
+
+    if axis[0] < 0 or axis[-1] > 2:
+        message = "`axis` is out of bounds for array of dimension 3"
+        with pytest.raises(AxisError, match=re.escape(message)):
+            stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, axis=axis_original)
+        return
+
+    res = stats.mannwhitneyu(x, y, axis=axis_original)
+
+    # reference behavior
+    not_axis = {0, 1, 2} - set(axis)  # which axis is not part of `axis`
+    not_axis = next(iter(not_axis))  # take it out of the set
+
+    x2 = x
+    shape_y_broadcasted = [1, 1, 6]
+    shape_y_broadcasted[not_axis] = shape_x[not_axis]
+    y2 = np.broadcast_to(y, shape_y_broadcasted)
+
+    m = x2.shape[not_axis]
+    x2 = np.moveaxis(x2, axis, (1, 2))
+    y2 = np.moveaxis(y2, axis, (1, 2))
+    x2 = np.reshape(x2, (m, -1))
+    y2 = np.reshape(y2, (m, -1))
+    res2 = stats.mannwhitneyu(x2, y2, axis=1)
+
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res, res2)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("weighted_fun_name, unpacker"),
+    [
+        ("gmean", lambda x: x),
+        ("hmean", lambda x: x),
+        ("pmean", lambda x: x),
+        ("combine_pvalues", lambda x: (x.pvalue, x.statistic)),
+    ],
+)
+def test_mean_mixed_mask_nan_weights(weighted_fun_name, unpacker):
+    # targeted test of _axis_nan_policy_factory with 2D masked sample:
+    # omitting samples with masks and nan_policy='omit' are equivalent
+    # also checks paired-sample sentinel value removal
+
+    if weighted_fun_name == 'pmean':
+        def weighted_fun(a, **kwargs):
+            return stats.pmean(a, p=0.42, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        weighted_fun = getattr(stats, weighted_fun_name)
+        
+    def func(*args, **kwargs):
+        return unpacker(weighted_fun(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    m, n = 3, 20
+    axis = -1
+
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(6541968121)
+    a = rng.uniform(size=(m, n))
+    b = rng.uniform(size=(m, n))
+    mask_a1 = rng.uniform(size=(m, n)) < 0.2
+    mask_a2 = rng.uniform(size=(m, n)) < 0.1
+    mask_b1 = rng.uniform(size=(m, n)) < 0.15
+    mask_b2 = rng.uniform(size=(m, n)) < 0.15
+    mask_a1[2, :] = True
+
+    a_nans = a.copy()
+    b_nans = b.copy()
+    a_nans[mask_a1 | mask_a2] = np.nan
+    b_nans[mask_b1 | mask_b2] = np.nan
+
+    a_masked1 = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=mask_a1)
+    b_masked1 = np.ma.masked_array(b, mask=mask_b1)
+    a_masked1[mask_a2] = np.nan
+    b_masked1[mask_b2] = np.nan
+
+    a_masked2 = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=mask_a2)
+    b_masked2 = np.ma.masked_array(b, mask=mask_b2)
+    a_masked2[mask_a1] = np.nan
+    b_masked2[mask_b1] = np.nan
+
+    a_masked3 = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=(mask_a1 | mask_a2))
+    b_masked3 = np.ma.masked_array(b, mask=(mask_b1 | mask_b2))
+
+    mask_all = (mask_a1 | mask_a2 | mask_b1 | mask_b2)
+    a_masked4 = np.ma.masked_array(a, mask=mask_all)
+    b_masked4 = np.ma.masked_array(b, mask=mask_all)
+
+    with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
+        message = 'invalid value encountered'
+        sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, message)
+        res = func(a_nans, weights=b_nans, nan_policy="omit", axis=axis)
+        res1 = func(a_masked1, weights=b_masked1, nan_policy="omit", axis=axis)
+        res2 = func(a_masked2, weights=b_masked2, nan_policy="omit", axis=axis)
+        res3 = func(a_masked3, weights=b_masked3, nan_policy="raise", axis=axis)
+        res4 = func(a_masked3, weights=b_masked3, nan_policy="propagate", axis=axis)
+        # Would test with a_masked3/b_masked3, but there is a bug in np.average
+        # that causes a bug in _no_deco mean with masked weights. Would use
+        # np.ma.average, but that causes other problems. See numpy/numpy#7330.
+        if weighted_fun_name in {"hmean"}:
+            weighted_fun_ma = getattr(stats.mstats, weighted_fun_name)
+            res5 = weighted_fun_ma(a_masked4, weights=b_masked4,
+                                   axis=axis, _no_deco=True)
+
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res1, res)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res2, res)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res3, res)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(res4, res)
+    if weighted_fun_name in {"hmean"}:
+        # _no_deco mean returns masked array, last element was masked
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(res5.compressed(), res[~np.isnan(res)])
+
+
+def test_raise_invalid_args_g17713():
+    # other cases are handled in:
+    # test_axis_nan_policy_decorated_positional_axis - multiple values for arg
+    # test_axis_nan_policy_decorated_positional_args - unexpected kwd arg
+    message = "got an unexpected keyword argument"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
+        stats.gmean([1, 2, 3], invalid_arg=True)
+
+    message = " got multiple values for argument"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
+        stats.gmean([1, 2, 3], a=True)
+
+    message = "missing 1 required positional argument"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
+        stats.gmean()
+
+    message = "takes from 1 to 4 positional arguments but 5 were given"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
+        stats.gmean([1, 2, 3], 0, float, [1, 1, 1], 10)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', [np.int16, np.float32, np.complex128])
+def test_array_like_input(dtype):
+    # Check that `_axis_nan_policy`-decorated functions work with custom
+    # containers that are coercible to numeric arrays
+
+    class ArrLike:
+        def __init__(self, x, dtype):
+            self._x = x
+            self._dtype = dtype
+
+        def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+            return np.asarray(x, dtype=self._dtype)
+
+    x = [1]*2 + [3, 4, 5]
+    res = stats.mode(ArrLike(x, dtype=dtype))
+    assert res.mode == 1
+    assert res.count == 2